* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent

with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 17, 2011

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JAMES KROLOPP,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 10-1548

(D.C. No. 1:10-CR-00153-CMA-1)

(D. Colo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HOLMES and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, BRORBY, Senior Circuit

Judge.

Defendant-appellant James Krolopp pleaded guilty to one count of

possession of a sawed-off shotgun in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5845(a)(1) and

(2), 5861(d), and 5871; and one count of possession with intent to distribute more

than 50 grams of a mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). The
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district court sentenced him to 120 months’ imprisonment on the shotgun

possession count and 135 months on the methamphetamine possession count, to

be served concurrently. On appeal, Krolopp challenges his sentence on the

methamphetamine possession count, contending that the district court should not

have applied a two-level enhancement under United States Sentencing Guidelines

(U.S.S.G.) § 2D1.1(b)(1) (2009) based on his possession of a firearm during the

commission of the drug offense. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291

and affirm.

BACKGROUND

On March 12, 2010, officers of the Denver Police Department executed a

search warrant at Krolopp’s residence in Denver. During the search, they

recovered approximately 229 grams of a mixture or substance containing a

detectable amount of methamphetamine. The drugs were found in several

different locations throughout the house, including the living room, the basement,

and Krolopp’s bedroom. The amount of methamphetamine found in the bedroom

was less than two grams.

While executing the warrant, officers noticed an extensive display of edged

weapons, such as knives, affixed to the walls throughout the house. During his

search of the bedroom, one of the officers observed a large picture attached to the

wall over the head of the bed. The picture was attached to the wall with Velcro.®
1 One of the officers testified that “[t]hrough research on the internet, I

determined that that firearm, with a full barrel, in fair condition, with a full stock,

was on sale for approximately $79.” R., Vol. 2 at 84.

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When the officer detached the picture from the wall, a sawed-off shotgun fell

from behind the picture onto the bed. 

The shotgun had been manufactured by the Bridge Gun Company sometime

between 1905 and 1920. It was a single-shot, break-open 16 gauge model with a

barrel length of approximately 13.5 inches and an overall length of 19.5 inches. 

The shotgun was not loaded and apparently had electrical tape wrapped around its

stock. It was not registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer

Record. It did not appear to be particularly valuable as a collector’s item.1

 When

test-fired, however, it was found to be functional.

No ammunition for the shotgun was found in Krolopp’s residence. In his

bedroom closet, however, officers found 33 rounds of 9mm ammunition. They

also found an 1847 Connecticut Valley Arms black powder pistol in the living

room closet. No charges were filed based on the black powder pistol. 

Krolopp eventually pleaded guilty to two counts of a four-count federal

indictment based on the drugs, shotgun, and ammunition recovered during the

search. The remaining two counts were dismissed. The presentence report

recommended that the base offense level for advisory Sentencing Guideline

purposes be increased by two levels because Krolopp “possessed a firearm during
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the commission of the instant offense.” R., Vol. 3 at 68. Krolopp objected to this

recommendation, contending that he did not possess the shotgun in connection

with his drug trafficking.

At sentencing, Krolopp testified that the shotgun and black powder pistol

were part of his collection of antique weapons. This collection included “every

weapon imaginable . . . just anything with a blade on it or different kind of night

sticks [and] crossbows.” Id., Vol. 2 at 88. Krolopp stated he did not keep the

shotgun or black powder pistol on display as part of the collection because he was

on home surveillance monitoring for a state driving-under-revocation conviction

and his home was subject to search by the authorities at any time. He knew he

was a convicted felon prohibited from possessing firearms. 

Krolopp denied that he possessed any of his weapons for intimidation or in

connection with his methamphetamine sales. He stated he found the shotgun in a

ditch, took it home to include it in his collection, and did not think it even

worked. 

At the close of the testimony, the district court found that Krolopp’s

evidence against application of the enhancement for possession of a firearm

lacked credibility. It stated: “The Court does not find the defendant to be

credible, in that the gun was Velcroed behind another picture above his bed. The

Court also note[s] that the stock of the gun was taped with what appears to be
2 This observation seems to have been based on the court’s review of a

photograph of the shotgun rather than direct testimony about its characteristics. 

The photograph is not part of the record on appeal. But Krolopp does not

challenge this finding of the district court. 

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black electrical tape.” Id. at 114.2

 The court noted that the shotgun was “within

arm’s reach if needed.” Id. It concluded that there was “adequate evidence

demonstrating that the sawed-off shotgun in this case was operational and served

some purpose with respect to the defendant’s drug dealings.” Id. at 115. 

Accordingly, it applied the § 2D1.1(b)(1) enhancement in calculating the advisory

Guideline sentencing range. 

DISCUSSION

1. Standard of Review

The parties disagree concerning the standard of review applicable to the

district court’s findings and enhancement. To address their disagreement we must

briefly discuss the nature of the enhancement and the applicable burden of proof. 

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) provides for a two-level specific-offense

enhancement “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed”

during commission of the applicable drug offense. “[T]he adjustment should be

applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon

was connected with the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) cmt. n. 3. To justify

the enhancement, the government bore the initial burden of proving by a

preponderance of the evidence that Krolopp possessed the weapon. See United
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States v. Heckard, 238 F.3d 1222, 1233 (10th Cir. 2001). This burden was

satisfied when the government demonstrated “that a temporal and spatial relation

existed between the weapon, the drug trafficking activity, and the defendant.” 

United States v. Williams, 431 F.3d 1234, 1237 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotation

omitted). The parties agree that the government satisfied its burden on that point. 

Accordingly, the burden shifted to Krolopp to show that it was “clearly

improbable the weapon was connected with the offense.” See id. at 1239

(quotation omitted).

In reviewing whether the district court properly applied § 2D1.1(b)(1), we

review legal questions de novo and factual findings for clear error, giving due

deference to the sentencing court’s application of the Guidelines to the facts. 

United States v. Pompey, 264 F.3d 1176, 1180 (10th Cir. 2001). Krolopp argues

that he has presented a purely legal question deserving of de novo review: 

whether the facts found by the district court were “insufficient as a matter of law

to defeat the conclusion that any connection between the gun and his drug dealing

is clearly improbable.” Aplt. Br. at 10 (emphasis added) (relying on United

States v. Alexander, 292 F.3d 1226, 1229 (10th Cir. 2002) (noting, in

§ 2D1.1(b)(1) context, that “where the appellant asks the court to interpret the

Guidelines or hold the facts found by the district court are insufficient as a matter

of law to warrant an enhancement, the court must conduct a de novo review”

(brackets, alteration, and internal quotation marks omitted))). The government
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responds that review of the district court’s application of the enhancement

involves a factual issue subject to review for clear error, not a legal issue

reviewed de novo. It also argues that in taking the position that a legal issue is

involved, Krolopp has erected an extraordinary burden for himself: that of

proving that the facts found by the district court legally compelled a conclusion

that it was clearly improbable there was any connection between his possession of

the gun and his drug dealing. We need not dwell on whether the proper standard

here involves review of a legal or factual question. Simply put, whether we

review the evidence and the district court’s conclusions de novo or under a

“clearly erroneous” standard of review, the district court properly determined that

Krolopp failed to meet his burden of showing that it was clearly improbable that

the weapon was connected with the offense. 

2. Enhancement for Possession of a Weapon

Krolopp argues that he has met his burden of showing it was clearly

improbable there was any connection between his possession of the shotgun and

his drug dealing, for three reasons. None of these arguments suffices to meet his

burden. 

He argues, first, that “the shotgun was nearly 100 years old” and that its

age suggests that he kept it as a collectible item, not as a weapon. Aplt. Br. at 11. 

But the evidence showed the gun was functional, its stock was wrapped in

electrical tape suggesting a utilitarian rather than a decorative function, and it had
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little value as a collector’s item. Cf. United States v. Kirk, 894 F.2d 1162, 1164

(10th Cir. 1990) (noting that “sawed-off shotguns are not ordinarily considered

collectibles, nor the type of gun one would mount for decoration”).

Next, he contends that his concealment of the black powder gun, which was

quite clearly a collectible, demonstrates that he only displayed part of his

collection and thus, that his concealment of the shotgun is not at odds with a

determination that it was kept as a collectible item. But the manner in which he

concealed the shotgun, placing it behind a picture velcroed to a wall where it was

readily accessible, cannot be ignored. Moreover, the collectible nature of the

black powder gun is not attributable to the shotgun merely because they were both

found in a house that contained other non-projectile weapons kept as collectible

items.

Finally, Krolopp argues that he had no ammunition for the shotgun. This

factor is not dispositive. See, e.g., United States v. Paulk, 917 F.2d 879, 882

(5th Cir. 1990) (“Since it is difficult, if not impossible to tell from sight whether a

gun is loaded or operational, an unloaded or broken gun may be of use in a

criminal act. Flashing an unloaded gun often has the same effect as waving a

loaded one”). 
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3. Conclusion

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge