[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-10425

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-22401-WJZ

BRUCE SIMMONS, 

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

WARDEN, 

Respondent-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(September 30, 2014)

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Bruce Simmons, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal 

of his common-law, habeas corpus petition, construed as a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 

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petition, and the subsequent denial of his Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) 

motion to alter or amend the judgment. We affirm in part and vacate and remand 

in part.

I. BACKGROUND

In March 2001, Simmons filed a pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas petition

challenging his federal conviction and sentence. District Judge William Zloch 

denied Simmon’s petition, because most of his claims were procedurally barred,

and his remaining claims lacked merit. Simmons filed several post-judgment 

motions. In July 2006, while at least one such motion was pending, Simmons 

moved for Judge Zloch to recuse, because of a conflict of interest, since he had 

named the judge as a defendant in a civil rights complaint in the Northern District 

of Georgia. In August 2006, Judge Zloch recused himself from the case. 

Simmons’s civil rights complaint was dismissed on July 25, 2006, for failure to 

state a claim. We affirmed the civil rights judgment in May 2007. Simmons v. 

Edmondson, 225 F. App’x 787 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). The Supreme Court 

denied certiorari in October 2007. Simmons v. Edmondson, 552 U.S. 858, 128 S. 

Ct. 139 (2007) (mem.).

In addition to his March 2001 § 2255 petition, Simmons filed numerous 

subsequent § 2255 petitions, a prior § 2241 habeas petition, and various other 

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motions that were successive § 2255 petitions. All of those filings have been 

dismissed as unauthorized second or successive § 2255 motions.

In July 2013, Simmons filed the motion at issue in this appeal, a pro se 

common-law petition for writ of habeas corpus, which the district judge construed 

as a § 2241 petition. In his petition, Simmons asserted he was actually innocent of 

his crimes of conviction, two counts of distributing less than 400 grams of powder 

cocaine. He also raised a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. He 

acknowledged he previously had filed a § 2255 motion to vacate, which the district 

judge had dismissed, because his claims were procedurally barred. He argued, 

however, the Supreme Court’s recent decision in McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 

1924 (2013), allowed him to bring his actual innocence claims in this petition. 

Simmons also filed a motion for Judge Zloch, to take judicial notice that he

previously had recused himself in a related case filed by Simmons. Because of his 

previous recusal, Simmons asserted Judge Zloch should recuse himself in this case. 

A magistrate judge entered a report and recommendation (“R&R”) 

recommending the dismissal of the petition. The magistrate judge found 

Simmons’s pleading constituted an unauthorized successive § 2255 motion to 

vacate. The magistrate judge also found Simmons’s reliance on McQuiggin was 

unavailing, because that case did not circumvent the bar against filing successive § 

2255 motions. Simmons objected to the R&R and argued the magistrate judge 

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(1) should have applied McQuiggin to the facts of his case, (2) had failed to 

consider the “fundamental miscarriage of justice exception,” and (3) had failed to 

recognize he was relying on newly discovered evidence to support his actual 

innocence claim. ROA at 69 (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 321, 115 S. 

Ct. 851, 864 (1995)).

In August 2013, Judge Zloch adopted the R&R and dismissed Simmons’s 

petition, because it was an unauthorized successive § 2255 motion. Judge Zloch

also denied all pending motions as moot. Thereafter, Simmons filed a Rule 59(e) 

motion to alter or amend the judgment. He argued Judge Zloch previously had 

recused himself from the case, and he could not “un-recuse” and dismiss 

Simmons’s case. ROA at 78. Simmons further argued the judge had failed to 

consider his timely objections to the R&R. 

On January 24, 2014, Judge Zloch denied the Rule 59(e) motion and 

overruled Simmons’s objections to the R&R. Judge Zloch noted Simmons had 

filed at least eleven different motions and three notices of appeal in an attempt to 

attack his underlying convictions. Judge Zloch also directed the clerk “not to 

accept any further filings from [Simmons], absent authorization from the United 

States Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals.” ROA at 92 (emphasis added).

Simmons raises three arguments on appeal. First, he contends the district 

judge erred by finding his habeas petition was a second or successive § 2255 

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petition. Second, he argues the judge should have recused himself from the case 

based upon the judge’s prior recusal in the related case. Finally, he argues the 

judge’s order directing the clerk not to accept any further filings from him, absent 

our authorization, impermissibly restricts his right of access to the courts.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Second or Successive § 2255 Petition

We review questions concerning jurisdiction de novo. Williams v. Chatman, 

510 F.3d 1290, 1293 (11th Cir. 2007) (per curiam). We review de novo whether a 

federal prisoner may bring a 28 U.S.C. § 2241 petition under the savings clause of 

28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). Williams v. Warden, Fed. Bureau of Prisons, 713 F.3d 1332, 

1337 (11th Cir. 2013), petition for cert. filed, No. 13-1221 (U.S. Apr. 8, 2014). 

“Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by 

attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United 

States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). 

Generally, a prisoner collaterally attacks the validity of his federal sentence 

by filing a § 2255 motion in the district of conviction. 28 U.S.C. § 2255; Sawyer v. 

Holder, 326 F.3d 1363, 1365 (11th Cir. 2003). The “savings clause” of § 2255, 

however, permits a federal prisoner, under very limited circumstances, to file a 

habeas petition under § 2241. Sawyer, 326 F.3d at 1365. Under the savings 

clause, a court may entertain a § 2241 petition if the petitioner establishes the 

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remedy provided under § 2255 is “inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of 

his detention.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e). The savings clause is a jurisdictional 

provision, such that a petitioner must show § 2255 is “inadequate or ineffective,” 

before the district judge has jurisdiction to review the § 2241 petition. Williams, 

713 F.3d at 1338-40. The petitioner bears the burden of presenting evidence 

affirmatively showing the inadequacy or ineffectiveness of the § 2255 remedy. 

Turner v. Warden Coleman FCI (Medium), 709 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2013).

When a prisoner previously has filed a § 2255 motion to vacate, he must 

apply for and receive our permission before filing a successive § 2255 motion. 28 

U.S.C. §§ 2244(b)(3), 2255(h). This restriction on successive § 2255 motions, 

standing alone, does not render § 2255 “inadequate or ineffective” within the 

meaning of the savings clause. Gilbert v. United States, 640 F.3d 1293, 1308 (11th 

Cir. 2011) (en banc) (“Gilbert II”). Consequently, a prisoner who has filed and 

been denied a § 2255 motion may not circumvent the restriction on successive 

§ 2255 motions simply by filing a petition under § 2241. Id. 

The district judge did not err in dismissing Simmons’s habeas corpus 

petition, construed as a § 2241 petition, because Simmons filed the petition in an 

attempt to circumvent the restriction on successive § 2255 motions. See 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2255(h); Gilbert II, 640 F.3d at 1308. In his petition, Simmons challenges the 

validity of his sentences and argues he is actually innocent of the crimes of 

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conviction. Such arguments should have been brought in a § 2255 motion. 

28 U.S.C. § 2255; Sawyer, 326 F.3d at 1365. Because Simmons has filed 

numerous prior § 2255 motions and has not obtained authorization to file a 

successive § 2255 motion, the district judge correctly dismissed this habeas

petition. Moreover, Simmons has not met his burden of presenting evidence 

affirmatively showing the inadequacy or ineffectiveness of the § 2255 remedy, 

such that he is entitled to file a habeas petition under § 2241. Turner, 709 F.3d 

at 1333. 

B. Recusal

We review a district judge’s decision not to recuse for abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Berger, 375 F.3d 1223, 1227 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam). A 

district judge should recuse himself if his impartiality might reasonably be 

questioned. Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510, 1523 (11th Cir. 1988). 

“The test is whether an objective, disinterested, lay observer fully informed of the 

facts underlying the grounds on which recusal was sought would entertain a 

significant doubt about the judge’s impartiality.” Id. at 1524. A judge’s refusal to 

recuse may be harmless error. Id. at 1525-26. Factors to consider are (1) the risk 

of injustice to the parties in the particular case; (2) the risk that the denial of relief 

will produce injustice in other cases; and (3) the risk of undermining the public’s 

confidence in the judicial process. Id. at 1526.

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Judge Zloch did not abuse his discretion in declining to recuse. The civil 

rights complaint in which Simmons had named the judge as a defendant had been 

dismissed in July 2006, well before Simmons filed this habeas petition in July 

2013. No objective, disinterested lay observer, fully informed of the reason for 

Simmons’s request for the recusal, would doubt the judge’s impartiality. Parker, 

855 F.2d at 1524. Moreover, even assuming arguendo the district judge should 

have recused, his decision not to recuse was harmless error. See Parker, 855 F.2d 

at 1525-26. Having determined the district court lacked jurisdiction to review 

Simmons’s habeas corpus petition, it would make little sense to remand the case 

and reassign it to another judge to enter the dismissal order. 

C. Restricted Filer

Injunctive restrictions on filings by abusive litigants are “necessary and 

prudent” in order to curb conduct that would impair the rights of other litigants and 

the courts’ ability to carry out their Article III functions. Procup v. Strickland, 792 

F.2d 1069, 1071, 1073 (11th Cir. 1986) (en banc) (per curiam). Therefore, district 

judges have considerable discretion to impose even severe restrictions on what 

such individuals may file and how they must behave, though the conditions must 

not have the effect of completely foreclosing access to the courts. Id. at 1074. Reimposing filing fees on indigent litigants is one available restriction, although any 

injunction prohibiting IFP filings must be carefully tailored to minimize the 

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exclusion of legitimate claims. Miller v. Donald, 541 F.3d 1091, 1096-97 (11th 

Cir. 2008) (discussing such restrictions in the non-habeas context).

The district judge’s order directing the clerk not to not to accept any further 

filings from Simmons, absent our authorization, is too broad. Procup, 792 F.2d 

at 1074. The order requires Simmons to seek our permission to file any new 

pleadings in district court, even if Simmons is not statutorily required to seek our 

permission to invoke the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Though the 

clerk likely understood the order to include only those pleadings brought under 

§ 2255 and § 2241, we nevertheless remand with instructions for the district judge

to limit the restriction on future filings to habeas petitions challenging Simmons’s 

federal sentences for his underlying drug convictions.

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED, AND REMANDED IN PART.

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