Filed 11/19/15

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

TIFFANY BRINKLEY,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

MONTEREY FINANCIAL SERVICES, 

INC.,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D066059

 (Super. Ct. No.

 37-2013-00071119-CU-MC-NC)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Timothy M. Casserly, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with 

directions.

Niddrie Fish & Addams, Niddrie Addams, David A. Niddrie, John S. Addams; 

Keegan & Baker, Patrick N. Keegan; Wickman & Wickman, Steven A. Wickman and 

Christina E. Wickman for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Call & Jensen, Matthew R. Orr and Melinda Evans for Defendant and Respondent.
2

I.

INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Tiffany Brinkley appeals from an order of the trial court compelling her 

to arbitrate her individual claims and dismissing her class claims. Brinkley filed a 

putative class action against defendant Monterey Financial Services, Inc. (Monterey), 

asserting statutory violations arising from allegations that Monterey unlawfully recorded 

and/or monitored telephone conversations that Brinkley had with Monterey's 

representatives. Monterey moved to compel Brinkley to arbitrate her individual claims 

and to dismiss Brinkley's class claims, based on an arbitration agreement contained in a 

contract that Brinkley entered into with a third party who subsequently assigned 

Brinkley's contract to Monterey. The trial court ordered Brinkley to arbitrate her 

individual claims, and dismissed the class claims, as Monterey had requested.

On appeal, Brinkley raises a number of challenges to the trial court's order 

compelling arbitration. She contends that (1) the claims fall outside the scope of the 

arbitration agreement; (2) the arbitration clause is unconscionable and therefore 

unenforceable; and (3) the court erred in dismissing her class action claims because the 

parties agreed that an arbitrator would determine whether class arbitration is available 

under the contract.

We conclude that Brinkley's claims fall within the scope of the arbitration 

agreement and that the arbitration agreement is enforceable, with the exception of one 

provision that we find to be unconscionable under the applicable jurisdiction's law. We 

conclude, however, that it is possible to sever the unconscionable provision from the 
3

remainder of the arbitration agreement and from the contract as a whole. We therefore 

affirm the trial court's order compelling arbitration of Brinkley's claims. However, 

because the parties' agreement delegates to the arbitrator the question whether class 

arbitration is available under the contract, we reverse that portion of the trial court's order 

compelling the arbitration of Brinkley's individual claims, alone, and dismissing 

Brinkley's class claims.

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Monterey Financial Services provides three services to its customers, including 

consumer financing, loan servicing, and debt collecting. Real Estate Investor Education 

(REIE) was one of Monterey's customers.

On or about August 10, 2011, Brinkley signed up to receive six real estate 

coaching sessions through REIE for $4,195. Brinkley paid REIE $850, and financed the 

remainder of the purchase price through REIE's "Retail Installment Contract" (the RIC). 

Once Brinkley's financing was approved, she had 30 days to complete an e-signature 

process. During this period of time, she had the ability to access the RIC online. 

Brinkley executed the RIC with her e-signature on August 24, 2011. The RIC provided 

that Brinkley could cancel the contract within three days of e-signing it if she were to 

change her mind.

The RIC contains a choice of law provision that provides: "This Agreement shall 

be governed by and interpreted and constructed in accordance with the law of your state 

of residence as indicated on the address section hereof completed by you, as applied to 
4

contracts between residents of such state entered into and to be performed wholly within 

such state." Brinkley identified her residence as being in the state of Washington.

The RIC also contains the following arbitration provision:

"AGREEMENT DISPUTE RESOLUTION

"ARBITRATION: By signing this Agreement, you agree that,

except as provided below, any claim or dispute arising out of or in 

any way related to this Agreement, whether past, present or future, 

or any matter of fact, law, background, circumstance, or other matter 

of any kind whatsoever relating to this Agreement, shall be resolved 

by binding arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American 

Arbitration Association. You further acknowledge and agree that the 

sole and exclusive venue for such binding arbitration shall be San 

Diego, California. The decision by the arbitrator or arbitrators shall 

be final and binding on all parties, and may be entered in any court 

of competent jurisdiction for enforcement. Such a decision shall 

include the payment of all fees and costs of the prevailing party. The 

determination of the 'prevailing party' shall be made by the arbitrator 

or arbitrators. The AGREEMENT FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTION 

shall not limit the right of any party to take non-judicial actions to 

enforce security interests and all rights related thereto, or to take 

judicial actions for (i) the enforcement of arbitration decisions, or 

(ii) the protection of any party pending arbitration decisions.

"SMALL CLAIMS PROCEDURE: Additionally, because the 

purpose of the AGREEMENT FOR DISPUTE RESOLUTION is to 

promote fast and inexpensive resolution of claims and disputes, 

Buyer, Seller and Seller's assignee remain free to choose the small 

claims court procedure to resolve any dispute or claim, as defined 

above, that is within the monetary jurisdictional limit of the court. 

Buyer, Seller and Seller's assignee agree, however, that any claims, 

counterclaims and/or disputes, as defined above, of any sort which 

are in excess of the small claims court jurisdictional monetary limit 

must be arbitrated before the American Arbitration Association and 

in accordance with its rules."

In addition, the RIC informs consumers that the "Seller may assign this Agreement 

to any third party without prior notice to you," and that "[u]pon any such assignment, 
5

such third party will become the holder of this agreement and your creditor." It further 

informs consumers regarding the party to whom the assignment may be made, stating, 

"Seller intends to assign this agreement to Monterey Financial Services, [I]nc., 4095 

Avenida de la Plata, Oceanside, CA 92056 ('Monterey')," and explains that "[a]fter the 

assignment of this Agreement to Monterey, all questions concerning the terms of this 

Agreement or payments should be directed to Monterey at its address indicated above." 

Later, in a separate box that includes signature lines where the assignment can be 

effectuated, the consumer is told: "TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS BOX ARE NOT 

PART OF THE BUYER'S AGREEMENT." According to Monterey, REIE assigned the 

RIC to Monterey shortly after the contract was executed.

At some point, Brinkley stopped making payments on the RIC. According to 

Brinkley, she never received all of the coaching sessions from REIE, which went out of 

business in August 2012. Monterey took the position that Brinkley owed it the remaining 

payments, and began collection efforts against her. During Monterey's collection efforts, 

Monterey called Brinkley, and Brinkley called Monterey.1

According to the allegations in Brinkley's complaint, Brinkley made telephone 

calls to and received telephone calls from employees, officers, and/or agents of Monterey 

between December 2012 and March 2013. Brinkley also alleges that Monterey failed to 

inform Brinkley at any time that it was recording the telephone conversations between its 

 

1 On December 1, 2014, Brinkley filed a request for judicial notice in this court. 

Brinkley seeks judicial notice of records related to a small claims action involving 

Monterey and Brinkley. We conclude that these documents are not relevant to the issues 

raised in this appeal, and we therefore decline to take judicial notice of the documents.
6

representatives and Brinkley. During these calls, Brinkley revealed her identity and 

shared personal information. Brinkley believed that her calls were confidential and were 

not being monitored or recorded.

Brinkley filed a putative class action against Monterey in October 2013, asserting 

causes of action for invasion of privacy, unlawful recording of telephone calls, and 

unlawful and unfair business practices. The class that Brinkley seeks to represent 

includes persons who made telephone calls to or received telephone calls from Monterey 

while located or residing in California or Washington, and who were not provided notice 

that the calls might be recorded or monitored. Brinkley asserts that Monterey's conduct 

in recording her confidential communications without her knowledge was an invasion of 

her privacy and a violation of the California Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA; Pen. Code, 

§§ 630-637.5), which was enacted "to address concerns that 'advances in science and 

technology that have led to the development of new devices and techniques for the 

purpose of eavesdropping upon private communications and that the invasion of privacy 

resulting from the continual and increasing use of such devices and techniques has 

created a serious threat to the free exercise of personal liberties and cannot be tolerated in 

a free and civilized society.' " (Kight v. CashCall, Inc. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1377, 

1388.) Among other things, the CIPA requires that all parties consent to the recording of 
7

a conversation involving confidential communication. (Flanagan v. Flanagan (2002) 27 

Cal.4th 766, 769.)2

Monterey moved to compel arbitration of Brinkley's individual claims, and sought 

dismissal of Brinkley's class claims.

After considering briefing and declarations from the parties, the court determined 

that the parties had entered into a valid arbitration agreement, that the parties had not 

agreed to arbitrate class claims, and that Brinkley's claims fell within the scope of the 

arbitration provision. The trial court ordered the parties to arbitrate Brinkley's individual 

claims, and dismissed Brinkley's class claims.

Brinkley filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court's order.

III.

DISCUSSION

Brinkley challenges the trial court's order requiring her to arbitrate her individual 

claims and dismissing her class claims. She contends that (1) her claims fall outside the 

 

2 Specifically, Penal Code section 632, subdivision (a) imposes liability on "[e]very 

person who, intentionally and without the consent of all parties to a confidential 

communication, by means of any electronic amplifying or recording device, eavesdrops 

upon or records the confidential communication, whether the communication is carried 

on among the parties in the presence of one another or by means of a telegraph, 

telephone, or other device, except a radio . . . ." Subdivision (c) of Penal Code section 

632 addresses the term "confidential communication" by providing: "The term 

'confidential communication' includes any communication carried on in circumstances as 

may reasonably indicate that any party to the communication desires it to be confined to 

the parties thereto, but excludes a communication made in a public gathering or in any 

legislative, judicial, executive or administrative proceeding open to the public, or in any 

other circumstance in which the parties to the communication may reasonably expect that 

the communication may be overheard or recorded."
8

scope of the arbitration provision, (2) the arbitration provision is unconscionable and may 

not be enforced, and (3) the court erred in dismissing her class claims.

A. Standard of review

In a petition to compel arbitration, the party seeking to compel arbitration bears 

the burden of proving the existence of a valid arbitration agreement by a preponderance 

of the evidence. (Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (1997) 15 Cal.4th 951, 

972.) The party opposing the petition bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of 

the evidence any fact necessary to its defense, including that an arbitration provision is 

invalid or otherwise unenforceable. (Ibid.)

On appeal, "[w]hen 'the language of an arbitration provision is not in dispute, the 

trial court's decision as to arbitrability is subject to de novo review.' [Citation.] Thus, in 

cases where 'no conflicting extrinsic evidence is introduced to aid the interpretation of an 

agreement to arbitrate, the Court of Appeal reviews de novo a trial court's ruling on a

petition to compel arbitration.' " (Molecular Analytical Systems v. Ciphergen Biosystems, 

Inc. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 696, 707; see also Rebolledo v. Tilly's, Inc. (2014) 228 

Cal.App.4th 900, 912 [where ruling on petition did not hinge on credibility of extrinsic 

evidence, but rather was based on legal interpretation of arbitration agreement, de novo 

review is appropriate].)

The parties appear to agree that the de novo standard of review applies to the 

issues raised by Brinkley's appeal.
9

B. Analysis

1. Brinkley's claims fall within the scope of the arbitration provision

a. Applicable law

i. The Federal Arbitration Act applies

Brinkley asserts that the Federal Arbitration Act (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.; FAA) does 

not govern the arbitration agreement at issue.

Arbitrators derive their powers from the parties' voluntary submission of disputes 

for resolution in a nonjudicial forum. Under the FAA, a valid arbitration agreement 

arises from the parties' consent. (Stolt-Nielsen S. A. v. Animalfeeds Int'l Corp. (2010) 559 

U.S. 662, 682 (Stolt-Nielsen).) The primary purpose of the FAA is to ensure that 

agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms. (Stolt-Nielsen, supra, at p. 

682.) Arbitration agreements are construed to give effect to the parties' contractual rights 

and expectations. (Ibid.)

The FAA applies to a contract that "evidences a transaction involving interstate 

commerce . . . ." (Shepard v. Edward Mackay Enterprises, Inc. (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 

1092, 1101.) "Section 2 of the FAA provides in relevant part: 'A written provision in . . .

a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a 

controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction . . . shall be valid, 

irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the 

revocation of any contract.' (9 U.S.C. § 2.)" (Pinnacle Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle 

Market Development (US), LLC (2012) 55 Cal.4th 223, 234-235 (Pinnacle).) "This 

statute stands as 'a congressional declaration of a liberal federal policy favoring 
10

arbitration agreements, notwithstanding any state substantive or procedural policies to the 

contrary.' " (Ibid.) Essentially, "Congress passed the FAA 'to overcome courts' refusals 

to enforce agreements to arbitrate.' " (Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.

(1995) 514 U.S. 52, 55.)

Brinkley contends that the parties agreed only to the application of state rules for 

any arbitration under their contract, and did not contemplate that the contract would be 

governed by the FAA, given that the RIC provides that it is "to be interpreted and 

constructed under the law of the consumer's resident state," and that it applies only " 'to 

contracts between residents of such state entered into and to be performed wholly within 

such state.' "

The RIC provision to which Brinkley refers is a choice-of-law provision that 

immediately follows the arbitration clause in the RIC, in a paragraph titled "Governing 

Law." This paragraph provides:

"This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted and 

constructed in accordance with the law of your state of residence as 

indicated on the address section hereof completed by you, as applied 

to contracts between residents of such state entered into and to be 

performed wholly within such state."

Brinkley suggests that "[b]ecause the parties eliminated interstate commerce from 

the RIC contract, they clearly evidenced their intent that only Washington or California 

state law applied and not the FAA." Brinkley's argument is misdirected.

The relevant language from the RIC contemplates the existence of an interstate 

transaction. The choice-of-law provision indicates that the law that is to be applied is the 

law of the consumer's state, as if the contract at issue had been entered into in that state 
11

and wholly performed in that state. This language is not suggesting that the RIC is such a 

contract or that it does not involve interstate commerce; rather, it expresses the intent of 

the parties to apply the law of the purchaser's state to the RIC, despite the fact that it may 

have been entered into by residents of different states (i.e., the consumer and REIE). As 

Brinkley concedes, the RIC at issue was entered into between Brinkley, a Washington 

resident, and REIE, a Utah entity, and set the terms of Brinkley's purchase of services 

from REIE. The RIC thus clearly evidences an interstate transaction.

Given the nature of the RIC and its choice-of-law provision, the very existence of 

which suggests that the transaction at issue in the contract might be undertaken by 

individuals and/or entities residing in different jurisdictions and thereby involve interstate 

commerce, we conclude that the RIC "evidences a transaction involving interstate 

commerce." Therefore, contrary to Brinkley's contention, the FAA and its rules apply.

ii. To the extent the application of state law is necessary, 

Washington state law applies

Brinkley asserts on appeal that the law of Brinkley's state of residence, 

Washington, governs interpretation of the contract.3

 

3 Brinkley further asserts that "[t]o the extent the appeal involves class members 

who lived in California when they signed the RIC contract, California law applies." 

Given that no class has been certified, and given that the questions that are to be 

addressed with respect to Monterey's motion to compel arbitration involve issues 

regarding the RIC that Brinkley entered into with nonparty REIE, we are disinclined to 

agree with Brinkley that this court should look to California law for purposes of "class 

members who lived in California when they signed" their own contracts with REIE or 

some other entity whose contracts were assigned to Monterey.
12

The FAA creates "a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability, applicable to 

any arbitration agreement within the coverage of the Act." (Moses H. Cone Hospital v. 

Mercury Constr. Corp. (1983) 460 U.S. 1, 24.) However, even when the FAA applies, 

such that "federal arbitrability law" applies, there remains "[t]he general rule in 

interpreting arbitration agreements," which "is that courts 'should apply ordinary statelaw principles that govern the formation of contracts.' " (Cape Flattery Ltd. v. Titan 

Mar., LLC (9th Cir. 2011) 647 F.3d 914, 920 (Cape Flattery), quoting First Options of 

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan (1995) 514 U.S. 938, 944 (Kaplan).) We therefore consider 

which state's legal principles apply in this case.

Despite Brinkley's contention that the contract requires application of Washington 

law, Brinkley additionally asserts that "[i]n this case, the question whether Washington or 

California law applies is immaterial," because, she contends, the laws of Washington and 

California do not differ with respect to the issues raised in her appeal. Because this 

statement is not entirely accurate, and because it is important that we give effect to the 

parties' agreement, we address the question of which jurisdiction's law applies.

The parties have agreed that the law of the state of Washington will govern their 

agreement. We must ascertain whether the parties' choice-of-law provision should be 

given effect. A court analyzes the enforceability of a choice-of-law provision in a 

consumer adhesion contract by applying the approach adopted by the Supreme Court in 

Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court (1992) 3 Cal.4th 459 (Nedlloyd) with respect to 

arm's-length negotiated contracts. (Washington Mutual Bank v. Superior Court (2001) 24 

Cal.4th 906, 917-918.) "California . . . has no public policy against the enforcement of 
13

choice-of-law provisions contained in contracts of adhesion where they are otherwise 

appropriate. [Citations.] More importantly, Nedlloyd's analysis contains safeguards to 

protect contracting parties, including consumers, against choice-of-law agreements that 

are unreasonable or in contravention of a fundamental California policy." (Id. at p. 917.)

Under Nedlloyd, "[i]n determining the enforceability of arm's-length contractual 

choice-of-law provisions, California courts shall apply the principles set forth in 

Restatement section 187, which reflects a strong policy favoring enforcement of such 

provisions." (Nedlloyd, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 464-465.) The standards set forth in 

Restatement section 187, subdivision (2) are the following: " 'The law of the state chosen 

by the parties to govern their contractual rights and duties will be applied, even if the 

particular issue is one which the parties could not have resolved by an explicit provision

in their agreement directed to that issue, unless either [¶] (a) the chosen state has no 

substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction and there is no other reasonable 

basis for the parties choice, or [¶] (b) application of the law of the chosen state would be 

contrary to a fundamental policy of a state which has a materially greater interest than the 

chosen state in the determination of the particular issue and which, under the rule of 

[section] 188, would be the state of the applicable law in the absence of an effective 

choice of law by the parties.' " (Nedlloyd, supra, at p. 465.)

The parties in this case appear to essentially agree that Washington and California 

law are, in most respects, substantially similar with respect to the issues raised in this 
14

appeal.4 Neither party has argued that Washington's law should not apply on the ground 

that Washington has "no substantial relationship to the parties or the transaction" or 

because an application of Washington law "would be contrary to a fundamental policy of 

a state [that] has a materially greater interest" than Washington. (Nedlloyd, supra, 3 

Cal.4th at p. 465.) We therefore conclude that it is appropriate to give effect to the 

parties' agreement with respect to the choice-of-law provision, and apply the law of 

Washington to those matters where state law principles govern.

Given our conclusion that the parties' choice of Washington law should be given 

effect, we note that Washington courts look to federal courts for guidance in determining 

whether parties have agreed to arbitrate a dispute when there has been a determination 

that federal law applies to the dispute. (See Peninsula School District 40 v. Public 

School Employees of Peninsula (1996) 130 Wn.2d 401, 413 [applying federal law in 

context of deciding whether public sector labor-management dispute was arbitrable 

pursuant to collective bargaining agreement].) We therefore consider federal case law 

and Washington case law, where applicable, in addressing the parties' contentions on 

appeal.

 

4 Brinkley asserts, "There is no substantial conflict between Washington and 

California law." Monterey acknowledges, "Monterey agrees that the trial court's order 

compelling arbitration of Brinkley's individual claims and dismissing the class claims is 

correct regardless of which law is applied." Monterey notes that Washington and 

California law differ slightly in their approaches to assessing the unconscionability of a 

contract, which we discuss further in footnote 6, post.
15

iii. Brinkley's claims fall within the scope of the RIC's arbitration 

provision

Brinkley contends that the trial court erred in concluding that her claims fall 

within the scope of the arbitration provision in the RIC. The relevant language from the 

RIC regarding its scope is the following:

"By signing this Agreement, you agree that, except as provided 

below, any claim or dispute arising out of or in any way related to 

this Agreement, whether past, present or future, or any matter of fact, 

law, background, circumstance, or other matter of any kind 

whatsoever relating to this Agreement, shall be resolved by binding 

arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration 

Association." (Italics added.)

Brinkley's complaint asserts three causes of action: (1) invasion of privacy, 

(2) unlawful recording of telephone calls, and (3) unlawful and unfair business practices. 

Brinkley asserts that her causes of action do not arise out of, and are not related to, the 

RIC. Rather, she contends that under any potentially applicable law, her "claims of 

unlawful recording and monitoring of telephone calls fell outside the scope of the 

arbitration agreement," because "REIE expressly limited the contract to 'legal rights of 

enforcement.' "

"[T]he question of arbitrability—whether [an] agreement creates a duty for the 

parties to arbitrate [a] particular grievance—is . . . an issue for judicial determination. 

Unless the parties clearly and unmistakably provide otherwise, the question of whether 

the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the arbitrator." (AT&T 
16

Technologies v. Communications Workers (1986) 475 U.S. 643, 649.)5

"Courts resolve the threshold legal question of arbitrability of the dispute by 

examining the arbitration agreement without inquiry into the merits of the dispute. If the 

dispute can fairly be said to invoke a claim covered by the agreement, any inquiry by the 

courts must end. Washington State has a strong public policy favoring arbitration of 

disputes." (Owners Ass'n v. Burton Landscape (2009) 148 Wn.App. 400, 403-404.)

Doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues "should be resolved in favor of 

arbitration." (Moses H. Cone Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp., supra, 460 U.S. at pp. 

24-25.) This gives due regard to the federal policy favoring arbitration and the 

presumption of arbitrability. (See AT&T Technologies v. Communications Workers, 

supra, 475 U.S. at p. 650.) Notwithstanding a federal policy that favors arbitration, 

however, it is clear that " 'arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required 

to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.' [Citation.] 

We cannot expand the parties' agreement to arbitrate in order to achieve greater 

efficiency. The Federal Arbitration Act 'requires piecemeal resolution when necessary to 

give effect to an arbitration agreement.' " (Tracer Research Corp. v. National 

Environmental Services Co. (9th Cir. 1994) 42 F.3d 1292, 1294-1295 (Tracer).)

 

5 The parties apparently agree that it was proper for the trial court to decide whether 

Brinkley's claims of invasion of privacy, unlawful recording, and unfair business 

practices are arbitrable, but disagree about whether the trial court answered the question 

correctly. "Because neither party argues that the arbitrator should decide [the question of 

arbitrability], there is no need to apply the rule requiring ' "clear and unmistakable" ' 

evidence of an agreement to arbitrate arbitrability." (Granite Rock Co. v. Int'l 

Brotherhood of Teamsters (2010) 561 U.S. 287, 297, fn. 5.)
17

Courts consistently recognize that the duty to arbitrate a dispute arises from the 

language of the contract itself. (See Stein v. Geonerco, Inc. (2001) 105 Wn.App. 41, 45.) 

"An agreement for the submission of a dispute to arbitration defines and limits the issues 

to be decided." (Sullivan v. Great American Ins. Co. (1979) 23 Wn.App. 242, 246.) 

Although public policy strongly favors arbitration as a remedy for settling disputes, 

arbitration "should not be invoked to resolve disputes that the parties have not agreed to 

arbitrate." (King County v. Boeing Co. (1977) 18 Wn.App. 595, 603.)

"Four principles guide us when determining whether the parties agreed to submit a 

particular dispute to arbitration: [¶] (1) the duty to submit a matter to arbitration arises 

from the contract itself; (2) the question of whether parties have agreed to arbitrate a 

dispute is a judicial one unless the parties clearly provide otherwise; (3) a court should 

not determine the underlying merits of a dispute in determining the arbitrability of an 

issue; and (4) arbitration of disputes is favored by the courts." (Tacoma Narrows 

Constructors v. Nippon Steel-Kawada Bridge, Inc. (2007) 138 Wn.App. 203, 214.) In 

addition, "[t]o rule that a particular dispute is not arbitrable under an arbitration 

agreement, 'the court must be able to say "with positive assurance" that the arbitration 

clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.' " (Id. at p. 

216.)

Turning to the language of the RIC pertaining to the scope of the arbitration 

provision, we attempt to ascertain the meaning of "arising out of or in any way related to 

this Agreement."
18

Similar language has been "well explored by Ninth Circuit cases." (Golden v. 

Dameron Hosp. Ass'n (E.D.Cal. Sept. 19, 2012, No. Civ. S-12-0751 LKK/EFB) 2012 

U.S.Dist. Lexis 134281, *20 (Golden).) "[W]hen parties intend to include a broad

arbitration provision, they provide for arbitration 'arising out of or relating to' the 

agreement." (Cape Flattery, supra, 647 F.3d at p. 922, italics added.) In circumstances

in which an arbitration clause is phrased in broad and general terms, "[a]n order to 

arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive 

assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the 

asserted dispute. Doubts should be resolved in favor of coverage." (Steelworkers v. 

Warrior & Gulf Co. (1960) 363 U.S. 574, 582-583.)

When an arbitration clause is interpreted "broadly," it " 'reaches every dispute 

between the parties having a significant relationship to the contract and all disputes 

having their origin or genesis in the contract.' " (Golden, supra, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 

134281 at *21, quoting Simula, Inc. v. Autoliv, Inc. (9th Cir. 1999) 175 F.3d 716, 721 

(Simula).) Stated differently, "[t]o require arbitration, [a party's] factual allegations need 

only 'touch matters' covered by the contract containing the arbitration clause and all 

doubts are to be resolved in favor of arbitrability." (Simula, supra, at p. 721.)

Brinkley alleges that her telephone conversations with representatives at Monterey 

were recorded without her knowledge or consent. All of her claims arise from this 

alleged conduct on Monterey's part. These telephone calls were initiated by Monterey 

and Brinkley in the facilitation of Monterey's attempt to collect on the debt it believed to 
19

be due pursuant to the RIC. We conclude that these factual allegations "touch matters"

covered by the contract—namely, debt collection pursuant to the contract.

Brinkley contends that the RIC "expressly limited enforcement efforts under the 

agreement to 'all legal rights of enforcement.' " She cites a provision in the RIC referring 

to REIE's rights in the case that the consumer defaults:

"4. Seller's Rights upon Default. If you default in any way, Seller's 

[sic] may, without notice, demand immediate payment of the total 

amount owing under this Agreement. Seller may use all legal rights 

of enforcement."

Brinkley asserts that "Monterey's illegal enforcement efforts are therefore, by 

definition, outside the scope of the parties' agreement." We disagree with Brinkley's 

analysis. The arbitration provision in the RIC requires the parties to arbitrate "any claim 

or dispute arising out of or in any way related to this Agreement." The dispute in this 

action is about the legality of Monterey's collection methods, i.e., its alleged unlawful 

recording of Brinkley's conversations with its representatives during its collection efforts 

without her consent. The fact that Brinkley has alleged that Monterey (a) recorded her 

telephone conversations with its representatives, (b) that she did not consent to such 

recording, and (c) that Monterey has no valid defense to such conduct, merely raises the 

existence of a dispute about the legality of Monterey's conduct. Brinkley's allegations

that Monterey engaged in illegal collection efforts are insufficient to take Brinkley's 

claims outside the scope of the parties' arbitration provision on the ground that the RIC 

permits only legal collection efforts. Brinkley's allegations simply place the legality of 
20

Monterey's actions in dispute, and this dispute is related to the RIC, which by its terms 

allows Monterey to pursue collection of debts owed.

Brinkley relies on Wagner v. Discover Bank (D.Colo. Jan. 13, 2014, Civ. A. No. 

12-cv-02786-MSK-BNB) 2014 U.S.Dist. Lexis 3682, *4-*5 (Wagner) to support her 

argument that her claims are not arbitrable. We find Wagner distinguishable.

In Wagner, the relevant arbitration provision stated: "In the event of any past, 

present or future claim or dispute (whether based upon contract, tort, statute, common 

law or equity) between you and us arising from or relating to your Account, any prior 

account you have had with us, your application, the relationships which result from your 

Account or the enforceability or scope of this arbitration provision, of the Agreement or 

of any prior agreement, you or we may elect to resolve the claim or dispute by binding 

arbitration." (Wagner, supra, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3682 at *13, italics added.)

In concluding that the dispute in that case did not fall within the arbitration 

provision at issue, the Wagner court explained: "Despite such broad language, however, 

the agreement expressly applies only to disputes that 'aris[e] from or relat[e] to' an 

Account, a prior account, an application, the relationships resulting from the Account, or 

the scope and enforceability of the arbitration provision, Cardmember Agreement, or 

prior agreement. In this regard, the scope of the agreement is limited to disputes whose 

factual underpinnings arise from or relate to the specified categories." (Wagner, supra, 

2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3682 at *14.) Important for our purposes is the Wagner court's 

description of the factual basis for the plaintiff's claims in that case as related to the 

language of the arbitration agreement:
21

"Mr. Wagner's allegations specifically relate to the legality of 

Discover's acts when it went about its collection activities. He 

alleges unlawful conduct by Discover when it made numerous calls 

to his cell phone and used a prerecorded voice system. These 

allegations relate to the manner in which Discover attempted 

collection. Although the existence of a debt on the account and the 

right to collect the debt would 'arise from' or 'relate to' the Account, 

the legality of the manner in which collection is pursued does not. 

The manner of collection—whether calls were made, how frequently 

they were made, and what was said during them—has nothing to do 

with either the Account, the terms of the Cardmember Agreement, or 

the parties' relationship. See, e.g., Coors Brewing Co. v. Molson 

Breweries, 51 F.3d 1511, 1516 (10th Cir. 1995) (holding that 

antitrust claims that are not factually related to parties' contractual 

relationship were not subject to arbitration agreement).

"Discover has not pointed to any term governing the account which 

specifies how it will collect on the account, and the arbitration 

agreement does not identify manner of collection as a dispute to be 

arbitrated. Indeed, Mr. Wagner may succeed on his TCPA claims 

despite the existence of any account or relationship with Discover.

Although the existence of the Account may have been the 'but for'

cause of the alleged violations, that is not enough to establish that 

the claims arise from or relate to the Account or the parties'

relationship resulting from the Account." (Wagner, supra, 2014 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3682 at *15-*16, italics added.)

In this case, in contrast, Monterey has pointed to a specific term in the RIC itself 

that specifies that a default by the consumer will trigger a "demand [for] immediate 

payment of the total amount owing" and grants the "Seller" permission to "use all legal 

rights of enforcement" to collect the monies due. As we have explained, a dispute 

regarding the legality of any conduct Monterey undertook in its collection efforts is a 

"dispute" that is "related to" the terms of the RIC. Wagner is therefore distinguishable 

and is thus unpersuasive in this matter.
22

We conclude that the telephone calls that Brinkley alleges Monterey unlawfully 

recorded were related to the RIC. As a result, Brinkley's claims concerning the legality 

of the calls fall within the scope of the broad arbitration provision included in the RIC.

2. The arbitration provision is enforceable

Brinkley raises two claims challenging the enforceability of the arbitration 

provision in the RIC, arguing that the clause should not be enforced because it violates 

public policy, and that the clause is unconscionable, both procedurally and substantively.

a. Public policy does not render the arbitration agreement 

unenforceable.

Brinkley contends that the trial court erred in enforcing the arbitration agreement 

because it "is against public policy." Specifically, Brinkley argues that "[c]ontract 

provisions, like this one, which purport to mandate arbitration of individual claims 

involving illegal conduct and/or criminal activities should be void as a matter of public 

policy because they do little to discourage such practices."

Brinkley acknowledges that her argument in this regard must be premised on the 

FAA being inapplicable to the RIC, given that the FAA preempts state law attempts to 

invalidate arbitration agreements on the basis of public policy. As we have already 

concluded, however, the FAA does apply to the contract at issue here. Brinkley's 

argument that public policy requires courts not to enforce an arbitration agreement with 

respect to claims alleging illegal or criminal conduct must therefore be rejected. (See 

Brown v. MHN Gov't Servs., Inc. (2013) 178 Wn.2d 258, 266 (Brown) [pursuant to AT&T 
23

Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. 333 (Concepcion), "state rules specific to 

arbitration that interfere with the purposes of the FAA are preempted"].)

b. Unconscionability

Brinkley contends that the trial court erred in determining that the RIC is not 

procedurally unconscionable. Brinkley contends that it is, maintaining that she was not 

provided "a meaningful choice and an opportunity to understand its terms." She further 

contends that the trial court erred in determining that the RIC is not substantively 

unconscionable, and asserts that the "arbitration fees and venue provision made 

arbitration cost prohibitive, and subjected Brinkley to having to pay for Monterey's 

attorney fees."

The Washington Supreme Court has "distinguished between 'procedural'

unconscionability, involving blatant unfairness in the bargaining process and a lack of 

meaningful choice, and 'substantive' unconscionability, or unfairness of the terms or 

results." (Torgerson v. One Lincoln Tower, LLC (2009) 166 Wn.2d 510, 518 

(Togerson).) Under Washington law, an agreement may be invalidated if it is either 

substantively or procedurally unconscionable. (Hill v. Garda CL NW, Inc. (2013) 179 

Wn.2d 47, 55 (Hill II).6

 

6 Although it appears that Washington law and California law are very similar for 

purposes of many of the issues raised in this appeal, this is one area in which the 

substantive law of the two states differs slightly. In California, the unconscionability of a 

contract term is considered with respect to both its alleged substantive and procedural 

unconscionability: "Both procedural unconscionability and substantive unconscionability 

must be shown, but 'they need not be present in the same degree' and are evaluated on ' "a 

sliding scale." ' [Citation.] '[T]he more substantively oppressive the contract term, the 
24

i. Procedural unconscionability

A. Legal standards

In Washington, procedural unconscionability refers to the lack of meaningful 

choice, considering all the circumstances surrounding a transaction, including factors 

such as the manner in which the contract was entered, whether each party had a 

reasonable opportunity to understand the terms of the contract, and whether the important 

terms were hidden in fine print. (Torgerson, supra, 166 Wn.2d at pp. 518-519.) The 

Washington Supreme Court has "stressed that ' "these three factors [should] not be 

applied mechanically without regard to whether in truth a meaningful choice existed." ' "

(Id. at p. 519, italics omitted.) In addition, the fact that an arbitration provision exists in a 

contract of adhesion does not necessarily render such a provision procedurally 

unconscionable. (Zuver v. Airtouch Communications, Inc. (2004) 153 Wn.2d 293, 304 

(Zuver).)

 

less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that 

the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.' " (Pinnacle, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 247.) 

Under Washington law, the existence of either substantive or procedural 

unconscionability alone is sufficient to void the agreement. (Romney v. Franciscan Med. 

Group (2015) 186 Wn.App. 728, 735 (Romney), citing Hill II, supra, 179 Wn.2d at p.

55.) The Romney court explained what this distinction may mean in application: 

"California, unlike Washington, requires both procedural and substantive 

unconscionability to overturn an arbitration agreement. Because of this, California is 

more likely to find procedural unconscionability without also finding such procedure to 

be egregious. In other words, procedural and substantive unconscionability need not be 

present in the same degree and are considered on a sliding scale." (Romney, supra, at p. 

739.)
25

B. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

considering Monterey's evidence

Brinkley argues that the trial court erred in admitting the declarations of Lisa 

Pruitt, a senior manager of client and support services at Monterey, and Chris Hughes, 

Monterey's president, proffered by Monterey in response to Brinkley's declarations 

regarding procedural unconscionability. Brinkley also contends that the trial court erred 

in admitting the RIC, itself, in evidence, arguing that Monterey failed to properly 

authenticate it.7 Finally, she contends that even if the trial court properly admitted this 

evidence, the court erred in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on these matters.

As Brinkley acknowledges, the trial court's ruling on an evidentiary objection is 

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. (See State v. Thomas (2004) 150 Wn.2d 821, 869 

["The admission or exclusion of evidence is in the discretion of the trial court."]; see also 

People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 717 ["Broadly speaking, an appellate court 

applies the abuse of discretion standard of review to any ruling by a trial court on the 

admissibility of evidence."].)

According to Brinkley, the Pruitt and Hughes declarations "appear to be based on 

either (1) discussions with REIE employees or review of REIE records, or (2) speculation 

 

7 In her reply brief, Brinkley expands her argument about the alleged lack of 

authentification of the RIC, and sets it out as a separate ground for reversal of the trial 

court's order compelling arbitration—i.e., that Monterey failed to properly establish the 

existence of an arbitration agreement. Because Brinkley did not raise this as a separate 

ground for reversal in her opening brief (and as a result, Monterey was not provided with 

an opportunity to address the argument as a separate ground for reversal), we address 

Brinkley's evidentiary arguments as they were initially made in her opening brief, as part 

of her argument regarding the question whether the arbitration clause may not be 

enforced on the ground of procedural unconscionability.
26

of what must have happened based on a general understanding of the process." Brinkley 

suggests that Monterey was required to provide evidence from a representative of REIE 

"or anyone else who would have had direct contact with Brinkley when she signed the 

RIC contract." We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting 

these declarations.

Pruitt declares that in 2011, when Brinkley signed the RIC, Pruitt was the person 

responsible for "responding to potential buyer inquiries related to REIE's on-line retail 

installment contracts and helping potential buyers complete the e-signature process," and 

that because of her former position she is "familiar with the on-line software and 

application processes Ms. Brinkley was required to follow to sign the agreement at issue 

here . . . ." Pruitt explained that Monterey's services to its clients, like REIE, include 

"facilitating on-line applications relating to retail installment contracts associated with . . .

financing [to customers of Monterey's clients]." Pruitt's declaration established that 

although Brinkley was contracting with REIE, Monterey was the entity that provided the 

service by which REIE entered into contracts with customers like Brinkley. Monterey 

therefore possessed first-hand knowledge of the process by which consumers would 

access and sign the RIC. Pruitt established her personal knowledge of this process, and 

could attest to that process without having to have had "discussions with REIE employees 

or review of REIE records" and without "speculat[ing]" regarding "what must have 

happened."

Further, the trial court was free to conclude that it believed that the RIC attached 

to Pruitt's declaration was an accurate copy of the agreement between Brinkley and REIE. 
27

"A business record is admissible as competent evidence if the custodian or other qualified 

witness testifies to its identity and the mode of its preparation, and if it was made in the 

regular course of business, at or near the time of the act, condition or event, and if, in the 

opinion of the court, the sources of information, method and time of preparation were 

such as to justify its admission." (Bavand v. Chase Home Finance LLC (2015) 

(Wn.Ct.App., July 20, 2015) 2015 Wash. App. LEXIS 1569 at *7 (Bavand).) Further, 

courts "interpret the statutory terms 'custodian' and 'other qualified witness' broadly." 

(Ibid.) In addition, Washington statutory law "does not require examination of the person 

who actually made the record. [Citation.] Testimony by one who has custody of the 

record as a regular part of his work or who has supervision of its creation will be 

sufficient to properly introduce the record." (State v. Iverson ( 2005) 126 Wn.App. 329, 

337-338.) Pruitt's declaration in this regard was sufficient to demonstrate to the trial 

court that the RIC was a true and correct copy of the agreement entered into by Brinkley 

and REIE. The trial court therefore did not err by admitting Pruitt's declaration or the 

attached RIC.

Because Pruitt's declaration attaches the relevant RIC entered into between 

Brinkley and REIE, and also provides information regarding the process by which 

consumers would access the RIC and complete the e-signature process, Hughes's 

declaration, which was intended merely to provide the foundation for the admission of 

evidence of the RIC between Brinkley and REIE, was rendered redundant and thus, 

unnecessary. The trial court's decision not to sustain Brinkley's objections to it, however, 

does not amount to an abuse of discretion, given that the trial court could have been 
28

satisfied that Hughes also was aware of the manner in which Monterey's records were 

kept.

We are similarly unconvinced by Brinkley's contention that the trial court should 

have held an evidentiary hearing in order to resolve evidentiary conflicts that exist based 

on the parties' submitted declarations. Brinkley contends that there is a "sharp[ ]" dispute 

about "whether the RIC contract upon which the motion is based is the correct one." She 

bases this on a statement in her declaration in which she indicates that, because she 

received a copy of the signed agreement from Monterey, and not from REIE, she "ha[s] 

no idea if such document is, in fact, the actual document that I electronically signed 

online on August 24, 2011."

Despite this statement in Brinkley's declaration, the trial court could have 

reasonably concluded that it should accord greater weight to Pruitt's declaration, to which 

the RIC, including Brinkley's electronic signature, was attached, given Pruitt's testimony 

regarding her role in keeping Monterey's business records pertaining to REIE's 

installment contracts with customers. The court therefore had no need to hold an 

evidentiary hearing to take live witness testimony, and it did not abuse its discretion in 

declining to do so.

C. Application of procedural unconscionability standards

Brinkley asserts that the arbitration clause is procedurally unconscionable because 

"it did not offer [Brinkley] a meaningful choice" given the manner in which the contract 

was entered, and it failed to provide her with a " 'reasonable opportunity to understand 
29

the terms,' " in part on the ground that the contract did not include or attach the AAA 

rules that it was incorporating.

1. Brinkley did not lack a meaningful choice

Brinkley contends that she was not given "a meaningful choice" because "she 

(1) was not given any opportunity to make changes to the pre-printed online agreement, 

(2) was not allowed adequate time to review all of the terms or to have an attorney review 

it, (3) did not have any power to negotiate the terms, (4) was informed she had to sign the 

agreement in order to get financing as it was presented on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, 

(5) never received a copy of the signed agreement from REIE, and (6) never received a 

copy of the assignment."

Brinkley's first, third, and fourth contentions refer to the adhesive nature of the 

RIC. It is true that Brinkley had no opportunity to make changes to the terms of the 

agreement or negotiate price or other terms, and that her ability to obtain financing from 

REIE was nonnegotiable and dependent on her entering into the RIC as offered. 

However, in our view, the fact that the RIC is a contract of adhesion does not, by itself, 

render it procedurally unconscionable such that the arbitration provision included in the 

RIC may not be enforced. (See Zuver, supra, 153 Wn.2d at p. 304.) In Zuver, the 

Washington Supreme Court held that in the context of an employment agreement, the 

existence of unequal bargaining power between the parties is insufficient to demonstrate 

that an arbitration provision was procedurally unconscionable, despite the employee's 

contention that the "unequal bargaining power precluded her from ' "enjoying a 

meaningful opportunity to negotiate and choose the terms of the contract." ' " (Id. at p. 
30

305.)8 Rather, an employee "must show some evidence that the [party with the greater 

bargaining power] refused to respond to her questions or concerns, placed undue pressure 

on her to sign the agreement without providing her with a reasonable opportunity to 

consider its terms, and/or that the terms of the agreement were set forth in such a way that 

an average person could not understand them." (Id. at pp. 306-307.) We therefore 

consider whether other aspects of the transaction indicate that Brinkley was not provided 

any meaningful choice in the matter.

In addition to her claims regarding the adhesive nature of the agreement, Brinkley 

contends that she was "not allowed adequate time to review all of the terms or to have an 

attorney review it." Brinkley states in her declaration: "I was not allowed adequate time 

to review all of the terms of REIE's pre-printed online agreement or meet with any 

attorney or have an attorney review the agreement prior to electronically signing my 

agreement with REIE."9 Notably, Brinkley does not state how much time she was 

provided to review the terms of the five-page document. However, Brinkley first 

submitted a credit application to REIE in order to obtain financing to purchase the real 

 

8 Although Zuver involved an employment contract, we take guidance from the 

Washington Supreme Court's analysis regarding procedural unconscionability and find it 

helpful in considering Brinkley's contentions with respect to the consumer contract at 

issue here.

9 Although providing an individual with time to have an attorney review a contract 

would clearly suggest the absence of procedural unconscionability, it seems self-evident 

that many, if not most, consumers who enter into contracts for the purchase of goods or 

services do not seek out the advice of counsel prior to signing those agreements. This 

factor thus adds little to our analysis as to whether the circumstances surrounding the 

transaction support a finding that the arbitration provision is procedurally 

unconscionable.
31

estate classes "on or about August 10, 2011." According to ordinary course of business 

for REIE and Monterey with respect to these contracts, Brinkley "would have been 

notified that her credit application was approved and that she could proceed with the esignature process" on the same day that she applied. Upon being notified of an approval 

for credit, an applicant like Brinkley was provided "30 days to complete the e-signature 

process," and during this time period, an applicant would be given "unfettered access to 

the document on-line."

During the 30-day period after Brinkley received notification that her credit 

application had been approved, "[o]n August 23, 2011, Monterey sent Ms. Brinkley a 

follow up email with instructions for completing the application process".10 Brinkley 

signed the document on August 24, 2011, approximately 14 days after first having access 

to the RIC. We are unconvinced that a 14-day period to review a five-page document is 

"inadequate," notwithstanding Brinkley's conclusory statement in her declaration that she 

was "not allowed adequate time to review all of the terms of REIE's pre-printed online 

agreement." In any event, Brinkley's statement regarding the adequacy of the time that 

she was provided appears to be nothing more than a legal conclusion about the 

sufficiency of time provided to her to review and understand the RIC, and as such it is of 

little evidentiary value. (See Bavand, supra, 2015 Wash. App. LEXIS 1569 at *8-*9 

 

10 The fact that Monterey, not REIE, sent Brinkley a "follow up email with 

instructions for completing the application process" demonstrates the ties between 

Monterey and its customer, REIE, and further demonstrates that Monterey was the party 

that facilitated REIE's online applications for credit and its retail installment contracts.
32

[although an expert may provide testimony regarding "an ultimate issue for the trier of 

fact to determine, a witness may not give legal conclusions"].)

To the extent that Brinkley suggests that she did not have a meaningful choice 

with respect to the RIC on the ground that she "never received a copy of the signed 

agreement from REIE," we find this contention to be without merit. The very first line of 

the document states: "To print this document - right-click on your mouse and select print 

from the popup menu." Brinkley was provided the opportunity to print and retain (and 

review repeatedly) a copy of the RIC, with her e-signature, during this process. Given 

these circumstances, and the fact that Brinkley has not suggested that she was unable to 

print the document or did not have access to a printer, the fact that Brinkley was given the 

opportunity to print the document in this manner is sufficient to overcome Brinkley's 

contention that the RIC should be considered procedurally unconscionable because she 

did not receive a signed copy of it.11

Brinkley's contention that she was not provided with a copy of the assignment of 

the RIC between REIE and Monterey is of no significance for purposes of our procedural 

unconscionability analysis. The RIC specifically informs consumers that the "Seller may 

assign this Agreement to any third party without prior notice to you," and that "[u]pon 

 

11 Brinkley suggests that the fact that the RIC stated that Brinkley could print a hard 

copy is insufficient to "rebut Brinkley's declaration that an REIE representative told her 

to sign the document and did not give[ ] [her] adequate . . . time to review it." We do not 

read Brinkley's declaration as asserting that the REIE representative compelled or even 

pressured Brinkley to sign the document without providing her time to review it. Further, 

Brinkley had been provided the opportunity to access and review the RIC prior to her 

conversation with the REIE representative.
33

any such assignment, such third party will become the holder of this agreement and your 

creditor." Beyond this, the RIC even informs consumers that "Seller intends to assign 

this agreement to Monterey Financial Services, [I]nc., 4095 Avenida de la Plata, 

Oceanside, CA 92056 ('Monterey')," and that "[a]fter the assignment of this Agreement to 

Monterey, all questions concerning the terms of this Agreement or payments should be 

directed to Monterey at its address indicated above." The portion of the RIC that 

included signature lines related to an assignment of the contract was specifically marked 

"TERMS CONTAINED IN THIS BOX ARE NOT PART OF THE BUYER'S 

AGREEMENT." In these circumstances, the fact that Brinkley was not provided a copy 

of the assignment between REIE and Monterey did not affect Brinkley's ability to have a 

meaningful choice with respect to entering into the RIC, nor did it in any way prejudice 

her ability to understand the terms of the agreement or have a meaningful opportunity to 

understand her rights and obligations.

2. The failure to attach the AAA rules does not 

render the arbitration agreement 

unconscionable

Brinkley contends that the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable 

because she was not given an opportunity to fully understand the terms of the agreement, 

given that the RIC provided for arbitration to be completed in accordance with the 

American Arbitration Association (AAA) rules, but failed to include or attach those rules.

It appears that Monterey concedes that neither a copy of the AAA rules nor a link 

to a relevant version of the rules was attached to or included in the RIC. However, we do 

not consider this to be a ground for concluding that the entire arbitration agreement is 
34

procedurally unconscionable. Although it appears that Washington courts have yet to 

consider this issue, as other courts have noted, the arbitration rules referenced in the RIC 

were relatively easily accessible to Brinkley, given that they are available on the Internet, 

and she was already online completing the e-signature process. (See Lane v. Francis 

Capital Management LLC (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 676, 691 (Lane) [failure to attach a 

copy of the AAA rules did not render the agreement procedurally unconscionable given 

that parties could easily access AAA rules on the Internet]; see also, Boghos v. Certain 

Underwriters at Lloyd's of London (2005) 36 Cal.4th 495, 505, fn. 6 [up-to-date text of 

AAA rules is available on AAA's Internet site].)

Brinkley points out that in Brown, supra, 178 Wn.2d 258, the Washington 

Supreme Court applied California law and found procedural unconscionability where an 

arbitration provision incorporated the AAA rules but did not provide the rules. However, 

in Brown, the court's concern was not the failure of the defendant to attach the AAA rules 

to the contract at issue, but, rather, the fact that there was "ambiguity concerning which 

set of [AAA] rules applies," which presented "procedural surprise" to the plaintiffs. 

(Brown, supra, at p. 267.) According to the court, this was a particularly problematic 

issue in that case because the underlying claim involved a question whether the plaintiffs 

were employees misclassified as independent contractors, and it was thus "unclear 

whether the parties would arbitrate under the employment rules or commercial rules." 

(Id. at pp. 267-268.) In addition, the defendant had "changed its position several times 

regarding which set of AAA rules is appropriate," which further resulted in "procedural 

surprise." (Id. at p. 268.)
35

This same degree of "procedural surprise" does not appear to exist under the 

circumstances of this case, and we are not convinced that California courts would agree 

with the Brown court's application of California law (see, e.g., Lane, supra, 224 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 691-692 [no procedural unconscionability despite adhesion contract 

referencing AAA rules but not including rules]; Peng v. First Republic Bank (2013) 219 

Cal.App.4th 1462, 1472 ["failure to attach the AAA rules, standing alone, is insufficient 

grounds to support a finding of procedural unconscionability"]; Bigler v. Harker School 

(2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 727, 737 [no procedural unconscionability despite failure to 

attach AAA rules, and even in earlier cases, failure to attach rules was of "minor 

significance" in analysis]), or that the Washington Supreme Court would see the issue the 

same way if it were to interpret Washington law in circumstances such as those before us.

ii. Substantive unconscionability

Brinkley contends that the arbitration provision is substantively unconscionable 

because it (a) "imposes prohibitive costs," (b) requires arbitration to take place in San 

Diego, California, which is Monterey's place of business, and (c ) "threatens Brinkley 

with an award of attorney fees against her if she loses."

In contrast with procedural unconscionability, substantive unconscionability 

involves cases " ' "where a clause or term in the contract is . . . one-sided or overly 

harsh." ' [Citation.] However, such unfairness must truly stand out. ' " 'Shocking to the 

conscience,' 'monstrously harsh,' and 'exceedingly calloused' are terms sometimes used to 

define substantive unconscionability." ' " (Torgerson, supra, 166 Wn.2d at p. 519.)
36

The existence of substantive unconscionability, alone, is sufficient to support a 

finding of unconscionability, such that a contract provision may not be enforced. (Adler 

v. Fred Lind Manor (2004) 153 Wn.2d 331, 346-347 (Adler).)

A. Arbitration costs

Brinkley asserts that requiring her to arbitrate her claims imposes prohibitive costs 

on her. It appears that Brinkley is basing this argument on the filing fees that she would 

be required to pay pursuant to the AAA rules, as well as the potential costs of traveling to 

San Diego, California, the venue imposed by the arbitration agreement.12 Brinkley 

argues that the AAA rules would require her to pay an initial filing fee of $975 and a 

"case service fee" or final fee of $300 on her individual claims, not including the 

arbitrator's fees.13 She states that these "filing fees alone were more than she could 

afford to pay REIE toward [the] classes" that she purchased from them. Brinkley also 

posits that the choice-of-venue provision in the arbitration agreement, which requires her 

to travel to San Diego, California, where Monterey is based, to engage in arbitration, 

"further supports her claim that the arbitration costs [are] prohibitive."

An arbitration agreement is unconscionable "when the party opposing arbitration 

reasonably shows in law or equity that prohibitive costs are likely to render the arbitral 

 

12 As we discuss in section III.B.2.b.ii.B., post, the arbitration agreement includes a 

fee and cost shifting provision that requires the arbitrator to shift all fees and costs, 

including the fees charged by the arbitrator for his or her time, to the nonprevailing party. 

Because of the way that Brinkley has framed her arguments, we do not consider that 

provision in this section, but instead, focus on the default rules concerning the potential 

costs to Brinkley of being required to arbitrate her claims.

13 The record includes the AAA rules, of which the trial court took judicial notice.
37

forum inaccessible." (Mendez v. Palm Harbor Homes, Inc. (2002) 111 Wn.App. 446, 

465.) Washington has "adopted a burden-shifting analysis" for considering challenges 

that an arbitration clause "effectively denies [a plaintiff] the ability to vindicate her 

rights" because of prohibitive costs. (Gandee v. LDL Freedom Enters. (2013) 176 Wn.2d 

598, 604 (Gandee).) The party opposing arbitration on substantive unconscionability 

grounds must present evidence that arbitration would impose prohibitive costs. (Ibid.) 

" '[A]n affidavit describing [the party's] personal finances as well as fee information 

obtained from the American Arbitration Association[ ]' can be sufficient to meet this 

burden. [Citation.] The party seeking arbitration can then present offsetting evidence as 

to the likelihood of bearing those costs." (Ibid., quoting and citing Adler, supra, 153 

Wn.2d at p. 353.)

The evidence that Brinkley has supplied demonstrates that her filing costs for the 

arbitration may be approximately $975 plus $300, for a total of $1,275, which, she 

contends, is more than she was able to "put down" as a down payment for the real estate 

classes she purchased from REIE, which was $850. She also cites to her declaration, in 

which she states that she is a " 'single mother of limited financial means' " who " 'did not 

have the funds to pay for the coaching classes' "—classes that she signed up for in order 

" 'to try to improve [her] financial condition.' " She concludes that she does " 'not have 

the financial ability to afford the payment of hundreds, let alone thousands of dollars in 

arbitration fees.' "

With respect to costs of travel to the site of the arbitration, unlike the plaintiff in 

Gandee, supra, 176 Wn.2d at page 604, Brinkley did not submit any specific information 
38

about the costs that she might have to bear if required to travel to San Diego to arbitrate 

her individual claims. However, she asserts that although she "did not list the travel and 

lodging costs she would have necessarily incurred for an arbitration in San Diego, that 

level of proof was unnecessary when she already established she could not even afford 

the filing fees and arbitrator's fees." She contends that it is essentially irrelevant that she 

chose to file a class action lawsuit in San Diego because "the economics of a class action 

in California, where costs are shared with other class members, quite differs from the 

pursuit of an individual claim for $10,000 in statutory damages [citation] in a distant 

forum."

Monterey asserts in response that, contrary to Brinkley's assertions, the AAA's 

"Consumer-Related Disputes Supplementary Procedures" (Consumer Supplementary 

Procedures) would limit Brinkley's costs to a $200 filing fee, and that all other costs 

would be borne by Monterey, including the arbitrator's fee and the arbitrator's travel or 

other expenses. Brinkley contends in reply that "the supplemental procedures d[o] not 

apply, because they only deal[ ] with 'consumable goods or services,' involving products 

and services for 'personal or household use.' " Brinkley does not provide any further 

explanation as to why she believes the Consumer Supplementary Procedures do not apply 

to her dispute with Monterey, and we have difficulty seeing how those AAA rules would 

not apply in this situation.

The Consumer Supplementary Procedures included in the record before us set 

forth when these rules apply to a particular dispute:
39

"The Commercial Dispute Resolution Procedures and these 

Supplementary Procedures for Consumer-Related Disputes shall 

apply whenever the American Arbitration Association (AAA) or its 

rules are used in an agreement between a consumer and a business 

where the business has a standardized, systematic application of 

arbitration clauses with customers and where the terms and 

conditions of the purchase of standardized, consumable goods or 

services are non-negotiable or primarily non-negotiable in most or 

all of its terms, conditions, features, or choices. The product or 

service must be for personal or household use."

The AAA rules are used in the RIC that was entered into between Brinkley, a 

consumer, and REIE, a business (which then assigned its rights and obligations under the 

contract to Monterey, another business). REIE had a standardized, systematic application 

of arbitration clauses with its consumers, evidenced by Brinkley's declaration in which 

she states that she was not able to change the terms of the RIC, and that it was provided 

to her on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. In addition, the terms and conditions of Brinkley's 

purchase of the real estate classes and the financing terms were nonnegotiable, as she 

further states in her declaration, given that there was no opportunity to negotiate price or 

the terms of the services. The real estate classes were for Brinkley's personal use. Thus, 

it appears that the Consumer Supplementary Procedures would apply to this dispute.

Further, Monterey has argued in the trial court and on appeal that the Consumer 

Supplementary Procedures apply to any arbitration of the underlying dispute. Monterey 

has thus made a judicial admission that the Consumer Supplementary Procedures, 

including the fee provisions set forth in those procedures, apply to any arbitration of its 

dispute with Brinkley; Monterey may therefore be estopped from arguing otherwise at a 

later point in time. (See Westway Constr., Inc. v. Benton County (2006) 136 Wn.App. 
40

859, 868 ["The essence of judicial estoppel is the same [as equitable estoppel] in that the 

party to be estopped must be asserting a position that is inconsistent with an earlier 

position."]; see also American Title Ins. Co. v. Lacelaw Corp. (9th Cir. 1988) 861 F.2d 

224, 227 [statements of fact contained in a brief may be considered admissions of the 

party in court's discretion].)

Given that the Consumer Supplementary Procedures, which limit Brinkley's costs 

to a $200 filing fee, apply to the arbitration of Brinkley's claims, we conclude that 

Brinkley has not demonstrated that the fees associated with arbitrating her claims are so 

prohibitive as to render the arbitration agreement substantively unconscionable on this 

ground alone.14

B. Awarding fees and costs to the prevailing party

We are considerably more concerned with the unfairness of the RIC's fee and cost 

shifting provision, which Brinkley contends is substantively unconscionable. The RIC's 

arbitration agreement provides in relevant part:

"The decision by the arbitrator or arbitrators shall be final and 

binding on all parties, and may be entered in any court of competent 

jurisdiction for enforcement. Such a decision shall include the 

payment of all fees and costs of the prevailing party. The 

determination of the 'prevailing party' shall be made by the arbitrator 

or arbitrators." (Italics added.)

 

14 Because Brinkley presented no evidence with respect to her potential travel costs, 

we are unable to consider those costs, relative to her potential recovery on her claims, to 

assess whether the choice-of-venue provision in the arbitration agreement turns an 

otherwise not-unconscionable arbitration provision into an unconscionably costprohibitive provision.
41

This provision essentially undermines the fee provisions in the Consumer 

Supplementary Procedures discussed above, since the arbitration agreement requires an 

arbitrator to award a prevailing party "all [of that party's] fees and costs." This provision 

thus thwarts a consumer claimant's right under the Consumer Supplementary Procedures 

to have the business bear all of the costs of arbitration with the exception of a limited 

filing fee, in that under the RIC, if a consumer fails to prevail, he or she will be liable for 

all of those fees (which includes any additional filing or administrative fees, plus the 

arbitrator's fees and costs).

Potentially even more costly to Brinkley, and more troubling for purposes of our 

unconscionability analysis, is that this provision appears to shift to the nonprevailing 

party the prevailing party's attorney fees, in addition to the costs associated with the 

arbitration. Although Monterey suggests that Brinkley merely "speculates that the 

language of the RIC Contract could allow the arbitrator to award Monterey attorneys' fees 

if it prevails," our reading of the provision is the same as Brinkley's. The arbitration 

agreement requires the nonprevailing party to pay "all fees and costs of the prevailing 

party." (Italics added.) The most reasonable understanding of that phrase is that the 

nonprevailing party will be required to pay any and all of the fees and costs incurred by 

the prevailing party in arbitrating the matter before the arbitrator, which would include 

the attorney fees incurred by that party.

The Washington Supreme Court has concluded that a similar fee and cost shifting 

provision was substantively unconscionable. In Gandee, supra, 176 Wn.2d at pages 602, 

605 to 606, the relevant fee-shifting provision was as follows: "The prevailing party in 
42

any action or proceeding related to this Agreement shall be entitled to recover reasonable 

legal fees and costs, including attorney's fees which may be incurred." (Id. at p. 602.) 

The plaintiff in Gandee argued that the " 'loser pays' provision" was "one-sided and harsh 

because if she prevails she is already entitled to costs and fees under the [Consumer 

Protection Act] but is forced to bear the risk of a negative outcome, despite the 

legislature's intent to encourage consumers to vindicate their rights" by not allowing 

prevailing defendants to obtain their costs and fees under the relevant statute. (Id. at p. 

605.)

The Gandee court agreed, stating: "Because the 'loser pays' provision serves to 

benefit only [the defendant] and, contrary to the legislature's intent, effectively chills [the 

plaintiff]'s ability to bring suit under the [Consumer Protection Act], it is one-sided and 

overly harsh. Therefore, we hold it to be substantively unconscionable." (Gandee, 

supra, 176 Wn.2d at p. 606, italics added.) Similar fee-shifting provisions have been 

determined to be substantively unconscionable because they are, effectively, one-sided in 

favor of defendants, such that a plaintiff's ability to vindicate his or her rights is 

undermined. (See Adler, supra, 153 Wn.2d at pp. 354-355 [clause requiring each party to 

bear his or her own costs and fees was substantively unconscionable in context of a feeshifting statute], and Walters v. A.A.A. Waterproofing (2009) 151 Wn.App. 316 ["loser 

pays" provision substantively unconscionable because one-sided and harsh, and therefore 

unenforceable].)

The fee and cost shifting provision in the RIC effectively undermines a plaintiff's 

statutory right to bring an action and collect attorney fees if he or she prevails, without 
43

having to bear the corresponding risk of having to pay the defendant's fees if he or she 

does not prevail. Washington statutory law provides that the person injured by a privacy 

violation is entitled to an award of attorney fees if he or she is the prevailing party, with 

no reciprocal provision for a prevailing defendant. (See Rev. Code Wash., § 9.73.060 

["A person so injured shall be entitled to . . . a reasonable attorney's fee and other costs of 

litigation."].) By undermining an injured plaintiff's right to attorney fees without the 

plaintiff having to bear a concomitant risk of paying attorney fees, the fee and cost 

shifting provision in the arbitration agreement benefits " 'the party with a substantially 

stronger bargaining position and more resources.' " (Adler, supra, 153 Wn.2d at p. 355.) 

We therefore conclude that the arbitration agreement's fee and cost shifting provision is 

substantively unconscionable.

C. Severability of unconscionable provision

Given our conclusion that the fee and cost shifting provision is substantively 

unconscionable, we are next tasked with deciding how to address the unconscionability.

Monterey argues that if this court concludes that any of the terms of the arbitration 

provision are deemed unconscionable, the appropriate remedy is to sever that term. 

Brinkley argues that severance of any particular term would be inappropriate because, 

she contends, severance would require the court to rewrite the parties' agreement, the 

unconscionability pervades the entire arbitration agreement, and the "illegal clauses 

operate in concert to eliminate any realistic possibility of relief for consumers."

Under Washington law, "[s]everance is the usual remedy for substantively 

unconscionable terms, but where such terms 'pervade' an arbitration agreement, 
44

[Washington courts] 'refuse to sever those provisions and declare the entire agreement 

void.' " (Gandee, supra, 176 Wn.2d at p. 603.) The Gandee court had to consider 

whether three unconscionable provisions in an arbitration clause were severable, or, 

rather, whether the entire arbitration provision was invalid as a result of the 

unconscionability. (Id. at p. 607.) In applying the relevant rules, the Gandee court 

explained that the arbitration clause was relatively short, in that it was a "four-sentence 

arbitration clause," (ibid.) and that it contained "three unconscionable provisions." (Ibid.) 

The court concluded:

"Severing all three provisions would significantly alter both the tone 

of the arbitration clause and the nature of the arbitration 

contemplated by the clause. The location, fee structure, and timing 

of the arbitration would be changed. Little would be left of the 

arbitration 'agreed' to by the parties. On these facts, the 

unconscionable terms pervade the entire clause and severing three 

out of four provisions would require essentially a rewriting of the 

arbitration agreement. Thus, the arbitration clause cannot be severed 

from the overall contract." (Ibid.)

Here, in contrast, we have found one unconscionable provision: the fee and cost 

shifting provision. That provision essentially consists of a single sentence: "Such a 

decision shall include the payment of all fees and costs of the prevailing party." Contrary 

to Brinkley's contention, unconscionability does not permeate the arbitration agreement, 

but, rather, is found only in this single sentence. The offending sentence can readily be 

removed from the arbitration agreement without further upsetting the terms of that 

agreement and without requiring us to rewrite the parties' agreement. We conclude that 

severing the fee and cost shifting provision is the most reasonable course of action in 

these circumstances. We therefore sever this language from the RIC. The contract may 
45

not be enforced to the extent that it requires an arbitrator to award "all fees and costs of 

the prevailing party" to that party.

3. The putative class claims

Brinkley contends that even if the trial court was correct in granting Monterey's 

motion to compel arbitration, the court nevertheless erred in dismissing the putative class 

claims, rather than ordering the entire matter to arbitration and allowing the arbitrator to 

decide whether the parties' arbitration agreement permits class claims.15

The arbitration agreement does not expressly state whether class or representative 

claims may be arbitrated. Although the parties disagree as to the meaning of this silence, 

and as to whether Brinkley may pursue class arbitration under this arbitration agreement, 

there is a threshold question regarding whether the determination as to the availability of 

class arbitration is to be decided by the court or the arbitrator. The parties disagree as to 

the answer to the question of who decides whether the arbitration agreement allows for 

class arbitration.

Brinkley asserts that the parties' decision to rely on the AAA rules for arbitration, 

which includes a provision that the arbitrator is to decide whether the arbitration 

agreement permits class and/or representative arbitration, constitutes clear and 

unmistakable evidence that the parties intended to delegate this question to the arbitrator. 

Monterey contends that the question whether class arbitration is available under this 

arbitration agreement is to be decided as a gateway matter by the court, relying on 

 

15 Brinkley has not asserted a representative cause of action pursuant to the Private 

Attorney General Act.
46

Garden Fresh Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 678 (Garden 

Fresh). Monterey asserts that Garden Fresh "specifically addressed the narrow issue of 

whether the trial court or the arbitrator should decide the arbitrability of class claims, and 

held that classwide arbitrability is a question to be determined by the trial court in the 

first instance."

Arbitrators derive their powers from the parties' voluntary submission of disputes 

for resolution in a nonjudicial forum. The primary purpose of the FAA is to ensure that 

agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms, and arbitration agreements 

are construed to give effect to the parties' contractual rights and expectations. (StoltNielsen, supra, 559 U.S. at p. 682.) The parties may agree to limit the issues that they 

choose to arbitrate, may agree on rules under which an arbitration will proceed, and "may 

specify with whom they choose to arbitrate their disputes." (Id. at p. 683, italics omitted.) 

Thus, arbitration, as a matter of contract between the parties, is a way to resolve only

those disputes that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration. (Kaplan, supra, 514 

U.S. 938.)

It follows, therefore, that an arbitrator has the power to decide an issue only if the 

parties have authorized the arbitrator to do so. The parties here dispute whether the terms 

of the RIC authorize the arbitrator, rather than a court, to decide whether class arbitration 

is available. We now turn to that question.

The initial reference to the AAA rules in the parties' arbitration agreement appears 

in the first sentence of the arbitration provision:
47

"By signing this Agreement, you agree that, except as provided 

below, any claim or dispute arising out of or in any way related to 

this Agreement . . . shall be resolved by binding arbitration in 

accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association." 

(Italics added.)

The question here is: Does the parties' delegation of "any claim or dispute arising 

out of or in any way related to" the RIC to arbitration, to be resolved by the arbitrator "in 

accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association," constitute a 

delegation to the arbitrator of the question whether the arbitration agreement permits 

class arbitration?

The only reference the parties make to Washington law on this point is to Hill v. 

Garda CL NW, Inc. (Wn.Ct.App. 2012) 169 Wn.App. 685 (Hill I), reversed on other 

grounds in Hill II, supra, 179 Wn.2d at p. 50.16

 

16 Given the parties' agreement to apply Washington law to the interpretation of the 

RIC, we conclude that Garden Fresh, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th 678, as relied on by 

Monterey, is not precedential authority in this matter. We also question the applicability 

of Garden Fresh to the facts of this case. The question at issue in Garden Fresh was: 

"Who decides whether an agreement to arbitrate disputes between the parties to the 

agreement authorizes class and/or representative arbitration when the contract is silent on 

the matter—the arbitrator or the court?" (Id. at p. 684, italics added.) In Garden Fresh, 

the parties agreed that the arbitration agreement was silent as to whether the arbitrator or 

the court was to decide the question whether class arbitration was available. Garden 

Fresh's analysis provides a "default" rule applicable when the parties have not agreed in 

the contract itself whether a court or an arbitrator is to decide the question of class 

arbitrability. In this case, Brinkley asserts that the arbitration provision is not silent on 

the question of who decides this significant issue, and that by incorporating by reference 

the rules of the AAA, the arbitration agreement in fact delegates the determination of this 

issue to the arbitrator. In other words, the parties here do not agree that the arbitration 

agreement is silent as to the question of who decides the availability of class arbitration, 

and this court must determine whether the parties have specifically contracted to have an 

arbitrator determine this issue.
48

Monterey argues that the appellate court opinion in Hill I, supra, 169 Wn.App. 

685 "[c]onfirms" that where, as Monterey argues is the case here, "there is no evidence 

that could possibly establish an implied agreement to arbitrate class claims, the law 

precludes compelling class arbitration."

Putting aside the question whether Hill I, supra, 169 Wn.App. 685 continues to 

have precedential value (or what the extent of that precedential value may be) after the 

Washington Supreme Court reversed that opinion and determined that the appellate court 

erred in not concluding that the entire arbitration agreement at issue was unconscionable 

(Hill II, supra, 179 Wn.2d at p. 50), we conclude that Hill I is of little assistance with 

respect to this case, for the same reason that we question the applicability of Garden 

Fresh to the questions raised by the arbitration clause at issue in this case.

In Hill I, the appellate court determined that the defendant "did not waive 

arbitration and that the parties unequivocally agreed to arbitrate the current disputes," and 

then agreed with the defendant's contention that the trial court had erred in compelling 

class arbitration, albeit on a ground different from the ground asserted by the defendant. 

(Hill I, supra, 169 Wn.App. at p. 697.) The defendant argued that "only an arbitrator 

may decide whether an agreement permits arbitration on a class-wide basis." (Ibid.) The 

Hill I court agreed with the defendant that the trial court had erred in ordering class 

arbitration, but, despite the defendant's contention that the question was one for the 

arbitrator to answer, the Hill I court "reach[ed] this conclusion [i.e., that class arbitration 

was unavailable to the plaintiff] without deciding whether the arbitrator or the court 

should decide the availability of class arbitration." (Ibid.)
49

As described by the Hill I court, the arbitration provision at issue in that case 

"required [defendant's] employees to grieve and arbitrate 'any claim under any federal, 

state, or local law . . . related to the employment relationship.' " (Hill I, supra, 169 

Wn.App. at p. 688.) Significantly, the arbitration provision did not require arbitration of 

any dispute or claim related to the contract itself, but, rather, claims related to the 

" 'employment relationship.' " Given the significant difference between this contractual 

language and the language in the RIC's arbitration provision at issue here, we find Hill I

inapplicable to our analysis.17

The question we believe we must address before reaching any conclusions 

regarding the propriety of class arbitration under the parties' agreement is: Did the 

parties delegate to an arbitrator the question whether the agreement allows for class 

arbitration by specifically referencing the AAA rules and stating that "any claim or 

dispute arising out of or in any way related to this Agreement" is to be arbitrated?18

 

17 Given the language of the arbitration provision in Hill I, it appears that the 

arbitration agreement at issue in Hill I was similar to the arbitration agreement at issue in 

Garden Fresh, in that the arbitration agreement was silent as to the delegation of the 

determination of the class arbitration question.

18 We question whether the Washington Supreme Court would agree with the Hill I

court's analytical framework of deciding the merits of a question before deciding whether 

the parties agreed to have an arbitrator decide the merits of that question if the Supreme 

Court was provided the opportunity to address this issue. The Hill I court concluded, "As 

in Stolt-Nielsen, only one possible outcome exists under the facts of this case; therefore, 

we do not remand to either the court or the arbitrator for determination of whether the 

arbitration agreement allows class arbitration. As a matter of law, the trial court could 

not compel class arbitration. We remand for individual arbitration." (Hill I, supra, 169 

Wn.App. at p. 699.) However, if the contract clearly and unmistakably delegates the 

question whether the contract allowed for class arbitration to an arbitrator to decide, then 

even if "only one possible outcome exists" for answering that question, the parties have 
50

In the absence of any Washington authority relevant to answering this question, 

we consider general rules of contract interpretation and federal authorities regarding the 

interpretation of arbitration provisions, since the "FAA simply requires courts to enforce 

arbitration contracts like any other contract." (Satomi Owners Ass'n v. Satomi, LLC 

(2009) 167 Wn.2d 781, 822.) As we have already explained, commercial arbitration 

agreements, like other contracts, must be enforced according to the intentions of the 

parties, as evidenced by their terms. (See Concepcion, supra, 563 U.S. at p. 1745 [under 

FAA, "courts must place arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts 

[citation] and enforce them according to their terms"].)

Washington, like California, permits parties to incorporate by a reference the 

terms of another document into a contract. (Washington State Major League Baseball 

Stadium Pub. Facilities Dist. v. Huber, Hunt & Nichols-Kiewit Constr. Co. (2013) 176 

 

contracted to have the arbitrator, not a court, ultimately state that "one possible 

outcome." By taking that determination away from the arbitrator, the appellate court 

failed to give effect to the parties' expressed contractual intentions. Thus, it seems 

apparent that where the parties dispute whether an issue is for a court or an arbitrator to 

decide, a court should, as a matter of regular course, first determine whether it is 

appropriate for the court to make a determination as to a particular issue raised by an 

arbitration clause, or whether the parties have delegated the determination of that issue to 

the arbitrator. Only after satisfactorily determining that that issue is one for the court to 

decide (either because the parties delegated that issue to the court, or because the parties 

were silent on the matter and the issue is considered a "gateway" dispute that is 

presumptively for the court to decide (see Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. (2002)

537 U.S. 79, 83)), should a court proceed to decide the merits of a particular issue.
51

Wn.2d 502, 517 ["In general, '[i]f the parties to a contract clearly and unequivocally 

incorporate by reference into their contract some other document, that document becomes 

part of their contract.' "]; Williams Constr. Co. v. Standard-Pacific Corp. (1967) 254 

Cal.App.2d 442, 454 [Under California law, " 'the parties may incorporate by reference 

into their contract the terms of some other document. . . . For the terms of another 

document to be incorporated into the document executed by the parties the reference 

must be clear and unequivocal, the reference must be called to the attention of the other 

party and he must consent thereto, and the terms of the incorporated document must be 

known or easily available to the contracting parties.' "].)

The RIC provides that disputes "shall be resolved by binding arbitration in 

accordance with the rules of the [AAA]." Monterey, which was assigned REIE's rights 

under the RIC, does not dispute that the RIC incorporates by reference the AAA rules.

By incorporating the AAA rules, the RIC also incorporated the "Supplementary 

Rules for Class Arbitration" (Supplementary Class Arbitration Rules) effective October 

8, 2003.19 The Supplementary Class Arbitration Rules provide, in relevant part: "Upon 

 

19 The Supplementary Class Arbitration Rules make clear that they apply whenever 

the AAA rules are referenced: "These Supplementary Rules for Class Arbitrations 

('Supplementary Rules') shall apply to any dispute arising out of an agreement that 

provides for arbitration pursuant to any of the rules of the [AAA] where a party submits a 

dispute to arbitration on behalf of or against a class or purported class, and shall 

supplement any other applicable AAA rules. These Supplementary Rules shall also 

apply whenever a court refers a matter pleaded as a class action to the AAA for 

administration, or when a party to a pending AAA arbitration asserts new claims on 

behalf of or against a class or purported class."
52

appointment, the arbitrator shall determine as a threshold matter, in a reasoned, partial 

final award on the construction of the arbitration clause, whether the applicable 

arbitration clause permits the arbitration to proceed on behalf of or against a class (the 

'Clause Construction Award')." (Italics added.)

When Brinkley signed the RIC, she agreed to the application of the AAA rules to 

any arbitration of her claims, including the AAA rule that the arbitrator is to decide the 

gateway issue of whether class arbitration is permissible under the parties' agreement. 

That rule is thus part of the RIC.20 In our view, an agreement that incorporates by 

reference terms that address the question at issue, such as the agreements' incorporation

of the AAA rules in the instant case, is not silent regarding the delegation of arbitrable 

 

20 In addition, the terms of the RIC make clear that the AAA rules would cover such 

an issue, even if there was not a specific rule granting the arbitrator the authority to 

decide the question of the availability of class arbitration so expressly. The RIC's 

reference to "any claim or dispute" that "aris[es] out of" the RIC would necessarily 

include a dispute as to whether class arbitration is permitted under the RIC. As we have 

already explained, the phrase "arising out of" is intended to encompass all disputes 

related to the interpretation and performance of the RIC: A "dispute arise[s] out of" an 

agreement when the claim or dispute relates to the interpretation and performance of the 

contract itself. (See Tracer, supra, 42 F.3d at 1295 ["an arbitration clause that covers 

disputes 'arising under' an agreement . . . covered only those disputes 'relating to the 

interpretation and performance of the contract itself' "]; Mediterranean Enterprises, Inc. 

v. Ssangyong Corp. (9th Cir. 1983) 708 F.2d 1458, 1464 ["when an arbitration clause 

'refers to disputes or controversies "under" or "arising out of" the contract,' arbitration is 

restricted to 'disputes and controversies relating to the interpretation of the contract and 

matters of performance' "].) Therefore, whether the arbitration provision permits class 

arbitration (or whether the parties' intended to permit class arbitration under the contract) 

is necessarily a matter relating to the interpretation of the contract. Pursuant to the 

language of the RIC, a question that requires interpretation of the contract "shall be 

resolved by binding arbitration in accordance with the rules of the [AAA]."
53

issues to the arbitrator. The parties' agreement to arbitrate their disputes under a 

specifically designated set of rules, which in turn provide that the arbitrator shall decide 

whether the parties' arbitration agreement permits class arbitration, is "clear and 

unmistakable" evidence that the parties intended to delegate the resolution of that 

question to the arbitrator.

Our conclusion is not novel. Courts in the Ninth Circuit and other circuits have 

adopted an analysis similar to ours. (See Zenelaj v. Handybook, Inc. (ND Cal. 2015) 82 

F.Supp.3d 968, 972 [although the question whether the incorporation of the AAA rules 

demonstrates " 'clear and unmistakable' evidence of the parties' intent to arbitrate 

arbitrability" is not clearly settled in the Ninth Circuit, "the overwhelming consensus of 

other circuits, as well as the vast majority of decisions in this district, support Defendant's 

claim that, in the context of this case, incorporation of the AAA Rules effectively 

delegates jurisdictional questions, including arbitrability and validity, to the arbitrator"].)

In light of our conclusion that the availability of class arbitration is a matter for the 

arbitrator to decide, we reverse that portion of the trial court's order compelling Brinkley 

to arbitrate her individual, but not class, claims. We also reverse the court's order 

dismissing Brinkley's class claims. The entire matter should be sent to arbitration. The 

arbitrator shall determine whether Brinkley may continue to pursue relief on behalf of a 

class in arbitration.
54

IV.

DISPOSITION

The arbitration provision is enforceable with the exception of that portion of the 

provision that states, "Such a decision shall include the payment of all fees and costs of 

the prevailing party." That term is severed from the remainder of the contract because it 

is substantively unconscionable and may not be enforced.

The trial court's order compelling Brinkley to arbitrate her individual claims is 

affirmed to the extent that it orders Brinkley to pursue her claims in arbitration. 

However, it is reversed to the extent that it compels Brinkley to arbitrate her individual, 

but not class, claims. Further, that portion of the trial court's order dismissing Brinkley's 

class claims is reversed.

On remand, the trial court shall enter an order compelling the parties to arbitrate 

Brinkley's claims as framed in the complaint. The parties are to bear their own costs on 

appeal.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

McINTYRE, Acting P. J.

O'ROURKE, J.