#### STATE v. JOHN L. ANDERSON, J. P. HOGGARD, TOM CANIPE, J. F. HARAWAY, FLORENCE BLAYLOCK, HOWARD OVERMAN, AVERY KIMREY, and JERRY FURLOUGH.

(Filed 20 November, 1935.)

1. Criminal Law L g—

Upon defendants’ appeal from judgment in a criminal prosecution, the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited solely to matters of law or legal inference. N. C. Const., Art. IV, see. 8.

2. Indictment B d — Indictment may charge in separate counts conspiracy and successive steps taken by conspirators in executing same.

The indictment charged all of the defendants with conspiracy to dynamite certain buildings, and in subsequent counts charged some of defendants with breaking and entering and larceny of dynamite from a store, with feloniously receiving said dynamite with knowledge that it had been stolen, and in the last counts charged two of the defendants with attempting to dynamite the buildings. *Held:*Defendants’ motion to quash for that the indictment charged different offenses against different defendants was properly overruled, it being permissible to join in one indictment counts charging conspiracy and successive steps thereafter taken by the respective conspirators in executing the common design. O. S., 4622.

8. Indictment O b—

An indictment will not be quashed for mere informality or refinement, 0. S., 4623, and a judgment will not be stayed or reversed for nonessential or minor defects. 0. S., 4625.

4. Criminal Law I f—

Where several defendants are jointly indicted, a motion for severance is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, and defendants’ exception *772to tlie refusal of the court to grant them separate trials will not be sustained when no abuse of discretion appears on the record.

5. Jury A b — Defendants held not entitled to complain of selection of jurors from men served by sheriff to act as talesmen.

Upon adjournment of court on Tuesday of the term, the court instructed the sheriff to summon a number of men to act as talesmen in a case proposed to be called for the nest day. Upon the trial defendants moved that none of the men so summoned and none of the jurors already in the box should serve, but that the jury be selected from bystanders. *Held-:*Defendants’ motions did not amount to a challenge to the array, and the instruction of the court was not an order under O. S., 2321, for talesmen or a special venire, and the jurors summoned being subject to all the qualifications of talesmen, and defendants having failed to exhaust their respective challenges to the poll, defendants’ exceptions to the refusal of their motions cannot be sustained.

6. Crimina1 Daw G 1 — Confession held incompetent as involuntary, and should have been stricken from evidence upon motion.

It appeared from the testimony of a State’s witness that the alleged confession of one of defendants was obtained by falsely telling him that his codefendants had talked and that he had better confess. *Held:*The confession was involuntary and incompetent and defendant’s exception to the court’s refusal to strike it out upon motion made at the close of all the evidence is sustained, although the competency of the confession was not properly challenged when offered in evidence, nor motion made to withdraw it when the evidence establishing its incompetency was admitted.

*7.*Same—

A confession is voluntary in law only when it is in fact voluntarily made, and a confession induced by hope or extorted by fear is involuntary and incompetent.

8. Criminal Daw D e — Error in admission of evidence against one defendant held not to entitle codefendants to new trial.

Where one of appealing defendants is granted a new trial for error in the admission of his alleged confession, his codefendants, indicted for conspiracy and crimes committed in execution of the common design, are not entitled to a new trial when the alleged confession was admitted solely against the defendant making it and the confession does not refer to the conspiracy.

9. Criminal Daw I j — Nonsuit should be denied if evidence is sufficient to warrant a reasonable inference of the fact of guilt.

A motion to nonsuit presents the sole legal question of whether the evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the prosecution, is sufficient to warrant a reasonable inference of the fact of guilt, the weight and credibility of the evidence being for the jury, and it being for the jury to say whether they are convinced of the fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

10. Same — Where there is sufficient evidence of guilt under one count in indictment, motion to nonsuit is correctly denied.

The indictment upon which defendants were tried charged conspiracy to dynamite certain buildings or structures, and, in subsequent counts, *773charged certain defendants with breaking and entering and larceny of the dynamite, feloniously receiving said dynamite knowing it to have been stolen, and charged two defendants with attempting to dynamite two of the buildings pursuant to the original common design. There was sufficient evidence of conspiracy as to all defendants, except, perhaps, three of them, and as to one of the three a new trial is awarded, and as to the other two there was sufficient evidence of guilt under the subsequent counts in the indictment. *Hel&r*Defendants’ motions for judgment as of nonsuit were properly denied, since the defendants present and aiding and abetting in the commission of the crimes charged in the subsequent counts are principals and equally guilty, and a general verdict of guilty will be presumed to have been returned on the counts to which the evidence relates.

11. Criminal Daw C a—

Where two or more persons aid and abet each other in the commission of a crime, all being present, all are principals and equally guilty.

12. Criminal Daw I k—

Whei'e an indictment contains several counts, and the evidence applies to one or more, but not to all, a general verdict of guilty will be presumed to have been returned on the count or counts to which the evidence relates.

13. Conspiracy B a—

Where two or more persons combine or agree to do an unlawful act, they are guilty of criminal conspiracy even though the common design is not executed, the conspiracy being the agreement to do the act and not the execution of the agreement.

14. Conspiracy B lb—

Where a person enters into an agreement to do an unlawful act, he thereby places his safety and security in the hands of every member of the conspiracy, as the acts and declarations of each conspirator, done or uttered in furtherance of the common design, are admissible in evidence against all.

15. Same — Crime of conspiracy may be established by circumstantial evidence.

The fact of conspiracy, from the very nature of the crime, may be proven by circumstantial evidence, and the results accomplished, the divergence of those results from the course which would ordinarily be expected, the situation of the parties and their antecedent relations to each other, together with the surrounding circumstances, and the inferences legitimately deductible therefrom, are properly considered upon the question of guilt.

16. Criminal Daw D d—

Where the record fails to show what the excluded testimony would have been, an exception to its exclusion is unavailing.

17. Conspiracy B a—

In a prosecution for conspiracy, an instruction that the jury might convict one of defendants and acquit the others will not be held for reversible error upon exception that it permitted the conviction of one *774defendant of conspiracy when one of the defendants charged had entered a plea of *nolo contendere,*which had been accepted by the State.

18. Criminal Law G j—

An instruction that the jury should scrutinize with care the testimony of defendants and their near relatives to ascertain to what extent, if any, their testimony was biased, but if they then believed the witnesses, to give the testimony the same credit as other testimony, is without error.

19. Criminal Law I g: L d—

An exception to the failure of the court to instruct the jury how the testimony of detectives and accomplices should be received will not be considered erroneous on appeal when defendants failed to request such instruction.

20. Criminal Law L d—

Only exceptive assignments of error will be considered on appeal, Rule 19 (3), and an assignment of error to a remark of the court to the jury during the trial and comment on such remark by the prosecution in the argument to the jury will not be considered when not supported by objection or exception taken at the time.

21. Criminal Law 1 Ii—

It is not error for the court to instruct the jury not to consider the opinion of attorneys, expressed in their argument, as to defendants’ guilt or innocence, such expression of opinion being improper, and the jury not being instructed to disregard the argument but only the improper expression of opinion.

22. Criminal Law L e—

It is beyond the province of counsel in arguing an appeal in the Supreme Court to venture his opinion that defendants had not had a fair trial in the court below.

23. Criminal Law K b—

Where a defendant seeks and accepts the suspension of judgment against him upon certain terms, he may not thereafter attack the judgment or prosecute an appeal therefrom.

Devin, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

Appeal by defendants from *Oranmer, J.,*at November Term, 1934, of ÁLAMANOE.

Criminal prosecution, tried upon indictment (1) charging all of the defendants, in the first count, with conspiracy to dynamite certain buildings or structures in Alamance County; (2) charging four of the defendants, J. P. Hoggard, Tom Canipe, J. E. Haraway, and Florence Blaylock, in the second count, with feloniously breaking into a storehouse with intent to steal and carry away a quantity of dynamite; (3) charging four of the defendants, J. P. Hoggard, Tom Canipe, J. E. Haraway, and Florence Blaylock, in the third count, with the larceny of a quantity of dynamite of the value of $25, the property of Kirk Holt Hardware Company; (4) charging five of the defendants, John L. *775Anderson, J. P. Hoggard, Tom Oanipe, J. F. Haraway, and Florence Blaylock, in the fourth count, with feloniously receiving the said quantity of dynamite knowing it to have been feloniously stolen or taken; (5) charging two of the defendants, Florence Blaylock and Howard Overman, in the fifth count, with feloniously attempting to dynamite a certain building, the property of Stevens Manufacturing Company; (6) charging two of the defendants, Florence Blaylock and Howard Over-man, in the sixth count, with feloniously attempting to dynamite a certain building, the property of E. M. Holt Plaid Mills, Inc.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE CASE.

When the case was called for trial, Jerry Furlough entered a plea of *nolo contendere*to the first count in the bill, which was accepted by the State, and a *nol. pros,*with leave was taken as to him on the other counts.

MOTIONS AND RULINGS PRIOR TO TRIAL.

Before the jury was selected and impaneled, all of the defendants, except Jerry Furlough, moved to quash the bill of indictment, on the ground that it charged different offenses against different defendants, and that they were entitled to separate trials. Overruled; exception.

Thereupon, all of the defendants, except Jerry Furlough, entered pleas of “Not guilty.”

The defendants then moved that none of the jurors summoned be called, but that the sheriff should call bystanders without regard to whether they had been summoned or not, and also that those already in the box be taken out and replaced by having the sheriff call jurors from bystanders. These motions were based upon the fact that no talesmen had been drawn from the box, and no order was made to summon special jurors in open court, or at the beginning of the term, and that no request was made by the defendants for the sheriff to summon such jurors.

Overruling these motions, the court made a finding of facts that immediately upon the adjournment of court on Tuesday, 27 November, the solicitor approached the court and stated there were numerous defendants in the case he proposed to call the next morning, suggesting to the court that additional jurors be called, and as there was only one panel of jurors, the court instructed a deputy sheriff to summon 15 to 18 men to serve as talesmen, good men, of good moral character, who had paid their poll taxes, to appear the next morning.

Before the jury was impaneled, the court dictated to the reporter the following entry for the record: “At the time the jury was impaneled, the defendants Anderson, Oanipe,' and Haraway had four unexhausted challenges, and the defendants Overman, Kimrey, and Blaylock had eight unexhausted challenges.”

*776TITS' EVIDENCE.

The case bad its beginning with the throwing of dynamite into' the plants of the Stevens Manufacturing Company and E. M. Holt Plaid Mills, Inc., of Burlington, during the nation-wide *textile*strike on Friday night, 14 September, 1934. The following day, about noon, four sticks of dynamite, tied together at each end with two strings, with a fuse in them, were found under a loom in the Stevens Manufacturing Company. The night watchman testified that between 3 and 4 o’clock on the night of 14 September, a Ford roadster, with two men in it, stopped in front of the mill, and one of them lighted something at the car, and then threw it. Two witnesses for the State testified that about 3 a.m. on the morning of 15 September, a Ford roadster speeded from the direction of the Stevens Manufacturing Company, a quarter of a mile away, and stopped after going a short distance along 'the road next to the E. M. Holt Plaid Mills. Shortly thereafter, an explosion was heard, and a large number of window lights were shattered and jarred out, about 150. On the following day four sticks of Red Cross dynamite were found lying by the side of a fence at the old furniture plant in Burlington.

On the night of the explosion at the E. M. Holt Plaid Mills plant, a Ford roadster automobile with a khaki top, owned by R. H. Snyder, was stolen from the street in front of his residence in the North Carolina Silk Mill village, and the next morning, after the bombing, it was found abandoned in the woods about three miles away. Three gallons of gas had been consumed, and marks on the dash-board indicated that several matches had been struck thereon. There were also a few strings and a piece of cloth found in the car which were placed in evidence along with certain strings found attached to the dynamite.

For several years the Kirk Holt Hardware Company had maintained a storehouse for dynamite, about a mile from Burlington. It contained a number of cases of dynamite up to the time of the day previous to the bombing, when it was found that the door had been broken open, the staple sawed, and the lock taken off. An investigation by the sheriff showed five different-sized tracks (two inside the dynamite house) leading down the road to a Studebaker automobile, owned by Lee Rumple, sitting in a ditch, with tracks in front and in the rear, also signs indicating that a car had been in front and another in the rear. There had been a rain during the first half of the night, the car in front having left before the rain, and the one in the rear after the rain. Tracks inside the house were compared with tracks in front of the Studebaker, and found to have been made by similar-sized shoes. T. M. Hundley, on the night previous to the bombing, was called to help Lee Rumple *777pull the Studebaker ear out of the ditch. He found a Chevrolet automobile sitting behind the Studebaker and in it three of the defendants, Hoggard, Haraway, and Canipe. There were two others who were not identified. There were also two other occupants of the Studebaker. Having failed to get the Studebaker out of the ditch, Hundley took its occupants with him and left in the Chevrolet. Hoggard, Haraway and Canipe admitted on the trial that they were there at the time, having gone in Oanipe’s car to Eelmont, looking for liquor, but there was evidence by a policeman that Hoggard and Canipe claimed to be the only persons present.

On the night of the bombing the defendants Blaylock and Overman were seen together in a cafe in the North Carolina Silk Mill village. Later, Overman told the sheriff he had not seen Blaylock that night. Blaylock said they were together and went out looking for liquor, then going home about 10 o’clock.

Blaylock told Charlie A. McCullom, witness for the State, that “I am the man that throwed the dynamite in the Plaid Mill,” and that Howard Overman drove the car. Howard Overman, in an alleged written confession, signed in the presence of several special officers or detectives, after having taken a couple of drinks, said he met Blaylock and after roaming around until midnight he drove the car and Blaylock threw some dynamite, on this trip, at the Stevens Mill and some at the Plaid Mill, one going off and the other not. This alleged confession was made in a cabin rented by S. E. Howard, and in the presence of several special officers who, with one exception, had been brought in from Pennsylvania to investigate the dynamiting of the mill. The alleged confession, admitted only as against Overman, was attested by these special officers or detectives, as having been made in their presence, but Overman testified he thought he was signing a paper to get it straight about an automobile which had been stolen.

On Tuesday night following the bombing the defendant Anderson told the State’s witness Pruitt that he, Anderson, wanted him to make a trip for him, this being in the Labor Hnion hall in Burlington, and a little later the defendant Furlough also told him he wanted him to make a trip, but when he said Anderson wanted him to make a trip also, Furlough said he could wait until later in the night. Later in the night Anderson got in Pruitt’s car. They went by defendant Hoggard’s house and borrowed a flash light. (After Hoggard’s arrest he asked the witness not to mention anything about the flash light.) Anderson directed the ear until they arrived at a farm in Guilford County owned by Anderson’s mother-in-law. Anderson got out and in a few minutes returned with four sticks of dynamite, wrapped in a handkerchief, the sticks being tied with a piece of light-looking string. Eeturning by a *778different route, wben near Burlington, Anderson got out, bid tbe dynamite, according to tbe State’s witness, and marked tbe location, stating tbat be wanted Pruitt, wben be got to tbe ball, to get Jerry Furlough and bring him back and show it to him. Upon their return to tbe Union Hall, Anderson told Furlough, in Pruitt’s presence, tbat Pruitt would show him where tbe dynamite was, and Furlough said, “If be was going to do tbe job tbat be would have to have a pair of gloves.” On tbe same night, Pruitt took Furlough and defendant Kimrey to Furlough’s home, both Furlough and Kimrey saying tbat they bad dynamite caps and fuse, and Furlough stating tbat “be was to pull tbe job at tbe Duke Power plant, because be was an electrician.” They returned to Union Hall, and Furlough got a pair of gloves upstairs, and a dynamite fuse from behind a coal sack. They started out towards Haw River, Pruitt, Furlough, and Kimrey, in Pruitt’s automobile, and wben another automobile drove up behind them, Pruitt drove tbe car into a driveway, and Furlough threw tbe fuse out of the car. They went back to Union Hall, and later in the night, Pruitt went back for tbe fuse, taking it to Union Hall. Tbe next morning tbe same three went to tbe spot where tbe defendant Anderson placed the four sticks of dynamite on Tuesday night, and moved it to a place near Glen Raven, about a quarter of a mile from tbe Duke Power plant, biding it; and this dynamite was later found by tbe officers at another place.

After some of the defendants bad been arrested, Anderson told Pruitt “be was afraid they would squawk and would tell where it was,” after they bad started on another trip to tbe farm in Guilford County, this time to move tbe dynamite from a sawdust pile, carrying it two or three hundred yards up or down a creek and concealing it in a hollow. Later, tbe officers were conducted to this place by Pruitt. The 96 sticks of dynamite found were Red Cross dynamite, and the four sticks found near the Duke Power plant were of the same kind. Pruitt also said that on one occasion Anderson remarked he would like to have someone place some dynamite under the bouse of Mr. Copeland, one of the owners of the Plaid Mills, and tbat if this were done, they would give the information to tbe officers, leaving tbe impression tbat it was an inside job. On Saturday night after tbe bombing defendant Blaylock asked about some dynamite caps tbe Porter boys were to bring R. A. Rowe, and on Monday be asked Frank Porter about some dynamite caps, stating be wished to kill some fish, the said Porter being then engaged in digging wells.

Jerry Furlough testified Florence Blaylock asked for the loan of a hacksaw several days before tbe bombing, and also stated that be was taking two cases of dynamite home. Furlough said be was in tbe Union Hall the night Anderson asked Pruitt to make a trip for him, and tbat Anderson told him Pruitt would take him to get four sticks of dyna*779mite. When be reached borne be got three dynamite caps. Before setting out on the trip, be said be bad an understanding that they would go to Mr. King, who would set bis watch ahead, so as to establish an alibi for them. When Kimrey, Pruitt, and Furlough started on this trip, it was their intention to blow up the Duke Power transformer, according to Furlough. Anderson had not said when they were to do the job, but did arrange for them to get the dynamite. Furlough said they got seared when they found another car following them, and went back to the Union Hall, throwing the fuse into an alley. They went out the next morning to hide the dynamite. Later in the day Hoggard asked Furlough, “What is the matter, have you got scared?” and Anderson said, “If you are going to do that job, you had better hurry up.” Furlough, after going home, decided to move the dynamite to a place which Pruitt and Kimrey wouldn’t know about, and never said anything more about it until he went with the officers to find it. He said Anderson told him and Kimrey that they were to do the job. There was evidence of conversation between the defendants Anderson, Blaylock, Furlough, and Kimrey as to how the Duke Power plant was to be blown up.

On the morning the defendant Hoggard was arrested, Charlie McOul-lom, State’s witness, testified Hoggard told him: “Jerry Furlough has turned us up. We are going to make him take the last day of it. We are going to pack it on him.” McCullom said defendant Blaylock had one time told him that he had come out with two cases of dynamite, and Hoggard came out with one, but later told him two fellows from High Point got the dynamite. McOullom testified defendant Anderson, when informed by him that some of those in jail had squawked, said: “Florence Blaylock can’t squawk 5 he is the man that done the work at the Plaid Mill because I was right up the line with him.” Anderson also told this witness: “I know they won’t get the dynamite, I took the damn thing thirty miles from here and hid them.” This statement was made after the defendant Hoggard had been arrested the second time. Hog-gard, after being told of the statement by Anderson, said he told the latter Pruitt would not do to trust, not to take him with him, but that “he (Anderson) had taken him right where the dynamite was.” Anderson told this witness “they don’t know nothing,” after being informed that “they are going to get you every one to a man.”

Anderson was president of the Labor Union Council, of which the Burlington Local Labor Union was a member; the defendant Pruitt was engaged at the Burlington Labor Union Hall to drive his automobile; the defendant Furlough was on picket line duty; the witness Mc-Cullom was on a committee in charge of food supplies, and the other defendants were either members of the union or frequented the Labor Union Hall.

*780There was introduced in evidence the four sticks of dynamite found at the Stevens Manufacturing Plant, 96 sticks found on the farm of Mrs. Holt, mother-in-law of defendant Anderson, the fuse identified by Furlough as the fuse he had on the night in question, and a box of dynamite caps which Furlough testified he had in his possession.

J. H. Vickery testified for the defense that he and O. R. Holder went to Gray’s Chapel on Monday, 17 September, to look for a lost dog, and they saw a Ford car stopped on the side of the road, two men standing by it, one of whom asked for a tire pump, after waving him down, and said to the other fellow to get me a valve core, or a valve, and the other fellow stepped into the car and picked up something. When he did, the man outside the car said, “Be damn careful with that — you know that’s dynamite.” They fixed the tire and drove off. H. E. Pruitt was identified as one of the men. The other was not John Anderson, the witness said. Vickery was corroborated by Holder. Pruitt, recalled to the stand by the State, denied he ever saw either Vickery or Holder before seeing them in the courtroom.

There was much evidence on behalf of the defendants in denial of the State’s case, and some undertook to show that they were elsewhere when the crimes charged against them were committed.

MOTION TO STRIKE ALLEGED CONFESSION.

After the evidence was all in, the defendant Howard Overman lodged a motion that his alleged' confession, previously admitted, be stricken out and withdrawn from the consideration of the jury on the ground of involuntariness, it appearing from the testimony of D. P. Stewart, a witness for the State, that the following statements were made at the time: “I think I told him some of the ones in jail had talked and would talk and he might as well do likewise. ... It was not true that anyone in jail had talked. ... I believe I told him it would be better for him to go ahead and tell it just like it was and he might as well go ahead and tell it because it was already told.” Motion overruled; exception.

DEMURRER TO EVIDENCE.

At the conclusion of the State’s evidence, and again at the close of all the testimony, the defendants moved for judgment of nonsuit under the Mason Act. Overruled; exception.

OBJECTIONS TO EVIDENCE AND THE CHARGE.

There were numerous exceptions to evidence and a number to the charge.

*781VERDICT.

Tbe jury returned tbe following verdict: “Guilty as to all.”

Motion by defendants, other than Avery Kimrey, to set ■ aside the verdict. Overruled; exception. Appeal bonds required of all the defendants, except Avery Kimrey.

JUDGMENTS.

The defendant John L. Anderson was sentenced to be confined in the State Prison at hard labor for an indeterminate period of not less than eight nor more than ten years. The defendant J. P. Hoggard was given a sentence at hard labor of not less than four nor more than six years. The defendant Florence Blaylock was given a sentence at hard labor of not less than four nor more than six years, under the first count charging conspiracy, and an additional year in State’s Prison under the second count of the indictment, and under the fifth count he was given a sentence of five years, to run concurrently, so far as it may extend, with the sentences under the first and second counts, and under the sixth count a ■concurrent sentence of five years! with the five years under the fifth indeterminate period of not less than four nor more than six years, and ■concurrent terms of five years were imposed under the fifth and sixth •counts. Tom Canipe was sentenced to two years at hard labor in State’s Prison, and J. F. Haraway given a like sentence. The defendant Avery Kimrey was sentenced to two years in the State’s Prison, judgment to be .suspended upon good behavior being shown at February and November terms of Alamance Superior Court.

The defendants appeal, assigning errors.

*Attorney-General Seawell and Assistant Attorney-General Aiken for ■the State.*

*John J. Henderson, Clarence Boss, J. Elmer Long, David Levinson, ■and Ralph T. Seward for defendants.*

Stacy, C. J.,

after stating the case: When the case was called for trial, the defendant Jerry Furlough tendered a plea of *nolo contendere*■on the charge of conspiracy, which was accepted by the State. He was later used as a witness for the prosecution.

The judgment against the defendant, Avery Kimrey, was suspended ■upon terms acceptable to him and his counsel, and apparently he has not .appealed. *S. v. Rooks,*207 N. C., 275, 176 S. E., 752. Hence, the validity of the terms of suspension as to him, or whether they are accordant with what was said in *S. v. McAfee,*189 N. C., 320, 127 N. C., 204, is mot presently before us for decision. *S. v. Rhodes, ante,*241.

*782The remaining six defendants by their appeal bring up for review alleged errors of the court in the trial of the cause, upon matters of law or legal inference. Const., Art. IV, sec. 8; *S. v. Harrell,*203 N. C., 210, 165 S. E., 551. The guilt or innocence of the several accused, sharply joined on the record, are issues of fact, determinable alone by the jury. *S. v. Satterfield,*207 N. C., 118, 176 S. E., 466; *S. v. Ammons,*204 N. C., 753, 169 S. E., 631; *S. v. Lea,*203 N. C., 13, 164 S. E., 737; *S. v. Rideout,*189 N. C., 156, 126 S. E., 500; *S. v. Rountree,*181 N. C., 535, 106 S. E., 669; *S. v. Phillips,*178 N. C., 713, 100 S. E., 577; *S. v. Carlson,*171 N. C., 818, 89 S. E., 30. We are not permitted to weigh the evidence here. *S. v. Fain,*106 N. C., 760, 11 S. E., 593.

Was there error, or has any been shown, in any decision of the court below on any matter of law or legal inference? This — and this alone— is the inquiry presented by the appeal.

At the outset of the case, the defendants demurred to the indictment, or moved to quash, and asked for a severance. The bill charges a conspiracy on the part of all the defendants and the successive steps thereafter taken by the respective conspirators, or some of them, in the execution of their original design. These steps were six in number, all of the grade of felony, and it is permissible under our practice to join them as separate counts in a single bill. C. S., 4622; *S. v. Jarrett,*189 N. C., 516, 127 S. E., 590.

Speaking directly to the point in *S. v. Malpass,*189 N. C., 349, 127 S. E., 248, *Parser, J.,*delivering the opinion of the Court, said: “The rule in this State now is, that different counts relating to the same transaction, or to a series of transactions, tending to one result, may be joined, although the offenses are *not*of the same grade,” citing as authority for the position: *S. v. Lewis,*185 N. C., 640, 116 S. E., 259; *S. v. Burnett,*142 N. C., 577, 55 S. E., 72; *S. v. Howard,*129 N. C., 584, 40 S. E., 71; *S. v. Harris,*106 N. C., 682, 11 S. E., 377; *S. v. Mills,*181 N. C., 530, 106 S. E., 677. See, also, *S. v. Alridge,*206 N. C., 850, 175 S. E., 191.

Furthermore, bills and warrants are no longer subject to quashal “by reason of any informality or refinement,” C. S., 4623, and judgments are not to be stayed or reversed for nonessential or minor defects. O. S., 4625; *S. v. Whitley, ante,*661. The modern tendency is against technical objections which do not afféct the merits of the ease. S. *v. Hardee,*192 N. C., 533, 135 S. E., 345.

A similar situation to the one now presented arose in the case of *S. v. Beal,*199 N. C., 278, 154 S. E., 604. There, it was held that a demurrer to the bill on the ground of duplicity was properly overruled. *S.*v. *Knotts,*168 N. C., 173, 83 S. E., 972. A like result must follow here. *S. v. Lea,*203 N. C., 13, 164 S. E., 737; *S. v. Charles,*195 N. C., 868, 142 S. E., 486.

*783Nor was there error in denying the defendants separate trials. It was, the rule at common law, which still obtains with us, that, when two or more persons are indicted jointly, a motion for severance may be made on the face of the bill (S. v. *Deaton,*92 N. C., 788), but the granting or refusing of the motion is a matter which rests in the sound discretion of the trial court. *S. v. Donnell,*202 N. C., 782, 164 S. E., 352; *S. v. Southerland,*178 N. C., 676, 100 S. E., 187; *S. v. Holder,*153 N. C., 606, 69 S. E., 66; *S. v. Carrawan,*142 N. C., 575, 54 S. E., 1002; *S. v. Barrett,*142 N. C., 565, 54 S. E., 856; *S. v. Smith,*24 N. C., 402. No abuse of discretion appears on the present record. The defendants were charged with being partners in crime, conspirators, and they were tried together, as his Honor evidently thought was but meet and proper. Note, 70 A. L. R., 1171; 16 C. J., 786. The exception is not sustained.

The motions made in connection with the jury do not amount to a challenge to the array. *S. v. Levy,*187 N. C., 581, 122 S. E., 386; *Lupton v. Spencer,*173 N. C., 126, 91 S. E., 718. Indeed, the instruction of the court to a deputy sheriff to summon a number of men to .serve as talesmen was not an order under the statute, C. S., 2321, for talesmen or a special venire. *S. v. McDowell,*123 N. C., 764, 31 S. E., 839. The practice is quite common on the circuit. The jurors were subjected to all the qualifications of talesmen, and the defendants did not exhaust their challenges to the polls. *S. v. Levy, supra.*No just or valid complaint can be predicated upon these exceptions.

The most serious exception appearing on the record is the one addressed to the refusal of the court to strike out the alleged confession of the defendant Howard Overman. It is true, when the alleged confession was offered in evidence, its voluntariness was not questioned or determined in the manner pointed out in *S. v. Whitener,*191 N. C., 659, 132 S. E., 603. The court was justified in admitting it at the time. And •even when the testimony of D. P. Stewart later developed, there was no motion to withdraw the alleged confession from the consideration of the jury — at least none appears of record. The exception now insisted upon was taken at the close of all the evidence. The ruling might possibly be upheld upon procedural grounds, but inasmuch as the involuntariness of the alleged confession is apparent from the testimony of the State’s witness, D. P. Stewart, we are disposed to disregard form for merit and to hold that the alleged confession should have been stricken out. *S. v. Livingston,*202 N. C., 809, 164 S. E., 337; *S. v. Grier,*203 N. C., 586, 166 S. E., 595; *S. v. Davis,*125 N. C., 612, 34 S. E., 198; *S. v. Drake,*113 N. C., 624, 18 S. E., 166; *S. v. Dildy,*72 N. C., 325; *S. v. Whitfield,*70 N. C., 356.

A free and voluntary confession is deserving of the highest credit, ■because it is presumed to flow from the strongest sense of guilt, but a *784.confession wrung from the mind by the flattery of hope, or by the torture of fear, comes in such questionable shape as to merit no consideration. *S. v. Livingsion, supra; S. v. Patrick,*48 N. C., 443.

Speaking to the subject in *S. v. Roberts,*12 N. C., 259, *Henderson, J.,*said: “Confessions are either voluntary or involuntary. They are called voluntary when made neither under the influence of hope nor fear, but are attributable to that love of truth which predominates in the breast of every man, not operated upon by other motives more powerful with him, and which, it is said, in the perfectly good man cannot be countervailed. These confessions are the highest evidences of truth, even in cases affecting life. But it is said, and said with truth, that confessions induced by hope or extorted by fear are, of all kinds of evidence, the least to be relied on, and are therefore entirely to be rejected.”

Voluntary confessions are admissible in evidence against the party making them; involuntary confessions are not. A confession is voluntary in law when' — and only when — it was in fact voluntarily made. *S. v. Newsome,*195 N. C., 552, 143 S. E., 187.

The sustaining of this exception, however, does not affect the other defendants, because in the alleged confession no reference is made to any conspiracy, and it was admitted only as against the defendant Howard Overman.

The overruling of the motions to nonsuit under the Mason Act, and exceptions thereto, present for review the sufficiency of the evidence, taken in its most favorable light for the prosecution, to carry the case to the jury. *S. v. Marion,*200 N. C., 715, 158 S. E., 406. Whether there is such evidence is a question of law for the court to determine. The credibility, weight, and effect of the testimony are for the jury. *S. v. Harrell,*203 N. C., 210, 165 S. E., 551.

The practice is now so firmly established as to admit of no questioning that, on a motion to nonsuit, the evidence is to be considered in its most favorable light for the prosecution. *S. v. Rountree,*181 N. C., 535, 106 S. E., 669. And further, the general rule is that if there be any evidence tending to prove the fact in issue, or which reasonably conduces to its conclusion as a fairly logical and legitimate deduction, and not merely such as raises a suspicion or conjecture in regard to it, the case should be submitted to the jury; otherwise not, for short of this, the judge should direct a nonsuit or an acquittal in a criminal prosecution. *S. v. Vinson,*63 N. C., 335. But if the evidence warrant a reasonable inference of the fact in issue, it is for the jury to say whether they are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of such fact, the fact of guilt. *S. v. McLeod,*198 N. C., 649, 152 S. E., 895; *S. v. Blackwelder,*182 N. C., 899, 109 S. E., 644.

Tested by this rule, what are the inculpatory inferences reasonably dedueible from the evidence appearing on the present record ?

*785They may be listed as follows:

1. That Eed Gross dynamite was thrown into the plants of Stevens Manufacturing Company and E. M. Holt Plaid Mills, Inc., of Burlington, N. C., on the night of 14 September, 1934.

2. That Florence Blaylock threw the dynamite into these plants from an automobile driven by Howard Overman.

3. That on the previous night, the dynamite magazine or storehouse of the Kirk Holt Hardware Company was broken into, by means of sawing the staple, and two or three boxes of Eed Cross dynamite taken therefrom.

4. That the tracks of five persons were discovered around and about this storehouse on the following morning.

5. That the defendants J. P. Hoggard, J. F. Haraway, and Tom Oanipe were in the Chevrolet automobile found in front of this storehouse about 9 :30 p.m. on the night of the entry.

6. That another automobile was there, also; that Florence Blaylock had in his possession a hacksaw, which he borrowed from Jerry Furlough, and that the dynamite storehouse was opened with a hacksaw.

*7.*That the record discloses a plain case of store-breaking, larceny, and malicious mischief, with the question of identity as the principal issue on the last five counts in the bill.

8. That the defendant John L. Anderson hid some Eed Cross dynamite on the farm of his mother-in-law, later removing it to a secluded spot near Burlington; that he talked with the defendants Florence Blay-lock, Jerry Furlough, and Avery Kimrey as to how the Duke Power plant was to be blown up, and that he wanted some of this dynamite put under the house of Mr. Copeland, one of the owners of the Plaid Mills, so as to make it appear an inside job.

9. That the defendants John L. Anderson, J. P. Hoggard, Florence Blaylock, Avery Kimrey, and Jerry Furlough acted in concert in directing the actions of the defendants, both with respect to arranging for the dynamite and manufacturing evidence for their defense, for example, the understanding that Mr. King would set his watch ahead, so as to be able to establish an alibi, etc.

It appears, therefore, that the evidence was amply sufficient to carry the case to the jury on the first count as against all the defendants, except, perhaps, J. F. Haraway, Tom Oanipe, and Howard Overman. As to Haraway and Oanipe, however, the evidence is sufficient to convict them on the 2d, 3d, and 4th counts; and Overman is to be held for another trial on the 4th, 5th, and 6th counts.

The principle upon which this conclusion rests is that, without regard to any previous design or confederation, when two or more persons aid and abet each other in the commission of a crime, all being present, all *786are principals and equally guilty. *S. v. Gosnell, ante,*401; *S. v. Donnell,*202 N. C., 782, 164 S. E., 352; *S. v. Dail,*191 N. C., 234, 131 S. E., 574; *S. v. Jarrell,*141 N. C., 722, 53 S. E., 127.

And further, it is the rule of practice in this jurisdiction that where the indictment contains several counts, and the evidence applies to one or more, hut not to all, a general verdict will be presumed to have been returned on the count or counts to which the evidence relates. *S. v. Snipes,*185 N. C., 743, 117 S. E., 500; *Morehead v. Brown,*51 N. C., 369; *S. v. Long,*52 N. C., 26; *S. v. Leak,*80 N. C., 404; *S. v. Thompson,*95 N. C., 597; *S. v Stroud, ib.,*627; *S. v. Cross,*106 N. C., 650, 10 S. E., 857; *S. v. Toole, ib.,*736, 11 S. E., 168; *S. v. Gilchrist,*113 N. C., 673, 18 S. E., 319; *S. v. May,*132 N. C., 1020, 43 S. E., 819; *S. v. Gregory,*153 N. C., 646, 69 S. E., 674; *S. v. Poythress,*174 N. C., 809, 93 S. E., 919; *S. v. Strange,*183 N. C., 775, 111 S. E., 350.

The evidence as it relates to the charge of conspiracy tends to show that the Duke Power plant, or transformer station, was to be dynamited as well as the mills. Fortunately, this part of the plan was not carried out. The result, however, is the same so far as the motions to nonsuit are concerned. C. S., 4643.

A conspiracy is the unlawful concurrence of two or more persons in a wicked scheme — the combination or agreement to do an unlawful thing or to do a lawful thing in an unlawful way or by unlawful means. *S. v. Lea,*203 N. C., 13, 164 S. E., 737; *S. v. Ritter,*197 N. C., 113, 147 S. E., 733. Indeed, the conspiracy is the crime and not its execution. *S. v. Wrenn,*198 N. C., 260, 151 S. E., 261. Compare *Hyde v. U. S.,*225 U. S., 347. “As soon as the union of wills for the unlawful purpose is perfected, the offense of conspiracy is completed.” *S. v. Knotts, supra.*

There is a distinction between the offense to be committed and the conspiracy to commit the offense. *S. v. Brady,*107 N. C., 822, 12 S. E., 325. In the one, the *corpus delicti*is the act itself; in the other, it is the conspiracy to do the act. Note, 14 Ann. Cas., 156.

One who enters into a criminal conspiracy, like one who participates in a lynching, or joins a mob to accomplish some unlawful purpose, forfeits his independence and jeopardizes his liberty, for, by agreeing with another or others to do an unlawful thing, he thereby places his safety and security in the hands of every member of the conspiracy. The acts and declarations of each conspirator, done or uttered in furtherance of the common, illegal design, are admissible in evidence against all. *S. v. Ritter,*197 N. C., 113, 147 S. E., 733. “Every one who enters into a common purpose or design is equally deemed in law a party to every act which had before been done by the others, and a party to every *787act which may afterwards be done by any of the others, in furtherance of such common design.” *S. v. Jackson,*82 N. C., 565.

Direct proof of the charge is not essential, for such is rarely obtainable. It may be, and generally is, established by a number of indefinite acts, each of which, standing alone, might have little weight, but, taken collectively, they point unerringly to the existence of a conspiracy. *S. v. Wrenn, supra.*When resorted to by adroit and crafty persons, the presence of a common design often becomes exceedingly difficult to detect. Indeed, the more skillful and cunning the accused, the less plainly defined are the badges which usually denote their real purpose. Under such conditions, the results accomplished, the divergence of those results from the course which would ordinarily be expected, the situation of the parties and their antecedent relations to each other, together with the surrounding circumstances, and the inferences legitimately deducible therefrom, furnish, in the absence of direct proof, and often in the teeth of positive testimony to the contrary, ample ground for concluding that a conspiracy exists. 5 E. C. L., 1088.

If four men should meet upon a desert, all coming from different points of the compass, and each carrying upon his shoulder a plank, which exactly fitted and dovetailed with the others so as to form a perfect square, it would he difficult to believe they had not previorzsly been together. At least, it would be some evidence tending to support the inference. *S. v. Whiteside,*204 N. C., 710, 169 S. E., 711.

So, in the instant case, the facts in evidence afford more than a scintilla of proof that the defendants were not acting in concord by accident. *S. v. Shipman,*202 N. C., 518, 163 S. E., 657. The demurrers to the evidence were properly overruled.

The evidence upon which the defendants have been convicted comes in the main from their own alleged coconspirators and associates. If this be untrustworthy, as they now contend, it should be remembered the defendants were the first to repose confidence in these witnesses, and their appeal was to the jury. In this respect, we are unable to help them. Our jurisdiction is limited to reviewing on appeal decisions upon any matter of law or legal inference. Const., Art. IY, sec. 8.

A large number of exceptions were taken to the admission and exclusion of evidence, all of which have been examined with care. None can be sustained. Obviously, they cannot be treated separately in an opinion without extending it to “a burdensome and intolerable length.” *Willis v. New Bern,*191 N. C., 507, 132 S. E., 286. In several instances the record fails to disclose what the excluded testimony would have been. This renders such exceptions unavailing. *S. v. Rowland,*205 N. C., 544, 172 S. E., 182; *S. v. Brewer,*202 N. C., 187, 162 S. E., 363; 81 A. L. R., 1424; *S. v. McNair,*93 N. C., 628.

*788Likewise, many of tbe exceptions to tbe charge are gossamery and attenuate in character. It would be supererogatory to consider them *seriatim*in an opinion. Nevertheless, they have been thoroughly considered. None has been overlooked.

Stress has been laid upon the following instruction given at the jury’s request:

“You may convict one or more and acquit the others, on any count. You may convict them all, or you may acquit them all, on any of the counts.”

The principal criticism of this instruction is that it permits a conviction of only one of the defendants on the charge of conspiracy. The defendants have apparently overlooked the fact that Jerry Furlough was named in the indictment as one of the alleged conspirators, “and others by name to the jurors unknown.” This would render inapplicable the principle announced in *S. v. Mickey,*207 N. C., 608, 178 S. E., 220; *S. v. Diggs, 181*N. C., 550, 106 S. E., 834; and *S. v. Tom,*13 N. C., 569. Furthermore, the point is academic, as the jury returned a general verdict against all the defendants on trial. It is also observed that during the charge, the court stated: “I shall hand you, gentlemen, before I conclude, a list containing the several counts in the bill of indictment and the names of the defendants who are included in the several counts. This will be to guide you and help you and to assist you — not in any way to control you in any manner, but simply to help you to arrive at.your verdict.”

It is not perceived in what way the instruction, assigned as error, was hurtful to the defendants.

Nor was there error in the court’s instruction to the jury that the testimony of the defendants and their near relatives who went upon the stand and testified in their behalf should be scrutinized with care in order to ascertain to what extent, if any, their testimony was warped or biased by their interest, adding, however, that if, after such «scrutiny, they believed such witnesses, they would give the same credit to their testimony as if they were disinterested. *S. v. Lee,*121 N. C., 544, 28 S. E., 552; *S. v. Deal,*207 N. C., 448, 177 S. E., 332.

Again, the defendants complain because the trial court did not caution the jury, or instruct them, as to how the testimony of detectives and accomplices should be received and considered. *S. v. Palmer,*178 N. C., 822, 101 S. E., 506. There was no request for such instruction, and the assignment is without exceptive basis. A similar contention was advanced and rejected in *S. v. O'Neal,*187 N. C., 22, 120 S. E., 817. A like result must follow here.

A remark made by the court during the trial, rhetorically appreciative ■of the jury, was also the subject of comment on the argument, but as no *789objection, or exception was taken at tbe time, tbe matter is not properly before ns for review. No doubt tbe remark would bave been corrected or withdrawn, if seasonably called to tbe court’s attention. Tbe rule on appeal is, that questions are to be presented by exceptive assignments of error. Eule 19 (3), Rules of Practice; *S. v. Freeze,*170 N. C., 710, 86 S. E., 1000; *Rawls v. Lupton,*193 N. C., 428, 137 S. E., 175.

Finally, tbe defendants stressfully contended tbey were discredited in their defense by tbe following instruction :

“Now, you are not concerned, gentlemen, witb tbe opinions of tbe attorneys. It doesn’t make any difference to you wbat tbe attorneys in tbe ease tbink about it — whether tbey think tbe defendants innocent or guilty. Tou are only concerned witb tbe evidence in tbe case — which you will not take from tbe attorneys nor from tbe court. It is your duty to remember tbe evidence and to be governed exclusively by tbe evidence.”

Tbe basis of tbe objection to this charge is, that it lessened tbe force of tbe argument of counsel made in behalf of tbe defendants in tbe exercise of tbeir constitutional and statutory rights. *S. v. Hardy,*189 N. C., 799, 128 S. E., 152. If this were so, there would be substance to tbe objection. It is observed, however, that it was not tbe argument of counsel, but tbeir opinions as to tbe guilt or innocence of *the*accused, which tbe jury was told to disregard. In this there was no error. Characterization is not argument. Nor is it regarded as proper for counsel to express tbeir opinions upon tbe question which tbe jury is impaneled to decide. *Stanley v. Lbr. Co.,*184 N. C., 302, 114 S. E., 385. For example, in concluding tbe argument of tbe instant case on appeal, counsel for some of tbe defendants!, Mr. Levinson, said that in bis opinion tbe defendants bad not bad a fair trial, and that tbe charges against them should be dismissed. This was venturing an opinion beyond tbe province of counsel. Evidently a similar impropriety occurred in tbe court below, and it was this which tbe jury was instructed not to consider.

Again recurring to tbe case of Avery Kimrey, it appears that be did not join in tbe motion to set aside tbe verdict; and no bond was required of him. He and bis counsel consented to tbe terms upon which tbe judgment as to him was suspended. Tet in tbe entries of appeal it appears “tbe defendants, and each of them, except and appeal to tbe Supreme Court.” If this were intended to include tbe defendant Kim-rey, tbe appeal as to him must be dismissed, as be sought and accepted tbe indulgence and forbearance of tbe court. *S. v. Henderson,*207 N. C., 258, 176 S. E., 758; *S. v. Burnette,*173 N. C., 734, 91 S. E., 364; *S. v. Tripp,*168 N. C., 150, 83 S. E., 630; *S. v. Griffis,*117 N. C., 709, 23 S. E., 164; *S. v. Johnson,*169 N. C., 311, 84 S. E., 767; *S. v. Ed*
      *790
      *wards,*192 N. C., 321, 135 S. E., 37. In this respect, bis case is just tbe reverse of what occurred in *S. v.*Burgess, 192 N. C., 668, 135 S. E., 771.

We were told on the argument that as a matter of economic justice the charges against the defendants should be dismissed. It is observed, however, that the prosecution involves no rights arising out of the relationship of employer and employee. Indeed, whether such relationship exists is not pertinent to the inquiry. The record reveals a plain case of violence and wilful injury to property as a result of an unlawful conspiracy. No one, we take it, is willing to condone this conduct. The law condemns it, and it is to the interest of all that the offenders be apprehended. The cause of justice is never served by beclouding the issue. A jury of the vicinage has found, upon competent evidence, that the present defendants are the guilty parties. With the exception of Howard Overman, they have no legal grounds to complain.

The result, therefore, is as follows:

On appeal of defendants Anderson, Hoggard, Oanipe, Haraway, and Blaylock, no error.

On appeal of defendant Overman, new trial.

On appeal of defendant Kimrey, appeal dismissed.

Devin, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.