2020 IL App (1st) 192081-U 

 THIRD DIVISION

June 3, 2020 

No. 1-19-2081 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent 

by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

In re J.H., a Minor, ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of 

(The People of the State of Illinois, ) Cook County. 

 ) 

Petitioner-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) No. 18 JA 351 

 ) 

Jamica H., ) Honorable 

 ) Andrea M. Buford, 

 Respondent-Appellee). ) Judge Presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court. 

Presiding Justice Ellis and Justice Cobbs concurred in the judgment. 

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed; the State failed to 

prove the minor was abused or neglected based on the doctrine of anticipatory neglect by 

a preponderance of the evidence where the stipulated evidence failed to establish any 

history of abuse or neglect, harm, or risk of future harm to the minor from the abuse of 

his sibling. 

 

¶ 2 J.H.’s infant sibling was physically abused resulting in serious injury. The State filed a 

petition of wardship in favor of J.H., a minor, and his sibling based on those injuries. The 

injuries were inflicted on J.H.’s sibling by their mother’s paramour Malcolm Howard who at the 

time erroneously believed he was the sibling’s father. The trial court found J.H.’s sibling, who is 
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not a party to this appeal, abused and neglected. The trial court found the State failed to prove 

the minor at issue in this appeal was abused or neglected. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 On April 13, 2018, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship of J.H., born 

February 15, 2016 (petition). The petition alleged J.H. was abused pursuant to section 2-3(2)(ii) 

of the Juvenile Court Act (Act) (705 ILCS 405/2-3(2)(ii) (West 2018)) because his parent or a 

paramour of his parent creates a substantial risk of physical injury to the minor by other than 

accidental means and neglected pursuant to section 2-3(1)(b) of the Act (705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) 

(West 2018)) due to an injurious environment. The petition alleged the same facts in support of 

both allegations and stated as follows:

 “On March 29, 2018 [J.H.’s sibling] was observed to have bruising about 

his body. [J.H.’s sibling] was transported to the hospital in critical condition and 

diagnosed with multiple injuries. [J.H.’s sibling] has been diagnosed with a skull 

fracture, collapsed lungs, crushed trachea and multiple internal injuries including 

a lacerated kidney. Per medical personnel [J.H.’s sibling’s] injuries are lifethreatening, inflicted and indicative of physical abuse. [Jamica H. (J.H.’s 

mother)] states that [J.H.’s sibling’s] putative father threw [J.H.’s sibling] against 

a wall, choked and punched [J.H.’s sibling] in the face. [Jamica H.] admits she 

delayed seeking medical attention for [J.H.’s sibling.] [J.H.’s] [p]utative father’s 

whereabouts are unknown. Paternity has not been established.” 

¶ 5 On April 13, 2018, the trial court entered an order finding that probable cause existed that 

J.H. is abused and neglected and placed J.H. in temporary custody. On July 19, 2019, the trial 

court held an adjudicatory hearing by stipulation between the parties. The parties prepared a 
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written stipulation of facts and also stipulated to the admission of medical records from J.H.’s 

sibling’s admission to the hospital. The parties read the stipulation of facts into the record and 

the State published portions of the medical records at the adjudicatory hearing. 

¶ 6 The parties stipulated to the following facts pertinent to this appeal: Jamica identified a 

putative father for J.H. but he never came to court, and on April 8, 2019, the trial court entered a 

default judgment against J.H.’s putative father. Louis Jenkins would testify that he is a child 

protection investigator for the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), and 

on March 29, 2018, DCFS assigned him to investigate this matter. Jenkins visited J.H.’s sibling 

at the hospital. Jenkins spoke to J.H.’s mother Jamica at the hospital. Jamica told Jenkins that 

her roommate William told her that William saw Malcolm choke and punch J.H.’s sibling. The 

sibling seemed fine to Jamica. Jenkins would testify that Jamica told him that the “next 

morning” she noticed the sibling throwing up mucus and blood when Jamica was trying to feed 

him and that she called an ambulance to take the sibling to the hospital. The next day, Jenkins 

observed J.H. J.H. was well-groomed and alert, oriented, and his mood and affect were within 

normal limits. Jenkins would describe J.H. as talkative and friendly, and Jenkins did not observe 

any visible or obvious signs of abuse or neglect on J.H. 

¶ 7 Dr. Trent Hubbard would testify he interviewed Jamica on March 30, 2018. According 

to Dr. Hubbard, Jamica told him she took J.H. to Head Start on March 29, 2018, leaving J.H.’s 

sibling with Malcolm. Everything was fine at that time and when Jamica returned. Sometime 

later, Jamica and Malcolm’s cousin, Javonda, went to the hospital for themselves, leaving J.H.’s 

sibling and Javonda’s two children with Malcolm. Dr. Hubbard would testify that Jamica told 

him they returned home around 4:30 p.m., with J.H., who they picked up from school. Jamica 

checked on J.H.’s sibling and saw no issues. Specifically, Jamica “changed [J.H.;s sibling’s] 
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pamper and checked his body. [The sibling] awoke and started crying [and Jamica] burped him, 

and he started to laugh and smile.” Jamica and Javonda left again to return to the hospital 

because they had not been seen earlier. Dr. Hubbard would testify that Jamica told him she 

called home to check in around 6:00 p.m. and Malcolm reported everything was alright. Jamica 

and Javonda returned home at approximately 9:10 p.m. Jamica checked on the kids and found 

both asleep in bed. Around that same time, according to Dr. Hubbard’s account of what Jamica 

told him, Jamica’s roommate said to Jamica: “Tell me why I’ve seen your baby daddy choking 

your son up to the wall, body-slamming him to into the bed and punching him in the face?” 

Jamica told Dr. Hubbard she was initially in shock. Jamica went to check on the kids. 

According to Dr. Hubbard the time was approximately 10:30 p.m. Jamica noted scratches on 

J.H.’s sibling’s face “that were there previously from his nails.” The sibling’s arms and legs 

appeared fine. The sibling woke up and was smiling and laughing. Jamica told Dr. Hubbard 

everything seemed fine at that time. Jamica did not think it was necessary to call 9-1-1 at that 

time because the crying she heard from J.H.’s sibling earlier that day was not the same type of 

crying she had heard from the sibling before, when the sibling was in pain from being 

circumcised. Jamica told Dr. Hubbard J.H.’s sibling slept through the night. 

¶ 8 Dr. Hubbard would testify that Jamica told him that J.H.’s sibling awoke between 5 and 

5:30 a.m. and Javonda took him so Jamica could sleep. J.H. woke up around 7:00 a.m. When 

Jamica awoke J.H.’s sibling was laughing and playing with Javonda. Javonda did not report 

anything wrong. Jamica checked on Javonda and J.H.’s sibling again at approximately 10:00 

a.m. and “everything was good.” Malcolm, who had left sometime the night before, returned to 

the home around noon. Jamica allowed Malcom to take J.H. and J.H.’s sibling into his and 

Jamica’s bedroom for a nap at approximately 1:00 p.m. Malcolm, J.H., and J.H.’s sibling 
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napped in the bedroom from approximately 1:00 p.m. until 3:00 p.m. while Jamica cleaned the 

house. At 3, J.H.’s sibling woke up crying. Dr. Hubbard would testify that Jamica told Dr. 

Hubbard that at approximately 3:00 p.m. on March 29, she went to check on J.H.’s sibling and 

attempted to feed him, but “he was crying and wouldn’t take the bottle.” Jamica “then noticed 

blood mixed with drool coming from the child’s mouth.” Malcolm denied doing anything to 

J.H.’s sibling. Javonda entered the bedroom and told Jamica that Javonda planned to take her 

own children to her mother’s house and that Jamica should bring J.H.’s sibling with her and then 

they would all go to the hospital. Dr. Hubbard would testify that “[a]t this time, [Jamica] could 

not recall the specific times that each event occurred.” When Jamica and Javonda arrived at 

Javonda’s mother’s house, she told them J.H.’s sibling needed to go to the hospital and they 

should call 9-1-1, which they did. The stipulation states as follows: 

“[Jamica] was asked by Dr. Hubbard if she noticed any bruising and she said yes. 

She told Dr. Hubbard she noticed what appeared to be greenish-purple marks on 

both his cheeks and his chin as if someone had grabbed his face. She also 

reported noticing a conjunctival hemorrhage in [J.H.’s sibling’s] left eye. She 

said she first noticed the bruising and eye finding the morning of March 29, 

2018.” 

Dr. Hubbard would testify to J.H.’s sibling’s injuries, that those injuries were life threatening, 

and that the injuries were the result of inflicted injury indicative of child abuse. He would also 

testify that J.H. was evaluated in the emergency room and had “no patterned marks and his 

skeletal survey was unremarkable.” J.H. was discharged. 

¶ 9 According to the stipulation, Jamica would herself testify that she had no reason to 

suspect that Malcolm would hurt J.H.’s sibling. Jamica went to check on J.H.’s sibling after her 
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roommate told her what happened and J.H.’s sibling was asleep and seemed fine. Jamica would 

testify that “[i]t wasn’t until the next day when she noticed that [J.H.’s sibling] was spitting up 

blood and mucus.” Jamica would testify that she asked Javonda for a ride to the hospital but 

Javonda had to drop off her own children at her mother’s house first. As soon as they arrived at 

Javonda’s mother’s house they called 9-1-1. 

¶ 10 The parties stipulated to the admission of J.H.’s sibling’s medical records from the 

hospital and Child Protective Services. The records contain an “initial consult note” for Child 

Protective Services written by Dr. Hubbard. The initial consult note states that J.H.’s sibling “is 

a 4 month old male presenting with altered mental status and facial bruising.” The note is 

consistent with Dr. Hubbard’s stipulated testimony except that it adds, in pertinent part, that 

when Jamica told Dr. Hubbard she could not remember specific times that each event occurred, 

Jamica said, “I didn’t check the clock, I was so worried;” and that, on the way to Javonda’s 

mother’s house, they called Javonda’s mother and told her what happened, then Javonda’s 

mother met them outside. The records indicate that upon initial exam J.H.’s sibling had 

“ecchymoses to the right frontal bone and an abrasion on his back,” among other observations. 

The note later states that J.H.’s sibling “was initially noted to have facial bruising, an abrasion to 

his back and a conjunctival hemorrhage in his left eye as reported by his mother. He was also 

found to have an abrasion and swelling of his left upper eyelid.” The note states that J.H.’s 

sibling had “[r]eddish purple discoloration on the lateral aspect of the face just anterior to the left 

ear, cleaned with an alcohol swab and remained. Scattered bluish marks also noted overlying the 

left mandible.” The note states that J.H.’s sibling’s “low weight and lack of regular medical care 

is concerning for medical neglect.” 
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¶ 11 Dr. Torres added a note to the medical records. Dr. Torres’s note states that Dr. Torres 

spoke to Jamica separately and privately and examined J.H.’s sibling. Dr. Torres added that 

Jamica stated to Dr. Torres that J.H.’s sibling “was well and acting like his normal self until the 

day of admission.” On the day of admission, that morning, Jamica “noticed what looked like 

greenish purple bruising on both sides of his face and chin ‘like someone had grabbed him’ 

([Jamica] demonstrated a hand grabbing him around his chin and face).” Dr. Torres wrote that 

Jamica “also noticed a red mark on the white part of his left eye that she had not noticed 

previously.” Around 2:30 or 3:00 p.m. Jamica tried feeding J.H.’s sibling but he was crying as 

the bottle was in his mouth. Jamica told Dr. Torres she sat J.H.’s sibling up and “he looked 

groggy and kind of out of it, that is when [Jamica] noticed he had blood tinged mucous coming 

from his mouth.” J.H.’s sibling was crying but “his cry sounded different like he was 

‘strangling’ so [she] took a bulb syringe to his mouth and a large amount of mucous and blood 

(more blood that mucous) came out of his mouth.” Dr. Torres’s note also states that Javonda’s 

mother asked Jamica about the bruising to J.H.’s sibling’s face. 

¶ 12 Although Jamica reported to Dr. Torres and others that she and Javonda left their house at 

approximately 3:00 or 3:30 p.m., Dr. Torres’s note states that EMS records state they were at the 

scene at 1:29 p.m. The medical records [prepared by Dr. Torres] state that Jamica told the 

Chicago Fire Department the following: “ ‘last night the child’s father was caring for the patient 

when the baby wouldn’t stop crying the father became enraged and shook the baby violently, the 

night after the father picked up the patient [(J.H.’s sibling)] and slammed the patient against a 

wall holding the patient against the wall by the patient’s throat.’ ” The EMS records further state 

that EMS noted bruising to the face but no bloody oral secretions. Dr. Torres wrote that he was 

present with Dr. Hubbard when J.H.’s sibling was examined and their examination was limited 
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due to medical devices but J.H.’s sibling did “appear to have bruising to the left side of his face 

*** as well as an abrasion and bruising to the left eye and a left subconjunctival hemorrhage.” 

The Child Protective Services consult note concludes, in part, that J.H.’s sibling “presented with 

altered mental status, facial bruising and blood tinged oral secretions ***. His initial medical 

evaluation was significant for facial bruising, a left subconjunctival hemorrhage, and abrasion to 

his back, a right parietal bone fracture with overlying scalp hematoma, subcutaneous emphysema 

of the neck and a pneumomediastinum.” 

¶ 13 The records contain a “Child Family Wellness Consultation Summary” Dr. Hubbard 

authored that states, in part, that a repeat examination of J.H.’s sibling on April 11, 2018 

“revealed resolution of the facial bruising noted to his left upper eyelid, inferior to his left eye, to 

his left lateral face and chin and left mandible. His bilateral conjunctiva were noted to be clear 

with resolution of the left subconjunctival hemorrhage [seen] on initial exam.” The “Past 

Medical History” section of the summary states that J.H.’s sibling was seen by a doctor at 6 days 

and 2 weeks of age for routine well visits, and “at the 6 day old visit [J.H.’s sibling] had bilateral 

medial subconjunctival hemorrhages that were noted to be resolving at the 2 week visit.” Dr. 

Hubbard’s summary concludes “[t]here was also a significant delay in seeking medical care after 

[J.H.’s sibling’s] mother was notified of [J.H.’s sibling’s] trauma. Left untreated, [his] injuries 

would have been fatal and the delay in his care contributed to the critical nature of his medical 

condition upon arrival to the hospital and is indicative of medical neglect.” 

¶ 14 According to a record dated June 21, 2018, Jamica was “enrolled in parenting classes as 

well as therapy.” J.H. and J.H.’s sibling were living with their maternal grandmother since the 

sibling was discharged from the hospital. A December 5, 2018 record states that Jamica was 

visiting them every day at that time.
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¶ 15 Following the hearing the trial court found that J.H.’s sibling was abused and neglected 

and dismissed the petition for adjudication of warship as to J.H. on the grounds of abuse due to a 

substantial risk of physical injury and neglect due to an injurious environment. The court stayed 

its order pending a motion to reconsider the court’s ruling. The State and the minors, through the 

Public Guardian as their guardian ad litem (GAL), filed a motion to reconsider. Following 

briefing of the motion and a hearing the trial court denied the motion. The court stated: “I stand 

by my original ruling finding [J.H.] was not neglected due to an injurious environment and not 

abused due to a substantial risk of physical injury and deny the motion to reconsider.” The GAL 

asked the court to maintain its stay of its order as to J.H. and the trial court initially denied the 

stay. The GAL made an offer of proof as follows: 

 “I have the agency before you today. We have a parenting capacity 

assessment and several assessments of mother that states she cannot parent. The 

agency at this time feels that it would be unsafe for [J.H.] to return to his mother’s 

care. Additionally, mother’s not present today. According to the agency, not 

only are her whereabouts unknown to the agency, but she hasn’t been in contact 

with the agency.” 

¶ 16 Following the offer of proof the trial court granted the stay over defendant’s objection. 

¶ 17 This appeal followed. 

¶ 18 ANALYSIS

¶ 19 The Act defines an abused child, in pertinent part, as: 

“any minor under 18 years of age *** whose parent or immediate family member, 

or any person responsible for the minor’s welfare, or any person who is in the 

same family or household as the minor, or any individual residing in the same 
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home as the minor, or a paramour of the minor’s parent: *** (ii) creates a 

substantial risk of physical injury to such minor by other than accidental means 

which would be likely to cause death, disfigurement, impairment of emotional 

health, or loss or impairment of any bodily function.” 705 ILCS 405/2-3(2)(ii) 

(West 2018). 

The Act, as it relates to this appeal, defines a neglected minor as “any minor under 18 years of 

age *** who is not receiving the proper *** medical or other remedial care recognized under 

State law as necessary for a minor’s well-being, or other care necessary for his or her wellbeing.” 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(a) (West 2018).

 “Generally, ‘neglect’ is defined as the ‘ “failure to exercise the care that 

circumstances justly demand.” ’ [Citations.] However, this does not mean that 

the term ‘neglect’ is limited to a narrow definition; to the contrary, ‘neglect,’ by 

necessity, has a fluid meaning. As this court has previously explained, 

 ‘ “[Neglect] embraces wilful as well as unintentional 

disregard of duty. It is not a term of fixed and measured meaning. 

It takes its content always from specific circumstances, and its 

meaning varies as the context of surrounding circumstances 

changes.” ’ [Citations.]

Similarly, the term ‘injurious environment’ has been recognized by our 

courts as an amorphous concept that cannot be defined with particularity. 

[Citations.] In general, however, the term ‘injurious environment’ has been 

interpreted to include ‘the breach of a parent’s duty to ensure a “safe and 
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nurturing shelter’ for his or her children.” ’ [Citations.]” In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 

2d 441, 463 (2004). 

¶ 20 “It is the State’s burden to prove the neglect and abuse allegations by a preponderance of 

the evidence, establishing the allegations of neglect or abuse are more probably true than not.” 

In re J.V., 2018 IL App (1st) 171766, ¶ 225. On review of a trial court’s ruling regarding abuse 

or neglect of a minor, the trial court’s ruling typically “will not be disturbed unless it is against 

the manifest weight of the evidence.” Interest of Davion R., 2019 IL App (1st) 170426, ¶ 78. 

Under this standard, “the reviewing court must give deference to the trial court’s findings of fact 

as the trial court is [usually] in the best position to observe the conduct and demeanor of the 

parties and witnesses, assess their credibility, and weigh the evidence.” Id. However, in this 

case the trial court’s ruling “was based upon a stipulated record and not based upon any 

observations of the witnesses or witnesses’ testimony.” In re Zion M., 2015 IL App (1st) 

151119, ¶ 28. “As such, the trial court was not in a better position than the reviewing court to 

assess credibility or weigh the evidence. Therefore, since we are in the same position as the trial 

court, the trial court is not vested with wide discretion, and our review is de novo.” Id.

¶ 21 In this appeal the GAL argues the trial court failed to properly apply Illinois law 

regarding anticipatory neglect and should have found J.H. abused due to a substantial risk of 

physical injury and neglected due to an injurious environment based on living in the same home 

with his sibling who was physically abused and neglected due to lack of care. 

 “Under the anticipatory neglect theory, the State seeks to protect not only 

children who are the direct victims of neglect or abuse, but also those who have a 

probability to be subject to neglect or abuse because they reside, or in the future 

may reside, with an individual who has been found to have neglected or abused 
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another child. [Citation.] Although the neglect of one child does not conclusively 

show the neglect of another child, the neglect of one minor is admissible as 

evidence of the neglect of another minor under a respondent’s care. [Citation.] 

Under the theory of anticipatory neglect, where there is evidence of prior neglect 

by the parents, the trial court should not be deterred from acting until another 

child is injured.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re J.V., 2018 IL App 

(1st) 171766, ¶ 228. 

“[O]ur supreme court has cautioned that ‘the mere admissibility of evidence does not constitute 

conclusive proof of the neglect of another minor’ ([citation]).” In re Tyianna J., 2017 IL App 

(1st) 162306, ¶ 53. 

 “Cases pursued under a theory of anticipatory neglect, like any other cases 

concerning the adjudication of minors, must be reviewed on their own facts and 

must take into consideration not just the circumstances relating to the minor’s 

siblings, but also ‘the care and condition of the child in question.’ [Citation.]” Id.

“To determine whether a finding of anticipatory neglect is appropriate, the trial court should 

consider the current care and condition of the child in question and not merely the circumstances 

that existed at the time of the incident involving the child’s sibling.” (Internal quotation marks 

and citations omitted.) In re Aniylah B., 2016 IL App (1st) 153662, ¶ 44. “[T]here is no per se

rule that neglect or abuse of one child conclusively establishes, or does not establish, the neglect 

of another child—it amounts only to admissible evidence. [Citation.] Accordingly, as with any 

neglect or abuse finding, *** findings made under this doctrine should be measured not only by 

the circumstances surrounding the sibling, but also by the care and condition of the child in 

question.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Jordyn L., 2016 IL App (1st) 150956, ¶ 34. 
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¶ 22 The GAL asserts that Jamica’s “serious medical neglect of J.H.’s sibling [surrounding his 

injuries on March 28 and 29, 2018] and her evasiveness and conflicting accounts of events show 

a clear risk to [J.H.]” Specifically, the GAL argues that Jamica gave “multiple inconsistent 

versions of events” that were evasive and that her “failure to seek immediate medical attention 

supports findings of” neglect due to an injurious environment and abuse due to a substantial risk 

of serious injury as to J.H. The GAL argues there are numerous inconsistencies both within 

Jamica’s multiple statements regarding the events of March 28 and 29, 2018 and between 

Jamica’s statements and the medical records. The GAL asserts it “is reasonable to infer *** that 

Jamica was more concerned about her children being removed from her by DCFS than with 

[J.H.’s sibling’s] life-threatening injuries” and claims J.H. likely witnessed his brother’s abuse.

¶ 23 Initially we note that the same evidence can be used to support a finding of both abuse 

and neglect. See, e.g., In Interest of M.K., 271 Ill. App. 3d 820, 826 (1995) (“an injurious 

environment or substantial risk of harm is sufficient for a finding of neglect and abuse”). In 

support of its “evasiveness” and “misleading” argument, which the GAL asks this court to 

presume was “designed to minimize her unwillingness to protect [J.H.’s sibling] and seek the 

timely medical attention [he] needed,” the GAL relies in part on this court’s decision in In re 

Adam B., 2016 IL App (1st) 152037, in which we did find anticipatory neglect of a sibling of the 

victims of abuse and neglect. See In re Adam B., 2016 IL App (1st) 152037, ¶ 49. The GAL’s 

argument to this court implies we found such anticipatory neglect because “the mother was 

evasive and gave conflicting versions of how [the child’s] burns occurred, when [the mother] 

first noticed the burns, and when she first sought medical treatment,” which the GAL argues is 

similar to Jamica’s behavior with authorities in this case. Neither assertion is accurate.
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¶ 24 In Adam B., the trial court found three siblings abused and neglected, and only the oldest 

child was found abused and neglected under the theory of anticipatory neglect. Id. ¶¶ 40, 44, 49. 

The trial court found the first child, Joshua, abused and neglected due to “untreated medical 

health issues” and his mother’s “failure to follow-up with Joshua’s mental health needs.” Id. ¶ 

39. The trial court found the second child, Isiah, abused and neglected due to the mother’s 

inability to “protect Isaiah from Joshua’s aggression,” an “inexplicable second degree burn” to 

Isaiah’s leg, and his mother’s “failure to get Isaiah to the hospital promptly for treatment.” Id. ¶ 

44. Finally, the Adam B. court held that the mother’s “failure to get immediate medical help for 

Isaiah’s second degree burn and [her] failure to follow-up with the medical staff’s 

recommendation for Joshua’s mental health needs created [an] injurious environment for Adam.” 

Id. ¶ 49. The court rejected the mother’s argument the trial court improperly applied the doctrine 

of anticipatory neglect. See id. ¶ 46. The court held the mother in Adam B. was “noncompliant 

with services” and noncooperative with DCFS over several months (see id. ¶¶ 4, 51-52); she 

“failed to ensure that Joshua received the proper counseling for his mental health needs,” which 

manifested in violence toward his siblings (see id. ¶¶ 38, 51); and failed to assist DCFS in 

procuring medical care for the children, including having left the emergency room before 

Isaiah’s treatment was completed (see id. ¶¶ 21, 52). 

¶ 25 First, this court noted the evasiveness and conflicting accounts of the mother in Adam B.

regarding one of the children who suffered direct abuse and neglect in that case and not the 

minor who was found abused and neglected under the doctrine of anticipatory neglect. See id. ¶¶ 

43, 46-49. This court wrote: 

 “Moreover, the record indicates that Alma B. was evasive and gave 

conflicting versions of how and when Isaiah’s burn occurred. Specifically, Alma 
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B. told the DCFS investigator that Isaiah was burned on a space heater at the 

Kedvale address, but she did not allow the investigator into that address to see the 

instrument that reportedly caused the burn. Later, during an interview with a 

Lurie social worker, she stated that she does not know how Isaiah’s burn 

occurred. Additionally, she told the intake medical staff at Lurie that she brought 

Isaiah to Lurie as soon as she noticed the bruise. However, Alma B. told Lurie’s 

social worker that she noticed the ‘bruise’ five days prior and that she did not 

know how Isaiah got it. These actions raised the medical staff’s suspicions for 

burns by neglect and DCFS and the police were contacted.” Id. ¶ 43. 

¶ 26 Second, the mother’s evasiveness and conflicting versions in that case were additional 

evidence of abuse and neglect and not the basis of this court’s holding. See id. ¶ 42-44. Finally, 

although the GAL asserts “Jamica’s multiple inconsistent versions of events were just as evasive 

as the parent’s explanations in Adam B., if not more so,” we disagree; and, as discussed further 

below, we do not find that any inconsistencies in the entire record of Jamica’s accounts to 

authorities about J.H.’s sibling in this case are of a similar character to the mother’s evasive and 

conflicting account in Adam B. See infra, ¶¶ 27-31. 

¶ 27 Regarding the inconsistencies in Jamica’s recitations of the events of March 28 and 29, 

2018, the inconsistencies asserted by the GAL primarily go to the general timeframe for when 

Jamica discovered or recognized that J.H.’s sibling was injured, the specific times for when 

Jamica took J.H.’s sibling to the emergency room or returned home from taking herself to the 

hospital, and speculation about what Jamica or J.H. heard or observed. The GAL also points to 

the report of the Chicago Fire Department EMS response which states that Jamica informed 

paramedics that on March 28 Malcolm was caring for J.H.’s sibling when the baby would not 
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stop crying, the “father became enraged and shook the baby violently” then picked him up and 

slammed him against a wall, holding him by the throat. That report also says that upon returning 

home and hearing of the incident Jamica took J.H.’s sibling and left the location. 

¶ 28 On appeal, Jamica argues there is a single “coherent account” that is not “inconsistent 

*** in any significant way.” We agree with Jamica. Based on our de novo review of the 

stipulated evidence, we find that the evidence establishes that on March 28, J.H.’s sibling was 

healthy and normal, and Jamica left him in his putative father’s sole care at multiple times during 

the day. At some point in the evening of March 28—although we cannot account for the records 

indicating Jamica returned home from the hospital after 2:00 a.m. we fail to glean the 

significance if she did—Jamica received a report that Malcolm had seriously abused J.H.’s 

sibling. Jamica immediately checked on both children and they appeared to be fine. Malcolm 

left the home and therefore no longer posed a threat to the children. (At this point, given the 

severity of her roommate’s description of the abuse and the fact J.H.’s sibling appeared normal, 

Jamica would not have been unreasonable not to have perceived at that time that Malcolm was a 

threat to the children.) The next morning, Jamica observed some bruising to the sibling’s face 

and a red spot on his eye. J.H.’s medical records indicate he had a similar spot on his eye before 

and he appeared otherwise normal. He took his bottle, smiled, and laughed. Jamica did not seek 

emergency medical care for the bruises on J.H.’s sibling’s face. Later that day, J.H.’s sibling’s 

cry became different, he would not take his bottle, and he seemed “out of it.” Jamica 

immediately sought emergency medical care. Admittedly she did not call an ambulance but 

rather chose to have Javonda drive her to the emergency room—again, a not totally unreasonable 

choice under the circumstances. At all times, J.H. was unharmed and not at risk. 
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¶ 29 The narratives recorded by the medical personnel do contain inconsistencies, particularly 

the EMS report. Nonetheless, we find no attempt to minimize her own role in J.H.’s sibling’s 

injuries, to protect herself from the consequences, or to evade the involvement of the State from 

these inconsistencies, including in the EMS report, which the GAL argues is evidence of a risk of 

harm to J.H. All of Jamica’s accounts are consistent as to her observations of J.H.’s siblings and 

what she did and did not do for them. Jamica did not evade the fact she did not take J.H.’s 

sibling to the emergency room on March 28th or immediately upon seeing that his face was 

bruised. She did not deny allowing the children to sleep in a bedroom with Malcolm after 

receiving the report of his then-alleged abuse from her roommate. We do not find evasion, 

particularly evasion indicative of a substantial risk of abuse or neglect of J.H., in this case. Cf. In 

re Adam B., 2016 IL App (1st) 152037, ¶ 43 (where the mother told DCFS the minor was burned 

on a space heater but did not allow investigator to see alleged instrument of burn, then later 

claimed not to know how burn occurred; and the mother claimed to have taken the minor to the 

hospital immediately upon noticing a bruise but later told a social worker that she had noticed the 

bruise five days earlier). Regardless, the question is whether Jamica failed to “exercise the care 

that circumstances justly demand[ed]” or whether she “breach[ed] [her] duty to ensure a safe and 

nurturing shelter for [her] children.” In re Harriett L.-B., 2016 IL App (1st) 152034, ¶ 26. We 

find the GAL’s arguments unpersuasive. 

¶ 30 The GAL also argues that Jamica’s failure to seek medical attention for J.H.’s sibling 

supports finding J.H. abused and neglected because, the GAL argues, J.H.’s sibling’s injuries 

“were severe, and Jamica should have called 911 immediately after discovering” them (emphasis 

omitted); and in fact she should have called 9-1-1 “immediately after being told by her 

roommate, Will, that Malcolm had body-slammed [J.H.’s sibling] against a wall, choked him, 
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and punched him in the face.” The GAL concludes that “the severity of Jamica’s medical 

neglect, her misleading claims on the sequence of events, and the likelihood she knew (after 

being told by Will) that Malcolm beat [J.H.’s sibling] on the night of March 28, supports neglect 

and abuse findings for [J.H.]” Additionally, the GAL argues the finding of abuse of J.H.’s 

sibling is sufficient to find neglect of J.H. In support of its argument the GAL attempts to

analogize this case to In re Adam B., 2016 IL App (1st) 152037, and In re Erin A., 2012 IL App 

(1st) 120050. We find both cases distinguishable. 

¶ 31 In In re Erin A., 2012 IL App (1st), 120050, ¶ 2, the trial court’s finding of medical 

neglect was based on the mother’s failure “to have Erin undergo recommended follow-up blood 

screening to determine if she had sickle cell disease or merely the trait” and the mother’s refusal 

“to have Erin undergo the recommended follow-up medical care because the child’s biological 

father, Aaron A., did not want the State to get involved in the testing because he did not want to 

be required to pay child support.” The trial court found Erin A.’s sister neglected as a result of 

an injurious environment “in part on the doctrine of anticipatory neglect in that *** her sibling 

Erin had been found to have been neglected” and in part based on the father’s threat to “shoot up 

the neighborhood if anyone tried to take away his children.” Id. ¶ 3. The evidence at the 

adjudicatory hearing was that the child screened positive for possible sickle cell disease at birth 

and “would have to be rescreened again after six months to determine if she actually had the 

disease.” Id. ¶¶ 10-11. The evidence was that sickle cell disease “can be extremely painful. A 

mother whose baby is suffering from undiagnosed sickle cell may not know why the baby 

continues to cry.” Id. ¶ 15. 

¶ 32 This court affirmed the trial court’s finding that Erin A. was neglected as a result of the 

failure to have her undergo recommended follow-up periodic blood screening to determine if she 
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had sickle cell disease or merely the trait. Id. ¶ 30. This court also held that the finding the 

sibling was neglected as a result of an injurious environment was supported by the manifest 

weight of the evidence. Id. ¶ 31. This court wrote that 

“[e]vidence that the parents had neglected to provide adequate medical care for 

Erin was admissible as evidence concerning an injurious environment for Alicia. 

In considering this evidence, the trial court took into account the circumstances 

surrounding the neglect of Erin, but also evidence that the couple fought 

frequently and that Aaron A. had made threatening remarks that he would shoot 

up the neighborhood if anyone tried to take away his children.” Id. ¶ 35. 

This court found that “[v]iewing the evidence presented at the adjudicatory hearing in its totality, 

we find that the trial court’s finding that Alicia was neglected as a result of an injurious 

environment was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. ¶ 35.

¶ 33 We find the circumstances surrounding the neglect of J.H.’s sibling in this case are not 

like the circumstances surrounding the neglect of the sibling in Erin A. This case is 

distinguishable in that Erin A. did not involve a recent injury to the minor’s sibling (there is no 

evidence abuse occurred any earlier than March 28th and Jamica sought medical care the next 

day), or an injury to the minor’s sibling that may or may not have fully manifested at the time of 

any delay in seeking medical care. 

¶ 34 Having found the GAL’s reliance on In re Adam B. and In re Erin A. misplaced, we find 

the State failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that J.H. “was placed at a 

probable and substantial risk of harm as a result of the neglect of his siblings.” In re Arthur H., 

212 Ill. 2d at 470. The evidence is not sufficient to reasonably conclude by a preponderance of 

the evidence that “a recurrence of what occurred with” J.H.’s sibling is probable with J.H. Cf. In 
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re S.S., 313 Ill. App. 3d 121, 128 (2000) (holding “we believe it was reasonable for the trial court 

to conclude that a recurrence of what occurred with A.T. is probable between K.T. and S.S.”). 

Our supreme court has cautioned that “the natural ties between parents and their children may 

not be severed on the basis of mere speculation.” In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 477-78. The 

GAL’s argument that J.H. witnessed his sibling’s abuse, and its claim as to why Jamica may 

have been reluctant to call 9-1-1, are nothing more than speculation. See In re Edricka C., 276 

Ill. App. 3d 18, 30 (1995) (“We agree with respondent that *** the trial court based its findings 

too much on speculation.”), In re Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 476 (“the State adduced no evidence at 

the adjudicatory hearing in the cause at bar that Arthur Jr. had ever witnessed any abuse or 

neglect.”). We find that the stipulated facts in this case provide no evidence, other than 

speculation, that J.H. is at a risk of harm from Jamica. See id. at 470 (finding trial court’s 

holding of anticipatory neglect against the manifest weight of the evidence where “the State 

failed to present any evidence concerning the degree of risk of harm” to the minor at issue “with 

respect to the care and conditions he experienced”), In re Edricka C., 276 Ill. App. 3d at 30. J.H. 

is healthy, and there is no evidence of any prior incidents with J.H. See In re Edricka C., 276 Ill. 

App. 3d 18, 30 (1995) (relying on fact the minor lived with his mother without incident and was 

in perfect health to reverse trial court’s finding of anticipatory neglect). 

¶ 35 We are not persuaded by the GAL’s reliance on In re Chelsea H., 2016 IL App (1st) 

150560, ¶ 85, where this court found that although “there is no per se rule, we conclude that 

under the facts of this case, the same evidence supporting the findings of abuse and neglect for 

Courtney certainly supports a finding of neglect for Chelsea.” In re Chelsea H., 2016 IL App 

(1st) 150560, ¶ 85. This court held, in part, that “[t]he trial court could reasonably find that, 

given the respondents’ inability or unwillingness to recognize injuries to six-month-old 
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Courtney, three-year-old Chelsea was at similar risk of delayed treatment should she be injured.” 

Id. However, this court also recognized that “[c]ases involving allegations of neglect *** are sui 

generis, and must be decided on the basis of their unique circumstances.”.” (Internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted.) Id. ¶ 82. In Chelsea H., the trial court specifically found more 

credible the testimony of the State’s expert in child abuse pediatrics, who testified, in part, as 

follows with regard to the injury the mother was unable or unwilling to recognize (in addition to 

extensive other testimony about the presentation of the child’s injury and the parent’s delay in 

seeking treatment): 

 “Dr. Glick testified that Courtney would have cried in pain upon the 

original fractures, as well as upon the refracture. Dr. Glick opined that Courtney 

would have been in noticeable pain for the first few days after the original injury, 

including when her clothes were changed or when she was bathed. Dr. Glick also 

testified, based upon her review of DCFS interviews and medical records, that the 

respondents had been aware that Courtney was not using her left arm properly for 

two or three days before October 4, 2013, which she described as ‘medical 

neglect.’ ” Id. ¶ 24. 

Nothing approaching that level of obliviousness or disregard of a child’s injury is present in this 

case. There is no evidence in this case similar to that in Chelsea H. indicating Jamica should 

have been aware of the severity of J.H.’s sibling’s injury sooner. There is no medical testimony 

about how J.H.’s sibling would have demonstrated the severity of his injuries on March 28th 

(other than, again, the GAL’s speculation). The delay in seeking treatment in this case is 

comparatively minor to that in Chelsea H. In sum, Chelsea H. is of no help to our decision in 

this case.
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¶ 36 We also find that the GAL’s attempt to distinguish this case from Edricka C. is not 

persuasive. The GAL argues this case is distinguishable because J.H. was not born after his 

sibling, J.H. was present when the abuse occurred, and J.H. was living in the home “when Jamica 

decided to drive to her friend’s mother’s house instead of calling 911 for [J.H.’s sibling.]” While 

these bare facts may be similar, the GAL’s argument fails to examine their context or their 

application to the law. The fact the sibling was born after the abuse occurred and did not witness 

it (a point of speculation in this case) in Edricka C. was in fact evidence that the trial court had 

based its finding of abuse and neglect in Edricka C. “too much on speculation.” In re Edricka 

C., 276 Ill. App. 3d at 30-31. This court wrote that: 

“While the Juvenile Court Act allows evidence of neglect or abuse of siblings in 

an adjudicatory hearing, and courts have held that evidence of sibling abuse is 

prima facie evidence of neglect, we find that, here, where two incidents of abuse 

and neglect occurred years before Zemaj was born, and he has not ever been 

abused or neglected, the trial court’s findings concerning Zemaj come too close to 

a per se rule of anticipatory neglect.” Id.

This court in Edricka C. merely applied the rule that “[t]here is no per se rule of anticipatory 

neglect in Illinois, and each case concerning the adjudication of minors must be reviewed 

according to its own facts” (In re J.P., 331 Ill. App. 3d 220, 235 (2002)), the same rule we apply 

in this case.

¶ 37 In this case the facts are there is no evidence of a history of ignoring serious injuries to 

either child. There is no evidence that before March 28th Jamica had reason to believe Malcolm 

would harm the children—despite his own neglect of his mental health issues there is no 

evidence of any prior incidents—and, therefore, there is no evidence of a history of ignoring 
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such risks that will be repeated with J.H. We note that most of the GAL’s arguments presume an 

absolute acceptance of the roommate’s report of Malcolm’s conduct, which the stipulated 

evidence partially contradicts. That Jamica may have acted sooner in light of all of the facts 

known to her—including her roommate’s report of Malcolm’s abuse and the bruises to J.H.’s 

sibling’s face—does not make it probable J.H. will be subject to abuse or neglect. At the time, 

Jamica had no reason to believe Malcolm would have harmed the children, which he vehemently 

denied at the time of the accusation, and Jamica reasonably believed the bruises resulted from 

grabbing J.H.’s sibling’s face and not from the type of abuse her roommate described. J.H.’s 

sibling appeared normal, making the roommate’s report potentially unworthy of belief. See In re 

Arthur H., 212 Ill. 2d at 468-69 (“Each case concerning the adjudication of minors, including 

those cases pursued under a theory of anticipatory neglect based upon the neglect of a child’s 

sibling, must be reviewed according to its own facts.”). The evidence is that once Jamica 

realized the gravity of J.H.’s sibling’s situation she immediately took appropriate steps to obtain 

emergency medical care for him.

 “Juvenile court is a forum most caregivers do not desire to enter but are 

compelled to by circumstances beyond their control. In the context of neglect and 

abuse cases, the Juvenile Court Act allows the State to intervene in the decision 

making of parents, custodians, and/or guardians of children under very narrow 

circumstances. *** 

 The juvenile court judge is not required to make every child a ward of the 

court based on the State’s petition, but must selectively designate children to 

become wards of the court, who otherwise do not have a parent or parents who 
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will act in the best interests of the children without some degree of court 

intervention.” In re C.L., 384 Ill. App. 3d 689, 694-95 (2008). 

¶ 38 Based on the totality of the evidence we hold the State failed to meet its burden to prove 

the allegations of abuse and neglect with respect to J.H.

¶ 39 CONCLUSION

¶ 40 For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed. 

¶ 41 Affirmed.