IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 15–1198

Filed March 11, 2016

Amended May 27, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF R.D.

R.D.,

Appellant.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Russell G. 

Keast, District Associate Judge.

Adopted person appeals juvenile court order denying application to 

unseal adoption records to identify her biological parents. AFFIRMED. 

Peter J. Gardner of Meardon, Sueppel & Downer, P.L.C., Iowa City, 

for appellant. 
2

WATERMAN, Justice.

Fifty years ago, a married couple gave up their newborn daughter 

for adoption. The adoption records were sealed. Today, we must decide 

whether the juvenile court correctly construed and applied Iowa Code 

section 600.16A(2)(d) (2015) when it denied the adoptee’s application to 

unseal those records to identify her biological parents. 

A loving adoptive family raised the adoptee, but she struggles with 

depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. She presented evidence that her 

ignorance of her biological family’s history is a root cause of her mental 

health problems and that learning the identities of her biological parents 

would assist her treatment. The juvenile court found she met her 

evidentiary burden to establish that opening the adoption records is 

necessary to save her life or prevent irreparable physical or mental harm 

to her. The district court examined the adoption records in camera,

found no relevant medical information other than her biological parents’

identities, and ruled the statute precluded release of their names. The 

biological parents have filed no affidavit or consent to disclosure of their 

identities. The adoptee appealed, and we retained her appeal. For the 

reasons explained below, we determine this adoptee failed to meet her 

burden to overcome the statutory protection for the confidentiality of the 

identity of biological parents. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings. 

R.D., now age fifty-one, was born in Iowa in 1965. R.D.’s biological 

parents consented to her adoption and waived notice of any further 

proceedings. R.D. was adopted a few days later, and the adoption 

records were sealed pursuant to Iowa Code section 600.9 (1962), which 

stated, “The complete record in adoption proceedings, after filing with the 

clerk of the court, shall be sealed by said clerk, and the record shall not 
3

thereafter be opened except on order of the court.” The adoption statute 

in 1965 contained no provision allowing biological parents to file an 

affidavit consenting or objecting to disclosure of their identities. The 

biological parents have not been contacted in the pending proceeding, 

nor have they filed any consent form or affidavit regarding their position 

on disclosure. 

R.D.’s adoptive family was loving and supportive. When R.D. 

turned six, her adoptive parents told her she was adopted. As she grew 

up, R.D. felt the “loss of [her] biological family” and “the loss of [her] own 

parents not having given birth to [her.]” Most importantly, she “felt like 

somebody gave [her] up” because they did not love her. She became

obsessed with being the “best of everything” to avoid being abandoned 

again. R.D. achieved academic success, earning advanced degrees and 

induction into Phi Beta Kappa. Today she is on the faculty teaching at a 

prestigious university in another state and has been married to a 

supportive husband for several decades. 

R.D.’s “lack of knowledge about her origins increasingly caused 

anxiety and depression.” R.D. began self-medicating with alcohol in her 

thirties. In 2007, R.D. voluntarily checked herself into the Hazelden 

Rehabilitation Center in Center City, Minnesota. During a four-week 

inpatient program, she was introduced to a twelve-step program. She 

successfully completed her course of treatment. When she returned to 

her home, she became an active member in Alcoholics Anonymous with a 

sponsor. 

In 2008, R.D. relapsed for the first time. She continued to work on 

her sobriety through Alcoholics Anonymous and with therapists, but she 

was unable to maintain prolonged sobriety. Each relapse involved 

drinking more and taking longer to regain sobriety. She missed
4

meetings, important social events, and professional deadlines during her 

relapses. 

In May 2013, R.D. began seeing G.P. Zurenda Jr., a psychiatric 

social worker, to address her alcohol abuse. Zurenda diagnosed R.D. 

with alcohol dependence, anxiety disorder, and depression. Zurenda 

administered the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test to R.D., and her score 

indicated alcohol dependence. She scheduled regular appointments with 

Zurenda. R.D. occasionally canceled her appointments because she had 

been drinking. R.D. felt she had a “hole in [her] soul.” 

In June 2014, R.D. began seeing Dr. Anthony J. Pane Jr., a 

psychologist specializing in anxiety, depression, relationship problems, 

and substance abuse. R.D. sought out Dr. Pane because almost half of 

his practice was devoted to adoptees. Dr. Pane conducted a clinical 

interview and diagnosed R.D. with depression and alcohol dependence. 

Dr. Pane viewed R.D.’s adoption as the issue underlying her substance 

abuse and depression. Dr. Pane suggested she should try to identify her 

parents. 

On August 1, R.D. wrote a letter to the Linn County District Court 

to ask for her adoption records to be unsealed. She wrote that she was 

seeking the records “due to significant medical issues, the short- and 

long-term management of which could be altered by a knowledge of [her]

family medical history.” On August 15, the district court denied R.D.’s 

request. The district court indicated that it had reviewed the file and 

found that there was no medical and developmental history or family 

medical history in the adoption record. The district court concluded that 

R.D.’s request was insufficient to warrant releasing the identities of 

R.D.’s biological parents. 
5

On March 16, 2015, she wrote another letter to the Linn County 

District Court asking the court to open her adoption records. She 

indicated that her physicians and other health care providers 

recommended that she learn the identities of her birth parents “due to 

critical medical issues related to [her] short- and long-term health.” She 

attached letters from her primary care physician, Dr. Orli Etingin, as well 

as from Zurenda, and Dr. Pane. 

Dr. Etingin’s letter stated that R.D. “has suffered from depression 

and alcohol dependence in the past.” R.D.’s episodes of severe anxiety 

affected her work, family, and personal relationships. Dr. Etingin stated

that R.D.’s “lack of information about her biologic family has impaired 

[her caregivers’] ability to care for her, and her ability to recover.” R.D.’s 

risk for diabetes, heart disease, and stroke were all increased because of 

her stress. Dr. Etingin wrote she believed “it is medically essential that 

[R.D.] be given access to family history information.” 

Zurenda wrote that R.D. had made progress since he began 

working with her in 2013. He noted that she was currently abstinent

and active in Alcoholics Anonymous. Zurenda stated that his 

“experience and extensive research shows that correctly identifying the 

etiology of one’s alcoholism is very important in improving the odds of a 

person[’]s continuing recovery from the disease.” He said that knowing 

the root of R.D.’s alcoholism was essential because she had cooccurring 

disorders—depression and anxiety. Zurenda concluded that discovery of 

R.D.’s family history was essential to treat her alcoholism. 

Dr. Pane’s letter reported that R.D. was “highly gifted [and] highly 

successful . . . with a very supportive husband and adoptive family.” 

However, he said he believed the “root of her mental health challenges” 

was her lack of knowledge about her biological parents. He “believe[d]
6

that knowledge of her history will be the breakthrough essential for her 

mental health.” Dr. Pane’s letter also stated that he was confident that 

R.D. would handle learning her parents’ identities in a “reasoned, 

sensitive and responsible manner.” 

In addition to those three letters, R.D. submitted deposition 

testimony of Dr. Pane and Zurenda regarding her need to know her 

parents’ identities.1 Dr. Pane opined that R.D. was unable to 

compartmentalize her feelings of loss from her adoption. He believed 

R.D. would resume drinking if the court refused to release the identities 

of R.D.’s biological parents. Dr. Pane described her adoption, drinking, 

and depression as links in an interconnected chain and asserted that 

R.D. would need to know the identity of her parents to maintain her 

sobriety and avoid a deep depression. 

Zurenda described R.D. as a “closet drinker” because she would 

drink in secret instead of attending to her professional obligations. 

R.D.’s drinking binges had worsened after her inpatient treatment in 

2007, but R.D. had been abstinent in recent months. Zurenda opined 

that if R.D. was unable to maintain sobriety, she would need a liver 

transplant. He also reported that R.D. described her adoptive parents 

positively. Zurenda explained that he was unable to complete a 

biopsychosocial assessment for R.D. without the identity of R.D.’s 

biological parents. He testified that R.D.’s diagnosis might change based 

on her extended family’s history. Zurenda said he was worried that if 

R.D. did not learn the identity of her parents, she would continue to 

relapse. Zurenda noted her need to know her biological parents’ 

identities was based on more than just curiosity:

1Both worked outside Iowa and were unable to testify in person at the hearing. 

 
7

I think that she’s developing the awareness that she does 

have—her alcohol abuse dependence is a true medical 

problem that she’s not being able to deal with on her own. 

Quite honestly, I think if she had her preferences, she 

wouldn’t even really be looking at the issue. It’s something 

that has to be addressed. 

Throughout his deposition, he emphasized that R.D. had a strong desire 

to quit drinking. In sum, Zurenda said: 

Addiction is a complicated calculus, and because I am very 

confident of my sense of her true desire to refrain from 

drinking, it is my informed belief that she continues to 

relapse and has over the past eight years—eight plus years 

that she’s doing that to a large degree because she’s having a 

difficult time finding a sense of self. 

This is a very high-functioning, very intelligent, very 

well-educated, very competent and self-possessed woman on 

most levels, but she keeps bumping into this 

psychological/emotional problem that keeps bringing her 

back to needing to drink, and when she falls off, she falls off 

terribly; and I really am concerned that if this question of 

where I came from—where she came from is not resolved 

that we’re going to end up having this conversation 

sometime down the road when we’re having to try and get 

these files opened because she’s going to need a match to get 

a liver transplant. 

On May 4, R.D. presented the depositions, letters, and her own 

testimony to the juvenile court. She relied on Iowa Code section 

600.16A(2)(d) (2015), which allows access to adoption records “if opening 

is shown to be necessary to save the life of or prevent irreparable 

physical or mental harm to an adopted person or the person’s offspring.”

She attributed her alcohol abuse to her sense of loss from being adopted. 

She admitted to being a closet drinker and explained that her alcohol 

dependence gave her “a lot of shame and guilt.” She testified that each 

time she relapses she gets closer and closer to a life-threatening 

situation. She asserted that her physical and mental health was at 

stake. She testified that she had not discussed with her professionals 

what she would do if she learned her biological parents’ identities, but 
8

she asserted she “would probably spend a long time trying to figure out 

the best strategy . . . and again the most caring and compassionate one 

considering that they, again . . . probably experienced their own loss as 

well.” The court asked if R.D.’s intent in opening the adoption records 

was to obtain “not specific information about the biological parents but 

the actual identities of the biological parents themselves and that that 

information is intended for treatment purposes to be directly provided to 

[R.D.] to help her address her issues.” Her attorney replied that was 

correct. 

On May 28, the court denied R.D.’s petition. The court 

emphasized that confidentiality is paramount in our adoption statutes. 

The court found that R.D. had “met her evidentiary burden, by showing 

upon competent medical evidence that opening the adoption records is 

necessary to save the life of or prevent irreparable physical or mental 

harm to the adopted person.” Nevertheless, the court denied her petition 

because her sole purpose in her petition was to learn the identity of her 

biological parents. The court noted the absence of any other relevant 

medical information in the sealed adoption records. The court 

concluded:

While the Court does not deny the existence of the 

Applicant’s need to know, it is unable to conclude that by 

overtly revealing the identities of the biological parents 

directly to the Applicant or to medical providers whose sole 

intent is to forward that information to [R.D.], that the Court 

would be acting in accordance with the clear dictates of the 

statute or the intent of the legislature. 

We retained R.D.’s appeal. 

II. Standard of Review. 

We review rulings on questions of statutory interpretation for 

correction of errors at law. In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d 794, 797
9

(Iowa 2002). We review de novo the factual issues in adoption-related 

equitable proceedings. Id. “We give weight to the juvenile court’s factual 

findings, especially as to the credibility of witnesses, but we are not 

bound by them.” In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 745 (Iowa 2011). 

III. Analysis. 

We must decide whether the juvenile court correctly denied R.D.’s 

application to open the records of her adoption to identify her biological 

parents. The privacy of adoption records implicates not only the rights of 

the adoptee, but also the rights of the adoptive parents, biological 

parents, other family members, and the state’s interest in encouraging 

adoptions. See In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 800 (“[S]ection 

600.16A is the legislature’s attempt to balance those interests. The 

balance has been struck heavily in favor of keeping adoption records 

sealed.”). R.D.’s biological parents terminated their parental rights in 

1965 and have not been given notice of this proceeding. Unlike other 

states, Iowa’s adoption statute lacks a specific provision for appointment 

of a guardian ad litem to represent the biological parents on requests for 

their identities.2 Rather, under the existing Iowa adoption statute, 

2New York’s adoption law requires the appointment of a guardian ad litem to 

represent the interest of the biological parents before adoption records may be 

unsealed. See, e.g., N.Y. Dom. Rel. Law § 114(4) (McKinney, Westlaw current through 

L. 2016, ch. 1) (requiring a court hearing a petition to open adoption records to appoint 

guardian ad litem to obtain medical information); In re Anonymous, 390 N.Y.S.2d 779, 

782 (Sur. Ct. 1976) (appointing a guardian ad litem to locate the natural parents, 

inform them of their rights, and represent and protect their interests under the 

authority of a combination of general guardian ad litem statutes); see also Mills v. 

Atl. City Dep’t of Vital Statistics, 372 A.2d 646, 654–56 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 1977) 

(exercising equitable power to require adoption agencies to determine whether the 

natural parents object to the release of information and shifting the burden of proof to 

the state to demonstrate that good cause is not present when the adoptee seeking the 

information is an adult). But see In re Dixon, 334 N.W.2d 373, 373 (Mich. 1983) 

(employing a presumption that the natural parents would oppose disclosure and 

appointing guardian ad litem for the purpose of contesting the issue of good cause). 

 
10

biological parents may file consents3 or affidavits4 stating their position 

as to disclosure of their identities. Those provisions did not exist in 1965

3Iowa Code section 600.16A(3) allows biological parents and adult adoptees to 

file a written consent to revelation of his or her identity, as follows: 

3. a. In addition to other procedures by which adoption records 

may be opened under this section, if both of the following conditions are 

met, the department, the clerk of court, or the agency which made the 

placement shall open the adoption record for inspection and shall reveal 

the identity of the biological parents to the adult adopted child or the 

identity of the adult adopted child to the biological parents: 

(1) A biological parent has placed in the adoption record written 

consent to revelation of the biological parents’ identity to the adopted 

child at an age specified by the biological parent, upon request of the 

adopted child. 

(2) An adult adopted child has placed in the adoption record 

written consent to revelation of the identity of the adult adopted child to 

a biological parent. 

b. A person who has placed in the adoption record written 

consent pursuant to paragraph “a”, subparagraph (1) or (2) may 

withdraw the consent at any time by placing a written withdrawal of 

consent statement in the adoption record. 

c. Notwithstanding the provisions of this subsection, if the adult 

adopted person has a sibling who is a minor and who has also been 

adopted by the same parents, the department, the clerk of court, or the 

agency which made the placement may deny the request of either the 

adult adopted person or the biological parent to open the adoption 

records and to reveal the identities of the parties pending determination 

by the juvenile court or court that there is good cause to open the 

records pursuant to subsection 2. 

This provision was originally enacted in 1992. See 1992 Iowa Acts ch. 1196, § 4 

(codified at Iowa Code § 600.16A(3) (1993)). 

4Iowa Code section 600.16A(2)(b) allows biological parents to file affidavits, as 

follows: 

b. The juvenile court or court, for good cause, shall order the 

opening of the permanent adoption record of the juvenile court or court 

for the adopted person who is an adult and reveal the names of either or 

both of the biological parents following consideration . . . of the following: 

(1) A biological parent may file an affidavit requesting the juvenile 

court or court reveal or not reveal the parent’s identity. The juvenile 

court or court shall consider any such affidavit in determining whether 

there is good cause to order opening of the records. 

This provision was originally enacted in 1976. See 1976 Iowa Acts ch. 1229, § 25 

(codified at Iowa Code § 600.16(2) (1977)). 

 
11

when R.D. was adopted, and we have no such filing from her biological 

parents. 

Our analysis begins with the text of the statute. In re A.M., 856 

N.W.2d 365, 371 (Iowa 2014) (“Our starting point is the statutory text.”). 

Iowa Code chapter 600 governs adoptions. The legislature provided a 

guide to construction in section 600.1:

This chapter shall be construed liberally. The best interest of 

the person to be adopted shall be the paramount 

consideration in interpreting this chapter. However, the 

interests of the adopting parents shall be given due 

consideration in this interpretation. 

Iowa Code § 600.1 (footnote omitted). Section 600.16A addresses the 

confidentiality of adoption records. Id. § 600.16A. Section 600.16A(1)

provides that adoption records “shall be sealed by the clerk.” Id.

§ 600.16A(1). The next three subsections set forth the grounds for 

unsealing adoption records. R.D. relies on section 600.16A(2)(d), which 

provides:

2. All papers and records pertaining to . . . an 

adoption shall not be open to inspection and the identity of 

the biological parents of an adopted person shall not be 

revealed except under any of the following circumstances: 

. . . . 

d. The juvenile court or court may, upon competent 

medical evidence, open termination or adoption records if 

opening is shown to be necessary to save the life of or 

prevent irreparable physical or mental harm to an adopted 

person or the person’s offspring. The juvenile court or court 

shall make every reasonable effort to prevent the identity of 

the biological parents from becoming revealed under this 

paragraph to the adopted person. The juvenile court or 

court may, however, permit revelation of the identity of the 

biological parents to medical personnel attending the 

adopted person or the person’s offspring. These medical 

personnel shall make every reasonable effort to prevent the 

identity of the biological parents from becoming revealed to 

the adopted person. 
12

Id. § 600.16A(2)(d). We have addressed section 600.16A in only one 

decision, In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 798–802 (denying 

adoptee’s motion to unseal his adoption records). In that case, the 

adoptee presented no medical evidence and relied on a different section—

600.16A(2)(b). Id. at 796. By contrast, R.D. presented medical testimony 

that the juvenile court found met her evidentiary burden under section 

600.16A(2)(d) to show revealing the identities of her biological parents is 

necessary to save her life or spare her irreparable physical or mental 

harm. The juvenile court nevertheless concluded the medical showing

alone was insufficient to surmount the court’s obligation to “make every 

reasonable effort to prevent the identity of the biological parents from 

being revealed to the adopted person.” We agree.

The juvenile court reviewed the adoption records in camera, as 

have we. The records are devoid of medical information. We must decide 

whether the medical showing of the predicted therapeutic benefit to R.D. 

of learning the identity of her biological parents outweighs the statutory 

command to protect the identity of the biological parents. Significantly, 

the first sentence of section 600.16A(2)(d) uses the permissive term 

“may,” unlike the next sentence, which uses the mandatory term “shall.” 

Compare Iowa Code § 600.16A(2)(d) (“The juvenile court or court may . . . 

open . . . adoption records.” (Emphasis added.)), with id. (“The juvenile 

court or court shall make every reasonable effort to prevent the identity 

of the biological parents from becoming revealed under this paragraph to 

the adopted person.” (Emphasis added.)); see also id. § 4.1(30)(c) (“The 

word ‘may’ confers a power.”); id. § 4.1(30)(a) (“The word ‘shall’ imposes a 

duty.”). 

Thus, the medical showing R.D. made gets her to first base, not 

across home plate. We are presented with a mixed question of fact and 
13

law as to whether R.D. is entitled to disclosure of her birth parents’

identities. We must decide this case mindful of the competing policies, 

which we review in depth below. We conclude on this record that the 

balance the legislature struck in favor of confidentiality mandates denial 

of R.D.’s application. 

A. The Evolution of the Confidentiality of Adoption Records. 

“Because English common law did not recognize the practice of adoption, 

adoption in this country is purely statutory.” In re Adoption of S.J.D.,

641 N.W.2d at 799. Adoption records were public in most states until 

the middle of the twentieth century:

At one point in the past, adoption records were not sealed. 

“[A]doption only became part of American law in the late 

nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and . . . adoption 

procedures initially established by state statutes provided 

neither for confidentiality with respect to the public nor for 

secrecy among the parties, but were subsequently amended 

to protect the parties from public scrutiny.” “In the mid1920s, there were virtually no confidentiality or secrecy 

provisions in adoption law. . . . By the mid-1930s to the 

early 1940s, there were more state provisions for 

confidentiality with respect to the general public’s access to 

court records, but still few provisions for secrecy among the 

participants.” However, “[w]ith respect to court records 

rather than birth records, contemporary evidence indicates 

that by the late 1940s and early 1950s a significant, if not a 

dramatic, shift had occurred: court records by that time were 

apparently closed in many states to all persons.” 

In re Adoption of Scott W.V., 124 A.3d 1181, 1190–91 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 

2015) (quoting Elizabeth J. Samuels, The Idea of Adoption: An Inquiry 

Into the History of Adult Adoptee Access to Birth Records, 53 Rutgers L. 

Rev. 367, 368, 374, 377 (2001) [hereinafter Samuels] (footnotes omitted)). 

The evolving confidentiality of Iowa’s adoption records has reflected

the national trend. Iowa adoption records were originally filed with real 

estate deeds and, like real estate deeds, were open to the public. See 

Iowa Code Revision of 1860 § 2602 (1860) (“[Adoption records] shall be 
14

recorded in the county where the person adopting resides in the office, 

and with the record of deeds of real estate; and shall be indexed with the 

name of the parent by adoption as grantor, and the child as grantee in its 

original name if stated in the instrument.”) (repealed 1927). Iowa closed 

its adoption records in 1941. 1941 Iowa Acts ch. 294, § 1 (codified at 

Iowa Code § 600.9 (1946)). The statute provided, “The complete record in 

adoption proceedings, after filing with the clerk of the court, shall be 

sealed by said clerk, and the record shall not thereafter be opened except 

on order of the court.” Iowa Code § 600.9 (1946) (current version at Iowa 

Code § 600.16A(1) (2015)). 

In 1976, a decade after R.D.’s adoption, the Iowa legislature 

amended the adoption statute to provide conditions for unsealing 

records. See 1976 Iowa Acts ch. 1229, § 25 (codified at Iowa Code 

§ 600.16(2)–(3) (1977)). Among other reasons, the statute, as amended,

allowed the court to open records when “necessary to save the life of or 

prevent irreparable physical harm to” the adoptee. Iowa Code 

§ 600.16(3) (1977) (current version at Iowa Code § 600.16A(2)(d) (2015)). 

The statute was reorganized in 1993 and permitted courts to also open 

records to prevent irreparable mental harm.5 1992 Iowa Acts ch. 1196, 

§ 4 (codified at Iowa Code § 600.16A(2)(d) (1993)). Although this statute

has been amended several times since 1993, there have been no 

substantive changes regarding an adoptee’s grounds to open his or her 

adoption records. See generally Iowa Code § 600.16A (2015). 

5The 1993 amendment also created a consent registry, which allowed natural 

parents to put a written consent to reveal the parent’s identity on request of the child, 

and allowed an adult child to place a written consent to reveal the child’s identity to the 

natural parent upon request. See 1992 Iowa Acts ch. 1196, § 4 (codified at Iowa Code 

§ 600.16A(3) (1993)).

 
15

B. The Importance of Confidentiality of Adoption Records. 

“Confidentiality has been and continues to be the touchstone for these 

adoption statutes.” In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 799; see also 

In re Philip S., 881 A.2d 931, 933 (R.I. 2005) (“[T]he confidentiality of the 

adoption process is deemed to be of an extraordinarily high value.”).

Today, “most states still maintain sealed records for all or most 

adoptees.” Ann M. Haralambie, Use of Social Media in Post-Adoption 

Search and Reunion, 41 Cap. U.L. Rev. 177, 177–78 (2013) (noting courts 

rarely exercise their authority to unseal records for good cause, and 

appellate courts rarely overturn denials of access, “often citing the 

privacy rights of the birth parents and even the adoptive parents”). The

confidentiality of adoption records protects different interests:

[C]onfidentiality serves several purposes. It shields the 

adopted child from possibly disturbing facts surrounding his 

or her birth and parentage, it permits the adoptive parents to 

develop a close relationship with the child free from 

interference or distraction, and it provides the natural 

parents with an anonymity that they may consider vital. The 

State’s interest in fostering an orderly and supervised system 

of adoptions is closely tied to these interests of the parties 

involved. 

In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 799 (quoting Linda F.M. v. Dep’t of 

Health, 418 N.E.2d 1302, 1303 (N.Y. 1981) (citation omitted)). 

Sealing adoption records helps promote the formation of the 

adoptive family. Adoptive parents have a strong interest in maintaining 

closed adoption records so “they may raise [the] child without fear of 

interference from the natural parents and without fear that the birth 

status of the illegitimate child will be revealed or used as a means of 

harming the child or themselves.” In re Adoption of Baby S., 705 A.2d 

822, 824 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 1997) (quoting Mills v. Atl. City Dep’t of 
16

Vital Statistics, 372 A.2d 646, 649 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 1977)). 

Confidentiality also 

protects the child from any possible stigma of illegitimacy, 

which, though fading, may still exist, and insures that the 

relationship with his or her new parents can develop into a 

loving and cohesive family unit uninvaded by a natural 

parent who later wishes to intrude into the relationship. 

Id. (quoting Mills, 372 A.2d at 649). Indeed, R.D. enjoyed a strong 

familial bond with her adoptive parents. R.D. is age fifty-one and 

testified her adoptive parents support her quest to identify her biological 

parents. However, section 600.16A applies to myriad relationships 

among adoptees of all ages, biological and adoptive parents, siblings, and 

extended families. Moreover, R.D.’s biological parents have not 

consented to revelation of their identities. 

The assurance of secrecy regarding the identity of the 

natural parents enables them to place the child for adoption 

with a reputable agency, with the knowledge that their 

actions and motivations will not become public knowledge. 

Assured of this privacy by the State, the natural parents are 

free to move on and attempt to rebuild their lives after what 

must be a traumatic and emotionally tormenting episode in 

their lives. 

Id. (quoting Mills, 372 A.2d at 649). R.D.’s biological parents presumably 

believed their identities would remain confidential when they placed her 

for adoption. See Iowa Code § 600.9 (1962) (“The complete record in 

adoption proceedings . . . shall be sealed by said clerk, and the record 

shall not thereafter be opened except on order of the court.”). While 

some biological parents who gave up children for adoption may welcome 

contact from them, others may desire continued anonymity. An 

adoptee’s contact with a birth parent can disrupt her family and 

community life. See In re Creed, 337 N.W.2d 41, 42 (Mich. Ct. App.

1983) (per curiam) (stating petitioner, who had been raped and gave 
17

resulting baby up for adoption, alleged severe emotional distress when 

her biological son confronted her twenty-one years later). 

Birth mothers filed constitutional challenges to statutory 

amendments when Oregon and Tennessee opened adoption records. See 

Doe v. Sundquist, 106 F.3d 702, 708 (6th Cir. 1997) (dismissing natural 

mothers’ constitutional challenge to Tennessee’s law opening adoption 

records); Does v. State, 993 P.2d 822, 825–26 (Or. Ct. App. 1999) 

(rejecting natural mothers’ state and federal constitutional challenges to 

Oregon’s law opening adoption records); Brett S. Silverman, The Winds of 

Change in Adoption Laws: Should Adoptees Have Access to Adoption 

Records?, 39 Fam. & Conciliation Cts. Rev. 85, 91–92 (2001) [hereinafter 

Silverman] (providing personal stories from the Oregon plaintiffs in 

Sundquist, 106 F.3d 702). A woman who placed her child for adoption

opposed unsealing adoption records in Oregon because she did “not want 

to have to tell a curious adoptee that he or she would have been aborted 

barring the danger [of an abortion], especially after four decades.” 

Silverman, 39 Fam. & Conciliation Cts. Rev. at 91. Moreover, she said 

she would “be very angry” if the child tried to contact her because “[t]he 

idea of adoption was to permanently sever the relationship with the 

child.” Id. at 92. Another Oregon birth mother placed her daughter for 

adoption because she was conceived as a result of a “terrifying brutal 

stranger rape” and said that opening adoption records would be 

committing “emotional rape.” Id.

Iowa Code section 600.16A(2)(d) protects the biological parents’ 

right to privacy. See In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 803 

(rejecting adoptee’s constitutional challenge because “[t]he right . . . to 

information asserted by adoptees directly conflicts with the right to 

privacy of birth parents to be left alone” (quoting Jason Kuhns, Note, The 
18

Sealed Adoption Records Controversy: Breaking Down the Walls of 

Secrecy, 24 Golden Gate U.L. Rev. 259, 269 (1994))). In Head v. Colloton, 

we weighed the competing interests of a terminally ill plaintiff and an 

unrelated patient who had undergone tissue typing to determine her 

suitability as a blood platelet donor for a family member. 331 N.W.2d 

870, 872 (Iowa 1983). The unrelated patient was a potential bone 

marrow donor for the plaintiff. Id. The plaintiff petitioned the court for 

access to the donor’s contact information in order to urge her to donate. 

Id. at 873. We denied his request and stated,

An individual’s interest in avoiding disclosure of personal 

matters is constitutionally based. This right is also 

recognized at common law. A valuable part of the right of 

privacy is the right to avoid publicity concerning private 

facts. This right can be as important to a potential donor as 

to a person in ill health. 

Id. at 876 (citations omitted). Other courts have noted a constitutional 

dimension to the privacy rights of biological parents who give up children 

for adoption. See Mills, 372 A.2d at 651 (“Th[e] natural parent has a 

right to privacy, a right to be let alone, that is not only expressly assured 

by the provisions of N.J.S.A. 26:8–40.1 and N.J.S.A. 9:3–31 but has also 

[been] recognized as a vital interest by the United States Supreme 

Court.”); In re Assalone, 512 A.2d 1383, 1386 (R.I. 1986) (“The natural 

parents have ‘a right to privacy, a right to be let alone,’ and the 

expectation of privacy arising from the confidentiality statute is 

constitutionally protected.” (quoting Mills, 372 A.2d at 651)); Bradey v. 

Child. Bureau of S.C., 274 S.E.2d 418, 421 (S.C. 1981) (“This expectation 

of confidentiality arising from the statute is constitutionally protected as 

a right of privacy.”). 

Finally, the State has an interest in maintaining confidentiality to 

protect and encourage the adoption process. In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 
19

N.W.2d at 799. As the South Carolina Supreme Court aptly observed, 

“we must recognize that the State’s primary concern is in maintaining an 

effective adoption procedure which serves the best interests of adoptees 

generally.” Bradey, 274 S.E.2d at 421. The Bradey court cautioned 

against overreacting to changing attitudes on the confidentiality of 

adoption records:

The primary interest of the public is to preserve the 

integrity of the adoptive process. That is, the continued 

existence of adoption as a humane solution to the serious 

social problem of children who are or may become 

unwanted, abused or neglected. In order to maintain it, the 

public has an interest in assuring that changes in law, policy 

or practice will not be made which negatively affect the 

supply of capable adoptive parents or the willingness of 

biological parents to make decisions which are best for them 

and their children. We should not increase the risk of 

neglect to any child, nor should we force parents to resort to 

the black market in order to surrender children they can’t 

care for. 

The public’s interest is relevant as much to the 

appropriate pace of change as it is to the nature of the 

change. For example, even if there was general agreement 

that adoptees should have access to otherwise sealed 

records, we must still determine whether overly rapid 

movement in that direction would undermine the goals of 

adoption itself. In addition, the public interest requires that 

more research be done to determine the effect of policy 

change on the attitudes of adoptive parents and biological 

parents. 

No one has yet shown that decades of policy protecting 

the anonymity of the biological parents and the security from 

intrusion of the parent-child relationship after adoption have 

been misguided. Quite the contrary. The overwhelming 

success of adoption as an institution which has provided 

millions of children with families, and vice versa, cannot be 

easily attacked. 

The public has a strong interest, too, in preserving the 

confidential non-public nature of the process. Public 

attitudes toward illegitimacy and parents who neglect or 

abuse children have not changed sufficiently to warrant 

careless disclosure of the circumstances leading to adoption. 
20

Id. at 421–22 (quoting In re Maples, 563 S.W.2d 760, 763–64 (Mo. 1978)

(en banc)). Accordingly, the Rhode Island Supreme Court stated, “We 

give the benefit of the doubt to the preservation of confidentiality in close 

cases.” In re Philip S., 881 A.2d at 934. Against this backdrop, we 

conclude the juvenile court correctly denied R.D.’s application to compel 

disclosure of the identities of her biological parents. 

C. R.D. Failed to Overcome the Statutory Command to 

Protect the Identities of Her Biological Parents. Our de novo review 

of the medical testimony persuades us that disclosure of the identities of 

R.D.’s parents would assist the treatment of her alcoholism and related 

depression and anxiety. She is able to maintain sobriety for periods of 

time and then relapses. Continued alcohol abuse jeopardizes her health 

and life. Her treating physician, psychotherapist, and psychiatric social 

worker identify her unsatisfied quest to discover her origins as a root 

cause of her alcohol abuse. Yet, they can offer no assurances that her 

problems will resolve upon her discovery of the identities of her biological 

parents or what will follow. 

R.D. cites a decision of a New York court allowing an adult adoptee 

access to adoption records to identify his biological parents based on 

testimony of the adoptee’s treating psychologist that “gaining such 

knowledge is a necessary element in the petitioner’s mental 

rehabilitation.” In re Anonymous, 399 N.Y.S.2d 857, 859 (Sur. Ct. 1977). 

That adoptee was “estranged from the adoptive parents who loved and 

reared him,” was “unable to distinguish fact from fiction,” and was

“suffering from ‘personality [dysfunction]’ which has made the quest for 

his true identity the single most important thing in his life.” Id. His 

biological parents, who had been contacted by a guardian ad litem 

pursuant to New York law, had consented to the release of their names 
21

and addresses. Id. at 858. The court relied on their consent in releasing 

the information. Id. at 859. Such consent is lacking here, and the Iowa 

adoption statute does not include a provision allowing a guardian 

ad litem to contact the biological parents to ascertain their position on 

disclosure. However, nothing prevents parents who give up a child for 

adoption in Iowa from subsequently filing an affidavit or a written 

consent to reveal their identities upon the adoptee’s request. See Iowa 

Code § 600.16A(2)(b)(1), .16A(3). 

R.D.’s yearning to identify her birth parents is undoubtedly shared 

by most adoptees. That yearning alone is insufficient to open sealed 

adoption records. In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 802; see also 

Linda F.M., 418 N.E.2d at 1304 (“[M]ere desire to learn the identity of 

one’s natural parents cannot alone constitute good cause.”). R.D. has 

provided the medical evidence lacking in In re Adoption of S.J.D. See 641 

N.W.2d at 802 (noting adoptee failed to offer any medical evidence). 

R.D.’s showing triggers the discretionary option for the court to open her 

records under the first sentence of section 600.16A(2)(d), but disclosure 

of the sealed information remains subject to the statutory mandate in the 

next sentence to “make every reasonable effort to prevent the identity of 

the biological parents from being revealed to the adopted person.” Iowa 

Code § 600.16A(2)(d). In some cases, the court could allow disclosure of 

medical information from the adoption records, without revealing the 

names of the biological parents. See, e.g., Iowa Code § 600.16(1)(b), (2)

(allowing adopted person over age twenty-one access to medical and 

developmental histories in adoption records with identifying information 

redacted); Doe v. Ward Firm, P.A., 579 S.E.2d 303, 307–08 (S.C. 2003) 

(appointing intermediary to review adoption files and disclose medical 

information while redacting identities of biological parents). Here, the 
22

adoption records contain no medical information, and all R.D. wants to 

know is the names of her biological parents. The juvenile court correctly 

denied that request. To hold otherwise would substantially undermine 

the statutory confidentiality assured to parents who make the painful 

decision to give up a child for adoption. 

The level of confidentiality varies from state to state, and some 

commentators favor giving adult adoptees greater access to adoption 

records. See generally, e.g., Wayne Deloney, Unsealing Adoption Records: 

The Right to Privacy Versus the Right of Adult Adoptees to Find Their 

Birthparents, 7 Whittier J. Child & Fam. Advoc. 117 (2007) (describing 

the various types of adoption record statutes and arguing “the state 

should continue to provide for the best interest of the adoptee by 

unsealing adoption records” once the adoptee reaches adulthood); 

Samuels, 53 Rutgers L. Rev. 402–34, 436 (analyzing the history of 

adoption record confidentiality in the United States, acknowledging the 

“difficult process of deconstructing lifelong secrecy,” but concluding that 

states will likely reject confidentiality to reflect societal attitude changes); 

Silverman, 39 Fam. & Conciliation Cts. Rev. at 85 (reviewing adoption 

laws, the purposes behind them, and proposing a uniform adoption law 

that provides the adoptive family with full access to medical history of 

the biological family but allows the biological parent to veto the release of 

identifying information or future contact). 

As the Tennessee Supreme Court observed, “the confidentiality of 

records is a statutory matter left to the legislature.” Doe v. Sundquist, 2 

S.W.3d 919, 926 (Tenn. 1999) (rejecting a constitutional challenge to the 

Tennessee statute unsealing adoption records). We reiterate that while 

“changed attitudes” may warrant a fresh look at the confidentiality of 

Iowa’s adoption records, “it is not our function ‘to redraft or interpret 
23

laws differently’ from what the legislature intended ‘solely to reflect 

current values or lifestyles.’ ” In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d at 802

(quoting In re Hayden, 435 N.Y.S.2d 541, 542 (Sup. Ct. 1981)). Rather, 

“it is best left to the legislature to distinguish the changing mores from 

shifting moods in society.” Id. (quoting In re Hayden, 435 N.Y.S.2d at 

542). 

IV. Conclusion. 

For those reasons, we determine the juvenile court correctly denied 

R.D.’s application to identify her biological parents from the sealed 

adoption records. We therefore affirm the juvenile court’s ruling. 

AFFIRMED.