#### JAMES A. BECHTLER, Administrator of the Estate of CYNTHIA BECHTLER, v. B. MARTIN BRACKEN and GIBSON ICE CREAM COMPANY.

(Filed 27 November, 1940.)

1. Trial § 22b—

Upon motion to nonsuit, all tbe evidence tending to support plaintiffs cause of action is to be considered in tbe light most favorable to plaintiff, and he is entitled to tbe benefit of every reasonable intendment thereon and every reasonable inference therefrom. C. S., 567.

2. Negligence § 5—

It is not required that the negligence of defendant be the sole proximate cause of the injury in order to hold defendant liable therefor, it being sufficient if defendant’s negligence is one of the proximate causes.

3. Same — Negligence is proximate cause if it creates situation of peril from which injury of nature produced could have been reasonably anticipated.

It is not required that the negligent act of defendant itself inflict the injury, it being sufficient if defendant is guilty of an act of negligence which places a third party in a position of peril so that under the circumstances injury of the nature produced could have been reasonably anticipated, and if defendant’s negligence produces the injury in a natural and unbroken sequence, defendant is not exculpated from liability for the injury even though the third party thus placed in a position of peril is also guilty of negligence constituting one of the proximate causes of the injury.

4. Automobiles § 13—

The failure of the driver of a motor vehicle to give the signal required by statute before stopping or turning on the highway, when the movement of his vehicle may affect other vehicles on the highway, is negligence *•per $e,*and when the proximate cause of injury, is actionable.

*5165. Automobiles § 18d — Whether defendant was guilty of negligence constituting a proximate cause of injury held question for jury under the evidence.

The evidence tended to show that plaintiff’s intestate was lading as a guest in a vehicle traveling south, that the driver approached a bridge along a straight, unobstructed highway at about 35 miles per hour, that as the driver entered upon the bridge, which was about 150 feet long, the highway was free of traffic except for a truck followed by several cars traveling north about 150 feet south of the bridge, that just as the driver had traversed the bridge, the truck suddenly stopped three or four feet before reaching the bridge, and that the driver of the car immediately behind the truck thereupon pulled out to his left to pass the truck, and struck the car in which intestate was riding. The evidence also tended to show that the car in which intestate was riding was being driven on its right side of the highway, and that at the time of the collision its right wheels were on the dirt shoulders, and that the left wheels of the other car were over the center on the left side of the highway. There was also evidence that the truck was not equipped with a rear-view mirror as required by statute, Michie’s Code, 2621 (275), and that the driver of the truck failed to give the statutory signal of his intention to stop. Michie’s Code, 2621 (301). *Melé:*Whether the driver of the truck was guilty of negligence constituting one of the proximate causes of the accident is a question for the jury under the evidence, and an instruction that his negligence, if any, was insulated by the negligence of the driver of the other car is erroneous.

6. Negligence § 5—

Negligence is a proximate cause of injury if it produces the injury in continuous sequence and the injury would not have occurred except for the negligent act, and if injury or harm could have been reasonably anticipated as a natural and probable result.

Appeal by plaintiff from *Grady, Emergency Judge,*at Extra 13 May, 1940, Civil Term, of MeckleNbueg.

New trial.

This is an action brought by the plaintiff, administrator of the estate of Cynthia Bechtler, against the defendants as joint tort-feasors for killing his child, the intestate, a young girl about four years of age. The defendants denied negligence.

C. M. Sloop, witness for plaintiff, testified, in part: “I live at 132 Bruns Avenue and have lived in Charlotte about 23 years. On September 2, 1939, Mr. James Bechtler and I were working for Southeastern Magnesia and Asbestos Company. On September 2, 1939, I was driving my automobile from Durham to Charlotte when we had a wreck seven miles south of Lexington on the way to Salisbury. The wreck occurred about 3:30 in the afternoon. In my automobile were Horace Shue, sitting on the front seat with me, and Mr. and Mrs. Bechtler and their daughter, Cynthia Bechtler, sitting in the back seat. The highway runs in a general north and south direction. I was going south towards Charlotte. The wreck occurred just south of the bridge. North of the *517bridge tbe road is straight for approximately 900 to 1,000 feet with a slight down-grade to the bridge; the bridge is approximately 150 feet long; south of the bridge there is about a 400-foot straightway, then a curve to the left or east, going south; on the south the grade up from the bridge is a little steeper than on the north. The highway is a hard surface of tar and gravel construction, approximately 18 feet wide with shoulders on each side from 5 to 6 feet wide. The width of the bridge is the same as the hard surface, 18 feet. As I approached the bridge from the north I saw the truck of Gibson Ice Cream Company on the south side moving in a north direction coming toward me. There were some few cars behind it; I did not pay particular attention to just how many. I entered the bridge at approximately 30 to 35 miles an hour. There was no traffic ahead of me on my side of the road nor was there any vehicle between me and the truck on its side. As I entered the bridge on the north end the truck was about 150 feet from the southern end. As I left the southern end of the bridge the truck was within 4 or 5 feet of the bridge on my left or its right side. The truck was approximately 80 inches wide, from 12 to 15 feet long and about 7 feet high. The body of the truck was of solid construction, the cab was just like an ordinary truck cab inside the edge of the body. The driver sat in the cab and just back of his head was the cab part of the truck. I do not know whether there was glass in the back of the cab or not, but he couldn’t see through it; it was an ice cream refrigeration truck. I passed a part of the truck; it was stopped or practically stopped, I did not see which. I did not see the driver give any signal indicating that he was going to stop prior to the time I got to the position where the truck was. The front of my automobile was about 4 feet past the rear of the truck at the time it was struck. At the time my automobile was struck every part of my automobile was to my right of the center of the highway. My right front wheel was off the pavement on the right-hand dirt shoulder. Just before I got to the back of the truck, Mr. Bracken’s car came right over toward my car, and I tried to miss him. Just as the Bracken car came out from behind the truck I cut to the right to try to keep him from running into me, and he struck the left front wheel and did most of the damage to the door and the rear part of my ear, and that threw me over the embankment. When the collision occurred the part of my car nearest the center line was a good 2% to 3 feet right of the center and the left front wheel of the Bracken car was over to the left of his center of the road at least 2^/2 to 3 feet. On my right immediately adjoining the road on the west side was an embankment. When the Bracken car ran into my car and my car was thrown down this embankment. After I got out of my car I came back up on the highway. The Bracken car was still right where the two cars hit, over on *518my center of the road about 3 feet; he had not moved it. It was a 6- or 7-foot embankment, but my car did not turn over. It was a coach with one door on each side. The left door was damaged to the extent that it would not stay closed, and flopped around. Cynthia Bechtler, who was with her parents in the rear seat of the car, was thrown out of the ear when it went down the embankment and the door sprang open. I was the first one to get to the child. It was within 3 or 4 feet of the ear on the left side of the car lying on some rock on the ground. I picked the child up and handed her to her father and told him to take her to the hospital. I think she was dead. . . . There were some few ears behind the truck, but I naturally noticed the truck, it being the bigger. When the front of my car was approximately 4 feet behind the truck the Bracken car came out from behind the truck onto my side of the road and hit my car. It happened so quick I did not pay any attention to whether he skidded or not and I did not hear any brakes. I couldn’t judge his speed, but I imagine a very slow rate of speed. The Bracken car did not stop in its tracks but struck the front of my car, plowed into the side of it, and did most of the damage to the back of the car. He never got upon the bridge. I did not see the driver of the truck make any signal. There is a slight grade on each side of the bridge. The pavement was dry, of asphalt construction. ... I had very little opportunity to put on my brakes. It was so sudden out from behind the truck, right in my face, and brakes were useless.”

J. L. Evans, witness for plaintiff, testified, in part: “(Mr. Bobinson: Now, if your Honor please, we want to introduce some declarations or statements made by Mr. Bracken. We concede that it would not be competent against the Ice Cream Company. — The Court: No, it would not be competent against the other defendant.) I talked to Mr. Bracken. He said he passed the ice cream truck about 3 miles down the highway, then came up the highway about 2 miles and the truck passed him, this being about a mile from the bridge where the wreck happened. Mr. Bracken stiid that he followed behind the truck for the last mile; that the truck got to the bridge and stopped in front of him; that he was too close to the truck, and rather than hit the back of the truck that he, Bracken, pulled out to the left to take a chance to pass.”

Mrs. B. Marvin Bracken, witness for plaintiff, testified, in part: “I live at 616 North Church Street, Charlotte, and I am the wife of Marvin Bracken, one of the defendants. On September 2, 1939, I was in the automobile with my husband setting on his right on the front seat. We were proceeding north. I first observed the ice cream truck when it passed our car about 2 miles south of North Potts Creek. We trailed the truck for that distance to the bridge, and I was conscious of it in front of me part of the way. I do not recall any vehicle between us and *519tbe truck. There is a curve just before you reach the bridge. We made this curve, and I was conscious that the ice cream truck was a little distance ahead of us. It was a white truck. When we were about 25 feet from the south of the bridge the truck stopped. I saw it stop. It stopped suddenly, very quickly, I was sitting on the right and did not see any signal. . . . When Mr. Bracken jerked our car out we were about 30 to 35 feet back of the truck. The truck stopped quick but I did not see it skid down the road a piece. I did not see him applying his brakes. When I saw the truck stopped we were about 30 or 35 feet behind it. When my husband put on the brakes we kept going, but our speed was less. We did not pass the back end of the truck but came to a stop with our left front axle resting on the ground about a foot across the center line.”

James A. Bechtler, plaintiff, administrator, testified, in part: “I was in the automobile driven by Mr. Sloop on September 2, 1939. Mr. Sloop, Mr. Shue and I were working on the new American Tobacco Company building in Durham and were returning to Charlotte for Labor Day. I was sitting on the right-hand side of the rear seat with my wife and baby girl, who was 4 years and 2 months old. As we were driving south and left the south end of the bridge the ice cream truck was about 3 to 5 feet from the south end. It had stopped or was practically stopped. I did not see the driver of the truck put his hand out the side of the truck or give any other signal that he was going to stop. The collision between the left front wheels of the two cars occurred about 4 feet back of the truck. The end of the truck was about the center of our ear. At the time of the collision the Sloop car was as far to the right as we could get. The left front side of the Sloop car was struck by Bracken’s left front side. To the right of our car at the south end of the bridge was a shoulder and then a slope between 5 and 8 feet high. Mr. Sloop picked up my baby; I got out on the right side of the car and did not see where she was lying. I went around the car and said ‘Give her to me.’ I thought she was living but she wasn’t breathing, it was just the blood gushing out of her nose. She had never been sick a day in her life except for whooping cough. She was extra bright and was my only child.”

On the trial in the court below, the defendant Bracken introduced evidence which we do not now consider, as he was granted a new trial. The defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company introduced no evidence.

The issues submitted to the jury, and their answers thereto, were as follows :

“1. Was the plaintiff’s intestate injured and killed by the negligence of the defendant B. Marvin Bracken, as alleged in the complaint ? Ans. : ‘Yes.’

*520“2. "Was tbe plaintiff’s intestate injured and killed by tbe negligence of tbe defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company, as alleged in tbe complaint? Ans.: ‘No.’

“3. What damage, if any, is tbe plaintiff entitled to recover ? Ans.: '$5,000.00.’ ”

Upon tbe coming in of tbe verdict, plaintiff moved to set aside tbe verdict upon tbe second issue. Tbe motion was denied, and tbe plaintiff excepted. Upon tbe coming in of tbe verdict, tbe defendant B. Marvin Bracken moved to set aside tbe verdict upon tbe first and third issues. Tbe court having denied tbe plaintiff’s motion as to tbe second issue, tbe plaintiff conceded that there was an error in tbe charge as to tbe measure of damages and consequently agreed that tbe answer to tbe third issue might be set aside; tbe plaintiff being of tbe opinion that it would be unfair to tbe defendant Bracken to set aside tbe verdict as to damages and leave standing tbe verdict on tbe first issue, conceded that tbe answer to tbe first issue might be also set aside. Tbe answers to tbe first and third issues were thereupon by consent of tbe plaintiff set aside.

Tbe judgment is as follows: “This cause coming on to be beard before bis Honor, Henry A. Grady, and a jury, at tbe Extra May 13th Civil Term, 1940, and tbe jury having answered tbe issues as appear in tbe Record, and tbe answer to tbe first and third issues having been set aside, as appears in tbe record: Now, therefore, it is hereby Considered, Ordered and Adjudged that tbe plaintiff recover nothing of tbe defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company, Inc., and tbe cause is retained for trial as to tbe defendant B. Marvin Bracken. This tbe 5th day of May, 1940. Henry A. Grady, Judge Presiding.”

To tbe signing of tbe foregoing judgment in favor of defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company, tbe plaintiff excepted, assigned error and appealed to tbe Supreme Court.

*John ÍI. Small, Jr., F. M. Redd, and John M. Robinson for plaintiff.*

*J. Laurence Jones for defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company.*

ClabksoN, J.

Tbe defendant B. Marvin Bracken is out of tbe picture. He does not appeal, as be was granted a new trial in tbe court below.

Tbe plaintiff excepted and assigned error to tbe following portion of tbe charge of tbe court below: “Whether or not tbe driver of tbe truck was guilty of a violation of tbe law of tbe State, to my mind, makes no difference in this case; and so I am not going to discuss with you whether or not be did violate tbe law in stopping tbe truck at tbe point indicated by tbe witness, because, gentlemen, tbe stopping of tbe truck bad nothing to do with *the*collision. In other words, if it hadn’t been for tbe inter*521vention of Mr. Bracken, in coming in as be did, tbe truck itself would not bave struck tbe oncoming car driven by Mr. Sloop and would not bave caused any injury to tbe child. Tbe fact that tbe operator of tbe truck was guilty of negligence, . . . if be was guilty at all, it is wbat we call ‘insulated’ negligence, ‘harmless’ negligence — it did no barm to anybody; and tbe sole proximate cause of tbe injury so far as tbe defendants are concerned was tbe negligent conduct of tbe defendant Bracken. I am, therefore, directing you gentlemen to answer tbe second issue ‘No.’ (Again reading tbe second issue): ‘Was tbe plaintiff’s intestate injured and killed by tbe negligence of tbe defendant Gibson lee Cream Company, as alleged in tbe complaint?’ I direct you to answer that ‘No,’ because tbe burden is upon tbe plaintiff to satisfy you, by tbe greater weight of tbe evidence, that tbe driver of tbe truck was guilty of some act of negligence which was at least one of tbe proximate causes of tbe little girl’s death; and tbe plaintiff has not done so, as I understand tbe law; and, therefore, it is your duty to answer that issue ‘No.’ ”

It appears from tbe record that tbe only question for this Court to determine is whether, on tbe evidence of plaintiff, tbe matter should bave been left to tbe jury as to tbe negligence of tbe defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company. We think so. Tbe often repeated rule is that tbe evidence which makes for plaintiff’s claim, or tends to support bis cause of action, is to be taken in its most favorable light for tbe plaintiff, and be is entitled to tbe benefit of every reasonable intendment upon tbe evidence, and every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom.

Tbe defendants were sued as joint tort-feasors. In 5 Amer. Jurisprudence, part sec. 345, at pp. 687-8, it is written: “Tbe rule that where two or more tort-feasors by concurrent acts of negligence which, though disconnected, in combination inflict an injury, all are jointly liable. . . . But tbe parties may be sued jointly, although tbe degree of care which each owed tbe person injured was different. They may be sued jointly notwithstanding there may exist a difference in tbe degree of liability or tbe *quantum*of evidence necessary to establish such liability. So, too, tbe fact that one was wanton and reckless and tbe other simply manifested want of ordinary caption does not prevent joint liability.”

In *Harton v. Telephone Co.,*141 N. C., 455 (461), it is said: “There may be more than one proximate cause of an injury, and it is well established that when a claimant is himself free from blame and a defendant sued is responsible for one such cause of injury to plaintiff, tbe action will be sustained though there may be other proximate causes concurring and contributing to tbe injury. In 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. (2 Ed), 495, it is said: ‘To show that other causes concurred in producing or contributing to tbe result complained of is no defense to an action *522of negligence. There is indeed no rule better settled in this present connection than that the defendant’s negligence, in order to render him liable, need not be the sole canse of plaintiff’s injuries.’ Again, on p. 496, it is said: ‘When two efficient proximate causes contribute to an injury, if defendant’s negligent act brought about one of such causes, he is liable.’ ” The above is approved in *Harvell v. Lumber Co.,*154 N. C., 262, and quoted with approval in *Wood v. Public-Service Corp.,*174 N. C., 697 (699-700). *White v. Realty Co.,*182 N. C., 536 (537-8); *York v. York,*212 N. C., 695 (703).

In *Lewis v. Hunter,*212 N. C., 504 (507), we find: “The contention of the appellant that the negligence of the defendant Spear insulated any negligence on his part, and was the sole proximate cause of the intestate’s death cannot be sustained, since the evidence tends to show that the death of the intestate was the result of the joint and concurrent negligence of the defendants Hunter and Spear. *West v. Baking Co.,*208 N. C., 526, and cases there cited.”

O. If. Sloop was the driver of the car in which the child was killed. She was on the back seat with her father and mother. Sloop’s testimony was to the effect that he was driving about 30 to 35 miles an hour when he crossed the bridge, no traffic ahead of him, and he was on his side of the road. When his car was struck by that driven by defendant Bracken “every part of my automobile was on the right of the center of the highway.”

Mrs. Bracken testified, in part: “There is a curve just before you reach the bridge. We made this curve, and I was conscious that the ice cream truck was a little distance ahead of us. It was a white truck. When we were about 35 feet from the south edge of the bridge the truck stopped. I saw it stop. It stopped suddenly, very quickly. I was sitting on the right and did not see any signal. . . . When I saw the truck stopped we were about 30 to 35 feet behind it.”

James A. Beehtler testified, in part: “As we were driving south and left the south end of the bridge the ice cream truck was about 3 to 5 feet from the south end. It had stopped or was practically stopped. I did not see the driver of the truck put his hand out the side of the truck or give any other signal that he was going to stop. ... At the time of the collision the Sloop car was as far to the right as we could get. The left front side of the Sloop car was struck by Bracken’s left front side.”

We are only considering the negligence as to the defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company. It is contended by plaintiff that, on the evidence, the defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company, through its driver and agent, violated the following rules of the road: (1) N. C. Code, 1939 (Michie), sec. 2621 (287) — Reckless Driving; (2) sec. 2621 (275) — Mirrors—’“No *523person shall drive a motor vehicle on a highway which motor vehicle is so constructed or loaded as to prevent the driver from obtaining a view of the highway to the rear by looking backward from the driver’s position, unless such vehicle is equipped with a mirror so located as to reflect to the driver a view of the highway for a distance of at least two hundred feet to the rear of such vehicle, of a type to be approved by the commissioner.” (3) Sec. 2621 (301) — Signals on starting, stopping or turning — “(a) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway before starting, stopping or turning from a direct line shall first see that such movement can be made in safety, and if any pedestrian may be affected by such movement shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding the horn, and whenever the operation of any other vehicle may be affected by such movement, shall give a signal as required in this section, plainly visible to the driver of such other vehicle, of the intention to make such movement. (b) The signal herein required shall be given by means of the hand and arm in the manner herein specified, ‘or by any approved mechanical electrical signal device, except that when a vehicle is so constructed or loaded as to prevent the hand and arm signal from being visible, both to the front and rear, the signal shall be given by a device of a type which has been approved by the department.’ Whenever the signal is given the driver shall indicate his intention to start, stop, or turn by extending the hand and arm from and beyond the left side of the vehicle as hereinafter set forth. Left turn — hand and arm horizontal, forefinger pointing. Eight turn — hand and arm pointed upward. Stop— hand and arm pointed downward. All signals to be given from left side of vehicle during last fifty feet traveled.” One driving an automobile upon a public highway is required by provision of this section to give specific signals before stopping or turning thereon, and the failure of one so driving to give the signal required by statute is negligence, and when the proximate cause of injury, damages may be recovered therefor by the one injured. *Murphy v. Coach Co.,*200 N. C., 92, 93; *Stovall v. Ragland,*211 N. C., 536, 539; *Smith v. Coach Co.,*214 N. C., 314; *Mason v. Johnston,*215 N. C., 95; *Newbern v. Leary,*215 N. C., 134.

In *Holland v. Strader,*216 N. C., 436, *Devin, J.,*for the Court, said: “Evidence that defendant stopped his car suddenly without giving the warning signal required by statute, and that the car in which plaintiff was riding as a guest, traveling on the highway in the same direction behind defendant’s car, collided with the rear of defendant’s car, causing the injury in suit, is held sufficient to be submitted to the jury on the issue of defendant’s negligence, notwithstanding defendant’s evidence that the cars were in a long line of traffic going to a football game and that the negligence of the driver of the car in which plaintiff was riding in failing to keep a proper lookout and control over the car, and in fol*524lowing too closely behind defendant’s car, was the sole proximate cause of the injury, the conflicting contentions raising a question of fact for the determination of the jury.” At p. 438, it is said: “According to the uniform decisions of this Court, the violation of a statute imposing a rule of conduct in the operation of a motor vehicle and enacted in the interest of safety has been held to constitute negligence *per se,*but before the person claiming damages for injury sustained can be permitted to recover he must show a causal connection between the injury received and the disregard of the statutory mandate. This has been the established rule in North Carolina,” citing authorities.

In *DeLaney v. Henderson-Gilmer Co.,*192 N. C., 647 (650-1), it is said: “In *Lea v. Utilities Co.,*175 N. C., at p. 463, the Court said: ‘In order to establish actionable negligence, the plaintiff is required to show by the greater weight of the testimony, first, that there has been a failure to exercise proper care in the performance of some legal duty which the defendant owed the plaintiff under the circumstances in which they were placed, proper care being that degree of care which a prudent man should use under like circumstances and charged with a like duty; and second, that such negligent breach of duty was the proximate cause of the injury, a cause that produced the result in continuous sequence and without which it could not have occurred, and one from which any man of ordinary prudence could have foreseen that such a result was probable under the facts as they existed. *Ramsbottom v. R. R.,*138 N. C., 41.’ In *Hudson v. R. R.,*176 N. C., 488 (492), *Allen, J.,*confirming the above rule, says: ‘To which we adhere, with the modification contained in *Drum v. Miller,*135 N. C., 204, and many other cases, that it is not required that the particular injury should be foreseen, and is sufficient if it could be reasonably anticipated that injury or harm might follow the wrongful act.’ *Hall v. Rinehart & Dennis Co.,*192 N. C., 706; *Boswell v. Hosiery Mills,*191 N. C., 549; *Moore v. Iron Works,*183 N. C., 438.”

We are here dealing with the negligence of the defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company. If the stopping of the truck by the driver of Gibson Ice Cream Company was negligent and it caused defendant Bracken to run into the Sloop car, it was for the jury to say whether it was a contributing cause to plaintiff’s intestate’s death. We are not analyzing the contentions as to Bracken also being a joint tort-feasor, as the question of his liability is not here on appeal. Sloop was the driver of the car. We see no evidence of any control of the car driven by Bechtler, but he and his wife and child were guests.

In *Albritton v. Hill, 190*N. C., 429 (430), we find: “This and other evidence, which we need not set out in detail, . . . tended to show a breach of more than one statute. A breach of cither is negligence *per se;*the causal relation between the alleged negligence and the injury, *525being, of course, a question for tbe jury. . . . (citing authorities). In reference to concurrent negligence we have held that where two proximate causes contribute to an injury, the defendant is liable if his negligent act brought about one of such causes. . . . (citing authorities). *We*have also held that negligence on the part of the driver of a car will not ordinarily be imputed to another occupant unless such other occupant is the owner of the car or has some kind of control over the driver.” *Gold v. Kiker,*216 N. C., 511 (517).

"We think there was error in the charge of the court below and there was sufficient evidence to be submitted to the jury as to the negligence of defendant Gibson Ice Cream Company. For the reasons given, there must be a

New trial.