IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

VIKTORIYA I. CHERVILOVA and 

MARTIN M. MARKOV, individually and 

as husband and wife,

 Appellants,

 v.

OVERLAKE OBSTETRICIANS AND 

GYNECOLOGISTS, PC, an active 

Washington corporation, 

 Defendant,

INCYTE PATHOLOGY, PS, aka 

INCYTE PATHOLOGY, INC., an active 

Washington corporation; and INCYTE 

PATHOLOGY PROFESSIONAL, PS, a 

merged Washington corporation,

 Respondents.

No. 85197-7-I

DIVISION ONE

PUBLISHED OPINION

BOWMAN, J. — Viktoriya Chervilova sued Incyte Pathology PS, also known 

as Incyte Pathology Inc., and Incyte Pathology Professional PS (collectively 

Incyte), alleging misdiagnosis of her cancerous mass as benign. The trial court 

determined Chervilova’s out-of-state expert was not qualified to render an 

opinion on the standard of care in Washington and granted summary judgment 

for Incyte. Because the expert’s testimony amounts to a prima facie showing that 

he is familiar with the standard of care for pathologists in Washington, we reverse 

and remand for further proceedings. 
No. 85197-7-I/2

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FACTS

In 2013, an MRI1 showed a mass on Chervilova’s uterus. She underwent 

a hysterectomy at the Overlake Medical Center Obstetrics and Gynecology 

Clinic. A pathology report from Incyte declared that the mass was benign and 

Chervilova’s doctor advised her that she did not need any follow-up care. 

In May 2021, Chervilova began feeling severe abdominal pain. A scan of 

her abdomen and pelvis revealed several masses. Chervilova underwent a 

laparotomy to remove the masses. Pathology of those masses revealed they 

were endometrial stromal sarcoma, a form of cancer. Further testing of the 2013 

specimen confirmed the diagnosis. 

Chervilova and her husband sued Incyte for medical negligence, alleging it 

misdiagnosed the mass removed during the 2013 hysterectomy.

2

In February 

2023, Incyte moved for summary judgment. It argued that Chervilova had no 

admissible expert testimony in support of her negligence claim.

Chervilova opposed the motion for summary judgment. She retained Dr. 

Alexander Chirkov, a pathologist licensed in Rhode Island, New York, and 

Massachusetts, who submitted a declaration in support of her claim. Dr. 

Chirkov’s declaration provides that he knows Washington State “defines the 

standard of care” as “ ‘that degree of care, skill and learning expected of a 

reasonably prudent health care provider at that time in the profession or class to 

 

1 Magnetic resonance imaging. 

2 Chervilova also sued Overlake Obstetricians and Gynecologists PS. Overlake 

moved for summary judgment dismissal, which the trial court granted. That order is not 

at issue in this appeal.
No. 85197-7-I/3

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which he or she belongs, in the state of Washington, acting in the same or similar 

circumstance.’ ” See RCW 7.70.040(1)(a). And he is “familiar with the applicable 

standard of care for a pathologist interpreting and reporting on histological slides 

in the state of Washington.” He explains Washington follows the national 

standard of care. He knows this to be true because

the training and education of pathologists across the United States 

is intentionally and methodically standardized, with the intent of 

training pathologists to interpret and report on histological samples 

in a uniform and consistent way across the country. 

From participating in professional organizations and continuing medical 

education programs and reading updated pathology literature, Dr. Chirkov says

that he has “never seen or heard any suggestion . . . that the basic standards of 

reasonable prudence for a pathologist differ from state to state or are different in 

Washington than . . . any other state.” And Dr. Chirkov concludes that Incyte’s 

2013 pathology report and several incorrect “critical findings” were “misleading 

and below the standard of care.” 

In March 2023, the trial court granted Incyte’s motion for summary 

judgment. It concluded that as an out-of-state expert, Dr. Chirkov’s declaration 

was inadequate to show that he is familiar with the standard of care in 

Washington, so he was not qualified to render an opinion in Chervilova’s case. 

Chervilova moved for reconsideration, which the court denied. 

Chervilova appeals.

ANALYSIS

Chervilova argues that the trial court erred by rejecting Dr. Chirkov’s 

opinion and granting summary judgment for Incyte. We agree.
No. 85197-7-I/4

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We review a court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Hill v. Sacred 

Heart Med. Ctr., 143 Wn. App. 438, 445, 177 P.3d 1152 (2008). We also review 

de novo whether sufficient evidence qualifies an expert’s opinion. Id. at 445-46.

Summary judgment for a defendant is appropriate if the plaintiff fails to produce 

sufficient believable evidence supporting the essential elements of her claim. Id.

The defendant bears the initial burden of showing that the plaintiff lacks 

competent evidence to support an essential element of her case. Boyer v. 

Morimoto, 10 Wn. App. 2d 506, 519, 449 P.3d 285 (2019). A defendant moving 

for summary judgment in a medical malpractice case can meet this burden by 

showing that a plaintiff lacks competent expert testimony that the defendant

violated the applicable standard of care in Washington. Young v. Key Pharms., 

Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 226-27, 770 P.2d 182 (1989). The burden then shifts to the 

plaintiff to produce a declaration from a qualified expert witness alleging specific 

facts establishing a cause of action. See Id. (citing CR 56(c)). 

An expert must be qualified to express an opinion on the applicable 

standard of care. Boyer, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 519. Whether an expert is qualified 

to render an opinion is a preliminary finding of fact under ER 104(a). Id. at 521. 

The party offering the testimony must make a prima facie showing that their

expert is qualified to render an opinion on the standard of care. Id. at 519-20. 

An expert’s opinion must be based on more than conjecture or speculation.

Winkler v. Giddings, 146 Wn. App. 387, 393, 190 P.3d 117 (2008). On summary 

judgment, this is a burden of production, not persuasion. Renz v. Spokane Eye 

Clinic, P.S., 114 Wn. App. 611, 622-23, 60 P.3d 106 (2002). We view the 
No. 85197-7-I/5

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evidence and any inferences that may be drawn from that evidence in a light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party. Hill, 143 Wn. App. at 445. 

To prove medical negligence, a plaintiff must show that the health care 

provider “failed to exercise that degree of care, skill, and learning expected of a 

reasonably prudent health care provider at that time in the profession or class to 

which he or she belongs, in the state of Washington, acting in the same or similar 

circumstances,” and that “[s]uch failure was a proximate cause of the injury 

complained of.” RCW 7.70.040(1). To determine whether an expert is qualified

to render an opinion on medical negligence, we generally examine the record to 

determine the relevant specialty and whether the expert and the defendant 

practice in the same field. Boyer, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 521. If the expert does not 

practice in Washington, we also look to see if that expert is familiar with the 

Washington standard of care. Id. One way an out-of-state expert may establish 

familiarity with the Washington standard of care is to provide admissible 

testimony that a national standard of care exists in this state and that the 

defendant physician violated the national standard of care. Id.; Driggs v. Howlett, 

193 Wn. App. 875, 898-99, 371 P.3d 61 (2016).

Here, Dr. Chirkov’s declaration provides that from his training, education,

and experience, he knows Washington pathologists follow a national standard of 

care. Dr. Chirkov explains:

I can state that the Washington standard follows the national 

standards because I know that the training and education of 

pathologists across the United States is intentionally and 

methodically standardized, with the intent of training pathologists to 

interpret and report on histological samples in a uniform and 

consistent way across the country.
No. 85197-7-I/6

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Dr. Chirkov says that the Liaison Committee on Medical Education 

(LCME) and national Accreditation Counsel of Graduate Medical Education

(ACGME) “requires every [medical education] program to meet established 

standards.” And 

most states (including Washington and the states I am licensed in: 

New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island) require applicants for 

a medical license to have graduated from an LCME accredited 

medical school . . . and successfully completed a United States 

residency program accredited by the ACGME. 

Because of those requirements, Dr. Chirkov explains that “virtually all practicing 

anatomic and clinical pathologists in the United States . . . were all taught the 

same basic standards of reasonable prudence.” 

Dr. Chirkov also explains that “standards of practice are normalized 

across the country through national . . . specialized professional organizations,” 

including the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology (USCAP). He

says that he is a member of USCAP and subscribes to its “two major peerreviewed pathology journals.” He states: 

USCAP, its journals, its published practice guidelines, and its 

continuing medical education programs help pathologists across 

the United States and North America keep up on the latest 

developments in the medicine and evolving standards of care. 

Further, Dr. Chirkov explains that he regularly attends continuing medical 

education programs, which have an “overarching national accrediting 

organization” that “helps ensure a national uniformity of basic standards of 

reasonable prudence” for pathologists. According to Dr. Chirkov, he has

never seen or heard any suggestion from any USCAP publications 

or presentations, or any other continuing medical education [he 
No. 85197-7-I/7

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has] participated in, that the basic standards of reasonable 

prudence for a pathologist differ from state to state or are different 

in Washington than in Rhode Island, New York, Massachusetts, or 

any other state. 

Dr. Chirkov concludes that the content of Incyte’s 2013 report and its incorrect 

critical findings did not amount to an “exercise of reasonable prudence” and were 

not “consistent with the applicable standard of care” for pathologists.

Viewing Dr. Chirkov’s testimony in the light most favorable to Chervilova, 

he makes a prima facie showing that he is familiar with the national standard of 

care for pathologists; that based on his training, education, and experience, he

knows Washington pathologists follow the national standard of care; and that 

Incyte violated that standard. 

Incyte argues that Boyer compels a different result. In that case, the 

plaintiff experienced toxic shock syndrome after Dr. Kai Morimoto performed 

several cosmetic surgical procedures on her. Boyer, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 510-12. 

She sued Dr. Morimoto for medical negligence. Id. at 512. Dr. Morimoto moved 

for summary judgment, arguing that the plaintiff failed to support her claim with 

expert testimony that he violated the standard of care for plastic surgeons in 

Washington. Id.

The plaintiff then submitted a declaration from Dr. John Shamoun, an outof-state plastic surgeon. Boyer, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 513. Dr. Shamoun declared 

that he “ ‘studied, trained and practiced in a variety of locations throughout the 

country’ ” and had active medical licenses in Texas, California, and the United 

Arab Emirates. Id. He said he “ ‘qualified as a medical expert regarding the 

standard of care applicable to plastic surgeries like the one at issue in this 
No. 85197-7-I/8

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litigation, in several jurisdictions.’ ” Id. And he declared that “ ‘[a]s a result of my 

education, training and experience, I am well-versed in the standard of care 

applicable to health[ ]care providers performing surgical procedures such as 

these.’ ” Id. He then concluded:

“The standard of care in this case required defendants to exercise 

the same degree of skill, care and learning expected of other 

reasonably prudent health[ ]care providers attempting the surgical 

procedure. . . . This standard is not unique to the [s]tate of 

Washington and applies on a nationwide basis.”

Id. Dr. Shamoun concluded that Dr. Morimoto violated the standard of care. Id.

at 513-14. The trial court granted Dr. Morimoto’s motion for summary judgment. 

Id. at 517. 

On appeal, Dr. Morimoto argued the trial court correctly rejected Dr. 

Shamoun’s declaration as an expert because he had “only a conclusory 

statement concerning his familiarity with the standard of care in Washington.” 

Boyer, 10 Wn. App. 2d at 518. Division Three agreed. Id. It concluded that Dr. 

Shamoun’s declaration “did not qualify him to testify to the standard of care in 

Washington State” because he “failed to disclose how he knew Washington’s 

standard to equate to a national standard.” Id. at 524. And an expert “must 

provide some underlying support for his opinion that the state standard follows 

the national standard.” Id. 

This case is different than Boyer. Here, Dr. Chirkov’s declaration provides 

underlying support for his statement on the applicable standard of care for 

pathologists. He explains that he knows from his training and experience that all 

LCME accredited medical schools and ACGME accredited residencies, including 
No. 85197-7-I/9

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those in Washington, “intentionally and methodically” standardize the standard of 

care with the intent to train pathologists to interpret and report on histological 

samples in a uniform and consistent way across the country. And he knows from 

his membership in professional organizations, participation in continuing medical 

education programs, and review of USCAP publications that the national 

standard of care continues to be uniformly applied to all states. 

Citing Hill and Driggs, Incyte argues Dr. Chirkov must show that he 

affirmatively acquired information about Washington’s standard of care from 

personal experience in the state or from a pathologist with personal experience

practicing here. In Hill, the plaintiff offered testimony from an out-of-state expert 

who worked and trained in Washington that Washington follows a national 

standard of care. 143 Wn. App. at 444. And in Driggs, an out-of-state expert 

explained that he learned Washington follows the national standard of care by 

contacting physicians who practice here. 193 Wn. App. at 887. In each case, 

Division Three concluded the testimony satisfied the plaintiff’s burden to show 

that their expert was familiar with the Washington standard of care. Hill, 143 Wn. 

App. at 453; Driggs, 193 Wn. App. at 902. But neither case holds that an out-ofstate expert must seek affirmative assurance from an in-state physician to 

become familiar with Washington’s standard of care. 

Dr. Chirkov’s testimony amounts to a prima facie showing that he is 

familiar with the national standard of care for pathologists and that Washington 

follows that standard. Viewed in a light most favorable to Chervilova, Dr. Chirkov
No. 85197-7-I/10

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expressed a qualified opinion for purposes of summary judgment. We reverse 

and remand for further proceedings.

WE CONCUR: