Filed 8/31/15 Fitting v. Aaijvanger CA1/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

CAITLIN FITTING et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

PAUL KRAAIJVANGER,

Defendant and Respondent.

 A140976

 (San Francisco City & County

 Super. Ct. No. CGC-12-524821)

Plaintiffs appeal an order setting aside the entry of default judgment in the amount 

of $325,504.32 against defendant Paul Kraaijvanger. Default and terminating sanctions 

were entered against Kraaijvanger after his attorney, Karen Y. Uchiyama, declined to file 

a responsive pleading and failed to comply with court orders. Uchiyama also did not

contest plaintiffs’ application for default judgment. We find Kraaijvanger is entitled to 

mandatory relief due to attorney mistake or neglect pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure1

section 437, subdivision (b), and therefore affirm.2 

 

1 All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise 

indicated.

2 Kraaijvanger’s motion to amend his brief to add and include citations to the 

record is denied. Kraaijvanger fails to demonstrate good cause for failing to include 

these citations in the first instance. Moreover, contrary to Kraaijvanger’s representations, 

the amendments to the brief are not limited to additional citations to the record. They 

also include substantive amendment, apparently intended to respond to points raised in

plaintiffs’ reply brief.
2

I. BACKGROUND

The eight plaintiffs in this action are tenants in a six-unit San Francisco apartment 

building owned and operated by Kraaijvanger. The property is managed by Real Equity 

Group One, LLC (the LLC), which is allegedly Kraaijvanger’s alter ego. 

In September 2012, plaintiffs sued Kraaijvanger and the LLC (collectively, 

defendants) for tenant harassment pursuant to section 37.10B of the San Francisco 

Administrative Code. Kraaijvanger claims plaintiffs brought this suit in retaliation for an 

unlawful detainer action he filed against one of the plaintiffs and Benny Martin, 

plaintiffs’ counsel.3 According to plaintiffs’ complaint, defendants demanded plaintiffs

provide private, personal, and confidential information, including birth certificates, Social 

Security numbers, bank information, and the personal relationships of the plaintiffs 

within each unit. Plaintiffs also alleged defendants installed cameras around the property 

for the specific purpose of monitoring plaintiffs and their visitors and to coerce them into

surrendering their tenancies. Kraaijvanger was served with the summons and complaint 

on October 9, 2012. 

On October 19, 2012, plaintiffs filed an application for an order preserving 

evidence, seeking a turnover order for the apartment building’s security camera footage. 

The court granted the motion. On November 14, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion to 

compel compliance with the evidentiary order, which defendants declined to oppose. The 

court granted the motion on December 17, 2012, and imposed sanctions in the amount of 

$2,500. On January 7, 2013, plaintiffs filed another motion to compel, asserting 

defendants had yet to comply with the court’s prior orders. This motion was also 

unopposed. The court granted it and imposed terminating sanctions, as well as further 

monetary sanctions in the amount of $8,625. 

In the meantime, plaintiffs sought entry of default against Kraaijvanger. 

Defendants’ counsel, Karen Y. Uchiyama, had asked plaintiffs to stipulate to extend the 

 

3 Kraaijvanger threatened to file an anti-SLAPP (strategic lawsuit against public 

participation) motion unless plaintiffs withdrew this action, but declined to follow 

through.
3

responsive pleading deadline from November 9, 2012 to November 29, 2012, stating she 

was busy preparing for a jury trial. Plaintiffs declined to so stipulate, and requested entry 

of default against Kraaijvanger on November 9. The clerk initially rejected the request,

but later reversed course and eventually entered default on December 17, 2012. 

In April 2013, plaintiffs attempted to enforce the court’s monetary sanction order 

by levying the LLC’s bank accounts. On May 16, 2013, defendants moved for an order 

staying the enforcement of those orders. Four days later, defendants also moved to set 

aside the default and sanction orders. Among other things, they argued Kraaijvanger was 

entitled to mandatory relief pursuant to section 473, subdivision (b) because the default 

was due to Uchiyama’s mistake or neglect. On June 3, 2013, the trial court denied the 

motions as to Kraaijvanger, concluding his counsel was on notice of plaintiffs’ request 

for sanctions, and that Kraaijvanger failed to file a proposed answer or other pleading in 

compliance with section 473, subdivision (b). Additionally, based on an arithmetic error, 

the court wrongfully concluded the motion to set aside was untimely. The court granted 

the motions as to the LLC, finding there was no evidence it had been properly served. It 

appears the LLC was properly served sometime thereafter, because it filed an answer in 

August 2013. 

Kraaijvanger moved the court to reconsider. On July 11, 2013, the court once 

again denied Kraaijvanger’s request to set aside the default. The court concluded the 

default was not caused by Uchiyama’s mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or neglect, but 

was a result of her strategic decisions. Setting aside the default, reasoned the court,

would reward and encourage Uchiyama’s misconduct.4

In September 2013, Kraaijvanger filed an ex parte application to stay further 

enforcement of the sanction orders because no appealable default judgment had yet been 

entered. In the alternative, Kraaijvanger requested the court order and schedule a prove-

 

4 Kraaijvanger appealed the June 3 and July 11 orders. The appeal was dismissed 

on plaintiffs’ motion. 
4

up hearing on the default. The court then stayed execution of the sanction orders pending 

entry of judgment subject to Kraaijvanger posting a $10,760 bond with the court. 

A prove-up hearing was held on December 5, 2013. Uchiyama failed to attend. 

Consistent with their statement of damages, each of the eight plaintiffs sought $25,000 

for emotional distress and $25,000 in punitive damages. The court entered judgment that 

day, awarding each plaintiff $25,000 in compensatory damages and $10,000 in punitive 

damages, in addition to $16,594.44 for sanctions, $28,000 in prejudgment interest, and 

$909.88 in interest on the sanctions, for a total of $325,504.32. The court also awarded 

plaintiffs $115,872.50 in attorney fees. Pursuant to plaintiffs’ request at the prove-up 

hearing, the claims against the LLC were dismissed without prejudice. 

On January 27, 2014, Kraaijvanger filed a motion to set aside the default 

judgment, arguing (1) the judgment was entered in violation of the court’s prior order 

staying collection proceedings, (2) default judgment was the result of Kraaijvanger’s 

mistake or excusable neglect, and (3) the motion was timely pursuant to section 473.5. 

As to the second point, Kraaijvanger asserted he was entitled to discretionary relief 

because he mistakenly relied on Uchiyama’s advice to wait and see if plaintiffs could 

prove up their damages. 

In her supporting declaration, Uchiyama explained she mistakenly assumed the 

clerk entered default against Kraaijvanger in November 2012, immediately after plaintiffs 

requested entry of default. Uchiyama stated she planned to move to set aside the default 

when her “schedule permitted it,” and she had to think about “when to bring the motion 

and why.” Uchiyama claimed she mistakenly believed defendants could not participate 

in the court proceedings that culminated in the terminating sanctions because default had 

been entered in November. She also believed it would be less costly for defendants if she 

waited to see if plaintiffs “could or would” prove up their damages before moving to set 

aside the default, the default judgment, and the discovery sanctions. Uchiyama stated she 

never received any kind of notice regarding the prove-up hearing, and implied she could 

have changed the outcome if she had attended. 
5

The trial court granted Kraaijvanger’s motion and set aside the default judgment 

for nonjoinder, concluding the LLC was an indispensable party and plaintiffs could not 

collect on a default judgment without joining the LLC to the proceedings. The court also 

set aside the default order. While the court found Kraaijvanger’s motion was untimely 

pursuant to section 473, it held that equitable principles and the existence of an extrinsic 

mistake warranted the requested relief. The court reasoned there was no evidence 

Kraaijvanger was aware of his counsel’s decision not to file a timely motion and the 

resulting prejudice to Kraaijvanger was too great to allow the default order to stand.

II. DISCUSSION

Plaintiffs now appeal the trial court’s order granting Kraaijvanger’s January 2014

motion to set aside. They argue the LLC was not an indispensable party, there was no 

extrinsic mistake, the trial court made various errors of procedure and law, and 

Kraaijvanger was otherwise ineligible for relief under section 473, subdivision (b). We

disagree on the last point, and find Kraaijvanger was entitled to mandatory relief due to 

the neglect of his attorney.5

Section 473, subdivision (b) authorizes a party or his or her legal representative to 

be relieved from the consequences of mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or neglect. The 

relief may be either discretionary or mandatory. A party seeking discretionary relief on 

the basis of neglect must show that neglect is excusable. (§ 473, subd. (b).) Further, 

applications for discretionary relief must be accompanied by a proposed responsive 

pleading and filed “within a reasonable time, in no case exceeding six months.” (Ibid.) 

The jurisdictional time for discretionary relief begins to run upon entry of default. 

(Sugasawara v. Newland (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 294, 296–297.) Thus, the discretionary 

relief provision imposes on parties an obligation to exercise diligence in seeking relief 

promptly after learning of default. (Metropolitan Service Corp. v. Casa de Palms, Ltd.

 

5 As plaintiffs contend, the trial court’s justifications for setting aside the default—

including its findings regarding joinder and equitable relief—are questionable. However, 

the court’s overall conclusion that Kraaijvanger should not be punished for the neglect of 

his attorney is sound. 
6

(1995) 31 Cal.App.4th 1481, 1487.) We review decisions granting or denying 

discretionary relief for abuse of discretion. (Huh v. Wang (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 1406, 

1419.)

The mandatory relief provisions require a court to grant relief to a party if his or 

her attorney admits neglect, even if the neglect was inexcusable. (Beeman v. Burling 

(1990) 216 Cal.App.3d 1586, 1605 & fn. 14.) The purpose of the law is to relieve 

innocent clients of the consequences of their attorney’s fault, to place the burden on 

counsel,6and to discourage malpractice actions by the defaulted client. (SJP Limited

Partnership v. City of Los Angeles (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 511, 516.) The mandatory 

relief provisions require an application to be made within six months. (§ 473, subd. (b).) 

The triggering event for the statutory period is the entry of default or the entry of 

judgment. (Sugasawara v. Newland, supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at pp. 296–297.) 

Applications for mandatory relief must be in the “proper form” (§ 473, subd. (b)), 

meaning they must be accompanied by a proposed responsive pleading (Carmel, Ltd. v. 

Tavoussi (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 393, 402). If these conditions are satisfied, the court 

does not have discretion to refuse relief. (SJP Limited Partnership, at p. 516.) Thus, 

where the availability of mandatory relief does not turn on disputed facts and presents a 

pure question of law, we review de novo. (Ibid.) Where facts are in dispute, we review 

the trial court’s determination for substantial evidence. (See Milton v. Perceptual 

Development Corp. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 861, 867.)

The threshold issue on appeal is what form of relief is available to Kraaijvanger. 

In May 2013, about five months after entry of default, Kraaijvanger moved for 

mandatory relief. That motion was denied, as was Kraaijvanger’s motion to reconsider it. 

In January 2014—over a year after the entry of default but only a month after the entry of 

default judgment—Kraaijvanger moved for discretionary relief. The order granting that 

motion is now on appeal. As the trial court held, by the time Kraaijvanger moved for 

 

6 When a court grants mandatory relief, it must also direct the attorney at fault to 

pay reasonable compensatory legal fees and costs to opposing counsel or parties. (§ 473, 

subd. (b).) 
7

discretionary relief in January 2014, the statutory period for such relief had already run. 

However, to the extent Kraaijvanger’s motion can be construed as one for mandatory 

relief, his application is not time barred since it was filed only a month after the entry of 

judgment.7

Plaintiffs argue we should only consider the availability of discretionary relief 

because that was the relief sought in Kraaijvanger’s January 2014 motion. But we may 

inquire whether there is any alternative ground on which the court could have granted the 

motion to set aside. (Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975, 981.) Plaintiffs’

authority does not hold otherwise. They cite to Luri v. Greenwald (2003) 

107 Cal.App.4th 1119, 1124–1126, which merely states a motion for discretionary relief 

accompanied by a declaration of an attorney suggesting attorney fault does not impose a 

duty on the trial court to consider whether mandatory relief is available.8 Nothing in that 

opinion suggests an appellate court may not consider other forms of available relief on 

appeal. Moreover, in this case, plaintiffs have had ample opportunity to argue the 

propriety of granting mandatory relief. Kraaijvanger initially moved the trial court for 

mandatory relief in May 2013, the crux of Kraaijvanger’s January 2014 motion was that 

he erred in relying on his attorney to competently represent him in this matter, and 

plaintiffs addressed the applicability of the mandatory relief provisions in their appellate 

briefing. 

 

7 Kraaijvanger suggests he may also be relieved from default under section 473.5, 

which has a two-year statutory period. His position is meritless. Section 473.5 allows 

relief from default where service of a summons “has not resulted in actual notice to a 

party in time to defend the action.” (Id., subd. (a).) Here, Kraaijvanger concedes he was 

served with the summons on October 8 or 9, 2012, over two months prior to the entry of 

default, and immediately gave the papers to his attorney. 

8

 In Luri v. Greenwald, the court also noted that “without notice that relief is 

sought under the mandatory provision, the opposing party may not have the opportunity

to provide information on the ‘reasonable compensatory legal fees and costs’ required to 

be awarded” pursuant to the mandatory relief provisions. (Luri v. Greenwald, supra,

107 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1125–1126.) In this case, our opinion does not preclude plaintiffs 

from moving the trial court for attorney fees at a later date.
8

Plaintiffs also argue mandatory relief is unavailable because Kraaijvanger failed to 

file a proposed responsive pleading with his January 2014 motion. Again, we disagree. 

“[T]he purpose of the proposed answer requirement is to provide the delinquent party 

with an opportunity to show good faith and readiness to answer the allegations of the 

complaint,” and courts have held that “substantial compliance” with this requirement is 

sufficient. (Carmel, Ltd. v. Tavoussi, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 402.) Here, although 

Kraaijvanger failed to submit a proposed answer with his January 2014 motion, he did 

file one along with the motion for reconsideration of the May 2013 motion. Accordingly, 

we find he substantially complied with the requirements of the statute.

Next, we must determine whether Kraaijvanger has shown attorney fault. We 

conclude that he has. As an initial matter, Uchiyama’s neglect caused the initial entry of 

default and terminating sanctions. According to her declaration, Uchiyama waited until 

the 11th hour to ask plaintiffs’ counsel to stipulate to an extension to file Kraaijvanger’s 

responsive pleading, and when plaintiffs refused to stipulate, she turned her attention to 

another case and declined to seek immediate relief from the court. Further, Uchiyama 

stated she was under the mistaken impression the clerk entered default against both 

Kraaijvanger and the LLC in November 2012, and thus believed she could not attend the 

hearings on plaintiffs’ motions for sanctions. She also mistakenly believed the court 

lacked jurisdiction to enter terminating sanctions because defendants had not yet 

appeared in the action. As plaintiffs point out, Uchiyama’s declaration of fault is 

equivocal. At one point, she even states: “I was not neglecting my case.” However, we 

can discern no other explanation for Uchiyama’s handling of this matter, and in any 

event, her declaration also admits various mistakes of judgment. 

Plaintiffs argue Uchiyama’s actions were based on a strategic decision, not neglect 

or mistake. They focus not on the entry of default or the imposition of terminating 

sanctions, but on Kraaijvanger’s failure to cure or set aside the default in a timely 

manner. In her declaration, Uchiyama stated that, once she believed default had been 

entered, she chose to delay applying for relief. Uchiyama explained: “I believed it 

would be less costly for my clients if we waited to see if Plaintiffs could or would 
9

actually prove up in court any kind of monetary damages for ‘harassment’ against them 

within the six month statutory limit of C.C.P. Section 473, and then set aside the default, 

the ill-gotten discovery sanctions, and default judgment in one motion.” According to 

plaintiffs, these statements show the default judgment was part of Uchiyama’s strategy. 

Plaintiffs argue Uchiyama intended to allow the entry of default judgment, and if the 

resulting award was not de minimis, she planned to set it aside under section 473. 

The merits of plaintiffs’ argument turns on whether Kraaijvanger was required to 

show diligence in pursuing mandatory relief. Courts are split on the issue. (Compare 

Metropolitan Service Corp. v. Casa de Palms, Ltd., supra, 31 Cal.App.4th at p. 1488

[mandatory relief provisions do not impose diligence requirement] with Caldwell v. 

Methodist Hospital (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1521, 1525 [party must show diligence when 

seeking mandatory relief].) We agree with the line of cases holding a party seeking 

mandatory relief need not show diligence. Thus, as long as the default and default 

judgment were the result of Uchiyama’s mistake or neglect and Kraaijvanger applied for 

mandatory relief within six months of the judgment, it does not matter if he or his 

attorney delayed seeking such relief. In any event, even if there is a diligence 

requirement, Kraaijvanger filed his January 2014 motion only a month after the entry of 

default judgment.

We also disagree with plaintiffs’ contention that relief is never available where 

default results from a strategic decision. As our colleagues in the Fourth Appellate 

District framed the issue: “From the client’s point of view, it doesn’t matter a whit 

whether the default was due to gross carelessness or bad strategy; either way, the client is 

the one stuck with the judgment resulting from the attorney’s error. In both cases, it is 

the attorney’s ‘neglect’ to carry out his duty to his client that causes the problem. In both 

cases, the client should be entitled to relief if the attorney admits that the inaction was his 

responsibility.” (Solv-All v. Superior Court (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1003, 1010.)9 Here, 

 

9

The Second Appellate District reached a contrary holding in Jerry’s Shell v. 

Equilon Enterprises, LLC (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 1058. In that case, the court issued 

terminating sanctions after the plaintiffs’ attorneys regularly failed to respond to 
10

to the extent Uchiyama intended to allow the entry of default and default judgment and to 

leave her client’s fate to the outcome of an uncontested prove-up hearing, her 

representation fell well below the standard of care. If we were to allow the judgment to 

stand, we would be handing Kraaijvanger a malpractice action. This is precisely what the 

mandatory provisions of section 473, subdivision (b) were enacted to prevent. (See SJP 

Limited Partnership v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 516.) 

Plaintiffs also contend mandatory relief is unavailable because Kraaijvanger was 

at least partially responsible for the default. Courts have refused to grant mandatory 

relief where a client contributes to the fault. (Todd v. Thrifty Corp. (1995)

34 Cal.App.4th 986, 991–992.) But client misconduct must be intentional to preclude 

relief. (See Benedict v. Danner Press (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 923, 929.) Here, the trial 

court found there was no evidence Kraaijvanger was aware of Uchiyama’s decisions, and 

we will not disturb that finding so long as it is supported by substantial evidence. (Milton 

v. Perceptual Development Corp., supra, 53 Cal.App.4th 861, 867.) We conclude that it 

is. Nothing in the record suggests Kraaijvanger agreed to or approved of Uchiyama’s 

failure to file a responsive pleading within the statutory period, or that he had any 

involvement in Uchiyama’s response to plaintiffs’ discovery requests or their subsequent 

motions for sanctions. In his declaration, Kraaijvanger stated that, upon being served, he 

left the matter to Uchiyama and provided her with relevant documents with the 

understanding they would be produced in discovery. Moreover, even if Kraaijvanger was 

aware or approved of Uchiyama’s decision to wait and see how the prove-up hearing 

turned out, as discussed above, lack of diligence does not bar mandatory relief.

 

discovery, ignored all attempts to meet and confer, and defied orders compelling 

responses. (Id. at p. 1073) The court held: “[C]ounsel’s obvious plan was to claim 

attorney fault and revive the claims through a section 473(b) motion for relief. If we 

were to hold that counsel’s actions were subject to automatic, mandatory relief, we would 

be rewarding and encouraging this wholly improper conduct. A party cannot justly be 

permitted to seek relief under section 473(b) from sanctions imposed for deliberate 

failure to respond to discovery or oppose discovery motions.” (Id. at p. 1074, fn. 

omitted.) The instant action is distinguishable. To the extent Uchiyama had a plan, it 

was not to default but to delay moving to set aside the default.
11

In sum, we find Kraaijvanger is entitled to mandatory relief under section 437,

because he applied for relief within six months of judgment, submitted a proposed 

responsive pleading to the court, and Uchiyama’s declaration demonstrates the default 

and default judgment were due to attorney neglect or mistake. 

Because Uchiyama’s conduct may have amounted to incompetent representation, 

we will order that a copy of this opinion be forwarded to the California State Bar for 

investigation and possible discipline. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6086.7.) We ask the State 

Bar to consider whether Uchiyama’s actions in this matter warrant investigation and 

possible discipline.

III. DISPOSITION

The order setting aside the default and default judgment is affirmed. The clerk of 

this court is ordered to forward a copy of this opinion to Uchiyama, as well as to the 

California State Bar for investigation and possible discipline. The parties shall bear their 

own costs on appeal.

_________________________

Margulies, J.

We concur:

_________________________

Humes, P.J.

_________________________

Banke, J.