IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 44117-2016

SHAMMIE L. FISHER, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellant, )

)

v. )

)

GARRISON PROPERTY AND ) 

CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY, )

)

Defendant-Respondent. )

)

)

)

Boise, April 2017 Term 

2017 Opinion No. 48

Filed: May 26, 2017

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

SUBSTITUTE OPINION, THE 

COURT’S PRIOR OPINION 

DATED April 28, 2017 IS HEREBY 

WITHDRAWN.

)

Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State of 

Idaho, in and for Ada County. Hon. Patrick H. Owen, District Judge.

The judgment of the district court is vacated.

James G. Reid, Kaufman Reid, PLLC, Boise, argued for appellant. 

Jeffrey A. Thomson, Elam & Burke, P.A., Boise, argued for respondent.

EISMANN, Justice.

This is an appeal out of Ada County from a judgment dismissing the Plaintiff’s action 

seeking to recover under an insurance policy for the loss of her house caused when a renter, who 

had an option to purchase the house, demolished it. The district court held that coverage for such 

loss was excluded under the policy. We vacate the judgment of the district court and remand this 

case for further proceedings that are consistent with this opinion.

I.

Factual Background.

The Plaintiff, Shammie L. Fisher, was the owner of a house located at 2510 N. 34th 

Street in Boise. It was a single-story building that had been built in 1965 and contained 1152 

square feet with an attached one-car garage. She purchased a policy of insurance covering the 

house from the Defendant, Garrison Property and Casualty Insurance Company. The policy
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period was from March 8, 2012, to March 8, 2013, and she renewed the policy for the period 

from March 8, 2013, to March 8, 2014.

The Plaintiff married and decided to sell her house. She entered into a “Real Estate 

Purchase and Sale Agreement” (“Purchase Agreement”) dated January 23, 2012, with Ron 

Reynoso. The Purchase Agreement provided that Mr. Reynoso would purchase the property for

$153,000; that the purchase was contingent upon him obtaining financing; that he intended to 

occupy the property as his primary residence; that the closing would occur no later than March 

31, 2013; that Mr. Reynoso would lease the property from March 15, 2012, until March 31, 

2013; and that if the he was unable to close before March 31, 2013, the Plaintiff would extend 

the lease on a month-to-month basis for a period up to September 1, 2013. The Purchase 

Agreement also included a provision stating: “Buyer intends to make certain improvements to 

the property upon possession, with the intent to sell the property for a profit which might be prior 

to the end of the lease period. The buyer is required to give a monthly update for 

plans/upgrades.”

In conjunction with the Purchase Agreement, the Plaintiff and Mr. Reynoso entered into a 

“Rental Agreement” also dated January 23, 2012. It stated that the move-in date was March 1, 

2012, although an addendum to the Purchase Agreement changed the lease start date to March 

15, 2012, with the rent prorated accordingly. The Rental Agreement stated that the Plaintiff was 

obligated to rent the property for a minimum term ending on March 31, 2013 and that “Tenant 

shall return said premises to Owner is as good condition as when received, reasonable wear and 

tear excepted.”

Within two months of renting the property to Mr. Reynoso, the Plaintiff learned that he 

had demolished the entire house down to the foundation. She contacted him, and he agreed to 

rebuild a house on the foundation. He commenced doing so, erecting some rough framing of 

some interior and exterior walls, but in August 2013 he ceased working on the house and left. 

The Plaintiff then made a claim under her insurance policy, which the Defendant denied.

On May 27, 2015, the Plaintiff commenced this action seeking to recover for the loss of 

her house and her personal property. She later filed a motion for partial summary judgment, 

seeking a ruling that her loss was covered under the policy. In her affidavit in support of that 

motion, she stated that she had no knowledge that Mr. Reynoso intended to destroy the house; 

that the improvements that he had discussed with her included new flooring, countertops, light
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fixtures, paint, and other cosmetic improvements; that she did not authorize him to perform any 

work to remodel or tear down the house or to perform any structural work; and that he said he 

would be residing in the house while making improvements.

The Defendant contended that the Plaintiff’s loss was excluded by two provisions of the

policy: (1) an exclusion for intentional loss and (2) an exclusion for faulty, inadequate or

defective work. The Plaintiff moved for partial summary judgment holding that those exclusions 

did not apply to the facts of this case, and the Defendant moved for summary judgment seeking 

dismissal of the action based upon those exclusions. 

The district court held that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding the 

applicability of the intentional loss exclusion, but that the exclusion for faulty, inadequate or

defective work did apply. It denied the Plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment, granted 

the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, and entered a judgment dismissing this lawsuit 

with prejudice. The Plaintiff then timely appealed.

II.

Did the District Court Err in Granting the Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment?

When reviewing on appeal the granting of a motion for summary judgment, we apply the 

same standard used by the trial court in ruling on the motion. Infanger v. City of Salmon, 137 

Idaho 45, 46–47, 44 P.3d 1100, 1101–02 (2002). We construe all disputed facts, and draw all 

reasonable inferences from the record, in favor of the non-moving party. Id. at 47, 44 P.3d at 

1102. Summary judgment is appropriate only if the evidence in the record and any admissions 

show that there is no genuine issue of any material fact regarding the issues raised in the 

pleadings and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

Under Coverage A, the insurance policy applied to “the dwelling on the Described 

Location shown in the Declarations, used principally for dwelling purposes, including structures 

attached to the dwelling.” The described location was 2510 N. 34th Street, Boise, Idaho. Thus, 

Coverage A applied to the dwelling at 2510 N. 34th Street, Boise, Idaho, which was the 

Plaintiff’s house.

The perils insured against under Coverage A were “risk of direct loss to property 

described in Coverage[] A . . . if that loss is a physical loss to property.” Thus, the loss must be a 

direct physical loss to the Plaintiff’s house. The policy then stated

however, we do not insure loss:

1. involving collapse, other than as provided in Other Coverages 10:

2. caused by: [a list of causes]
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3. excluded under General Exclusions.

Under Items 1 and 2, any ensuing loss to property described in

Coverage[] A . . . not excluded or excepted in this policy is covered.

There is no contention that the Plaintiff’s loss would be excluded pursuant to either Item 

1 or Item 2. The contention is that the loss is excluded under Item 3, which is a list of exclusions 

under the title “General Exclusions.” Thus, the policy would cover a direct physical loss to the 

Plaintiff’s house if it was a loss that was not excluded pursuant to the exclusions listed under 

General Exclusions.

In the district court, the Defendant contended that there were two exclusions that would 

apply. The first was the intentional-loss exclusion, which provided as follows:

1. We do not insure for loss caused directly or indirectly by any of the following. 

Such loss is excluded regardless of any other cause or event contributing 

concurrently or in any sequence to the loss.

. . . .

h. Intentional Loss, meaning any loss arising out of any act committed:

(1) by or at the direction of you or any person or

organization named as an additional insured; and

(2) with the intent to cause a loss.

The district court held that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether this

exclusion applied, and it denied Defendant’s motion for summary judgment based upon this 

exclusion.

The second exclusion raised in the district court was the faulty, inadequate, or defective 

work exclusion, which provided as follows:

2. We do not insure for loss to property described in Coverages A and B 

caused by any of the following. However, any ensuing loss to property

described in Coverages A and B not excluded or excepted in this policy is 

covered.

. . . .

c. Faulty, inadequate or defective:

(1) planning, zoning, development, surveying, siting;

(2) design, specifications, workmanship, repair, 

construction, renovation, remodeling, grading, compaction;

(3) materials used in repair, construction, renovation 

or remodeling; or

(4) maintenance;

of part or all of any property whether on or off the Described 

Location.

Thus, to be excluded under this provision, the direct physical loss to the Plaintiff’s house must 
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have been caused by faulty, inadequate, or defective design, specifications, workmanship, repair,

construction, renovation, remodeling, grading, or compaction of part of any property on or off 

the described location.

“In construing an insurance policy, the Court must look to the plain meaning of the words 

to determine if there are any ambiguities. This determination is a question of law. In resolving 

this question of law, the Court must construe the policy ‘as a whole, not by an isolated phrase.’” 

Cascade Auto Glass, Inc. v. Idaho Farm Bureau Ins. Co., 141 Idaho 660, 663, 115 P.3d 751, 754 

(2005) (citations omitted). “A provision in an insurance contract must be read within the context 

in which it occurs.” Dave’s Inc. v. Linford, 153 Idaho 744, 751, 291 P.3d 427, 434 (2012). 

“Unless a contrary intent is shown, common, non-technical words are given the meaning applied 

by laymen in daily usage—as opposed to the meaning derived from legal usage—in order to 

effectuate the intent of the parties.” Howard v. Oregon Mut. Ins. Co., 137 Idaho 214, 218, 46 

P.3d 510, 514 (2002). An exclusion in the policy must be strictly construed in favor of the 

insured. Moss v. Mid-Am. Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 103 Idaho 298, 300, 647 P.2d 754, 756

(1982).

The loss. Defendant first asserts that the cause of the loss was the failure of Mr. Reynoso 

to complete the rebuilding of a house on the foundation that remained after he had demolished 

the Plaintiff’s house. That was clearly not the loss. The loss, as defined in the insurance policy, 

had to be a direct physical loss to “the dwelling on the Described Location.” The described 

location was 2510 N. 34th St., Boise, Idaho. The dwelling on the Described Location was the 

Plaintiff’s house. Any house that Mr. Reynoso intended to build could not be the dwelling on 

the described location.

The insurance policy had a page titled “Your Home Characteristics.” The page stated:

Our mission at USAA is to help protect your financial security. One way 

we do this is by helping you determine if you’re adequately covered in the event 

of a loss. The estimated minimum rebuilding cost of your home is based on your 

home characteristics, but only you can decide if this is enough coverage. Our 

estimates are based on average construction costs and labor costs for geographic 

areas and may not reflect the unique features of your home or the area you live in.

On the back of this page, you’ll find your home characteristics. . . . .

The above quoted provision of the policy referred to “[t]he estimated minimum rebuilding cost 

of your home” based upon “your home characteristics.” Obviously, “your home” could not refer 

to a house that Mr. Reynoso may have intended to build after he later demolished the Plaintiff’s 

home.
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The home characteristics on the back page were as follows:

Your Home Characteristics 

YEAR BUILT: 1965

STORIES: 1.0

*SQUARE FEET: 1152

*Total Square Footage: Includes garage square footage if there is living space 

that is heated or cooled above the garage. It does not include a finished basement 

or attic.

FOUNDATION (S): CRAWLSPACE 

SLAB

EXTERIOR WALL: WOOD SIDING 

ROOF COVERING: TAR AND GRAVEL

GARAGE TYPE: ATTACHED GARAGE – 1 CAR 

INTERIOR WALL PARTITIONS: DRYWALL 

INTERIOR WALL COVERINGS: PAINT

FLOOR COVERINGS: HARDWOOD 

VINYL

KITCHEN: 1 STANDARD

BATHROOMS: 1 STANDARD

FIREPLACE: 1

HEAT & AIR: HEATING - GAS 

CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING - SAME DUCT

WIRED FOR CENTRAL ALARM: NO

Again, these characteristics described the Plaintiff’s home, not some home that Mr. Reynoso 

later intended to build on the property.

The house that Mr. Reynoso intended to build could not rationally be described as a 

“dwelling on the Described Location.” There could be no direct physical loss to a house that did 

not yet exist. The Plaintiff’s loss occurred when Mr. Reynoso demolished her house. There is 

nothing in the insurance policy that states that it insured against the failure of Mr. Reynoso or 

anyone else to build a new house upon the Plaintiff’s lot. Therefore, the loss was the destruction 

of the Plaintiff’s house. It was not the failure of Mr. Reynoso to build a house on the foundation 

that remained after he had demolished her house.

The faulty, inadequate, or defective work exclusion. The Defendant contends that the 

loss in this case was caused by faulty, inadequate, or defective workmanship, repair, 

construction, renovation and/or remodeling of the dwelling. The issue is whether any of those 

words state the cause of the direct physical loss to Plaintiff’s house.
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The words “faulty,” “inadequate,” and “defective” are all adjectives.

1 Because adjectives 

modify nouns or pronouns, the words that follow them are nouns.

2 Therefore, the words 

“workmanship,” “repair,” “construction,” “renovation” and “remodeling” are all nouns.

Workmanship. The destruction of the Plaintiff’s house was not caused by any faulty, 

inadequate, or defective workmanship on the part of Mr. Reynoso. The word “workmanship” as 

a noun means:

1. the art or skill of a workman

2. the art or skill with which something is made or executed

3. the degree of art or skill exhibited in the finished product

4. the piece of work so produced[3]

There is no evidence in the record that the loss to the house was caused by Mr. Reynoso’s lack of 

skillfulness, artisanship, or expertise in doing his work. It appears that he was quite adept in 

demolishing the house. Likewise, the only piece of work he produced was some rough framing, 

but, as explained above, that work was not the direct cause of the Plaintiff’s loss to her house. 

Her house had been demolished before he constructed the rough framing.

Repair. The destruction of the Plaintiff’s house was not caused by anything that Mr. 

Reynoso did in performing some repair to her house. “A repair is something that you do to mend 

a machine, building, piece of clothing, or other thing that has been damaged or is not working 

properly. . . . Many of the buildings are in need of repair.”4 There is no evidence in the record 

that the Plaintiff’s house was in need of repair or that the loss of her house was caused by repairs 

that Mr. Reynoso had made or was making to it. As mentioned above, his failure to build a 

house on the foundation left after he had demolished the Plaintiff’s house was not the cause of 

the loss to her house.

Construction. The destruction of the Plaintiff’s house was not caused by any 

construction done by Mr. Reynoso that was faulty, inadequate, or defective. The word 

“construction” when used as a noun means: “1. the process or act of constructing or manner in

1 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/faulty, inadequate, defective

(accessed April 15, 2017).

2 http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/adjAdv.asp (accessed April 15, 2017).

3 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/workmanship (accessed April

15, 2017).

4 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/repair (accessed April 15, 2017).
8

which a thing is constructed 2. the thing constructed; a structure.”5 To “construct” something is 

“to put together substances or parts, esp systematically, in order to make or build (a building, 

bridge, etc); assemble.”6 The insurance policy did not insure the process or act of constructing 

the Plaintiff’s house. It had been constructed in 1965 and was an existing structure. It insured 

against the risk of loss to her house if that construction was faulty, inadequate, or defective, and 

there is no evidence that it was. There is also no evidence in the record of any subsequent 

construction on the house that was the direct physical cause of the loss. Mr. Reynoso did not 

perform any construction on her house. An antonym of “construction” is “destruction,”7 and that 

is what Mr. Reynoso did to the Plaintiff’s house. As stated above, the only construction he 

performed was putting up some rough framing on the foundation remaining after he had 

demolished her house.

Renovation. The destruction of the Plaintiff’s house was not caused by Mr. Reynoso’s 

renovation of her house. The word “renovate” means “to restore (something) to good 

condition.”8 The word “renovation” means, “The act or process of renovating; the state of being

renovated or renewed.”9 There is no evidence that the Plaintiff’s home needed to be restored to a

good condition or that Mr. Reynoso did any work on her house in order to restore it to a good 

condition. Instead, he demolished it.

Remodeling. The destruction of the Plaintiff’s house was not caused by Mr. Reynoso’s 

remodeling of it. The word “remodeling” is a gerund, which is the noun form of a verb. In this 

case, it is the noun form of the verb “remodel.” The word “remodeling” as a noun means “the 

act of changing or altering the structure, style, or form of something” or the state of being

remodeled—“the remodelling of Barcelona’s airport.”10 The word “remodeling” in this context

means: “Making alterations to an existing structure such that it will be better suited to current

5 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/construction (accessed April 15,

2017).

6 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/construct (accessed April 15,

2017).

7 Thesaurus.com. Roget’s 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition. Philip Lief Group 2009.

http://www.thesaurus.com/browse/construction (accessed April 17, 2017).

8 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/renovate (accessed April 15,

2017).

9 Merriam-Webster, http://www.webster-dictionary.net/definition/renovation (accessed April 15, 2017). 10 Collins English Dictionary, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/remodeling (accessed April 15,

2017).
9

needs. This type of work may involve changing the use of interior space by repositioning walls, 

replacing bathroom or kitchen fixtures, or other such modifications.”11 As stated above, the 

words in an insurance policy are to be given the meaning applied by lay people in daily usage. 

Howard, 137 Idaho at 218, 46 P.3d at 514. Mr. Reynoso’s actions in demolishing the Plaintiff’s 

house down to the foundation would not be considered by lay people as the remodeling of the 

house. He did not make alterations to an existing structure; he demolished that structure. There

was no house left to remodel.

The Plaintiff had authorized Mr. Reynoso to perform some remodeling, such as installing 

new flooring, countertops, light fixtures, paint and other cosmetic improvements. There is no 

evidence in the record that he did any remodeling at all, much less that the direct cause of the 

loss of the Plaintiff’s house was caused by any remodeling that had been done.

III.

Conclusion.

For the above reasons, the faulty, inadequate, or defective work exclusion does not apply 

to the loss in this case. We vacate the judgment and remand this case for further proceedings 

that are in accordance with this opinion.

The Plaintiff also asks that we hold that the district court erred in denying her motion for

partial summary judgment that the intentional loss exclusion did not apply to these facts. “An

order denying a motion for summary judgment is an interlocutory order from which no direct

appeal may be taken. Additionally, an order denying a motion for summary judgment is not

subject to review—even after the entry of an appealable final judgment.” Dominguez ex rel.

Hamp v. Evergreen Res., Inc., 142 Idaho 7, 13, 121 P.3d 938, 944 (2005) (citations omitted).

We vacate the judgment of the district court and we remand this case for further 

proceedings that are in accordance with this opinion. We award the Appellant costs on appeal.

Chief Justice BURDICK, and Justices JONES, BRODY, and Justice Pro Tem KIDWELL 

CONCUR.

11 http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/remodeling.html(accessed April 15, 2017).