# Patent

## Title
Differential signal probe with integral balun

## Abstract

A probe with integral balun enables connecting a device utilizing differential signals to a source or a sink of single ended signals.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional App. No. 60/812,150, filed Jun. 9, 2006.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to probe measurement systems for testing integrated circuits and other microelectronic devices and, more particularly, probe measurement systems utilizing differential signals to test circuits and devices.
Integrated circuits (ICs) and other microelectronic devices are fabricated on the surface of a wafer or substrate and commonly utilize single ended or ground referenced signals that are referenced to a ground plane at the lower surface of the substrate on which the active and passive devices of the circuit are fabricated. As a result of the physical make up of the devices of an integrated circuit, parasitic interconnections exist between many of the parts of the individual devices and between parts of the devices and the wafer on which the devices are fabricated. These interconnections are commonly capacitive and/or inductive in nature and exhibit frequency dependent impedances. For example, the terminals of transistors fabricated on semi-conductive substrates or wafers are typically capacitively interconnected, through the substrate, to the ground plane and, at higher frequencies, the ground potential and the true nature of ground referenced signals becomes uncertain. Balanced devices utilizing differential signals are more tolerant to poor radio frequency (RF) grounding than single ended devices making them increasingly attractive as ICs are operated at higher and higher frequencies.
Referring to FIG. 1, a differential gain cell 20 is a balanced device comprising two nominally identical circuit halves 20A, 20B. When biased with direct current, for example, a current sourced from a DC current source 22, and stimulated with a differential mode signal, comprising even and odd mode components of equal amplitude and opposite phase (Si+1 and Si−1), a virtual ground is established at the symmetrical axis 26 of the two circuit halves. At the virtual ground, the potential at the operating frequency does not change with time regardless of the amplitude of the stimulating signal. The quality of the virtual ground of a balanced device is independent of the physical ground path enabling balanced or differential circuits to tolerate poor RF grounding better than circuits operated with single ended signals. In addition, the two component waveforms of the differential output signal (So+1 and So−1) are mutual references enabling digital devices to operate faster, with greater certainty in transitioning from one binary value to the other and with a reduced voltage swing for the signal. Moreover, balanced or differential circuits have good immunity to noise from external sources, such as adjacent conductors, because noise tends to couple, electrically and electromagnetically, in the common mode and cancel in the differential mode. The improved immunity to noise extends to even-harmonic frequencies since signals that are of opposite phase at the fundamental frequency are in phase at the even harmonics.
Following fabrication of the ICs, the individual dies on which the ICs are fabricated are separated or singulated and encased in a package that provides for electrical connections between the exterior of the package and the circuit on the enclosed die. The separation and packaging of a die comprises a significant portion of the cost of manufacturing a device that includes an IC and to monitor and control the IC fabrication process and avoid the cost of packaging defective dies, manufacturers commonly add electrical circuits or test structures to the wafer to enable on-wafer testing or “probing” to verify characteristics of elements of the integrated circuits before the dies are singulated. A test structure typically includes a device-under-test (DUT) 30, a plurality of metallic probe or bond pads 32 that are deposited at the wafer's surface and a plurality of conductive vias 34 that connect the bond pads to the DUT which is typically fabricated beneath the surface of the wafer with the same process that is used to fabricate the corresponding components of the marketable IC. The DUT typically comprises a simple circuit that includes a copy of one or more of the basic elements of the marketable integrated circuit, such as a single line of conducting material, a chain of vias or a single transistor. Since the circuit elements of the DUT are fabricated with the same process as the corresponding elements of the marketable integrated circuits, the electrical properties of the DUT are expected to be representative of the electrical properties of the corresponding components of the marketable integrated circuit.
The DUT of the test structure 40 comprises the differential gain cell 20, a common elemental device of balanced or differential circuitry. A differential gain cell has five terminals; four signal terminals and a bias terminal through which the transistors of the differential cell are biased. The four signal terminals comprise two input terminals to receive the even and odd mode components of the differential input signal from a signal source and two output terminals to transmit the even and odd mode components of the differential output signal for the differential gain cell to a signal sink. Two probes 42, 44 are commonly utilized when probing a test structure comprising a differential or balanced device. One probe typically conducts the signals from the signal source to the probe pads of the test structure and the second probe conducts the signals from the test structure to the signal sink. Typically, one of the two probes has at least three probe tips, in a signal-ground-signal arrangement, to conduct two of the differential signal components and to bias the transistors of the differential cell.
ICs are typically characterized “on-wafer” by applying a test instrument generated signal to the test structure and measuring the response of the test structure to the signal. Referring to FIG. 2, at higher frequencies, on-wafer characterization is commonly performed with a network analyzer 100. A network analyzer comprises a source 102 of an AC signal, often a radio frequency (RF) signal, that is used to stimulate the DUT 30 of a test structure. Directional couplers or bridges pick off the forward or reverse waves traveling to or from the test structure and direct them to a signal sink 104 where they are down-converted in intermediate frequency (IF) sections, filtered, amplified and digitized. The result of the signal processing in the network analyzer is a plurality of s-parameters (scattering parameters), the ratio of a normalized power wave comprising the response of the DUT to the normalized power wave comprising the stimulus supplied by the signal source, that register the response of the DUT to the stimulating signal. A forward-reverse switch 106 enables reversing the connections between the probe(s) and the network analyzer so that the respective pairs of probe pads receiving the input signal and transmitting the output signal can be reversed.
A four-port network analyzer is desirable when testing differential devices because it can output and receive differential signals enabling mixed mode analysis of the devices. However, four-port network analyzers are relatively uncommon and expensive. Two-port network analyzers are more common and often used when testing differential devices. However, two-port network analyzers output and receive single ended signals which must be converted to or from differential signals for stimulating the balanced device and analyzing its output.
The single ended signal output by the network analyzer may include a DC offset. If so, the output signal is commonly conducted to a bias tee 108 which comprises a capacitor 110 in series with the bias tee's radio frequency (RF) port 112 and an inductor 114, in series with a direct current (DC) port 116. The capacitor blocks transmission of the DC component of the signal from the RF port and the inductor blocks transmission of the modulated signal from the DC port but permits transmission of the DC portion of the signal. The DC port of the bias tee 108 is interconnected through the bias probe tip 140 to the bias probe pad 150 of the test structure enabling biasing of the transistors of the differential cell with the DC component of the output signal of the network analyzer.
The modulated signal from the RF port of the bias tee 108 is conducted to a balun 120 which converts the single ended signal to a balanced or differential signal comprising two differential signal components (Si+1 and Si−1) having substantially the same amplitude but opposite phase. Typically, the two components of the differential signal are transmitted over a coaxial cable from the balun to respective signal probe tips 146, 148 of a probe 42 which provides a transition from the signal path the coaxial cable to the signal path of the test structure's probe pads. The probe is movable relative to the test structure so that the each of the probe tips may be co-located with respective probe pads which are connected to the DUT.
The DUT sinks the differential input signals and outputs the differential output signal components (So+1 and So−1) which are conducted to respective probe pads 152, 154 of the differential gain cell. The components of the differential output signals are transmitted to a balun 122 which converts the differential signal components to a single ended signal which is transmitted to the signal sink 104 of the network analyzer for processing, analysis and display.
A balun used to convert single ended signals to differential signals and vice versa is commonly a transformer with an unbalanced connection made to one of the windings and a balanced connection made to the other winding and, typically, an expensive device. Further, baluns are typically large relative to the probe and are commonly remotely located and connected to the probe with coaxial cable which complicates the set up of the test instrumentation. What is desired, therefore, is a probe that incorporates a balun enabling use of a two-port network analyzer when probing differential circuits to reduce the cost and simplify the set up of the probing instrumentation.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portion of a substrate including a differential test structure.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a system for probing a differential test structure.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a probe with an integral balun.
FIG. 4 is a section view of the probe of FIG. 3 taken along line A-A.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a probe head and a free end of a coaxial cable of the probe of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a section view of the probe head and the free end of the coaxial cable of FIG. 5 taken along line B-B.
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of current flows in a coaxial cable.
FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of inductance versus frequency for a plurality of magnetically permeable materials.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a probe with an integral balun that incorporates a biasing interconnection.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a probe head and conductors of the probe of FIG. 9.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The integrity of an integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing process is commonly tested by fabricating a plurality of test structures on a wafer that includes one or more marketable ICs. The test structures are fabricated using the same processes that are used to fabricate the marketable ICs. Characteristics of the marketable ICs are inferred by stimulating the test structure with a test instrument generated signal and capturing the response of the test structure. While test structures are typically simple circuits, the response of similar devices included in the more complex marketable ICs is expected to be similar to the response of the test structure because the devices in the marketable ICs and similar devices in the test structures are fabricated with the same process.
Referring in detail to the drawings where similar parts are identified by like reference numerals, and, more particularly to FIG. 1, a test structure 40 typically comprises a plurality of conductive bond or probe pads 32 deposited on the surface of a wafer or substrate 50; a device-under-test or DUT 30, typically a simple circuit comprising circuit elements produced by the same process and in the same layers of the wafer as corresponding components of the marketable ICs; and a plurality of conductive vias 34 connecting the probe pads and the elements of the DUT. The exemplary test structure 40 comprises a DUT that includes a differential gain cell 20, a common element of circuitry that utilizes differential signals. Circuits utilizing differential signaling are becoming increasingly common particularly for higher frequency applications. Compared to devices utilizing single ended signals, differential signaling or balanced devices typically operate at lower power levels, provide faster state transition for binary devices, have greater immunity to noise and reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic coupling, and are more tolerant of poor grounding conditions which are commonly encountered when integrated circuits are operated at higher frequencies.
The exemplary differential gain cell 20 comprises two substantially identical field effect (JFET) transistors 52A and 52B. However, a DUT typically comprises components corresponding to the components utilized in the marketable integrated circuits fabricated on the wafer and other types of transistors, such as bipolar junction (BJT) transistors or MOSFET transistors can be used in the construction of a differential gain cell of a test structure and additional active or passive circuit elements may be included in the test structure. The test structure includes five probe pads 150, 152, 154, 156 and 158 through which the transistors of the DUT are biased and through which the two components of the differential input and output signals are communicated to and from the test structure. The source terminals of the transistors of the differential gain cell are interconnected as a transistor bias terminal which is interconnected with a bias probe pad 150. The gate terminals of the transistors are respectively connected to probe pads 156, 158 of a first pair of signal probe pads and the drains of the transistors are respectively interconnected to the probe pads 152, 154 of the second pair of signal probe pads. A differential mode input signal, comprising an even mode component (Si+1) and an odd mode component (Si−1) of substantially the same amplitude but opposite in phase to the even mode component, is applied to one pair of signal probe pads, for example probe pads 156 and 158, causing the differential gain cell to output a differential mode output signal comprising an even mode component (So+1) and an odd mode component (So−1) from the probe pads 152 and 154 of the other pair of signal probe pads. Conversely, the DUT may be tested by sinking the input signal components in the probe pads 152 and 154 and sourcing the output signals from the probe pads 156 and 158.
While differential signaling provides a number of advantages, testing circuits utilizing differential signals can be more complicated than testing circuits utilizing single ended signals because the test instrumentation used in on-wafer probing commonly transmits and receives only single ended signals. A four-port network analyzer can output differential signals directly permitting mixed mode analysis of differential test structures, but four-port network analyzers are relatively rare and expensive. Two port network analyzers are more common and less expensive and are commonly used for testing differential devices, but the single ended signals output by the network analyzer must be converted to differential signals for input to a differential test structure and the differential output signals of the test structure must converted to single ended signals for input to the signal sink of the network analyzer.
Referring to FIG. 2, a two-port network analyzer 100 comprises a signal source 102 that outputs a single ended signal and a signal sink 104 that receives a single ended signal transmitted from the DUT 30 of a test structure. The network analyzer also includes a forward-reverse switch 106 that enables reversing the connections to the source and the sink so that the terminals of the DUT receiving the input signals and transmitting the output signals can be reversed. For example, with the forward-reverse switch in the illustrated position the probe pads 156, 158 sink the differential input signal components (Si+1 and Si−1) and the output signal components (So+1 and So−1) are transmitted from the probe pads 152 and 154. When the forward-reverse switch is moved to the second position, the input signal will be applied to probe pads 152 and 154 and the output signal will be transmitted from probe pads 156 and 158. The single ended output signal from the source of the network analyzer is typically converted by a balun to a balanced or differential signal comprising differential components having substantially the same amplitude but opposite phase. Likewise, a balun converts the differential output signal of the differential DUT to a single ended signal for processing and display be the signal sink of the two-port network analyzer.
The single ended output signal of the network analyzer may include a DC offset. If so and with the forward-reverse switch in the illustrated position, the output signal is commonly conducted to a bias tee 108 which comprises a capacitor 110 in series with a radio frequency (RF) port 112 and an inductor 114, in series with a DC port 116. The capacitor blocks transmission of the DC component of the network analyzer signal from the RF port, but permits transmission of the modulated signal component from the RF port. On the other hand, the inductor blocks transmission of the modulated signal component from the DC port but permits transmission of the DC portion of the signal. The DC port of the bias tee 108 is interconnected through the bias probe tip 140 to the bias probe pad 150 of a test structure enabling biasing of the transistors of a differential cell with the DC component of a signal transmitted by the network analyzer. A third bias tee 124 and a fourth bias tee 126 prevent conduction of the DC bias signal to the signal sink of the network analyzer.
The modulated component of the network analyzer output is conducted from the RF port of the bias tee to a balun 120 which converts the single ended signal to a differential signal having two components of substantially equal amplitude and opposite phase. The differential input signal components, Si+1 and Si−1, are communicated to respective probe tips 146, 148, typically, via coaxial cables interconnecting the balun and the probe tips. The probe tips 146, 148 of the movable probe 42 are arranged so that they may be co-located with the respective signal probe pads 156, 158 which are interconnected with the DUT 30 of a test structure.
In response to the differential input signal, the differential gain cell of the DUT outputs two differential output signal components (So+1 and So−1). The differential output signal components are conducted from respective probe pads 152, 154 of the test structure to respective probe tips 142, 144. The probe tips are interconnected, typically by coaxial cable, to a second balun 122 which converts the differential signals to a single ended signal. The modulated single ended signal is transmitted to the signal sink 104 of the network analyzer.
When the forward-reverse switch is moved to the second position, the single ended output of the network analyzer is conducted to the second balun 122 through a second bias tee 128 which separates the DC component from the modulated portion of the signal enabling biasing of the DUT. The second balun 122 converts the modulated portion of the single-ended output of the network analyzer to the differential input signal components which are conducted to the DUT through probe tips 142 and 144 and probe pads 152 and 154. The output of the DUT is conducted to the probe pads 156 and 158 and, in turn, the probe tips 146 and 148. The differential output signal components are converted to a single ended signal in the first balun 120 and the single ended signal is transmitted through the first 108 and fourth 124 bias tees to the signal sink of the network analyzer.
Baluns are commonly used to convert the single ended signals transmitted by two-port network analyzers to differential signals and vice versa. Baluns are typically expensive, comprising a transformer with an unbalanced connection to one of the windings and a balanced connection to the other winding. The baluns are typically separate from the probe and connected to the probe with coaxial cable because the balun is relatively large compared to a probe. The present inventor realized that if a balun; and, preferably, an inexpensive balun; could be incorporated into the probe, the set up of the instrumentation could be substantially facilitated, reducing the time and cost of wafer probing.
Referring FIGS. 3 and 4, the probe 200 with integral balun comprises a support block 202 which is suitably constructed for connection to a movable probe supporting member 204 of a probe station. For example, the support block includes an aperture 206 for engagement by a snugly fitting alignment pin 208 that projects vertically from the probe supporting member. In addition, the support block includes a pair of countersunk apertures 210 to accept a pair of fastening screws 212 arranged to engage threaded holes in the probe supporting member and secure the probe to the probe supporting member.
The probe includes an input port 214 which, in the embodiment depicted, comprises spark-plug type, K-connector. This connector enables the external connection of an ordinary coaxial cable permitting a well shielded high frequency transmission channel to be established between the probe and the network analyzer or other test instrumentation. If desired, other types of connectors can be used, such as a 2.4 mm. connector, a 1.85 mm. connector or a 1 mm. connector.
In the depicted embodiment, a semi-rigid coaxial cable 216 is connected at its rearward end to the K-connector comprising the port of the probe. Referring also to FIGS. 5 and 6, the coaxial cable 216 preferably includes an elongate, tubular outer conductor 218 having an outer surface 220 and an inner surface 222, an inner conductor arranged within and coaxial with the inner surface of the outer conductor and an inner dielectric 226 that separates the inner conductor from the inner surface of the outer conductor for a length of the inner conductor. Preferably the coaxial cable is a phase-stable low-loss type cable. The coaxial cable may likewise include other layers of materials, as desired, and commonly includes an outer dielectric 228 encircling the outer surface of the outer conductor. To prepare the rearward end of the coaxial cable for connection to the K-connector, the rearward end is stripped to expose the inner conductor and this inner conductor is temporarily held inside a dummy connector while the adjacent outer conductor is soldered within a bore 230 formed in the primary support block. A recess 232 in the support block below this bore provides access to facilitate the soldering process. The dummy connector is then removed and the K-connector is screwed into a threaded opening formed in the block above the bore so as to effect electrical connection between the connector and the coaxial cable. A thread locking compound may be applied to the threads of the K-connector prior to its installation to ensure a secure physical connection.
The forward end of the coaxial cable remains freely suspended and, in this condition, serves as a movable support for a probe head 240 of the probe. Before being connected to the K-connector, the cables are bent along first and second intermediate portions in the manner shown so that a generally upwardly curving 90° bend and a downwardly curving bend, respectively, are formed in the cable.
The probe head 240 may be one of the many types of probe heads that have been developed for probing integrated circuits and other microelectronic devices. Godshalk et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,515; Burr et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,788; and Gleason et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,815,963; assigned to Cascade Microtech Inc. and incorporated herein by reference, disclose a number of probe heads that may be utilized with the probe with integral balun. In a preferred embodiment, the probe 200 includes a microstrip style probe head comprising a dielectric sheet 242 having generally planar upper and lower surfaces that is affixed to the forward end of the coaxial cable. The underside of the cable is cut away to form a shelf 244, and the dielectric sheet is affixed to the shelf. Alternatively, the dielectric sheet may be supported by an upwardly facing shelf cut away from the cable or the end of the cable without a shelf. The dielectric sheet may comprise a flexible membrane or a plate of a more rigid dielectric material.
A pair of conductive signal traces are supported by the upper surface of the dielectric sheet. The conductive traces may be deposited, using any technique, or otherwise secured on the upper surface of the dielectric sheet. A first conductive signal trace 246 is electrically interconnected to the inner conductor 224 of the coaxial cable and a second conductive signal trace 248 is electrically interconnected to the outer conductor 218 of the coaxial cable . The respective conductive traces 246, 248 normally conduct the components of the differential input or output signals to or from the DUT. Other layers above, below, and/or between the conductive trace(s) and the dielectric sheet may be included, if desired.
Conductive vias 250 passing through the dielectric sheet enables transference of the signal path from the conductive traces on the upper surface of the sheet to the lower surface of the sheet. The conductive via provides a path from one side of the sheet to the other that is free from an air gap between the via and the dielectric for at least a majority of the thickness of the sheet and substantially reduces the capacitance of the signal path compared to a conductive finger extending over the end of the dielectric sheet.
The lower surface of the dielectric sheet includes a plurality of contact bumps or probe tips 252, 254 that are respectively electrically connected to the vias extending from the respective conductive traces on the upper surface of the dielectric sheet. The probe tips are preferably arranged with the centroids of their lower ends being substantially aligned and generally parallel to the forward edge of the probe head. The probe tips are spatially arranged proximate to each other so as to be co-locatable with respective probe pads that conduct signals for the test structure that is to be probed. It is to be understood that the probe tips may take any suitable form, such as a bump, a patterned structure, or an elongate conductor.
An integral balun 260 comprising a sleeve of magnetically permeable material substantially encircles a length of the outer surface of the outside conductor 218 of the coaxial cable 216 connecting the probe tip 250 and the probe's port 214. Referring to FIG. 7, a coaxial cable typically comprises two conductors, an elongate, tubular outer conductor 312 having an inner surface and an outer surface and an inner conductor 310 arranged within the aperture defined by the inner surface of the outer conductor and separated from the outer conductor by a dielectric. As a result of skin effect, the two conductors of the coaxial cable comprise three conductive paths: the inner conductor, the inner surface of the outer conductor and the outer surface of the outer conductor. When a single ended signal is transmitted to or from a source 304 on a coaxial cable one of the conductors, typically the outer conductor, is connected to ground 302 and the signal 306 is transmitted over the second conductor, typically the inner conductor. Since the electrical and magnetic fields produced by the signal flowing in the inner conductor are confined to the space separating the inner and outer conductors, a current 308 equal in magnitude to the signal but flowing in the opposite direction will flow on the inner surface of the outer conductor. At the second end of the outer conductor, a first portion 318 of the current flowing on the inner surface of the outer conductor will be transferred to the load 316 and, depending upon the relative impedances, a second portion of the current, an unbalance current 320, will flow back to ground on the outer surface of the outer conductor or be radiated from the outer conductor. The balun, the magnetically permeable sleeve 260, acts as an inductor 322 in the conductive path comprising the outer surface of the outer conductor to impede and substantially block the flow of the unbalance current on the outer surface of the outer conductor. As a result, equal and opposite differential signals, comprising the signal 306 and the current 308/318, are conducted between the inner and outer conductors of the coaxial cable and the ports 324, 326 of the load 316 which comprise the sinks for the components of the differential signal.
Similarly, when equal and opposite differential signals are sourced from the pair of ports 324, 326 of the load to the inner and outer conductors of the coaxial cable, the impedance introduced in the conductive path on the outer surface of the outer conductor by the magnetically permeable sleeve substantially blocks current flow over the outer surface of the outer conductor, confining the signals to the inner conductor and the inner surface of the outer conductor even though the outer conductor is grounded 302 at the opposite end of the cable and a single ended signal is conducted to the sink 304.
The magnetically permeable sleeve balun 260 comprises a plurality of magnetically permeable tubes or beads 262 arranged end-to-end along a length of the coaxial cable 216. The beads typically comprise ferrite toroids that substantially encircle the outer surface of the coaxial cable but the beads may comprise one or more non-continuous sections arranged around the circumference of the cable. Ferrites are typically ceramic ferromagnetic materials. The ingredients are mixed, fired, crushed or milled, and pressed or extruded and fired to form their final shape. Ferrites may comprise rare earth, such as cobalt, but the most common ferrites comprise about 50% iron oxide. The balance of the materials determines the grade of the final ferrite and commonly comprises a mixture of manganese or nickel and zinc or zinc-oxide. The magnetic permeability of ferrites is variable by varying the composition and the method of making of the ferrite. Referring to FIG. 8, the inductance produced by a ferrite bead is related to the ferrite's magnetic permeability and varies with frequency. To provide a probe useful over a wide range of frequencies, a preferred embodiment of the magnetic permeable sleeve balun comprises a plurality of beads comprising a plurality of differing ferrite materials 352, 354, 354 arranged so that the magnetic permeability of the beads is progressively higher as the distance from the probe tip increases. Moreover, the inductance of the magnetic sleeve balun is maximized at intervals of one-fourth of the wavelength of the signal being attenuated. In a preferred embodiment, the distance, L, 272 between the probe tips 254 and the end of the magnetic sleeve nearest the probe tips is less than one-half of the wavelength of the highest frequency to be measured by the probe and preferably less than thirty-five percent (35%) and more than fifteen percent (15%) of the wavelength of highest frequency and, more preferably, approximately one-fourth of the wavelength of the highest frequency to be measured. Similarly, it is preferable that the distance from the probe tips to a portion of the balun comprising a ferrite exhibiting a maximum inductance at a particular frequency be approximately one-fourth of wavelength of the frequency at which the inductance is maximized for the ferrite.
Although the balun substantially blocks the imbalance current which might flow on the outer surface of the outer conductor, a current can be induced in the outer conductor as a result of the presence of the conductor in the radiation fields of the probe pads. To reduce inducement of current by the radiation field, the protruding end of the coaxial cable may be slidably inserted into a tube 270 comprising a semi-flexible microwave-absorbing material. One material used for forming the tube comprises iron and urethane. The semi-flexible tube of microwave absorbing material serves to substantially reduce the levels of induced microwave energy that can travel along the outer conductor of the cable.
Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, an additional embodiment of the probe 400 with integral balun includes a third probe tip 402 connectable to bias the DUT. The support block 402 includes an additional input port 404 which, in the embodiment depicted, comprises spark-plug type, K-connector enabling connection of the DC bias from the network analyzer. In the depicted embodiment, a cable 406 is connected at its rearward end to the second port of the probe and extends from the support block to the probe head 408.
The probe 408 comprising a dielectric sheet 410 has generally planar upper and lower surfaces and is affixed to the forward end of the coaxial cable 216. A first conductive signal trace 246 is electrically interconnected to the inner conductor 224 of the coaxial cable and a second conductive signal trace 248 is electrically interconnected to the outer conductor 218 of the coaxial cable. The respective conductive traces conduct the components of the differential input or output signals to or from the DUT. Conductive vias extend through the dielectric sheet enabling transference of the signal path from the conductive traces on the upper surface of the sheet to the lower surface of the sheet the contact bumps or probe tips 252, 254.
The conductor 414 of the cable 406 is conductively affixed to a via 416 extending from the bottom of the dielectric sheet to its top surface. A conductive trace 412 affixed to the lower surface of the dielectric sheet connects the via to a centrally located probe tip 420. The conductive layer may, if desired, cover substantially all of the lower surface of the dielectric sheet with the exception of clearance areas around the signal probe tips 252 and 254.
The probe with integral balun enables a two port network analyzer to be used without costly external baluns in probing integrated circuits and other microelectronic devices with differential signals.
The detailed description, above, sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention.
The detailed description, above, sets forth numerous specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been described in detail to avoid obscuring the present invention.
All the references cited herein are incorporated by reference.
The terms and expressions that have been employed in the foregoing specification are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A probe for connecting one of a sink of a differential signal to a source of a single ended signal and a source of a differential signal to a sink of a single ended signal, said sink of said differential signal comprising a sink of a first differential signal component and a sink of a second differential signal component and said source of said differential signal comprising a source of said first differential signal component and a source of said second differential signal component, said probe comprising: (a) an elongate coaxial cable comprising: (i) a tubular outer conductor having an outer surface, an inner surface, a first end and a second end; and (ii) an inner conductor arranged within said inner surface of said outer conductor and having a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor and a second end, said second end of said inner conductor and said second end of said outer conductor operatively connected to one of said source and said sink of said single ended signal and said first end of said outer conductor operatively connected to the respective one of said sink and source of said first differential signal component and said first end of said inner conductor operatively connected to the respective one of said sink and said source of said second differential signal component; and (b) a magnetically permeable sleeve having an inner surface substantially encircling a length of said coaxial cable and an outer surface.

2. The probe of claim 1 wherein said magnetically permeable sleeve comprises:
(a) a first sleeve proximate said first end of said outer conductor; and
(b) a second sleeve more remote from said first end of said outer conductor than said first sleeve, said second sleeve not interconnected with said first sleeve.

3. The probe of claim 1 wherein said magnetically permeable sleeve comprises:
(a) a first sleeve proximate said first end of said outer conductor and having a first magnetic permeability; and
(b) a second sleeve more remote from said first end of said outer conductor than said first sleeve and having a second magnetic permeability, said first magnetic permeability differing from said second magnetic permeability.

4. The probe of claim 3 wherein said second magnetic permeability is greater than said first magnetic permeability.

5. The probe of claim 1 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from a connection of said outer conductor to the respective one of said source of said first differential signal component and said sink of said first differential signal component by a distance no greater than one-half of one wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe.

6. The probe of claim 1 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from a connection of said outer conductor to the respective one of said source of said first differential signal component and said sink of said first differential signal component by a distance no greater than thirty-five percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than fifteen percent of said wavelength.

7. The probe of claim 1 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from a connection of said outer conductor to the respective one of said source of said first differential signal component and said sink of said first differential signal component by a distance no greater than thirty percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than twenty percent of said wavelength.

8. The probe of claim 1 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from a connection of said outer conductor to the respective one of said source of first differential signal component and said sink of said first differential signal component by a distance no greater than twenty-six percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than twenty-four percent of said wavelength.

9. The probe of claim 1 further comprising a microwave absorber at least partially encircling said coaxial cable for a portion of a distance between said first end of said outer conductor and an end of said magnetically permeable sleeve nearer said first end of said outer conductor.

10. The probe of claim 1 wherein said source and said sink of said single ended signal comprises a ground connectable to said outer conductor.

11. The probe of claim 1 further comprising a third conductor interconnecting a source of a bias and a bias terminal of a device comprising said source and said sink of said differential signal.

12. A probe comprising: (a) a support block securable to a movable probe supporting member; (b) an elongate coaxial cable secured to said support block, said coaxial cable comprising: (i) an elongate tubular outer conductor having an outer surface, an inner surface, a first end and a second end; (ii) an inner conductor arranged within said inner surface of said outer conductor and having a first end proximate said first end of said outer conductor, a second end proximate said second end of said outer conductor, said first end of said inner conductor and said first end of said outer conductor operatively connected to one of a source and a sink of a single ended signal; (c) a magnetically permeable sleeve having an inner surface substantially encircling a length said coaxial cable; and (d) a probe head secured to said elongate coaxial cable proximate said second end of said outer conductor and comprising a first probe tip conductively connected to said second end of said outer conductor and a second probe tip conductively connected to said second end of said inner conductor, said probe converting a single ended signal communicated to said first end of said inner and outer conductors to a first differential signal component at said first probe tip and a second differential signal component at said second probe tip and converting a first differential signal component communicated to said first probe tip and a second differential signal component communicated to said second probe tip to a Single ended signal at said first ends of said inner and outer conductors.

13. The probe of claim 12 wherein said magnetically permeable sleeve comprises:
(a) a first rigid sleeve proximate said second end of said outer conductor; and
(b) a second rigid sleeve more remote from said second end of said outer conductor than said first sleeve, said first rigid sleeve not interconnected with said second rigid sleeve.

14. The probe of claim 12 wherein said magnetically permeable sleeve comprises:
(a) a first sleeve proximate said second end of said outer conductor and having a first magnetic permeability; and
(b) a second sleeve more remote from said second end of said outer conductor than said first sleeve and having a second magnetic permeability, said first magnetic permeability differing from said second magnetic permeability.

15. The probe of claim 14 wherein said second magnetic permeability is greater than said first magnetic permeability.

16. The probe of claim 12 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said second end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from said first probe tip by a distance no greater than one-half of one wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe.

17. The probe of claim 12 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said second end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from said first probe tip by a distance no greater than thirty-five percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than fifteen percent of said wavelength.

18. The probe of claim 12 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said second end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from said first probe tip by a distance no greater than thirty percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than twenty percent of said wavelength.

19. The probe of claim 12 wherein said sleeve includes a first end proximate said second end of said outer conductor and spaced apart from first probe tip by a distance no greater than twenty-six percent of a wavelength of the highest frequency to be communicated by said probe and a distance no less than twenty-four percent of said wavelength.

20. The probe of claim 12 further comprising a microwave absorber at least partially encircling said coaxial cable for a portion of a distance between said first probe tip and an end of said magnetically permeable sleeve nearest said first probe tip.

21. The probe of claim 12 wherein said source and said sink of said single ended signal comprises a ground connectable to said outer conductor.

22. The probe of claim 12 further comprising a third conductor connectible to interconnect a source of a bias to a third probe tip.