# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations with minimum interaction with host processor

## Abstract

A host system for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations includes a host processor and a data processor. The data processor is configured to receive a command from the host processor. The data processor is further configured, based on the command, to perform multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor, to search for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor, or to tune to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting the host processor. A method is also provided for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations.

## Background
BACKGROUND
1. Field
The subject technology relates generally to radio transmissions or reception, and more specifically to methods and apparatus for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations with minimum interaction with host processor.
2. Background
An FM radio often receives signals with different signal strengths, and sometimes with broadcast radio data. A host processor of an FM radio typically performs a series of processes to tune to and search for radio stations. If a radio signal for a particular FM station includes broadcast radio data, the host processor accesses the broadcast radio data portion of the radio signal. In this regard, the host processor must typically perform numerous transactions/processes associated with tuning to an FM radio station, thus causing the host processor to use more power, memory and processing cycles. As such, there is a need in the art for a system and methodology to improve power and memory efficiency of the host processor.
SUMMARY
In one aspect of the disclosure, a host system for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations is provided. The host system includes a host processor and a data processor. The data processor is configured to receive a command from the host processor. The data processor is further configured, based on the command, to perform multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor, to search for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor, or to tune to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting the host processor.
In a further aspect of the disclosure, a data processor for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations is provided. The data processor includes a receive module configured to receive a command from a host processor. The data processor further includes one or more modules configured, based on the command, to perform multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor, to search for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor, or to tune to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting the host processor.
In yet a further aspect of the disclosure, a host system for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations is provided. The host system includes a host processor and a data processor. The data processor includes means for receiving a command from the host processor. The data processor further includes means for performing multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor based on the command, searching for a radio station associated with radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor based on the command, or tuning to a radio station associated with RDS data without interrupting the host processor based on the command.
In yet a further aspect of the disclosure, a method for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations utilizing a data processor is provided. The method includes receiving, by a data processor, a command from a host processor. The method further includes performing one of the following by the data processor based on the command: performing multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor, searching for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor, or tuning to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting the host processor.
In yet a further aspect of the disclosure, a machine-readable medium encoded with instructions for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations utilizing a data processor is provided. The instructions include code for receiving, by a data processor, a command from a host processor. The instructions further include code for performing one of the following by the data processor based on the command: performing multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting the host processor, searching for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting the host processor, or tuning to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting the host processor.
It is understood that other configurations of the subject technology will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein various configurations of the subject technology are shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the subject technology is capable of other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a radio broadcast network in which a host system can be used.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration for a host system.
FIG. 3 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration for transceiver core of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating examples of different implementations for a transceiver core.
FIG. 5 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of benefits provided by using a transceiver core with a host processor.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of the structure of the baseband coding of the RDS standard.
FIG. 7 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a message format and address structure for RDS data.
FIG. 8 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of an RDS group data structure.
FIG. 9 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating a core digital component and core firmware component of a transceiver core.
FIG. 10 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of a host receiving RDS Block-B data.
FIG. 11 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of an RDS group filter.
FIG. 12 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS basic tuning and switching information for a group type 0A.
FIG. 13 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS basic tuning and switching information for a group type 0B.
FIG. 14 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a format for a program service (PS) name table.
FIG. 15 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of generating a PS name table.
FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of PS name data and corresponding text displayed on a receiving unit.
FIG. 17 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of processing RDS data with group type 0.
FIGS. 18A to 18J are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example of dynamic PS name data and corresponding display text on a host processor.
FIGS. 19A to 19B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example of static PS name data and corresponding display text on a host processor.
FIG. 20 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of an alternative frequency (AF) list format.
FIG. 21 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an exemplary format of RDS radio text for group type 2A.
FIG. 22 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an exemplary format of RDS radio text for group type 2B.
FIG. 23 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of the RDS group type 2 data processing.
FIG. 24 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS group buffers.
FIG. 25 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of buffering and processing RDS group data.
FIG. 26 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration for a transceiver core for performing various levels of RDS data processing.
FIG. 27 is a state machine diagram illustrating exemplary events and states for tuning to an FM channel.
FIG. 28 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of tuning to a particular FM frequency.
FIG. 29 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of generating an error condition when attempting to tune to an FM frequency beyond the valid FM band.
FIGS. 30A and 30B are sequence charts illustrating examples of performing a seek operation and stopping a seek in progress.
FIGS. 31A and 31B are sequence charts illustrating an example of the improved efficiency of performing a scan operation within a transceiver core instead of within a host processor.
FIGS. 32A and 32B are sequence charts illustrating an example of performing a scan operation and stopping a scan operation in progress.
FIGS. 33A and 33B are conceptual block diagrams illustrating an example of performing an alternative frequency (AF) jump.
FIG. 34 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of performing an alternative frequency (AF) jump.
FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary chart of received signal strength indication (RSSI) levels for an entire FM band.
FIGS. 36A and 36B are diagrams illustrating exemplary results on a display of a host system for scanning for strongest radio stations.
FIGS. 37A and 37B are diagrams illustrating exemplary results on a display of a host system for scanning for weakest radio stations.
FIG. 38 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary operation of searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations utilizing a data processor.
FIG. 39 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of the functionality of a host system for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings and attached Appendix are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the subject technology.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a radio broadcast network 100 in which a host system can be used. As seen in FIG. 1, radio broadcast network 100 includes multiple base stations 104, 106 and 108 for transmitting radio transmission broadcasts. The radio transmission broadcasts are typically transmitted as stereo-multiplex signals in the VHF frequency band. Radio data system (RDS) data can be broadcast by base stations 104, 106 and 108, to display information relating to the radio broadcast. For example, the station name, song title, and/or artist can be included in the RDS data. In addition or in the alternative, the RDS data can provide other services, such as showing messages on behalf of advertisers.
An exemplary utilization of the RDS data of this disclosure is for the European RDS standard, which is defined in the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization, EN 50067 specification. Another exemplary utilization of the RDS data of this disclosure is for the North American radio broadcast data system (RBDS) standard (also referred to as NRSC-4), which is largely based on the European RDS standard. As such, the RDS data of this disclosure is not limited to one or more of the above standards/examples. The RDS data can include, additionally or alternatively, other suitable information related to a radio transmission.
A host system at a receiving station 102 that receives the RDS data can reproduce that data on a display of the host system. In this example, receiving station 102 is depicted as a car. However, receiving station 102 should not be limited as such, and can also represent, for example, a person, another mobile entity/device, or a stationary entity/device associated with a host system. Furthermore, the host system can represent a computer, a laptop computer, a telephone, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), an audio player, a game console, a camera, a camcorder, an audio device, a video device, a multimedia device, a component(s) of any of the foregoing (such as a printed circuit board(s), an integrated circuit(s), and/or a circuit component(s)), or any other device capable of supporting RDS. A host system can be stationary or mobile, and it can be a digital device.
FIG. 2 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration for a host system. Host system 200 includes transceiver core 202, which interfaces with host processor 204. Host processor 204 may correspond with a primary processor for host system 200.
Transceiver core 202 can send/receive Inter-IC Sound (I2s) information with audio component 218, and can send left and right audio data output to audio component 218. Transceiver core 202 can also receive FM radio information, which may include RDS data, through antenna 206. In addition, transceiver core 202 can transmit FM radio information through antenna 208.
In this regard, RDS data received by transceiver core 202 through antenna 206 can be processed by transceiver core 202, so as to reduce the number of interrupts sent to host processor 204. In one aspect of the disclosure, antenna 208, which is used for transmission of data, is not necessary for interaction between transceiver core 202 and host processor 204 or for reduction of interrupts.
In addition, host processor 204 can issue commands to transceiver core 202, where the commands are associated with searching for and/or tuning to one or more radio stations. Transceiver core 202 can autonomously search and/or tune to the one or more radio stations based on the commands with minimum interaction with host processor 204. This can potentially save power, memory and processing cycles of host processor 204. These operations will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 27 to 39.
Host system 200 may also include a display module 220 for displaying, among other things, RDS data received through antenna 206. Host system may also include keypad module 222 for user input, as well as program memory 224, data memory 226 and communication interfaces 228. Communication between audio module 218, display module 220, keypad module 222, host processor 204, program memory 224, data memory 226 and communication interfaces 228 may be possible via a bus 230.
In addition, host system 200 can include various connections for input/output with external devices. These connections include, for example, speaker output connection 210, headphone output connection 212, microphone input connection 214 and stereo input connection 216.
FIG. 3 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration for transceiver core 202 of FIG. 2. As noted above, transceiver core 202 can receive FM radio information, including RDS data, through antenna 206 and can transmit FM radio information through antenna 208. Transceiver core 202 can also send/receive Inter-IC Sound (I2s) data, and can send left and right audio output via audio interface 304 to other parts of host system 200.
Transceiver core 202 may include FM receiver 302 for receiving a FM radio signal, which may include RDS data. FM demodulator 308 can be used to demodulate the FM radio signal, and RDS decoder 320 can be used to decode encoded RDS data within the FM radio signal.
Transceiver core 202 may also include RDS encoder 324 for encoding RDS data of an FM radio signal, FM modulator 316 for modulating the FM radio signal, and FM transmitter 306 for transmitting the FM radio signal via antenna 208. As noted above, according to one aspect of the disclosure, transmission of an FM radio signal from transceiver core 202 is not necessary for interaction between transceiver core 202 and host processor 204 or for reduction of interrupts.
Transceiver core 202 also includes microprocessor 322 which, among other things, is capable of processing received RDS data. Microprocessor 322 can access program read only memory (ROM) 310, program random access memory (RAM) 312 and data RAM 314. Microprocessor 322 can also access control registers 326, each of which includes at least one bit. When handling RDS data, control registers 326 can provide at least an indication(s) whether host processor 204 should receive an interrupt(s) by, for example, setting a bit(s) in a corresponding status register(s).
In addition, control registers 326 can be seen to include parameters to filter RDS data and to reduce the number of interrupts to host processor 204. In addition, control registers 326 can be seen to include commands and/or parameters for tuning to and/or searching for specified radio stations. According to one aspect, these parameters are configurable (or controllable) by host processor 204, and depending on the parameter(s), transceiver core 202 can filter some or all of RDS data or not filter the RDS data. Furthermore, depending on the parameter(s), the number of interrupts to host processor 204 can be reduced or not reduced.
In addition, transceiver core 202 may include a control interface 328 which, among other things, is used in asserting host interrupts to host processor 204. In this regard, control interface 328 can access the control registers 326, since these registers are used for determining which interrupts are to be received by host processor 204.
FIG. 4 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating examples of different implementations of transceiver core 202. As shown in this diagram, transceiver core 202 can be integrated into various targets and platforms. These targets/platforms include, but are not limited to, a discrete product 402, a die inside a System in Package (SIP) product 404, a core integrated on-chip in discrete radio frequency integrated circuit (RF IC) 406, a core integrated on-chip in radio front end base band system-on-chip (RF/BB SOC) 408 and a core-integrated on-chip in die 410. As such, transceiver core 202 and host processor 204 can be implemented on a single chip or a single component, or can be implemented on separate chips or separate components.
FIG. 5 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of benefits provided by using a transceiver core with a host processor. As shown in FIG. 5, host processor 204 can offload processing to transceiver core 202. In addition, the number of interrupts asserted to host processor 204 can be reduced. For example, transceiver core 202 can filter the RDS data and/or include a buffer for the RDS data. In another example, transceiver core 202 can tune to and/or search for specified radio stations with minimum interaction with host processor 204, based on commands issued by host processor 204. In addition, the amount of traffic to host processor 204 can be reduced. As such, power and memory efficiency of the host processor are seen to be improved.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of the structure of the baseband coding of RDS data. RDS data may include one or more RDS groups. Each RDS group may have 104 bits. Each RDS group 602 may include 4 blocks, each block 604 having 26 bits each. More particularly, each block 604 may include an information word 606 of 16 bits and a checkword 608 of 10 bits.
FIG. 7 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a message format and address structure for RDS data. Block 1 of every RDS group may include a program identification (PI) code 702. Block 2 may include a 4-bit group type code 706, which generally specifies how the information within the RDS group is to be applied. Groups are typically referred to as type 0 to 15 according to binary weighting A3=8, A2=4, A1=2, A0=1. Further, for each type 0 to 15, a version A and a version B may be available. This version may be specified by a bit 708 (i.e., B0) of block 2, and a mixture of version A and version B groups may be transmitted on a particular FM radio station. In this regard, if B0=0, the PI code is inserted in block 1 only (version A) and if B0=1, the PI code is inserted in block 1 and block 3 for all group types (version B). Block 2 also may include 1 bit for a traffic code 710, and 4 bits for a program type (PTY) code 712.
FIG. 8 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of an RDS group data structure. Each RDS group data structure 802 may correspond to an RDS group 602 including plural blocks 604. For each of the plural blocks 604, the RDS group data structure may store the least significant bits (LSB) and most significant bits (MSB) of the information word 606 as separate bytes. In addition, RDS group data structure 802 may include a block status byte 804 for each block, where the block status byte 804 may indicates a block identification (ID) and whether there are uncorrectable errors in the block.
The RDS group data structure 802 represents an exemplary data structure which can be processed by transceiver core 202. In this regard, transceiver core 202 includes a core digital component and a core firmware component, which are described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 9. The core digital component correlates each block 604 of an RDS group 602 with the associated checkword 608, and generates a block status byte 804 indicating the block ID and whether there are any uncorrectable errors in the block 604. The 16 bits of the information word 606 are also placed in the RDS group data structure 802. The core firmware typically receives RDS group data 802 from the core digital component approximately every 87.6 msec.
It should be understood that the structures of RDS data described above are exemplary, and the subject technology is not limited to these exemplary structures of RDS data and applies to other structures of data.
FIG. 9 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating a core digital component and core firmware component of transceiver core 202. As noted above, core firmware component 904 can receive RDS group data 802 from core digital component 902 approximately every 87.6 msec. The filtering and data processing performed by core firmware component 904 can potentially reduce the number of host interrupts and improve host processor utilization.
In addition, core firmware component 904 can tune to and/or search for specified radio stations with minimum interaction with host processor 204, based on commands issued by host processor 204. This can also improve host processor utilization, and will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 27 to 39.
Core firmware component 904 may include host interrupt module 936 and interrupt registers 930 for asserting interrupts to host processor 204. Interrupt registers 930 may be controllable by host processor 204. Core firmware component 904 may also include filter module 906, which may include RDS data filter 908, RDS program identification (PI) match filter 910, RDS Block-B filter 912, RDS group filter 914 and RDS change filter 916. In addition, core firmware component 904 may include group processing component 918. Core firmware component 904 may also include RDS group buffers 924, which may be utilized to reduce the number of interrupts to host processor 204. The filtering of RDS data, processing of group types 0 and 2, and use of RDS group buffers 924 will be described later in more detail. Core firmware component 904 may also include data transfer registers 926 and RDS group registers 928, each of which may be controllable by host processor 204.
Core digital component 902 may provide data 932 including mono-stereo, RSSI level, interference (IF) count and sync detector information to core firmware component 904. This data 932 is receivable by status checker 934 of core firmware component 904. Status checker 934 processes data 932, and the processed data may result in an interrupt being asserted to host processor 204 via host interrupt module 936.
Filter module 906, which may include various filter components, will now be described in greater detail. RDS data filter 908 of filter module 906 can filter out an RDS group having either an uncorrectable error or a Block-E group type. Host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 so that RDS data filter 908 discards erroneous or unwanted RDS groups from being processed further. As previously noted, RDS data filter 908 may receive a group of RDS blocks approximately every 87.6 msec.
If the block ID (which is correlated into the block status for a particular block) within an RDS group is “Block-E” and the RDSBLOCKE is not set in an ADVCTRL register of transceiver core 202, the RDS data group is discarded. If, however, the RDSBLOCKE is set in the ADVCTRL register, the data group is placed in RDS group buffer 924, thus bypassing any further processing. In this regard, block-E groups may be used for paging systems in the United States. They may have the same modulation and data structure as RDS data but may employ a different data protocol.
If block status 804 (see FIG. 8) of an RDS group is marked as “Uncorrectable” or “Undefined” and the RDSBADBLOCK is not set in the ADVCTRL register, the RDS data group is discarded. Otherwise, the data group is placed directly into RDS Group buffer 924. All other data groups are forwarded on through filter module 906 for further processing.
The next filter within filter module 906 is RDS PI match filter 910. RDS PI match filter 910 may determine whether an RDS group has a program identification (ID) which matches a given pattern, so that an interrupt to host processor 204 can be asserted. Host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to assert an interrupt whenever the program ID in block 1 and/or the bits in block 2 match a given pattern.
RDS PI match filter 910 is enabled when host processor 204 writes the PICHK bytes in the RDS_CONFIG data transfer (XFR) mode of transceiver core 202. When RDS PI match filter 910 receives an RDS data group, it will compare the program identification (PI) in block 1 with the PICHK word provided by host processor 204. If the PI words match, then the PROGID interrupt status bit is set, and an interrupt is sent to host processor 204, if the PROGIDINT interrupt control bit of transceiver core 202 is enabled.
The PI can be a 4-digit Hex code unique for each station/program. As such, the capability of RDS PI match filter 910 could be used, for example, in cases where host processor 204 wants to know immediately whether a currently tuned channel is the program that it desires.
The next filter of filter module 906 is RDS Block-B filter 912. RDS Block-B filter 912 may determine whether an RDS group has a block 2 (i.e., Block-B) entry which matches a given Block-B parameter, so that an interrupt to host processor 204 can be asserted. RDS Block-B filter 912 can provide a quick route of specific data to host processor 204. If block 2 of the RDS data group matches the host processor defined Block-B filter parameters, then the group data is immediately made available for host processor 204 to process. No further processing of the RDS group data is performed in transceiver core 202.
For example, FIG. 10 is an exemplary sequence chart illustrating one case of a host receiving RDS Block-B data. As can be seen in FIG. 10, host processor 204 can communicate with transceiver core 202. In this example, a Block-B match is detected in transceiver core 202, and host processor 204 becomes aware that a Block-B match has occurred.
Referring back to FIG. 9, the next filter of filter module 906 is RDS group filter 914. RDS group filter 914 can filter out an RDS group having a group type which is not within a given one or more group types. In other words, RDS group filter 914 can provide a means for host processor 204 to select which RDS group types to store into RDS group buffers 924, so that host processor 204 only has to process the data in which it is interested. Thus, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to only pass selected RDS group types.
In this regard, core firmware component 904 can be configured (e.g., by host processor 204) to filter out, if so desired, or not to filter out RDS group data for group type 0 or group type 2. FIG. 9 depicts that RDS group data 802 with either a group type 0 or group type 2 are processed by group processing component 918, if RDSRTEN, RDSPSEN, and/or RDSAFEN are set in the ADVCTRL register.
Still referring to RDS group filter 914, host processor 204 may filter out a specific group type (i.e., Core discards) by setting a bit in the following data transfer mode (RDS_CONFIG) registers in transceiver core 202:













GFILT_0
Block-B group type filter byte 0 (group type 0A-3B).


GFILT_1
Block-B group type filter byte 1 (group type 4A-7B).


GFILT_2
Block-B group type filter byte 2 (group type 8A-11B).


GFILT_3
Block-B group type filter byte 3 (group type 12A-15B).









Each bit in RDS group filter 914 represents a particular group type. FIG. 11 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS group filter 914. When transceiver core 202 is powered on or reset, RDS group filter 914 is cleared (all bits are set back to “0”). If a bit is set (“1”) then that particular group type will not be forwarded.
Returning to FIG. 9, the next filter of filter module 906 is RDS change filter 916, which filters out an RDS group having RDS group data which has not changed. Host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to pass the specified group types only if there are changes in RDS group data. RDS group data that passes through RDS group filter 914 may be applied to RDS change filter 916. RDS change filter 916 may be used to reduce the amount of repeat data for each particular group type. To enable RDS change filter 916, host processor 204 may set the RDSFILTER bit in the ADVCTRL register of transceiver core 202.
In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, filter module 906 is capable of performing various types of filtering of RDS group data 802, so as to reduce the number of interrupts to host processor 204. As noted above, core firmware component 904 may also include group processing component 918, which will now be described in more detail.
Group processing component 918 may include RDS group type 0 data processor 922 and RDS group type 2 data processor 920. With reference to RDS group type 0 data processor 922, this processor may determine whether an RDS group has a group type 0 and whether there is a change in program service (PS) information for the RDS group, so as to assert an interrupt to host processor 204 when such a determination is positive.
Transceiver core 202 has the capability of processing RDS group type 0A and 0B data. This type of group data is typically considered to have the primary RDS features (e.g., program identification (PI), program service (PS), traffic program (TP), traffic announcement (TA), seek/scan program type (PTY) and alternative frequency (AF)) and is typically transmitted by FM broadcasters. For example, this type of group data provides FM receivers with tuning information such as the current program type (ex., “Soft Rock”), program service name (ex., “ROCK1053”) and possible alternative frequencies that carry the same program.
In this regard, FIG. 12 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS basic tuning and switching information for RDS group type 0A. It shows, among other data, group type code 1202, program service name and DI segment address 1204, alternative frequency 1206, and program service name segment 1208. FIG. 13, on the other hand, is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS basic tuning and switching information for group type 0B. It shows, among other data, group type code 1302, program service name and DI segment address 1304, and program service name segment 1306.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, transceiver core 202 can assemble and validate program service character strings, and only when the string changes, or is repeated once, transceiver core 202 alerts host processor 204. Host processor 204 may only have to output the indicated string(s) on its display. To enable the RDS program service name feature, host processor 204 can set the RDSPSEN bit in the ADVCTRL register of transceiver core 202.
With further reference to group type 0 processing, the program service (PS) table event may consist of an array of eight program service name strings (8 characters in length). This PS table may be seen to handle the United States radio broadcasters' usage of program service as a text-messaging feature similar to radio text.
In this regard, FIG. 14 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a format for program service (PS) table 1400. The first byte of PS table 1400 may consist of bit flags (PS0-PS7) used to indicate which program service names in PS table 1400 are new or repeats. For example, if PS2-PS4 are set and the update bit (“U”) is set, then host processor 204 only cycles through PS2-PS4 on its display.
The next five bits in PS table 1400 are the current program type (e.g., “Classic Rock”). The update flag (“U”) indicates whether the indicated program service names are new (“0”) or repeats (“1”). The 16-bits of program identification (PI) follow.
The next four bits in PS table 1400 are flags extracted from the group 0 packet, as follows:
















TP
traffic program



TA
traffic announcement



MS
music/speech switch code



DI
decoder identification control code










The remaining bytes in PS table 1400 are the 8 PS names (8 characters each).

Examples of the usage of a PS table will now be described with reference to FIGS. 15 to 17. It should be noted that the PS tables in FIGS. 15 to 17 are in a different format than that of FIG. 14, to help demonstrate its usage. FIG. 15 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of generating a PS name table 1504. In this example, the broadcaster is constantly transmitting the same sequences of group 0 packets 1502 indicating the artist and song title. Transceiver core 202 re-assembles and validates each PS name string and update PS table 1504 as needed.
FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of PS name data and corresponding text displayed on a host system 200. In FIG. 16, the content of the last PS table 1602 received by host processor 204 is shown. As such, host processor 204 should read the update flag, which indicates repeat, and cycle through the PS names as indicated in the PS bit flags for PS2 through PS5. These PS names can then be displayed on host display 1604.
Enabling the foregoing validation feature as well as filtering out group 0A/0B packets from RDS group buffers 924 (see FIG. 9) can greatly reduce the amount of traffic from transceiver core 202 to host processor 204. Only a few PS table events will occur during a song or a commercial break instead of many group 0 packets.
Still referring to group type 0 processing, FIG. 17 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of processing RDS data with group type 0. More particularly, FIG. 17 provides an example of how host processor 204 can enable the RDS group type 0 data processing feature and receive PS table data from transceiver core 202.
Host system 300 may provide for dynamic program service names for group type 0 data. The RBDS standard (North American equivalent of the European RDS standard) adopted less stringent requirements for PS usage. Broadcasters in the United States use the program service name to not only present call letters (“KPBS”) and slogans (“Z-90”), but also use it to also transmit song title and artist information. Therefore, the PS may be continuously changing.
In this regard, FIGS. 18A to 18J are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example of dynamic PS name data and corresponding display text on host processor 204. In this example, an FM broadcaster uses the program service name to transmit “Soft,” “Rock,” “Kicksy,” and “96.5” repeatedly during a commercial break. When a song starts to play, the broadcaster then transmits “Faith by,” “George,” and “Michael” continuously during the song. The broadcaster constantly repeats PS strings since it does not know when receivers are tuned into the station. Such repeated transmission can lead to numerous interrupts being sent to host processor 204. In each of FIGS. 18A to 18J, element 1802 corresponds with the PS name table and element 1804 corresponds with the host display.
In FIG. 18A, which can be seen to correspond with a first event, transceiver core 202 is enabled during the broadcaster's commercial break and starts receiving RDS group type 0A segments 0-3 that create “Rock”. This string is placed in PS table 1802, the corresponding PS bit is set, and the update flag is set to new (“0”). The current program type (PTY), program identification (PI), and other fields are also filled in.
In addition, the RDSPS interrupt status bit is set and if the RDSPSINT interrupt control bit is enabled, an interrupt is generated for host processor 204. Once host processor 204 reads PS table 1802, it detects that the PS name in the table is new and refresh its display 1804 with the indicated PS string.
In FIG. 18B, which can be seen to correspond with a next event, the broadcaster transmits the same PS name again. Transceiver core 202 receives the next group 0A segments 0-3 which creates an 8-character string that matches an element already in PS table 1802. The repeated PS bit is set, and the update flag is set to repeat (“1”). An interrupt is generated for host processor 204, if enabled, and host processor 204 reads PS table 1802 and leaves its display 1804 with the repeated PS name.
In FIG. 18C, the broadcaster transmits a new PS name. Transceiver core 202 receives group 0A segments 0-3 “Kicksy”. Transceiver core 202 places the PS string in the next available slot in PS table 1802, sets the corresponding PS flag bit, and sets the update flag to new (“0”).
In FIG. 18D, the broadcaster again transmits a new PS name. Transceiver core 202 receives group 0A segments 0-3 that create the string “96.5”. Transceiver core 202 places the PS string in next available slot in PS table 1802, sets the corresponding PS flag bit, and sets the update flag to new (“0”).
In FIG. 18E, the broadcaster transmits the PS name “Soft” and transceiver core 202 updates PS table 1802. In FIG. 18F, the broadcaster is repeating the four PS names throughout the commercial break. Transceiver core 202 receives “Rock” and so it sets the corresponding PS flag bit and the update flag to repeat (“1”).
In FIG. 18G, transceiver core 202 receives “Kicksy” again and sets the PS flag bit and the update flag to repeat (“1”). Since there are now multiple program service names that are flagged as repeat, host processor 204 cycles through the PS names with a pre-defined delay (e.g., 2 seconds). If host processor 204 receives a PS table that indicates new PS names, it cancels the periodic display timer and displays the new PS name.
In FIG. 18H, transceiver core 202 receives the repeated string “96.5” and sets the corresponding PS bit and the update flag to repeat (“1”).
In FIG. 18I, transceiver core 202 receives the repeated string “Soft” and sets the corresponding PS bit and the update flag to repeat (“1”). At this point transceiver core 202 stops sending PS table events to host processor 204 since the PS names “Soft”, “Rock”, “Kicksy”, and “96.5” repeat during the commercial break (which can last a few minutes). Host processor 204 uses the last PS table 1802 received to update its display 1804.
Turning to FIG. 18J, after a couple of minutes the commercial break is over and a song starts to play. Transceiver core 202 receives RDS group type 0A segments 0-3 that create “George”. This string is placed in PS table 1802, the corresponding PS bit is set, and the update flag is set to new (“0”).
It should be noted that the RDS group type 0 data processing feature was tested with a real life broadcast. During a period of time ( ̃10 minutes), a local broadcaster transmitted 2,973 group type 0A during a Song1→Commercial Break→Song2 sequence. With the RDSPSEN feature enabled, transceiver core 202 sent 49 PS tables to host processor 204.
If host processor 204 wishes to process RDS group type 0A itself, it could configure RDS group filter 914 (see FIG. 9) to route all the group type 0A packets. In this example, host processor 204 would have received 2,973 group type 0A packets. Host processor 204 would then have to spend processor time validating and assembling the program service names. In this example, the savings in host processor “interrupts” using the RDS group type 0 data processing feature would have been 98.4%.
Still referring to group type 0 data, host system 200 may also provide for static program service names. The design intent of the program service may be to provide a label for the receiver preset which is invariant, since receivers incorporating the alternative frequency (AF) feature will switch from one frequency to another in following a selected program. In Europe, the PS name of a tuned service is inherently static. Transceiver core 202 uses the same PS table event to notify host processor 204 of a new program service name. Host processor 204 can retrieve the PS table at anytime.
FIGS. 19A to 19B are conceptual diagrams illustrating an example of static PS name data and corresponding display text on host processor 204. In this example, a European user tunes to a new channel (“CAPITAL”). In each of FIGS. 19A to 19B, element 1902 corresponds with the PS name table and element 1904 corresponds with the host display.
In FIG. 19A, which can be seen to correspond with a first event, host processor 204 tunes transceiver core 202 to a new frequency. Transceiver core 202 receives RDS group type 0A segments 0-3 that create “CAPITAL”. This string is placed in PS table 1902, the corresponding PS bit is set, and the update flag is set to new (“0”). The current program type is also filled in. Host processor 204 receives the PS table event and updates its display 1904.
In FIG. 19B, which can be seen to correspond with a next event, transceiver core 202 receives sequential segments 0-3 which creates an 8-character string that matches an element already in PS table 1902. The repeated PS bit is set and the update flag is set to repeat (“1”).
In this regard, host processor 204 leaves the repeat program service name on its display 1904 until it receives another PS table event that has the update flag set to new. This would occur if the traffic announcement (TA) field changes or if host processor 204 tunes to a different station.
In addition to the above uses for the program type (PTY) and program identification (PI) fields, it should be noted that these fields can be used for reducing the amount of interaction between transceiver core 202 and host processor 204 when tuning to and/or searching for specified radio stations. For example, these fields can be used to determine whether to tune to a particular radio station. This will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 27 to 32B.
Another aspect of group type 0 data relates to alternative frequency (AF) list information. Transceiver core 202 may determine whether an RDS group has a group type 0 and whether there is a change in AF list information, so that an interrupt can be asserted to host processor 204. In one example, transceiver core 202 will extract the AF list from group type 0A and only when the list changes, will transceiver core 202 provide the AF list in a host control interface (HCI) event. Host processor 204 could use this list to manually tune the FM radio to an alternative frequency. In addition, if host processor 204 receives an AF list for the currently tuned station, it can enable an AF jump search mode if the received signal strength goes below a certain threshold. To enable the RDS alternative frequency list feature, host processor 204 can set the RDSAFEN bit in the ADVCTRL register.
The following generally applies to AF list information according to one aspect of the disclosure:

    
    
        Only AF Method A (group 0A) is supported.
        Any LF/MF frequencies are not included in the AF list sent to host processor 204.
        AF codes in Enhanced Other Network (EON) group type 14A are not supported.
        The AF list event contains the currently tuned frequency, program identification (PI) code, the number of AFs in the list, and the list of AFs.
    
    


FIG. 20 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of an alternative frequency (AF) list format. Host processor 204 uses the RDS_AF_0/1 data transfer (XFR) modes to read AF list 2000 from transceiver core 202.
In addition to the above uses for the AF list information, it should be noted that this information can be used for reducing the amount of interaction between transceiver core 202 and host processor 204 when tuning to and/or searching for specified radio stations. For example, AF list information can be used for tuning to an alternative frequency (AF), if available. This will be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 33A to 34.
As noted above, group processing component 918 (see FIG. 9) may also include RDS group type 2 data processor 920, which will now be described in greater detail. RDS group type 2 data processor 920 may determine whether an RDS group has a group type 2 and whether there is a change in radio text (RT) information for the RDS group, so as to assert an interrupt to the host processor when such a determination is positive. RT is typically considered to be a secondary feature of RDS, and allows radio broadcasters to transmit up to 64 characters of information to the listener such as current artist, song title, station promotions, etc.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, transceiver core 202 may extract out the RT and provide up to a 64 character string, along with the PI and PTY, to host processor 204 only when the RT string changes. Transceiver core 202 may assemble and validate the radio text character string, and when the string changes, transceiver core 202 interrupts host processor 204, if RDSRTINT is enabled. Host processor 204 may then read the radio text by using the RDS_RT_0/1/2/3/4 data transfer (XFR) modes. Host processor 204 may only need to output the string on its display. The radio text may end with a carriage return (0x0D) but some broadcasters pad the string with spaces (0x20). To enable the RDS group type 2 data processing feature, host processor 204 can set the RDSRTEN bit in the ADVCTRL register.
FIG. 21 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an exemplary format of RDS radio text for group type 2A. It shows, among other data, group type code 2102, text segment address code 2104, and radio text segments 2106 and 2108. FIG. 22, on the other hand, is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an exemplary format of RDS radio text for group type 2B. It shows, among other data, group type code 2202, text segment address code 2204, and radio text segment 2206.
It should be noted that the RDS group type 2 data processing feature was tested with a real life broadcast. During a period of time ( ̃10 minutes), a local broadcaster transmitted 3,464 group type 2A during a Song1→Commercial→Break Song2 sequence. With the RDSRTEN advanced feature enabled, transceiver core 202 only sent three Radio Text events to host processor 204.
If RDS Block-B filter 912 (see FIG. 9) was configured to route all group type 2A, host processor 204 would have been interrupted with BFLAG 3,464 times. Host processor 204 would then have to spend processor time validating and assembling the text string. In this example, the savings in host processor “interrupts” using the RDS group type 2 data processing would have been 99.9%.
FIG. 23 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of the RDS group type 2 data processing. It shows an example of how host processor 204 would enable the RDS group type 2 data processing feature and receive radio text data.
As illustrated above, according to one aspect of the disclosure, group processing component 918 (see FIG. 9) includes RDS group type 0 data processor 922 and RDS group type 2 data processor 920 for processing these specific group types. As noted above, core firmware component 904 may also include RDS group buffers 924, which will now be described in more detail. RDS group buffers 924 may store plural RDS groups before interrupting host processor 204, so as to reduce the number of interrupts for new RDS data.
FIG. 24 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of RDS group buffers. Transceiver core 202 may contain dual RDS group buffers 2402 and 2404 (corresponding to element 924 in FIG. 9) that can hold up to 21 RDS groups. An RDS group contains, for example, 4 blocks. Each block contains two information bytes and one status byte, as previously described with reference to FIG. 8.
Host processor 204 configures the buffer threshold with the DEPTH parameter of the RDS_CONFIG data transfer (XFR) mode. When transceiver core 202 reaches the buffer threshold, it can notify host processor 204 and switch to the other buffer where it begins filling with the next RDS group. The dual RDS group buffers allow host processor 204 to read from one buffer while transceiver core 202 writes to the other. It should be noted that host processor 204 reads the contents of one RDS group buffer before transceiver core 202 fills the other buffer (to the pre-defined threshold) or else it can lose the remaining data in that buffer.
Host processor 204 can also set a flush timer to prevent groups in a buffer from becoming “stale.” The flush timer can be configured by writing the FLUSHT in the RDS_CONFIG data transfer (XFR) mode.
FIG. 25 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of buffering and processing RDS group data. As can be seen in FIG. 25, host processor 204 can read the contents of the RDS group buffers 924 of FIG. 9 by communicating with transceiver core 202.
FIG. 26 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of a configuration for transceiver core 202 for performing various levels of RDS data processing. As shown in FIG. 26, transceiver core 202 can be configured to perform various levels of RDS processing.
Referring back to FIGS. 2 and 9, in accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, the following host processor controllable RDS features are provided in transceiver core 202: (i) using RDS data filter 908, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to discard uncorrectable blocks and RDS groups that consist of Block-E types, which may be used in paging systems in the United states; (ii) using RDS PI match filter 910, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to assert an interrupt whenever the program ID in block 1 and/or the bits in block 2 match a given pattern; (iii) using Block-B-filter 912, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to assert an interrupt whenever block 2 of an RDS data group matches Block-B filter parameters defined by host processor 204; (iv) using RDS group filter 914, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to only pass the specified group types; and (v) using RDS change filter 916, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to pass the specified group types only if there are changes in the group data.
The host processor controllable RDS features further include: (vi) using RDS group buffers 924, host processor 204 can configure transceiver core 202 to buffer up to 21 groups before notifying host processor 204 that there is new RDS data to be processed; (vii) using RDS group type 0 data processor 922, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to process RDS group type 0 (basic tuning and switching information) packets, where transceiver core 202 can extract out the program identification (PI) code, program type (PTY) and provide a table of program service (PS) strings, where transceiver core 202 may only send information when there are changes in the PS table (e.g., when a song changes), and where host processor 204 can also enable transceiver core 202 to extract the alternative frequency (AF) list information from RDS group type 0; and (viii) using RDS group type 2 data processor 920, host processor 204 can enable transceiver core 202 to process RDS group type 2 (radio text) packets, where transceiver core 202 can extract out the radio text (RT) and provide up to a 64 character string, along with the PI and PTY, to host processor 204 only when the RT string changes.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, transceiver core 202 has numerous filtering and data processing capabilities that can help reduce the amount of RDS processing on host processor 204. For example, buffering of the RDS group data in transceiver core 202 can reduce the number of interrupts to host processor 204. Thus, host processor 204 does not have to wake-up as often to acknowledge RDS interrupts. Filtering enables host processor 204 to only receive the desired data types and only if it has changed. This typically reduces the amount of interrupts and saves code on the host processor 204 that would have been needed to filter out the “raw” RDS data. Processing of the main RDS group types (0 and 2) in transceiver core 202 is seen to offload host processor 204. Host processor 204 would only have to display the pre-processed PS and RT strings to the user. The PS table and RT string resides in the transceiver core's memory so host processor 204 could disable all interrupts and retrieve the current strings when it wishes (e.g., coming out of screen saver mode).
FIG. 27 is a state machine diagram illustrating exemplary events and states for tuning to an FM channel. As can be seen in FIG. 27, tuning to an FM channel requires turning on the FM radio and writing the desired frequency to the tune registers. Among other things, FIG. 27 depicts radio off state 2702, calibrate state 2704, idle state 2706, tuning state 2708, searching state 2710, alternative frequency (AF) tuning state 2712 and tuned state 2714. In addition, transitions between these states and actions are depicted.
FIG. 28 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of tuning to a particular FM frequency. More particularly, the commands which may be needed to tune an FM radio to a particular frequency are depicted. In FIG. 28, solid line 2802 can indicate a read from host processor 204, and dashed line 2804 can indicate an interrupt from transceiver core 202.
In this regard, if host processor 204 configures the TUNECTRL register to “tune to frequency” without configuring the FREQ register, then transceiver core 202 may use the current value in the FREQ register. This may result in tuning to an unwanted frequency. In addition, it should be noted that the most significant bit (MSB) of the frequency word is preferably in the TUNECTRL register.
FIG. 29 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of generating an error condition when attempting to tune to an FM frequency beyond the valid FM band. In FIG. 29, solid lines 2902, 2904, 2906 and 2908 can indicate a read from host processor 204, and dashed lines 2910 and 2912 can indicate an interrupt from transceiver core 202.
FIGS. 30A and 30B are sequence charts illustrating examples of performing a seek operation (FIG. 30A) and stopping a seek in progress (FIG. 30B). More particularly, the commands which may be needed to perform a seek operation or stopping a seek in progress are depicted in FIGS. 30A and 30B.
In this regard, transceiver core 202 has the ability to seek (up/down) from the current station (or channel) to the next “good” station (or channel), where a “good” station is determined by the signal quality thresholds provided by host processor 204. If the FM band edge is reached, the frequency can be wrapped to the opposite band edge and seeking can continue until the starting frequency is reached. As shown in FIG. 30B, seeking is stopped upon return to the starting frequency or if host processor 204 issues a stop search.
FIGS. 31A and 31B are sequence charts illustrating an example of the improved efficiency of performing a scan operation within a transceiver core instead of within a host processor. More particularly, FIG. 31A depicts the commands for performing a scan operation within transceiver core 202, while FIG. 31B depicts the commands for performing a scan operation within host processor 204.
In this regard, a scan operation typically includes one or more seek operations. With reference to FIG. 31A, transceiver core 202 initially performs a seek operation. When transceiver core 202 reaches the next “good” station, transceiver core 202 can un-mute sound for host system 200 (e.g., enable sound through audio interface 304) and stay at the “good” station for a given number of seconds (SCANTIME). After the scan hold time expires, transceiver core 202 can seek again for the next “good” station. This can continue until transceiver core 202 reaches the starting frequency or until host processor 204 stops the scan operation. If host processor 204 stops the scan operation, transceiver core 202 can stay tuned at the last “good” station.
By including the logic for the scan operation in transceiver core 202, the amount of interaction needed between host processor 204 and transceiver core 202 can be reduced. FIG. 31B depicts a case where the logic needed to perform a scan operation is pushed onto host processor 204. In such a case, the amount of traffic to host processor 204 can increase. This is partially because host processor 204, instead of transceiver core 202, has to command a seek operation for all of the “good” stations in an FM band.
FIGS. 32A and 32B are sequence charts illustrating an example of performing a scan operation and stopping a scan operation in progress. More particularly, FIG. 32A depicts the messages that can be passed between host processor 204 and transceiver core 202 when transceiver core 202 scans the entire FM band, and FIG. 32B depicts the messages that can be passed between host processor 204 and transceiver core 202 when host processor 240 stops a scan operation in progress.
Tuning to one or more radio stations using RDS data will now be described. In this regard, transceiver core 202 is capable of tuning to and/or searching for radio stations using RDS search modes. These modes take advantage of the RDS data being decoded within transceiver core 202. To use the RDS search modes, host processor 204 can enable RDS processing in the RDSCTRL register prior to starting any of the RDS search modes.
The RDS search modes may include a seek RDS program type (PTY) mode and a scan RDS PTY mode. In the seek RDS PTY and scan RDS PTY modes, transceiver core 202 can not only search for the next “good” station but also determine whether the “good” station is broadcasting a defined program type (ex., soft rock). Host processor 204 can define the search program type in the SRCHRDS1 register.
The RDS search modes may also include a seek RDS program identification (PI) mode. In the seek RDS PI mode, transceiver core 202 can not only search for the next “good” station but also determine if the “good” station is broadcasting a defined RDS PI (ex., KPBS=0xC635). In this way, host processor 204 can tune to a particular program without having to know what frequency it is broadcasting on. Host processor 204 can define the search RDS PI in the SRCHRDS1 and SRCHRDS2 registers.
In addition to the above modes, the RDS search modes may include an alternative frequency (AF) jump mode. The AF jump mode uses AF list information, which was described with reference to FIG. 20. The AF jump mode can be used in cases where there are multiple frequencies broadcasting the same program.
In this regard, host processor 204 can monitor the received signal strength and when it goes below a certain threshold, host processor 204 can command transceiver core 202 to start an AF jump. Transceiver core 202 can tune to the alternative frequencies using an AF list and stay at the station if it has better signal quality than the original station.
FIGS. 33A and 33B are conceptual block diagrams illustrating an example of performing an alternative frequency (AF) jump. As noted above with reference to FIG. 1, radio broadcast network 100 can include base stations 104, 106 and 108, and receiving station 102. Receiving station 102 can be depicted, for example, as a car and includes host system 200.
As can be seen in FIG. 33A, host system 200 of receiving station 102 can be tuned to 96.5 MHz, which is broadcasting the KCOW “All Country” program. This program can cover a wide geographic area with several base stations 104, 106 and 108. The program broadcaster can use the AF list feature of RDS to inform RDS-equipped radios (e.g., host system 200 of receiving station 102) of frequencies that are transmitting the same program.
In this example, when receiving station 102 starts out, the signal on 96.5 MHz can be strong and clear from base station 108. However, the signal can become weaker at receiving station 102, possibly due to greater distance or some type of interference between receiving station 102 and base station 108.
Transceiver core 202 can be extracting AF information from received RDS group type 0A packets (e.g., see FIG. 12) and maintaining a list of AF frequencies in data RAM 314. Meanwhile, host processor 204 can configure the signal quality threshold and enable the SIGNAL interrupt. At a point where the signal crosses a minimum threshold, transceiver core 202 can interrupt host processor 204, and host processor 204 can turn around and command transceiver core 202 to perform an AF jump. Transceiver core 202 can then tune to the frequencies in the AF list and declare that frequency 103.1 is the strongest signal in the list.
As seen in FIG. 33B, a listener at receiving station 102 does not notice any interruption in the program except for the frequency on its display now showing 103.1 MHz. Receiving station 102 can continue along and the AF jump could occur again.
FIG. 34 is a sequence chart illustrating an example of performing an alternative frequency (AF) jump. More particularly, FIG. 34 depicts the commands that can be used to perform an AF jump. If host processor 204 wishes to receive the AF list updates, it can enable the RDSAFEN advanced control feature. Having the AF list, host processor 204 can manually tune to frequencies in the list.
The RDS search modes can also include modes for scanning for the strongest/weakest stations. In other words, transceiver core 202 has the capability to scan for the strongest (e.g., highest receive energy) or weakest (e.g., lowest receive energy) stations in the area. The strongest stations can be provided to host processor 204 in descending order and the weakest stations in ascending order. After scanning the entire FM band, transceiver core 202 can tune to the strongest or weakest station depending on the search mode.
FIG. 35 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary chart of received signal strength indication (RSSI) levels for an entire FM band. RSSI is a measurement of the power present in a received radio signal and can be used in determining the strongest and weakest stations in an area.
FIGS. 36A and 36B are diagrams illustrating exemplary results on a display of host system 200 for scanning for strongest stations. These figures can represent snapshots of host system 200 (e.g., a car stereo) taking advantage of the strongest stations feature. FIG. 36A shows the frequencies for station presets 13 to 18, where station 13 (94.10 MHz) can be the strongest received signal and where subsequent presets are lower in comparison. FIG. 36B shows the frequencies for the next six station presets 19 to 24, where station 24 (101.50 MHz) can be the weakest received signal among the 12 strongest stations. Frequencies having RDS data associated therewith can be displayed in a different manner (e.g., different color) than those frequencies not having RDS data associated therewith. For example, in FIG. 36B, frequency 91.10 on station 22 does not have RDS data associated therewith. In other words, station 22 operating at frequency 91.10 does not transmit RDS data, and the display portion “91.10” in FIG. 36B is shown in a different color (e.g., white).
FIGS. 37A and 37B are diagrams illustrating exemplary results on a display of host system 200 for scanning for weakest stations. These figures can represent snapshots of host system 200 (e.g. car stereo) using the weakest station option. FIG. 37A depicts station 13 (93.7 MHz) with the weakest received signal in the FM band. The remaining station presets of host system 200 are depicted in FIGS. 37A and 37B with relatively stronger signals than station 13.
In this regard, the scan for weakest stations can be used by host processor 204 to select an FM transmit frequency that provides a low probability of broadcast interference. For example, this option can be implemented in a portable device (e.g., phone, PDA, ipod) to transmit MP3s to a stereo system (e.g., car stereo, boom box, home audio).
Referring to FIGS. 27 to 39, and in accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, host processor 204 can initiate the following tuning and searching features within transceiver core 202: (i) tune to a specified FM frequency; (ii) seek up/down for the next “good” station; (iii) scan up/down for the next “good” station, stay at the station for a specified number of seconds, and continue scanning until host processor 204 stops the search or if the entire FM band is scanned; (iv) scan for the 12 strongest stations in the FM band and provide the results to host processor 204; (v) scan for the 12 weakest stations in the FM band and provide the results to host processor 204; (vi) seek/scan for a specified RDS program type (PTY); (vii) seek for a specified RDS program identification (PI); and (viii) tune to an RDS alternative frequency (AF), if available.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, autonomous tuning and searching in transceiver core 202 can reduce the amount of interaction between host processor 204 and transceiver core 202. In this regard, host processor 204 can issue a given command and just be notified when it is complete. In addition, host processor 204 can query transceiver core 202 for the final results. Without such tuning and searching in transceiver core 202, for a scan up/down mode, host processor 204 itself would likely have to issue a seek command. Once this command is complete, host processor 204 would also likely have to set its own timer, reissue the seek command upon expiration of that timer, and repeat the process until the user stops the search or the entire band is scanned.
FIG. 38 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary operation of searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations utilizing a data processor. In step 3802, a command from host processor 204 is received by a data processor. In step 3804, one of the following is performed by the data processor based on the command: performing multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting host processor 204, searching for a radio station based on radio data system (RDS) data without interrupting host processor 204, or tuning to a radio station based on RDS data without interrupting host processor 204.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, a data processor may include one or more of the components or all of the components shown in FIG. 9. In another aspect, a data processor may include a microprocessor 322 of FIG. 3, or any other one or more of the components or all of the components shown, for example, in FIG. 3. A data processor and a host processor may be implemented on the same integrated circuit, the same printed circuit board, or the same device or component. Alternatively, a data processor and a host processor may be implemented on separate integrated circuits, separate printed circuit boards, or separate devices or components. A data processor and a host processor may be distributed over different devices or components.
In one aspect, a data processor may be configured to filter the RDS data based on one or more parameters configurable by a host processor (e.g., controlled, enabled or disabled by a host processor) so that depending on the one or more parameters, the selected set of the RDS data is a subset of the RDS data. Such subset may include selected RDS groups. In another aspect, the selected set of the RDS data is a subset of the RDS data, none of the RDS data, or the entire RDS data.
A data processor may include one or more filters (e.g., blocks 908, 910, 912, 914, and 916 in FIG. 9) for filtering the RDS data. Each or some of the filters can be selectively configurable by a host processor (e.g., controlled, enabled or disabled by a host processor). For example, each or some of the filters can be configurable by a host processor independently of one or more of the other filters. A data processor may also include one or more RDS group buffers that are selectively configurable by a host processor (e.g., controlled, enabled or disabled by a host processor).
A data processor may include one or more group processing components (e.g., blocks 920 and 922 in FIG. 9) that are selectively configurable by a host processor (e.g., controlled, enabled or disabled by a host processor). For example, one or more group processing elements can be configurable by a host processor independently of one or more of the other group processing components.
In another aspect, a data processor is configured to reduce the number of interrupts to a host processor based on one or more parameters configurable by the host processor (e.g., controlled, enabled or disabled by a host processor) so that depending on the one or more parameters, the number of interrupts are reduced or not reduced.
In yet another aspect, a data processor is configured to perform tuning and searching features based on the commands issued by host processor 204. The performance of such features can reduce the amount of interaction between the data processor and host processor 204.
Each of a data processor and a host processor may be implemented using software, hardware, or a combination of both. By way of example, each of a data processor and a host processor may be implemented with one or more processors. A processor may be a general-purpose microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a controller, a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware components, or any other suitable device that can perform calculations or other manipulations of information. Each of a data processor and a host processor may also include one or more machine-readable media for storing software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, data, or any combination thereof, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Instructions may include code (e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code format, or any other suitable format of code).
Machine-readable media may include storage integrated into a processor, such as might be the case with an ASIC. Machine-readable media may also include storage external to a processor, such as a random access memory (RAM), a flash memory, a read only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), an erasable PROM (EPROM), registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, or any other suitable storage device. In addition, machine-readable media may include a transmission line or a carrier wave that encodes a data signal. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality for a data processor and a host processor. According to one aspect of the disclosure, a machine-readable medium is a computer-readable medium encoded or stored with instructions and is a computing element, which defines structural and functional interrelationships between the instructions and the rest of the system, which permit the instructions's functionality to be realized. Instructions may be executable, for example, by a host system or by a processor of a host system. Instructions can be, for example, a computer program including code.
FIG. 39 is a conceptual block diagram illustrating an example of the functionality of a host system for searching for or tuning to one or more radio stations. Host system 200 includes a host processor 204 and a data processor 3902. Data processor 3902 includes a module 3904 for receiving a command from host processor 204. Data processor 3902 further includes a module 3906 for performing multiple search operations for radio stations without interrupting host processor 204 based on the command, searching for a radio station associated with RDS data without interrupting host processor 204 based on the command, or tuning to a radio station associated with RDS data without interrupting host processor 204 based on the command.
It should be understood that the term “radio station” may mean a radio station channel, and the term “station” may mean a channel. In addition, the term “search” may mean seek or scan. In one aspect of the disclosure, scanning may require multiple seeking or multiple searches. However, these words are sometimes used interchangeably. The term “RDS data” can refer to a singular datum or plural data related to RDS.
Those of skill in the art would appreciate that the various illustrative blocks, modules, elements, components, methods, and algorithms described herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. For example, each of group processing component 918 and filter module 906 may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative blocks, modules, elements, components, methods, and algorithms have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application. Various components and blocks may be arranged differently (e.g., arranged in a different order, or partitioned in a different way) all without departing from the scope of the subject technology. For example, the specific orders of the filters in filter module 906 of FIG. 9 may be rearranged, and some or all of the filters may be partitioned in a different way.
It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged. Some of the steps may be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.”

## Claims

1. A host system comprising:
a host processor; and
a data processor configured to:
receive, from the host processor, a first command directing the data processor to search for one or more radio stations based on radio data system (RDS) data;
perform multiple search operations to search for the one or more radio stations based on the RDS data without interrupting the host processor, wherein a search operation for the one or more radio stations comprises:
selecting an RDS data block code value; and
searching for a radio station having the selected RDS data block code value in the RDS data; and

after an audio output is enabled for a particular radio station, wait for a time period to elapse before performing another search operation of the multiple search operations.

2. The host system of claim 1, wherein the first command further directs the data processor to search for the one or more radio stations which satisfy a signal quality threshold.

3. The host system of claim 2, wherein, when the particular radio station satisfies the signal quality threshold, the data processor is further configured to enable the audio output for the particular radio station.

4. The host system of claim 2, wherein the data processor is further configured to continue the multiple search operations until the data processor receives, from the host processor, a second command directing the data processor to stop the multiple search operations.

5. The host system of claim 2, wherein the data processor is further configured to continue the multiple search operations without interrupting the host processor until an entire radio station frequency band is scanned.

6. The host system of claim 1, wherein searching for the one or more radio stations further comprises scanning for a plurality of radio stations producing a strongest received signal strength, and wherein the data processor is further configured to scan a radio station frequency band to determine the plurality of radio stations without interrupting the host processor.

7. The host system of claim 6, wherein the data processor is further configured to perform an action based on identification of the particular radio station of the plurality of radio stations including the strongest received signal strength having a highest value, and wherein the action includes one of tuning to the particular radio station and providing an indication of the particular radio station to the host processor.

8. The host system of claim 1, wherein searching for the one or more radio stations further comprises scanning for a plurality of radio stations producing a weakest received signal strength, and wherein the data processor is further configured to scan a radio station frequency band to determine the plurality of radio stations without interrupting the host processor.

9. The host system of claim 8, wherein the data processor is further configured to perform an action based on identification of the particular radio station of the plurality of radio stations including the weakest received signal strength having a lowest value, wherein the action includes one of tuning to the particular radio station and providing an indication of the particular radio station to the host processor.

10. The host system of claim 8, wherein the host processor is configured to select the particular radio station of the plurality of radio stations and to transmit a signal at a frequency associated with the particular radio station.

11. The host system of claim 1, wherein the selected block code value is a particular RDS program type (PTY), and wherein the data processor is further configured to determine whether the radio station transmits the particular RDS PTY without interrupting the host processor.

12. The host system of claim 1, wherein the selected RDS block code value is a particular RDS program identification (PI), and wherein the data processor is further configured to determine whether the radio station transmits the particular RDS PI without interrupting the host processor.

13. The host system of claim 1, wherein the data processor is further configured to decode the RDS data, and wherein the RDS data includes an RDS program type (PTY), an RDS program identification (PI), or an RDS alternative frequency (AF) information.

14. The host system of claim 1, wherein the data processor is further configured to perform the multiple search operations until the data processor receives a second command.

15. The host system of claim 1, wherein each of the multiple search operations for the one or more radio stations further comprises:
ranking each of the one or more radio stations based on a signal strength corresponding to each of the one or more radio stations, and
identifying the particular radio station of the one or more radio stations having a weakest signal strength.

16. A data processor comprising:
a receive module configured to receive, from a host processor, a command to search for one or more radio stations based on radio data system (RDS) data; and
one or more modules configured to:
perform multiple search operations to search for the one or more radio stations based on the RDS data without interrupting the host processor, wherein a search operation for the one or more radio stations comprises:
selecting an RDS data block code value; and
searching for a radio station having the selected RDS data block code value in the RDS data;

after an audio output is enabled for a particular radio station, wait for a time period to elapse before performing another search operation of the multiple search operations.

17. The data processor of claim 16, wherein the command is further to search for the one or more radio stations based on a signal quality threshold.

18. The data processor of claim 17, wherein, when the particular radio station satisfies the signal quality threshold, the one or more modules of the data processor are further configured toenable the audio output for the particular radio station.

19. A host system comprising:
a host processor; and
a data processor comprising:
means for receiving, from the host processor, a first command to search for one or more radio stations based on radio data system (RDS) data and based on a signal quality threshold; and
means for searching for the one or more radio stations based on the RDS data without interrupting the host processor, wherein the means for searching for the one or more radio stations comprises:
means for selecting an RDS data block code value; and
means for searching for a radio station having the selected RDS data block code value in the RDS data, and
wherein the means for searching for the one or more radio stations performs multiple search operations to search for the one or more radio stations without interrupting the host processor; and

means for receiving, from the host processor, a second command directing the data processor to stop the multiple search operations.

20. A method comprising:
receiving, by a data processor from a host processor, a first command from a host processor to search for one or more radio stations based on at least one parameter received from the host processor, wherein the first command further directs the data processor to search for the one or more radio stations which satisfy a signal quality threshold;
identifying a radio station based on a comparison between radio data system (RDS) data and at least one parameter, wherein the comparison is performed by the data processor in response to receiving the first command, and wherein the data processor performs multiple search operations to searchfor the radio station without interrupting the host processor; and
performing the multiple search operations until the data processor receives, from the host processor, a second command directing the data processor to stop the multiple search operations.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the at least one parameter includes an RDS program type (PTY) or an RDS program identification (PI).

22. A non-transitory machine-readable medium encoded with instructions executable by a processor, the instructions comprising code for:
receiving, by a data processor from a host processor, a command to search for one or more radio stations based on radio data system (RDS) data;
performing multiple search options, by the data processor, to search for the one or more radio stations based on the RDS data without interrupting the host processor, wherein a search operation for the one or more radio stations comprises:
selecting an RDS data block code value; and
searching for a radio station having the selected RDS data block code value in the RDS data; and

after an audio output is enabled for a particular radio station, waiting for a time period to elapse before performing another search operation of the multiple search operations.