J-S28037-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

DURWIN GODWIN,

Appellant No. 2925 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 28, 2014

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

Criminal Division at No.: CP-51-CR-0011960-2013

BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED MAY 10, 2016

Appellant, Durwin Godwin, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered on August 28, 2014, following his non-jury conviction of multiple 

violations of the Uniform Firearms Act (VUFA) and one count of fleeing or 

attempting to elude the police.1 On appeal, Appellant challenges the 

sufficiency and weight of the evidence to support his VUFA conviction. For 

the reasons discussed below, we affirm.

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a)(1), 6016(a)(1), 6108, and 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 

3733(a), respectively.
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We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter 

from the trial court’s August 12, 2015 opinion and our independent review of 

the certified record.

On September 5, 2013, [Philadelphia Police] Officer Brad 

Momme and Sergeant Shantee Warren were in full uniform 

patrolling on Pickering Street in a marked car. Around 10 p.m., 

they observed the Appellant run a red light at the intersection of 

Gowen and Pickering. Officer Momme turned on lights and 

sirens and pulled directly behind Appellant’s vehicle on Gowen 

Street. Appellant pulled his vehicle over and slowed down[,] but 

did not come to a complete stop initially. While the vehicle 

continued to travel at a slow rate of speed, Officer Momme 

observed Appellant moving around in the vehicle. When the 

vehicle eventually came to a complete stop, both officers exited 

the vehicle and approached the rear of Appellant’s vehicle. 

Sergeant Warren approached from the rear passenger side and 

Office Momme from the driver side. Officer Momme testified 

that he could see Appellant frantically moving towards the center 

console area making quick motions. The Appellant’s movements 

made Officer Momme extremely nervous. While approaching the 

vehicle, Officer Momme yelled[,] “show me your hands[,]” but 

Appellant did not respond. Officer Momme was standing directly 

behind the truck when he saw Appellant wearing purple latex 

gloves and holding a large black firearm over his lap. Officer 

Momme observed the gun while leaning, over the truck looking 

into the vehicle. There was no tint anywhere on the vehicle. 

The gun was pointing [to the] center of the vehicle and was on 

Appellant’s lap. Officer Momme described the gun as black, 

large, semi or full automatic, and similar to a police-issued gun. 

Officer Momme testified that he could see the entire length of 

the slide. After seeing the gun, Officer Momme yelled “gun” to 

his partner [Sergeant] Warren and the vehicle sped off at an 

extremely high rate of speed. Officer Momme and Sergeant 

Warren then pursued the vehicle for three to five miles.

Officer Momme radioed into police command vehicle 

pursuit with a description of the vehicle and that the male had a 

firearm. While on patrol, Officer James McGorry heard the radio 

call and observed a vehicle matching the description in the 

driveway of 7900 Thouron Avenue. Office[r] McGorry testified 

that he saw the vehicle with the lights on and saw Appellant exit 
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the vehicle wearing purple latex gloves. Appellant saw the 

officers and ran. Officer McGorry pursued, jumped a fence and 

caught Appellant. While in pursuit on foot, Officer McGorry 

observed Appellant throw away the purple latex gloves he was 

wearing. Officer McGorry testified that it took several officers to 

get Appellant handcuffed because Appellant was fighting the 

officers. Appellant was ordered to put his hands behind his 

back but refused. Appellant had his hands in front of him and 

was swinging back, elbowing the officers with his fists. It wasn’t 

until after a fellow officer tased Appellant that he was able to be 

handcuffed. There were at least 3-4 officers on the scene [who] 

subdued [Appellant]. 

Approximately five minutes after the initial pursuit, Officer 

Momme heard over the radio that Appellant was apprehended at 

7900 Thouron Avenue. Two purple latex gloves were recovered 

from the ground between the vehicle and the driveway. No gun 

was recovered from the vehicle or the Appellant. 

(Trial Court Opinion, 8/12/15, at 2-4) (record citations omitted).

On October 11, 2013, the Commonwealth filed a criminal information 

charging Appellant with the aforementioned offenses. On May 19, 2014, 

following a bench trial, the court convicted Appellant. On August 28, 2014, 

the trial court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of incarceration of 

not less than two nor more than four years to be followed by a consecutive 

term of six years of probation. On September 8, 2014, Appellant filed a 

post-sentence motion challenging the weight of the evidence. (See 

[Appellant’s] Post-Sentence Motions, 9/08/14, at unnumbered pages 2-3). 

The trial court denied the motion on September 10, 2014. 

The instant timely appeal followed. On October 16, 2014, the trial 

court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of 

on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Subsequently, counsel requested and 
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the trial court granted two extensions of time for Appellant to file his Rule 

1925(b) statement. On March 4, 2015, Appellant filed a timely Rule 1925(b) 

statement. On August 12, 2015, the trial court filed an opinion. See 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a). 

On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review:

1. Was the evidence insufficient to support [Appellant’s] VUFA 

conviction[]?

2. Even if the evidence was sufficient to support [Appellant’s] 

VUFA conviction[ was that conviction] nevertheless against 

the weight of the evidence?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 4).

In his first claim, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

underlying his VUFA2conviction.3 (See Appellant’s Brief, at 8-13). Our 

standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence claims is well settled:

We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, 

and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in a 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, 

support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Where there 

____________________________________________

2 A defendant is guilty of violating 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105 if he “has been 

convicted of an offense enumerated in subsection” and possesses a firearm. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105(a)(1). A defendant violates 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106 if he 

carries a firearm without a license. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1). Finally, 

a defendant is guilty of violating 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108 if he carries an 

unlicensed firearm “upon the public streets or upon any public property” in 

Philadelphia. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108(1). Appellant stipulated at trial that he 

had committed an offense making him ineligible to carry a firearm and 

unable to get a license. (See N.T. Trial, 5/19/15, at 56).

3 Appellant does not challenge his conviction for fleeing or eluding the police. 

(See Appellant’s Brief, at 8 n. 1, see also id. at 8-13).
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is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to find every 

element of the crime has been established beyond a reasonable 

doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

The evidence established at trial need not preclude every 

possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, 

part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the 

province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute 

our judgment for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s 

burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and any 

doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact 

finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a 

matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the 

combined circumstances.

 

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citations 

omitted).

This Court has repeatedly stated that, when challenging the sufficiency 

of the evidence on appeal, the appellant’s Rule 1925 statement must 

“specify the element or elements upon which the evidence was insufficient” 

in order to preserve the issue for appeal. Commonwealth v. Williams, 

959 A.2d 1252, 1257 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation and emphasis omitted). 

Such specificity is of particular importance in cases where, as here, the trial 

court convicted Appellant of multiple crimes and each of the crimes contains 

numerous elements that the Commonwealth must prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt. See id. at 1258 n.9. In the instant matter, Appellant did 

not specify which elements of the offenses he wished to challenge. (See 

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Statement, 3/04/15, at 1-2). Instead, Appellant 

vaguely and incomprehensibly stated that the evidence was insufficient to 

sustain his VUFA conviction because it “was in contradiction to the physical 
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facts and in contravention of human experience and the laws of nature.” 

(Id. at 1). Appellant then cites to three cases, Commonwealth v. 

Santana, 333 A.2d 876 (Pa. 1975); Commonwealth v. Karkaria, 625 

A.2d 1167 (Pa. 1993), and Commonwealth v. Brown, 52 A.3d 1139 (Pa. 

2012), none of which discuss challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence 

underlying a VUFA conviction. It is thus impossible to determine from 

Appellant’s vague Rule 1925(b) statement that Appellant is claiming that the 

evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction because the 

Commonwealth did not introduce a weapon into evidence (see Appellant’s 

Brief, at 11) and that the Commonwealth did not prove that the weapon was 

operable (see id. at 12). Accordingly, we find Appellant’s sufficiency of the 

evidence claim waived. See Williams, supra at 1257.

Further, even if we did not find his claim waived for the reason 

discussed above, Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence argument is 

underdeveloped. Appellant does not set forth the elements of the crimes the 

court convicted him of and he does not specify which element he seeks to 

challenge. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 8-13). Appellant does set out the 

standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence claims and cites to several 

cases that stand for the proposition that a court must reject incredible 

testimony and not base a conviction on conjecture or speculation. (See id.). 

However, despite apparently claiming that Officer Momme’s testimony was 

insufficient, (see id. at 11-13), Appellant does not cite to the record and 
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does not specify what portions of Officer Momme’s testimony were 

insufficient. Moreover, Appellant does not cite to any support for what 

appear to be his main legal arguments: (1) that the Commonwealth must 

produce the weapon to sustain a conviction for VUFA;4(2) that the 

Commonwealth must prove that the weapon was operable;5and (3) that the 

Commonwealth cannot prove operability by circumstantial evidence.6 (See 

id.). Accordingly, Appellant has waived his sufficiency of the evidence 

claims. See Commonwealth v. Liston, 941 A.2d 1279, 1285 (Pa. Super. 

2008) (en banc), affirmed in part and vacated in part, 977 A.2d 1089 (Pa. 

2009).

____________________________________________

4 We note that this Court has clearly stated that circumstantial evidence that 

the defendant possessed a gun is sufficient to sustain a conviction for VUFA. 

See Commonwealth v. Robinson, 817 A.2d 1153, 1162 (Pa. Super. 2003) 

(evidence sufficient to sustain conviction for VUFA even where no weapon 

recovered when victim testified that she saw firearm and there was time 

between incident and arrest for defendant to discard weapon). 

5 While the Commonwealth is required to prove operability to sustain 

convictions under sections 6106 and 6108, see Commonwealth v. Layton, 

307 A.2d 843, 844-45 (Pa. 1973), section 6105 does not require such proof. 

See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 988 A.2d 669, 672 (Pa. Super. 2009), 

appeal denied, 4 A.3d 1054 (Pa. 2010). 

6 The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has stated: “[a] reasonable fact finder 

may, of course, infer operability from an object which looks like, feels like, 

sounds like or is like, a firearm. Such an inference would be reasonable 

without direct proof of operability.” Layton, supra at 844. Further, this 

Court has long rejected claims that an inference of operability is 

inappropriate where the Commonwealth does not recover a weapon. See 

Commonwealth v. Yaple, 357 A.2d 617, 618 (Pa. Super. 1976) (rejecting 

claim that evidence was insufficient to sustain VUFA conviction because 

Commonwealth could not prove operability in absence of weapon). 
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Moreover, Appellant’s claim is, in essence, a contention that the 

finder-of-fact should not have credited the testimony of Officer Momme that 

he saw Appellant in possession of an operable gun. (See Appellant’s Brief, 

at 11-13). However, such an argument goes to the weight of the evidence, 

not the sufficiency of the evidence. See Commonwealth v. W.H.M., Jr., 

932 A.2d 155, 160 (Pa. Super. 2007) (claim that jury should have believed 

appellant’s version of event rather than that of victim goes to weight, not 

sufficiency of evidence); Commonwealth v. Wilson, 825 A.2d 710, 713-14 

(Pa. Super. 2003) (review of sufficiency of evidence does not include 

assessment of credibility of testimony; such claim goes to weight of 

evidence); Commonwealth v. Gaskins, 692 A.2d 224, 227 (Pa. Super. 

1997) (credibility determinations are made by finder of fact and challenges 

to those determinations go to weight, not sufficiency of evidence). 

Accordingly, Appellant’s sufficiency of the evidence claim fails.

In his second claim, Appellant argues that his conviction was against 

the weight of the evidence because the police officers’ testimony was 

inaccurate and their version of events not credible because a charge of 

resisting arrest was dismissed at the preliminary hearing. (See Appellant’s 

Brief, at 14-15). We disagree.

Initially, we note that Appellant waived this claim because, other than 

a single citation to boilerplate law, his argument is completely devoid of 

citation to any legal authority and contains no citation to the record. See In 
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re C.R., 113 A.3d 328, 335-36 (Pa. Super. 2015) (finding weight of 

evidence claim waived where appellant failed to cite to any legal authority). 

In any event, the claim is without merit. Our scope and standard of 

review of a weight of the evidence claim is as follows: 

The finder of fact is the exclusive judge of the weight of 

the evidence as the fact finder is free to believe all, part, or none 

of the evidence presented and determines the credibility of the 

witnesses.

As an appellate court, we cannot substitute our judgment 

for that of the finder of fact. Therefore, we will reverse a jury’s 

verdict and grant a new trial only where the verdict is so 

contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense of justice. A 

verdict is said to be contrary to the evidence such that it shocks 

one’s sense of justice when the figure of Justice totters on her 

pedestal, or when the jury’s verdict, at the time of its rendition, 

causes the trial judge to lose his breath, temporarily, and causes 

him to almost fall from the bench, then it is truly shocking to the 

judicial conscience.

Furthermore, where the trial court has ruled on the weight 

claim below, an appellate court’s role is not to consider the 

underlying question of whether the verdict is against the weight 

of the evidence. Rather, appellate review is limited to whether 

the trial court palpably abused its discretion in ruling on the 

weight claim.

Commonwealth v. Boyd, 73 A.3d 1269, 1274-75 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en 

banc) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, the trial 

court’s denial of a motion for a new trial based on a weight of the evidence 

claim is the least assailable of its rulings.” Commonwealth v. Diggs, 949 

A.2d 873, 879-80 (Pa. 2008), cert. denied, 556 U.S. 1106 (2009) (citation 

omitted). Lastly, the instant matter was a bench trial, and we have stated 

that, “[w]e will respect a trial court’s findings with regard to the credibility 
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and weight of the evidence [after a bench trial] unless the appellant can 

show that the court’s determination was manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and 

capricious[,] or flagrantly contrary to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Co., Inc. 

v. Toll Naval Assocs., 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation

omitted).

Here, the trial court rejected Appellant’s weight of the evidence claim, 

finding the testimony of the police “entirely reasonable and credible[.]” 

(Trial Ct. Op., at 6). We agree. The record reflects that the trial court, 

sitting as finder-of-fact credited the testimony of the police and did not 

credit Appellant’s testimony. (See id.). The trial court was free to believe 

the Commonwealth’s witnesses and to disbelieve the defense. See 

Commonwealth v. Griscavage, 517 A.2d 1256, 1259 (Pa. 1986). “[I]t is 

for the fact-finder to make credibility determinations, and the finder of fact 

may believe all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.” Commonwealth 

v. Lee, 956 A.2d 1024, 1029 (Pa. Super. 2008), appeal denied, 964 A.2d 

894 (Pa. 2009) (citation omitted). Thus, even if Appellant had not waived 

his weight of the evidence claim, it would be without merit.

For the reasons discussed above, we find that Appellant’s claims are 

either waived or meritless. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of 

sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judge Lazarus joins the Memorandum.
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Judge Bowes files a Concurring Statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 5/10/2016