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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

Civil Action No. 19-1502 (TSC) 

HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENSE CENTER,

Plaintiff,

v.

UNITED STATES PARK POLICE,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Plaintiff Human Rights Defense Center (“HRDC”) sued the United States Park Police 

(“Park Police”) under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, et seq., seeking 

to compel disclosure of records responsive to requests submitted by HRDC to Park Police. 

Compl., ECF No. 1. The parties have cross-moved for summary judgment. See ECF Nos. 23, 

25. For the reasons set forth below, the court will GRANT Defendant’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment, ECF No. 23, and DENY Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 25. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. HRDC’s FOIA Request

HRDC is an organization “dedicated to public education, prisoner education, advocacy, 

and outreach to support the rights of prisoners and to further basic human rights.” Compl. at ¶ 5. 

HRDC publishes and distributes books, magazines, and law journals about related topics, 

including prisons, jails and other detention facilities, prisoners’ rights, and court rulings. Id. at 

¶ 7. Park Police is a law enforcement agency with jurisdiction in all federal parks. Id. at ¶ 12. 

Park Police officers have arrest authority in California, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, 

Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Id. at ¶ 13. 
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On December 12, 2018, HRDC sent Park Police a FOIA request for records of litigation 

against Park Police. Id. at ¶ 14. Specifically, HRDC requested: 

“1. Records, regardless of physical form or characteristics, sufficient to show for 

all claims or lawsuits brought against the U.S. Park Police and/or any of its agents 

or employees in which payments totaling $1,000 or more were disbursed from 

January 1, 2010 to the present:

• The name of all parties involved; 

• The case or claim number; 

• The jurisdiction in which the case or claim was brought (e.g., U.S. 

District Court for the District of Columbia, D.C. Superior Court, etc.);

• The date of resolution; 

• The amount of money involved in the resolution and to whom it was 

paid.

2. For each case or claim detailed above: 

• The complaint or claim form and any amended versions; 

• The verdict form, final judgment, settlement agreement, consent 

decree, or other paper that resolved the case.” Id. at ¶ 15. 

Having received no response to the December 12, 2018 FOIA request, HRDC sent the 

same request to Park Police via the Department of the Interior’s online portal. Id. at ¶ 17. On 

March 4, 2019, Charis Wilson, a National Park Service FOIA Officer, sent HRDC an email 

indicating that the March 1, 2019 FOIA request had been received and was routed for 

processing. Id. at ¶ 19. When HRDC filed its complaint on May 23, 2019, Park Police had not 

yet responded to the FOIA request. Id. at ¶ 21. 

B. Negotiations

On September 5, 2019, Park Police filed an answer, and the court ordered the parties to 

meet and confer. Answer, ECF No. 9; 9/5/2019 Minute Order. Between October 7, 2019 and 

September 28, 2020, the parties submitted several Joint Status Reports. ECF Nos. 11,12, 14–18. 

As a result of the parties’ meet and confer discussions, HRDC narrowed the scope of its FOIA 

request as follows:
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• (a) excluding all records of an automobile accident (personal or property 

injury) under $50,000;

• (b) excluding all records of Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) claims 

premised on worker’s compensation or pay calculation benefits (but including 

EEO discrimination claims); and

• (c) excluding any category of claim where the relief sought or rendered is 

under $3,000. See ECF No. 11 at ¶ 4.

On September 13, 2019, Park Police released all records responsive to HRDC’s modified 

request, except for EEO records. 9/28/2020 Joint Status Report, ECF No. 18 at ¶ 2. Park Police 

asserted that it “completed its search and review of relevant EEO records and produced all nonexempt EEO records to HRDC by letter dated October 18, 2019.” Id. In addition, it stated that it 

“inadvertently released two claimants’ names” and asked HRDC to agree to destroy any copies

referencing the claimants and not disseminate their names. Def.’s Reply at 6, ECF No. 27; Decl. 

¶ 29.

When the parties filed their most recent joint status report, they indicated that they had 

exhausted efforts to narrow the areas of disagreement through the meet and confer process and 

the remaining issues required briefing and court resolution. 9/28/2020 Joint Status Report ¶ 7. 

By the time Park Police moved for summary judgment, the parties had narrowed the questions 

concerning withholdings and the issues for summary judgment briefing to the following: (a) the 

names of claimants withheld with respect to fourteen EEO complaints and three tort matters 

pursuant to Exemption 6, including the inadvertent disclosure of a claimant’s name that Park 

Police contends should be subject to a claw back; and (b) the names of police officers withheld 

pursuant to Exemption 6 with respect to the three tort matters. Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 3. 

After reviewing Park Police’s motion, HRDC decided not to challenge the redactions on the 

EEO claims. Pl.’s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 2. 
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Now the court must decide whether, under Exemption 6, the government may redact the 

identities of claimants and police officers in three tort claims: 1) an assault by a Park Police 

sergeant on a visitor to the Lincoln Memorial, which resulted in a $17,500 settlement; 2) a Park 

Police SWAT team’s forcible entry into a residence, which resulted in a $13,500 settlement; and 

3) the ejection of a member of the public from a D.C. Taxicab Commission meeting, which 

resulted in a $15,000 settlement. Id. The court must also decide whether to order HRDC to 

return the two inadvertently disclosed records. Id. at 8.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

A. Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex 

Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment “bears the 

heavy burden of establishing that the merits of his case are so clear that expedited action is 

justified.” Taxpayers Watchdog, Inc., v. Stanley, 819 F.2d 294, 297 (D.C. Cir. 1987). FOIA

cases are typically and appropriately resolved on motions for summary judgment. See Brayton v.

Off. of the U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Agencies bear the burden of 

justifying the withholding of any records, as FOIA requires a “strong presumption in favor of 

disclosure.” Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991). The court therefore analyzes all 

underlying facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the FOIA requester, even where the 

requester has moved for summary judgment. See Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. FDA, 

185 F.3d 898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

In a FOIA case, a district court reviewing a motion for summary judgment conducts a de 

novo review of the agency’s assertion of any of FOIA’s statutory exemptions to withhold 

requested information, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), and the responding federal agency bears the 
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burden of showing that the requested records fall within the exemption claimed. See Reporters 

Committee for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 357 (D.C. Cir. 2021). 

B. FOIA

FOIA was enacted to allow public access to government documents. See Waterman v. 

IRS, 61 F.4th 152, 156 (D.C. Cir. 2023). Although the statute favors disclosure, it also exempts 

nine categories of records from the general presumption of mandatory disclosure for 

confidentiality and privacy reasons. See NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 

220-21 (1978); 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). 

In cases regarding the applicability of certain FOIA exemptions, agencies may rely on 

supporting declarations that are reasonably detailed and non-conclusory. See, e.g., ACLU v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011); Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 

257 F.3d 828, 838 (D.C. Cir. 2001). “If an agency’s affidavit describes the justifications for 

withholding the information with specific detail, demonstrates that the information withheld 

logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is not contradicted by contrary evidence in the 

record or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith, then summary judgment is warranted on the 

basis of the affidavit alone.” ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619. But a motion for summary judgment 

should be granted in favor of the FOIA requester where “an agency seeks to protect material 

which, even on the agency’s version of the facts, falls outside the proffered exemption.”

Coldiron v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 310 F. Supp. 2d 44, 48 (D.D.C. 2004) (quoting Petroleum Info. 

Corp. v. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1433 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).

III. ANALYSIS

A. FOIA Exemption 6

Exemption 6 permits an agency to withhold “personnel and medical files and similar 

files” when the disclosure of such information “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion 
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of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). The court must pursue two lines of inquiry to 

determine whether Park Police has met its burden to show that the information HRDC seeks is 

properly withheld under Exemption 6. Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep’t of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 

1228 (D.C. Cir. 2008). First, it must decide whether the withheld information constitutes

personnel, medical, or “similar” files covered by Exemption 6. Id. If it does, the court must 

determine whether disclosure “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal 

privacy.” Id. Second, the court must “balance the private interest involved (namely, the 

individual’s right of privacy) against the public interest (namely, the basic purpose of [FOIA], 

which is to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny).” Horowitz v. Peace Corps, 428 

F.3d 271, 278 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

Under Exemption 6, a privacy interest must be “substantial, as opposed to de minimis.” 

Consumers’ Checkbook Ctr. for the Study of Servs. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 554 

F.3d 1046, 1050 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 

873, 874 (D.C. Cir. 1989)). The Supreme Court has clarified that Exemption 6 is “directed at 

threats to privacy more palpable than mere possibilities,” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 

352, 381 n.19 (1976), and the D.C. Circuit requires the responding agency to show a “substantial 

probability that the disclosure will lead to the threatened invasion.” People for the Am. Way 

Found. v. Nat’l Park Serv., 502 F. Supp. 2d 284, 304 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of 

Retired Fed. Emps. v. Horner, 879 F.2d 873, 878 (D.C. Cir. 1989)); see also Stonehill v. IRS, 534 

F. Supp. 2d 1, 12 (D.D.C. 2008) (ordering release of an IRS agent’s name because defendant 

only provided generic and conclusory explanations as to why it should be withheld); Hooker v. 

U.S. HHS, 887 F. Supp. 2d 40, 60–61 (D.D.C. 2012) (“By merely asserting in conclusory terms 
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that disclosure of [ ] information would constitute an invasion of privacy ... defendants have 

failed to articulate a substantial privacy interest”).

Courts consider the context of the requested information in determining the level of 

privacy interest. Prison Legal News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see also

U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 176 n.12 (1991) (emphasizing that when courts weigh 

whether to disclose a list of names they should consider “the characteristic(s) revealed by virtue 

of being on the particular list, and the consequences likely to ensue.”). In Ray, the Supreme 

Court found a substantial privacy interest in the names of Haitian nationals who cooperated with 

a federal investigation of Haiti because disclosure could subject them to retaliatory action and 

“embarrassment in their social and community relationships.” 502 U.S. at 176.

The “clearly unwarranted” language requires a “balancing of interests between the 

protection of an individual’s private affairs from unnecessary public scrutiny, and the 

preservation of the public’s right to governmental information.” Lepelletier v. FDIC, 164 F.3d 

37, 46 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). “The only relevant 

public interest in the FOIA balancing analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of the 

information sought would ‘she[d] light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or 

otherwise let citizens know what their government is up to.’” Id. (quoting U.S. Dep’t of Defense 

v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth., 510 U.S. 487, 497 (1994)).

Courts have generally found that government employees and officials, especially law 

enforcement personnel, have a privacy interest in protecting their identities that outweighs the 

public interest because disclosure “could subject them to embarrassment or harassment in the 

conduct of their official duties and personal affairs.” Moore v. Bush, 601 F. Supp. 2d 6, 14 

(D.D.C. 2009) (finding that Exemption 6 protected FBI employees’ names because disclosure
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could subject them to harassment and plaintiff did not articulate any public interest that would be 

served by disclosure); see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 449 F.3d 141, 152–

53 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (finding that Exemption 6 permitted the FDA to withhold the names of 

employees who approved an abortion drug, explaining disclosure might subject employees to

abortion-related violence and would not reveal whether the drug had health risks);. Likewise, 

courts have held that private citizens’ privacy interest in protecting their identities outweighs the 

public’s interest in disclosure. See Carter, Fullerton & Hayes LLC v. FTC, 520 F. Supp. 2d 134, 

145 n.4 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding that any public interest in complaints to the FTC “is not fostered 

by disclosure of information about private citizens that is accumulated in [FTC] files but that 

reveals little or nothing about [the] [A]gency’s own conduct.”); Kidd v. Dep’t of Justice, 362 

F.Supp.2d 291, 297 (D.D.C. 2005) (“Providing personal identifying information commonly 

found in constituent letters [to Congresspersons] does not advance the purpose of FOIA and, as 

such, may be withheld from FOIA requests.”); Voinche v. FBI, 940 F.Supp. 323, 329–30 (D.D.C.

1996) (“There is no reason to believe that the public will obtain a better understanding of the 

workings of various agencies by learning the identities of ... private citizens who wrote to 

government officials.”).

Here, the threshold inquiry is satisfied because Park Police seeks to withhold the names 

of claimants and police officers involved in three settlements. See Judicial Watch, Inc., 449 F.3d 

141 at 152 (finding that personnel, medical, or “similar” files covered by Exemption 6 can 

“include tiny bits of personal information, such as names and addresses”). It is also clear that 

both the claimants and officers possess a privacy interest in their identities. See Moore, 601 F. 

Supp. 2d at 14; Voinche, 940 F.Supp. at 329-30.
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Park Police argues that disclosing the names would constitute “an unwarranted invasion 

of personal privacy” for both claimants and officers because of the nature of the tort claims, all 

of which appear to involve officers using force on private citizens. See Vaughn Index at 13–15, 

ECF No. 23-8. They contend that disclosing the claimants’ names could result in

embarrassment, harassment, and undue public attention. Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at9. While

Park Police does not explain how these potential threats to privacy are “more palpable than mere 

possibilities,” Rose, 425 U.S. at 381 n.19, the court acknowledges that there well may be some 

members of the public who seek to harm and/or harass those who bring claims against police 

officers.

Likewise, Park Police argues that disclosing the accused officers’ names could also result 

in threats to their personal privacy but does not explain how these threats are “more palpable 

than mere possibilities.” Id. Unlike in Judicial Watch, Park Police does not identify any harm or 

violence the officers will face as a result of disclosure. 449 F.3d at 152–53. However, the court 

acknowledges that the allegations against the officers were never proven in a judicial proceeding,

and that disclosing their names may lead the public to infer that the officers engaged in 

wrongdoing, which could result in retaliation, embarrassment, harassment, and undue public 

attention. Consequently, in applying the balancing test, the court will assume that disclosure of 

both the claimants’ and officers’ names would be an invasion of personal privacy. 

HRDC argues that the public has an interest in knowing which claimants were hurt by 

police officers and received compensation in settlements. See Pl.’s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. at 4, 

ECF 25. Park Police counters that the alleged public interest is de minimis because “the 

settlements are relatively small, no allegations have been proven, and all other information 

related to the claims has been provided.” Def.’s Reply at 6. The court finds that the claimants’ 
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privacy interest in protecting their identities outweighs the alleged public interest because 

disclosing the names would reveal little or nothing about Park Police’s conduct and would not 

assist the public in better understanding the workings of the agency. See Carter, Fullerton & 

Hayes LLC, 520 F. Supp. at 145 n.4; Voinche, 940 F.Supp. at 329–30.

HRDC further argues that the public has a strong interest in knowing exactly which 

officials were involved in allegedly wrongful conduct, such as excessive force. See Pl.’s Cross 

Mot. for Summ. J. at 7. Park Police responds that because the accused officers are “relatively 

low-ranking law enforcement officer[s],” disclosure would negatively impact the officers’ 

privacy interests and have only a de minimis public benefit, especially because the allegations 

against them were not proven. Vaughn Index at 13–15. Park Police also noted that the officers

were still employed at the Park Service when it submitted the Vaughn index in 2021. Id.

The D.C. Circuit has held that identifying employees who repeatedly engage in tortious 

or discriminatory conduct will shed light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties, 

further the public interest in ensuring that disciplinary measures imposed are adequate, hold bad 

actors accountable, and help root out misuse of public funds. Prison Legal News, 787 F.3d at 

1151 (internal citations and quotations omitted) (finding that an agency did not provide sufficient 

explanations for applying Exemption 6, declining to engage in balancing test, and remanding 

case to the district court). HRDC argues that identifying the police officers involved in these tort 

claims will reveal whether the officers are repeat offenders, how much taxpayer money has been 

used to resolve the claims against them, and whether they continue to be employed by Park 

Police. See Pl.’s Cross Mot. at 7. They point out that several police officers in other cities who 

had use of force complaint histories later killed private citizens while on duty. Id. (citing Derek 

Chauvin, Garrett Rolfe, and Jason Van Dyke, who were all charged with fatally shooting black 
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citizens). Yet the tort incidents at issue here, which did not result in fatalities, are not 

comparable to the police-involved murders HRDC cites. In addition, most of the information 

HRDC believes will be revealed by disclosing the officers’ names has already been disclosed. 

For example, Park Police disclosed the amount of each settlement, the relative low rank of the 

officers, and that the officers are still employed with the agency. Vaughn Index at 13–15. This

information on its own, without the officers’ names, fulfills the basic purpose of FOIA, which is

to “ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to 

check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to the governed.” NLRB, 437 

U.S. at 242. Thus, the court concludes that the officers’ privacy interest in protecting their 

identities outweighs the public’s interest in disclosure, which would reveal little more about Park 

Police’s conduct than what has already been disclosed and would not assist the public in better 

understanding the workings of the agency. See Carter, Fullerton & Hayes LLC, 520 F. Supp. at 

145 n.4; Voinche, 940 F.Supp. at 329–30.

B. Claw Back

Park Police claims it inadvertently disclosed the names of two claimants and seeks to 

claw back the names, demanding that HRDC return and not disseminate documents containing 

the names. See Def.’s Reply at 6. FOIA does not provide for the compelled return or destruction 

of inadvertently produced documents. See generally 5 U.S.C. § 552. “Nevertheless, federal 

courts have long ‘understood that certain implied powers must necessarily result to our Courts of 

justice from the very nature of their institution,’ which ‘are governed not by rule or statute but by 

the control necessarily vested in courts to manage their own affairs so as to achieve the orderly 

and expeditious disposition of cases.’” Wilson v. Fed. Commc’ns Comm’n, No. 21-CV-895-

RMM, 2022 WL 4245485, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 15, 2022) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 
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501 U.S. 32, 43 (1991)). Courts have used that implied power to bar dissemination of 

information inadvertently disclosed in FOIA proceedings, especially if the information is 

covered by an exemption. See, e.g., Wilson, 2022 WL 4245485 at *16 (ordering plaintiff not to 

disclose, disseminate, or make use of the inadvertent disclosure pending further briefing and 

resolution of the propriety of agency’s withholding); Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. Food 

& Drug Admin., 953 F. Supp. 400, 404 (D.D.C. 1996) (ordering plaintiff not to disseminate 

inadvertently disclosed information to “balance the scale”). A federal court’s implied power 

remains “limited by the necessity giving rise to its exercise,” however, and its use must be “a 

reasonable response to the problems and needs that provoke it.” Degen v. United States, 517 

U.S. 820, 823–24, 829 (1996). 

As discussed previously, the claimants’ names are covered by Exemption 6, and there is 

no discernible public interest in having the names of private citizens disclosed. Accordingly, the 

court will use its implied powers, as set forth in Wilson, to order HRDC not to disclose, 

disseminate, or make use of the claimants’ names.

IV. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, the court concludes Park Police may withhold the claimants’ names 

and the accused officers’ names under Exemption 6. The court will grant Defendant’s Motion 

for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 23, and deny Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF 

No. 25. 

Date: August 29, 2023

Tanya S. Chutkan

TANYA S. CHUTKAN

United States District Judge