Slip Op. 16–121

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Before Claire R. Kelly, Judge

Consol. Court No. 15-00068

OPINION AND ORDER

[Sustaining in part and remanding in part the Department of Commerce’s countervailing 

duty determination.]

Dated: December 30, 2016

Mark P. Lunn and Eugene Degnan, Dentons US LLP, of Washington, DC, for Changzhou 

Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd. and Trina Solar (Changzhou) Science & Technology Co., 

Ltd.

CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY CO., 

LTD. ET AL.,

Plaintiffs and Consolidated 

Plaintiff,

and 

YINGLI GREEN ENERGY AMERICAS, INC. ET 

AL., 

Plaintiff-Intervenors,

v.

UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

and

SOLARWORLD AMERICAS, INC.,

Defendant-Intervenor and 

Consolidated DefendantIntervenors.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 2

Neil R. Ellis, Richard L.A. Weiner, Brenda Ann Jacobs, and Rajib Pal, Sidley Austin LLP, 

of Washington, DC, for Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., Ltd., Yingli Green Energy 

Americas, Inc., and Canadian Solar Inc.

Timothy C. Brightbill and Laura El-Sabaawi, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington, DC, for 

SolarWorld Americas, Inc.

Justin Reinhart Miller, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, 

U.S. Department of Justice, of New York, NY, argued for the Defendant. On the brief 

were Melissa Marion Devine, Trial Attorney, Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy 

Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T. Blades, Jr.,

Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of 

Justice, of Washington, DC. Of counsel was Shelby Mitchell Anderson, Attorney, Office 

of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of 

Commerce, of Washington, DC.

Kelly, Judge: This consolidated action arises from the final affirmative 

determination made by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or “DOC”) in its 

countervailing duty (“CVD”) investigation of certain solar panels from the People’s 

Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”).1 See Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic 

Products from the [PRC], 79 Fed. Reg. 76,962 (Dep’t Commerce Dec. 23, 2014) (final 

affirmative countervailing duty determination) (“Final Determination”) and accompanying 

Issues & Decision Mem., C-570-011, Investigation, PD 388, bar code 3247469-01 (Dec. 

15, 2014) (“Final Decision Memo”). Before the court are motions for judgment on the 

agency record. Specifically, Plaintiffs Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd., Trina 

Solar (Changzhou) Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Yingli Green Energy Holding Co., 

Ltd., Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc., and Canadian Solar Inc. (collectively “Trina 

Solar” or “the Respondents”) challenge Commerce’s determinations to include certain 

1 This case was originally assigned to Judge Donald C. Pogue who heard oral argument on 

August 31, 2016. Pursuant to USCIT Rule 77(e)(4) and 28 U.S.C. § 253(c), the case was 

reassigned to Judge Claire R. Kelly on November 18, 2016 following Judge Pogue's death. Judge 

Kelly has reviewed the record, the filings of the parties, and has listened to the oral argument.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 3

grants or programs of the Government of China (“GOC”) as countervailable subsidies in 

the calculation of Respondents’ CVD cash deposit rates, and its application of adverse 

facts available2 (“AFA”).3 See Pl.’s Mem. of L. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R., 

Jan. 19, 2016, ECF No. 51 (“Trina Solar’s Br.”); Mot. of Pl.-Intervenors Yingli Green 

Energy Holding Co., Ltd. & Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc. for J. on the Agency R. 2,

Jan. 19, 2016, ECF No. 44 (adopting the arguments presented in Trina Solar’s Br.); Mot. 

of Consol. Pl.-Intervenor Canadian Solar Inc. for J. on the Agency R. 2, Jan. 19, 2016, 

ECF No. 45 (same). In addition, Plaintiff SolarWorld Americas, Inc. (“SolarWorld”), the 

domestic industry petitioner, challenges the reasonableness of Commerce’s use of 

certain benchmark prices, as well as Commerce’s decision not to investigate SolarWorld’s 

allegations regarding Respondents’ creditworthiness. SolarWorld’s Mot. for J. on the 

Agency R., Jan. 20, 2016, ECF Nos. 52 (conf. version) & 53 (pub. version) (“SolarWorld’s 

Br.”).

2 Although 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)–(b) and 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a)–(c) each separately provide for 

the use of facts otherwise available and the subsequent application of adverse inferences to those 

facts, Commerce uses the shorthand term “adverse facts available” or “AFA” to refer to its use of 

such facts otherwise available with an adverse inference. See, e.g., Final Determination, 79 Fed. 

Reg. at 76,964; Final Decision Memo at 9–17.

3 Trina Solar was an individually-investigated (“mandatory”) respondent, Final Determination, 79 

Fed. Reg. at 76,963, whereas the other respondent Plaintiffs received the “all others” rate. Final 

Determination, 79 Fed. Reg. at 76,964. Because the “all others” rate was calculated by averaging 

the subsidy rates of the two mandatory respondents, id., a change to Trina Solar’s rate would 

result in a correlative change to the “all others” rate for the other respondent Plaintiffs, who have 

adopted Trina Solar’s arguments in this action and present no separate arguments of their own.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 4

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012), and 19 U.S.C.

§ 1516a(a).4 “The court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion 

found . . . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in 

accordance with law . . . .” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).

DISCUSSION

I. Governmental Programs and Grants In Addition to Those Alleged In the 

Petition

First, the Respondents challenge Commerce’s decision to include in the 

calculation of Trina Solar’s rate certain subsidies that were not alleged in SolarWorld’s 

petition to initiate this proceeding, but that Commerce examined on its own initiative.

Trina Solar’s Br. 9–24. These additional subsidies fall into two categories: (i) forty 

governmental assistance programs that were examined in the related CVD investigation 

of solar cells from the PRC5 (the “Solar I PRC programs”), see Final Decision Memo at 

4 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provisions of Title 19 

of the U.S. Code, 2012 edition.

5 Solar panels from the PRC were first subject to investigation in a prior CVD proceeding, also 

initiated pursuant to a petition from SolarWorld, which resulted in a separate CVD order covering 

panels assembled (anywhere, including the PRC) from solar cells that were manufactured in the 

PRC (the “Solar I PRC” proceeding). See Issues & Decision Mem., Crystalline Silicon 

Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled into Modules, from the [PRC], C-570-980, 

Investigation (Oct. 9, 2012) (adopted in 77 Fed. Reg. 63,788 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 17, 2012) 

(final affirmative countervailing duty determination and final affirmative critical circumstances 

determination)) (“Solar I PRC CVD Final Decision Memo”). The CVD investigation at issue here 

(“Solar II PRC”) covers solely solar panels assembled in the PRC from solar cells that were not 

manufactured in the PRC. See SunPower Corp. v. United States, 40 CIT __, Slip Op. 16-56, 

(June 8, 2016) (“Solar II PRC scope opinion”) (adjudicating challenges to Commerce’s final scope 

determination in the same proceeding that is now also at issue here). Background regarding the 

relationship between the Solar II PRC CVD proceeding at issue here and the Solar I PRC CVD 

proceeding is provided in the court’s Solar II PRC scope opinion, Slip Op. 16-56, Background 

Sections I & II.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 5

84–85,6 and (ii) twenty-eight additional governmental grants and a tax deduction that were 

discovered in the course of the agency’s verification procedure in China (the “verification

grants and tax deduction”), see Final Decision Memo at 86–88. Respondents challenge 

Commerce’s determinations with respect to both the Solar I PRC programs and the 

verification grants and tax deduction. Trina Solar’s Br. 9–24. Specifically, Trina Solar 

argues that (1) Commerce improperly determined to investigate the Solar I PRC programs 

and the verification grants and tax deduction in this proceeding, Trina Solar’s Br. 9–19; 

(2) in the alternative, that Commerce’s use of AFA, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), 

6 Commerce refers to these programs as “numerous additional grants” that the mandatory 

Respondents “reported . . . in addition to those alleged in the petition.” Final Decision Memo at 84

(citing Decision Mem. for Prelim. Affirmative [CVD] Determination, Certain Crystalline 

Photovoltaic Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation at 24, PD 267, bar code 3206936-

01 (June 2, 2014) (adopted in 79 Fed. Reg. 33,174 (Dep’t Commerce June 10, 2014) (preliminary 

determination)) (“Prelim. Decision Memo”)); Prelim. Decision Memo at 24 (citing First 

Supplemental Questionnaire Resp. [of Trina Solar], Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic 

Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation (May 14, 2014) (“Trina Solar Suppl. Resp.”), 

reproduced in App. to Pl. [Trina Solar]’s Mem. of L. in Supp. of Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (“Trina 

Solar’s App.”), ECF Nos. 57-2, 57-3, & 57-4 at Tab 12, at Exs. 1–7) (additional citation to the other

mandatory respondent’s submission omitted). These programs were first reported in response to 

Commerce’s April 28, 2014, supplemental questionnaire, where Commerce requested 

information regarding “certain additional grants that were uncovered during the course of [the 

related CVD investigation of solar cells from the PRC].” Trina Solar Suppl. Resp., ECF No. 57-2

at Tab 12, at 2–4 & Exs. 1–7 (reproducing and responding to [Commerce’s] Suppl. Questionnaire, 

Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation (Apr. 

28, 2014), reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 8 (“DOC Suppl. Questionnaire”) 

at Attach. ¶ 2); see DOC Suppl. Questionnaire, ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 8, at Attach. ¶ 2 (“Other 

Subsidies”) (“Information from the countervailing duty investigation on crystalline silicon 

photovoltaic cells, whether or not assembled into modules, from the People’s Republic of China, 

indicates that Trina Solar received certain additional grants that were uncovered during the course 

of that investigation. For each of [these programs], please complete the questions in the Standard 

Questions Appendix, Allocation Appendix, and Grant Appendix as indicated in the Department’s 

February 28, 2014 initial questionnaire.”) (citing “the public version of the October 9, 2012 

memorandum, ‘Final Analysis Regarding the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Crystalline 

Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Whether or Not Assembled Into Modules, from the People’s Republic 

of China; Calculations for Changzhou Trina Solar Energy Co., Ltd.,’ at Attachment II, ‘Discovered 

Grants’”). See also Trina Solar’s Br. 3–4 (discussing the Solar I PRC programs); Def.’s Resp. 

Mots. J. Admin. R. 26–27, Apr. 21, 2016, ECF No. 66 (same) (citing Solar I PRC CVD Final 

Decision Memo at 66–68). 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 6

with respect to the Solar I PRC programs and verification grants and tax deduction was 

contrary to law, see id. at 16–17, 20–23; (3) in another alternative, that Commerce’s 

application of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) to conclude that all of the Solar I PRC programs, 

verification grants, and tax deduction were countervailable subsidies was not supported 

by substantial evidence, see id. at 15, 19–20, 21, 22–23; and (4) in the final alternative, 

that Commerce’s selection of AFA rates for the verification grants and tax deduction was 

unexplained and arbitrary, see id. at 23–24. The court sustains Commerce’s inclusion of 

both categories of subsidies, as well as its decision to apply AFA, but remands to 

Commerce its use of AFA to determine the countervailability of the Solar I PRC programs 

and the additional grants and tax deduction found during verification.7

A. Investigation of the Solar I PRC Programs and the Additional Grants and 

Tax Deduction Found at Verification

The statute provides two separate bases for Commerce’s investigative authority in 

CVD proceedings. Commerce must investigate “whether the elements necessary for the 

imposition of a [countervailing] duty under [19 U.S.C. § 1671(a)] exist” when the agency 

receives a timely petition alleging all necessary elements and providing supporting 

evidence reasonably available to the petitioner. 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(a), 1671a(b)(1).

Commerce may also investigate any “practice which appears to be a countervailable 

subsidy [of the subject merchandise]” that is “discover[ed]” in the course of a CVD 

proceeding, id. at § 1677d(1), if the agency “concludes that sufficient time remains before 

the scheduled date for the final determination.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.311(b) (2014). Moreover, 

7 The court accordingly does not at this time reach the issue of Commerce’s selection of AFA 

rates for the verification grants and tax deduction.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 7

the statute provides a broad directive to Commerce to investigate whenever the agency 

deems that a formal investigation is warranted. 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(a).

Here, Commerce determined to investigate both the Solar I PRC programs and 

the additional grants and tax deduction found at verification as discovered apparent 

subsidies, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677d. Final Decision Memo at 16–19, 85; Decision 

Mem. for Prelim. Affirmative [CVD] Determination, Certain Crystalline Photovoltaic 

Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation at 24, PD 267, bar code 3206936-01 

(June 2, 2014) (adopted in 79 Fed. Reg. 33,174 (Dep’t Commerce June 10, 2014) 

(preliminary determination)) (“Prelim. Decision Memo”). Trina Solar claims that the 

agency’s actions “unlawfully circumvented the initiation requirements,” Trina Solar’s Br.

14; see also id. at 9 (“Because these ‘discovered grants’ were not alleged in the petition 

giving rise to the instant investigation . . ., Commerce’s final determination that these 

[programs] were countervailable is contrary to [law].”); id. at 9–10 (discussing statutory 

requirements for Commerce’s CVD investigation of petition-based allegations) (relying on 

19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(b)(1) & (c)), but both the statute, 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, and Commerce’s 

regulations, 19 C.F.R. § 351.311, specifically contemplate Commerce’s independent

investigation of discovered practices.8

8 Trina Solar also claims that Commerce acted contrary to the World Trade Organization 

(“WTO”)’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (“SCM Agreement”). Trina 

Solar’s Br. 7, 9–10. First, the agency action here was one pursuant to U.S. statute, 19 U.S.C. § 

1677d, which provides authority that is independent from the WTO Agreements. See, e.g.,

Andaman Seafood Co. v. United States, 34 CIT 129, 675 F. Supp. 2d 1363, 1369–74 (2010) 

(discussing and providing relevant authorities for the independence of U.S. law from WTO law). 

In any event, Trina Solar’s argument that Commerce acted contrary to Article 11.2 of the SCM 

Agreement is also inappositely based on requirements for petition-based CVD investigations. 

Article 11.2 of the SCM Agreement provides the evidentiary requirements for “[a]n application

under paragraph 1,” SCM Agreement, available at

(footnote continued)
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 8

At oral argument, counsel for Trina Solar clarified that the Respondents are not 

challenging Commerce’s authority to investigate governmental assistance beyond the 

allegations made in the petition, but are arguing that Commerce improperly invoked 

19 U.S.C. § 1677d here to examine the Solar I PRC programs and the verification grants

and tax deduction. See Oral Arg. Tr. 3–6, Sept. 22, 2016, ECF No. 93 (“Oral Arg. Tr.”).

Specifically, Trina Solar argues that 19 U.S.C. § 1677d is “not applicable” to the Solar I 

PRC programs, because these programs “were not discovered in the course of this 

proceeding, but rather were found in [the Solar I PRC proceeding].” Trina Solar’s Br. 13;

see Oral Arg. Tr. 12. With respect to the additional grants and tax deduction found at 

verification, Trina Solar argues that Commerce unlawfully failed to make the prerequisite 

threshold determination that these grants “‘appear[ed’] to be [] countervailable 

https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/24-scm.pdf (last visited December 27, 2016), 

at Art. 11.2 – i.e., “a written application by or on behalf of the domestic industry,” id. at Art. 11.1 

(“Except as provided in paragraph 6, an investigation to determine the existence, degree and 

effect of any alleged subsidy shall be initiated upon a written application by or on behalf of the

domestic industry.”). The issue here, however, does not concern an investigation of subsidies 

alleged in a written application by or on behalf of the domestic industry. Rather, at issue is 

Commerce’s determination to investigate certain potential subsidies on its own authority to do so. 

Paragraph 6 of Article 11 of the SCM Agreement provides that if the agency “decide[s] to initiate 

an investigation without having received a written application by or on behalf of a domestic 

industry,” then it must proceed only on the basis of sufficient evidence. Id. at Art. 11.6. This 

correlates with the statutory requirement that, when Commerce self-initiates an investigation of 

apparent subsidies beyond those that are specifically alleged in the petition, the agency’s 

determinations must be supported by substantial evidence, including any appropriate inferences 

that follow from the record evidence. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677d (permitting Commerce to self-initiate

investigations of apparent subsidies beyond those that are specifically alleged in a petition from 

the domestic industry); id. at § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i) (requiring that Commerce’s factual 

determinations be supported by substantial evidence). Similarly, because Commerce did not rely

on its petition-based investigative authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b), and instead exercised its 

separate authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, to examine discovered practices that appear to be

countervailable subsidies, those of Trina Solar’s arguments that are based on Section 1671a(b)’s 

requirements for a petition-based investigation are inapposite. See, e.g., Trina Solar’s Br. 9–10, 

17 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(1) (“Procedures for initiating a [CVD] investigation: Initiation by 

petition: Petition requirements”)).
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 9

subsid[ies],” 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, before including them in this proceeding. Trina Solar’s 

Br. 16; see Oral Arg. Tr. 6–7.

1. 19 U.S.C. § 1677d and the Solar I PRC Programs 

Section 1677d contains no limiting language as to how the agency is to “discover” 

the apparent subsidies in the course of a proceeding before including them in its 

investigation. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677d. Here, because the Solar I PRC CVD proceeding

is intimately related with this Solar II PRC CVD proceeding, see SunPower Corp. v. United 

States, 40 CIT __, Slip Op. 16-56 (June 8, 2016), at Background Sections I & II, 

Commerce reasonably determined the Solar I PRC programs to be sufficiently related to 

the subject merchandise to warrant further inquiry pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677d.

Trina Solar argues that, because Solar I PRC involved the same petitioner as this

Solar II PRC proceeding, the Solar I PRC programs were “known to the Petitioner,” such 

that “Petitioner had the burden of alleging them in the petition for a proper initiation on 

their merits pursuant to the requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b) and (c) of the statute.” 

Trina Solar’s Br. 14; see Oral Arg. Tr. 12. But nowhere does the statute contemplate that 

the Petitioner’s failure to include all known potential subsidies in its petition thereby 

waives Commerce’s own, independent authority to investigate such programs, and Trina 

Solar cannot point to any statutory provision that suggests otherwise. See Oral Arg. Tr.

13.

Accordingly, because Commerce’s inquiry in this proceeding regarding the Solar I 

PRC programs was not an unreasonable use of the agency’s independent authority,

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, to examine additional subsidization in the production of 

subject merchandise, Commerce properly determined to examine in this proceeding 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 10

whether the elements for the imposition of a CVD duty were satisfied with respect to the 

Solar I PRC programs, as applied to the subject merchandise. 

2. 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, 19 C.F.R. § 351.311, and the Additional Grants and 

Tax Deduction Found During Verification

Trina Solar next argues that Commerce unlawfully failed to make the threshold 

determination that the additional grants and tax deduction found at verification 

“appear[ed] to be [] countervailable subsid[ies],” 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, before including them 

in its investigation. Trina Solar’s Br. 14–16; see Oral Arg. Tr. 7. Trina Solar relies heavily 

on this Court’s opinion in Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 25 CIT 816 (2001) 

(not reported in the Federal Supplement). Trina Solar’s Br. 14 (citing Allegheny Ludlum,

25 CIT at 825). But because the issue here is not whether Commerce was required to 

examine these additional programs pursuant to a petitioner’s request that the agency 

invoke 19 U.S.C. § 1677d, cf. Allegheny Ludlum, 25 CIT at 824 (holding that “[a]lthough 

§ 1677d offers a petitioner the opportunity to call Commerce’s attention to a potentially

countervailable subsidy that was discovered during the course of an ongoing 

countervailing duty investigation, it does not force Commerce to fully investigate any 

subsidy”), but rather whether Commerce reasonably exercised its own independent 

investigative authority, Allegheny Ludlum is not controlling. See id. at 822 (“Both the 

controlling statute and its implementing regulation are silent as to the level of inquiry 

required to determine whether the term ‘appears’ [in 19 U.S.C. § 1677d] is satisfied.”). 

Here, during the verification of Trina Solar’s accounts, Commerce officials came 

across a number of entries for unreported government grants received during the POI

(listed in accounts specifically reserved for government grants, see Verification of the 

Questionnaire Resps. Submitted by [Trina Solar] & its Cross-Owned Companies (Oct. 2, 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 11

2014), reproduced in Trina Solar’s App. Tab 17, Jan. 26, 2016, ECF No. 57-5 (“Trina 

Solar VR”) at 7; Oral Arg. Tr. 23), as well as an unreported POI tax deduction. Trina Solar 

VR at 7 (citing Ex. 18 to Trina Solar VR (“Results of System Query”) (not reproduced in 

the parties’ appendices)); Final Decision Memo at 16. Given the nature of these entries 

as self-described government grants, Commerce reasonably determined that this 

additional governmental assistance constituted “apparent subsidies [with respect to the 

subject merchandise] that were discovered during verification,” Final Decision Memo at 

17, and therefore included them in its investigation. See id.; 19 U.S.C. § 1677d(1). This 

determination is not equivalent to a legal conclusion that the elements necessary for the 

imposition of a CVD duty with respect to these grants and tax deduction were met, but is 

simply the threshold determination that further investigation was warranted. See 19

U.S.C. § 1671a(a) (in CVD proceedings, Commerce investigates “whether the elements 

necessary for the imposition of a duty under section 1671(a) of this title exist” with respect 

to the governmental aid programs under investigation). Under 19 U.S.C. § 1677d(1), 

nothing more is required. Accordingly, Commerce properly determined to examine in this 

proceeding whether the additional grants and tax deduction found at verification satisfy 

the elements for the imposition of a CVD duty with respect to the subject merchandise.

Trina Solar further argues that Commerce’s decision to investigate the verification

grants and tax deduction was contrary to 19 C.F.R. § 351.311(b) because Commerce 

unreasonably determined that “sufficient time remain[ed]” to investigate these subsidies.

Trina Solar’s Br. 12–13, 17–19.9 However, the statute and regulations grant Commerce 

9 Trina Solar also relies on this Court’s opinion regarding the Solar I PRC CVD investigation,

(footnote continued)
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 12

substantial discretion to determine how best to allocate its resources. See 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677d (providing procedures for Commerce to follow if Commerce “discovers” an 

apparent countervailable subsidy); 19 C.F.R. § 351.311(b) (leaving it to Commerce to 

determine whether there is sufficient time to investigate a discovered subsidy); see also

Torrington Co. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (“[A]gencies with 

statutory enforcement responsibilities enjoy broad discretion in allocating investigative 

and enforcement resources.”); Longkou Haimeng Mach. Co. v. United States, 32 CIT 

1142, 1151, 581 F. Supp. 2d 1344, 1353 (2008) (“[A]ny assessment of Commerce’s 

operational capabilities or deadline rendering must be made by the agency itself.”). To

conclude, as Trina Solar suggests, that Commerce may never investigate subsidies 

discovered during the verification process, see Trina Solar’s Br. 17–19,10 would arbitrarily 

restrict Commerce’s authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1677d to investigate apparent subsidies 

discovered “in the course of a [CVD] proceeding.”

Accordingly, because Commerce reasonably exercised its authority under 

19 U.S.C. § 1677d and 19 C.F.R. § 351.311 to consider whether the Solar I PRC

programs and the verification grants and tax deduction were countervailable subsidies 

SolarWorld Am. v. United States, 39 CIT __, Slip Op. 15-137 (Dec. 11, 2015). Trina Solar’s Br.

12–13. But in that case, as in Allegheny Ludlum, Commerce chose not to invoke its self-initiating 

investigative authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1677d. Instead, Commerce found that the petitioner’s

repeated applications for petition-based investigations pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(1) had

ultimately lacked adequate evidentiary support. The agency then concluded that insufficient time 

remained in that already complex proceeding to devote more resources to these allegations, and 

invited the petitioner to resubmit its allegations, with adequate evidentiary support, in the next 

administrative review. SolarWorld Am., 39 CIT __, Slip Op. 15-137, at 28–34 (Discussion 

Section II.A).

10 See also Final Decision Memo at 83 (noting that Trina Solar argued at the administrative level 

that, “[b]ecause the deadline for the submission of factual information [had] passed [when 

Commerce determined to examine these additional grants after discovering them at verification], 

there [was] insufficient time to examine these grants”). 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 13

that should be included in the calculation of subsidy rates in this proceeding, the agency’s 

determinations to include these programs and grants in this investigation are sustained.

B. Application of AFA to the Solar I PRC Programs and the Additional Grants 

and Tax Deduction Found During Verification 

Commerce determined that the use of AFA was warranted with regard to the Solar I

PRC programs and verification grants and tax deduction because the GOC failed to 

cooperate by withholding the information requested regarding the Solar I PRC programs, 

and because Trina Solar had failed to report the additional grants and tax deduction found 

at verification. Final Decision Memo at 84–87. The adverse inferences were based on 

determinations that the GOC and Trina Solar had failed to cooperate with Commerce’s 

request for information regarding “any other forms of assistance” provided by “the GOC 

(or entities owned directly, in whole or in part, by the GOC or any provincial or local 

government)” – during the POI – to producers of subject merchandise. Id.; DOC Initial 

Questionnaire, ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 5 & 71-4 at Tab 4, at II-19 and III-18.11 More 

specifically, in its initial questionnaire, sent to the mandatory respondents and to the GOC, 

Commerce requested information regarding “any other forms of [governmental] 

assistance” that the respondent companies received during the POI, beyond those 

11 See Countervailing Duty Questionnaire, Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from 

the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation (Feb. 28, 2014) (“DOC Initial Questionnaire”), reproduced in

[Pub.] App. of Docs. Supp. Def.’s Resp. to Mots. for J. Upon the Agency R., Apr. 22, 2016, ECF 

No. 71-4 at Tab 4, and Trina Solar’s App., Jan. 26, 2016, ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 5, at III-18. 

Although neither the Defendant’s appendix nor Trina Solar’s appendix includes page III-18 of the 

questionnaire, both omitting Section III (Questionnaire for Producers/Exporters of Subject 

Merchandise) entirely, the parties’ appendices include page II-19, from Section II (Questionnaire 

for the [GOC]), which asked whether “the GOC (or entities owned directly, in whole or in part, by 

the GOC or any provincial or local government) provide[d], directly or indirectly, any other forms 

of assistance to producers or exporters of solar cells and panels,” and requested that the GOC 

“coordinate with the respondent companies to determine if they are reporting usage of any 

subsidy program(s),” DOC Initial Questionnaire, ECF Nos. 57-1 at Tab 5 & 71-4 at Tab 4, at II19. There is no dispute that the inquiry to the producers, in Section III of the questionnaire, was 

substantively identical to the inquiry to the GOC in Section II. See Oral Arg. Tr. 19–20. 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 14

alleged subsidies that were specifically discussed in the petition to initiate this proceeding. 

See Final Decision Memo at 17. Both the GOC and Trina Solar responded that, in the 

absence of “allegations and sufficient evidence,” consistent with Article 11.2 and “other 

relevant articles” of the World Trade Organization (“WTO”)’s Agreement on Subsidies and 

Countervailing Measures, no reply was required to Commerce’s request for information 

regarding additional forms of governmental assistance beyond those alleged in the 

petition, and so refused to provide any further information in response to this request.

See Final Decision Memo at 16.12

Commerce then sent a supplemental questionnaire specifically questioning the 

GOC and the Respondents about the Solar I PRC programs. DOC Suppl. Questionnaire,

ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 8, at Attach. ¶ 2; see Final Decision Memo at 16. While the GOC 

continued to categorically refuse to provide any information regarding any programs that 

were not specifically alleged in the petition, Trina Solar agreed to provide information 

regarding the Solar I PRC programs “out of an abundance of caution.” Trina Solar Suppl. 

Resp., ECF No. 57-2 at Tab 12, at 4, Exs. 1–7.

In addition, during the verification procedure in China, Commerce reviewed Trina 

Solar’s accounts “for any indication that the company received unreported [governmental] 

assistance.” Final Decision Memo at 16. Commerce discovered “accounts for 

government grants” containing entries for twenty-eight additional grants received during 

the POI that were not reported by Trina Solar, id. at 86; see also Trina Solar VR at 7, as 

12 Resp. of the [GOC] to the U.S. Dep’t of Commerce’s Questionnaire, Certain Crystalline Silicon 

Photovoltaic Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, Investigation (Apr. 21, 2014) (“GOC Resp.”),

reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 6, at 222; Questionnaire Resp. to Sec. III 

of [Trina Solar], Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from the [PRC], C-570-011, 

Investigation (Apr. 21, 2014), reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 7, at 67. 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 15

well as an unreported tax deduction for “[w]ages paid for placement of disabled persons,” 

Trina Solar VR at 6. When asked about these unreported grants and tax deduction, 

“counsel for Trina Solar stated that the company reported all of the assistance for which 

it was asked, and offered to provide additional information on the purpose for these grants 

and how Trina Solar qualified for them.” Id. at 7. Because the deadline for submission 

of new factual information had passed, Commerce declined to accept any additional

information with respect to the twenty-eight unreported grants. Id. With respect to the 

unreported tax deduction for disabled employees, however, Commerce requested 

“information that shows the eligibility criteria for this deduction,” and was provided with 

documentation “indicat[ing] that enterprises that employ disabled persons are eligible to 

deduct 100 percent of the wages paid to disabled employees when calculating the amount 

of their taxable income on the basis of the deduction that is made in accordance with the 

actual wages that were paid to the disabled employee.” Id. at 6 (citing Ex. 16 (“Fund for 

the Disabled Person”)). Because Trina Solar had failed to report these additional 

government grants and tax deduction in response to Commerce’s request for information 

regarding “any other forms of [governmental] assistance,” Final Decision Memo at 17 

(quoting DOC Initial Questionnaire, ECF No. 71-4 at Tab 4), Commerce concluded that 

the use of facts otherwise available, with an inference adverse to Trina Solar, was 

warranted “in determining the countervailability of these apparent subsidies that were 

discovered during verification.” Final Decision Memo at 17; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e.

Trina Solar argues that Commerce’s inquiry regarding any forms of governmental 

assistance beyond those that were specifically alleged in the petition was contrary to law,

Trina Solar’s Br. 16–17, and therefore that Commerce’s application of AFA to the Solar I 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 16

PRC programs and verification grants and tax deduction was improperly based on the 

Respondents’ failure to cooperate with this inquiry, id. at 20–21. Specifically, Trina Solar 

argues that “[t]his question illegally circumvents the requirements of the CVD statute that 

the Petitioner is obligated to ‘allege[] the elements necessary for the imposition of the duty 

imposed by 19 U.S.C. § 1671(a) of this title, and which is accompanied by information 

reasonably available to the Petitioner supporting those allegations,’” and thus “unlawfully 

shifts the burden of providing the allegation of a potential subsidy from the Petitioner to 

the respondent.” Trina Solar’s Br. 17 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(1)). But, as 

discussed in connection with Trina Solar’s more general arguments against Commerce’s 

use of its 19 U.S.C. § 1677d authority here to examine the Solar I PRC programs and 

verification grants, because the petitioner’s burden is irrelevant when Commerce chooses 

to exercise its independent investigative authority under Section 1677d, see 19 U.S.C. § 

1677d (making no mention of any burden on the part of the petitioner), Commerce did not 

unlawfully shift any burden from the petitioner with respect to these grants and tax 

deduction.

At oral argument, counsel for Trina Solar further argued that the inquiry regarding 

additional forms of governmental assistance, beyond those alleged in the petition, illegally 

“writes out of the existing 19 U.S.C. § 1677d,” Oral Arg. Tr. 8, suggesting that Commerce 

may only “discover” a practice indirectly, rather than pursuant to a request for the 

respondents’ cooperation in identifying the full scope of governmental subsidization in the 

production of subject merchandise, see id. at 11 (arguing that “if that question is allowed, 

then Section [1677d] has no meaning,” because “[t]here could be no discovered 

programs,” since “the respondent would be reporting them all [and Commerce] would 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 17

never find any”). The statute does not impose such a limitation, and instead vests the 

agency with broad investigative discretion. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677d. Nor is such a 

limitation suggested by the term “discover,” which is defined as “[t]o obtain knowledge of,” 

Am. Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3d ed. 1992) at 532,13 without any 

limitation on whether such knowledge is obtained inadvertently or pursuant to direct,

open-ended inquiry.

Counsel for Trina Solar also suggested at oral argument that Commerce’s request 

for information was unreasonable because it placed an impossible burden on the 

Respondents, who in good faith may be unable to exhaustively ascertain all forms of 

governmental assistance provided in the production of subject merchandise. See Oral 

Arg. Tr. 8–12. But, as the Defendant points out, the unreported additional grants 

discovered at verification were found within Trina Solar’s own accounts, specifically for 

government grants. See id. at 23; Trina Solar VR at 7. And any confusion concerning

the tax deduction for disabled employees, see Oral Arg. Tr. 9–10, should have been 

addressed by seeking guidance from Commerce, rather than categorically withholding

the information. The statute does not support the use of AFA on the basis of an

inadvertent failure to cooperate. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) (use of facts otherwise 

available is subject to 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d)); id. at § 1677m(d) (requiring Commerce to 

provide an opportunity to remedy or explain submissions deemed to be deficient); id.

at § 1677e(b) (failure to cooperate must be based on a finding that the relevant party did 

not act “to the best of its ability” to comply with a request for information). But here there 

13 See also Am. Heritage Dictionary at 532 (noting that synonyms of the word “discover” include 

“ascertain, determine, [and] learn,” and that “[t]he central meaning shared by these verbs is ‘to 

gain knowledge or awareness of something not known before’”). 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 18

is no indication that Trina Solar attempted in good faith to comply with Commerce’s 

request for information regarding the full scope of PRC governmental assistance that it 

received during the POI. See Trina Solar VR at 7; see also Questionnaire Resp. to Sec. 

III of [Trina Solar], Certain Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Products from the [PRC],

C-570-011, Investigation (Apr. 21, 2014), reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-

1 at Tab 7, at 67 (demonstrating Trina Solar’s refusal to respond to Commerce’s inquiry 

regarding additional forms of governmental assistance beyond those alleged in the 

petition).

Accordingly, because Commerce’s inquiry concerning the full scope of

governmental assistance provided by the GOC and received by the Respondents in the 

production of subject merchandise was within the agency’s independent investigative 

authority pursuant to 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671a(a) and 1677d, this inquiry was not contrary to 

law. Because the record reasonably supports Commerce’s determination that the GOC 

failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with the request for 

information regarding additional forms of governmental assistance, Commerce 

reasonably determined to use facts available, with an inference adverse to the GOC, in 

deciding whether the elements necessary for the imposition of countervailing duties with 

regard to the Solar I PRC programs were met. See Final Decision Memo at 84–85.14

14 Although Trina Solar did ultimately cooperate with Commerce’s request for information 

specifically regarding the Solar I PRC programs, see Trina Solar Suppl. Resp., ECF No. 57-2

at Tab 12, at 4, Exs. 1–7, the court has previously upheld Commerce’s use of adverse inferences 

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1) when a foreign government fails to act to the best of its ability 

to comply with Commerce’s requests for information in a CVD proceeding, even where doing so

“may adversely impact a cooperating party, although Commerce should seek to avoid such impact 

if relevant information exists elsewhere on the record.” Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. United 

States, 37 CIT __, 917 F. Supp. 2d 1331, 1342 (2013) (citing Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. 

United States, 36 CIT __, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1254, 1262 (2012)).
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 19

Similarly, because the record reasonably supports Commerce’s determination that Trina 

Solar also failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with this 

request for information, by failing to report the additional grants and tax deduction found 

at verification, Commerce also reasonably resorted to AFA (including an inference 

adverse to the interests of Trina Solar) to decide whether the elements necessary for the 

imposition of countervailing duties were met with regard to the additional grants and tax 

deduction found during verification. See id. at 86–87.

C. Commerce’s Treatment of AFA to Determine the Countervailability of the 

Solar I PRC Programs and the Additional Grants and Tax Deduction 

Found During Verification 

Commerce’s finding that all forty of the Solar I PRC programs were “specific” within 

the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A), and therefore countervailable, Prelim. Decision 

Memo at 24 (unchanged in the final determination, Final Decision Memo at 85), is not 

supported by substantial evidence. Similarly, Commerce’s findings that each of the 

twenty-eight unreported grant programs and tax deduction found at verification provided 

a “financial contribution” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(D), that each was 

“specific” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A), and that each conferred a “benefit” 

within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E), Final Decision Memo at 17, are not 

supported by substantial evidence.

The plain language of the AFA statute states that Commerce may use inferences 

adverse to the interests of non-cooperating parties when “selecting from among the facts

otherwise available,” which may be derived from “(A) the petition, (B) a final determination 

in the investigation under this subtitle, (C) any previous review under section 1675 of this 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 20

title or determination under 1675b of this title, or (D) any other information placed on the 

record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (emphasis added). Although the bar is low – Commerce

may use “any . . . information placed on the record,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2)(D) – it is not

non-existent.15

Here, Commerce has not indicated the “facts” (adverse or otherwise) that it has 

“select[ed]” in order to make the requisite factual findings with respect to the Solar I PRC

programs and the verification grants and tax deduction. See Final Decision Memo at 16–

17, 84–87. Instead, because the information provided by Trina Solar regarding the Solar 

I PRC programs, Trina Solar Suppl. Resp., ECF No. 57-2 at Tab 12, at 4, Exs. 1–7, was 

insufficient for Commerce to determine whether the Solar I PRC programs were “specific” 

under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A), as required for countervailability pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5)(A), and the GOC withheld the necessary information, Final Decision Memo

at 16, Commerce found – entirely “as AFA [adverse facts available]” under 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677e(b), and pointing to no specific factual evidence or allegations in the record – that 

all forty of the Solar I PRC programs were “specific” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5A), and therefore countervailable. Prelim. Decision Memo at 24 (unchanged in 

the final determination, Final Decision Memo at 85). Similarly, finding that the record 

lacked necessary information, and concluding that Trina Solar had failed to cooperate to 

the best of its ability, Commerce also found – entirely “as AFA [adverse facts available]” 

under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), and without relying on any record evidence or allegations –

15 For example it is apparent that, at the very least, Commerce may place on the record whatever

information it has regarding the Solar I PRC programs from the Solar I PRC proceeding, and 

make its inferences therefrom, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2)(C), in addition to making specific 

inferences from the information discovered at verification that led the agency to conclude that it 

had discovered apparent subsidies, see Trina Solar VR at 7.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 21

that each of the twenty-eight unreported grant programs and tax deduction found at 

verification provided a “financial contribution” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5)(D), that each was “specific” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A), and 

that each conferred a “benefit” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E). Final 

Decision Memo at 17.

At oral argument, Defendant and SolarWorld (the domestic industry petitioner)

argued that, when AFA is invoked pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), no factual findings

or citation to record evidence is required, suggesting that Commerce may determine that 

any unreported governmental assistance is a countervailable subsidy “[s]olely on the 

basis of [the GOC’s and Trina Solar’s] non-cooperation.” See Oral Arg. Tr. 21; see also

id. at 30 (counsel for SolarWorld “shar[ing] the Defendant’s position that [19 U.S.C. §§ 

1677e & 1677(5A)] do not require Commerce to identify specific factual information on 

which it relies for purposes of the application of AFA”). 

In support of its argument that no factual findings are required when AFA is 

employed, the Defendant points to RZBC Grp. Shareholding Co. v. United States, 39 CIT 

__, 100 F. Supp. 3d 1288 (2015), as a case that “addressed this exact issue.” Oral Arg. 

Tr. 18. But the facts of that case are materially different. There, unlike here, Commerce 

applied AFA to a program about which the record contained at least some factual 

allegations and supporting evidence. RZBC, 39 CIT at __, 100 F. Supp. 3d at 1294–97

(explaining that the aid at issue in that case was investigated pursuant to a new subsidy 

petition containing allegations and supporting evidence). Thus, unlike here, where 

Commerce did not rely on any evidentiary support to find that all of the Solar I PRC

programs and all of the verification grants and tax deduction are countervailable 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 22

subsidies, in RZBC Commerce used AFA to make adverse inferences derived from 

factual information contained in the petition, in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1). 

See RZBC, 39 CIT at __, 100 F. Supp. 3d at 1294–97.

Here, by contrast, Commerce has placed no relevant factual information on record, 

and so cannot even rely on the low bar set by 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2)(D) – that its 

adverse inferences be derived from “any other information placed on the record.”

Commerce has not indicated that it relied on any information, from any source, to find that 

all of the Solar I PRC programs and verification grants and tax deduction satisfy the 

elements for countervailability. See Final Decision Memo at 84–87.

For example, to be countervailable, a subsidy must be specific. 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5)(A). Because “all governments, including the United States, intervene in their 

economies to one extent or another, and to regard all such interventions as 

countervailable subsidies would produce absurd results,” the specificity test is meant to 

exclude foreign subsidies that “are broadly available and widely used throughout an 

economy.” Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. 

Doc. No. 103-316 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.A.A.N. 4040, 4242 (“SAA”) (citing 

Carlisle Tire & Rubber Co. v. United States, 5 CIT 229, 564 F. Supp. 834 (1983)). To that 

end, there are many ways by which a government aid program may satisfy the specificity 

requirement16 – the subsidy may be “in law or in fact, contingent upon export 

16 The choice is therefore not “binary,” as the Defendant suggests, see Oral Arg. Tr. 20–

21(arguing that, to effectuate the purpose of AFA, which is to incentivize parties to cooperate, by 

ensuring that they do not benefit from non-cooperation, Commerce had no choice but to use AFA 

to find that all of the Solar I PRC programs and all of the verification grants and tax deduction 

were “specific” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A), because specificity is a “binary

(footnote continued)
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 23

performance,” or “contingent upon the use of domestic goods over imported goods,” or 

where “the authority providing the subsidy, or the legislation pursuant to which the 

authority operates, expressly limits access to the subsidy to an enterprise or industry,” or 

where the actual recipients of the subsidy are “limited in number,” or an enterprise or 

industry is “a predominant user of the subsidy” or “receives a disproportionately large 

amount of the subsidy” or “is favored over others.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(A)–(D). 

In RZBC, upon which the Defendant relies here, Commerce used AFA to infer from 

the available record evidence that the GOC’s subsidization of calcium carbonate was 

disproportionately received by the chemicals industry. See RZBC, 39 CIT at __, 100 F. 

Supp. 3d at 1294–1299. Commerce then concluded that the calcium carbonate subsidy

was “specific” in accordance with 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A). See 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii).

But unlike Commerce’s finding regarding the calcium carbonate subsidy in RZBC, the 

agency’s determination here – that all of the Solar I PRC programs and all of the 

verification grants and tax deduction are “specific in accordance with 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5A),” see Final Decision Memo at 84–87 – is a sweeping legal conclusion lacking 

any factual foundation. 

Consider, for example, the tax deduction for disabled employees. A principal 

purpose of the specificity requirement for countervailability is “to differentiate between 

those subsidies that distort trade by aiding a specific company or industry, and those that 

benefit society generally (like the police, fire protection, roads and schools) and thus 

choice” – a program is either “specific” or it is not – and Commerce must choose the affirmative 

to ensure that neither the GOC nor Trina Solar benefits from its non-cooperation). On the

contrary, any number of factual conditions may obtain to demonstrate that a government aid

program is “specific” to a particular enterprise or industry, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(A)–(D), but 

a determination that a large number of diverse government programs are “specific” in the abstract, 

without reference to any facts at all, is not a factual determination.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 24

minimally distort trade, if at all.” Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 24 CIT 452, 

463, 112 F. Supp. 2d 1141, 1152 n.15 (2000). Here, Commerce’s verification report 

states that, when Commerce discovered the unreported tax deduction for disabled 

employees, the agency “asked Trina Solar officials to provide information that shows the 

eligibility criteria for this deduction,” and was provided with documentation “indicat[ing] 

that [any] enterprises that employ disabled persons are eligible.” Trina Solar VR at 6 

(citing Ex. 16 (“Fund for the Disabled Person”)). But in finding, purely “as AFA,” that this 

tax deduction is “specific” (without even specifying which enterprise/industry it is specific 

to), Commerce fails to explain how this conclusion comports with a reasonable reading 

of the record evidence that the tax deduction for employing disabled persons appears to 

be precisely the sort of subsidy that “benefit[s] society generally,” which the specificity 

requirement is designed to avoid. See Allegheny Ludlum, 24 CIT at 463, 112 F. Supp. 

2d at 1152 n.15. By bypassing the prerequisite factual findings to reach the legal 

conclusion purely “as AFA,” Commerce illegally circumvents its obligation to make 

determinations that are supported by a reasonable reading of the record, including 

consideration of the relevant evidence that “fairly detract[s]” from the reasonableness of 

its conclusions. See Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 488 (1951).

Accordingly, because Commerce has improperly reached legal conclusions

without the support of requisite factual findings, the agency’s determination that all of the 

Solar I PRC programs and all of the verification grants and tax deduction meet the legal 

elements for countervailability must be remanded for reconsideration. Although 

Commerce reasonably invoked its authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e to use facts 

otherwise available, with an inference adverse to the GOC and Trina Solar, the agency
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 25

must still make the necessary factual findings to satisfy the requirements for 

countervailability. See 19 U.S.C. §§ 1677e(a)–(c) (providing that, even when using facts 

otherwise available with adverse inferences, Commerce must still point to actual 

information on the record to make required factual determinations); id. at § 1677(5)(A) 

(requiring a factual determination of “specificity” under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A) as an 

element of countervailability); id. at § 1677(5A) (providing for a range of factual 

determinations to satisfy § 1677(5)(A)’s requirement for “specificity”); id. at §§ 1677(5)(A),

1677(5)(B)(i) (requiring a factual determination of “financial contribution” as an element

of countervailability); id. at § 1677(5)(D) (providing for a range of factual determinations 

to satisfy § 1677(5)(B)(i)’s requirement for “financial contribution”); id. at §§ 1677(5)(A),

1677(5)(B) (requiring a factual determination of “benefit” as an element of 

countervailability); id. at § 1677(5)(E) (providing for a range of factual determinations to 

satisfy § 1677(5)(B)’s requirement for “benefit”). 

Importantly, however, Commerce is not required to solicit the GOC again for the 

information that the GOC has repeatedly and categorically refused to provide in this 

proceeding. Cf. Oral Arg. Tr. 21 (arguing that the court should not remand this issue 

because the GOC should not be allowed to benefit from its non-cooperation in this 

proceeding). As held above, Commerce properly determined to use AFA with regard to 

the Solar I PRC programs and verification grants and tax deduction, with inferences 

adverse to the GOC and Trina Solar, respectively. Thus, Commerce need not query the 

GOC again, but must nevertheless search “the far reaches of the record,” RZBC, 39 CIT 

at __, 100 F. Supp. 3d at 1298 – and may re-open the record – to make the prerequisite 

factual findings. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(1), (b)(2)(A)–(D); see also Archer Daniels 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 26

Midland Co. v. United States, 37 CIT __, 917 F. Supp. 2d 1331, 1342 (2013) (internal 

citation omitted).

D. Commerce’s Selection of AFA Rates for the Verification Grants and Tax 

Deduction

Trina Solar also challenges the AFA-based subsidy rates that Commerce selected

for the twenty-eight grants and tax deduction discovered at verification. Trina Solar’s Br.

23–24. Because Commerce’s determinations to countervail the verification grants and 

tax deduction are remanded for additional consideration, no opinion is required at this 

time regarding Commerce’s selection of these rates. Should Commerce again determine 

to countervail the verification grants and tax deduction after reconsideration on remand, 

however, the agency must ensure that its selection of subsidy rates is reasonable.

The parties agree that Commerce’s practice when selecting AFA-based subsidy 

rates in CVD investigations is to use the highest non-de minimis rate calculated for an 

identical or similar/comparable (based on the treatment of the benefit) program, if 

available, or, where there is no comparable program, to apply the highest calculated rate 

from any non-company specific program, unless the industry in the proceeding cannot 

use that program. See Final Decision Memo at 10; Trina Solar’s Br. 23. Although 

Commerce maintains that it applied this methodology to calculate the AFA-based subsidy 

rates assigned to the twenty-eight verification grants and tax deduction, Final Decision 

Memo at 10, 88, Trina Solar is correct that “Commerce did not present any analysis of 

how it selected the specific AFA rates it applied to Trina Solar’s 28 grants or tax program 

for disabled persons.” Trina Solar’s Br. 23. 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 27

Commerce states only that the agency applied its usual methodology17 to select, 

for each of the twenty-eight verification grants, the 0.58 percent rate that was calculated 

for the “Special Fund for Energy Saving Technology” in the CVD investigation of 

chlorinated isocyanates from the PRC, without any discussion as to how this “Special 

Fund for Energy Saving Technology” relates to each of the twenty-eight grant programs 

at issue or to the other information (or lack thereof) on record, or whether this program is 

even available to the solar panel industry. See Final Decision Memo at 88. Similarly, 

with respect to the tax deduction, Commerce simply states, without any additional 

discussion, that the agency used the 9.71 percent rate calculated for the “VAT and Import 

Duty Exemptions on Imported Material” program in an administrative review of the CVD 

order covering off-the-road tires from the PRC. See id. But these statements do not 

provide sufficient information to permit the court to judge whether or not the agency’s 

choices here comport with its stated (and undisputed) practice. 

Because “[t]he grounds upon which an [agency action] must be judged are those 

upon which the record discloses that [the] action was based,” Changzhou Wujin Fine 

Chem. Factory Co. v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (quoting SEC 

v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 87 (1943)), such that “[r]eview of an administrative

decision must be made [solely] on the grounds relied on by the agency,” id. at 1379,

should Commerce continue to hold that the verification grants and tax deduction at issue 

here require the calculation of AFA-based subsidy rates in this proceeding, the agency

17 In support of its practice in this regard, Commerce repeatedly cites to “Shrimp from the PRC

and its accompanying Issues and Decision Memorandum,” see Final Decision Memo at 10, 88, 

without ever providing a more specific citation for “Shrimp from the PRC,” see Final Decision 

Memo.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 28

must explicitly present its analysis as to how its selection of rates comports with its stated 

practice.

II. Provisions of Aluminum Extrusions and Solar Glass and the Specificity 

Requirement

Respondents also challenge Commerce’s determinations that the provisions of 

aluminum extrusions and solar glass were specific within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5A). Trina Solar’s Br. 24–29. The court sustains Commerce’s determinations that 

the provisions of aluminum extrusions and solar glass were specific.

A. Aluminum Extrusions 

As mentioned above, the specificity element of countervailability ensures that 

broadly beneficial subsidies are excluded from countervailing measures. See SAA at

4242 (internal citation omitted); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(A). A subsidy will satisfy 

the specificity requirement when, inter alia, “[t]he actual recipients of the subsidy, whether 

considered on an enterprise or industry basis, are limited in number.” 19 U.S.C. 

§ 1677(5A)(D)(iii).18 Commerce “is not required to determine whether there are shared 

characteristics among the enterprises or industries that are eligible for, or actually 

receiv[ing], a subsidy,” 19 C.F.R. § 351.502(b), but only whether they are, in fact, “limited 

in number.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii). 

Here, Commerce found that the provision of aluminum extrusions was specific

within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii)(I) because, although the GOC’s 

responses indicated that aluminum extrusions are used in “a variety” of sectors across 

the PRC, “on an enterprise or industry basis, the industries within those sectors that 

18 “[A]n enterprise or industry” is, by definition, “a foreign enterprise or foreign industry and 

includes a group of such enterprises or industries.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D).
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 29

actually consume aluminum extrusions are limited in number.” Final Decision Memo at 

69.19 Although Trina Solar argues that this variety undermines any finding of specificity, 

Trina Solar misapprehends the question at hand.20 Regardless of the variety of recipient 

industries, see 19 C.F.R. § 351.502(b), when those recipient industries are “limited in 

number,” specificity is established. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii). The record evidence 

that Trina Solar puts forward to support that variety21 does not undermine the evidence 

Commerce relies upon to reasonably conclude that the recipient industries are limited in 

19 Specifically, the construction industry (63.25%), transportation industry (12.45%), mechanical 

and electrical equipment industry (12.35%), consumer durable goods industry (4.62%), electricity 

(3.31%), and “[o]ther industries” (4.02%). Final Decision Memo at 68. 

20 Trina Solar’s reliance on PPG Indus., Inc. v. United States, 978 F.2d 1232 (Fed. Cir. 1992) 

(“PPG II”) to “further develop[] [the current statutory and regulatory] notion of specificity,” see Trina 

Solar’s Br. 26, is inapposite for two reasons. First, the case predates the Uruguay Round 

Agreements Act, Pub. L. 103–465, 108 Stat. 4809 (enacted December 8, 1994) (“URAA”), and 

therefore the enactment of the statute, 19 U.S.C. § 1677, and regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 351.502, 

which Trina Solar would have the case “develop[].” Cf. Samsung Elecs. Co. v. United States, 38

CIT __, 973 F. Supp. 2d 1321, 1330 (2014). Further, Commerce, in promulgating 19 C.F.R. 

§ 351.502(b), expressly found PPG II irrelevant to the post-URAA statutory language, and 

explained that 19 C.F.R. § 351.502(b) codifies Commerce’s position that it “is not required to 

determine whether there are shared characteristics among enterprises or industries that are 

eligible for, or actually receive, a subsidy in determining whether that subsidy is specific.” 

Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. 65,348, 65,357 (Dep’t Commerce Nov. 25, 1998) (final rule). 

Second, even if PPG II were applicable post-URAA, the court in PPG II held that “the actual makeup of the eligible firms must be evaluated” to determine “whether those firms comprise a specific 

industry or group of industries,” PPG II, 978 F.2d at 1240–41, not, as Trina Solar would argue, to 

ensure variety of firms, but rather to ensure genuine numerosity of industries, id. (“Because 

eligibility requirements always serve to limit participation in any given program and may do so

indiscriminately, something more must be shown to prove that the program benefits only a specific

industry or group of industries. Similarly, although the actual number of eligible firms must be 

considered, it is not controlling. Instead, the actual make-up of the eligible firms must be 

evaluated. This analysis determines whether those firms comprise a specific industry or group of 

industries.”).

21 Trina Solar argues that there is “an array of construction uses of aluminum extrusions,” Trina 

Solar’s Br. 27 (citation to the record omitted), but it is the number of industries, not variety of 

applications within a single industry, that is at issue. Although Trina Solar points to additional 

evidence on the record indicating that “as many as 113 industries out of 124 total industries in 

China consume aluminum, of which aluminum extrusions are a part,” id., data regarding aluminum 

consumption generally is not relevant to aluminum extrusion consumption specifically. Cf. 5

U.S.C. §§ 556(c)(3), (d) (agencies consider all “relevant evidence” that is not “immaterial” or 

“unduly repetitious”). Finally, Trina Solar’s general assertion of “massive and growing demand 

for aluminum extrusions,” Trina Solar’s Br. 27, has no link to the period at issue.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 30

number. See Final Decision Memo at 68–69; Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 

F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (substantial evidence review asks whether the agency’s 

determination was reasonable on the record as a whole). Commerce’s determination that 

the provision of aluminum extrusions was limited on an industry basis comports with a 

reasonable reading of the record evidence, and is therefore sustained. 

B. Solar Glass

Similarly, Commerce determined that the provision of solar glass was also specific 

pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii)(I), based on a finding that “the provision of solar 

glass is limited to [] only [one] industry,” as “specifically identified by the GOC, the solar 

industry.” Final Decision Memo at 71 (citation to the record omitted). Trina Solar 

challenges this finding because, as Commerce found, the GOC also reported that “solar 

glass is suitable for many downstream applications.” See Trina Solar’s Br. 28–29. But 

again, it is not a question of variety of companies or applications within an industry, but

rather of the number of industries. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iii)(I). Here, Commerce’s 

determination that the provision of solar glass was specific to a single industry, the solar 

industry, and therefore to a limited number of recipients, is supported by a reasonable 

reading of the record evidence, and is therefore sustained. See Final Decision Memo at 

71; Nippon Steel, 458 F.3d at 1351.

III. Provision of Polysilicon and the Scope of Subject Merchandise

Trina Solar argues that the scope of subject merchandise here prohibits 

Commerce from countervailing the provision of polysilicon. Trina Solar’s Br. 29–30.

Specifically, Trina Solar contends that Commerce may not countervail the PRC’s 

provision of polysilicon in this proceeding because polysilicon is an input for solar cell 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 31

production, whereas the scope of this proceeding covers only panels assembled from 

non-PRC cells. See id. (relying on 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(5)). Commerce’s 

determination regarding the GOC’s provision of polysilicon is sustained as it is 

reasonable.

The GOC’s provision of polysilicon to the Respondents was not specifically tied to 

non-subject merchandise. As Commerce explained, “[a] subsidy is tied only when the 

intended use is known to the subsidy giver and so acknowledged prior to, or concurrent 

with, the bestowal of the subsidy.” Final Decision Memo at 64; Royal Thai Gov’t v. United 

States, 30 CIT 1072, 1085–86, 441 F. Supp. 2d 1350, 1363 (2006) (affirming Commerce’s 

practice in this regard). Here Commerce found “no record evidence that the respondent 

companies’ polysilicon providers were aware of the intended use of the subsidies at the 

time of bestowal,” Final Decision Memo at 64, and Trina Solar cites nothing to suggest 

otherwise, see Trina Solar’s Br. 29–30. Accordingly, Trina Solar’s reliance on 19 C.F.R. 

§ 351.525(b)(5), which concerns subsidies “tied to a particular product,” is misplaced.

See also 19 C.F.R. § 351.525(b)(5)(ii) (“Exception. If a subsidy is tied to production of an 

input product, then the Secretary will attribute the subsidy to both the input and 

downstream products produced by a corporation.”). 

Trina Solar also argues that Commerce’s decision to countervail the provision of 

polysilicon in this Solar II PRC proceeding results in double-counting, because Commerce 

also countervailed the provision of polysilicon in the related Solar I PRC CVD proceeding.

Trina Solar’s Br. 30. But there is no double-counting here because subsidy rates are 

calculated as an ad valorem percentage of sales of merchandise subject to a particular 

order. Because the Solar I PRC and Solar II PRC proceedings do not overlap in their 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 32

coverage of product sales (Solar I PRC covers only sales of solar panels assembled from 

solar cells manufactured in the PRC, whereas Solar II PRC covers only sales of solar 

panels assembled in the PRC from cells manufactured outside the PRC), such that no 

single product is subject to more than one order, there is no double-counting. See Def.’s 

Resp. to Mots. J. Admin. R. 46, Apr. 21, 2016, ECF No. 66 (“Def.’s Resp.”) (providing a 

mathematical illustration of this). 

Because Commerce’s determination that the GOC’s provision of polysilicon aided 

in the production of subject merchandise is supported by a reasonable reading of the 

record, it is therefore sustained.

IV. Export Buyer’s Credit Program

Finally, Trina Solar argues that Commerce’s determination to include the PRC 

Export-Import Bank’s Export Buyer’s Credit Program in the calculation of Trina Solar’s 

subsidy rate is not supported by substantial evidence. Trina Solar’s Br. 31–33. The 

Export-Import Bank of China (“PRC Ex-Im”) provides intermediate- and long-term credit 

to foreign importers that purchase goods from Chinese exporters (the “Export Buyer’s 

Credit Program”). See Questionnaire Resp. to Sec. III of [Trina Solar] (Apr. 21, 2014),

Ex. D.1, Art. 2. (“GOC Resp.”), reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 6

and App. to [SolarWorld’s Br.], ECF Nos. 54 (conf. version) & 55 (pub. version) 

(“SolarWorld’s App.”) at Tab 4.

In response to Commerce’s query regarding this program, the GOC stated that it 

had confirmed with PRC Ex-Im and the Respondents that no U.S. customer of any of the 

Respondents had used the Export Buyer’s Credit Program during the POI. GOC Resp.

at 83 reproduced in Trina Solar’s App., ECF No. 57-1 at Tab 6. But when Commerce 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 33

sought to verify this information, during the verification procedure in China, the GOC 

refused to permit Commerce to access the PRC Ex-Im’s records. Final Decision Memo

at 92. Commerce therefore found that this information could not be verified, and that the 

GOC had failed to cooperate to the best of its ability. See id. at 15–16, 94. Based on 

these findings, Commerce concluded that “AFA is warranted in determining that the 

respondents have used and benefited from this program,” id. at 94; see 19 U.S.C. 

§§ 1677e(a)(2)(D) (authorizing resort to “facts otherwise available” if submitted 

information cannot be verified), 1677e(b) (authorizing use of inferences adverse to the 

interests of a non-cooperating party), and accordingly determined that both mandatory 

Respondents, including Trina Solar, benefited from the Export Buyer’s Credit Program 

during the POI. Final Decision Memo at 16. 

Trina Solar challenges this determination, contending that the company

conclusively demonstrated that its sole U.S. customer did not use this program during the 

POI. Trina Solar’s Br. 31–33. But Commerce determined that Trina Solar’s verification 

was inconclusive in this regard. Final Decision Memo at 91–94. As Commerce explained:

The Department cannot typically look at the contents of a filing cabinet or 

binder and determine whether it includes everything that it is supposed to 

include. Absent a well documented understanding of how an exporter would 

be involved in the application of its customer for an export buyer credit and 

what records the exporter might retain, we would have no way of knowing 

whether the records we review at a company verification necessarily include 

any applications or compliance records that an exporter might have from its 

participation in the provision of export credits to its buyers. 

Final Decision Memo at 93–94.

This is a reasonable explanation for Commerce’s conclusion that only the GOC, 

and in particular the PRC Ex-Im, could provide and verify the information needed to 

determine whether a benefit was conferred to Respondents during the POI from the 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 34

Export Buyer’s Credit Program. Accordingly, Commerce reasonably determined that 

Trina Solar’s verification did not conclusively demonstrate that Trina Solar did not benefit 

from this program during the POI. 

Because the GOC – the sole party with access to the necessary information –

submitted information that could not be verified, and failed to act to the best of its ability 

by preventing Commerce from verifying this information, Commerce reasonably applied 

19 U.S.C. §§ 1677e(a)(2)(D) & 1677e(b). In doing so, Commerce selected from among 

the facts otherwise available, using an inference adverse to the GOC’s interest, to make 

the factual finding that, like PRC companies benefitting from a similar program in a prior 

proceeding, the PRC companies in this proceeding had benefited from the Export Buyer’s 

Credit Program during the POI, at the rate of 10.54 percent ad valorem. See Final 

Decision Memo at 16. 

Accordingly, because Commerce’s use of and findings under 19 U.S.C. 

§§ 1677e(a)(2)(D) and 1677e(b) comport with a reasonable reading of the record, the 

agency’s determination to include a benefit from the Export Buyer’s Credit Program in the 

calculation of Trina Solar’s subsidy rate is supported by substantial evidence, and is 

therefore sustained.

V. Benchmark Prices for Polysilicon and Solar Glass

SolarWorld challenges Commerce’s use of 1 percent and 12 percent import duty 

rates in its 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii) calculations of benchmark prices for polysilicon 

and solar glass, respectively, as unreasonable and unsupported by substantial evidence. 

SolarWorld’s Br. 18–26. The court sustains as reasonable Commerce’s use of the 1 

percent and 12 percent import duty rates. 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 35

A. Polysilicon Benchmark Price Calculation 

To assess the adequacy of remuneration for a good or service obtained from the 

foreign government, see 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(iv) (providing that the “benefit” required 

as an element of countervailability is conferred, inter alia, when “goods or services are 

provided for less than adequate remuneration”), Commerce compares the price paid by 

the respondent to a benchmark rate, ideally “a market-determined price for the good or 

service resulting from actual transactions in the country in question.” 19 C.F.R.

§ 351.511(a)(2)(i). Where there is no usable market-determined price available, 

Commerce “will seek to measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the 

government price to a world market price” if “it is reasonable to conclude that such price 

would be available to purchasers in the country in question,” id. at § 351.511(a)(2)(ii), 

“adjust[ing] the comparison price to reflect the price that a firm actually paid or would pay 

if it imported the product,” including delivery charges and import duties, id. at 

§ 351.511(a)(2)(iv). See Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States, 678 F.3d 1268, 1274 (Fed. 

Cir. 2012). Where there is no world market price available, Commerce “will normally 

measure the adequacy of remuneration by assessing whether the government price is 

consistent with market principles.” 19 C.F.R. at § 351.511(a)(2)(iii).22

22 See Final Decision Memo at 8 (“19 CFR 351.511(a)(2) sets forth the basis for identifying 

appropriate market-determined benchmarks for measuring the adequacy of remuneration for 

government-provided goods or services. These potential benchmarks are listed in hierarchical 

order by preference: (1) market prices from actual transactions within the country under 

investigation (e.g., actual sales, actual imports or competitively run government auctions) (‘tier 

one’); (2) world market prices that would be available to purchasers in the country under 

investigation (‘tier two’); or (3) an assessment of whether the government price is consistent with 

market principles (‘tier three’).”)
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 36

Here, lacking a usable market-determined price under § 351.511(a)(2)(i), 

Commerce set the polysilicon benchmark price pursuant to § 351.511(a)(2)(ii), and, per 

§ 351.511(a)(2)(iv), adjusted this benchmark price to reflect the import duty rate it found 

to be generally applicable for all PRC imports of polysilicon during the POI (1 percent). 

Final Decision Memo at 8, 20, 64–65.23 SolarWorld challenges Commerce’s use of this 

1 percent import duty rate as unsupported by substantial evidence. See SolarWorld’s Br.

18–23. According to SolarWorld, Commerce “improperly disregarded the [4 percent] 

import duty rate” also provided on the record by the GOC and, as such, is required by its 

own regulation, 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii), and in keeping with prior cases – where 

Commerce has averaged the various duties reported by a foreign government as 

applicable to the import transactions in question – to average the 1 percent and 4 percent 

rates in its calculation of the benchmark price. See SolarWorld’s Br. 18–20. SolarWorld 

argues that the record is too vague to support a decision to exclude the 4 percent rate. 

Id. at 18–20.

SolarWorld is correct that, in its response to Commerce’s initial questionnaire, the 

GOC provided more than one possible rate: a value added tax (“VAT”) of 17 percent, a 

general import duty rate of 30 percent, a most favored nation (“MFN”) import duty rate of 

4 percent, and a “temporary” MFN import duty rate of 1 percent. GOC Resp. at 134,

reproduced in SolarWorld’s App., ECF No. 55 at Tab 4. The GOC explained that 

“commodities that are imported from the members of the WTO or the countries or regions 

that have bilateral reciprocal agreements are levied at the temporary import tax rates” –

that is, the 1 percent rate. Id. At verification Commerce “confirmed that the temporary 

23 None of the parties here contested Commerce’s decision to use second tier benchmarks. See

Final Decision Memo at 8.
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 37

import duty rate of one percent was in effect for [all] imports of polysilicon throughout the 

POI, rather than the MFN rate of four percent.” Final Decision Memo at 64. Accordingly,

Commerce found it appropriate to adjust the polysilicon benchmark price by the 1 percent 

import duty rate that was actually paid for the imported polysilicon. Id. at 65; see 19

C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(iv).

Commerce’s finding that the import duty actually paid for all PRC imports of 

polysilicon during the POI was 1 percent is supported by a reasonable reading of the 

record, see Final Decision Memo at 64–65 (citing Verification of the Questionnaire Resp. 

Submitted by the [GOC], C-570-011, Investigation at 10 (Oct. 3, 2014) (“GOC VR”),

reproduced in SolarWorld’s App., ECF No. 54 at Tab 18; GOC Resp. at 134, reproduced 

in SolarWorld’s App., ECF No. 55 at Tab 4), and is therefore sustained. Commerce has 

supported its use of the 1 percent rate with verified, direct evidence from the GOC’s 

submissions and with reasonable inferences from that evidence. See Daewoo Elecs. Co. 

v. Int’l Union, 6 F.3d 1511, 1520 (Fed. Cir. 1993). SolarWorld does not point to any 

evidence to the contrary, but argues that this direct, verified evidence is too vague. 

SolarWorld’s Br. 18–21. In effect, SolarWorld asks the court to “substitute [its] judgment 

for that of the [agency] as to the weight of the evidence or the inferences to be drawn 

therefrom.” Cross v. Dep’t of Transp., 127 F.3d 1443, 1448 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citation 

omitted). This is not what the substantial evidence standard requires or allows. Consolo

v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). Because Commerce reasonably inferred 

that all relevant import transactions of polysilicon were subject to the 1 percent import 

duty, it follows that the agency reasonably declined to average this duty rate with any 

other values. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(iv) (providing that, when measuring 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 38

adequate remuneration, Commerce will adjust the comparison price “to reflect the price 

that a firm actually paid or would pay if it imported the product,” including actual import 

duties).

B. Solar Glass Benchmark Price Calculation 

Here, again lacking a usable market-determined price under 19 C.F.R. 

§ 351.511(a)(2)(i), Commerce set the solar glass benchmark price pursuant to

§ 351.511(a)(2)(ii), and per § 351.511(a)(2)(iv), adjusted this benchmark price to reflect 

the MFN import duty rate (12 percent) it found to be generally applicable to imports of 

solar glass during the POI. Final Decision Memo at 72. SolarWorld challenges 

Commerce’s use of the 12 percent rate as unsupported by substantial evidence, arguing

that Commerce should have averaged the 12 percent MFN rate with the non-MFN 50 

percent rate initially provided by the GOC. Solar World’s Br. 23–26. 

The GOC explained that it had initially incorrectly provided the non-MFN 50 

percent rate for “flat glass,” rather than “solar glass,” and subsequently corrected the 

record to reflect the MNF 12 percent tariff rate applicable specifically to solar glass. 

GOC’s Minor Corrections at Verification (Sept. 3, 2014), reproduced in [Pub.] App. of 

Docs. Supp. Def.’s Resp. to Mots. for J. Upon the Agency R., Apr. 22, 2016, ECF No. 71-

9 at Tab 9. At verification, Commerce accepted this correction. Final Decision Memo at 

72; GOC VR at 13, reproduced in SolarWorld’s App., ECF No. 55 at Tab 18. Finding no 

evidence to the contrary, Commerce reasonably determined that this verified import duty 

rate was applicable to all PRC imports of solar glass during the POI, and accordingly 

reasonably declined to average that rate with any other values. See Final Decision Memo

at 72; 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(iv). 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 39

VI. Allegations of Uncreditworthiness

SolarWorld also challenges Commerce’s decision not to investigate SolarWorld’s 

allegation that the mandatory respondents were uncreditworthy during the POI.

SolarWorld’s Br. 10–17. Commerce requests leave to reconsider this decision. Def.’s 

Resp. 61–63. Specifically, Defendant notes that pursuant to the agency’s regulations, 

Commerce will initiate an investigation into a firm’s creditworthiness when there is a 

“specific allegation by the petitioner that is supported by information establishing a 

reasonable basis to believe or suspect that the firm is uncreditworthy,” id. at 62 (quoting 

19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(6)(i)), but here Commerce found that SolarWorld failed to satisfy 

that initiation threshold, partly because the request did not specify a time period for 

Commerce to investigate, id. (citing Final Decision Memo at 95–96). Upon considering

SolarWorld’s argument that it did in fact specify particular years in its allegation, see

SolarWorld’s Br. 15–16, Defendant now acknowledges that “the allegation did relate to 

the years 2005, 2007, and 2012 (in the case of Trina [Solar]) and 2010 and 2012 (in the 

case of [the other mandatory respondent]),” and therefore requests leave to “reevaluate

whether SolarWorld established a ‘reasonable basis to believe or suspect’ that [the 

mandatory respondents] were uncreditworthy during any of the years identified in 

SolarWorld’s allegation.” Def.’s Resp. 62 (quoting 19 C.F.R. § 351.505(a)(6)(i)). No party 

objects, and this request is granted.

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing, it is hereby

ORDERED that Commerce’s final determination with respect to: (1) the agency’s 

use of AFA to conclude that all of the Solar I PRC programs and verification grants and 

tax deduction meet the elements for countervailability, and (2) the decision not to 
Consol. Ct. No. 15-00068 Page 40

investigate SolarWorld’s allegation that the mandatory respondents were uncreditworthy 

during the POI, is remanded for further consideration consistent with this opinion; and it 

is further

ORDERED that Commerce’s final determination is sustained in all other respects; 

and it is further

ORDERED that Commerce shall file its remand determination with the court within 

60 days of this date; and it is further 

ORDERED that the parties shall have 30 days thereafter to file comments; and it 

is further 

ORDERED that the parties shall have 15 days thereafter to file replies to 

comments on the remand determination.

/s/ Claire R. Kelly

Claire R. Kelly, Judge

Dated:December 30, 2016

New York, New York