2020 WI App 38

COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN

PUBLISHED OPINION

Case No.: 2019AP488

Complete Title of Case: 

†Petition for Review Filed

KEMPER INDEPENDENCE INSURANCE COMPANY,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

ISMET ISLAMI,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.†

Opinion Filed: May 27, 2020

Submitted on Briefs: January 22, 2020

JUDGES: Reilly, P.J., Gundrum and Davis, JJ.

Concurred:

Dissented:

Appellant

ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the 

briefs of Joseph F. Owens of Law Offices of Joseph F. Owens, LLC, 

and Debra K. Reidel of Debra K. Reidel Law Offices, New Berlin. 

Respondent

ATTORNEYS: On behalf of the plaintfiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the 

brief of James M. Fredericks and Allison E. Kliner of Borgelt, Powell, 

Peterson & Frauen, S.C., Milwaukee. 
2020 WI App 38

COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

May 27, 2020

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2019AP488 Cir. Ct. No. 2013CV2875

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

KEMPER INDEPENDENCE INSURANCE COMPANY,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

ISMET ISLAMI,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Waukesha County: 

WILLIAM DOMINA, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Reilly, P.J., Gundrum and Davis, JJ. 

¶1 DAVIS, J. Ismet Islami (Ismet) appeals a summary judgment order 

in favor of Kemper Insurance Company (Kemper) denying coverage for loss of her 

home stemming from a fire intentionally set by Ydbi Islami (Ydbi), from whom 

Ismet is legally separated. The trial court ruled that coverage to Ismet was barred 
No. 2019AP488

2

under a “concealment or fraud” condition of her policy, which provides that “no” 

insured has coverage if “an” insured, whether before or after the loss, conceals or 

misrepresents any fact upon which the insurer relies or which contributes to the loss. 

¶2 The above policy provision is in play because Ydbi, in addition to 

setting the fire, lied about his misdeeds in sworn post-loss statements to Kemper. 

Ismet, who indisputably had nothing to do with the arson or Ydbi’s false denial, 

seeks to avoid what would otherwise be the coverage-defeating consequences of 

Ydbi’s lies, on three grounds. These are: (1) WIS. STAT. § 631.95 (2017-18)1

prevents denial of coverage to a domestic abuse victim based on acts of the abuser 

that cause, or instill fear of causing, physical harm to the victim; (2) because of their 

legal separation, Ydbi is not Ismet’s “spouse,” and therefore is not an “insured” to 

whom the “concealment or fraud” provision applies; (3) the policy is “several,” so 

under the principles articulated in Hedtcke v. Sentry Insurance Co., 109 Wis. 2d 

461, 326 N.W.2d 727 (1982), Ydbi’s violation of the “concealment or fraud” 

condition cannot be imputed to an “innocent insured” such as Ismet. The trial court 

rejected these arguments and granted summary judgment in favor of Kemper. We 

affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶3 Ismet and Ydbi married in 1978.2 In 1998, Ismet obtained a legal 

separation from Ydbi. See WIS. STAT. § 737.35. As part of the separation, the 

 

1

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version.

2

 The facts relevant to this appeal are taken from joint stipulations and other undisputed 

summary judgment submissions.
No. 2019AP488

3

parties entered into a Marital Settlement Agreement, in which they agreed that Ismet 

would have sole title to the home. Nonetheless, Ismet and Ydbi continued to live in 

the home together.3

¶4 For the one-year period beginning July 25, 2012, Kemper insured 

Ismet’s home, as well as listed automobiles and typical homeowner liability risks, 

through a “Package Plus” combination home and automobile policy issued to Ismet. 

The policy lists Ismet as the “Named Insured” in the declarations but also states: 

Throughout the policy, “you” and “your” means the person 

shown as the “Named Insured” in the Declarations. It also 

means the spouse if a resident of the same household.

¶5 On June 10, 2013, a fire destroyed Ismet’s home while she was 

vacationing in Europe. Kemper began an investigation to adjust the loss. Pursuant 

to a provision in the policy, Kemper conducted an Examination Under Oath (EUO) 

of both Ydbi and Ismet. Ismet and Ydbi also signed a document titled “Sworn 

Statement in Proof of Loss,” in which they attested that the fire was of “unknown” 

origin. Kemper then denied coverage for the loss, citing among other reasons a 

 

3

 Ismet submitted an affidavit and gave sworn testimony in an Examination Under Oath 

conducted by Kemper’s attorney, in which she stated that she initially sought a divorce from Ydbi 

after his 1988 conviction for sexual assault but that he would not consent to the divorce. According 

to Ismet, for religious reasons this prevented her from obtaining a divorce, and she ultimately 

pursued the alternative path of legal separation. Since Ismet and Ydbi continued to live in the same 

residence, the separation may have been a financial decision (and some of Ismet’s statements 

indicate that this was the primary consideration). Resolving the purpose behind the separation is 

not relevant to the issues on this appeal, however, and we express no opinion on this point. 
No. 2019AP488

4

violation of the following provision, which is set forth in the “Conditions” section 

of Ismet’s policy:4

2. Concealment or Fraud.

a. Under Section I—Property Coverages, with respect to all 

“insureds” covered under this policy, we provide 

coverage to no “insureds” for loss under Section I—

Property Coverages if, whether before or after a loss, an 

“insured” has:

1) Concealed or misrepresented any fact upon which 

we rely, and that concealment or 

misrepresentation is material and made with 

intent to deceive; or 

2) Concealed or misrepresented any fact and the fact 

misrepresented contributes to the loss.

Kemper also sued, seeking a declaration of no coverage; Ismet counterclaimed. 

¶6 A lengthy procedural path, which need not be recounted here, ensued. 

Both parties ultimately filed motions for summary judgment on stipulated facts. The 

parties agreed that Ydbi set the fire (by that point Ydbi had been criminally 

prosecuted for the arson). The parties further stipulated that Ydbi knowingly lied 

in his earlier statements as to his involvement in and knowledge of the cause of the 

fire, that he did so with the intent to deceive Kemper, and that Kemper relied on his 

concealment and fraud to its detriment. The parties also agreed that Ismet did not 

conspire with Ydbi, knew nothing about Ydbi’s actions, and did not engage in fraud 

or concealment in any statements to Kemper. In three separate summary judgment 

 

4

 Ismet’s policy contains two “concealment or fraud” provisions, one in the main policy 

and the second in the Wisconsin Endorsement. The trial court determined that the provision in the 

Wisconsin Endorsement controls. Although Ismet notes the differences between the two 

provisions, claiming that Kemper “without amending its Complaint ... strategically switched from 

reliance” from the main policy version to the version in the Wisconsin Endorsement, she develops 

no argument as to why the trial court might have erred in ruling that the Wisconsin Endorsement 

was controlling. Therefore, our decision rests only on an analysis of the “concealment or fraud” 

provision in the Wisconsin Endorsement, which is quoted above.
No. 2019AP488

5

hearings, the trial court granted Kemper’s motion and denied Ismet’s, resulting in a 

declaration of no coverage and the dismissal of Ismet’s claims. Ismet now appeals. 

DISCUSSION

¶7 Because this case was decided on summary judgment our goal is to 

ascertain whether the trial court correctly found that there was no genuine issue of 

material fact so as to entitle Kemper to judgment as a matter of law. See WIS. STAT.

§ 802.08(2). In conducting this inquiry we owe no deference to the trial court; 

although its analysis may be helpful, we apply a de novo standard of review. 

Summers v. Touchpoint Health Plan, Inc., 2006 WI App 217, ¶7, 296 Wis. 2d 566, 

723 N.W.2d 784. 

WISCONSIN STAT. § 631.95 Does Not Apply to the Loss in Question Because 

There is No Evidence That the Property Damage at Issue Resulted From 

“Domestic Abuse,” as That Term is Defined in the Relevant Statute

¶8 Although Ismet claims that Ydbi should not be considered her 

“spouse,” any such status is irrelevant if she is correct in her contention that WIS.

STAT. § 631.95 applies to the loss in question. Consequently, we start with this 

issue. Broadly speaking, § 631.95 contains provisions that maintain insurance 

coverage that might otherwise be excluded due to the intentional act of an insured, 

where the loss was due to acts of abuse or domestic abuse. Property insurance 

policies are expressly among the types of insurance coverages falling within the 

scope of the statute. Specifically, § 631.95(2)(f) provides that an insurer may not

[u]nder property insurance coverage that excludes coverage 

for loss or damage to property resulting from intentional 

acts, deny payment to an insured for a claim based on 

property loss or damage resulting from an act, or pattern, of 

abuse or domestic abuse if that insured did not cooperate in 

or contribute to the creation of the loss or damage and if the 

person who committed the act or acts that caused the loss or 

damage is criminally prosecuted for the act or acts.
No. 2019AP488

6

As relevant here, “domestic abuse” is defined as any of four separate actions 

“engaged in by an adult person against his or her spouse or former spouse.” WIS.

STAT. §§ 631.95(1)(c), 968.075(1)(a).5 These actions are:

1. Intentional infliction of physical pain, physical injury 

or illness.

2. Intentional impairment of physical condition.

3. A violation of [WIS. STAT. §] 940.225(1), (2) or (3).

4. A physical act that may cause the other person 

to fear imminent engagement in the conduct described 

[above].

Sec. 968.075(1)(a).6

¶9 The record does not support Ismet’s claim that this statute applies. 

Nowhere in her summary judgment submissions does Ismet suggest that Ydbi has 

ever committed any act of physical violence or sexual assault against her, or 

committed any “physical act” that would reasonably cause fear of such conduct, let 

alone that any such act resulted in the loss in question. Instead, Ismet claims that 

Ydbi’s “arson, in and of itself is the egregious act of domestic abuse in this case.” 

The relevant definitions, however, belie this contention. The statute requires 

physical harm, impairment of physical condition or sexual assault, or, barring that, 

some “physical act” that would reasonably instill fear of one of those things. 

¶10 Although it is certainly possible that arson could be tied to physical 

harm or a fear of harm—say, if it were committed while the arsonist believed the 

insured were in or near the structure—there is no evidence of that here. In fact, 

 

5

 WISCONSIN STAT. § 631.95(2)(f) applies where there is “abuse or domestic abuse.” 

“Abuse” has “the meaning given in [WIS. STAT. §] 813.122(1)(a).” That statutory section, in turn, 

deals with child abuse restraining orders and injunctions and is not relevant to our analysis. 

6

 WISCONSIN STAT. § 940.225 deals with various forms of sexual assault.
No. 2019AP488

7

there is no evidence as to Ydbi’s motive at all and no evidence that Ismet was ever 

in fear of him. There are any number of reasons why a party might commit arson. 

To suggest, without more, that Ydbi’s arson was tied to a threat of physical harm to 

Ismet would require complete speculation (especially since Ismet was in Europe 

when the arson occurred). Ismet was required on summary judgment to present 

some evidence linking the arson to physical harm or, at the very least, showing that 

the arson reasonably led her to fear such harm. The lack of such a showing causes 

her argument under WIS. STAT. § 631.95(f) to fail.7

Ydbi Was Ismet’s “Spouse” at the Time of the Loss

¶11 Ismet next argues that in light of her and Ydbi’s legal separation, Ydbi 

was not her “spouse” and therefore not an “insured” under the policy, such that any 

concealment or fraud on his part has no bearing on her coverage. The parties have 

not cited, and we have not found, Wisconsin authority on the question of whether 

parties who are legally separated are considered “spouses” under an insurance 

policy—or, for that matter, under any other contract employing that term. 

Wisconsin law, however, does consider a legal separation as something less than 

terminating a marriage. Compare WIS. STAT. § 767.35(1)(b)1., with

§ 767.35(1)(b)2.; see also § 767.35(3)-(5). Parties to a legal separation cannot 

remarry and can reconcile without having to get remarried. Sec. 767.35(4). As our 

supreme court has noted, “there are more rights and obligations remaining in the 

marriage after a legal separation than following an absolute divorce.” Herbst v. 

Hansen, 46 Wis. 2d 697, 706, 176 N.W.2d 380 (1970). 

 

7

 Because we find that WIS. STAT. § 631.95 does not apply to the loss in question, we need 

not consider whether the statute would excuse an abuser’s violation of the “concealment or fraud” 

provision, which of course was the basis for denying coverage in this case. 
No. 2019AP488

8

¶12 Ultimately, however, we do not base our decision on this fine point of 

Wisconsin family law. Rather, like the trial court, we view this as a matter of 

contract interpretation, since it is an insurance policy that uses the term “spouse.” 

Our role is to determine the meaning of this contractual term and the intent of the 

parties as objectively manifested. See Langer v. Stegerwald Lumber Co., 262 Wis. 

383, 388, 55 N.W.2d 389 (1952) (“It has been affirmed over and over again that 

secret intentions of the parties to a contract are wholly immaterial. It is not what the 

parties secretly intended, but it is what they manifested to each other by words or 

conduct that determines their rights.” (citation omitted)). 

¶13 In this case the contract—the insurance policy at issue—expressly 

characterizes Ydbi as Ismet’s spouse, and in fact his vehicle was named in the 

declarations as a covered automobile. This is not at all surprising, since Ydbi 

continued to live in the household. Ismet suggests that Ydbi’s status was simply a 

label unilaterally placed in the policy by Kemper, but she produces no evidence, 

such as her application or other correspondence, to support her tacit suggestion that 

we should reform the policy to alter its otherwise clear import: that Ydbi was 

intended to be an “insured.” To the contrary, both Ismet and Ydbi signed the Sworn 

Statement in Proof of Loss, which was submitted to Kemper and which identified 

each of them as an “Insured.” It is well settled that such “course of performance” 

evidence is relevant to contract construction. See Pure Milk Prods. Co-op v. 

National Farmers Org., 90 Wis. 2d 781, 793 n.8, 280 N.W.2d 691 (1979) (“In cases 

so numerous as to be impossible of full citation here, the courts have held that 

evidence of practical interpretation and construction by the parties is admissible to 

aid in choosing the meaning to which legal effect will be given.” (citation omitted)). 

Indeed, in other contexts the status of a legally separated party as an insured spouse 

works to the insurer’s detriment (and to the benefit of insureds)—here, for example, 
No. 2019AP488

9

there can be little doubt that Ydbi generally was covered under the policy for 

liability risks. The trial court did not err in finding that Ydbi was a “spouse” and 

therefore an “insured” under the policy. 

The Policy’s “Concealment or Fraud” Provision is “Joint,” Not “Several,” and 

Therefore Applies To “Innocent Co-Insureds”

¶14 Ismet’s final argument is that Ydbi’s conceded violation of the 

“concealment or fraud” provision should not be imputed to her. She claims that to 

do so would violate the public policy rationale of Hedtcke, 109 Wis. 2d 461. She 

further claims that such a result is warranted by the policy language. We disagree. 

¶15 We begin with a discussion of Hedtcke. In that case, Judith Hedtcke 

and her estranged husband were named insureds under a property policy covering a 

home they jointly owned. Id. at 479-81. Her husband intentionally set fire to the 

home. Id. at 480-81. Hedtcke sought coverage despite a provision of the policy 

barring coverage “if [the loss] was ‘caused, directly or indirectly, by ... neglect of 

the insured to use all reasonable means to save and preserve the property at and after 

a loss’ or if ‘the hazard is increased by any means within the control or knowledge 

of the insured.’” Id. at 480 (footnote omitted). Our supreme court noted that prior 

Wisconsin case law had denied recovery to “innocent co-insureds” in this scenario; 

the court also noted, however, that the “modern rule” was to allow for recovery. Id.

at 479, 485. Important to our analysis is the fact that these modern courts—and 

Hedtcke—based this shift on a recognition that the language of the insurance policy, 

rather than property law concepts, should control. Id. at 485 (“Courts adopting the 

modern rule focus on the contract of insurance rather than the interests and 

obligations arising from the nature of the property ownership.” (footnote omitted)). 

The Hedtcke court then determined that the policy was ambiguous as to whether the 

obligations of the insureds were “joint” (so as to allow a breach to void coverage 
No. 2019AP488

10

for other insureds) or “several” (such that any breach by one insured would not 

affect coverage for another). Id. at 487. For that reason, the court found that the 

obligations were several. Id. at 488.

¶16 To be sure, the result in Hedtcke was clearly influenced by the public 

policy rationale underlying the contractual analysis, and the court went to some 

lengths to note that its decision was consistent with, if not driven by, that rationale. 

Id. at 488-89. That public policy rationale, of course, is that innocent co-insureds 

should not be denied the contractual benefits of the insurance policies they purchase 

by the acts of another insured in intentionally causing the loss; to find otherwise is 

“[c]ontrary to our basic notions of fair play and justice.” Id. at 488. Having 

emphasized insurance policy language over property law principles in assessing 

joint versus several responsibility for complying with policy obligations, and 

finding the obligations several based on the ambiguities in the policy before it, the 

court concluded that it “need not and do[es] not decide whether an insurer may make 

the obligations of the insureds joint.” Id.

¶17 If Hedtcke were the only available case law, perhaps we could at least 

consider a different result here, given Hedtcke’s heavy emphasis on public policy 

and its expressed uncertainty as to when a policy imposes “joint” or “several” 

obligations. But Hedtcke is not the only case to guide us. In Northwestern National 

Insurance Co. v. Nemetz, 135 Wis. 2d 245, 400 N.W.2d 33 (Ct. App. 1986), we 

were confronted with a factual scenario facially similar to that in Hedtcke—Walter 

Nemetz deliberately burned down a building jointly owned with his wife Hazel—

except that the fire spread to the building next door, leading to a lawsuit and the 

question of liability coverage for Hazel. Nemetz, 135 Wis. 2d at 250-52. Although 

Hazel was eventually absolved of liability for starting the fire, the policy at issue 

contained an intentional acts exclusion that barred coverage for liability “expected 
No. 2019AP488

11

or intended by an insured.” Id. at 253. Importantly, the policy also contained a 

“severability of interest” clause stating that the policy “applies separately to each 

insured person against whom a claim or suit is brought.” Id. at 255-56. 

¶18 We noted that Hedtcke had relied on language limiting application of 

the condition at issue to “the insured,” thereby suggesting severability, while the 

Nemetz’s liability policy employed exclusionary language based on acts done by 

“an insured.” Nemetz, 135 Wis. 2d at 255-56. We concluded that use of the term 

“an” amounted to an “attempt[] to join the insureds’ obligations.” Id. at 256. We 

also concluded, however, that the severability clause rendered the nature of the 

exclusionary language as joint or several ambiguous. Id. Construing such 

ambiguities against the insurer, as required by black-letter insurance law principles, 

we concluded that the exclusion did not bar liability coverage to Hazel. Id.

¶19 The grammatically-focused inquiry that drove the result in Nemetz

(and arguably Hedtcke) continued with our decision in Taryn E.F. v. Joshua M.C., 

178 Wis. 2d 719, 505 N.W.2d 418 (Ct. App. 1993). Taryn E.F. involved a minor’s 

allegations of sexual abuse against her babysitter. Id. at 721. The minor sued the 

babysitter, his parents, and their insurer. Id. The policy contained a sexual abuse 

exclusion, which barred coverage based on “any damages ... attributable to ... any 

outrageous conduct on the part of any ‘insured.’” Id. at 723-24. Even though the 

policy also contained a severability clause, we concluded that the difference 

between “an” and “any” was sufficient to alter the result in Taryn E.F., finding that 

“[t]his language unambiguously denies coverage for all liability incurred by each 

and any insured as a result of certain conduct by any of the persons insured by the 

policy.” Id. at 724. 
No. 2019AP488

12

¶20 These cases remain good law and have been relied on over the past 

several decades to determine the fate of coverage for “innocent co-insureds.” See, 

e.g., J.G. v. Wangard, 2008 WI 99, ¶¶33, 41-50, 313 Wis. 2d 329, 753 N.W.2d 475; 

Jessica M.F. v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 209 Wis. 2d 42, 52, 58-60, 561 N.W.2d 

787 (Ct. App. 1997). And any doubt as to whether this case law applies to a 

“concealment or fraud” clause is dispelled by State Farm Fire & Casualty

Insurance Co. v. Walker, 157 Wis. 2d 459, 459 N.W.2d 605 (Ct. App. 1990). 

¶21 In Walker, this court addressed yet another situation where one of two 

insureds, Jimmy Walker, was suspected, and later found, to have intentionally 

caused a fire loss, allegedly without the knowledge of the other insured, 

Joan Mosby. Id. at 463-64. In the course of a post-fire investigation, it was learned 

that Walker was subject to an outstanding warrant in Colorado on homicide charges, 

and he was arrested. Id. at 463. At Walker’s EUO (taken while he was in jail), 

Walker refused to answer certain questions, including whether Walker was his real 

name, on Fifth Amendment grounds. Id. at 463-64. The insurer denied coverage 

to both Walker and Mosby due to Walker’s breach of the “concealment or fraud” 

clause, which stated, “If you or any other insured under this policy has intentionally 

concealed or misrepresented any material fact or circumstance relating to this 

insurance, whether before or after a loss, then this policy is void as to you and any 

other insured.” Id. at 466. Citing Nemetz, this court affirmed the trial court’s ruling 

that the clause, by its express terms, voided coverage not only to Walker but also to 

Mosby. Walker, 157 Wis. 2d at 470-71. Furthermore, this court expressly declined 

to hold that the concealment clause violates public policy, noting that to do so 

“would be to upset long-established rules of insurance contract interpretation.” Id.

at 471. 
No. 2019AP488

13

¶22 Walker largely controls the present case. The clause at issue states 

that Kemper “provide[s] coverage to no ‘insureds’ for loss under Section I—

Property Coverages if, whether before or after a loss, an ‘insured’ has” concealed 

or misrepresented a material fact on which Kemper relies and which is made with 

intent to deceive. Ismet claims that use of the word “an” as opposed to “any” puts 

this case within the holding of Nemetz and takes it out of the holding of Taryn E.F., 

where the an/any distinction, combined with a severability of insureds provision, 

became dispositive in the context of an intentional acts exclusion. See Nemetz, 135 

Wis. 2d at 256; Taryn E.F., 178 Wis. 2d at 724. This argument misses the mark. 

Here we are not dealing with an exclusion that bars coverage to “an” or “any” 

insured (or “the insured” for that matter), but rather a provision that provides 

coverage to “no insured” if an insured breaches the provision. Of at least equal 

importance, the policy in this case contains no severability clause that formed a 

critical part of the analysis in Nemetz. See Nemetz, 135 Wis. 2d at 255-56. 

Consequently, this case falls squarely within the holding of those cases, including 

Taryn E.F. and Walker, finding an insured’s obligation to be joint. See, e.g.,

Walker, 157 Wis. 2d at 470-71. Under the terms of the policy, Ybdi’s breach of the 

“concealment or fraud” provision voided coverage to all insureds. 

¶23 Ismet makes one additional argument. She claims that the language 

of the “concealment or fraud” provision is a “promissory warranty” and therefore 

subject to other policy provisions in the Wisconsin Endorsement that prevent breach 

of a promissory warranty from affecting Kemper’s obligations unless the breach 

“exist[s] at the time of loss and either ... increase[s] the risk at the time of loss ... 

or ... contribute[s] to the loss.” Ismet argues that this language effectively makes it 

impossible for a breach of the “concealment or fraud” provision to void coverage 
No. 2019AP488

14

because post-loss statements cannot exist at the time of the loss, increase the risk, 

or contribute to the loss. 

¶24 This argument, which would in effect rewrite the terms of the 

“concealment or fraud” provision to eliminate the “or after a loss” language, 

misconstrues the meaning of “promissory warranty.” The Wisconsin endorsement 

containing the language referenced by Ismet was presumably issued to conform the 

policy to WIS. STAT. § 631.11, which contains a nearly identical statutory 

requirement with respect to “promissory warrant[ies].” The term “promissory 

warranty” is generally understood to mean “[a] warranty that facts will continue to 

be as stated throughout the policy period, such that a failure of the warranty 

provides the insurer with a defense to a claim under the policy” or a “continuing

warranty.” Fox v. Catholic Knights Ins. Soc’y, 2003 WI 87, ¶29, 263 Wis. 2d 207, 

665 N.W.2d 181 (citation omitted). Promissory warranties in insurance policies 

generally pertain to commitments by insureds designed to minimize the risk of loss, 

such as a commitment that no inflammables will be stored on the insured premises 

or that the insured will maintain a night watchman. See id., ¶27. Obviously, 

minimizing a risk of loss can only occur prior to the loss. It is nonsensical to suggest 

that provisions dealing with post-loss adjustment fall into such a category. 

¶25 In short, Ismet correctly notes that “promissory warranty” is a term of 

art in insurance parlance and correctly defines the term, but is incorrect in describing 

its application to this case. The portion of the “concealment or fraud” provision at 

issue here does not involve any “continuing warranty” throughout the policy 
No. 2019AP488

15

period.8 Rather, it is an obligation to be truthful with the insurer about the cause of 

loss that arises at a specific point after inception of the policy, namely at the time of 

loss. It is enforceable per its terms. 

¶26 Although our decision results in a loss of coverage to one who the 

parties agree—and we have no reason to doubt—is an innocent insured, this court 

is not authorized to rewrite the terms of the agreed-upon policy. Nor, as we stated 

in Walker, is it the role of this court to “announce a public policy that has the effect 

of overturning long-established rules of insurance contract jurisprudence,” even if 

we felt such a policy were appropriate. See Walker, 157 Wis. 2d at 472. Rather, 

“[s]uch a step can be taken only by the state supreme court” or the legislature. Id. 

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to Kemper.

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

 

8

 For the sake of completeness, we note that the concealment provision obligates the 

insured not to conceal facts “before or after a loss.” Concealment that occurs before a loss will 

typically pertain to representations made in a policy application. Such representations are most 

properly characterized as “affirmative warranties” as opposed to “promissory warranties.” See Fox 

v. Catholic Knights Ins. Soc’y, 2003 WI 87, ¶29, 263 Wis. 2d 207, 665 N.W.2d 181, citing 

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (7th ed. 1999) (defining “affirmative warranty” as “[a] warranty—

express or implied—that facts are as stated at the beginning of the policy period. An affirmative 

warranty is usu[ally] a condition precedent to the policy taking effect.”). In any case, the 

concealment provision cannot be characterized as involving a promissory warranty, particularly as 

it pertains solely to post-loss conduct.