Filed 5/11/23 In re J.M. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re J.M., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH 

AND HUMAN SERVICES

AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

L.M.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D081508

 (Super. Ct. No. J520671)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Bonnie M. Dumanis, Judge. Conditionally reversed and remanded with 

directions.

Lauren K. Johnson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Claudia G. Silva, County Counsel, Lisa M. Maldonado, Chief Deputy 

County Counsel and Evangelina Woo, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff 

and Respondent.
2

L.M. (Mother) appeals the juvenile court’s order terminating her

parental rights to her daughter, J.M., under Welfare and Institutions Code1

section 366.26. Mother’s sole claim is that the San Diego County Health and 

Human Services Agency (Agency) did not comply with its inquiry duties 

under the Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) (ICWA) and 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 224.2. The Agency concedes that its 

inquiry was deficient and that a limited remand is appropriate, and the

parties stipulate to the immediate issuance of the remittitur. We accept the 

Agency’s concession and the parties’ joint stipulation, conditionally reverse

the order, and remand for the limited purpose of compliance with ICWA.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

In March 2021, the Agency petitioned the juvenile court under section 

300, subdivisions (a) and (b) on behalf of four-year-old J.M. The Agency

alleged that Mother physically abused J.M. with a belt and failed to protect 

J.M. from Mother’s boyfriend, who burned J.M. with a cooking tool and 

brandished a gun at her. The juvenile court sustained the petition, declared 

J.M. a dependent, and detained her in out-of-home care. 

During Mother’s interview with the Agency, she denied having any 

Native American ancestry. At the subsequent detention hearing, she again 

denied having any Native American ancestry and stated that Jo.F. (alleged 

father) also did not have Native American ancestry. Although the juvenile 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions 

Code.

2 Because Mother’s only contention on appeal concerns ICWA, we limit

our factual background accordingly. 
3

court ordered Mother to complete a “Parental Notification of Indian Status” 

form (ICWA-020 form), no ICWA-020 form was ever filed.

The Agency’s reports indicate that it spoke with several of alleged 

father’s relatives throughout the dependency proceedings. According to the

ICWA-010 form completed by the Agency in March 2021, the Agency asked 

alleged father’s mother (paternal grandmother) about J.M.’s potential “Indian 

status,” and she gave the Agency “no reason to believe [J.M.] is or may be an 

Indian child.” The Agency also spoke with alleged father’s sisters (paternal 

aunts), Lau.J.A., Lou.J.A., and J.A. Although paternal aunt Lau.J.A. denied 

having any Native American ancestry in her family, the record is ambiguous 

about whether she is the same aunt referenced by the similar names of

Lou.J.A. and J.F., neither of whom are documented as having been asked 

about ICWA. The Agency additionally spoke with another paternal aunt, 

E.G., but again, the record does not indicate if she was asked about J.M.’s 

potential Native American ancestry.

As for maternal relatives, the Agency’s reports state that it interviewed 

maternal aunt, E.C., about placement, but there is no indication it asked her 

about J.M.’s potential Native American ancestry. The Agency also spoke 

with maternal grandmother, who denied having any Native American 

ancestry in her family. 

As of late November 2022, alleged father had not appeared at any 

dependency hearings and the Agency had not been able to reach him, despite 

speaking with two of his sisters and paternal grandmother. 

At the January 23, 2023 section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court 

found without prejudice that ICWA did not apply, terminated parental rights, 

and ordered adoption as J.M.’s permanent plan. Mother appeals that order, 

challenging only the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA does not apply.
4

DISCUSSION

Congress enacted ICWA to address concerns regarding the separation 

of Indian children from their tribes through adoption or foster care placement 

with non-Indian families. (In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7.) Under 

California law adopted pursuant to ICWA, the juvenile court and Agency 

have an “affirmative and continuing duty to inquire” whether a child “is or 

may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (a); see In re Isaiah W., at p. 9.)

“[S]ection 224.2 creates three distinct duties regarding ICWA in 

dependency proceedings.” (In re D.S. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1041, 1052 

(D.S.).) First, the Agency’s duty of initial inquiry requires it to “ask all 

involved persons whether the child may be an Indian child.” (D.S., at

p. 1052.) “If [the] child is placed into the temporary custody of a county 

welfare department pursuant to Section 306 or county probation department 

pursuant to Section 307,” this duty includes “asking the child, parents, legal 

guardian, Indian custodian, extended family members, others who have an 

interest in the child, and the party reporting child abuse or neglect, whether 

the child is, or may be, an Indian child . . .” (§ 224.2, subd. (b), italics 

added.)3 “Second, if that initial inquiry creates a ‘reason to believe’ the child 

3 Section 306, subdivision (a)(1) provides that a county welfare 

department may receive and maintain temporary custody of a child who is 

described in section 300 and who has been “delivered by a peace officer.” 

Section 306, subdivision (a)(2) provides that a county welfare department 

may take into and maintain temporary custody of, without a warrant, a child 

who has been declared a dependent under section 300, or who the social 

worker has reasonable cause to believe is a person described in section 300, 

subdivision (b) or (g), and the social worker has reasonable cause to believe 

the child has an immediate need for medical care, or is in immediate danger 

of physical or sexual abuse, or the physical environment poses an immediate 

threat to the child’s health or safety. 
5

is an Indian child, then the Agency ‘shall make further inquiry regarding the 

possible Indian status of the child, and shall make that inquiry as soon as 

practicable.’ (Id., subd. (e), italics added.) Third, if that further inquiry 

results in a reason to know the child is an Indian child, then the formal notice 

requirements of section 224.3 apply.” (D.S., at p. 1052.)

ICWA defines “ ‘extended family member’ ” by “the law or custom of the 

Indian child’s tribe” or, absent such law or custom, as “a person who has 

reached the age of eighteen and who is the Indian child’s grandparent, aunt 

or uncle, brother or sister, brother-in-law or sister-in-law, niece or nephew, 

first or second cousin, or stepparent.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c) 

[“ ‘extended family member’ . . . defined as provided in [§] 1903” of [ICWA]].)

“On appeal, we review the juvenile court’s ICWA findings for 

substantial evidence.” (In re D.S., supra, 46 Cal.App.5th at p. 1051.) 

However, where the facts are undisputed, we independently determine 

whether ICWA’s requirements have been satisfied. (Ibid.)

Mother challenges only the sufficiency of the initial inquiry and 

contends substantial evidence does not support the juvenile court’s finding 

that ICWA did not apply. Specifically, she complains that the Agency failed 

to conduct ICWA inquiries with alleged father’s relatives (paternal 

The record here does not definitively show whether the Agency took 

temporary custody of J.M. pursuant to section 306. If it did not, then the 

Agency’s duty to question extended family members imposed by section 

224.2, subdivision (b) arguably was not triggered. (See In re Robert F.

(2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 492, 504 [duty to inquire of extended family members 

under section 224.2, subdivision (b) is triggered only when child is taken into 

temporary emergency custody under section 306].) Because the record is not 

clear on the matter and the parties have not raised the issue, we assume 

without deciding that the Agency took temporary custody of J.M. pursuant to 

section 306 and therefore had a duty to question extended family members 

about her Native American ancestry.
6

grandmother and a paternal aunt), maternal grandmother, and maternal 

aunt. The Agency responds that it had no duty to conduct ICWA inquiries 

with alleged father’s relatives and that it did, in fact, conduct an ICWA 

inquiry with maternal grandmother. The Agency concedes, however, that it 

failed to conduct an ICWA inquiry with maternal aunt and that a limited 

remand is therefore warranted. As discussed below, we agree with the 

Agency on all points and accept its concession as proper. 

First, Mother’s argument that the Agency had a duty to inquire of 

alleged father’s relatives is belied by ICWA’s statutory definition of “parent.” 

Under ICWA, a “parent” is defined as “any biological parent or parents of an 

Indian child or any Indian person who has lawfully adopted an Indian child, 

including adoptions under tribal law or custom.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(9); see 

also § 1903(4), italics added [defining “Indian child” as “any unmarried 

person who is . . . eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the 

biological child of a member of an Indian tribe”].) Importantly, the statute

expressly excludes from the definition of “parent” an “unwed father where 

paternity has not been acknowledged or established.” (Id., § 1903(9); see also

In re C.A. (2018) 24 Cal.App.5th 511, 520 (C.A.) [definition of parent does not 

include an unwed father where paternity has not been acknowledged or 

established]; In re E.G. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1530, 1533 (E.G.) [“[A]bsent a 

biological connection, the child cannot claim Indian heritage through the 

alleged father.”].) “[B]ecause the ICWA does not provide a standard for the 

acknowledgment or establishment of paternity, courts have resolved the issue 

under state law.” (In re Daniel M. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 703, 708–709.) 

Thus, in California, an alleged father may acknowledge or establish paternity 

through blood testing (Fam. Code, § 7551) or by voluntarily signing a 

declaration of paternity filed with the child’s birth certificate (Fam. Code,
7

§ 7571, subd. (a)). (In re Daniel M., at pp. 708–709.) 

Here, alleged father did not take any steps to acknowledge or establish 

his status as J.M.’s father—he never appeared in the dependency case, and 

there is no indication that he ever took a paternity test or signed a 

declaration of paternity filed with J.M.’s birth certificate. Moreover, despite 

the Agency’s efforts to locate alleged father, including by contacting his 

mother and sister about his whereabouts, alleged father never materialized. 

Accordingly, we conclude alleged father was not J.M.’s “parent” for purposes 

of ICWA, and thus, the Agency did not have a duty to conduct ICWA 

inquiries with his family members.4 (25 U.S.C. § 1903(9); see also E.G., 

supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at p. 1532 [“Until biological paternity is established, 

an alleged father’s claims of Indian heritage do not trigger any ICWA notice 

requirement because, absent a biological connection, the child cannot claim 

Indian heritage through the alleged father.”]; (C.A., supra, 24 Cal.App.5th at 

pp. 514–515 [ICWA notice to tribes identified by presumed father not 

required where father was presumed by marriage but was not the child’s 

biological or adoptive father.].)

Next, Mother alleges that the Agency neglected to conduct an ICWA 

inquiry with maternal grandmother. But she is again mistaken. The record 

reflects that the Agency interviewed maternal grandmother, who “denied 

having any Native American ancestry in her family.” 

Finally, Mother contends and the Agency concedes that the Agency 

failed to conduct an ICWA inquiry with maternal aunt E.C., despite being in 

contact with her during the dependency proceedings. Because aunts qualify 

4 Even assuming the Agency did have such a duty, the record shows the

Agency complied with its duty at least as to paternal grandmother and one

paternal aunt, Lau.J.A. 
8

as “extended family members” under ICWA, the Agency’s concession is 

proper.5 (See 25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c).) In addition, our review 

of the record indicates that J.M. has several other maternal aunts E.M., 

D.M., and A.M. and at least one maternal uncle S.M. Thus, to the extent the 

Agency on remand can contact maternal aunts and maternal uncles who

qualify as “extended family members,” it should ask them about J.M.’s

potential Native American ancestry. 

DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s order terminating parental rights is conditionally 

reversed. The matter is remanded to the juvenile court with directions to 

comply with the inquiry provisions of ICWA and section 224.2 (and, if 

applicable, the notice provisions under § 224.3). If, after completing its 

inquiry, neither the Agency nor the juvenile court has reason to believe or 

reason to know that J.M. is an Indian child, the order terminating parental 

5 Mother additionally complains that “no ICWA-020 forms were ever 

filed with the juvenile court” while also admitting that she was ordered to file 

an ICWA-020 form. Because Mother offers no authority or argument on this 

point, it is abandoned. (See e.g., In re Sade C. (1996) 13 Cal.4th 952, 994 

[presumption casts burden on appellant to present argument and authority 

on each point; otherwise, the point is deemed abandoned].) Regardless, we 

conclude the juvenile court satisfied its duty under California Rules of Court, 

rule 5.481, subd. (a)(2)(C) by ordering Mother to complete an ICWA-020 form, 

which she failed to do. (See Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481, subd. (a)(2)(C) 

[requiring the juvenile court, at a parent’s first appearance in a dependency 

case, to “[o]rder the parent, if available, to complete a Parental Notification of 

Indian Status (form ICWA-020)”].) To the extent Mother contends the court 

failed to order alleged father to complete an ICWA-020 form, she is incorrect. 

Alleged father was not “available,” as evidenced by the record showing the 

Agency’s ongoing efforts to locate and speak with him. (See id., italics added

[requiring juvenile court to “[o]rder the parent, if available, to complete a 

[ICWA-020 form]”.) And, as discussed previously, he is not a “parent” for 

purposes of ICWA. 
9

rights shall be reinstated. If the Agency or the juvenile court has reason to 

believe or reason to know J.M. is an Indian child, the juvenile court shall 

proceed accordingly. The remittitur shall issue immediately.

O'ROURKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

DO, J.

CASTILLO, J.