# United States **Court of Appeals**  **for the Federal Circuit**

______________________ AMGEN INC., AMGEN MA NUFACTURING, LIMITED, Plaintiffs

- Appellants

v.
HOSPIRA, INC. Defendant

- Appellee

______________________
2016

- 2179

______________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in No. 1:15

- cv

- 00839

- RGA, Judge Richard G. Andrews.

______________________
Decided: August 10, 2017

______________________
N ICHOLAS P. G ROOMBRIDGE , Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, New York, NY, argued for plaintiffs

- appellants. Also represented by S TEPHEN A CCURSIO M ANISCALCO , E RIC A LAN S TONE , J ENNIFER H. W U ; K EVIN M. F LOWERS , J OHN L ABBE , M ATTHEW N IELSEN , Marshall, Gerstein & Borun LLP, Chicago, IL; T HOMAS F RANCIS L AVERY , W ENDY A. W HITEFORD , Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA.2 AMGEN INC

. v. HOSPIRA , INC

.

T HOMAS J. M ELORO , Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, New York, NY, argued for defendant -appellee . Also repr esented by M ICHAEL J OHNSON

.

______________________
Before D YK , B RYSON , and C HEN , Circuit Judges.

D YK , Circuit Judge

. Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) appeals an order of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware denying Amgen’s motion to compel discovery from Hospira, Inc

. ( “Hospira”) in a patent infringement case governed by the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCIA”) , Pub. L. No. 111

- 148, 124 Stat. 119, 804 (2010) (amending 42 U.S.C. § 262)

. Amgen alternatively seeks a writ of mandamus ordering the court to compel discovery. Because we lack jurisdiction over the district court’s order under the collateral order doctrine and find that Amgen fails to satisfy the p rerequisites for mandamus , we dismiss the appeal and deny the writ

. B ACKGROUND
I
T he parties’ dispute arises from the disclosure r equirements of the BPCIA, provisions that were recently addressed by the Supreme Court in Sandoz, Inc. v. Amgen, Inc.
, 137 S. Ct. 1664 (2017) . “ The BPCIA sets forth a carefully calibrated scheme for preparing to adj udicate, and then adjudicating, claims of [patent] infring ement ” resulting from the approval of “biological products” by the federa l Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)

. Sandoz, 137 S. Ct. at 1671 . To obtain FDA approval, t he
sponsor of a new biological product must demon strate, inter alia , that the new product is “safe, pure, and potent .” 42 U.S.C. § 262(a)(2)(C)(i)(I). However, f or a “biosimilar”AMGEN INC

. v. HOSPIRA , INC

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product based on an existing“reference” biological pro duct already approved under section 262(a)
, 1 a party may instead submit an “abbreviated” application under su bsection (k) of the statute. Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. at 1670

. Thus, i nstead of having to demonstrate that its biosimilar is “ safe, pure, and potent ” to obtain FDA approval
, a subsection (k) appl icant may “piggy back on the showing made by the [sponsor] of a previously [approved] biologic (reference product). ” Id. In exchange for this abbreviated pathway to approval, the subsection (k) applicant is subject to a number of obligations relevant to the sponsor’s patent rights

. One of these obligations is to provide the sponsor with “ a copy of the application submitted ” under subsection (k), “ and such other information that describes the process or processes used to manufacture the biolog ical product that is the subject of such application .” 42 U.S.C. § 262( l )(2)(A). This disclosure leads to a series of information exchan ges— described in 42 U.S.C § 262 ( l)(3) , ( l )(4) and ( l)(5)

— between the applicant and the sponsor that “channels the parties into two phases of patent litigation ”— described in 42 U.S.C. § 262( l)(6) and ( l )(8). Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. at 1671

. “In the first phase, the parties collaborate to identify patents that they wou ld like to litigate immedi ately” by exchanging patent lists pursuant to paragraph ( l )(3) and negotiating which of the listed patents will be subject to immediate action under paragraph ( l)(6). Id. “ The second phase of litigation ,” under paragraph ( l )(8) , “ is triggered

1 A “biosimilar” product is a “ biological product [ that ] is highly similar to a reference product notwit hstanding minor differences in clinically inactive comp onents ” and for which “there are no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the refe rence product in terms of

. . . safety, purity, and potency. ” 42 U.S.C. § 262(i)(2)(A)

– (B)

.4 AMGEN INC

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by the applicant’s notice of commercial marketing and involves any patents that were included on the parties’ [paragraph ( l )(3)] lists but not litigated in the first phase.” Id. ; see also Amgen Inc. v. Apotex Inc. , 827 F.3d 1052, 1055

– 57 (Fed. Cir. 2016).

II Hospira filed a subsection (k) application with the FDA in Dec ember 2014 seeking approval of a biosimilar of EPOGEN®, a biological product developed by Amgen and approved by the FDA under section 262(a) in 1989. In accordance with paragraph ( l )(2)(A), Hospira provided a

co py of its application to Amgen. Hospira did not sep arately provide information con cerning “the process

. . . used to manufacture the biologi cal product”

— again, as required by the statute

— but contends that such info rmation w as disclosed in its application.
In a letter to Hospira dated March 31, 2015, Amgen asserted that Hospira had failed to comply with par agraph ( l)(2)(A) because Hospira had failed to “fully di sclose the specific composition of the cell

- culture medium used in the manufacture” of Hospira’s biosimilar. J.A. 699. 2 Hospira responded that the components Amgen had identified were “commercially

- available raw materials,” and that Hospira had
, through its application, “provided sufficient information concerning both its product and the processes used to manufacture its prod uct.” J.A. 708. Despite their disagreement over Hospira’s compliance with paragraph ( l )(2)(A)

— a disagreement that we do not resolve— the parties proc eed ed to the next phase of the BPCIA’s information exchange by identifying patents

2 Amgen specifically asserted that Hospira had failed to disclose “the composition of the ‘MAM

- PF2 (powder),’ the ‘Trace Element Solution,’ the ‘Lipid Mix,’ or the ‘Antifoam C Solution .’” J.A. 699.AMGEN INC

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subject to suit. Under paragraph ( l )(3)(A)
, Amgen was obligated to “provide to [Hospira] .

. . a list of patents for which [Amgen] believe[d] a claim of patent infringement could reasonably be asserted .

. . if a person not licensed by [Amgen] engaged in the making, using, offering to sell, selling, or importing into the United States of the biolog ical product that [was] the subject of [Hospira’s] subsection (k) application. ” 42 U.S.C. § 262( l)(3)(A). Amgen listed U.S. Patent Nos. 5,756,349, 5,856,298, and 6,632,637 (the ’349, ’298, and ’637 patents, respectively), under par agraph ( l )(3)(A)

. These patents relate to the biological product and methods of producing the biological product
, rather than the specific cell

- culture medium used during its manufacturing process

. 3 Amgen stated that without information regarding the cell

- culture medium used by Hospira
, “Amgen [could not] assess the reasonableness of assert ing claims for infringement” with respect to other patents owned by Amgen “that claim processes for cultu ring cells used in manufacturing biological products.” J.A. 702. Consistent with this position, Amgen never identified a cell

- culture patent as part of its own BPCIA disclosures

. Ultimately, Amgen filed suit against Hospira on the ’349 and ’298 patents. As noted, neither of the asserted patents is a cell

- culture patent. Relying on our statement in Amgen Inc. v. Sandoz Inc. , 794 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2015)

, rev’d in part and vacated in part
, Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. at 1664
, that a sponsor
may seek information withheld by an applicant under paragraph ( l)(2)(A) “through discovery,” 794 F.3d at 1356, Amgen sought discovery on the composition of Hospira’s cell

- culture medium in its suit on the ’349 and ’298 p a-

3 C laim 7 of the ’349 patent recites “the step of cu lturing under suitable nutrient conditions, vertebrate cells,” but Hospira “determined not to contest that its manufacturing process meets” this limitation . J.A. 997.6 AMGEN INC

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tents

. Hospira refused Amgen’s discovery requests , and Amgen ultimately filed a motion to compel discovery. T he district court denied Amgen’s motion, stating that the cell

- culture information sought by Amgen had “essentia lly, no relevance to the patents that are assert ed,” J.A. 37
, a conclusion that Amgen does not now dispute

. Amgen a ppealed the district court’s interlocutory o rder. Hospira then moved this court to dismiss Amgen’s appeal for lack of ju risdiction

. We denied Hospira’s m otion, but asked the parties to brief “whether this court has jurisdiction pursuant to the collateral order doct r ine or under the All Writs Act.” Order, Amgen, Inc. v. Hospira, Inc. , No. 16

- 2179 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 12 , 2016), ECF No. 16.

D ISCUSSION
I We first address our jurisdiction over this appeal. O rdinarily, an appeal must be from a “ final ” judgment that

“ ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment .” Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay , 437 U.S. 463, 467 (1978) (quoting Catlin v. United States , 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)). The colla teral order doctrine provides a narrow exception to this general rule. See Microsoft Corp. v. Baker , 137 S. Ct 1702, 1708 n.3 (2017)

. “To co me within the ‘small class’ of decisions excepted from the final

- judgment rule by [the collateral order doctrine], the order must conclusively determine the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action,

an d be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. ” Livesay , 437 U.S. at 468 ; Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp. , 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949). Here, it appears that the district court’s discovery o rder may sat isfy the first two conditions of be ing an a ppealable collateral order; the order conclusively denied Amgen’s motion to compel discovery
, and Amgen’s ent i-AMGEN INC

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tlement to discovery is separable from the mer its since the discovery sought is concededly not relevant to the asserted infringement claims. The issue is whether the district court’s order is “effectively unreviewable” on appeal from a final judgment. Livesay , 437 U.S. at 468.
As noted in Livesay

, “rulings on discovery” generally do not quali fy for the collateral order doctrine’s except ion to the final judgment rule

. Id. at 470. “[T] he rule remains settle d that most discovery orders are not final,” and

“ courts routinely dismiss appeals from orders grant ing .

. . [or] denying discovery.” 15B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller § 3914.23 (2d ed. June 2017) ; see also, e.g. , Mohawk Indus., Inc. v. Carpenter , 558 U.S. 100, 112 (2009) (“privilege

- related disclosure orders” not subject to collateral appeal) ; Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Risjord
, 449 U.S. 368, 377 (1981) (noting that the Court has “ge nerally denied review of pretrial discovery orders”) ; Quantum Corp. v. Tandon Corp. , 940 F.2d 642, 644 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (order compelling discovery of attorney- client co mmunications not subject to collateral appeal). Such orders are not reviewable at the interlocutory stage because they are reviewable from a final judgment. Amgen nevertheless argues that the lack of immed iate appeal over the particular discovery order in this case will render it “effective ly unreviewable .” Here, Amgen asserts t hat forcing it to wait until final judgment for review will defeat what it asserts to be the purpose of paragraph ( l)(2)(A)’s disclosure requirements

— to enable the sponsor (here Amgen) to commenc e infringement litigation immediately
, prior to FDA approval and co mmercial marketing of the biological product by the appl icant

. Amgen analogizes its situation t o cases holding orders immediately appealable when those orders unseal8 AMGEN INC

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confidential documents or deny claims of immunity

. 4 Unlike those cases, however
, there is no clear

- cut statut ory purpose that would be undermined by denying imm ediate appeal. In such circumstances, Congress’s decision not to provide for interlocutory review simply means tha t immediate appeal is not available. See Kircher v. Putnam Fund s Tr. , 547 U.S. 633, 641 n.8 (2006) ( holding that the bar on appellate review of district court orders remanding

cases to state courts, 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d)
, applies to cases arising under the Securities Litigation Uniform Stan dards Act of 1998 in the absen ce of an “expressly” provided “clear statutory command” to the contrary ).
In sum
, the lack of immediate appeal over orders denying discovery of paragraph ( l)(2)(A) information does not ren der such orders “effectively unreviewable ” or distinguish them from run -of- the

- mill discovery disputes. Livesay , 437 U.S. at 468. We therefore lack jurisdiction over Amgen’s appeal under the collateral order doctrine.

II Amgen alternatively contends that it is entitled to mandamus under the All Wri ts Act ordering the district court to compel discovery. Mandamus is a drastic remedy reserved for the most “extraordinary causes.” Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Court for D.C. , 542 U.S. 367, 380 (2004). A

4 See Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co. , 727 F.3d 1214, 1220 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (orders unsealing confidential financial and marketing information appealable under collateral order doctrine); Va. Dep’t of State Police v. Wash. Post , 386 F.3d 567, 574 n.4 (4th Cir. 2004) (“[A] n order unsealing district court documents is an appealable collateral order

. . . .”); see also P.R. Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. , 506 U.S. 139, 147 (1993); Mitchell v. Forsyth , 472 U.S. 511, 524

– 30 (1985); Nixon v. Fitzgerald , 457 U.S. 731, 742

– 43 (1982).AMGEN INC

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party seeking mandamus must “have no other adequate means to attain the [desired] relief” and must demo nstrate that its right to the writ’s issuance is “clear and indisputable.” Id. at 380

– 81. Even if these “prerequisites ” are established, “ the issuing court, in the exercise of its discretion, must be satisfied th at the writ is appro priate under the circumstances.” Id. at 381. We focus our analysis on whether Amgen has esta blished a “clear and indisputable” right to the relief it seeks

. Under the BPCIA, there could be five potential avenues available to a sponsor seeking to secure process information pursuant to paragraph ( l )(2)(A). First, a sponsor could try to obtain an injunction as a matter of federal law compelling the applicant to make disclosures under paragraph ( l)(2)(A)

. But the Supreme Court foreclosed the availability of such a remed y in Sandoz

. See 137 S. Ct. at 1674

– 75

. Second, the sponsor could try to seek injunctive relief under state law. The Supreme Court expressly reserved this question in Sandoz
, id. at 1669, 1676 –77, but we have no o ccasion to opine on this issue because Amgen has not sought a state law remedy in this case. Third, the sponsor could sue the applicant for patent infringement flowing from the applicant’s failure to comply with paragraph ( l )(2)(A). However, Sandoz makes clear that under section 271(e)(2), the applicant’s “failure to disclose its application and manufacturing information [is] not an act of artificial infringement .

. . . Submitting an application constitutes an act of artificial infr ing ement. Failing to disclose the application and manufactu ring information under [paragraph ( l)(2)(A)] does not.” Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. at 1674 (citations omitted).
This leaves the fourth and fifth means by which the sponsor could coercively obtain informati on under par agraph ( l)(2)(A) . T he spons or could sue on “patents d e-10 AMGEN INC

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scribed in [paragraph ( l)(3) of the BPCIA] ,” 35 U.S.C § 271(e)(2)(C)(i), i.e. , the “list of patents for which the .

. . sponsor believes a claim of patent infringement could reasonably be asserted

. . . [against] a person .

. . engaged in the making, using, selling, offering to sell, selling, or importing into the United States of the biological product that is the subject of the subsection (k) application, ” 42 U.S.C. § 262( l )(3)(A)(i)

— the fourth alternative . T he spo nsor could also sue on a patent that “ could be identified” under paragraph ( l )(3), 35 U.S.C. § 271(e) (2)(C)(ii) (e mpha sis added)

— the fifth alternative

. See Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. 1674

– 75 (explaining clause s (i) and (ii) of section 271(e)(2)(C)). In this case, Amgen did not list any of its cell

- culture patents, nor did it bring suit on any of these patents as ones that “ could be identified” under par agraph ( l )(3)(A). Amgen thus declined to pursue either the fourth or fifth alternatives.
Instead of brin g ing suit on its cell

- culture pate nt s, Amgen brought suit on the ’349 and ’298 patents. A ccess to information under paragraph ( l )(2)(A) in a suit on a patent covering the biological product or a patent related to the biological product is governed by ordinary rules of litigation in federal district courts, i.e. , the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide that discoverable information must be “relevant to any party’s claim or defense.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1 ). As the district court held, t he composition of Hospi ra’s cell

- culture media is not relevant to any claim of i nfringement of the p atents asserted by Amgen or any of Hospira’s defens es or counterclaims

. Amgen concedes that “the cell

- culture manufacturing information is not rel evant to the currently asserted claims.”
N othing in Sandoz suggests that the BPCIA somehow supplants the preexisting rules of civil procedure. O ur opinion in Amgen merely acknowledged that a sponsor “can access the required information through discovery,” 794 F.3d at 1356, but our statement did not purport toAMGEN INC

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hold that the usual rules governing discovery do not apply in the BPCIA context. Nor does anything in Sandoz suggest otherwise. Amgen argues that unless discovery of Hospira’s pr ocess is allowed, its right to sue on its cell

- cu lture patents under the BPCIA will be th warted. According to Amgen, denying discovery of information under paragraph ( l)(2)(A) will allow applicants to “game the system .

. . [b]y affecting which patents are in the ( l )(6) lawsuit,” i.e. , the first phase of litigation under the BPCIA, see Sandoz
, 137 S. Ct. at 1671

– 72 . Under Amgen’s reading of the statute, an applicant could effectively control the scope of litig ation under the BPCIA by withholding information under paragraph ( l )(2)(A), thereby preventing the sponsor from identifying and brin g ing suit on patents related to the biological product that the sponsor “believes a claim of patent infringement could reasonably be asserted” under paragraph ( l )(3)(A). We note that the statute penalizes sponsors that decline to participate in the BPCIA’s info rmation exchanges because unde r 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(6)(C), a sponsor that fails to list a patent that “should have been included in the list described in [paragraph ( l)(3)(A)] .

. . may not bring an action under this section for infring ement of the patent with respect to the biological product.” In contending that a sponsor would be unable to list a patent under paragraph ( l)(3)(A) , Amgen emphasizes that the sponsor must form a good

- faith belief that a patent listed under paragraph ( l)(3)(A) “could reasonably be asserted.” A mgen asserts that a sponsor listing a patent without the benefit of the applicant’s paragraph ( l)(2)(A) disclosures would later be subject to sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil Proce dure 11 or antitrust liability for asserting baseless claims of patent infringement.12 AMGEN INC

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Amgen’s argument misunderstands the statute. Par agraph ( l )(3)(A) merely requires the sponsor to list patents that it “believes

. . . could reasonably be asserted.” (e mphasis added). The statute provides no sanction for hol ding or asserting a mistaken bel ief in good faith

. Moreover,

o nce a patent is listed by the sponsor , the BPCIA ’s info rmation exchange further requires the applicant to “pr ovide to the .

. . sponsor, with respect to each patent listed

. . . a detailed statement that describes, on a claim by claim basis , the factual and legal basis of the opinion of the subsection (k) applicant that such patent is invalid, unenforc eable, or will not be infringed.” 42 U.S.C. § 262( l)(3)(B)(ii) (emphases added). In other words, once a sponsor lists a patent u nder paragraph ( l)(3)(A), the applicant must once again come forward with additional disclosures under paragraph ( l )(3)(B) that inform whether “a claim of patent infringement .

. . could” or could not “reasonably be asserted.” If the applicant fails to com ply with its obligation to respond under paragraph ( l)(3)(B), the sponsor would have a reasonable basis for asserting a claim of patent infringement. Furthermore, u nder Rule 11, one submits a filing “to the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b). The rule also e xpressly permits factual allegations that “will likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(3). Thus
, i f a sponsor forms a belief based on an inquiry limited by an applicant’s withholding of info rmation, the sponsor has still satisfied Rule 11. See, e.g.
, Hoffman

- La Roche Inc. v. Invamed Inc. , 213 F.3d 1359, 1363

– 64 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (affirming denial of Rule 11 sanctions where patentees unsuccessfully sought man ufacturing information from defendants before suit and “attempted to ascertain whether the processes so used were infringing, but were unable to do so” ); Morda v.AMGEN INC

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K

lein , 865 F.2d 782, 785

– 86 (6th Cir. 1989) (affirming denial of Rule 11 sanctions because “[i]t would be partic ularly difficult to fault plaintiffs for a lack of prefiling inquiry when, as here, defendants have refused plaintiffs access to material informa tion that would bear on certain allegations made in the complaint”). The Supreme Court appears to have contemplated the filing of suit after an applicant fails to disclose information under paragraph ( l)(2)(A). See Sandoz , 137 S. Ct. at 1676 (“If the appli cant failed to provide that information, then the sponsor but not the applicant, could bring an immediate declaratory judgment action pursuant to § 262( l )(9)(C).”).
The se considerations dispel the notion that Amgen would have needed to bri ng suit simply ba sed on its own unsupported belief

. Hospira, in fact, agrees that Amgen could have validly listed its cell

- culture patents under paragraph ( l)(3)(A) and that Hospira would have been obligated to respond with “ detailed statement[s]” under paragraph ( l)(3)(B)

. In this scenario, Amgen would have had an opportunity to assess the reasonableness of its litigation position long before filing suit and being e xposed to Rule 11 sanctions or antitrust liability. Thus, the reasonableness requirement of paragraph ( l)(3)( A) does not preclude a sponsor from listing a patent for which an applicant has not provided information under paragraph ( l)(2)(A). 5 The denial of discovery in this case does not undermine the purpose of the BPCIA

.

5 We have no occasion here to address the fifth a lternative described in s ection 271(e)(2)(C)(ii) , that is, a suit on a “ patent that could b e identified pursuant to [paragraph ( l)(3)(A)]” of the BPCIA, where “the applicant

. . . fail[ed] to provide the ap plication and information required under [paragraph ( l )(2)(A)] .”14 AMGEN INC

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T he district court correctly denied Amgen’s motion to compel on the ground that the composition of Hospira’s cell

- culture media was of “ no relevance to the pate nts that are asserted.” J.A. 37. Amgen has no t established a clear and indisputable right to discovery of the information it seeks. It therefore has not established the prerequisites for this court to issue a writ of mandamus.
C ONCLUSION For the reasons stated, we dismiss Amgen’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction and deny Amgen’s petition for a writ of mandamus.

APPEAL DISMISSED AND PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS DENIED
C OSTS Each party shall bear its own costs.