IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

January 7, 2015 Session Heard at Greeneville1

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. LARRY JERELLER ALSTON, KRIS 

THEOTIS YOUNG, AND JOSHUA EDWARD WEBB 

Appeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals

Criminal Court for Knox County

No. 94647 Mary Beth Leibowitz, Judge

No. E2012-00431-SC-R11-CD – Filed May 5, 2015

We granted review in this case to determine whether a jury instruction based on our 

decision in State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012), must be given when a 

defendant is charged with the offenses of kidnapping and aggravated burglary. The 

defendants threatened the victim with guns and took her purse as she was getting into her 

car outside of her residence. The defendants forced the victim to enter her home and 

followed her inside. They forced the victim to sit on her couch while they ransacked her 

home. Police apprehended the defendants as they attempted to flee. The defendants were 

indicted for aggravated robbery of the victim‟s purse, aggravated burglary of the victim‟s 

home, especially aggravated kidnapping, and possession of a firearm with the intent to go 

armed during the commission of a dangerous felony. A jury convicted the defendants of 

all charges. The trial court set aside the guilty verdicts for especially aggravated 

kidnapping and aggravated burglary, finding that these convictions, in conjunction with 

the aggravated robbery convictions, violated principles of due process. The trial court 

also dismissed the firearms convictions. The Court of Criminal Appeals reversed and 

reinstated the verdicts. Upon appeal, we remanded the case to the Court of Criminal 

Appeals for consideration in light of our holding in State v. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d 599 (Tenn. 

2013), which made our holding in White applicable to cases in the appellate process. On 

remand, the intermediate appellate court reached the same result. We hold that a

kidnapping charge accompanied by an aggravated burglary charge does not, standing 

alone, warrant a White jury instruction. However, the trial court erred by not giving a 

 

1 We heard oral argument in this case on January 7, 2015, at the Niswonger Performing Arts 

Center in Greeneville, Tennessee, as a part of the Court‟s S.C.A.L.E.S. (Supreme Court Advancing Legal 

Education for Students) project.
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White jury instruction based on the especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated 

robbery charges, but the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal 

Appeals Affirmed

SHARON G. LEE, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which CORNELIA A. 

CLARK, GARY R. WADE, JEFFREY S. BIVINS, and HOLLY KIRBY, JJ., joined. 

JEFFREY S. BIVINS, J., filed a separate concurring opinion, in which HOLLY KIRBY, 

J., joined.

Mike Whalen, Knoxville, Tennessee, for appellant, Joshua Edward Webb; Sherif Guindi, 

Knoxville, Tennessee, for appellant, Larry Jereller Alston; and Robert R. Kurtz,

Knoxville, Tennessee, for appellant, Kris Theotis Young.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Joseph F. Whalen, Acting Solicitor 

General; and Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant Attorney General for the appellee, State of 

Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Facts and Procedural History

On April 15, 2010, Larry Jereller Alston, Kris Theotis Young, and Joshua Edward 

Webb (collectively “the Defendants”) accosted Carolyn Sue Maples (“the victim”) 

outside of her Knoxville residence, taking her purse at gunpoint. The Defendants then 

forced the victim to enter her house and followed her inside. They pushed the victim 

onto a couch, told her not to move, and began ransacking the residence. They emptied 

the contents of her pocketbook onto a table, and one of them demanded the personal 

identification number for her bank card. Police arrived shortly thereafter and 

apprehended the Defendants as they attempted to flee. The Defendants were indicted for 

aggravated robbery of the victim‟s purse,2aggravated burglary of the victim‟s home,3

 

2 The aggravated robbery indictment provided that the Defendants “did unlawfully, knowingly, 

by putting [the victim] in fear, take from the person of [the victim], a purse and its contents.” (emphasis 

added). 

3 The aggravated burglary indictment provided that the Defendants “did unlawfully and

knowingly enter the habitation of [the victim] without her effective consent, not open to the public[ and] 

did commit [t]heft.” 
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especially aggravated kidnapping, and possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed 

during the commission of a dangerous felony. 

During a three-day trial in October 2011, eight witnesses testified for the State. 

Ashley Dawn Hill, a neighbor of the victim‟s, testified that on April 15, 2010, she was 

sitting on her front porch on Chicago Avenue when she saw three men walking down the 

middle of the street. As they approached the victim‟s house, the men unsuccessfully tried 

to stop a vehicle. Ms. Hill saw the men walk up to the victim as she was getting into her 

car and heard one of the men say, “Excuse me.” Ms. Hill looked down momentarily and 

then heard the victim scream. When she looked up, she saw one of the men reach into 

the victim‟s car and grab her purse. The victim got out of her car and ran to her house,

and the men followed her inside. At that point, Ms. Hill telephoned 911. The jury heard 

a recording of Ms. Hill‟s 911 call, which was consistent with her trial testimony. 

The victim testified that on April 15, 2010, around 1:45 p.m., she left her home to 

get into her car, which was parked on the street, and saw three men, later identified as the 

Defendants, walking toward her. As she was getting into the car, one of the men asked if 

she knew a certain girl. The victim told him that she did not and turned to get into the car. 

She testified, “The next thing I know there were guns to my head.” One of the men 

demanded that she give them her pocketbook and “get to the house.” She recalled that 

two of the men had pistols and the other had a sawed off shotgun stuffed down his pants. 

As she put it, “the big one,” later identified as Mr. Young, was the one who took her 

purse. After obtaining the purse, the men then “pushed [the victim] to go open the door 

to the house.” The victim was frightened and shaking so badly that it was difficult to 

unlock the door, but once she did, the men pushed her inside. 

Once inside the house, the men pushed the victim onto the living room couch and 

told her “not to move.” One of the men said, “Don‟t let her out,” and they then began 

ransacking her home. As the victim recalled, “They wanted my money; they wanted my 

jewelry; they wanted anything I had.” The men dumped the contents of her pocketbook

onto a table, taking $140 cash and her bank card. One of the Defendants demanded that 

she give him her “bank number.” Confined to the couch, she complied with his demands. 

Several minutes later, as one of the Defendants was carrying a flat-screen television out 

the front door, he noticed that the police had arrived. Upon seeing the police, the man

shouted, dropped the television, and ran toward the kitchen. As he ran away, the victim

escaped out the front door.

Officer Amanda Bunch of the Knoxville Police Department (“KPD”) was the first 

officer to arrive at the scene. She testified that on April 15, 2010, around 1:40 p.m., she 

responded to a call from Chicago Avenue indicating that “three males [had] force[d] a 

lady back into her house at gunpoint.” When Officer Bunch arrived, she took position

behind a tree in front of the victim‟s house and waited for backup. From her location, she

could see movement inside the house. Around the same time as her backup arrived, the 
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front door of the house opened and a black male carrying a television began to exit. 

Upon noticing the police, the man dropped the television and ran back into the house. At 

that point, two officers went to the back of the residence, while Officer Bunch moved 

closer to the front, taking a position behind a Jeep. She could still see movement in the 

house and began shouting, “[G]et on the ground; get on the ground.” At which point, the 

victim approached the door, saying, “[I]t‟s me; it‟s me.” Officer Bunch motioned for the 

victim to come out of the house, and the victim ran out. 

Also responding to the scene were KPD Officers Timothy Riddle, Jonathan

Stevens, Dean Ray, and Russell Whitfield, who all testified at trial. As these officers 

explained, Mr. Alston was initially taken into custody at the back of the house, while Mr. 

Young and Mr. Webb remained inside. They were apprehended when Officer Ray 

released a police dog inside the house, driving the two of them out. Police searched Mr. 

Alston and recovered $110 in cash and the victim‟s bank card. On Mr. Webb, police 

found two five-dollar bills, a lighter, his wallet, a gold-type of bracelet, and a prescription

pill bottle bearing the victim‟s name. Mr. Young had a black cell phone, his wallet, and 

$25 in cash. Officer Whitfield of the KPD Forensic Unit took photographs and collected 

evidence at the scene. The photographs, several of which depicted the victim‟s house in 

disarray, were entered into evidence. Among the items collected from the house and 

made exhibits at trial were a Ruger pistol, a High Point nine millimeter pistol, and a 

Stevens .20 gauge pump-action, sawed-off shotgun. 

At the conclusion of the State‟s proof, the Defendants moved to dismiss the 

charges of especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated burglary based upon due 

process principles articulated in State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991), and 

subsequent case law. The trial court reserved ruling on the issue until after the jury 

rendered its verdicts. The Defendants presented no proof.

The jury convicted the Defendants of especially aggravated kidnapping, 

aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and possession of a firearm with the intent to 

go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony. The trial court set aside the 

verdicts for especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated burglary, finding that these 

convictions, in conjunction with the aggravated robbery convictions, violated principles 

of due process. The trial court also set aside the verdicts for possession of a firearm with 

the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony. The trial court 

reasoned that the firearms convictions could not stand in light of the dismissal of the 

especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated burglary convictions, which were the 

predicate dangerous felonies for the firearms offenses.
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The State appealed, and the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the trial court‟s 

judgments, finding that separate convictions for each of the offenses did not violate 

principles of due process or double jeopardy.4 State v. Alston, No. 

E2012-00431-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 2382589, at *15 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 30, 

2013). On appeal to this Court, we remanded the case to the Court of Criminal Appeals 

for consideration in light of our holding in Cecil, 409 S.W.3d 599, which applied the 

requirement of a jury instruction pursuant to White, 362 S.W.3d 559, to cases already in

the appellate process on the date White was issued.

5

 On remand, the Court of Criminal 

Appeals reached the same result. State v. Alston, No. E2012-00431-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 

WL 585859, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 13, 2014). We granted the Defendants‟

application for permission to appeal to determine whether a jury instruction pursuant to

White must be given when a defendant is accused of a kidnapping accompanied by an 

aggravated burglary. In addition, we address whether the erroneous failure to instruct the 

jury in this case, pursuant to White, was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

II. Analysis

A.

To address the issues in this appeal, it is helpful to review the development of the 

law giving rise to the jury instruction required by White, 362 S.W.3d at 578. In 1991, in

Anthony, this Court recognized that a period of confinement, technically meeting the 

definition of kidnapping, often accompanies crimes such as robbery, rape, and assault. 

817 S.W.2d at 305. Kidnapping, which is defined in terms of false imprisonment, is the 

unlawful removal or confinement of another so as to interfere substantially with the 

other‟s liberty.

6

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-302(a) (1990). As this Court noted in 

 

4 As to the firearms offenses, the Court of Criminal Appeals found that, while the trial court erred 

in dismissing the convictions on the grounds stated, the failure of the indictment to specify which 

predicate dangerous felony applied to the firearms offenses rendered those indictments fatally defective. 

Accordingly, the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the trial court‟s dismissal of the charges of 

possession of a firearm with the intent to go armed during the commission of a dangerous felony. Alston, 

2013 WL 2382589, at *15. As this holding has not been challenged in this appeal, we do not disturb the 

Court of Criminal Appeals‟ dismissal of these charges. 

5 This case was tried October 24-26, 2011, and the State filed its notice of appeal on February 17, 

2012. We issued our decision in White on March 9, 2012.

 

6 Kidnapping is proscribed at three levels under our statutory scheme, with each level based upon 

the definition of false imprisonment. Kidnapping, a Class C felony, is a false imprisonment “[u]nder 

circumstances exposing the other person to substantial risk of bodily injury.” Tenn. Code Ann. 

§ 39-13-303 (2008). Aggravated kidnapping, a Class B felony, is a false imprisonment committed:

(continued ...)
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Anthony, “the offense of kidnapping defined in these statutes at times could literally 

overrun several other crimes.” Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 303 (quoting People v. Levy, 204 

N.E.2d 842, 844 (N.Y. 1965)). The Court identified robbery, rape, and assault as 

potential offenses that, when accompanied by a kidnapping charge, could give rise to due 

process concerns. Id. (quoting Levy, 204 N.E.2d at 844) (“It is a common occurrence in 

robbery, for example, that the victim be confined briefly at gunpoint or bound and 

detained, or moved into and left in another room or place.”). Based on these concerns, 

the Court concluded that a separate kidnapping conviction cannot be supported when “the 

confinement, movement, or detention [was] essentially incidental to the accompanying 

felony.” See id. at 306, 307 (emphasizing that “[t]he test is not whether the detention was 

an „integral part or essential element‟ of the [accompanying offense], but whether it was 

„essentially incidental‟ to that offense”). 

Later, in State v. Dixon, this Court modified the “essentially incidental” analysis 

by clarifying that “any restraint in addition to that which is necessary to consummate rape 

or robbery may support a separate conviction for kidnapping.” 957 S.W.2d 532, 535

(Tenn. 1997). Under Dixon, the inquiry became (1) whether the movement or 

confinement of the victim was beyond that necessary to consummate the accompanying 

crime; and (2) whether the additional movement or confinement prevented the victim 

from summoning help, lessened the defendant‟s risk of detection, or created a significant

 

(...continued)

(1) To facilitate the commission of any felony or flight thereafter;

(2) To interfere with the performance of any governmental or political function;

(3) With the intent to inflict serious bodily injury on or to terrorize the victim or another;

(4) Where the victim suffers bodily injury; or

(5) While the defendant is in possession of a deadly weapon or threatens the use of a 

deadly weapon.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-304(a)-(b)(1) (1990). Especially aggravated kidnapping, a Class A felony, is a 

false imprisonment:

(1) Accomplished with a deadly weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to 

lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a deadly weapon;

(2) Where the victim was under the age of thirteen (13) at the time of the removal or 

confinement;

(3) Committed to hold the victim for ransom or reward, or as a shield or hostage; or

(4) Where the victim suffers serious bodily injury.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-305(a)-(b)(1) (1990).
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danger or increased the victim‟s risk of harm.7 Id.; see also State v. Richardson, 251 

S.W.3d 438, 442-43 (Tenn. 2008) (recognizing that the Dixon test replaced the Anthony

“essentially incidental” analysis). Under this framework, the jury‟s role was limited to 

determining whether the State had proven the elements of kidnapping and the 

accompanying felony beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Cozart, 54 S.W.3d 242, 247 

(Tenn. 2001). The “essentially incidental” analysis was not considered as one of these 

elements but was a question to be determined exclusively by the trial court and reviewed 

de novo on appeal. Id. (“The determination of whether due process has been violated is 

purely a question of law.”). 

In 2012, in White, we found that the Anthony/Dixon framework had proven 

unworkable, and we expressly overruled Anthony and the entire line of cases that 

included a separate due process analysis on appellate review. White, 362 S.W.3d at 578. 

We determined instead that the question of whether a kidnapping was “essentially 

incidental” to an accompanying offense is a question of fact for a properly instructed 

jury. Id. at 577 (finding that the question of “whether the evidence, beyond a reasonable 

doubt, establishes each and every element of kidnapping, as defined by statute, is a 

question for the jury properly instructed under the law”). This finding by a jury, along

with a reviewing court‟s “assess[ment] [of] the sufficiency of the convicting evidence,” is 

sufficient to protect the defendant‟s due process rights. Id. at 577-78. 

We identified the proper inquiry for the jury as “whether the removal or 

confinement is, in essence, incidental to the accompanying felony or, in the alternative, is 

significant enough, standing alone, to support a conviction.” Id. at 578. To facilitate this 

determination, we provided a jury instruction,

8 which was subsequently adopted by the 

 

7 The distance of the victim‟s movement and the duration and place of the victim‟s confinement 

were factors to be considered when determining if the movement or confinement was beyond that 

necessary to consummate the accompanying crime, and the second prong of the analysis was to be 

addressed only if the threshold inquiry in the first prong was satisfied. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d at 535. 

8

In White, we set forth the following instruction: 

To establish whether the defendant‟s removal or confinement of the victim constituted a 

substantial interference with his or her liberty, the State must prove that the removal or 

confinement was to a greater degree than that necessary to commit the offense of [insert 

offense], which is the other offense charged in this case. In making this determination, 

you may consider all the relevant facts and circumstances of the case, including, but not 

limited to, the following factors:

• the nature and duration of the victim‟s removal or confinement by the 

defendant;

• whether the removal or confinement occurred during the commission of the 

separate offense;

(continued ...)
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Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction Committee. See 7 Tenn. Prac. Pattern Jury Instr. 

T.P.I.-Crim. 8.01-.03, 8.05. This instruction did not create a new standard for 

kidnapping, but “merely provid[ed a] definition for the element of the offense requiring 

that the removal or confinement constitute a substantial interference with the victim‟s 

liberty.” Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 607 (quoting White, 362 S.W.3d at 578) (internal 

quotation mark omitted). Later, in Cecil, we held that the absence of this instruction, 

when warranted, results in instructional error that must be subjected to constitutional 

harmless error review. 409 S.W.3d at 610. We have also identified certain crimes—such 

as robbery, rape, and assault—that, when charged along with kidnapping, would warrant 

this instruction. See Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 303 (quoting Levy, 204 N.E.2d at 844)

(“[T]he offense of kidnapping . . . could literally overrun several other crimes, notably 

robbery and rape, and in some circumstances assault.”). However, we have never 

considered whether the White instruction applies when the accompanying charge is

aggravated burglary. 

B.

We first turn to the question of whether to extend the requirement of a White jury 

instruction to cases involving a kidnapping charge accompanied by an aggravated

burglary charge. The Defendants assert that they are entitled to a White instruction on 

both the aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary charges, noting that this Court has 

never limited this requirement to only cases of robbery, rape, and assault. Conversely, 

the State argues that a White instruction is unnecessary for cases involving a kidnapping 

accompanied only by aggravated burglary, as it is not among the type of offenses to the 

person, like robbery, rape, and assault, which often inherently involve some period of 

confinement. 

This question presents an issue of first impression and requires interpretation of a 

criminal statute. When interpreting statutes, our primary function is to carry out 

 

(...continued)

• whether the interference with the victim‟s liberty was inherent in the nature of 

the separate offense;

• whether the removal or confinement prevented the victim from summoning 

assistance, although the defendant need not have succeeded in preventing the 

victim from doing so;

• whether the removal or confinement reduced the defendant‟s risk of detection, 

although the defendant need not have succeeded in this objective; and

• whether the removal or confinement created a significant danger or increased

the victim‟s risk of harm independent of that posed by the separate offense.

White, 362 S.W.3d at 580-81.
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legislative intent without broadening the statute beyond its intended scope. Shore v. 

Maple Lane Farms, LLC, 411 S.W.3d 405, 420 (Tenn. 2013) (citing State v. Strode, 232 

S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tenn. 2007)). We begin by focusing on the words of the statute, presuming 

that each word has its own meaning and purpose. Keen v. State, 398 S.W.3d 594, 610 

(Tenn. 2012) (citing U.S. Bank, N.A. v. Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 277 S.W.3d 381, 

386 (Tenn. 2009)). “If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we apply the 

statute‟s plain language in its normal and accepted use.” Keen, 398 S.W.3d at 610. Only 

when statutory language is ambiguous, do we look any further. Id. In addressing an 

issue of first impression, we often review the decisions of other states and other 

authorities to assist our analysis. State v. Hawkins, 406 S.W.3d 121, 131 (Tenn. 2013) 

(citing Parrish v. Marquis, 172 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tenn. 2005)). 

In Tennessee, aggravated burglary is a property crime that involves either (1) the 

unauthorized entry into or the unlawful concealment within a habitation with the intent to 

commit a felony, theft, or assault; or (2) the unauthorized entry into a habitation and the 

subsequent commission of or the attempt to commit a felony, theft, or assault. Tenn. 

Code Ann. §§ 39-14-402(a)(1), -402(a)(2), -403(a) (2006).

9 Unlike the offenses of 

robbery, rape, and assault, the offense of aggravated burglary does not inherently involve

the confinement of a victim. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-403; see also State v. Ralph, 6 

S.W.3d 251, 255 (Tenn. 1999) (“Burglary is an offense against the security interest in 

possession of property. . . .”); State ex rel. Wooten v. Bomar, 352 S.W.2d 5, 7 (Tenn. 

1961) (“At common law, burglary was regarded as an offense against the habitation.”); 

cf. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401(a) (“Robbery is the intentional or knowing theft of 

property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear.”); Tenn. 

Code Ann. § 39-13-302(a) (“A person commits the offense of false imprisonment who 

knowingly removes or confines another unlawfully so as to interfere substantially with 

the other‟s liberty.”). 

 

9 Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-402 provides, in pertinent part:

(a) A person commits burglary who, without the effective consent of the property owner:

(1) Enters a building other than a habitation (or any portion thereof) not open to 

the public, with intent to commit a felony, theft or assault;

(2) Remains concealed, with the intent to commit a felony, theft or assault, in a 

building;

(3) Enters a building and commits or attempts to commit a felony, theft or 

assault; or

(4) Enters any freight or passenger car, automobile, truck, trailer, boat, airplane 

or other motor vehicle with intent to commit a felony, theft or assault or commits 

or attempts to commit a felony, theft or assault.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-402. Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-14-403(a) provides that 

“[a]ggravated burglary is burglary of a habitation as defined in §§ 39-14-401 and 39-14-402.”
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Noting the differences between the offense of aggravated burglary and those of 

robbery and rape, in 2011, the Court of Criminal Appeals did not extend the due process

requirements of Anthony to a case involving a kidnapping accompanied by an aggravated

burglary. State v. Shelby, No. M2006-02582-CCA-R3-CD, 2011 WL 795834, at *4 

(Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 8, 2011) (“While every robbery or rape involves some detention 

of the victim, not every burglary involves kidnapping.”); see also State v. Monroe, 827 

N.E.2d 285, 299 (Ohio 2005) (refusing to merge aggravated burglary and kidnapping, as 

the two offenses “are not allied offenses of similar import”); People v. Chronis, 619 

N.Y.S.2d 156, 157 (N.Y. App. Div. 1994) (finding that “[an] abduction was discrete from 

[a] burglary as the latter crime had been fully completed when the defendant forced the 

victim at knifepoint into a car”). But see State v. Davis, No. M2011-02075-CCA-R3-CD, 

2012 WL 5947439, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 16, 2012) (finding, in a case involving 

charges of especially aggravated kidnapping, aggravated burglary, and aggravated 

robbery, that the proof was subject to different interpretations as to whether the 

defendant‟s confinement or removal of the victims was essentially incidental to the 

accompanying felonies); State v. Ozevin, No. CA2012-06-044, 2013 WL 1397272, at *3 

(Ohio Ct. App. Apr. 8, 2013) (merging the offenses of kidnapping and aggravated 

burglary in a state where aggravated burglary is an offense requiring an occupied 

structure); Braggs v. State, 789 So. 2d 1151, 1153 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001) (finding that 

kidnapping was incidental to the offense of burglary with an assault).

Moreover, Tennessee courts have declined to extend the due process requirements

of Anthony in a number of other contexts. See, e.g., Ralph, 6 S.W.3d at 254-55 (declining 

to extend Anthony to separate convictions for automobile burglary and theft); State v. 

Perrow, No. M2003-00319-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 193059, at *10-11 (Tenn. Crim. 

App. Jan. 28, 2004) (declining to extend Anthony to separate convictions of aggravated 

burglary, aggravated rape, and aggravated assault); State v. Waters, No. 

M2001-02682-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 213777, at *14 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 30, 2003) 

(declining to extend Anthony to separate offenses for aggravated burglary, aggravated 

rape, and aggravated robbery”); State v. Cowan, 46 S.W.3d 227, 234-35 (Tenn. Crim. 

App. 2000) (declining to extend Anthony to separate convictions for attempted first 

degree murder, aggravated burglary, and attempted especially aggravated robbery). 

We hold that a kidnapping charge accompanied by an aggravated burglary charge, 

standing alone, does not warrant a White instruction. In Anthony, the rationale underlying

this Court‟s due process concern was that, inherent to certain offenses, such as robbery, 

rape, and assault, there exists a period of confinement of a victim that might also satisfy 

the elements of kidnapping. White, 362 S.W.3d at 578; Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 305. 

This same period of confinement is not inherent to the offense of aggravated burglary, 

which is only an offense against property. As such, the concerns that are implicated 

when kidnapping is charged along with the offenses of robbery, rape, and assault, which 

are crimes against persons, are not implicated when a defendant is charged with

kidnapping along with the offense of aggravated burglary. There is no danger that the
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kidnapping statute “could literally overrun” the crime of aggravated burglary, see

Anthony, 817 S.W.2d at 303, and we decline to extend the instructional requirements of 

White when kidnapping and aggravated burglary are charged.10

C.

We next turn to the question of whether it was error for the trial court not to 

instruct the jury pursuant to the requirements of White with regard to the kidnapping 

charge as accompanied by the aggravated robbery charge, and if so, whether that error 

was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In Cecil, we held that the absence of the White

instruction, when warranted, results in constitutional error.

11

 Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610

(citing State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d 48, 60 (Tenn. 2005)) (noting that the failure to

properly instruct the jury pursuant to White is a “failure to instruct the jury on a material 

element of an offense,” resulting in constitutional error). The requirement of a White jury 

instruction applies to cases that were already in the appellate pipeline at the time White

was issued. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 608. 

In addition to the aggravated burglary and firearms charges, the Defendants were 

charged with especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery, a pairing of 

crimes clearly warranting a White instruction, as these were the offenses at issue in White. 

White, 362 S.W.3d at 564. However, the trial court did not instruct the jury pursuant to 

White,

12 and this qualified as constitutional error. See Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610 (citing 

Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d at 60). Accordingly, we must determine whether this error was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610 (citing State v. Rodriguez, 

254 S.W.3d 361, 371 (Tenn. 2008)) (“The existence of a non-structural constitutional 

 

10 We do not decide in this case whether a White instruction is required when a kidnapping charge 

is accompanied by a charge of especially aggravated burglary. Because this case does not require 

determination of that question, we leave the issue for another day. 

11 Although we noted in White that a sufficiency of evidence review would serve as the due 

process safeguard on appeal, “[o]nly when the jury is properly instructed can appellate review of the 

sufficiency of the convicting evidence satisfy [this] safeguard.” Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 609. 

12 The Defendants requested the following special jury instruction, which the trial court denied:

If you find that the defendants moved [the victim] from the driveway to the interior of her 

home, you must then first determine if that movement was necessary to accomplish the 

robbery in this case. If you find that the movement of [the victim] was necessary to 

accomplish the robbery in this case, then you should find the defendant not guilty of the 

charge of especially aggravated kidnapping and all its lesser included offenses.

We note the similarity between this requested instruction and the jury instruction articulated in White.
-12-

error requires reversal unless the State demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

error is harmless.”). 

An instructional error is harmless whenever “it appears beyond a reasonable doubt 

that the error complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Rodriguez, 254 

S.W.3d at 371 (quoting State v. Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 190 (Tenn. 2002)) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). “[T]he touchstone of this inquiry is whether a rational trier of 

fact could interpret the proof at trial in different ways.” Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610 (citing 

White, 362 S.W.3d at 579). 

In White, we were unable to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury 

verdict would have been the same absent the instructional error. White, 362 S.W.3d at 

580 n.20. The proof in White established that the defendant, brandishing a gun, attacked 

a woman from behind in the women‟s restroom, forcing her “down on all fours” and 

kicking her. Id. at 579. The defendant then took the victim‟s keys in an attempt to open 

the restaurant‟s safe and ordered her to remain in the restroom. Id. He then returned, and 

after determining that she had an additional set of keys, forced her to the safe at gunpoint. 

Id. The defendant was convicted of burglary, aggravated robbery, and especially 

aggravated kidnapping. Id. at 562. Based on these facts, we determined that “th[e] proof 

could be interpreted in different ways” and remanded the case for consideration by a 

properly instructed jury. Id. at 579. 

Similarly, in Cecil, we were unable to find beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

failure to properly instruct the jury was harmless. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 612. Cecil

involved a physical altercation between two former lovers, wherein the defendant was 

convicted of assault and false imprisonment. Id. at 601, 603. The two had exchanged 

multiple blows over the course of one to two hours, with the victim claiming that she 

tried to leave several times during the altercation. Id. at 601-02. Based on this evidence,

it was unclear whether the confinement of the victim was substantial enough to support a 

separate conviction for false imprisonment, and we determined that the proof could be 

interpreted in different ways. Id. at 612. 

Conversely, the Court of Criminal Appeals has, in a number of cases, deemed the 

omission of a White instruction harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. For instance, in 

State v. Keller, a case wherein the defendant and his accomplices kicked in the door of a 

house and threatened the victims with deadly force, before removing and confining the 

victims with the intention of using them as hostages in an attempt to rob a third party, the 

intermediate appellate court found that the absence of a White instruction was harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Keller, No. W2012-00825-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3329032, 

at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 27, 2013). The court noted that “the movement and 

confinement of the victims was not done for purposes of accomplishing assaults upon 

them,” and thus, “the victims‟ kidnappings were separate from—not „incidental‟ to—the 

commission of the aggravated assaults.” Id. at *4-5. Further, in State v. Hulse, the Court 
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of Criminal Appeals determined that the absence of a White instruction was harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt where the defendant, after raping the victim, chased her with a 

boxcutter, grabbed her by the ankles, pulled her down a sidewalk, and prevented her from 

summoning help. Hulse, No. E2011-01292-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 1136528, at *14 

(Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2013). The court found that this conduct was not inherent 

to the offense of rape, a crime that had already been completed, and thus, it went “well 

beyond that necessary to consummate the [accompanying offense].” Id.

As noted by the Court of Criminal Appeals in this case, the common factor in 

Keller and Hulse was that the accompanying felony was completed before the removal or 

confinement constituting the kidnapping. Alston, 2014 WL 585859, at *3. Conversely, 

in White and Cecil, it was difficult, based on the proof, to clearly pinpoint the completion

of the accompanying felonies. Thus, it was not easily established in White or Cecil

whether the conduct constituting the kidnappings was beyond that necessary to 

consummate the other offenses. Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 611; White, 362 S.W.3d at 580. 

In this case, the proof at trial established that the Defendants accosted the victim 

as she was getting into her car outside of her residence. The Defendants pointed guns at 

the victim and demanded her purse, which she immediately relinquished. After obtaining 

her purse, the Defendants then ordered the victim into her own house at gunpoint, pushed 

her onto a couch, and told her not to move. According to the victim, one of the 

Defendants said, “Don‟t let her out,” and they began ransacking her house. The criminal 

episode ended when the police arrived. 

The Court of Criminal Appeals found that this evidence established beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the removal of the victim from her driveway and confinement 

within her house were beyond that necessary to accomplish the aggravated robbery as 

charged in the indictment, and thus, the failure to give a White instruction was harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Alston, 2014 WL 585859, at *6. The Defendants argue, 

however, that the aggravated robbery was not completed upon the taking of the victim‟s 

purse, but rather, the taking of the purse was part of one ongoing robbery. The 

Defendants assert, therefore, that the proof as to whether the kidnapping was incidental to 

the aggravated robbery could be interpreted in different ways by a fact finder and was not 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree. 

The Defendants completed the offense of aggravated robbery, as charged in the 

indictment and established by the proof at trial, before proceeding to commit the

especially aggravated kidnapping by ordering the victim into her house and confining her 

to the couch. Notably, unlike the aggravated burglary, especially aggravated kidnapping, 

and firearms indictments, the aggravated robbery indictment specified that it related only 

to the “tak[ing] . . . of [the victim‟s] . . . purse and its contents.” Once the Defendants 

had taken the victim‟s purse, the offense of aggravated robbery was complete. The

Defendants‟ subsequent actions were in addition to the initial robbery, and though their
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conduct may have supported an additional robbery charge, the jury could only consider 

the charges the State chose to pursue. See State v. Terrell, No. 02C01-9701-CC-00001, 

1997 WL 467038, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 15, 1997) (holding that “[a] prosecutor 

may choose, consistent with Anthony, to charge only kidnapping when confronted by 

factual scenarios contemplated . . . in Anthony”); see also State v. Gaskell, No. 285, 1992 

WL 73189 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 13, 1992). Likewise, on appellate review, we do not

consider hypothetical offenses that were not charged and not considered by the jury. 

We hold that by taking the victim‟s purse, the Defendants fully completed the 

aggravated robbery, as charged in the indictment and established by the proof at trial,

before beginning the commission of the especially aggravated kidnapping. As such, the 

conduct constituting the kidnapping was “beyond that necessary to consummate [the 

accompanying] offense.” Keller, 2013 WL 3329032, at *4; see also Hulse, 2013 WL 

1136528, at *14. Given these facts, it is clear that a rational trier of fact could not 

interpret this proof in different ways, see Cecil, 409 S.W.3d at 610 (citing White, 362 

S.W.3d at 579), and thus, even if a White instruction had been given, the result would 

have been the same. Accordingly, we hold that the absence of a White instruction was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Conclusion

We hold that a kidnapping charge accompanied by an aggravated burglary charge 

does not, standing alone, warrant a jury instruction pursuant to White. However, because

of the especially aggravated kidnapping and aggravated robbery charges, the absence of a 

White instruction in this case amounted to error, but we hold this error was harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of 

Criminal Appeals, reinstate the Defendants‟ convictions for especially aggravated 

kidnapping and aggravated burglary, and remand the case to the trial court for sentencing.

It appearing from the record that the Defendants are indigent, the costs of this appeal are 

assessed to the State of Tennessee.

_________________________________

SHARON G. LEE, CHIEF JUSTICE