1 

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) 

File Name: 15a0038p.06 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

_________________ 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

JASON ANTHONY CARTER, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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No. 14-5276 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Greeneville. 

No. 2:12-cr-00113-2—J. Ronnie Greer, District Judge. 

Argued: December 2, 2014 

Decided and Filed: March 6, 2015 

Before: BATCHELDER and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, District Judge.*

_________________ 

COUNSEL 

ARGUED: David L. Leonard, LEONARD, KERSHAW & HENSLEY, LLP, Greeneville, 

Tennessee, for Appellant. Luke A. McLaurin, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, 

Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David L. Leonard, LEONARD, KERSHAW 

& HENSLEY, LLP, Greeneville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Luke A. McLaurin, UNITED 

STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellee. 

 *

The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern District of Ohio, 

sitting by designation. 

>
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 2 

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OPINION

_________________ 

 ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Defendant Jason Carter appeals the judgment 

of conviction in this criminal case. We REVERSE and REMAND. 

I.

 On the evening of August 24, 2012, Amanda Steadman was cooking a small batch of 

methamphetamine in her apartment kitchen when the cook bottle exploded. The explosion blew 

out the apartment windows, sprayed glass outward as much as 25 yards, and set the apartment 

ablaze. It also set fire to Amanda, causing third-degree burns over 15% of her body. Her 

husband, James Steadman, who had been assisting her, extinguished Amanda but then, while the 

apartment burned, collected and hid the materials they had been using for the cook. 

 Jason Carter was also present, but immediately fled from the explosion. An alarmed 

neighbor called the fire department and took notice of Carter’s fleeing the scene. A different 

neighbor later told police that Carter worked at the Haven of Rest shelter. Meanwhile, the fire 

department arrived to evacuate the building and extinguish the fire, paramedics airlifted Amanda 

to a burn center, and suspicious police questioned James. Eventually, James admitted to the 

meth cooking and was decontaminated but not arrested. In fact, police took him to the Haven of 

Rest because the apartment building was sealed until it could be decontaminated. 

 The federal prosecutor charged all three with conspiracy to manufacture 

methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), possession of the precursors used to 

manufacture methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(a)(6), and creation of a 

substantial risk of harm to human life during the manufacture of methamphetamine in violation 

of 21 U.S.C. § 858. The prosecutor did not charge them with either distribution or conspiracy to 

distribute. James and Amanda Steadman entered into plea agreements, in which they agreed to 

testify against Carter. 

 Carter entered a not-guilty plea and the case proceeded to a jury trial. Prior to trial, the 

prosecutor filed a formal “notice pursuant to [Federal Rule of Evidence] 404(b)” in which she 
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 3 

informed defense counsel “that [she] intend[ed] to offer evidence at trial[,] provided through codefendant testimony[,] that the defendant [Carter] ha[d] [previously] distributed the controlled 

substance buprenorphine (Suboxone or Subutex) at the Haven of Rest, where [Carter] was 

employed at the time of the offense.” The prosecutor’s theory was that “[Carter]’s conduct in 

distributing controlled substances . . . [wa]s relevant and admissible to prove his opportunity, 

intent, plan, knowledge, absence of mistake, or lack of accident in the commission of the acts 

alleged in th[e] indictment.” At a hearing prior to trial, the district court considered the issue and 

ultimately permitted the testimony. James Steadman testified at trial that he had, on several 

occasions, witnessed Carter selling suboxone strips at the Haven of Rest. 

 The jury convicted Carter on all three counts and the court sentenced him to 97 months in 

prison plus restitution for the damage to the apartment complex. Carter now appeals and the 

crux of this appeal concerns the district court’s admission of the 404(b) evidence. 

II.

 While we generally review evidentiary issues for abuse of discretion, there is an on-going 

dispute in this circuit concerning the proper standard of review of Rule 404(b) evidence. 

See United States v. Clay, 667 F.3d 689, 703 (6th Cir. 2012) (Kethledge, J., dissenting) (noting 

the “longstanding intra-circuit conflict regarding the appropriate standard of review for 

evidentiary decisions under Rule 404(b)”); see also United States v. Chalmers, 554 F. App’x 

440, 449 (6th Cir. 2014) (noting the “disagreement in this circuit as to the standard of review for 

evidentiary questions under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)”). But, because Carter prevails 

under either standard, de novo or abuse-of-discretion, we need not resolve this issue here. 

 Under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not 

admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person 

acted in accordance with the character,” but “[t]his evidence may be admissible for another 

purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, 

absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” In deciding the admissibility of Rule 404(b) evidence, 

the district court employs a three-step process in which it must determine whether: 
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 4 

(1) the “other act” actually occurred, 

(2) the evidence is offered for a permissible purpose, and 

(3) its probative value is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. 

United States v. De Oleo, 697 F.3d 338, 343 (6th Cir. 2012). One permissible purpose (the one 

at issue in this appeal) is proof of specific intent. See United States v. Johnson, 27 F.3d 1186, 

1192 (6th Cir. 1994) (explaining that “where the crime charged is one requiring specific intent, 

the prosecutor may use 404(b) evidence to prove that the defendant acted with the specific 

intent”). But “[t]o determine if evidence of other acts is probative of intent, we look to whether 

the evidence relates to conduct that is substantially similar and reasonably near in time to the 

specific intent offense at issue.” United States v. Haywood, 280 F.3d 715, 721 (6th Cir. 2002) 

(quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Ray, 549 F. App’x 428, 433 (6th Cir. 2013). 

 At the pre-trial hearing in this case, the district court questioned the prosecutor critically 

about the proffered 404(b) evidence, eventually homing in on the question: “How does intent to 

distribute [other drugs] establish intent to join a conspiracy to manufacture 

[methamphetamine]?” 

Prosecutor: We just believe that it shows in this situation that he [Carter] did 

have the requisite intent to join this conspiracy involving 

controlled substances. 

 As I said earlier, there will be testimony from the witnesses 

that [Carter] intended to split the proceeds of the, of the 

methamphetamine that was distributed, although concededly he is 

not charged with actual distribution, it is a manufacturing charge. 

So I understand your honor’s concerns. 

Court: In fact, you told me that the testimony from the coconspirators 

would be that the motivation for manufacturing it was to obtain it 

for personal use. 

Prosecutor: They were each going to obtain one gram of methamphetamine, 

and Mr. Carter was going to sell the rest of the methamphetamine 

and split the proceeds with the people involved in this conspiracy. 

Court: So there will be proof that he distributed methamphetamine? 

Prosecutor: Yes, Mr. Carter was going to split the methamphetamine and split 

the money. 

Court: . . . [E]ven though conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine is 

a specific intent crime, Mr. Carter is not charged with any intent to 
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 5 

distribute, nor is the government required to prove any intent to 

distribute; and that’s the troubling thing here. 

 . . . 

 [But] there’s a Sixth Circuit case . . . a mail and wire fraud 

case, of all things, where the government was allowed to introduce 

proof of drug dealings to prove specific intent; and the Sixth 

Circuit said, that’s okay, the government can do that because [it] 

has to prove specific intent; and so they admitted evidence of drug 

deals involving the defendant upon a prior occasion for the purpose 

of showing his specific intent in this mail and wire fraud case. 

 . . . 

 And the interesting thing about this case, which is United 

States v. Bilderbeck, 163 F.3d 971 [(6th Cir. 1999)], the interesting 

thing about this case is that the defendant offered to stipulate the 

specific intent, and the court said that notwithstanding the fact that 

the defendant didn’t intend to put specific intent at issue – the 

defense in that case was lack of possession – the government still 

had to prove it as an element of the offense, and so the Sixth 

Circuit permitted it . . . and [as for the question of] whether or not 

the probative value of that evidence is substantially outweighed by 

the danger of unfair prejudice, . . . the Sixth Circuit said it was not. 

 . . . 

 Given that a conspiracy to manufacture is a specific intent 

crime, the government is required to prove Mr. Carter’s specific 

intent to join this conspiracy willfully, with knowledge of its 

unlawful purpose, so specific intent is something that the 

government has to prove here. Mr. Carter’s specific intent to 

distribute a controlled substance on a prior occasion relatively 

close in time is, therefore, in my view probative on the issue of his 

specific intent in this case. 

 That’s not the end of the inquiry though. Just because the 

government is permitted to introduce the evidence under rule 

404(b) for that purpose does not mean automatically that it will be 

admitted. The court still has to determine whether or not the 

probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 

prejudice or confusion of a jury. . . . 

 . . . 

 . . . Proof of prior distribution of controlled substances 

other than those charged in the indictment is probative on the issue 

of Mr. Carter’s specific intent to join this conspiracy with 

knowledge of its unlawful purpose; and although it is a close 

question, I find that the probative value of that evidence is not 

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice under 

the circumstances of this case, so the evidence of prior acts of 

distribution, which are similar in nature in that they involve drug 
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 6 

offenses as does this case, and relatively close in time in that they 

occurred within an eight month period prior to the acts alleged in 

this case, then are admissible. 

[R.115 at pp. 17-25.] To summarize: the court established from the prosecutor the evidence that 

the other act actually took place, and relying on Bilderbeck, decided both that the evidence was 

admissible for a proper purpose and that the probative value was not substantially outweighed by 

unfairly prejudicial effect; thus, it declared the evidence admissible. 

 However, it bears immediate mention that Bilderbeck was not a “mail and wire fraud 

case.” Rather, the government charged Bilderbeck with attempting to possess and distribute 

cocaine, and offered evidence of his prior drug deals to show that Bilderbeck had the specific 

intent to possess and distribute on the occasion in question. Bilderbeck, 163 F.3d at 977. 

Bilderbeck had offered “to stipulate that he intended to attempt to possess the cocaine,” id., and 

we held that the prosecutor may introduce 404(b) evidence to prove specific intent even when 

the defendant stipulates to that intent. Id. (quoting Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 

(1997), for the principle that “the prosecution is entitled to prove its case free from a[] 

defendant’s option to stipulate the evidence away”). We did not hold that the prosecutor may 

introduce “evidence of drug deals involving the defendant []on a prior occasion for the purpose 

of showing his specific intent in a mail and wire fraud case.” Bilderbeck does not support that 

proposition. In fact, we identified no case that supports that proposition, nor has the government 

pointed us to any such case. 

 We have, however, held repeatedly that mere possession of a controlled substance is not 

sufficiently similar to distribution to be probative of a specific intent to distribute controlled 

substances, even though both are obviously controlled-substance offenses. See, e.g., United 

States v. Bell, 516 F.3d 432, 443-44 (6th Cir. 2008); Haywood, 280 F.3d at 721-22; United States 

v. Miller, 562 F. App’x 272, 284 (6th Cir. 2014). In Bell, we made it clear that “our cases have 

only found such [‘other act’] evidence probative of present intent . . . when the prior [acts] were 

part of the same scheme or involved a similar modus operandi as the present offense”; to hold 

otherwise would be to “employ[] the very kind of reasoning–i.e., once a drug dealer, always a 

drug dealer–which 404(b) excludes.” Bell, 516 F.3d at 443-44 (citing cases). 
No. 14-5276 United States v. Carter Page 7 

 Here, the prosecutor did not charge Carter with distribution or conspiracy to distribute; 

she charged him with conspiracy to manufacture. While both crimes require proof of intent, we 

find no authority to support the proposition that the intent to distribute suboxone strips, an 

entirely different drug from methamphetamine, in an unrelated venture is probative of a specific 

intent to join a conspiracy to manufacture homemade methamphetamine. Even accepting that 

both criminal acts occurred, these two acts do not involve a similar modus operandi and are not 

otherwise sufficiently similar to satisfy Rule 404(b) as we have applied it in our precedent. 

Consequently, the district court should not have admitted the “other act” evidence. 

 A district court abuses its discretion when it applies the wrong legal standard or 

misapplies the correct legal standard, First Tech. Safety Sys., Inc. v. Depinet, 11 F.3d 641, 647 

(6th Cir. 1993), such that we are left with “a definite and firm conviction that the trial court 

committed a clear error of judgment,” Harlamert v. World Finer Foods, Inc., 489 F.3d 767, 773 

(6th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). That is the situation here with respect to the admission of the 

404(b) evidence. 

 While Carter raised two other claims of error on appeal, our decision on this first issue 

resolves the appeal. Therefore, we decline to address the other two issues at this time. 

III.

 For all of the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of conviction and 

REMAND to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.