NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0096n.06 

Case No. 16-1637 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

ROBERTO REESE, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

BEFORE: BOGGS, SILER, and DONALD, Circuit Judges. 

BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Defendant, Roberto Reese, appeals the 

district court’s order denying his motion for a sentence reduction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 

3582(c)(2). Reese pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to engage in racketeering activity, for 

which he received a total sentence of 117 months. Because we find that the district court was 

prohibited from making any further reductions by the Sentencing Guidelines, we AFFIRM. 

I.

On October 21, 2013, Reese, pursuant to a plea agreement, pled guilty to conspiracy to 

engage in racketeering activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 1962(d). The presentence report 

(“PSR”) determined that Reese’s total offense level was 31—based on a base offense level of 30 

(the greatest of his adjusted offense levels), increased by four levels (which includes a one-unit 
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increase under USSG § 3D1.4) and reduced by three levels for acceptance of responsibility. (R. 

947, PageID # 8567–68.) Based on the total offense level of 31 and a criminal history category 

of VI, the PSR determined Reese’s applicable Guideline range to be 188 to 235 months. (R. 947, 

PageID # 8580.) 

Prior to sentencing, the Government filed a sentencing memorandum and motion for 

downward departure pursuant to USSG § 5K1.1, requesting that the district court reduce Reese’s 

Guideline calculation by two levels for his substantial assistance. (R. 969.) Reese also filed a 

request for downward departure and variance, arguing that because he has a significant history of 

trying to distance himself from the Holland Latin King Organization,1

 and because he 

substantially cooperated with the Government, the court should impose a sentence at or below 

the bottom of the Guideline range. (R. 960.) At sentencing, the district court granted both the 

Government’s motion for downward departure and Reese’s motion for variance, noting: “I find 

that a two-level downward departure under 5K1 is certainly in order, and I think a variance of 

three levels down led by the amount of cooperation and the retaliations that took place here have 

to be worked into the entire scheme.” (R. 1002, PageID # 9998.) Based on this reduction, the 

district court sentenced Reese to 132 months, based on a total offense level of 26 and a criminal 

history category of VI. (R. 1002, PageID # 9999.) On April 2, 2015, due to a clerical error, the 

district court reduced Reese’s sentence to 117 months, noting that it was giving Reese a fifteenmonth credit for time spent in state custody in relation to his activity with the Holland Latin 

Kings. 

 

1

 The Holland Latin Kings is the Holland, Michigan chapter of the Latin Kings organization, a criminal street gang. 

This case arose from charges under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1961, and alleged that the members of Holland Latin Kings engaged in acts of murder, arson, assault, witness 

tampering, obstruction of justice, drug trafficking, and other crimes. Reese was part of a thirty-one-defendant 

indictment. 
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In November 2014, Reese moved for a sentence reduction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3582(c)(2) and Amendment 782 to the Sentencing Guidelines. The probation officer prepared 

a sentence modification report (“SMR”), which found that Reese was eligible for a sentence 

reduction. The SMR noted that under the amended Guidelines, the increase in offense level 

would only add a total of three levels, rather than four, because the increase for conspiracy to 

distribute marijuana had reduced from a one-unit increase to a one-half unit increase. (R. 1637, 

PageID # 21683.) As such, the SMR determined Reese’s amended Guideline range to be 168 to 

210 months, using a total offense level of 30 and a criminal history category of VI. (R. 1637, 

PageID # 21684.) Taking into account the district court’s initial two-level downward departure, 

three-level variance, and fifteen-month reduction for time served in state custody, the SMR 

ultimately recommended a reduced sentence of 105 months. (R. 1637, PageID # 21684–85.) 

The Government opposed the SMR’s recommendation. While the Government agreed 

that Reese’s amended Guideline range was 168 to 210 months, it disagreed that the three-level 

variance and the fifteen-month credit could be included in the calculation. Ultimately, the 

Government argued that Reese’s applicable range under the amended Guideline was 140 to 175 

months, taking into account only the two-level downward departure for substantial assistance. 

Consequently, because Reese’s amended Guideline range was not lower than the sentence 

imposed, the Government argued that Reese was ineligible for a reduction. 

The district court, without holding a hearing, entered an order denying Reese’s motion 

for a sentence reduction. After outlining the parties’ positions, the order merely concluded: “The 

Court finds it is within its discretion to grant or deny an Amendment 782 motion. The Court 

having carefully reviewed the [SMR] and counsels’ [sic] responses, will deny Defendant’s 
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request for a sentence reduction based on Amendment 782.” (R. 1673, PageID # 21823.) Reese 

has filed this timely appeal. 

II.

We review a district court’s denial of a motion to modify a sentence under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3582(c)(2) for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jackson, 751 F.3d 707, 711 (6th Cir. 2014) 

(citing United States v. Washington, 584 F.3d 693, 695 (6th Cir. 2009)). “[A] district court 

abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applies the 

law, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” Washington, 584 F.3d at 695. 

“A district court may modify a defendant’s sentence only as authorized by statute.” 

United States v. Smith, 655 F. App’x 376, 379 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Howard, 

644 F.3d 455, 457 (6th Cir. 2011)). Under § 3582(c)(2), a district court may modify a sentence 

when “(1) the defendant ‘has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a sentencing 

range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission . . .’ and (2) ‘such a 

reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing 

Commission.’” Id. (citation omitted). Even further, USSG § 1B.10(b)(2) “imposes a hard limit 

on a court’s ability to reduce the sentence for a defendant who has been deemed eligible for a 

§ 3582(c)(2) sentence reduction.” Jackson, 751 F.3d at 711 (citation omitted). Under this 

provision, “the court shall not reduce the defendant’s term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3582(c)(2) and this policy statement to a term that is less than the minimum of the amended 

guideline range.” Id. (citation omitted). The only exception to this limit, which is at issue here, 

applies where a defendant initially receives a sentence of imprisonment lower than that provided 

by the defendant’s applicable guideline range pursuant to a government substantial-assistance 

motion. See § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). 
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Here, both parties agree that Reese’s amended Guideline range is 168 to 210 months; that 

the district court’s two-level downward departure for substantial assistance is correctly included 

under § 1B1.10(b)(2)(b); and that the fifteen-month credit for time-served in state custody does 

not factor into the calculation under § 1B1.10(b)(2). The disagreement, however, arises in 

relation to the district court’s grant of an additional three-level variance based on Reese’s 

motion. The Government argues that this variance is not included in the § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) 

exception because it was not pursuant to a government motion based on the defendant’s 

substantial assistance. (Appellee Br., at 19.) Based on this, the Government argues that Reese is 

not eligible for a sentence reduction under Amendment 782 because his amended Guideline 

range of 140 to 175 months (after considering the two-level downward departure) is greater than 

his imposed sentence of 117 months. 

On the other hand, Reese argues that our precedent in United States v. Taylor, 815 F.3d 

248 (6th Cir. 2016) does not limit the applicability of § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) to motions for 

downward departure based on §5K1.1. (Appellant Br., at 19.) Rather, Reese argues, Taylor was 

only “concerned with the credits given for substantial assistance and did not specify the form of 

that credit.” (Appellant Br., at 19–20.) According to Reese, because the district court granted 

his motion for a variance based on his substantial assistance, it is properly included under 

§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). Reese further argues that under § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B), the government motion is 

the triggering event for the exception to apply and “[i]t opens the door to it, but does not dictate 

the outcome of it.” (Appellant Reply Br., at 4.) Finally, Reese argues that the district court 

abused its discretion by failing to adequately explain its reasons for denying his motion for 

modification. (Appellant Br., at 20.) 
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In Taylor, we held that “[r]ecent amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines indicate that 

the purpose of the policy statement in § 1B1.10(b) is to preclude district courts from reapplying 

any departure or variance in a sentence reduction, except for a departure based on substantial 

assistance.” 815 F.3d at 250–51. While Reese is correct that Taylor does not address the 

limitation the Government argues exists here, we must find that the language of 

§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) necessarily imposes such a limitation. The provision reads: “If the term of 

imprisonment imposed was less than the term of imprisonment provided by the guideline range 

applicable to the defendant at the time of sentencing pursuant to a government motion to reflect 

the defendant’s substantial assistance to authorities, a reduction comparably less than the 

amended guideline range . . . may be appropriate.” USSG § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) (emphasis added). 

We are guided by the principle that “when the [] language is plain, the sole function of the 

courts—at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd—is to enforce it 

according to its terms.” Washington, 584 F.3d at 695 (citations omitted). 

Here, the district court granted the Government’s motion for a downward departure, 

clearly noting that it was going down two levels based on this motion. Then the court separately

addressed Reese’s motion for a variance and chose to grant it. Had the district court decided to 

grant the Government’s § 5K1.1 motion and then chosen to increase the departure by three 

additional levels based on § 5K1.1(a)(1)–(5), the outcome here would be necessarily different. 

Reese’s argument that the Government’s § 5K1.1 motion opens the door for the 

§ 1B1.10(b)(2)(B) exception to apply to a defendant’s motion for variance based on substantial 

assistance, while creative, is not supported by the plain language of § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). 

It may seem somewhat anomalous that an identical five-level reduction by a judge leads 

to different results under § 3582 if the judge: (a) considers a government motion for a two-level 
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reduction for substantial assistance and then grants a five-level reduction for substantial 

assistance, which is permissible under USSG § 5K1.1; or (b) grants a government motion for a 

two-level reduction for substantial assistance and then grants a separate defense motion for a 

further three-level reduction, also based on substantial assistance. However, that distinction, 

which we enforce here, rests on the clear command contained in USSG § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). 

Accordingly, we find that because the three-level variance was not granted pursuant to a motion 

from the Government based on the Defendant’s substantial assistance, it is not properly included 

under § 1B1.10(b)(2). For this reason, Reese is not entitled to a sentence reduction because the 

original sentence imposed is less than his amended Guideline range. 

III.

We turn next to Reese’s argument that the district court abused its discretion in failing to 

adequately address its reasons for denying his motion for a sentence modification. We have 

previously held that while there is no requirement for a district court to make specific findings 

relating to each factor considered on a motion for modification, “the record must reflect that the 

district court actually considered the [18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)] factors, and the court must ‘satisfy 

the appellate court that the judge has considered the parties’ arguments and ha[d] a reasoned 

basis for exercising his own legal decision-making authority.’” United States v. Archer, 362 F. 

App’x 491, 496 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Moncrief, 350 F. App’x 994, 996 (6th 

Cir. 2009)). Here, the district court, after summarizing the positions of both parties, concluded 

that it would exercise its discretion to deny Reese’s § 3582(c)(2) motion. 

We note that it is generally helpful to this Court on review to have clear and sufficient 

reasons supporting a district court’s decision, and we agree with Reese that the district court in 

this case could have been much clearer about what it was doing. However, given our finding 
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that the district court was effectively prohibited from reducing Reese’s sentence, we cannot find 

that the district court’s order amounted to an abuse of discretion. 

IV.

For the reasons mentioned above, we affirm the district court’s denial of Reese’s § 3582 

motion for a reduction of sentence.