# Patent

## Title
Liquid crystal display with modulated black point

## Abstract

A backlit display with improved dynamic range. The disclosed display illuminates a pixel of the display at respective non-zero illumination levels during each of a first frame and a second frame and decreases the illumination level of the pixel during the interval between the first frame and the second frame.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. Nos. 60/568,433 filed May 4, 2004, 60/570,177 filed May 11, 2004, and 60/589,266 filed Jul. 19, 2004.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to backlit displays and, more particularly, to a backlit display with improved dynamic range.
The local transmittance of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel or a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display can be varied to modulate the intensity of light passing from a backlit source through an area of the panel to produce a pixel that can be displayed at a variable intensity. Whether light from the source passes through the panel to an observer or is blocked is determined by the orientations of molecules of liquid crystals in a light valve.
Since liquid crystals do not emit light, a visible display requires an external light source. Small and inexpensive LCD panels often rely on light that is reflected back toward the viewer after passing through the panel. Since the panel is not completely transparent, a substantial part of the light is absorbed during its transits of the panel and images displayed on this type of panel may be difficult to see except under the best lighting conditions. On the other hand, LCD panels used for computer displays and video screens are typically backlit with fluorescent tubes or arrays of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are built into the sides or back of the panel. To provide a display with a more uniform light level, light from these points or line sources is typically dispersed in a diffuser panel before impinging on the light valve that controls transmission to a viewer.
The transmittance of the light valve is controlled by a layer of liquid crystals interposed between a pair of polarizers. Light from the source impinging on the first polarizer comprises electromagnetic waves vibrating in a plurality of planes. Only that portion of the light vibrating in the plane of the optical axis of a polarizer can pass through the polarizer. In an LCD the optical axes of the first and second polarizers are arranged at an angle so that light passing through the first polarizer would normally be blocked from passing through the second polarizer in the series. However, a layer of translucent liquid crystals occupies a cell gap separating the two polarizers. The physical orientation of the molecules of liquid crystal can be controlled and the plane of vibration of light transiting the columns of molecules spanning the layer can be rotated to either align or not align with the optical axes of the polarizers. It is to be understood that normally white may likewise be used.
The surfaces of the first and second polarizers forming the walls of the cell gap are grooved so that the molecules of liquid crystal immediately adjacent to the cell gap walls will align with the grooves and, thereby, be aligned with the optical axis of the respective polarizer. Molecular forces cause adjacent liquid crystal molecules to attempt to align with their neighbors with the result that the orientation of the molecules in the column spanning the cell gap twist over the length of the column. Likewise, the plane of vibration of light transiting the column of molecules will be “twisted” from the optical axis of the first polarizer to that of the second polarizer. With the liquid crystals in this orientation, light from the source can pass through the series polarizers of the translucent panel assembly to produce a lighted area of the display surface when viewed from the front of the panel. It is to be understood that the grooves may be omitted in some configurations.
To darken a pixel and create an image, a voltage, typically controlled by a thin film transistor, is applied to an electrode in an array of electrodes deposited on one wall of the cell gap. The liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the electrode are attracted by the field created by the voltage and rotate to align with the field. As the molecules of liquid crystal are rotated by the electric field, the column of crystals is “untwisted,’ and the optical axes of the crystals adjacent the cell wall are rotated out of alignment with the optical axis of the corresponding polarizer progressively reducing the local transmittance of the light valve and the intensity of the corresponding display pixel. Color LCD displays are created by varying the intensity of transmitted light for each of a plurality of primary color elements (typically, red, green, and blue) that make up a display pixel.
LCDs can produce bright, high resolution, color images and are thinner, lighter, and draw less power than cathode ray tubes (CRTs). As a result, LCD usage is pervasive for the displays of portable computers, digital clocks and watches, appliances, audio and video equipment, and other electronic devices. On the other hand, the use of LCDs in certain “high end markets,” such as medical imaging and graphic arts, is frustrated, in part, by the limited ratio of the luminance of dark and light areas or dynamic range of an LCD. The luminance of a display is a function the gain and the leakage of the display device. The primary factor limiting the dynamic range of an LCD is the leakage of light through the LCD from the backlight even though the pixels are in an “off” (dark) state. As a result of leakage, dark areas of an LCD have a gray or “smoky black” appearance instead of a solid black appearance. Light leakage is the result of the limited extinction ratio of the cross-polarized LCD elements and is exacerbated by the desirability of an intense backlight to enhance the brightness of the displayed image. While bright images are desirable, the additional leakage resulting from usage of a more intense light source adversely affects the dynamic range of the display.
The primary efforts to increase the dynamic range of LCDs have been directed to improving the properties of materials used in LCD construction. As a result of these efforts, the dynamic range of LCDs has increased since their introduction and high quality LCDs can achieve dynamic ranges between 250:1 and 300:1. This is comparable to the dynamic range of an average quality CRT when operated in a well-lit room but is considerably less than the 1000:1 dynamic range that can be obtained with a well-calibrated CRT in a darkened room or dynamic ranges of up to 3000:1 that can be achieved with certain plasma displays.
Image processing techniques have also been used to minimize the effect of contrast limitations resulting from the limited dynamic range of LCDs. Contrast enhancement or contrast stretching alters the range of intensity values of image pixels in order to increase the contrast of the image. For example, if the difference between minimum and maximum intensity values is less than the dynamic range of the display, the intensities of pixels may be adjusted to stretch the range between the highest and lowest intensities to accentuate features of the image. Clipping often results at the extreme white and black intensity levels and frequently must be addressed with gain control techniques. However, these image processing techniques do not solve the problems of light leakage and the limited dynamic range of the LCD and can create imaging problems when the intensity level of a dark scene fluctuates.
Another image processing technique intended to improve the dynamic range of LCDs modulates the output of the backlight as successive frames of video are displayed. If the frame is relatively bright, a backlight control operates the light source at maximum intensity, but if the frame is to be darker, the backlight output is attenuated to a minimum intensity to reduce leakage and darken the image. However, the appearance of a small light object in one of a sequence of generally darker frames will cause a noticeable fluctuation in the light level of the darker images.
What is desired, therefore, is a liquid crystal display having an increased dynamic range.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a liquid crystal display (LCD).
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a driver for modulating the illumination of a plurality of light source elements of a backlight.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a first technique for increasing the dynamic range of an LCD.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a second technique for increasing the dynamic range of an LCD.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a third technique for increasing the dynamic range of an LCD.
FIG. 6 illustrates a black point insertion technique.
FIG. 7 illustrates another black point insertion technique.
FIG. 8 illustrates spatial regions of a black point insertion technique.
FIG. 9 illustrates a image processing technique suitable for light emitting diodes.
FIG. 10 illustrates the use of threshold in a black point technique.
FIG. 11 illustrates a set of black point insertion techniques.
FIG. 12 illustrates another set of black point insertion techniques.
FIG. 13 illustrates black point insertion and synchronization.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1, a backlit display 20 comprises, generally, a backlight 22, a diffuser 24, and a light valve 26 (indicated by a bracket) that controls the transmittance of light from the backlight 22 to a user viewing an image displayed at the front of the panel 28. The light valve, typically comprising a liquid crystal apparatus, is arranged to electronically control the transmittance of light for a picture element or pixel. Since liquid crystals do not emit light, an external source of light is necessary to create a visible image. The source of light for small and inexpensive LCDs, such as those used in digital clocks or calculators, may be light that is reflected from the back surface of the panel after passing through the panel. Likewise, liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) devices rely on light reflected from a backplane of the light valve to illuminate a display pixel. However, LCDs absorb a significant portion of the light passing through the assembly and an artificial source of light such as the backlight 22 comprising fluorescent light tubes or an array of light sources 30 (e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs)), as illustrated in FIG. 1, is useful to produce pixels of sufficient intensity for highly visible images or to illuminate the display in poor lighting conditions. There may not be a light source 30 for each pixel of the display and, therefore, the light from the point or line sources is typically dispersed by a diffuser panel 24 so that the lighting of the front surface of the panel 28 is more uniform.
Light radiating from the light sources 30 of the backlight 22 comprises electromagnetic waves vibrating in random planes. Only those light waves vibrating in the plane of a polarizer's optical axis can pass through the polarizer. The light valve 26 includes a first polarizer 32 and a second polarizer 34 having optical axes arrayed at an angle so that normally light cannot pass through the series of polarizers. Images are displayable with an LCD because local regions of a liquid crystal layer 36 interposed between the first 32 and second 34 polarizer can be electrically controlled to alter the alignment of the plane of vibration of light relative of the optical axis of a polarizer and, thereby, modulate the transmittance of local regions of the panel corresponding to individual pixels 36 in an array of display pixels.
The layer of liquid crystal molecules 36 occupies a cell gap having walls formed by surfaces of the first 32 and second 34 polarizers. The walls of the cell gap are rubbed to create microscopic grooves aligned with the optical axis of the corresponding polarizer. The grooves cause the layer of liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the walls of the cell gap to align with the optical axis of the associated polarizer. As a result of molecular forces, each succeeding molecule in the column of molecules spanning the cell gap will attempt to align with its neighbors. The result is a layer of liquid crystals comprising innumerable twisted columns of liquid crystal molecules that bridge the cell gap. As light 40 originating at a light source element 42 and passing through the first polarizer 32 passes through each translucent molecule of a column of liquid crystals, its plane of vibration is “twisted” so that when the light reaches the far side of the cell gap its plane of vibration will be aligned with the optical axis of the second polarizer 34. The light 44 vibrating in the plane of the optical axis of the second polarizer 34 can pass through the second polarizer to produce a lighted pixel 28 at the front surface of the display 28.
To darken the pixel 28, a voltage is applied to a spatially corresponding electrode of a rectangular array of transparent electrodes deposited on a wall of the cell gap. The resulting electric field causes molecules of the liquid crystal adjacent to the electrode to rotate toward alignment with the field. The effect is to “untwist” the column of molecules so that the plane of vibration of the light is progressively rotated away from the optical axis of the polarizer as the field strength increases and the local transmittance of the light valve 26 is reduced. As the transmittance of the light valve 26 is reduced, the pixel 28 progressively darkens until the maximum extinction of light 40 from the light source 42 is obtained. Color LCD displays are created by varying the intensity of transmitted light for each of a plurality of primary color elements (typically, red, green, and blue) elements making up a display pixel. Other arrangements of structures may likewise be used.
The dynamic range of an LCD is the ratio of the luminous intensities of brightest and darkest values of the displayed pixels. The maximum intensity is a function of the intensity of the light source and the maximum transmittance of the light valve while the minimum intensity of a pixel is a function of the leakage of light through the light valve in its most opaque state. Since the extinction ratio, the ratio of input and output optical power, of the cross-polarized elements of an LCD panel is relatively low, there is considerable leakage of light from the backlight even if a pixel is turned “off.” As a result, a dark pixel of an LCD panel is not solid black but a “smoky black” or gray. While improvements in LCD panel materials have increased the extinction ratio and, consequently, the dynamic range of light and dark pixels, the dynamic range of LCDs is several times less than available with other types of displays. In addition, the limited dynamic range of an LCD can limit the contrast of some images. The current inventor concluded that a factor limiting the dynamic range of LCDs is light leakage when pixels are darkened and that the dynamic range of an LCD can be improved by spatially modulating the output of the panel's backlight to attenuate local luminance levels in areas of the display that are to be darker. The inventor further concluded that combining spatial and temporal modulation of the illumination level of the backlight would further improve the dynamic range of the LCD while limiting demand on the driver of the backlight light sources.
In the backlit display 20 with extended dynamic range, the backlight 22 comprises an array of locally controllable light sources 30. The individual light sources 30 of the backlight may be light-emitting diodes (LEDs), an arrangement of phosphors and lensets, or other suitable light-emitting devices. The individual light sources 30 of the backlight array 22 are independently controllable to output light at a luminance level independent of the luminance level of light output by the other light sources so that a light source can be modulated in response to the luminance of the corresponding image pixel. Similarly, a film or material may be overlaid on the backlight to achieve the spatial and/or temporal light modulation. Referring to FIG. 2, the light sources 30 (LEDs illustrated) of the array 22 are typically arranged in the rows, for examples, rows 50a and 50b, 4(indicated by brackets) and columns, for examples, columns 52a and 52b (indicated by brackets) of a rectangular array. The output of the light sources 30 of the backlight are controlled by a backlight driver 53. The light sources 30 are driven by a light source driver 54 that powers the elements by selecting a column of elements 52a or 52b by actuating a column selection transistor 55 and connecting a selected light source 30 of the selected column to ground 56. A data processing unit 58, processing the digital values for pixels of an image to be displayed, provides a signal to the light driver 54 to select the appropriate light source 30 corresponding to the displayed pixel and to drive the light source with a power level to produce an appropriate level of illumination of the light source.
To enhance the dynamic range of the LCD, the illumination of a light source, for example light source 42, of the backlight 22 is varied in response to the desired rumination of a spatially corresponding display pixel, for example pixel 38. Referring to FIG. 3, in a first dynamic range enhancement technique 70, the digital data describing the pixels of the image to be displayed are received from a source 72 and transmitted to an LCD driver 74 that controls the operation of light valve 26 and, thereby, the transmittance of the local region of the LCD corresponding to a display pixel, for example pixel 38.
A data processing unit 58 extracts the luminance of the display pixel from the pixel data 76 if the image is a color image. For example, the luminance signal can be obtained by a weighted summing of the red, green, and blue (RGB) components of the pixel data (e.g., 0.33R+0.57G+0.11B). If the image is a black and white image, the luminance is directly available from the image data and the extraction step 76 can be omitted. The luminance signal is low-pass filtered 78 with a filter having parameters determined by the illumination profile of the light source 30 as affected by the diffuser 24 and properties of the human visual system. Following filtering, the signal is subsampled 80 to obtain a light source illumination signal at spatial coordinates corresponding to the light sources 30 of the backlight array 22. As the rasterized image pixel data are sequentially used to drive 74 the display pixels of the LCD light valve 26, the subsampled luminance signal 80 is used to output a power signal to the light source driver 82 to drive the appropriate light source to output a luminance level according a relationship between the luminance of the image pixel and the luminance of the light source. Modulation of the backlight light sources 30 increases the dynamic range of the LCD pixels by attenuating illumination of “darkened” pixels while the luminance of a “fully on” pixel may remain unchanged.
Spatially modulating the output of the light sources 30 according to the sub-sampled luminance data for the display pixels extends the dynamic range of the LCD but also alters the tonescale of the image and may make the contrast unacceptable. Referring to FIG. 4, in a second technique 90 the contrast of the displayed image is improved by resealing the sub-sampled luminance signal relative to the image pixel data so that the illumination of the light source 30 will be appropriate to produce the desired gray scale level at the displayed pixel. In the second technique 90 the image is obtained from the source 72 and sent to the LCD driver 74 as in the first technique 70. Likewise, the luminance is extracted, if necessary, 76, filtered 78 and subsampled 80. However, reducing the illumination of the backlight light source 30 for a pixel while reducing the transmittance of the light valve 28 alters the slope of the grayscale at different points and can cause the image to be overly contrasty (also known as the point contrast or gamma). To avoid undue contrast the luminance sub-samples are rescaled 92 to provide a constant slope grayscale.
Likewise, resealing 92 can be used to simulate the performance of another type of display such as a CRT. The emitted luminance of the LCD is a function of the luminance of the light source 30 and the transmittance of the light valve 26. As a result, the appropriate attenuation of the light from a light source to simulate the output of a CRT is expressed by:




  
    
      LS
      attenuation
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      CV
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        L
        CRT
      
      
        L
        LCD
      
    
    =
    
      
        
          
            gain
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                CV
                +
                
                  V
                  d
                
              
              )
            
          
          γ
        
        +
        
          leakage
          CRT
        
      
      
        
          
            gain
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                CV
                +
                
                  V
                  d
                
              
              )
            
          
          γ
        
        +
        
          leakage
          LCD
        
      
    
  




where:

    
    
        LSattenuation(CV)=the attenuation of the light source as a function of the digital value of the image pixel
        LCRT=the luminance of the CRT display
        LLCD=the luminance of the LCD display
        Vd=an electronic offset
        γ=the cathode gamma

The attenuation necessary to simulate the operation of a CRT is nonlinear function and a look up table is convenient for use in resealing 92 the light source luminance according to the nonlinear relationship.

    
    


If the LCD and the light sources 30 of the backlight 22 have the same spatial resolution, the dynamic range of the LCD can be extended without concern for spatial artifacts. However, in many applications, the spatial resolution of the array of light sources 30 of the backlight 22 will be substantially less than the resolution of the LCD and the dynamic range extension will be performed with a sampled low frequency (filtered) version of the displayed image. While the human visual system is less able to detect details in dark areas of the image, reducing the luminance of a light source 30 of a backlight array 22 with a lower spatial resolution will darken all image features in the local area. Referring to FIG. 5, in a third technique of dynamic range extension 100, luminance attenuation is not applied if the dark area of the image is small or if the dark area includes some small bright components that may be filtered out by the low pass filtering. In the third dynamic range extension technique 100, the luminance is extracted 76 from the image data 72 and the data is low pass filtered 78. Statistical information relating to the luminance of pixels in a neighborhood illuminated by a light source 30 is obtained and analyzed to determine the appropriate illumination level of the light source. A data processing unit determines the maximum luminance of pixels within the projection area or neighborhood of the light source 102 and whether the maximum luminance exceeds a threshold luminance 106. A high luminance value for one or more pixels in a neighborhood indicates the presence of a detail that will be visually lost if the illumination is reduced. The light source is driven to full illumination 108 if the maximum luminance of the sample area exceeds the threshold 106. If the maximum luminance does not exceed the threshold luminance 106, the light source driver signal modulates the light source to attenuate the light emission. To determine the appropriate modulation of the light source, the data processing unit determines the mean luminance of a plurality of contiguous pixels of a neighborhood 104 and the driver signal is adjusted according to a resealing relationship included in a look up table 110 to appropriately attenuate the output of the light source 30. Since the light distribution from a point source is not uniform over the neighborhood, statistical measures other than the mean luminance may be used to determine the appropriate attenuation of the light source.
The spatial modulation of light sources 30 is typically applied to each frame of video in a video sequence. To reduce the processing required for the light source driving system, spatial modulation of the backlight sources 30 may be applied at a rate less than the video frame rate. The advantages of the improved dynamic range are retained even though spatial modulation is applied to a subset of all of the frames of the video sequence because of the similarity of temporally successive video frames and the relatively slow adjustment of the human visual system to changes in dynamic range.
With the techniques of the present invention, the dynamic range of an LCD can be increased to achieve brighter, higher contrast images characteristic of other types of the display devices. These techniques will make LCDs more acceptable as displays, particularly for high end markets.
The detailed description sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention.
In some liquid crystal displays (LCDs) the backlight is flashed or modulated at the frame rate or a multiple thereof, or otherwise modulated at some interval (which may or may not be a multiple of the frame rate). The benefit of “flashing” the backlight at a rate matching the frame rate is to reduce image blurring due to the hold-type response of typical LCD display usage. The hold-type response of the typical LCD causes a temporal bur whose modulation-transfer-function (MTF) is equal to the Fourier transform of the temporal pixel (i.e. frame) shape. In most LCDs this can be approximated as a rect function. In contrast, the CRT does not have the same temporal MTF degradation since each CRT pixel is essentially flashed for only a millisecond (so the result is temporal MTFs corresponding to 1 ms for CRT and 17 ms for the LCD). However, even if the LCD itself is as fast as the CRT (order of 1 ms), it will still have a temporal response due to the hold-type response, which is due to the backlight being continually on. Referring to FIG. 6, the flashing of the backlight acts to shorten the length of the hold response (e.g., from 17 ms to 8 ms for an approximate 50:50 duty cycle), which essentially doubles the temporal bandwidth (assuming that the LCD blur is nonexistent). The “flashing” backlight may be a reduction of a substantial number of light elements (e.g., greater than 10%, 20%, 50%, 75%, 90%) to a range near zero (e.g., less than 10%, 5% of maximum brightness). In other cases, the light for some of the light elements transitioning between a first level to a greater second level between two adjacent frames is reduced.
One of the principle drawbacks of “flashing” the backlight is a reduction of brightness from the liquid crystal display. For example, a 50:50 duty cycle for the black point insertion will reduce the brightness, assuming the backlight maximum value is unchanged (usually the case), by approximately half. In addition to reducing the brightness of the display, using such a 50:50 duty cycle black point insertion technique may also result in flickering of images on the display. In order to reduce the amount of flickering that would have otherwise occurred by turning the light elements from “on” to “full off” to “on” is to reduce the level of the black point insertion to a level above completely off (no light). In this manner, instead of the light element being switched completely off, it is switched to a sufficiently low level which is brighter than completely off. Another suitable technique to reduce the amount of flickering that would have otherwise occurred is to perform multiple “flashes” per frame, such as two flashes per frame, as illustrated in FIG. 7. In general, an average rate of more than one flash per frame may be used, if desired. In this manner, the average temporal frequency of the flash is higher than the average temporal frequency of the frame rate and thus less the flickering becomes less visible to the viewer.
The present inventors also determined that black point insertion is more effective in regions of greater temporal blur as opposed to regions of less temporal blur. Accordingly, the liquid crystal display may include black point insertion in regions having a higher likelihood of temporal blur occurring than in regions having a lower likelihood of temporal blur occurring. In addition, the liquid crystal display may include greater black point insertion (a darker value) in regions having a greater likelihood of temporal blur occurring than in regions having a lower likelihood of temporal blur occurring. In many cases, higher temporal blurring occurs in regions proximate to moving edges of a video stream. Accordingly, in images with relatively low motion such as a still image, in portions of images of a video having little motion, or in the central region of a moving area of a video having low spatial frequency color (e.g. sky), significant (or any) black point insertion may not be necessary. Reducing the amount of black point insertion in regions of the video where the beneficial effects from reduced flickering of black point insertion will be minor results in a liquid crystal display having greater overall brightness. Moreover, due to masking and the mach band effect (which boosts appearance of brightness on the bright side of an edge, and vice versa), the dimmer edge regions due to black point insertion will not be readily apparent. In general, some regions of an image are good candidates for black point insertion and other areas of the image are good candidates for omitting black point insertion. In fact, it turns out for most video there tends to be a reasonably good separation between those regions of each image where back point insertion is highly beneficial and those regions of each image where black point insertion is of relatively little benefit, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Another potential technique for black point insertion may be based upon the content of the image. The content of the image may include, for example, texture, edges with high spatial frequency content, or the amount and type of motion in a video sequence. Also, spatial frequency content and temporal frequency content of a video sequence may be used to set appropriate black point levels for regions of the image. The black point is preferably inserted when there exists both sufficient spatial and temporal frequency in a region.
As previously described, the system may include an addressable array of light elements capable of being modulated at an average temporal rate faster than the average temporal frame rate or the rate during which the liquid crystal material may change from “on” to “off”. Referring to FIG. 9 the following steps may be included for a LCD-LED combination:
1. Low-pass filter the original “OrgImage” high resolution image resulting in “imgLP”;
2. Subsample “imgLP” to the lower resolution of the LED array “LEDImage”;
21⁄2. Upsample LEDImage to the original high resolution image;
3. Convolve the “LEDImage” with the PSF (point spread function) of the LED after the diffusion layer to determine LEDImageD;
4. LCD image is given by “OrgImage”/“LEDImageD”.
These considerations described above account for the reduction of high frequency aspects of the image, account for the difference in resolution of the original image and the LED array, and account for the effects of the blurring by the diffusion layer. This accounts for the sparseness of the LED array and the higher density of the LCD array to provide the desired output image from the display. In this manner the image from the display may be effectively determined and therefore effective driving of the LED in accordance with the display characteristics may be done. This provides a high dynamic range and can be combined with black point insertion to simultaneously achieve high dynamic range and high fidelity motion rendition. In some circumstances, the modification of the image data may be performed by an image source, such as a personal computer and provided to the display for rendering. However, since each display configuration tends to be unique and maintaining the appropriate image processing software current at each video source is a problematic issue, the conversion techniques for providing data to the liquid crystal material, the light emitting diodes, and the black point insertion levels are preferably performed by a controller integral with the display system.
In an existing system the luminance intensity of the signal is separated in a square root manner so that there is an equal division of the intensity (L-LED*L-LCD transmission) of the input signal. It has been determined by the present inventors that in fact it is preferable to operate the LCD material in a more transmissive manner than a square root function, so that the LED can run during a shorter duration to achieve the same luminance (shorter duty cycle). In this manner there is less motion blur and improved motion rendition. In most cases, the function should include at least 60% transmissive through the LCD and less than 40% for the LED (when based upon the “transmissive” * “LED luminance” to determine total luminance from the display).
In many cases it is desirable to have some additional control over the level of the black point that is inserted on a local or global basis. On the one hand, the insertion of the darkest black point level will tend to reduce the motion blur from the display while tending to increase the amount of observable flicker. On the other hand, the insertion of a lightest black point level will tend to increase the motion blur from the display while tending to reduce the amount of observable flicker. With these observations, it is desirable in some cases to use an average or mean value (or other statistical measure) of the image intensity for a region of the image in order to determine the appropriate black point insertion. It is to be understood that the local level may be spatial and/or temporal in nature. For example, a region 1⁄8th the size of the image may be used as the basis to determine a statistical measure of the corresponding region of the display in order to select an appropriate black point insertion level. Of this region of 1⁄8th the size of the display, all or a portion of the image associated therewith may be used as the basis to determine the statistical measure. Any suitable region of the display may be used as the measure for that region or other regions of the display, where the region is greater than one pixel, and more preferably greater than 1⁄2 of the image, and further preferably includes all or a nearly all (greater than 90%) of the image. The system may automatically select the black point insertion levels, or may permit the user to adjust the black point insertion levels (or permit the adjustment of a measure of the flicker and/or a measure of the blur) depending on their particular viewing preferences.
The black point insertion levels may be selected based upon the type of video content, such as a general classification of the video, that is being displayed on the display. For example, a first black point insertion level may be selected for action type video content, and a second black point insertion level may be selected for drama type video content.
The duty cycle may also be selected based upon motion content in the image, such as for video games it is desirable to decrease the “on” duty cycle and decrease the black level to zero. So depending on the motion and spatial frequency content, the duty cycle and black point may be adjusted, either automatically or by a user selection of mode.
The combined LCD-LED system has the capability of sending data to the LED array based on the aforementioned considerations or other suitable considerations. The LCD-LED system may also control the brightness of the LED by using a plurality of subdivisions (temporal time periods or otherwise sub-frames) within the duration of a single frame. In some embodiments, extra data may be used to provide this function, but this data should be provided at the resolution of the LED array (or substantially the same as) (a low frequency signal can be carried on one line of the image for this purpose, if desired). By way of example, if the system has 8 total bits, the system may use 4 bits to control whether each of 4 subdivisions are “on” or “off” while the other 4 bits are used to control the amplitude of the LED for each of the subdivision, thereby providing 16 black point levels. Other combinations of one or more subdivisions and black point levels within each subdivision may likewise be used, as desired. In this example, setting the amplitude to level 16 (maximum brightness) permits the regular modulation of the LED array to occur. The lower amplitude levels result in an increasing reduction in the blackness of the LED; thus resulting in different levels of black-point insertion.
The additional steps for this black-point insertion example may include, for example (see FIG. 10):
(a) If the temporal change in the amplitude of a given pixel does not sufficiently change (e.g., the temporal change in amplitude is less than a threshold value (fixed or adaptive), then the amplitude of the black point insertion is set to maximum (i.e., no black point insertion).
(b) If the temporal change in the amplitude of a given pixel sufficiently changes (e.g., the temporal change in amplitude is greater than a threshold value (fixed or adaptive), then the amplitude of the black point insertion is set to zero (i.e. full black point insertion).
(c) If the temporal change in the amplitude of a given pixel is sufficiently high (greater than the lower threshold) and sufficiently low (less than the greater threshold), then a relationship between the temporal change and the black point insertion level may be used. This may be a monotonic change, if desired.
(d) The amplitude of the black point insertion may also be modified over one or more of the temporal sub-frame time periods, as illustrated in FIG. 11. On the leftmost frame 1 of FIG. 11, there is strong black point insertion, and on the rightmost frame 4, there is no black point insertion (reverting to the hold-type with max brightness). Frames 2 and 3 of FIG. 11 have intermediate levels of black point insertion.
In some cases, it is desirable during a sub-frame time period to permit the liquid crystal material to be provided with new image data so that the liquid crystals may start their modification to a new orientation (e.g., level) while maintaining some level of black point insertion, and then after some non-zero time period has elapsed to modify the illumination of the LED array to provide the anticipated image, as illustrated in FIG. 13. Preferably the elapsing time period is greater than 1/10th of a frame. In this manner, the image quality may be enhanced by not providing an image during a portion of the transition of the crystals of the liquid crystal material.
In the preferred embodiment, one or more of the aforementioned decisions depending on the particular implementation may be carried out at the temporal resolution of the frame rate, as opposed to the black point insertion rate which may be greater. In other words, the decisions may be determined at a rate less than that of the black point insertion rate. This reduces the computational resources necessary for implementation. The black point insertion patterns may be determined in advance for the different levels of black point insertion used.
Another embodiment may use the characteristics of the spatial character of regions of the image in order to determine characteristics of the image content. For example, determining spatial characteristics of different regions of the image may assist in determining those regions where the texture is moving (such as a grid pattern moving right to left) and other regions that are moving having relatively uniform content. The characterization of these different types of content are especially useful in the event the display does not include a temporal frame buffer (or a buffer greater than 50% of the size of the image) so that information related to previous frames is known. In addition, the spatial characteristics of the image may be combined with the temporal characteristics of the image, if desired. It is noted that these differences may be obtained from any suitable source, such as the high resolution input image. Further, the use of multiple sub-frames may be used to address the multiple black point insertion during a single frame. For example, the black point insertion may be included on sub-frames 1 and 3, or 2 and 4, with the display illuminated during the other sub-frames, together with varying the amplitudes and/or spatial characteristic considerations. Another modified sequence for black point insertion is illustrated in FIG. 12.
In some cases it is desirable to incorporate an adaptive black point insertion. Using an adaptive black point technique information regarding one or more previous frames and/or one or more future frames to be displayed may be used to adjust the black point. The technique may preferably seek to maintain a relatively high black level in order to preserve the overall brightness of the display. Similarly, the technique may also reduce potential flickering.
For example, the black level may be the minimum of the previous frame or the current frame, or any other suitable measure with a previous frame. The white level may be the (LEDImage−BlackLevel*BlackWidth)/WhiteWidth, or any suitable use of the current image in combination with the BlackLevel and/or the LED characteristics. The “BlackWidth” and the “WhiteWidth” refers to the duration that the black point is inserted or the image is displayed of a frame.
For improved image quality, the black width should be as wide as possible, or the white width should be as narrow as possible to reduce the aperture width during which the image is displayed. However, making the aperture width for the image too small may cause the white level to essentially exceed the maximum white that the LED can provide. Thus the following technique may be used to determine a more optimal black width.
while(WhiteLevel>maxWhite)

BlackWidth=BlackWidth+delta

WhiteLevel=(LEDImage−BlackLevel*BlackWidth)/WhiteWidth

Endloop

Delta is a small time interval, such as 1/16th of a frame.
The desire is to maximize the white level so that the width of the illumination may be reduced. Accordingly, the black level should be as high as possible so that the white level may be narrowed as much as possible, so that motion blur is reduced.
A modified technique may be used for modification of the black point based upon image content. The preferred technique, merely for purposes of illustration, includes separating the original high resolution input image into a lower resolution LED image and higher resolution LCD image:

    
    
        1. Low-pass filter the original high resolution image Image(i,j) to form imgLP(i,j)
        2. Subsample imgLP(i,j) to the resolution of LED grid LEDImage
        3. Convolve the LEDImage(i,j) with the PSF of LED after the diffusion layer LEDImageD(i,j)
        4. LCD image is given by

LCDImage(i,j)=Image(i,j)/LEDImageD(i,j)

    
    


This technique makes use of information from a previous frame. As previously noted, the black level is preferably as high as possible so that the overall brightness is preserved. It also reduces the flickering as well.
In many cases, the black width may only take some fixed value such 1⁄4, 1⁄2, or 3⁄4 of a frame time. When working at the flashing mode, the LED can be driven higher than the continuous mode. Assuming that the LED can overdriven for 25% or more, the following technique, merely for purposes of illustration, may be used to provide a sharper motion image and at the same time, preserve luminance.
BlackLevel=1⁄8th to 1⁄4 of (LEDImage(i,j))
Where i, j are the index of LED pixel and the subscript 1 denotes the current frame.

If LEDImage1(i,j)<(MaxWhite+3BlackLevel)/4

WhiteLevel=(LEDImage1(i,j)−BlackLevel*0.75)*4

Else if LEDImage1(i,j)<(MaxWhite+BlackLevel)/2

WhiteLevel=(LEDImage1(i,j)−BlackLevel*0.5−0.25*MaxWhite)*4

Else

WhiteLevel=(LEDImage1(i,j)−BlackLevel*0.25−0.5*Max WhiteLevel

In general, it is to be understood that the system may be used for other purposes, where the changes in the illumination from the LED are at a different rate than the LCD, either faster, slower, sometimes faster and sometimes slower, or part of the LEDs are faster and/or part of the LEDs are slower and/or part of the LEDs are the same as the rate of the LCD. It is also to be understood that the image characteristics may be local in the two dimensional sense or local in the temporal sense, or both.
In order to perform the black point insertion, one technique would be to modify the input image data to the system in such a manner that the display tends to incorporate a generally more suitable black point. While such a technique may provide a modest improvement, it is preferable that the controller and software within the display itself perform the black point insertion.
As previously described, in some cases it is advantageous to provide multiple (e.g., 4) different black point insertions during each cycle. The desire for such a capability comes from wanting to shape the temporal signature of the overall light output waveform (at given local image area). The temporal waveform can be spectrally shaped to provide a visually-optimized temporal waveform that maximizes motion sharpness while minimizing flicker. For example, double-modulations per field may help in shifting flicker to very high temporal frequencies. In the case of one modulation per display frame, having one sub-frame be at the desired black level, and the others as gradual transitions can prevent the side-lobes of higher temporal frequencies which would occur if one had the black-point waveform be a simple rect function.
While the black point insertions may be inserted at any point in time, it is advantageous to insert the black points with the changes in the LCD and LED on a pixel by pixel basis.
While LED black point insertion is advantageous, it sometimes results in excess loss of light as a result. In order to improve the brightness of the display it may be advantageous for some displays to overdrive the LEDs to compensate for the loss of light as a result of the black point insertion. Accordingly, depending on the black point inserted for a particular pixel, region, or frame, the LEDs may be driven accordingly to compensate in some manner for the desired brightness of the display.
For some implementations there is a desire to use simultaneous pulse width and current level modulation within the same frame. The purpose is to have localized image-dependent variable-level black level insertion. The system may consider the fact that no motion blur occurs in certain image areas due to smoothness, and that no motion blur is visible in certain image areas due to the mean local gray level (a consequence of CSF having lower bandwidth as light level reduces), and that flicker visibility can be lessened if it is not full-field, and that brightness loss can be minimized if black point insertion is not always on (i.e., spatially and temporally).
In some implementations there is a desire to time synch the start of the LED matrix update with the start and end of the LCD update, which may or may not be in phase with the LCD.
The control system for the LED backlight in some implementations should be capable of splitting a control signal (e.g., an 8 bit control signal) (such as carried by “dummy” line of image data) so that x bits are used for amplitude control of the actual black level, and the remaining bits are used to select which of the n sub-fields the amplitude control is applied to.
A further implementation may use subfields to make dark regions darker. (The principal motivation for such an implementation relates to the use of subfields to make the backlight flash for motion blur removal. To preserve maximum (or significant) white the system may turn off the flashing to all subfields are static white areas to preserve the maximum white value. Some implementations may not include LED levels below some minimum value, such as 16 or less. Accordingly, the code value of 17 becomes the darkest level in such a case. However, one can actually write the level of zero, which provides a good black image (even when viewed in dark room). But assuming that the minimum code value is then 17, which does not provide a good solid black level. Trying to use 0 results in the tonescale also falling on levels 1-16 (which may cause the display to flash). So a modification may include using the subfields of the backlight to give some of the key black levels between 1 and 16. That is, by turning them off to create lower luminance level than you get at value 17.
One implementation may use the sub-fields to get darker values (say a display where the LED allows a min level when on, and a totally off level when not engaged—this is common since the V-I curve of LED has a unstable region near zero, but not zero). Also, to provide better gray level resolution in the dark areas (e.g., the one described that has a significant step from 0 to 16, then the rest of the display has single code value resolution).
The present inventors considered the architecture of using white light emitting elements, light as light emitting diodes, together with a liquid crystal material that includes colored filters on the front thereof. After considering this architecture, the present inventors concluded that at least a portion of the color aspects of the display may be achieved by the backlight, namely, be replacing the 2-dimensional light emitting array of elements with colored light emitting elements. The colored light emitting elements may be any suitable color, such as for example, red, blue, and green.
One or more colored light emitting elements may be modified in illumination level (from fully on, to an intermediate level, to fully off) to correspond with one or more pixel regions of the liquid crystal material together. The traditional colored filters may be used, or otherwise the colored filters may be removed. The colored light emitting elements may have a spatial density lower than the density of the pixels of the display, which would permit some general regional image differences. The colored light emitting elements may have a density the same as the density of the pixels of the display, which would permit modification of a color aspect of each color on a more local basis. The colored light emitting elements may have a density greater than the density of the pixels of the display, which would permit modification of the color aspect of individual subpixels or otherwise small groups of pixels. In addition, a set of light emitting elements (a density greater than, less than, or the same as the density of the pixels) that are capable of selectively providing different colors may be used, such as a light emitting diode that can provide red, blue, and green light in a sequential manner. In addition, both colored light emitting diodes together with white light emitting diodes may be used, where the white light emitting diodes are primarily used to add luminance to the display.
The 2-dimensional spatial array of colored light emitting diodes may be used to expand the color gamut over that which would readily be available from a white light emitting diode. In addition, by appropriate selection of the light emitting diodes the color gamut of the display may be effectively controlled, such as increasing the color gamut. In addition, the different colors of light tend to twist different amounts when passing through the liquid crystal material. Traditionally, the “twist” of the liquid crystal material is set to an “average” wavelength (e.g., color). With colors from light emitting diodes having a known general color characteristic, the “twist” (e.g., voltage applied) of the liquid crystal material may be modified so that it is different than it otherwise would have been. In this manner, the colors provided from the liquid crystal material will be closer to the desirable colors. The colors may also be filtered by the color filters, if they are included.
In some cases, there are small defects in regions of the display, such as a defect in the liquid crystal material. For example, the defect may be that that pixel is always on, off, or at some intermediate level. The present inventors came to the further realization that by spatially modulating the light emitting diodes in modified manner may effectively hide the defect in the pixel. For example, if one pixel is “stuck on”, then the light emitting diode corresponding to that pixel may be turned “off” so that the pixel is no longer emitting significant light on a “stuck on” mode. For example, if one pixel is “stuck off”, then the light emitting diodes proximate to that pixel may be selectively modified so that the “stuck off” pixel is no longer as noticeable.
The color gamut of the display may be increased by using a plurality of different colored light emitting diodes having a collective color gamut greater than the typical white light emitting diode. In addition, the selection of the color filters provided with respective pixels, if included, may be selected to take advantage of the wider color gamut provided by the colored light emitting diodes. For example, the blue light emitting diode may have a significant luminance in a deeper blue color than a corresponding white light emitting diode, and accordingly the blue filter may be provided with a greater pass band in the deeper blue color.
The light emitting diodes may be provided with a suitable pattern across the 2-dimensional array, such as a Bayer pattern. With a patterned array of light emitting diodes, the signal provided to illuminate the pattern of light emitting diodes may be sub-sampled in a manner to maintain high luminance resolution while attenuating high frequency chromatic information from the image information.
In some cases, the density of available color light emitting diode backlights may have a relatively low density in comparison to the light emitting diodes. In order to achieve a full colored display with a greater density, a field sequential modulation of the backlight may be used. In this manner, a blue sub-field, a green sub-field, and a red sub-field may be presented to achieve a single image. For further illumination, a white sub-field may be used to increase the overall illumination.
In some cases, a black point insertion may be used to improve the image quality. In addition to turning on/intermediate level/off the light emitting diodes in the case of colored light emitting diodes to achieve black point insertion, the different colored light emitting diodes may be turned on/intermediate/off to different levels to achieve different effects.
In some cases it may be desirable to modulate the intensity of the different colored back lights in accordance with the luminance of the red, green, and blue signals. Accordingly, the overall luminance of a pixel is used to provide the same, or a substantially uniform, luminance to each of a red, green, and blue light emitting elements. This may result in a boost in the luminance dynamic range and resulting color artifacts of the display being relatively straightforward to manage, but may unfortunately tend to result in less color in the shadows of an image. Another manner of modulating the intensity of the different colored back lights is to provide a color intensity to each of the red, green, and blue light emitting elements in accordance with the intensity of the corresponding pixel(s). This may result in an increase in chromatic artifacts but will end to providing “fuller” colors.
In some cases, it is desirable to include the combination of colored light emitting diodes, black point insertion, and modulation of the intensity of the black point insertion and/or the luminance of the light emitting diodes. Moreover, sequential color fields may likewise be used, such as for example, red field, blue field, and green field presented in a sequential manner.
All the references cited herein are incorporated by reference.
The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A method for displaying an image on a liquid crystal display comprising:
(a) illuminating a first pixel at a first maximum non-zero illumination level during a first frame;
(b) illuminating said first pixel at a second maximum non-zero illumination level during a second frame, wherein said second frame is the next frame immediately following said first frame, wherein said second maximum illumination level is greater than said first maximum illumination level;
(c) wherein said first pixel is decreased in illumination to an intermediate level less than said first maximum illumination level prior to illuminating said first pixel at said second maximum illumination level during said second frame; and
(d) wherein the magnitude and duration of said second maximum non-zero illumination level are automatically calculated as a function of said intermediate level and a target image brightness for said next frame, wherein said function is (Target Brightness−Intermediate level*(frame duration−second maximum illumination level duration))/second maximum illumination level duration and wherein said target image brightness for said second frame is achieved and said duration is as small as can be achieved given the brightest value obtainable by said pixel.