NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HOWARD CLARK; MICHAEL SIMS, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v.

PERFECT BAR, LLC, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 19-15042

D.C. No. 3:18-cv-06006-WHA

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of California

William Alsup, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted February 14, 2020** 

San Francisco, California

Before: RAWLINSON and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and S. MURPHY,***

District Judge.

 

FILED

AUG 11 2020

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Stephen J. Murphy, III, United States District Judge

for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by designation.
Howard Clark and Michael Sims (Appellants) appeal the district court’s

dismissal of their putative consumer class action involving product-labeling claims

against Perfect Bar, LLC (Perfect Bar). Appellants alleged that Perfect Bar’s

packaging led them to believe that the bars were healthy when in fact added sugar

rendered the bars unhealthy. Appellants alleged that they relied on the following

deceptive claims contained on the labeling and packaging: “20+ Superfoods,”

“17G PROTEIN,” and “THE ORIGINAL REFRIGERATED PROTEIN BAR.”

Appellants also allegedly relied on two other Perfect Bar packaging statements that

referred to the creator of the Perfect Bar as a “health food pioneer.”

We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion brought under Rule

12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Dowers v. Nationstar

Mortgage, LLC, 852 F.3d 964, 969 (9th Cir. 2017). We apply the facial

plausibility standard set forth in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009). See e.g.,

Kwan v. SanMedica International, 854 F.3d 1088, 1096 (9th Cir. 2017). As a

federal court sitting in diversity, we apply the substantive law of California when

assessing standing to assert a state law claim. See Reid v. Johnson & Johnson, 780

F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 2015) (applying state law in holding that Appellant

satisfied the standing requirements under California’s Unfair Competition Law

2
(UCL), False Advertising Law (FAL), and Consumer Legal Remedies Act

(CLRA)).

Appellants adequately met the standing requirements to pursue claims under

the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. A consumer who “relies on a product label and

challenges a misrepresentation contained therein can satisfy the [UCL] standing

requirement . . . by alleging . . . that he or she would not have bought the product

but for the misrepresentation.” Kwikset Corp. v. Sup. Ct., 246 P.3d 877, 890 (Cal.

2011); see also Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1103 (9th Cir. 2013)

(recognizing that the UCL and FAL standing requirements are identical); Reid, 780

F.3d at 958 (same for the UCL, FAL, and CLRA); Klein v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc.,

202 Cal. App. 4th 1342, 1375 (2012) (same for the UCL and CLRA).

Appellants’ state law claims predicated on the theory that the bars were

mislabeled are preempted by the Nutritional Labeling and Education Act (NLEA),

the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA), and accompanying regulations. See

Hawkins v. Kroger Co., 906 F.3d 763, 769 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The [NLEA] amended

the [FDCA] to establish uniform food labeling requirements”). The NLEA

preempts all state law claims that “directly or indirectly establish any requirement

for the labeling of food that is not identical to the federal requirements.” Id.

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

3
To the extent Appellants’ claims advance the notion that Perfect Bar made

an improper health claim due to added sugar levels in the bar, those claims are not

viable. See 21 C.F.R. § 101.14(a)(1) (defining a health claim as a “claim made on

the label or in labeling of a food . . . that expressly or by implication . . .

characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related

condition”). However, the NLEA and its applicable regulations are silent on

whether sugar levels preclude a product from making health claims. See 21 C.F.R. 

§ 101.14(a)(4) (excluding sugar from an enumerated list of nutrient levels that may

preclude a product from making health claims). 

In Hawkins, we held that under the NLEA “no state may directly or

indirectly establish any requirement for the labeling of food that is not identical to

the federal requirements.” 906 F.3d at 770 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). Allowing a claim of misbranding under California law based on

misleading sugar level content would “indirectly establish” a sugar labeling

requirement “that is not identical to the federal requirements,” a result foreclosed

by our precedent. Id.1

AFFIRMED.

1Because Appellants acknowledged that their claims under N.Y. Gen. Bus. 

 L. §§ 349 (Unfair Deceptive Business Practices) and 350 (False 

 Advertising) are governed by similar standards, these claims also fail.

4