[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 13-14723

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 3:10-cv-00749-RBD-TEM

RICCO BROWN, 

a.k.a. Richardo Natalis Brown, 

a.k.a. Ricco Recardo Brown, 

 Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

FLORIDA ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

 Respondents-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(September 8, 2014)

Before HULL, MARCUS and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 1 of 16 
2

Ricco Recardo Brown, a Florida prisoner, serving a sentence of life 

imprisonment for armed burglary, aggravated battery, and aggravated assault, 

appeals the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 

2254. The district court dismissed Brown’s petition on the ground that it was 

barred by the one-year statute of limitation in the Antiterrorism and Effective 

Death Penalty Act of 1996. The district court ruled that Brown failed to satisfy the 

threshold showing of actual innocence to obtain an equitable exception to that 

deadline. See McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 1924 (2013); Schlup 

v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 115 S. Ct. 851 (1995). Because Brown’s DNA evidence 

fails to contradict the eyewitness identifications of him as the perpetrator of his 

crimes, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

We divide the discussion into four parts. First, we discuss Brown’s trial and 

direct appeal. Second, we discuss Brown’s first and second motions for postconviction filed in the Florida courts. Third, we discuss Brown’s third state postconviction proceeding during which he had a new DNA test performed on physical

evidence introduced at his trial. Fourth, we discuss Brown’s federal habeas corpus 

proceedings.

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 2 of 16 
3

A. Brown’s Trial and Direct Appeal

In 2002, Brown was tried in a Florida court for four crimes: armed burglary; 

the armed robbery of Melvin Wiggins Jr.; the aggravated battery of Melvin 

Wiggins Sr.; and the aggravated assault of Cheryl Wiggins. The Wiggins and two 

other occupants of the house, Michael Best and Nakita Leatherbury, testified that 

two armed men wearing Halloween masks entered the Wiggins’ home and that 

Cheryl fought with and unmasked one of the men. Cheryl and Melvin Sr. 

positively identified the burglar as Brown. After the prosecution introduced the

mask and a bandana that Cheryl had stripped off the burglar, the district court read 

a stipulation of facts about a DNA test performed on the mask. The parties 

stipulated that the mask was examined by the Florida Department of Law 

Enforcement Crime Lab “for the possible presence of DNA evidence”; “[n]o 

fingerprints were found on the mask”; “the DNA samples found were the results of 

multiple donors”; and “Brown could neither be identified or excluded as a possible 

donor of the DNA.”

Cheryl and Melvin Sr. testified that Brown was the burglar who was 

unmasked. Cheryl testified that she recognized Brown’s voice when he threatened 

her at gunpoint; she unmasked him while they were scuffling on the floor; and she 

was positive of her identification because she noticed his “weak eye” as he was 

laying on top of her. Cheryl stated that she had interacted with Brown when he 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 3 of 16 
4

had visited the Wiggins’ home occasionally with his girlfriend, Jessica Alexander; 

Cheryl had known Alexander for 15 years and babysat her daughter, Nakita

Leatherbury; and Cheryl did not like Brown and had communicated that to 

Alexander. Melvin Sr. testified that he saw Cheryl struggling with a man in the 

dark; he was struck in the head with a gun when he pulled the man off Cheryl; and 

he realized that the man was Brown when a light shone on his face as he “backed 

up inside the kitchen.” Cheryl and Melvin Sr. testified that they had Brown 

arrested when he returned to their home with Alexander later that evening.

Melvin Jr., Best, Nakita, a police officer, and Charles Smith, who was an

acquaintance and fellow jailmate of Brown, also connected Brown to the burglary. 

Melvin Jr. and Best testified that they witnessed Cheryl fight with one of the 

burglars, who she referred to as “Ricco.” Nakita testified that she admitted to the 

Wiggins’ home two armed men who were wearing masks and who were looking 

for “Auntie Chubby,” which was a nickname Nakita used to refer to Cheryl; 

thereafter she heard Cheryl yell “Ricco”; and one of the men fled bare-faced from 

the house. Although Nakita testified that she did not recognize the man, a police 

officer testified that Nakita had said that she saw Brown flee from the house after 

the burglary. Smith, Brown’s jailmate, testified that he had known Brown for a 

few years and that Brown had approached him in jail, told him about the burglary, 

asked for assistance “to shake up one of the Wiggins,” and offered Alexander’s 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 4 of 16 
5

assistance in bribing the Wiggins. Brown said that Alexander had suggested that 

Brown rob the Wiggins, and after the burglary, Alexander had agreed to provide 

Brown an alibi. Smith also testified that Brown described how he was admitted to 

the Wiggins’ home by Nakita; his fight with and unmasking by Cheryl; and 

returning to the home with Alexander to act “like he didn’t do anything.”

Brown called Alexander as an alibi witness. Alexander testified that she had 

spent the evening of the burglary with Brown, who twice accompanied her to the 

Wiggins’ home. According to Alexander, she visited the home before the burglary 

and allowed Nakita to stay longer to play in the Wiggins’ house. During this first 

visit, Alexander avoided making contact with Cheryl because she disliked Brown. 

When Alexander returned to the house after the burglary, the Wiggins and the 

police “rushed out” and arrested Brown, although Alexander insisted that she had 

been with Brown throughout the evening. 

The jury found Brown guilty of armed burglary, the aggravated battery of 

Melvin Sr., and the aggravated assault of Cheryl. Later, the trial court sentenced 

Brown to imprisonment for life. Brown appealed his convictions and sentence, 

and on October 27, 2003, the First Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. Brown v. 

State, 857 So. 2d 881 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2003).

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 5 of 16 
6

B. Brown’s First and Second Motions for Post-Conviction Relief

On September 24, 2004, Brown filed in a Florida court a motion for postconviction relief and argued that his trial counsel was ineffective. See Fla. R. 

Crim. P. 3.850. On May 16, 2005, the state court denied Brown’s motion. The 

court ruled that Brown’s motion was factually deficient because he had failed “to 

allege, much less establish, that there is a reasonable probability that the outcome 

of the proceeding would have been different absent counsel’s deficient 

performance . . . .” Brown did not appeal.

On October 13, 2005, Brown filed a second motion that raised the same 

claim for post-conviction relief. See id. A Florida court denied Brown’s motion as 

“procedurally barred” on the ground that it failed to “set forth any basis upon 

which . . . [to] conclude that the matters therein could not have been raised through 

the September, 2004 motion.” Brown appealed, and the First Circuit Court of 

Appeals affirmed. Brown v. State, 961 So. 2d 936 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007).

C. Brown’s Third Motion for Post-Conviction Relief and the New DNA Test 

Performed on the Mask and Bandana

On December 7, 2006, Brown filed pro se a third motion for collateral 

review and requested assistance in having new DNA tests administered on the 

mask and bandana. A Florida court summarily denied Brown’s motion, and he

appealed. The First Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the case with 

instructions. Brown v. State, 967 So.2d 398, 399 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2007). 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 6 of 16 
7

On remand, the state court granted Brown’s motion to test the physical

evidence. The court appointed counsel, an assistant public defender, to represent

Brown, and the court instructed counsel to prepare for an evidentiary hearing.

DNA Labs International tested the mask and the bandana using Y-STR 

analysis, which had been unavailable at the time of Brown’s trial. The test enables 

scientists to isolate DNA containing the male Y chromosome and to determine the 

statistical probability of a particular man being the contributor of DNA evidence

based on short tandem repeat (STR) sequences on the Y chromosome. DNA Labs 

tested the swabbings of the mask and a cutting from the bandana that had been 

tested by the crime lab. With the swabbings of the mask, DNA Labs was able to 

develop a partial Y-DNA profile that “indicate[d] a mixture of at least four male 

individuals” and that excluded Brown as a contributor to that DNA. With the

cutting from the bandana, the laboratory developed a partial Y-DNA profile that

“indicate[d] a mixture of two male individuals” and that could not exclude Brown 

as a contributor to that DNA.

On May 19, 2008, Brown moved pro se for a new trial. Brown argued that 

he was actually innocent based on the evidence that he was not a contributor to the 

DNA on the mask. During an evidentiary hearing, the parties discussed with the 

state court the results of both the mask and the bandana. Brown’s counsel said that 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 7 of 16 
8

he lacked a “good faith basis to file a motion for a new trial on Mr. Brown’s 

behalf” because the test results were not exculpatory.

The state court denied Brown’s motion for a new trial. The court ruled that 

the results of the Y-STR test “did not, does not and [could not] exonerate” Brown 

“[t]aken in conjunction with the testimony adduced at trial from both victims.” 

The court reasoned that, “while the latest DNA testing results could qualify as new 

and material evidence, there [was] no realistic probability that [the new DNA 

evidence] would change the verdict or finding of the court at the original trial” 

because those test results “corroborate[d] the previous information that DNA 

testing could neither confirm nor exclude [Brown] as the perpetrator” and 

“detract[ed] none from the significant weight of the evidence used at trial to 

convict him.” Brown appealed, and on June 25, 2009, the First Circuit Court of 

Appeals affirmed summarily. Brown v. State, 12 So. 3d 222 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 

2009).

D. Brown’s Federal Habeas Corpus Proceedings

On August 18, 2010, Brown filed a federal petition for a writ of habeas 

corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Brown argued that the Florida courts violated his 

rights to due process and equal protection under the Fifth and Fourteenth 

Amendments by “allow[ing] [him to be] convict[ed] contrary to [the] law and 

weight of [the] evidence” and by denying his motion for a new trial when he “is 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 8 of 16 
9

actually innocent [] both legally and factually.” Brown also argued that the 

prosecutor presented false testimony from Smith. See Giglio v. United States, 405 

U.S. 150, 92 S. Ct. 763 (1972).

The State responded that Brown’s petition was barred by the one-year statute 

of limitation, see 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1), and Brown replied that his petition was 

timely. Brown argued that the State miscalculated the period of limitation. In the 

alternative, Brown argued that he had substantial evidence of actual innocence

entitling him to an equitable exception to the deadline and that he was entitled to a 

review on the merits of his claims about the violation of his constitutional rights. 

The district court appointed counsel for Brown, who obtained an expert, Dr. Gary 

W. Litman, to interpret the results of the DNA tests performed by the crime lab and 

by DNA Labs.

The district court held an evidentiary hearing to assess the new DNA 

evidence. Brown did not request that Dr. Litman attend the hearing, so the district 

court continued the proceeding. When the hearing resumed about a month later, 

Dr. Litman testified about the results of the tests performed by the crime lab and 

DNA Labs on the bandana and on the mask. With respect to the bandana, Dr. 

Litman explained that the DNA test performed by the crime lab did not produce a 

reportable result because it could not “resolve a pattern, a DNA typing pattern.” 

When DNA Labs tested the bandana using the Y-STR test, the lab found that there 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 9 of 16 
10

was more than one contributor [of DNA] to the bandana” and that Brown could not 

be excluded as a contributor. Dr. Litman cautioned that the result reported by 

DNA Labs was of “very limited probative value” because it had found only 2 out 

of 16 alleles that matched Brown. With respect to the mask, Dr. Litman said that 

he had seen internal documents of the crime lab stating it had “includ[ed] certain 

data that in retrospect [it] should not have been including” and that DNA Labs 

thought the crime lab had “calculated incorrectly” its data. But Dr. Litman failed 

to explain how the purported miscalculation affected the test results reported by the 

crime lab. Dr. Litman explained that DNA Labs found that there were four 

contributors of DNA on the mask and that Brown was excluded as a contributor to 

that DNA. Dr. Litman acknowledged that Brown could have left DNA on another 

part of the mask that went undetected and that Brown could have worn the mask 

without transferring any DNA because that evidence “might not transfer through” 

another layer, such as a bandana.

The district court denied Brown’s petition. The district court ruled that 

Brown’s petition was untimely because he filed his petition after the expiration of 

the one-year statute of limitation; he was not entitled to equitable tolling of the 

statutory deadline; and he failed to file his petition within one year of obtaining the 

new DNA evidence. The district court also ruled that Brown was not entitled to an 

equitable exception to the deadline based on his claim of actual innocence. The 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 10 of 16 
11

district court determined that Brown had failed to prove that “it is more likely than 

not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the light of the new 

evidence,” Kuenzel v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 690 F.3d 1311, 1314–15 (11th 

Cir. 2012) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327, 115 S. Ct. at 867), because the new 

DNA test results did not contradict Cheryl’s and Melvin’s testimonies and because 

of the possibility, as acknowledged by Litman, that Brown could “wear a . . . 

bandana and not leave DNA on the mask.” Nevertheless, the district court 

determined that reasonable jurists could disagree about its decision and granted 

Brown a certificate of appealability.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo the denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 

Rozzelle v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 672 F.3d 1000, 1009 (11th Cir. 2012). The 

scope of our review is limited to the issue identified in the certificate of 

appealability. McKay v. United States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1195 (11th Cir. 2011). 

“We also do not consider issues or arguments raised for the first time on appeal.” 

Ferguson v. Sec’y for the Dep’t of Corr., 580 F.3d 1183, 1193 (11th Cir. 2009).

III. DISCUSSION

Brown appeals the denial of federal habeas corpus relief on two grounds. 

First, Brown argues that his trial counsel was ineffective, but we will not consider 

an issue that is not included in the certificate of appealability and that Brown failed 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 11 of 16 
12

to raise in his federal habeas petition. See McKay, 657 F.3d at 1195; Ferguson, 

580 F.3d at 1193. Second, Brown argues that the district court reviewed his claim 

of actual innocence under an incorrect legal standard and that the results of the new 

DNA test “creates a cavalcade of reasonable doubt . . . so powerful as to require an 

examination of the . . . [otherwise] procedurally defaulted constitutional claims in 

[his] [p]etition.” We conclude that the district court applied the correct test to 

assess Brown’s claim of actual innocence, see McQuiggin, 133 S. Ct. at 1928, and

that the district court did not err in its determination that Brown failed to prove it 

was “more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in the 

light of the new evidence,” see id. at 1935 (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327, 115 S. 

Ct. at 867).

In McQuiggin, the Supreme Court held that a federal habeas petitioner can

qualify for an equitable exception to the one-year statute of limitation and obtain 

federal review of his claims about constitutional errors in his state court 

proceedings if he satisfies the threshold test established in Schlup. McQuiggin, 

133 S. Ct. at 1928. Under that test, the petitioner must “persuade[] the [habeas]

court that, in light of the new evidence, no juror, acting reasonably, would have 

voted to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. 

at 329, 115 S. Ct. at 868). The test devised in Schlup is intended to “ensure[] that 

[the] petitioner’s case is truly extraordinary, while still provide petitioner a 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 12 of 16 
13

meaningful avenue by which to avoid a manifest injustice.” 513 U.S. at 327, 115 

S. Ct. at 867 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The petitioner must 

prove that “he is ‘actually innocent,’” id. at 327, 115 S. Ct. at 867, by producing

“new reliable evidence . . . not presented at trial,” id. at 324, 115 S. Ct. at 865, that 

“raise[s] sufficient doubt about [his] guilt to undermine confidence in the result of 

the trial,” id. at 317, 115 S. Ct. at 862.

A determination of actual innocence is based on an assessment of “the 

probative force of the newly presented evidence in connection with the evidence of 

guilt adduced at trial.” Id. at 332, 115 S. Ct. at 869; see House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 

518, 538, 126 S. Ct. 2064, 2077 (2006). In its assessment, the district court cannot 

make “an independent factual determination about what likely occurred”; instead, 

it is required to “assess the likely impact of the evidence on reasonable jurors.” 

House, 547 U.S. at 538, 126 S. Ct. at 2077. “[T]he habeas court must consider all 

the evidence, old and new, incriminating and exculpatory,” and “make a 

probabilistic determination about what reasonable, properly instructed jurors would 

do,’” House, 547 U.S. at 538, 126 S. Ct. at 2077 (citing Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327–

29, 115 S. Ct. at 867–68), if they “consider[ed] fairly all of the evidence 

presented,” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 329, 115 S. Ct. at 868. As part of that 

determination, the district court must account for how “reasonable triers of fact” 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 13 of 16 
14

would use the newly presented evidence to assess the “credibility of the witnesses 

presented at trial.” Id. at 330, 115 S. Ct. at 868.

The district court applied the predictive standard of Schlup to evaluate

Brown’s claim of actual innocence. The district court stated repeatedly in its order 

that it had considered the new DNA test results and the evidence presented at 

Brown’s trial to determine whether “it was more likely than not that no reasonable 

juror” would have convicted Brown. Although the district court referred once to 

the standard applicable to challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, the district 

court explained that “the gateway actual-innocence standard [was] by no means 

equivalent to the standard of Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 

L.Ed.2d 560 (1979),” and that it was “[i]nstead . . . [required to] assess how 

reasonable jurors would react to the ‘overall, newly supplemented record.’ House 

v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006).” And the district court made a “probabilistic 

determination” about how reasonable jurors would evaluate the new DNA test 

results and their interpretation by Dr. Litman in connection with Cheryl’s and 

Melvin Sr.’s positive identifications of Brown.

Brown’s new evidence fails to satisfy the threshold showing under Schulp. 

The new DNA test results do not prove that Brown did not wear the mask left at 

the scene or contradict the testimony from Cheryl and Melvin Sr. identifying 

Brown as a burglar. Although the results exclude Brown as a contributor of DNA 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 14 of 16 
15

on the mask, Brown’s expert, Dr. Litman, acknowledged that Brown could have 

left DNA on another part of the mask. Regardless of the results of the DNA test on 

the bandana, Cheryl testified that Brown was wearing a bandana under his mask, a 

bandana was found at the scene with the mask, and Dr. Litman acknowledged that 

a bandana worn under a mask could prevent DNA from transferring to the mask.

Brown failed to prove “that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror 

would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence.” All of the evidence, 

both old and new, fails to establish that Brown is actually innocent. See House, 

547 U.S. at 538, 126 S. Ct. at 2077; Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327–30, 115 S. Ct. at 867–

68. The new DNA test results do not eliminate Brown as the burglar who wore the 

mask or contradict Cheryl’s and Melvin Sr.’s positive identification of Brown as 

the perpetrator. And other eyewitnesses’ accounts point to Brown’s involvement. 

Those accounts establish that Cheryl called the perpetrator by Brown’s first name 

and that the burglars referred to Cheryl by a nickname used by Nakita, the young 

daughter of Brown’s girlfriend.

Brown’s federal habeas petition is barred by the one-year statute of 

limitation. Brown failed to file his petition within one year after his conviction 

became final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). And Brown has failed to prove that he 

is entitled to an equitable exception from that deadline based on his claim of actual 

innocence. See McQuiggin, 133 S. Ct. at 1928. 

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 15 of 16 
16

We AFFIRM the dismissal of Brown’s petition.

Case: 13-14723 Date Filed: 09/08/2014 Page: 16 of 16