Filed 12/24/15 In re A.S. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re A.S., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND 

HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

RENEE L.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D068342

 (Super. Ct. No. J516715C)

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Donal B. 

Donnelly, Judge. (Judge of the Imperial Sup. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant 

to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.

Jennifer L. King, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County 

Counsel, and Dana C. Shoffner, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

Patricia K. Saucier, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Minor.

Renee L. (Mother) appeals findings and orders declaring her daughter, A.S. 

(Child), a dependent of the juvenile court under Welfare and Institutions Code section 

300, subdivision (j)1 and removing Child from her custody under section 361, 

subdivision (c)(1). Mother contends the evidence was insufficient to support the court's 

findings. Further, Mother contends the court made jurisdictional findings based upon 

matters that were not alleged in the petition filed by the San Diego County Health and 

Human Services Agency (the Agency). We affirm the orders.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

I. The Agency's Prefiling Investigation

In or around February 2015, the Agency began its investigation into Child's 

welfare based on a child abuse hotline referral. It was reported that the maternal 

grandmother (Grandmother) had been heard slapping Child while Child cried, and that 

Child, who was almost four years old, could not talk. Grandmother was Child's primary 

caregiver because Mother worked and attended school. An Agency social worker visited 

Grandmother at her home in an assisted living apartment community. The social worker 

observed that Grandmother's "behaviors and demeanor were odd." For example, 

Grandmother played one song repeatedly throughout the 45-minute interview and paused 

multiple times with her eyes closed while swaying. 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
3

Grandmother denied any abuse or neglect of Child, wished to adopt Child, and 

attributed any negative reports to "jealous" neighbors. Grandmother said she left Child 

alone for 10 minutes at most when taking a break to smoke on a different floor of the 

building. Grandmother's neighbor stated that she had seen Child left in a stroller for 

extended periods of time, as well as heard "slapping" noises while the child was loudly 

crying, perhaps twice in the last several months. The same neighbor and the property 

manager had also heard Grandmother speak to Child in a cruel or demeaning way, such 

as calling Child a "demon," "evil," or "pain in the ass." The Agency noted that 

Grandmother had had her own children, including Mother, removed from her care based 

on sexual and physical abuse. In 1984 and 1986, Grandmother had been twice convicted 

of inflicting corporal injury on a child, for which she served jail time and had been on 

probation. 

During her contacts with the Agency, Grandmother spoke and acted with 

religiosity and was at times strange or nonsensical. She acknowledged that Child could 

not yet talk and was not toilet trained. Grandmother believed a former resident's "spirit"

remained in her home and Child could sense it. She stated that any of Child's 

developmental delays were all a part of "God's plan." She would elect to homeschool 

Child rather than seek external help. A public health nurse screened Child in 

Grandmother's home for developmental problems, and found Child was below the cutoff 

in the areas of "communication, personal-social, and problem solving" and on the border 

for motor skills. The nurse recommended a formal developmental evaluation "as soon as 
4

possible." Even when urged by the Agency and nurse to consider Child's special 

developmental needs, Grandmother remained skeptical and believed it was "up to God."

The Agency also visited with Mother and Child at a library near Child's nap time. 

Child was appropriately dressed, groomed, and seated in her stroller without visible 

injuries. Child could not verbalize any identifiable words, but instead rocked herself in a 

self-soothing manner and made "throaty" noises. According to the Agency's research, by 

the time children reach two years old, they can typically speak in two-word sentences. 

Mother denied any abuse or neglect, and attributed Child's lack of speech to undiagnosed

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mother stated that Child had seen a pediatrician

several months ago without any issues, but she was vague or evasive about the visit date. 

She showed proof that Child had been vaccinated through two years old. Mother would 

not provide her current address or release Child's medical information to the Agency, 

claiming to be a private person. Mother made a false statement about Child's enrollment

in a daycare facility and, in general, the Agency found Mother to be uncooperative, 

hostile, and nonforthcoming.

The Agency's reports contain a narrative of incidents concerning Child's older half

brother, Z.P. (Sibling), who had been the subject of a dependency proceeding in 2007 as 

a five year old.2 Sibling was found with multiple bruises, grab marks, and a cigarette 

burn intentionally inflicted by his father. Sibling also came to disclose Mother's use of 

severe physical abuse—such as burning his hand by holding it over a stove and poking 

 

2 Another of Child's half brothers was also removed from Mother's care as a sibling 

of Z.P. 
5

him in the head with a knife—as a disciplinary method. Mother's use of a stove burner 

for discipline was confirmed by a relative. An October 2007 psychological evaluation of 

Mother described the circumstances of Sibling's removal and Mother's neglect, her 

inability to accept responsibility for her actions, and her "pervasive pattern" of angry, 

impulsive behavior. Mother's parental rights to Sibling were terminated in 2009. 

II. The Petition

In March 2015, the Agency filed a dependency petition on behalf of Child under 

section 300, subdivision (j). The petition alleges, in part:

"[S]ibling has been abused or neglected as defined in subdivision 

(a), (b), (d), (e) or (i), and there is a substantial risk that . . . [C]hild

will be abused or neglected as defined in those subdivisions." 

The petition goes on to describe instances of Sibling's physical abuse or neglect 

while in Mother's custody, leading to termination of parental rights:

"COUNT 1: On or about June 24, 2007, [M]other . . . subjected

. . . [S]ibling . . . to serious physical harm and the substantial risk 

thereof, including but not limited to excessive discipline and 

physical abuse and damage to wit, [Sibling] was discovered to have 

injuries consisting of cigarette burn on the child's back, multiple 

bruise[s] in the shape of fingerprints and scratches on the child's

body and arms which were determined to be inflicted, [Sibling] later 

disclosed that his mother burned him, . . . [M]other failed to make 

progress on reunification services and . . . [M]other's parental rights 

were terminated as to [Sibling] . . . ."

The petition further alleges that Child is at substantial risk of suffering serious physical 

harm due to Mother's leaving Child in Grandmother's primary care:

"[G]randmother . . . has a lengthy history of physically abusing her 

own children, including serving jail time for inflicting corporal 

punishment on a child, and . . . Child is primarily cared for 

by . . . [G]randmother, . . . [G]randmother has called [Child] 
6

'wicked,' 'evil' and a 'devil,' neighbors have heard slapping in the 

home . . . as . . . [C]hild is crying, and . . . [M]other sees no concerns 

with . . . [G]randmother taking care of . . . [C]hild and there is 

substantial risk this child will suffer serious physical harm inflicted 

non-accidentally by her parent/guardian pursuant to . . . section 

300[, subdivision ](a)." 

III. Child's Detention and Medical Exams

Child was initially detained in a foster home and then transferred to Polinsky 

Children's Center (PCC). Mother and Grandmother regularly visited Child and were 

observed to be gentle and affectionate during those visits. Child appeared comfortable in 

their presence. 

While Child was detained, Mother accused the foster parents of physically and 

sexually abusing Child and demanded that her daughter be medically examined. 

Photographs were taken, and a police report was filed. The police report noted that PCC 

described Child as "autistic and mute." A PCC doctor performed a physical exam on 

Child and concluded: "I do not see any bruises currently that are suspicious for inflicted 

injury." The doctor confirmed that four-year-old Child was "[nonverbal]."

Subsequently, while waiting for a forensic sexual abuse exam also requested by 

Mother, the Agency was able to observe more of Child's behaviors. When Child could 

not get what she wanted (e.g., a colored pencil), she became progressively more 

frustrated and inconsolable—thrashing, screaming, and crying for 20 or 25 minutes. 

Neither Mother nor Grandmother was capable of soothing Child. In the course of her 

tantrums, Child hit others, threw her body around, squirmed out of anyone's reach, and 

almost "thrashed her head onto the floor, nearby chair and the wall." Mother and 
7

Grandmother blamed PCC for "drugging" Child, and demanded a drug test. 

Grandmother also made a telephone call to "700 club prayer line," asking for a miracle to 

be sent. Eventually, Child became exhausted and slept through the entire forensic exam. 

Mother told the examining doctor that she "despise[d]" the Agency's social worker. The 

exam reported normally, finding no evidence of sexual abuse, tears, or penetration. 

IV. Jurisdiction and Disposition Hearing

At the contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the court admitted the 

Agency's detention, jurisdiction/disposition, and addendum reports in evidence without 

objection, including the following attachments: (1) the public health nurse's visit 

summary; (2) Mother's 2007 psychological evaluation; (3) the PCC medical report, 

photos, and police report related to Mother's accusations of Child's abuse by her foster 

parents; (4) Child's forensic exam report; and (5) a social worker's curriculum vitae. 

Mother offered a parenting class certificate of completion into evidence, which was 

admitted. Based on this evidence, the court made a true finding on the petition's section 

300, subdivision (j) allegations by a preponderance of the evidence. The court 

acknowledged that it did not have "a lot of detail" about Sibling's prior neglect or abuse, 

but the evidence sufficiently showed that Sibling had been previously adjudicated 

"abused or neglected . . . in the juvenile court dependency system," and the Agency's 

summary indicated the abuse or neglect had been severe. 

In addition, the court considered multiple factors and found that Child faced a 

"substantial risk of abuse or neglect." The court considered (1) the severity of Sibling's 

abuse or neglect and Mother's failure to reunify; (2) Mother's inability or unwillingness to 
8

assist in Child's "educational, medical, and developmental needs"; (3) Mother's failure to 

meet certain of Child's basic needs, such as toilet training and socialization; and (4) 

Mother and Grandmother's personalities and behavior, which were aggravating Child's 

risk of harm. Based on all the evidence, including severe developmental delays, the court 

inferred that Child was at "risk of neglect." The court found by clear and convincing 

evidence that Mother was unable or unwilling to meet all of Child's needs, and Child 

must be removed from Mother's care based on a substantial danger to Child's physical 

and emotional health. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

I. Jurisdiction Under Section 300, Subdivision (j)

A. Guiding Principles

A juvenile court may determine a child is subject to the court's jurisdiction if it 

finds by a preponderance of the evidence that "[t]he child's sibling has been abused or 

neglected, as defined in subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i), and there is a substantial risk 

that the child will be abused or neglected, as defined in those subdivisions." (§ 300, 

subd. (j).) "[S]ubdivision (j) has two prongs . . . ." (In re Ricardo L. (2003) 109 

Cal.App.4th 552, 566.) "[A] child under subdivision (j) must be both a sibling of an 

abused child and at risk of being abused." (In re Carlos T. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 795, 

803.) 

To determine whether the child is at substantial risk of being abused or neglected, 

the juvenile court considers "the circumstances surrounding the abuse or neglect of the 

sibling, the age and gender of each child, the nature of the abuse or neglect of the sibling, 
9

the mental condition of the parent or guardian, and any other factors the court considers 

probative in determining whether there is a substantial risk to the child." (§ 300, subd. 

(j); In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 774 ["[T]he trial court is to consider the totality of 

the circumstances of the child and his or her sibling in determining whether the child is at 

substantial risk of harm . . . ."].) The child does not need to be " 'abused or neglected as 

defined in the same subdivision that describes the abuse or neglect of the sibling.' " (In re 

I.J., at p. 774, quoting In re Maria R. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 48, 64 (Maria R.).)

B. Sufficiency of Evidence to Support Jurisdiction

"On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, we presume in favor of the order, 

considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, giving the 

prevailing party the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving all conflicts in 

support of the order." (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 576.) The evidence 

must be reasonable in nature, credible, and of solid value. (In re Dakota H. (2005) 132 

Cal.App.4th 212, 228.) The appellant has the burden of showing there is no evidence of a 

sufficiently substantial nature to support the finding or order at issue. (In re L.Y.L. (2002) 

101 Cal.App.4th 942, 947.) 

1. Abuse or Neglect of Sibling

Mother first contends the evidence insufficiently shows that Sibling had been 

subjected to abuse or neglect. She takes particular issue with the Agency's preparation of 

summaries of documents from Sibling's case file. 

We conclude that the Agency's reports and Mother's psychological evaluation, 

which were admitted into evidence without any objection, adequately present the severe 
10

circumstances of Sibling's abuse or neglect, as defined in at least one of the relevant 

subdivisions of section 300. (See In re Malinda S. (1990) 51 Cal.3d 368, 385 [social 

workers' reports "are both admissible and competent evidence on which to base a finding 

of jurisdiction pursuant to [§] 300"]; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.684(c) [social studies 

with hearsay are admissible and sufficient to support jurisdictional finding].) The

evidence showed that Mother intentionally used a stove to burn Sibling as a means of 

discipline, failed to protect Sibling from serious physical abuse by his father, Mother 

exhibited angry and violent impulses, and was unable to reunify with her children. 

Although evidence concerning the particular statutory ground for jurisdiction over 

Sibling would have been helpful to the juvenile court (and we are perplexed by the 

Agency's failure to have presented such evidence from Sibling's dependency case file), 

we do not find it was necessary in this case in light of details set forth in the detention 

and jurisdiction/disposition reports about the facts of Sibling's case. The record 

sufficiently supports, at minimum, that Mother failed to protect Sibling from serious 

physical harm under section 300, subdivision (b).3 Accordingly, the first prong of the 

test under section 300, subdivision (j) was satisfied. 

 

3 On appeal, the Agency requests we take judicial notice of the petition and 

jurisdiction/disposition order from Sibling's 2007 dependency case, showing that Sibling 

was removed from Mother's care under section 300, subdivision (b). Mother opposes 

judicial notice, arguing that the documents were not submitted to, or considered by, the 

juvenile court, and there is no reason that they could not have been. We agree that the 

Agency did not offer the documents as evidence for the trial court's consideration, and 

deny the Agency's request for judicial notice.
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2. Substantial Risk of Abuse or Neglect of Child

Mother next contends the evidence insufficiently shows that Child was at current 

risk of abuse or neglect. She acknowledges Child need not be at risk of the same kind of 

abuse or neglect as Sibling, which is correct. "[S]ubdivision (j) directs the trial court to 

consider whether there is a substantial risk that the child will be harmed under 

subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e) or (i) of section 300, notwithstanding which of those 

subdivisions describes the child's sibling." (Maria R., supra, 185 Cal.App.4th at p. 64.) 

The Agency argues that Child's risk of harm is appropriately analyzed under section 300, 

subdivision (b). We agree with the Agency.

Under section 300, subdivision (b), the Agency must show: "(1) neglectful

conduct by the parent in one of the specified forms; (2) causation; and (3) 'serious 

physical harm or illness' to the minor, or a 'substantial risk' of such harm or illness." (In

re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 814, 820 (Rocco M.).) "Cases finding a substantial 

physical danger tend to fall into two factual patterns. One group involves an identified, 

specific hazard in the child's environment―typically an adult with a proven record of 

abusiveness. [Citations.] The second group involves children of such tender years that 

the absence of adequate supervision and care poses an inherent risk to their physical 

health and safety." (Id. at p. 824.)

Based on our review of the record, the evidence sufficiently supports that Child 

was at substantial risk of serious physical harm under section 300, subdivision (b), thus 

satisfying the second prong of a jurisdictional finding under subdivision (j). Child suffers

from severe developmental delays, which both Mother and Grandmother ignored and/or 
12

left untreated. At four years old, Child could not utter a single word, was deficient in 

problem-solving skills, and was not socialized. The repercussions of leaving these

deficiencies untreated are severe. We draw the reasonable inference that Child's 

developmental delays placed her maturity level and mental capabilities on par with a twoyear-old (or younger) toddler in certain respects, such that an "absence of adequate 

supervision and care poses an inherent risk to [her] physical health and safety." (Rocco

M., supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 824.) Mother had abdicated primary caretaking 

responsibilities of Child to Grandmother. With Grandmother, there was a substantial risk 

that Child could be seriously injured when left alone or unsupervised as she often was, or 

through a violent tantrum from being overwhelmed, frustrated, and unable to 

communicate.

Moreover, consistent with the requirements of section 300, subdivision (j), the 

juvenile court considered a number of probative factors in determining there was a 

substantial risk of harm to Child, all of which were supported by substantial evidence. 

Importantly, the court did not rely on one single factor to the exclusion of others. Mother 

essentially asks us to reweigh the facts to find, for example, that she was more 

cooperative than the court gave her credit for. It is not our role to reweigh the evidence. 

The court appropriately considered Mother's current behavior, which included bouts of 

hostility and antagonism, in conjunction with past observations about Mother—angry, 

impulsive, lack of insight, unable to accept responsibility—as part of its finding that 

Child was at risk of harm. In sum, evidence amply supports the existence of a substantial 

risk Child would suffer serious physical harm as a result of parental neglect.
13

C. Notice Issues

Mother contends the juvenile court based its jurisdictional findings on "matters not 

alleged," i.e., Mother's inability or unwillingness to meet Child's developmental needs. 

Mother contends the lack of notice resulted in her having an inadequate opportunity to 

offer evidence and refute the matter. 

To the extent Mother challenges the Agency's petition as deficient or overly 

vague, we conclude the argument has been waived. (In re S.O. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 

453, 459 [" 'If the parent believes that the petition does not "adequately communicate" the 

[Agency]'s concerns or is otherwise misleading, the onus is on the parent to challenge the 

petition at the pleading stage.' "].) Had Mother timely objected to the petition or 

requested clarification on the jurisdictional allegations, the Agency could have filed an 

amended or supplemental petition, if appropriate. 

In any event, Mother had notice that the Agency was alleging jurisdiction on 

section 300, subdivision (j) grounds, which by its nature encompasses a "totality of 

circumstances" risk analysis based on other subdivisions of section 300. If there was any 

doubt, the petition's first general allegation states: "[S]ibling has been abused or 

neglected as defined in subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i), and there is a substantial risk 

that . . . [C]hild will be abused or neglected as defined in those subdivisions." (Italics 

added.)

Although the Agency specifically alleged that Child was at risk of suffering 

serious physical harm "inflicted non-accidentally," under section 300, subdivision (a), the 

court was not so limited in performing its risk assessment, and a fair reading of the 
14

petition conveys the Agency's simultaneous concern of Mother's indifference to Child

being left with an unsuitable caretaker. Furthermore, in each of the Agency's reports

admitted in evidence, which Mother received in advance, the Agency's concerns 

regarding Child's developmental issues are explained in detail. Mother had the

opportunity to rebut the Agency's reports if she desired. Finally, as we discussed above, 

the court arrived at its jurisdictional finding after considering a number of probative 

factors, not all of which were required to be set forth in the petition. The court's finding 

on jurisdiction is supported by substantial evidence.

II. Disposition of Removal Under Section 361, Subdivision (c)

Mother's final contention on appeal is that substantial evidence did not support the 

juvenile court's disposition order removing Child from Mother's care. We disagree.

At the dispositional hearing, there is a statutory presumption the child will be 

returned to parental custody. (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 308.) A child who 

is a dependent of the juvenile court shall not be removed from the home unless there is 

clear and convincing evidence of a substantial danger to the child's physical health, 

safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being, and there are no reasonable means 

to protect the child's physical health without removing the child from parental custody. 

(§ 361, subd. (c)(1); In re Henry V. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 522, 528; In re Jasmine G.

(2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 282, 288.)

Despite the burden of clear and convincing evidence required for the removal of a 

child from parental custody at disposition, "[w]e employ the substantial evidence test, 

however bearing in mind the heightened burden of proof." (In re Kristin H. (1996) 46 
15

Cal.App.4th 1635, 1654.) Here, we examine the record for evidence supporting the 

court's finding there was a substantial danger to Child's physical or emotional well-being, 

and there were no reasonable means to protect Child's physical health without removal 

from parental custody. (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).)

There is an overlap between the court's finding at jurisdiction based implicitly on

the underlying substantial risk of serious physical harm under section 300, subdivision 

(b), and the court's removal finding at disposition based on a substantial danger to the 

physical health of the child under section 361, subdivision (c)(1). (See Rocco M., supra,

1 Cal.App.4th at p. 826 [referring to earlier version of the statute].) As noted, the 

evidence supports the finding that Child is at a substantial risk of serious physical harm. 

(§ 300, subd. (b)(1).) Thus, substantial evidence supports a finding of "substantial 

danger" under section 361, subdivision (c)(1).

Additionally, the record supports that there were no reasonable means to protect 

Child's physical and emotional health without removing her from Mother's custody. 

Mother either denied or minimized Child's special educational and developmental needs 

and was entirely comfortable with Grandmother's care of Child. Indeed, Mother 

supported Grandmother's proposed adoption of Child, and Grandmother, in turn, would 

not seek any treatment for Child. Mother had shown herself to be antagonistic to the 

Agency, which posed a significant risk to her daughter's receipt of appropriate treatment 

and services. Child was in need of consistent, dedicated, and specialized care, which 

Mother and Grandmother had historically ignored or refused to obtain. In addition, Child

was unable to communicate her needs and possessed a toddler-like awareness of her 
16

surroundings. Substantial evidence supports that Mother and Grandmother were 

incapable and unwilling to provide the consistent supervision and treatment to ensure 

Child's physical and emotional well-being, necessitating Child's removal from their care.

DISPOSITION

The orders are affirmed.

HALLER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

AARON, J.

IRION, J.