FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 JULY 14, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

Honorable Jerome Farris, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by *

designation.

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 07-13175

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00023-CR-HL-7

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

MITCHELL L. ANDERSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Georgia

_________________________

 (July 14, 2008)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, BLACK and FARRIS, Circuit Judges. *

PER CURIAM:
 Anderson’s plea agreement waived any right to appeal his sentence unless the sentence 1

exceeded the advisory Guidelines range or the Government appealed his sentence. The appeal

waiver does not apply here, however, because Anderson’s sentence is above the advisory

Guidelines range.

2

Mitchell Anderson appeals his 48-month sentence imposed after he pled

guilty to possession of 5 or more counterfeit identification documents, in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1028(a)(3) and (b)(1)(A)(ii). Anderson contends the district court 1

erred in two ways when calculating his advisory Guidelines range. First, he

asserts the district court erred in calculating the amount of loss for the purpose of a

four-level enhancement of the offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1). 

Second, he contends the district court erred in calculating the number of victims

for the purpose of a two-level enhancement of the offense level under U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i). After review, we affirm in part, and vacate and remand in

part. 

I. BACKGROUND

Anderson appeals his sentence for a second time. At Anderson’s first

sentencing hearing, the district court outlined the Guidelines computation without

making a finding of the amount of loss or the number of victims. United States v.

Anderson, 216 F. App’x 886, 889 (11th Cir. 2007). After stating the Guidelines
 The PSI determined Anderson’s base offense level was 6, pursuant to U.S.S.G. 2

§ 2B1.1(a)(2). Anderson received a 4-level increase because the loss was more than $10,000 but

less than $30,000, pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C); a 2-level increase because the offense involved

10 or more victims, pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i); and a 2-level increase because the offense

involved taking legitimate checking account numbers and producing checks matching false

identifications, pursuant to § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C)(i) and (ii). Anderson then received a 2-level

reduction for acceptance of responsibility, pursuant to § 3E1.1(a). The PSI’s calculation of

Anderson’s total offense level was 12. Anderson’s criminal history category was IV, and his

advisory Guidelines range was 21 to 27 months’ imprisonment. 

 Despite the lack of fact findings on amount of loss and victim impact, we concluded

3

Anderson’s 48-month sentence was reasonable. Upon rehearing, however, we amended our

opinion by vacating Anderson’s sentence and remanding “for the district court to determine the

amount of loss and victim impact, and then resentence the appellant.” United States v. Anderson,

229 F. App’s 866 (11th Cir. 2007). 

 At the resentencing, the Government had a case agent, Daniel W. Reich, ready and 4

available to testify further regarding the amount of loss and number of victims. 

3

range was 21 to 27 months’ imprisonment and considering the 18 U.S.C. 2

§ 3553(a) factors, the court imposed an above-Guidelines sentence of 48 months’

imprisonment. Anderson appealed, and this Court remanded the case for factual

findings as to the amount of loss and victim impact. Id. at 889-90. We noted we

could not conduct a meaningful appellate review of these issues based on the

limited record. Id.

3

At resentencing, the district judge stated his belief that the findings in the

presentence investigation report (PSI) were adequate and that further evidence on

the amount of loss and number of victims was unnecessary. According to the 4

PSI, Anderson and codefendant Kevin Rufus had a total of 16 counterfeit drivers’

licenses with 16 different names and a total of 36 counterfeit checks with routing
4

and account numbers belonging to true account holders. The PSI stated, “[a]s

such, the loss equals at least $13,670.81 and the victims total at least thirty-six to

include sixteen legitimate account holders, seven financial institutions, twelve

Best Buy stores, and one grocery store.”

 Anderson objected to the amount of loss in the PSI, arguing his

codefendant had cashed some of the checks and that he and his codefendant were

“accountable for the [eight] checks that were actually negotiated.” Anderson also

objected to the number of victims, arguing with eight negotiated checks there

could be only eight victims. While admitting 12 of the 36 checks listed in the PSI

related to him, he argued there were no victims for the checks that were never

negotiated. Then he stated, “[w]e contend the total victims to be nine to twelve,

something along those guidelines.”

The district court stated, “I don’t see anything here that has changed other

than a technicality when the Court failed to enumerate the victims and make a

finding concerning the loss.” The court then found the loss attributable to

Anderson was $13,670.71 and the number of victims was 36, and accepted the

PSI. The court again sentenced Anderson to an above-Guidelines sentence of 48

months’ imprisonment and stated it had considered the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors. Anderson appeals his sentence imposed upon resentencing.
5

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

“[A] district court should begin all sentencing proceedings by correctly

calculating the applicable Guidelines range.” Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct.

586, 596 (2007). In addressing a challenge to the district court’s calculation of the

Guidelines range, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and

its application of the Guidelines to those factual findings de novo. United States v.

Massey, 443 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2006).

B. Calculation of Loss Amount

Anderson contends the district court’s finding of the loss amount was

erroneous. He asserts the district court erred in two ways: (1) holding him

accountable for loss that was created by the acts of his codefendant and

(2) holding him accountable for hypothetical losses associated with checks that

were not negotiated. 

1. Responsibility for codefendant’s conduct

The Guidelines provide relevant conduct is to be taken into account in

determining the offense level. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3. Section 1B1.3(a) provides

relevant conduct includes:
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(1)(A) all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled,

commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant;

and

(B) in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity (a criminal

plan, scheme, endeavor, or enterprise undertaken by the defendant in

concert with others, whether or not charged as a conspiracy), all

reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of

the jointly undertaken criminal activity,

that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction, in

preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid

detection or responsibility for that offense.

See also United States v. McCrimmon, 362 F.3d 725, 732-33 (11th Cir. 2004)

(affirming district court’s finding that defendant was responsible under U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) for total loss caused in course of conspiracy); United States v.

LaFraugh, 893 F.2d 314, 317 (11th Cir. 1990) (holding sentencing court may find

defendant accountable for all losses resulting from acts of participants in same

course of conduct). 

Anderson’s argument he should only be attributed one-half the total loss is

meritless. The district court was permitted to attribute to Anderson the total loss

involved in the counterfeit check scheme as relevant conduct under U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A) and (B). It is undisputed (1) Anderson and Rufus were traveling

together committing the same offenses, (2) counterfeit checks were found in their

car and linked to false identifications possessed by both Anderson and Rufus, and
7

(3) Anderson pled guilty to possessing counterfeit identifications. Thus, although

Anderson was not charged with a conspiracy, he aided and abetted Rufus’s

conduct and participated in the counterfeit check scheme jointly with Rufus.

2. Non-negotiated checks

Section 2B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides the offense level for

offenses involving counterfeit checks. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1. If the loss was more

than $10,000, the offense level is increased by 4. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C). The

application notes provide the general rule that loss amount is the greater of actual

loss or intended loss. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)). Actual loss is “the

reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the offense,” U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)(i)), while the intended loss is “the pecuniary harm that

was intended to result from the offense,” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)(ii)). 

Intended loss includes “intended pecuniary harm that would have been impossible

or unlikely to occur . . . .” Id. Reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm is the

“pecuniary harm that the defendant knew or, under the circumstances, reasonably

should have known, was a potential result of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1,

comment. (n.3(A)(iv)). In calculating the loss, “[t]he court need only make a

reasonable estimate of the loss. The sentencing judge is in a unique position to

assess the evidence and estimate the loss based upon that evidence. For this
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reason, the court’s loss determination is entitled to appropriate deference.” 

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 comment. (n.3(C)).

A district court may consider the full face value of counterfeit checks in

making a reasonable calculation of intended loss. See United States v. Grant, 431

F.3d 760, 765 (11th Cir. 2005). In Grant, we held the defendant’s intent is

paramount and stated a district court is justified in including a check’s full face

value in the loss calculation where the evidence indicates the defendant intended

to use the full face value of the check. Id. at 764-65. 

With regard to calculating the amount of loss, as noted in the commentary to

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, the loss is the greater of actual loss or intended loss. U.S.S.G.

§ 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)). The PSI Addendum states the total loss of

$13,670.81 was the actual loss. This loss amount includes $7,619.69 in

unnegotiated counterfeit checks and $6,051.12 in receipts from purchases actually

made with counterfeit checks. The counterfeit checks in Anderson’s and Rufus’s

possession were not negotiated; therefore, they could not have caused an actual

pecuniary harm “that resulted from the offense.” See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment.

(n.3(A)(i)) (defining actual loss as “the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that

resulted from the offense”). Thus, the $6,051.12 in purchases was the actual loss,

and $13,670.81 was the intended loss. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment.
9

(n.3(A)(ii)) (defining intended loss as “the pecuniary harm that was intended to

result from the offense”). 

The district court erred in relying on the PSI for its finding that $13,670.81

was the actual loss. However, any such error was harmless because the district

court attributed to Anderson the greater of the actual or intended loss as shown by

the receipts and counterfeit checks. See U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A))

(providing the general rule that loss amount is the greater of actual loss or

intended loss); United States v. Foley, 508 F.3d 627, 634 (11th Cir. 2007) (stating

an error is harmless if it does not substantially affect the defendant’s sentence); see

also Grant, 431 F.3d at 765 (holding “when an individual possesses a stolen check

. . . for the purpose of counterfeiting, the district court does not clearly err when it

uses the full face value of that stolen check in making a reasonable calculation of

the intended loss”). Because the intended loss of $13,670.81 was greater than

$10,000, the district court did not err in imposing a four-level enhancement for

loss of more than $10,000 under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C).

C. Calculation of Number of Victims

Anderson also asserts the district court’s finding of ten or more victims was

erroneous. An offense level is increased by two if the offense involved ten or

more victims. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i). The commentary to § 2B1.1 defines
10

“victim” as “any person who sustained any part of the actual loss,” and “person”

includes individuals and corporations. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.1). “[T]he

number of victims is defined in relation to the loss calculation,” and the district

court should attempt to connect the number of victims to its loss calculation. 

Foley, 508 F.3d at 633-34; see also United States v. Leach, 417 F.3d 1099, 1107

(10th Cir. 2005) (holding, in a theft of mail by postal employee case, a district

court erred in counting as victims, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(2), individuals

who did not suffer any part of the actual loss). 

Similar to his argument for loss amount, Anderson first contends he should

not be held accountable for the victims of his codefendant. This argument fails

here for the same reasons it fails with regard to loss amount. The district court

was permitted to attribute to Anderson the total number of victims involved in the

counterfeit check scheme as relevant conduct under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A) and

(B). 

However, the district court erred in calculating the number of victims

because it did not attempt to connect the number of victims to the actual loss

calculation. See Foley, 508 F.3d at 633-34. The PSI, which the district court

adopted, summarily concludes that the 36 victims were 16 legitimate account

holders, 7 financial institutions, 12 Best Buy stores, and 1 grocery store. We have
 We decline to address Anderson’s arguments regarding whether the district court 5

counted unnegotiated checks in its victim calculation, or whether the district court counted

multiple victims for a single check. Because we cannot tell how the district court arrived at the

number of 36 victims, we do not know whether the district court committed these actions that

Anderson claims would be error. By mentioning this, we express no opinion on whether these

actions would or would not be error; we only conclude the number of victims must be tied to the

actual loss calculation. 

11

combed through the record attempting to link the 36 listed victims to the amount

of actual loss, but neither the PSI nor the district court attempted to connect these

victims to the amount of actual loss in any way. Additionally, despite repeated 5

opportunities to do so at oral argument, the Government could provide no basis for

the PSI’s calculation of 36 victims. 

The Government argues remand for resentencing is unnecessary because the

district court would impose the same sentence of 48 months’ imprisonment. 

Although the district court has twice imposed an above-Guidelines sentence of 48

months’ imprisonment, it has done so from a possibly improperly calculated

benchmark. See Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596 (explaining the Guidelines are the starting

point and the initial benchmark of the sentence). The district court very well may

impose the same sentence again, but “a district court should begin all sentencing

proceedings by correctly calculating the applicable Guidelines range.” See id.

(emphasis added). Thus, although we are loath to do so, we must vacate and

remand for resentencing. 
 Because the district court erred in its calculation of the Guidelines range, we do not 6

address whether Anderson’s 48-month sentence is substantively reasonable. We in no way

suggest 48 months’ imprisonment would or would not be a reasonable sentence.

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III. CONCLUSION

Although the district court erred in concluding that $13,670.81 was the

amount of actual loss rather than the intended loss, this error was harmless because

the district court attributed to Anderson the greater of the actual or intended loss. 

Because the intended loss was greater than $10,000, the district court did not err in

imposing a four-level enhancement for loss of more than $10,000. Thus, we

affirm the district court on this issue.

However, we vacate and remand in part because the district court erred in its

calculation of the number of victims as it made no attempt to connect the number

of victims to the actual loss. On remand, the district court is instructed to connect

each victim to the amount of actual loss.

6

AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.