Filed 9/23/14 

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

THE PEOPLE, 

Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

SCOTT FRANK FIALHO, 

Defendant and Appellant. 

 H038119 

 (Santa Clara County 

 Super. Ct. No. CC892980) 

I. INTRODUCTION 

 Defendant Scott Frank Fialho appeals after a jury convicted him of voluntary 

manslaughter (Pen. Code, § 192, subd. (a)),1

 attempted voluntary manslaughter (§§ 664, 

subd. (a), 192, subd. (a)), and carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (former § 12020, 

subd. (a)(4)2

). The jury found true allegations that, in the commission of the voluntary 

manslaughter and attempted voluntary manslaughter, defendant personally and 

intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused death and great bodily injury. 

(§ 12022.53, subd. (d).) However, because section 12022.53 does not apply to voluntary 

manslaughter or attempted voluntary manslaughter, the trial court imposed enhancements 

 1

 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated. 

2

 The crime of carrying a concealed dirk or dagger is now proscribed by section 

21310. (See Stats. 2004, ch. 247, § 7; Stats. 2010, ch. 711, § 6.) 
2 

for personal use of a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) instead of the section 12022.53, 

subdivision (d) enhancements. Defendant was sentenced to a 26-year prison term. 

 On appeal, defendant contends we should vacate the jury’s findings on the section 

12022.53, subdivision (d) allegations and strike the personal firearm use enhancements 

imposed pursuant to section 12022.5, subdivision (a) because there were no section 

12022.5, subdivision (a) allegations in the information and those allegations were not 

found true by the jury. We will affirm the judgment. 

II. BACKGROUND 

A. The Shooting3

 On December 5, 2007, San Jose Police officers were dispatched to an apartment 

complex in San Jose, where they found 19-year-old Huber Virelas lying on the ground 

with a gunshot wound to his left eye. The police also found 25-year-old Roberto Jaime 

on the ground with gunshot wounds in his arm, chest, abdomen, and back. The two 

victims were transported to the hospital, and Virelas subsequently died. 

 Prior to the shooting, a witness heard defendant ask Virelas “ ‘Do you bang?’ ” 

and saw defendant pull out a handgun and shoot Virelas in the head. The witness also 

saw defendant shoot Jaime. 

 According to another witness, defendant—a Norteño gang member—believed the 

two victims—both Sureño gang members—had been “ ‘mugging’ ” him prior to the 

shooting. 

 At defendant’s residence, police found bloody items, “items indicative of gang 

activity,” and a bullet. 

 3

 As defendant raises only procedural issues on appeal, our summary of the facts 

underlying the charged offenses is taken primarily from the probation report. 
3 

 Defendant was arrested on January 16, 2008. Defendant attempted to flee when 

officers arrived at his location in an attempt to contact him. Defendant had a large knife 

on his person at the time of his arrest. 

 At trial, defendant testified that he reached for his gun only after seeing one of the 

victims pull something out of his jacket pocket; he was “scared for [his] life” and felt he 

“had to protect [him]self.” 

B. Charges 

 Defendant was charged with murder (§ 187, subd. (a); count 1), attempted murder 

(§§ 664, subd. (a), 187, subd. (a); count 2), exhibiting a firearm (§ 417, subd. (a)(2); 

count 3), carrying a concealed dirk or dagger (former § 12020, subd. (a)(4); count 4), and 

resisting an officer (§ 148, subd. (a)(1); count 5). 

 As to the murder charged in count 1, the first amended information alleged that 

defendant was an active participant in a criminal street gang and that the murder was 

carried out to further the gang’s activities (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)), that defendant 

personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused death 

(§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), and that defendant committed the crime for the benefit of a 

criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). 

 As to the attempted murder charged in count 2, the first amended information 

alleged that defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately 

caused great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and that defendant committed the 

crime for the benefit of a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). 

 The first amended information also alleged that defendant committed counts 3, 4, 

and 5 for the benefit of a criminal street gang. (§ 186.22, subds. (b)(1)(A) & (d).) 

C. Verdicts 

 In count 1, the jury found defendant not guilty of first degree murder and not 

guilty of second degree murder, but it found him guilty of voluntary manslaughter. 

(§ 192, subd. (a).) The jury found true the allegation that defendant personally and 
4 

intentionally discharged a firearm and proximately caused death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), 

but it found not true the allegation that defendant committed the offense for the benefit of 

a criminal street gang. 

 In count 2, the jury found defendant not guilty of attempted murder, but it found 

him guilty of attempted voluntary manslaughter. (§§ 664, subd. (a), 192, subd. (a).) The 

jury found true the allegation that defendant personally and intentionally discharged a 

firearm and proximately caused great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), but it found 

not true the allegation that defendant committed the offense for the benefit of a criminal 

street gang. 

 In count 3, the jury found defendant not guilty of exhibiting a firearm. 

 In count 4, the jury found defendant guilty of carrying a concealed dirk or dagger 

(former § 12020, subd. (a)(4)), but it found not true the allegation that defendant 

committed the offense for the benefit of a criminal street gang. 

 In count 5, the jury found defendant guilty of resisting an officer (§ 148, 

subd. (a)(1)), but it found not true the allegation that defendant committed the offense for 

the benefit of a criminal street gang. 

D. Sentencing 

 The probation report noted that the jury had found true the allegations under 

section 12022.53, subdivision (d), but that “as the defendant was found guilty of the 

lesser offenses of Sections 192(a) and 664/192(a) of the Penal Code, this allegation can 

not be found true as these lesser offenses are not crimes listed in Section 12022.53(a) of 

the Penal Code . . . .” The probation officer stated that according to the prosecutor, 

“these allegations revert to Section 12022.5(a) of the Penal Code.” 

 On November 18, 2011, the trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term of 11 

years for count 1 (voluntary manslaughter) with a consecutive upper term of 10 years for 

personal firearm use pursuant to section 12022.5, subdivision (a). For count 2 (attempted 

voluntary manslaughter), the trial court imposed a consecutive term of one year (one-
5 

third of the midterm) and a consecutive term of three years four months (one-third of the 

upper term) for personal firearm use pursuant to section 12022.5, subdivision (a). For 

count 4 (carrying a concealed dirk or dagger), the trial court imposed a consecutive term 

of eight months (one-third of the midterm). The aggregate prison term was 26 years. 

 On December 2, 2011, the trial court recalled defendant’s sentence (see § 1170, 

subd. (d)) in order to “do a better job of stating the reasons for each one of its sentencing 

decisions.” 

 On March 23, 2012, the trial court reimposed the 26-year sentence. 

III. DISCUSSION 

 Defendant contends we should vacate the jury’s findings on the section 12022.53, 

subdivision (d) allegations, because section 12022.53 does not apply to voluntary 

manslaughter or attempted voluntary manslaughter. He further contends we should strike 

the enhancements for personal use of a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) because there were 

no section 12022.5, subdivision (a) allegations in the information and those allegations 

were not found true by the jury. 

Defendant is correct that section 12022.53 applies to an enumerated list of felony 

offenses, which does not include voluntary manslaughter or attempted voluntary 

manslaughter.4

 Thus, the jury here was improperly instructed to determine the truth of 

 4

 Section 12022.53, subdivision (a) specifies: “This section applies to the 

following felonies: [¶] (1) Section 187 (murder). [¶] (2) Section 203 or 205 

(mayhem). [¶] (3) Section 207, 209, or 209.5 (kidnapping). [¶] (4) Section 211 

(robbery). [¶] (5) Section 215 (carjacking). [¶] (6) Section 220 (assault with intent to 

commit a specified felony). [¶] (7) Subdivision (d) of Section 245 (assault with a 

firearm on a peace officer or firefighter). [¶] (8) Section 261 or 262 (rape). [¶] 

(9) Section 264.1 (rape or sexual penetration in concert). [¶] (10) Section 286 

(sodomy). [¶] (11) Section 288 or 288.5 (lewd act on a child). [¶] (12) Section 288a 

(oral copulation). [¶] (13) Section 289 (sexual penetration). [¶] (14) Section 4500 

(assault by a life prisoner). [¶] (15) Section 4501 (assault by a prisoner). [¶] 

(16) Section 4503 (holding a hostage by a prisoner). [¶] (17) Any felony punishable by 

death or imprisonment in the state prison for life. [¶] (18) Any attempt to commit a 

crime listed in this subdivision other than an assault.” 
6 

the section 12022.53 allegations if, in counts 1 and 2, it found defendant guilty of 

voluntary manslaughter and attempted voluntary manslaughter.5

 Defendant concedes the evidence established that he “use[d]” a firearm within the 

meaning of section 12022.5, subdivision (a).6

 He further concedes that “sufficient 

evidence would have supported enhancement allegations under section 12022.5, 

subdivision (a), as to counts 1 and 2, if such allegations had been made.” 

 Defendant also concedes there is precedent in case law for imposition of 

uncharged but “ ‘lesser included enhancements’ ” (see People v. Majors (1998) 

18 Cal.4th 385, 410 (Majors)) when the original enhancement allegation is either 

factually unsupported or—as here—does not apply to the offense of conviction under the 

applicable statutory provisions. In fact, the California Supreme Court has expressly 

permitted substitution of a charged enhancement with an uncharged enhancement that 

“would be applicable in any case” in which the charged enhancement applies. (People v. 

Strickland (1974) 11 Cal.3d 946, 961 (Strickland).) In Strickland, the defendant was 

charged with murder, but he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a lesser included 

offense. The jury found true a firearm use allegation under section 12022.5, which at that 

time applied to murder but not manslaughter, so the trial court had improperly imposed 

that enhancement. (Id. at p. 959.) The California Supreme Court instead imposed an 

 

5

 Pursuant to CALCRIM No. 3149, the jury was instructed: “ ‘If you find the 

defendant guilty of the crimes charged in Counts 1 or 2 or the lesser crimes of second 

degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, or attempted voluntary manslaughter, you must 

then decide whether, for each crime, the People have proved the additional allegation that 

the defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm during that crime causing 

great bodily injury or death. . . .’ ” 

6

 Section 12022.5, subdivision (a) provides: “Except as provided in subdivision 

(b), any person who personally uses a firearm in the commission of a felony or attempted 

felony shall be punished by an additional and consecutive term of imprisonment in the 

state prison for 3, 4, or 10 years, unless use of a firearm is an element of that offense.” 
7 

arming enhancement under section 12022, explaining, “ ‘In the present case appellant did 

not come within the provisions of section 12022.5, as the crime of which he was 

convicted was not specified in that section, but the jury did find that he used and thus was 

armed with a firearm, a shotgun, at the time the offense was committed. Appellant was 

charged in the commission with the use of a firearm under section 12022.5, [and] thus 

had notice that his conduct [could] also be in violation of section 12022.’ ” (Id. at p. 961, 

first bracketed insertion added.) 

 The Courts of Appeal have similarly approved the substitution of a charged 

enhancement with an uncharged “ ‘lesser included enhancement’ ” (Majors, supra,

18 Cal.4th at p. 410) when there is insufficient evidence to support the greater 

enhancement. In People v. Allen (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 616 at page 627 (Allen), the 

appellate court found insufficient evidence to support a firearm use enhancement under 

section 12022.5, subdivision (a) and reduced the finding to an arming enhancement under 

section 12022, subdivision (a). Likewise, in People v. Lucas (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 721 

at page 743 (Lucas), the appellate court held that the trial court had properly imposed an 

arming enhancement under section 12022, subdivision (a)(1) after the prosecutor 

conceded there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding of personal firearm 

use under section 12022.5, subdivision (a). And most recently, in People v. Dixon (2007) 

153 Cal.App.4th 985 at pages 1001 through 1002 (Dixon), the appellate court upheld the 

trial court’s substitution of a deadly weapon use enhancement under section 12022, 

subdivision (b) for a section 12022.53 enhancement where the trial court found that the 

weapon, a BB gun, was not a firearm. 

 Defendant contends that Strickland, Allen, and Lucas do not control here because 

those cases were decided prior to the enactment of section 1170.1, subdivision (e), which 

provides: “All enhancements shall be alleged in the accusatory pleading and either 

admitted by the defendant in open court or found to be true by the trier of fact.” 

Defendant acknowledges that at the time of the Lucas case, former section 1170.1, 
8 

subdivision (f) contained similar language—it specified that enhancements “shall be 

pleaded and proven as provided by law” (see Stats. 1994, ch. 1188, § 12)—but he notes 

that the Lucas, Allen, and Dixon courts did not consider whether imposition of an 

uncharged enhancement was permitted under either version of section 1170.1. Defendant 

further contends that Lucas, Allen, and Dixon are distinguishable because the charged 

enhancements in those cases were not unauthorized but rather factually unsupported. 

 We do not agree with defendant that Strickland was, in effect, legislatively 

overruled by the enactment of the current version of section 1170.1, subdivision (e), 

which became effective in 1998. (See Stats. 1997, ch. 750, § 3.) By mandating that all 

enhancements “be alleged in the accusatory pleading and either admitted by the 

defendant in open court or found to be true by the trier of fact,” section 1170.1, 

subdivision (e) does not preclude the imposition of “ ‘lesser included enhancements’ ” 

(see Majors, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 410) when the charged enhancement is either 

factually unsupported or inapplicable to the offense of conviction. As explained in 

Strickland, when an enhancement is alleged in the information, the defendant is put on 

notice “that his [or her] conduct [could] also be in violation of” an uncharged 

enhancement that “would be applicable in any case” in which the charged enhancement 

applies, and imposition of the uncharged enhancement is permitted. (Strickland, supra,

11 Cal.3d at p. 961, first bracketed insertion added.) As an intermediate court, we are 

required to follow decisions of the California Supreme Court. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. 

Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) 

 We also conclude that section 1170.1, subdivision (e) does not require the 

prosecution to include specific statutory references for enhancement allegations. It is 

well-settled that only the factual allegations underlying an offense or enhancement must 

be pleaded, unless the relevant statute provides otherwise. (See People v. Tardy (2003) 

112 Cal.App.4th 783, 787 [section 666 need not be specifically pleaded in order for 

defendant to receive enhanced punishment]; People v. Mancebo (2002) 27 Cal.4th 735, 
9 

745 [multiple victim circumstance of section 667.61, subdivision (e)(5) must be pleaded 

by “factual allegation” or by “pleading in the statutory language”].) Here the information 

pleaded all the facts necessary for the section 12022.5 enhancements in the section 

12022.53 allegations.7

 The California Supreme Court construed a similar statutory provision as requiring 

only that the prosecution plead and prove “each fact required” for a specific 

enhancement. (People v. Jackson (1985) 37 Cal.3d 826, 835, fn. 12 (Jackson).) In 

Jackson, the court considered former section 1170.1, subdivision (f), which stated that 

certain enumerated enhancements, including section 12022.5, “ ‘shall be pleaded and 

proven as provided by law.’ ” The court held that the pleading and proof requirements of 

the statute applied to section 667 enhancements as well, and it explained that such an 

enhancement could not be imposed unless the defendant “receive[s] notice of the facts 

the prosecution intends to prove” and unless the prosecution presents “proof of each fact 

required for that enhancement.” (Jackson, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 835, fn. 12.) 

 Further, nothing in the plain language of section 1170.1, subdivision (e) indicates 

the Legislature intended the prosecution to plead and prove all potentially applicable 

lesser included enhancements. This would require the prosecution to anticipate what the 

evidence will show and what lesser included offense instructions the trial court will give, 

well in advance of trial, or require the prosecution to move to amend the pleadings during 

 7

 As to count 1, the enhancement allegation read as follows: “It is further alleged 

that in the commission of a felony specified in subdivision (a), and charged above, the 

defendant . . . personally and intentionally discharged a firearm, a[] handgun, and 

proximately caused[] the death of [the first victim], a person other than an accomplice 

within the meaning of Penal Code sections 12022.53(d) . . . .” 

 As to count 2, the enhancement allegation read as follows: “It is further alleged 

that in the commission of a felony specified in subdivision (a), and charged above, the 

defendant . . . personally and intentionally discharged a firearm, a handgun, and 

proximately caused[] the great bodily injury, as defined in Penal Code section 12022.7, to 

[the second victim], a person other than an accomplice within the meaning of Penal Code 

sections 12022.53(d) . . . .” 
10 

trial once it appears any lesser included enhancement might be applicable. The 

prosecution is not required to plead lesser included offenses (§ 1159),8

 and it would be 

incongruous to require the prosecution to plead lesser included enhancements that would 

apply only to lesser included offenses. 

 Finally, even if section 1170.1, subdivision (e) could be read to say that all 

enhancements must be alleged in the accusatory pleading by specific code section, errors 

like the one in this case would always necessarily be harmless. Where the jury finds the 

defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense to murder and 

finds true a firearm enhancement (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) that was applicable only to 

murder, it will be harmless error to impose an uncharged lesser included firearm 

enhancement (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) that applies to the lesser included offense of 

voluntary manslaughter. The same is true when the charged offense is attempted murder 

but the jury convicts the defendant of attempted voluntary manslaughter. To require that 

a specific lesser included enhancement code section be pleaded before a lesser included 

enhancement can be imposed under such circumstances “would improperly elevate form 

over substance.” (People v. Flynn (1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1392.) 

 In this case, the trial court did not err by imposing a personal firearm use 

enhancement under section 12022.5, subdivision (a) after determining that the section 

12022.53, subdivision (d) enhancement found true by the jury did not apply to the 

offenses of which defendant was convicted. Section 12022.5, subdivision (a) is an 

enhancement that “would be applicable in any case” in which a section 12022.53, 

subdivision (d) enhancement applies. (Strickland, supra, 11 Cal.3d at p. 961.) 

IV. DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. 

 8

 Section 1159 provides: “The jury, or the judge if a jury trial is waived, may find 

the defendant guilty of any offense, the commission of which is necessarily included in 

that with which he is charged, or of an attempt to commit the offense.” 
 ___________________________________________ 

 BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, ACTING P.J. 

I CONCUR: 

__________________________ 

GROVER, J. 
MÁRQUEZ, J., 

I respectfully concur in the judgment only. I agree with my colleagues that 

defendant’s 26-year sentence––which included firearm enhancements adding more than 

14 years to defendant’s base terms––must be affirmed. But in my view, defendant’s 

argument that the trial court erred when it imposed sentences on Penal Code section 

12022.51

 firearm enhancements that were not alleged in the accusatory pleading has 

merit. 

Defendant’s argument is based on section 1170.1, subdivision (e). That statute 

plainly says, “All enhancements shall be alleged in the accusatory pleading and either 

admitted by the defendant in open court or found to be true by the trier of fact.” (Italics 

added.) Here, Count One of the accusatory pleading alleged that defendant “personally 

and intentionally discharged a firearm, a(n) [sic] handgun, and proximately caused, the 

death of Huber Virelas, a person other than an accomplice within the meaning of Penal 

Code sections 12022.53(d) [and 12022.53(c) and 12022.53(b)].” (Italics added.)2

 And 

the jury subsequently found that defendant “personally and intentionally discharged a 

firearm, a handgun, and proximately caused, the death of Huber Virelas, a person other 

than an accomplice within the meaning of Penal Code 12022.53(d)” as to Count One. 

(Italics added.) 

The plain language of section 1170.1(e) requires that all enhancements be “alleged 

in the accusatory pleading,” and that all enhancements be “admitted by the defendant in 

open court or found to be true by the trier of fact.” Neither of these statutory 

requirements were satisfied with respect to the section 12022.5 enhancements. 

The majority holds that the prosecution satisfied the requirements of section 

1170.1(e) because section 12022.5 is a “lesser included enhancement” of the other 

 1

 All further statutory references are the Penal Code. 

2

 The enhancement alleged in Count Two contained similar language except that it 

alleged great bodily injury instead of death. 
2 

firearm enhancements that were alleged. For this proposition, the majority relies on 

People v. Strickland (1974) 11 Cal.3d 946 (Strickland) and People v. Majors (1998) 

18 Cal.4th 385 (Majors), as well as other lower court decisions relying on those cases. 

The Legislature enacted the current version of section 1170.1(e) in 1997. (Stats. 

1997, ch. 750, § 3.) Because Strickland and Majors concerned sentences imposed long 

before the effective date of the current statute, neither case considered the statutory 

language at issue in this appeal. (People v. Scheid (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1, 17 [“ ‘[A]n 

opinion is not authority for a proposition not therein considered,’ ” quoting Ginns v. 

Savage (1964) 61 Cal.2d 520, 524, fn. 2].) And while it is true that prior versions of 

section 1170.1 contained language requiring that certain enumerated enhancements be 

“pleaded and proved as provided by law,” the current language of the statute is 

substantially more exacting in its requirements. Thus, cases predating the current version 

of section 1170.1(e) provide limited guidance, if any, in construing the applicable 

language of the current statute. 

I agree with the majority that the imposition of more than 14 years of 

enhancements in this case––based upon the “lesser included enhancement” set forth in 

section 12022.5––did not violate notice requirements of due process or defendant’s right 

to a jury trial. But I would conclude that the plain language of section 1170.1(e) requires 

that all enhancements be alleged in the accusatory pleading, and that defendant either 

admit to the alleged enhancements or that the trier of fact finds them to be true. The plain 

text of the statute draws no distinction between “lesser included enhancements” and 

“greater enhancements”; it simply requires the prosecution to allege all enhancements. 

The term “all” necessarily includes both lesser included and greater enhancements. And 

unlike convictions for lesser included offenses that are authorized by section 1159, I am 

unaware of any statutory authority that authorizes a judge or jury to make true findings 

for lesser included enhancements. 
3 

It may be that the Legislature, by imposing specific pleading requirements for 

enhancements, intended to preclude the same kind of “all-or-nothing” choice that juries 

face when they are not instructed on a lesser included offense that is supported by the 

evidence. (See People v. Banks (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1113, 1159-1160 [“The rule that juries 

must be instructed on lesser included offenses ‘ “prevents either party, whether by design 

or inadvertence, from forcing an all-or-nothing choice between conviction of the stated 

offense on the one hand, or complete acquittal on the other. Hence, the rule encourages a 

verdict, within the charge chosen by the prosecution, that is neither ‘harsher [n]or more 

lenient than the evidence merits.’ ” ’ ”].) The majority asserts that requiring lesser 

included enhancements to be pleaded would “ ‘elevate form over substance’ ” because 

the failure to do so would always be harmless error. (Maj. Opn. at p. 10.) I respectfully 

disagree. Under different facts, a jury presented with the option of a lesser included 

enhancement (not necessarily a firearm enhancement) might find that the evidence 

supports the lesser enhancement, but not the greater. But the same jury, if given only an 

“all-or-nothing” choice, may feel compelled to find the greater enhancement rather than 

none at all. In that case, the failure to present the lesser included enhancement could not 

be considered harmless. 

The Legislature may also have found it desirable to apprise defendants explicitly 

of the various enhancements upon which they could be sentenced, which impose wideranging consequences. The firearm enhancements at issue in this appeal illustrate the 

point. Under the firearm enhancement found true by the jury, defendant faced an 

additional and consecutive term of 25 years to life for a single violation. (§ 12022.53, 

subd. (d).) Under the enhancement imposed by the trial court, defendant faced an 

additional and consecutive term of three, four, or 10 years for a single violation. 

(§ 12022.5, subd. (a).) Had the court imposed an enhancement for being armed with a 

firearm during the commission of a felony under section 12022, subdivision (a)(1), 

defendant could only have been sentenced to an additional and consecutive one-year term 
4 

for a single violation. Awareness by all parties of these potential outcomes––which range 

from a one-year enhancement to an enhancement of 25 years to life––is critical to the 

informed negotiation of dispositions. 

Notwithstanding the failure to allege the section 12022.5 enhancements in the 

accusatory pleading, I would find the error harmless. The error constituted a violation of 

state law only—not a violation of due process or the federal constitutional right to a jury 

trial. The proper standard for such error is set forth in People v. Watson (1956) 

46 Cal.2d 818, which requires a defendant to show a reasonable probability of a more 

favorable outcome had the error not occurred. (See People v. Epps (2001) 25 Cal.4th 19, 

29 [failure to comply with sentencing law is subject to harmless error review under the 

Watson standard].) The jury found the enhancements set forth in section 12022.53(d) to 

be true, and defendant concedes that sufficient evidence would have supported a finding 

of true as to the section 12022.5 enhancements. It is therefore clear that in the 

circumstances of this case, if the accusatory pleading had included the section 12022.5 

enhancements and the court had instructed the jury accordingly, the jury would have 

found those enhancements true. For this reason, I would conclude the error was harmless 

and, like the majority, I would affirm the judgment. 
 

 Márquez, J. 

Trial Court: Santa Clara County Superior Court 

 Superior Court Case No. CC892980 

Trial Judge(s): Honorable Hector E. Ramon 

Attorney for Defendant and Appellant Gordon S. Brown, Esq. 

SCOTT FRANK FIALHO: 

Attorney for Plaintiff and Respondent Gregg E. Zywicke, Esq. 

THE PEOPLE: Office of the Attorney General