FI L ED

U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S

EL EVENTH CI RCUI T

OCT 6, 2008

THOMAS K. KAH

N

CL ERK [ D O N O T P U B L I S H ]

I N T H E U N I T E D S T A T E S C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C I R C U I T

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

N o

. 0 7

- 1 5 7 8 3

N o n

- A r g u m e n t C a l e n d a r

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

D

. C

. D o c k e t N o

. 0 6

- 0 0 3 7 5

- C R

- 1

- 1

U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A

,

P l a i n t i f f

- A p p e l l e e

,

v e r s u s

R O D R I Q U I S C A R T H E L S T E P H E N S

,

D e f e n d a n t

- A p p e l l a n t

.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A p p e a l f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s t r i c t C o u r t

f o r t h e N o r t h e r n D i s t r i c t o f G e o r g i a

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

( O c t o b e r 6

, 2 0 0 8 )

B e f o r e T J O F L A T

, B L A C K a n d M A R C U S

, C i r c u i t J u d g e s

.

P E R C U R I A M :

R o d r i q u i s C a r t h e l S t e p h e n s a p p e a l s f r o m h i s t o t a l s e n t e n c e o f 1 6 0 m o n t h s ’

i m p r i s o n m e n t f

o r m a k i n g f

a l s e s t a t e m e n t s t o a f i r e a r m s d e a l e r

, 1 8 U

. S

. C

.

§ 9 2 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( C o u n t O n e )

, r e c e i v i n g a f i r e a r m w h i l e u n d e r f

e l o n y i n d i c t m e n t

, 1 8U

. S

. C

. § 9 2 2 ( n ) ( C o u n t s T w o a n d T h r e e )

, a n d p o s s e s s i n g w i t h t h e i n t e n t t o

d i s t r i b u t e a t l e a s t 5 0 g r a m s o f c o c a i n e b a s e

, 2 1 U

. S

. C

. § 8 4 1 ( a ) ( 1 )

, ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( i i i )

( C o u n t F o u r )

. O n a p p e a l

, S t e p h e n s a r g u e s t h a t : ( 1 ) t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c l e a r l y e r r e d

i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e d r u g q u a n t i t y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o h i m u n d e r U

. S

. S

. G

. § 2 D 1

. 1 ; a n d ( 2 )

h i s s e n t e n c e o f 1 6 0 m o n t h s ’ i m p r i s o n m e n t w a s p r o c e d u r a l l y a n d s u b s t a n t i v e l y

u n r e a s o n a b l e

. A f

t e r t h o r o u g h r e v i e w

, w e a f f i r m

.

“ W e r e v i e w a d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e q u a n t i t y o f d r u g s p r o p e r l y

a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a d e f

e n d a n t f o r c l e a r e r r o r

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. R y a n

, 2 8 9 F

. 3 d 1 3 3 9

,

1 3 4 7 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 2 )

. “ W h e n t h e d e f e n d a n t d o e s n o t p r e s e r v e a n a r g u m e n t f o r

a p p e a l

, w e r e v i e w f

o r p l a i n e r r o r

, w h i c h r e q u i r e s t h e p e t i t i o n e r t o e s t a b l i s h ( 1 ) t h a t

t h e r e w a s e r r o r ( 2 ) t h a t w a s p l a i n ; ( 3 ) t h a t a f f e c t e d h i s s u b s t a n t i a l r i g h t s ; a n d ( 4 )

t h a t s e r i o u s l y a f

f e c t e d t h e f

a i r n e s s

, i n t e g r i t y

, o r p u b l i c r e p u t a t i o n o f t h e j u d i c i a l

p r o c e e d i n g

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. S t r a u b

, 5 0 8 F

. 3 d 1 0 0 3

, 1 0 0 8 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 7 )

( i n t e r n a l c i t a t i o n o m i t t e d )

, p e t i t i o n f o r c e r t

. f

i l e d

, N o

. 0 7

- 1 2 5 4 ( A p r

. 1

, 2 0 0 8 )

.

R e v i e w f o r p l a i n e r r o r r e q u i r e s a n e r r o r t o b e c l e a r o r o b v i o u s

. I d

. W e r e v i e w t h e 1

“To pre serve an issue for appea l, one must raise a

n objection that is sufficient to 1

apprise the trial court a

nd the opposing party

of the pa rticular g rounds upon which a ppellate

relief will later be soug ht. The objec tion must be ra ised in such clea r and simple lang uag e that

the trial cour

t may not misunderstand it.” I d. at 1011 (interna l quotations and citation omitt ed).

Fa ilure to object to the fa cts stated in a pr esente nce inve stiga tion report (“ PSI ”) or PSI

Addendum constitutes an a dmission of those facts. United States v. B ennett, 472 F .3d 825, 833-

34 (11th Cir. 2006); see a lso United States v. Hedg es, 175 F .3d 1312, 1315 (11th Cir. 1999)

(holding that the district court is entitled to rely on statements in the PSI when they are not

contested, e ven in the abse nce of supporting e vidence ).

2u l t i m a t e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d b y t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t f o r “ r e a s o n a b l e n e s s

, ” w h i c h

“ m e r e l y a s k s w h e t h e r t h e t r i a l c o u r t a b u s e d i t s d i s c r e t i o n

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. P u g h

,

5 1 5 F

. 3 d 1 1 7 9

, 1 1 8 9 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 8 ) ( q u o t i n g R i t a v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s

, 1 2 7 S

. C t

.

2 4 5 6

, 2 4 6 5 ( 2 0 0 7 ) )

.

S t e p h e n s h a s n o t s h o w n t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c l e a r l y e r r e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g

d r u g q u a n t i t y

. “ W h e n a d e f e n d a n t o b

j e c t s t o a f

a c t u a l f i n d i n g t h a t i s u s e d i n

c a l c u l a t i n g h i s g u i d e l i n e s e n t e n c e

, s u c h a s d r u g a m o u n t

, t h e g o v e r n m e n t b e a r s t h e

b u r d e n o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e d i s p u t e d f a c t b y a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f t h e e v i d e n c e

. ”

U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. R o d r i g u e z

, 3 9 8 F

. 3 d 1 2 9 1

, 1 2 9 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 5 )

. W h i l e t h e

p r e p o n d e r a n c e s t a n d a r d i s a r e l a x e d e v i d e n t i a r y s t a n d a r d

, “ i t d o e s n o t g r a n t t h e

c o u r t a l i c e n s e t o s e n t e n c e a d e f e n d a n t i n t h e a b s e n c e o f s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e w h e n

t h a t d e f e n d a n t h a s p r o p e r l y o b j e c t e d t o a f

a c t u a l c o n c l u s i o n

. ” I d

. ( q u o t a t i o n s

o m i t t e d )

. I n d r u g c a s e s w h e r e “ t h e a m o u n t s e i z e d d o e s n o t r e f l e c t t h e s c a l e o f t h e

o f f e n s e

, t h e c o u r t s h a l l a p p r o x i m a t e t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e

. ”

U

. S

. S

. G

. § 2 D 1

. 1

, c m t

. n

. 1 2

. I n d o i n g s o

, “ t h e c o u r t m a y c o n s i d e r

. . . t h e p r i c e

g e n e r a l l y o b t a i n e d f

o r t h e c o n t r o l l e d s u b s t a n c e

. . . . ” I d

. “ [ M ] o n e y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o

t h e d r u g t r a n s a c t i o n s m a y b e c o n v e r t e d t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t a m o u n t o f d r u g s f o r

p u r p o s e s o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e d r u g q u a n t i t y

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. T o k a r s

, 9 5 F

. 3 d

1 5 2 0

, 1 5 4 2 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 1 9 9 6 )

.

3I n t h i s c a s e

, t h e r e c o r d s u p p o r t s t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t ’ s f i n d i n g t h a t t h e m o n e y

f o u n d i n t h e S t e p h e n s ’ s h o t e l r o o m c o n s t i t u t e d d r u g p r o c e e d s

. T h e c o u r t b a s e d i t s

f i n d i n g o n t h e f

a c t t h a t t h e r e w a s c r a c k c o c a i n e

, b a g g i e s

, a n d a s c a l e w i t h d r u g

r e s i d u e o n i t

, l o c a t e d i n t h e r o o m

, a n d a t l e a s t t w e n t y d o l l a r s a n d s o m e o f t h e c r a c k

c o c a i n e w e r e c o n c e a l e d t o g e t h e r i n s i d e o f a s h o e o r a b o o t

. A l t h o u g h S t e p h e n s

a r g u e d t h a t h e w a s g i v e n t h e m o n e y t o h e l p s o m e o n e b u y a c a r

, h e i n t r o d u c e d n o

e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h i s c o n t e n t i o n

, a n d t h e p h y s i c a l e v i d e n c e i n f r o n t o f t h e c o u r t

c o n t r a d i c t e d S t e p h e n s ’ s e x p l a n a t i o n

. T h u s

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t c l e a r l y e r r b y

f i n d i n g t h a t t h e m o n e y i n t h e r o o m c o n s t i t u t e d d r u g p r o c e e d s

, a n d S t e p h e n s d o e s

n o t o f f e r a n y a u t h o r i t y f

o r h i s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t e r r e d b y n o t

s p e c i f i c a l l y f i n d i n g t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f d r u g s f o u n d d i d n o t r e f

l e c t t h e s c a l e o f t h e

o f f e n s e

.

A s f o r S t e p h e n s ’ s a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c l e a r l y e r r e d b y c o n v e r t i n g

t h e c a s h f

o u n d i n t o a q u a n t i t y o f c r a c k c o c a i n e

, S t e p h e n s d i d n o t o b j e c t o n t h i s

b a s i s i n t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

, a n d w e t h e r e f o r e r e v i e w f

o r p l a i n e r r o r o n l y

. S t r a u b

, 5 0 8

F

. 3 d a t 1 0 0 8

. I n f

a c t

, t h e c o n v e r s i o n w a s i n c l u d e d i n t h e P S I

- - p r o v i d i n g t h a t a n

o u n c e o f c r a c k c o c a i n e s o l d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 6 0 0 w h e n S t e p h e n s w a s a r r e s t e d

- -

a n d S t e p h e n s d i d n o t o b j e c t t o i t s a c c u r a c y

. I t i s t h e r e f o r e d e e m e d a d m i t t e d

.

B e n n e t t

, 4 7 2 F

. 3 d 8 3 3

- 3 4

. B e c a u s e S t e p h e n s a d m i t t e d t h i s f a c t b y n o t o b

j e c t i n g t o

4i t i n t h e P S I

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t p l a i n l y e r r b y s e n t e n c i n g h i m i n a c c o r d a n c e

w i t h h i s a d m i s s i o n

. 2

S t e p h e n s l i k e w i s e h a s n o t s h o w n t h a t h i s s e n t e n c e w a s u n r e a s o n a b l e

. I n

r e v i e w i n g s e n t e n c e s f

o r r e a s o n a b l e n e s s

, w e p e r f o r m t w o s t e p s

. P u g h

, 5 1 5 F

. 3 d a t

1 1 9 0

. F i r s t

, w e m u s t “ ‘ e n s u r e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t c o m m i t t e d n o s i g n i f i c a n t

p r o c e d u r a l e r r o r

, s u c h a s f a i l i n g t o c a l c u l a t e ( o r i m p r o p e r l y c a l c u l a t i n g ) t h e

G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e

, t r e a t i n g t h e G u i d e l i n e s a s m a n d a t o r y

, f a i l i n g t o c o n s i d e r t h e §

3 5 5 3 ( a ) f

a c t o r s

, s e l e c t i n g a s e n t e n c e b a s e d o n c l e a r l y e r r o n e o u s f a c t s

, o r f a i l i n g t o

a d e q u a t e l y e x p l a i n t h e c h o s e n s e n t e n c e

- - i n c l u d i n g a n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r a n y

d e v i a t i o n f

r o m t h e G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e

. ’ ” I d

. ( q u o t i n g G a l l v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s

, 1 2 8

S

. C t

. 5 8 6

, 5 9 7 ( 2 0 0 7 ) )

. I f w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t p r o c e d u r a l l y 3

e r r

, w e m u s t c o n s i d e r t h e “ ‘ s u b s t a n t i v e r e a s o n a b l e n e s s o f t h e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d

,

I n any event, the district c ourt was c lear that, even if

it was wrong with respec t to its 2

Guidelines ca lculation, it would have imposed the same sentenc e. As a result, any

err or with

respe ct to the Guidelines c alculations would be ha rmless, so long a s the sentenc e wa s

rea sonable, a

nd, as discussed be low, the sentenc e wa s rea sonable. See United States v. Kee ne,

470 F.3d 1347, 1348- 49 (11th Cir. 2006) (it is unnece ssary to even de cide a

disputed

enhanc ement issue whe re it will not affe ct the outcome of the ca se).

The § 3553(a ) fa ctors include: ( 1) the na ture a nd circ umstances of

the offe nse and the 3

history and cha rac teristics of the de fenda nt; (2) the nee d for the se ntence imposed to refle ct the

seriousness of the offe nse, to promote re spect for the law, a

nd to provide just punishment for the

offe nse; (3) the need f

or the sente nce imposed to a ffor d adequa te deter renc e; (4) the need to

protec t the public; (5) the ne ed to provide the defe ndant with educational or voca tional training

or medica l car e; (6) the kinds of sentenc es ava ilable; (7) the Sente ncing Guidelines ra ng e; (8) the

pertinent policy

statements of the Sente ncing Commi ssion; (9) the nee d to avoid unwanted

sentenc ing dispa

rities; and (10) the need to pr ovide re stitut ion to victims . 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

5u n d e r a n a b u s e

- o f

- d i s c r e t i o n s t a n d a r d

, ’ ” b a s e d o n t h e “ ‘ t o t a l i t y o f t h e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s

. ’ ” I d

. ( q u o t i n g G a l l

, 1 2 8 S

. C t

. a t 5 9 7 )

. “ T h e p a r t y w h o c h a l l e n g e s

t h e s e n t e n c e b e a r s t h e b u r d e n o f e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t t h e s e n t e n c e i s u n r e a s o n a b l e i n

t h e l i g h t o f b o t h t h [ e ] r e c o r d a n d t h e f a c t o r s i n s e c t i o n 3 5 5 3 ( a )

. ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

.

T h o m a s

, 4 4 6 F

. 3 d 1 3 4 8

, 1 3 5 1 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 6 ) ( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n o m i t t e d )

. “ [ A ] n

a c k n o w l e d g m e n t b y t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t t h a t i t h a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e d e f e n d a n t ’ s

a r g u m e n t s a n d t h e f

a c t o r s i n s e c t i o n 3 5 5 3 ( a ) i s s u f f i c i e n t

. . . . ” U n i t e d S t a t e s v

.

T a l l e y

, 4 3 1 F

. 3 d 7 8 4

, 7 8 6 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 5 )

.

I n U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. I r i z a r r y

, 4 5 8 F

. 3 d 1 2 0 8 ( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 6 )

, w e h e l d t h a t a

s e n t e n c e i n e x c e s s o f t h e a d v i s o r y g u i d e l i n e s r a n g e w a s a v a r i a n c e w h e r e t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t c o r r e c t l y c a l c u l a t e d t h e a d v i s o r y G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e

, c o n s i d e r e d t h e

a d e q u a c y o f t h e r a n g e i n l i g h t o f t h e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f a c t o r s a n d e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d

d u r i n g t h e h e a r i n g

, a n d t h e n

, a f t e r d e t e r m i n i n g t h a t t h e r a n g e d i d n o t a d d r e s s t h e

f u t u r e r i s k t h e d e f

e n d a n t p o s e d t o t h e p u b l i c

, w h i c h i s a § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f a c t o r

, i m p o s e d

a r e a s o n a b l e s e n t e n c e o u t s i d e t h e g u i d e l i n e s r a n g e

. I r i z a r r y

, 4 5 8 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 1 1

- 1 2

.

F e d e r a l R u l e o f C r i m i n a l P r o c e d u r e 3 2 ( h ) r e q u i r e s a d i s t r i c t c o u r t t o g i v e p a r t i e s

r e a s o n a b l e n o t i c e t h a t i t i s c o n t e m p l a t i n g a d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e G u i d e l i n e s b e f o r e

o n e c a n b e i m p o s e d

. F e d

. R

. C r i m

. P

. 3 2 ( h )

. T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a s h e l d t h a t

6F e d

. R

. C r i m

. P

. 3 2 ( h ) i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o v a r i a n c e s

. I r i z a r r y v

. U n i t e d S t a t e s

, 1 2 8

S

. C t

. 2 1 9 8

, 2 2 0 3

- 0 4 ( 2 0 0 8 )

.

S t e p h e n s ’ s s e n t e n c e w a s b o t h p r o c e d u r a l l y a n d s u b s t a n t i v e l y r e a s o n a b l e

.

T h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t s t a t e d t h a t i t w a s i m p o s i n g a s e n t e n c e u n d e r 1 8 U

. S

. C

. § 3 5 5 3

,

c o r r e c t l y c a l c u l a t e d t h e a d v i s o r y g u i d e l i n e s

, a n d t h e n i m p o s e d a s e n t e n c e i n e x c e s s

o f t h e G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e b a s e d o n v a r i o u s r e l e v a n t f i n d i n g s

, s u c h a s S t e p h e n s ’ s

n u m e r o u s p r i o r a c t s o f v i o l e n c e

, h i s i n a b i l i t y o r u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o f o l l o w p r o b a t i o n

,

a n d h i s a c t i o n s t h a t e n d a n g e r e d t h e l i f e o f a p o l i c e o f

f i c e r

. S e e P u g h

, 5 1 5 F

. 3 d a t

1 1 9 0 ( c i t i n g G a l l

, 1 2 8 S

. C t

. a t 5 9 7 )

. T h u s

, c o n t r a r y t o S t e p h e n s ’ s c o n t e n t i o n

, t h e

d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t f o c u s e x c l u s i v e l y o n h i s c r i m i n a l h i s t o r y

, b u t r a t h e r

,

c o n s i d e r e d m a n y o f t h e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f a c t o r s

, i n c l u d i n g “ t h e n e e d f o r t h e s e n t e n c e

i m p o s e d t o p r o t e c t t h e p u b l i c f r o m f u r t h e r c r i m e s o f t h e d e f e n d a n t

, ” “ t h e n a t u r e

a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e o f f e n s e a n d t h e h i s t o r y a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e

d e f e n d a n t

, ” a n d “ t h e n e e d f o r t h e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d t o a f f o r d a d e q u a t e d e t e r r e n c e

t o c r i m i n a l c o n d u c t

. ” 1 8 U

. S

. C

. § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) ( 1 )

, ( 2 ) ( B )

- ( C )

. I n a d d i t i o n

, b a s e d o n

t h e e n t i r e r e c o r d f

r o m t h e s e n t e n c i n g h e a r i n g

, t h e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d b y t h e c o u r t i n

e x c e s s o f t h e g u i d e l i n e s r a n g e w a s a v a r i a n c e

, a n d n o t a d e p a r t u r e

, s e e I r i z a r r y

,

4 5 8 F

. 3 d a t 1 2 1 1

- 1 2

, a n d n o a d v a n c e n o t i c e i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a v a r i a n c e

. I r i z a r r y

,

71 2 8 S

. C t

. a t 2 2 0 3

- 0 4

. A c c o r d i n g l y

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t d i d n o t p r o c e d u r a l l y e r r i n

i m p o s i n g S t e p h e n s ’ s s e n t e n c e

.

T h e u l t i m a t e s e n t e n c e o f 1 6 0 m o n t h s ’ i m p r i s o n m e n t

- - 2 5 m o n t h s a b o v e t h e

h i g h e n d o f t h e a p p l i c a b l e a d v i s o r y G u i d e l i n e s r a n g e

- - w a s a l s o s u b s t a n t i v e l y

r e a s o n a b l e

. I n d e e d

, S t e p h e n s ’ s c o n v i c t i o n f o r C o u n t F o u r s u b

j e c t e d h i m t o a

p o t e n t i a l s e n t e n c e o f l i f e i m p r i s o n m e n t

, a n d t h e s e n t e n c e i m p o s e d b y t h e d i s t r i c t

c o u r t w a s s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s

. S e e U n i t e d S t a t e s v

. T h o m a s

, 4 4 6 F

. 3 d 1 3 4 8

, 1 3 5 7

- 5 8

( 1 1 t h C i r

. 2 0 0 6 ) ( a f

f i r m i n g d e f

e n d a n t ’ s 1 2 1

- m o n t h s e n t e n c e a s r e a s o n a b l e b e c a u s e

,

i n t e r a l i a

, t h e l o w

- e n d s e n t e n c e w a s j u s t o v e r o n e

- h a l f o f t h e 2 0

- y e a r s t a t u t o r y

m a x i m u m s e n t e n c e )

. M o r e o v e r

, a s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e

, t h e r e c o r d s h o w s t h a t

S t e p h e n s h a s n o t f

o l l o w e d t h e l a w a n d h a s a c t e d v i o l e n t l y

, f i n d i n g s t h a t a r e

r e l e v a n t t o t h e S e c t i o n 3 5 5 3 ( a ) c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

. F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s

, t h e d i s t r i c t c o u r t

d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c r e t i o n b y s e n t e n c i n g S t e p h e n s t o 1 6 0 m o n t h s ’ i m p r i s o n m e n t

.

A F F I R M E D

.

8