[J

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apportionment of comparative negligence here.” (emphasis added)). 1 The error of omission was, of course, exacerbated by the trial court’s affirmati ve admonishment to the jurors that Appell ant ’s statutory duties were “not an issue in this case.” N.T., Sept. 27, 2016, at 326. In its harmless error analysis, the majority distinguishes between whether a preserved trial error “could” or “would” have affe cted a verdict, opining that a new trial is justified only in the latter scenario. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 16, 19. However , whether an error would have affected a particular verdict is most often unknowable, and accordingly, appellate courts ar e generally relegated to considering probabilities. 2 “[A]n inquiry into what makes an error harmless, though one of philosophical tenor, is also an intensely practical inquiry into the health and sanitation of the law.” Elizabeth Price Foley & Robert M . Filiatrault, The Riddle of Harmless Error in Michigan , 46 W AYNE L. R EV . 423, 424 (2000) (quoting R OGER J. T RAYNOR , T HE R IDDLE OF H ARMLESS E RROR at ix (1970)). “Harmless error rules are, essentially, proxies for the

1 As the majority relates, the negligence per se charge proposed by Appellee incorporated a developed treatment of the specific statutes governing street crossings by pedestrians. See Majority Opinion, slip op. at 4 n.3. Not only are the duties particularized by the statutes, there are multiple duties of which the jurors should have been apprised. It seems to me to be likely that a jury which would find that a litigant disregarded multiple duties might be more inclined to attribute a higher degree of fault to that litigant. In any event, I believe th at the nature of the duty (a generalized common law duty of due care versus specific statutory obligations) can be quite relevant to a jury’s determination of the degree of negligence.

2 Indeed, the standard for post

- conviction relief from a judgment of s entence in criminal cases based on unpreserved trial errors would appear to be less stringent than the would

- have

- affected requirement enforced by the majority here for preserved trial error in civil cases . In this regard, in terms of prejudice, a post

- co nviction petitioner need only demonstrate “ a reasonable probability ” of a different outcome. See Commonwealth v. Pierce , 515 Pa. 153, 157, 527 A.2d 973, 974 (1987) (quoting Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2068 (1984) (emphasis added) ).[J

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level of assurance that an appellate court must have before it is permitted to set aside the judgment below.” Id. at 425. To the degree that refinements to the Pennsylvania standard are implicated, I take no issue with the assignment of the burden to es tablish prejudice to the appellant. I would clarify, however, that such burden shouldn ’ t be a n onerous one. Where appellate court s cannot express confidence that an outcome would have been the same in the absence of a preserved trial error, the court s ou ght to be more receptive to the position that error s are prejudicial. Accord Shinseki v. Sanders , 556 U.S. 396, 410, 129 S. Ct. 1696, 1706 (2009) (“Often the circumstances of the case will make clear to the appellate judge that the ruling, if erroneous, w as harmful and nothing further need be said. But, if not, then the party seeking reversal normally must explain why the erroneous ruling caused harm.”); cf. Warren v. Pataki , 823 F.3d 125, 138 (2d Cir. 2016) (“An error is harmless if we can conclude with fair assurance that the evidence did not substantially influence the jury. In civil cases, the burden falls on the appellant to show that the error was not harmless and that it is likely that in some material respect the factfinder’s judgment was swayed b y the error.”). 3

3 Complicating the harmless error inquiry, in some cases, such as the present one, the assessment of whether a trial error is ultimately harmless may be steeped in credibility matters, which are generally outside the province of appella te courts which did not hear and see the witnesses. The fact that an appellant cannot secure a resolution of the credibility matters on appellate review, and thereby solidify a prejudice determination, should not serve to entrench verdicts infected by tri al court error. Cf. Commonwealth v. Young , 561 Pa. 34, 87 & n.16, 748 A.2d 166, 194 & n.16 (2000) (Opinion on Reargument) (refusing to even consider harmless error in terms of whether a criminal verdict might be supported by overwhelming evidence when the appellant had placed material credibility matters in issue at trial, because credibility matters “are not within the province of an appellate court”). Rather, in these scenarios, the appellate courts’ confidence in the verdict should be diminished and th e appellant’s burden thereby advanced.[J

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By failing to instruct the jurors about highly material statutory provisions specifically defining multiple duties owed by Appellant, I conclude that the trial court committed error. Additionally, it seems more likely than not to me that such error had an impact on the jurors’ assessment of the degree of Appellant’s negligence. See supra
note 1. While the majority’s elevated threshold for disproving harmless error in civil cases may be of practical benefit to the court system in terms of curtailing the number of retrials, to my mind, it unduly impedes fairness to those suffering errors by the trial courts, despite their time

- of

- trial efforts to secure the essential remediation.