PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No . 17

- 3113

_____________

JOEL DOE, A Minor, by and through his Guardians John Doe and Jane Doe; MACY ROE; MARY SMITH; JACK JONES, A minor, by and through his Parents John Jones and Jane Jones, CHLOE JOHNSON, A minor by and through her Parent Jane Johnson; JAMES JONES, A

Minor by and through his Parents John Jones and Jane Jones

, Appellants

v.

BOYERTOWN AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT; DR. BRETT COOPER, In his official c apacity as Principal; DR. E. WAYNE FOLEY, In his official capacity as Assistant Principal; DAVID KREM, Acting Superintendent

PENNSYLVANIA YOUTH CONGRESS FOUNDATION

(Intervenor in D.C.)

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ( E.D. Pa. No . 5

- 17

- cv

- 01249 ) District Judge: Honorable Edward G. Smith

_____________2 Argued May 24 , 201 8

____________

Before: McKEE

, SHWARTZ and NYGAARD

,

Circuit Judges

.

(Opinion Filed July 26, 2018 )

______________

Cathy R. Gordon

Jacob F. Kratt

Litchfield Cavo 420 Fort Duquesne Boulevard One Gateway Center, Suite 600 Pittsburgh, PA 15222

Randall L. Wenger [ARGUED] Jeremy L. Samek Independence Law Center

23 North Front Street Harrisburg, PA 17101

Kellie M. Fiedorek

Christiana M. Holcomb Alliance Defending Freedom 440 First Street, N.W.

, Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20001

Gary S. McCaleb Alliance Defending Freedom

15100 North 90th Street Scottsdale, AZ 85260

C ounsel for Appellant s3 Matthew J. Clark

Foundation for Moral L a w 1 Dexter Avenue Montgomery, AL 36104

L. Theodore Hoppe, Jr. 2 South Orange Street

, Suite 215 Media, PA 19063

C ounsel for A micus Appellants ’

Michael I. Levin [ARGUED]

David W. Brown Levin Legal Group, P.C

. 1800 Byberry Road, Suite 1301 Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 Attorneys for Appellees

Mary Catherine Roper American Civil Liberties Union of Pennsylvania

P.O. Box 60173 Philadelphia, PA 19102

Ria Tabacco Mar [ ARGUED ]

Leslie C ooper American Civil Liberties Union 125 Broad Street, 18th Floor New York, NY 10004

Amanda L. Nelson

Cozen O’Connor 45 Broadway, 16th Floor New York, NY 100064 Harper Seldin

Cozen O’Connor

1650 Market Street One Liberty Place, Suite 2800 Philadelphia, PA 19103 Attorneys for Intervenor

– Appellee

Alice O. Brien

National Education Association

Office of General Counsel

1201 16 th Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20036

Omar Gonzalez

- Pagan Lambda Legal 120 Wall Street, 19 th Floor New York, NY 10 005

Cynthia C. Robertson Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman

1200 17 th Street, N

. W

. Washington, DC 20036

Aaron M. Panner Kellogg Hansen Todd Figel & Frederick

1615 M. Stree t N

. W

. , Suite 400 Washington, DC 20036

Maureen P. Alger

Kara C. Wilson Cooley

3175 Hanover Street Palo Alto, CA 943045 Shannon P. Minter Amy Whelan

Nationa l Center for Lesbian Rights 870 Market Street, Suite 370 San Francisco, CA 94102

Nicholas S. Feltham

Drinker Biddle & Reath One Logan Square, Suite 2000 Philadelphia, PA 19103

Terry L. Fromson

Women ’ s Law Project

125 South 9 th Street, Suite 300 Philadelphia, PA 19107

Mary J. Eaton Wesley R. Powell Willkie, Farr & Gallagher

787 Seventh Avenue New York, NY 10019

Ryan M. Moore

Dechert

2929 Arch Street

18 th Floor, Cira Centre Philadelphia, PA 19104

Jesse R. Loffler Janice Mac Avoy

Fried Frank Harris Shriver & Jacobson

One New York Plaza New York, NY 10004 Counsel for Amicus Appellees ’6 ____________

OPINION OF THE COURT

______________

M cKEE

, Circuit Judge

.

This appeal requires us to decide whether the D istrict

C ourt correctly refused to enjoin the defendant S chool D istrict from allowing transgender students to use bathrooms and

locker rooms that are consistent with the students’ gender identities as opposed to the sex they were determined to have

at birth. The plaintiffs

— a group of high school students who identify as being the same sex t hey were determined to have at

birth ( cisgender )

—

believe the policy violated their

constitution al rights of bodily privacy, as well as Title IX, and Pennsylvania tort law

. As we shall explain, we conclude that

, under the circumstances here, the presence of transgender

students in the locker and restroom s is no more offensive to

constitutional or Pennsylvania

- law privacy interests than the presence of the other students who are not transgender

. Nor does their presence infringe on the plaintiffs’ rights under Title

IX.

In an exceedingl y thorough, thoughtful

, and well

reasoned opinion, the D istrict C ourt denied the requested injunction based upon its conclusion that the plaintiffs had not

shown that the y are likely to succeed on the merits and because they had not shown that they will be irreparably harmed absent the injunction. Although we amplify the D istrict C ourt’s reasoning because of the interest in this issue , we affirm7 substantially for the reasons set forth in the D istrict C ourt’s opinion.

I

. BACKGROUND

A. The Setting.

Because such seemingly familiar terms as “sex” and “gender” can be misleading in the context of the issues raised by this litigation, we will begin by explaining and defining relevant terms. Our explanation is based on the District Court testimony of Dr. S cott Leibowitz , an expert in gender dysphoria and gender

- identity issues in children and adolescents, and the findings that the D istrict C ourt made based upon that expert’s testimony.

“Sex” is defined as the “anatomical and physiological processes that le ad to or denote male or female.” 1 Typically, sex is determined at birth based on the appearance of external genitalia. 2

“ Gender ” is a “broader societal construct” that encompasses how a “society defines what male or female is

within a certain cultural co ntext.” 3 A person’s gender identity

is their subjective, deep

- core sense of self as being a particular gender. 4 As suggested by the parenthetical in our opening paragraph, “c isgender” refers to a person who identifies with

the sex that person was determined to have at birth. 5 The term

1 App. 500.

2 App. 375.

3 App. 500.

4 App. 375.

5 App. 393, 550

.8 “transgender” refers to a person whose gender identity does not align with the sex that person was determined to have at birth. 6 A transgender boy is therefore a person who has a lasting, persiste nt male gender identity, though that person’s sex was

determined to be female at birth. 7 A transgender girl is a person who has a lasting, persistent female gender identity though that person’s sex w as determined to be male at birth. 8

Approximately 1.4 m illion adults

— or 0.6 percent of the adult population of the United States

— identif y as transgender. 9 Transgender individuals may e xperience “gender dysphoria,” which is c haracterized by significant and

substantial distress as a result of their birth

- determi ned sex being different from their gender identity. 10 Treatment for children and adolescents who experience gender dysphoria

include s social gender transition and physical interventions such as puberty blockers, hormone therapy, and sometimes

surgery. 11

“S ocial gender transition” refers to steps that transgender individuals take to present themselves as being the gender they most strongly identify with. 12 This typically includes adopting a different name that is consistent with that gender and using the corr esponding pronoun set, wearing clothing and hairstyles typically associated with their gender

6 App. 375.

7 App. 2107.

8 App. 2107.

9 App. 376.

10 App. 376

- 77, 379.

11 App. 2110.

12 App. 2110.9 identity rather than the sex they were determined to have at birth, and using sex

- segregated spaces and engaging in sex

segregated activities that correspond to t heir gender identity

rather than the ir birth

- determined sex

. 13 For transgender individuals, an important part of so cial gender transition is having others perceive them as being the gender the transgender individual most strongly identifies with. 14 Social gender transition can help alleviate gender dysphoria and is a useful and important tool for clinicians to ascertain whether living in the affirmed gender improves the psychological and

emotional function of the individual. 15

Policies that exclude transgender individuals from privacy facilities that are consistent with their gender identities “have detrimental effects on the physical and mental health, safety, and well

- being of transgender individuals.” 16 These exclusionary policies exacerbate the r isk of “anxiety and depression, low self

- esteem, engaging in self

- injurious behaviors, suicide, substance use, homelessness, and eating disorders among other adverse outcomes.” 17 The risk of succumbing to these conditions is already very high in

individuals who are transgender . In a survey of 27,000 transgender individuals, 40% reported a suicide attempt (a rate

13 App. 2110.

14 App. 2110.

15 App. 2111.

16 Br. for Amici Curiae American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, et al.

, 17.

17 Id. at 18 (quoting Am. Psychol. Ass’n & Nat’l Ass’n of Sch. Psychologists, Resolution on Gender and Sexual Orientation Diversity in Children and Adolescents in Schools 4 (2015)).10 nine times higher than the general population). 18 Yet, w hen transgender student s are addressed with gender appropriate pronouns and permitted to use facilities that conform to their gender identity, th ose students “reflect the same, healthy psychological profile as their peers.” 19

Forcing transgender students to use bathrooms or locker rooms that do not match their gender identity is particularly

harm ful. It causes “severe psychological distress often leading to attempted suicide.” 20 The result is that those students “avoid going to the bathroom by fasting, dehydrating, or otherwise forcing themselves not to use the restroom throughout the

18 Id. at 18

– 19 ( citing Sandy E. James et al., Nat’l Center for Transgender Equality , Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey 114 (2016)).

19 Br. for Amici Curiae of the National PTA, GLSEN, et al. , 7 ( citing Lily Durwood et al., Mental Health and Self Worth in Socially Transitioned Transgender Youth , 56 J

. of the Am. Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 116, 116 (2017)).

20 Br. for Amici Curiae of the National PTA, GLSEN, et al.,

18 (citing Max Kutner, Denying Transgender People

Bathroom Access I

s Linked to Suicide

, NEWSWEEK (Dec. 16, 2016); Kris t en Clements

- Nolle, et al.

, Attempted Suicide

A mong T ran s gender P ersons : The Inf luence of Gender

- B ased

Discrimination and V

ictimization , 51 Jour n al of Homosexuality 53, 63

- 65 (2006) )

.11 day.” 21 This b ehavior can lead to medical problems and decreases in academic learning. 22

We appreciate that there is testimony on this record that the cisgender plaintiffs have also reduced water intake, fasted, etc. in order to reduce the number of times they need to visit

the bathroom so they can minimize or avoid encountering transgender students there

. For reasons we discuss below, we do not view the level of stress that cisgender students may experience because of appellee s’ bathroom and locker room policy as compa rable to the plight of transgender students who are not allowed to use facilities consistent with their gender identity. Given the majority of the testimony here and the
District Court’s well

- supported findings, those situations are simply not analogous.

Dr. Leibowitz testified that forcing transgender students to use facilities that are not aligned with their gender identities “chips away and erodes at [the individual’s] psychological wellbeing and wholeness.” 23 It can exacerbate gender dysphoria symptoms by reinforcing that the “world does not

21 Br. for Amici Curiae of the National PTA, GLSEN, et al., 18 (citing Joseph Kosciw, et al., The 2015 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Youth in Our Nation’s Schools 12

- 13, GLSEN (2016)).

22 Id. at 18

– 19 (citing Jody L. Herman, Gendered Restrooms and Minority Stress: The Public Regulation of Gender and I ts Impact on Transgender People’s Lives , 1 9 J. of Pub. Mgmt. & Soc. Pol’y 65, 74

– 75 (2013) )

. 23 App. 395.12 appreciate or understand” transgender students. 24 In short, it is “society reducing them to their genitals.” 25 Dr. Leibowitz also noted that “hundreds of thousands of physicians in the United States . . . take the position that individuals with gender dysphoria should not be forced to use a restroom that is not in accordance with their gender identity.” 26 We have a lready noted the disparate suicide rates between transgender and cisgender students.

Prior to the 2016

– 1 7 school year, Boyertown Area School District required students at Boyertown Area Senior High School (“BASH”) to use locker rooms and bathrooms

that a ligned with their birth

- determined sex. 27 BASH changed this policy in 2016 and for the first time permitted transgender

students to use rest rooms and locker rooms consistent with their gender identity. In ini ti ating this policy, BASH adopted a very careful process that included student

- specific analysis

. Permission was granted on a case

- by

- case basis

. 28

The District required the student claiming to be transgender to meet with counselors who were trained and

licensed to address these issues and the counselo rs often consulted with additional counselors, principals, and school

administrators. 29 Once a transgender student was approved to

use the bathroom or locker room that aligned with his or her gender identity, the student was required to use only those

24 App. 395.

25 App. 396.

26 App. 397.

27 App. 625.

28 App. 604.

29 App. 638, 923

– 25

.13 facil ities. The student could no longer use the facilities corresponding to that student’s sex at birth. 30

BASH has several multi

- user bathrooms. 31 Each has

individual toilet stalls. 32 Additionally, BASH has between four and eight single

- user restrooms that are a vailable to all students, depending on the time of day. 33 Four of these

restrooms are always available for student use. 34

The locker rooms at BASH consist of common areas, private “team rooms,” and shower facilities. 35 Over the past (approximately) two years , BASH has renovated its locker rooms. The “gang showers” were replaced with single

- user showers which have privacy curtains. 36 BASH does not require a student to change in the locker room prior to gym class, although the student must change into gym clothe s. 37 A student who is uncomfortable changing in the locker room can change privately in one of the single

- user facilities, the private shower stalls, or team rooms. 38

30 App. 931

– 32.

31 App. 612.

32 App. 612

– 13.

33 App. 613.

34 App. 616.

35 App. 617

– 19.

36 App. 619

– 20.

37 App. 618

– 19

38 App. 618

– 19.14 B. The Litigation.

Four plaintiffs

—

proceeding pseudonymously under the names Joel Doe, Jack Jones, Mary Smith, and Macy Roe

— sued the District after it changed its bathroom and locker room policy to the policy we have described above. 39 Their claims

were based on encounters between some of the plaintiffs and transgender students in locke r roo ms or multi

- user bathrooms.

The plaintiffs sought to enjoin BASH’s policy of permitting transgender students to use the bathrooms and locker rooms that aligned with their gender identities. They sought a preliminary injunction on three grounds. First, the plaintiffs alleged that the School District’s policy violated their constitutional right to bodily privacy. Next, they claimed that the School District’s policy violated Title IX of the Education

Amendments of 1972 ( Title IX )

. 40 Finally, they alleged that t he policy was contrary to Pennsylvania tort law. After discovery and evidentiary hearings, the District Court filed the extensive

and well

- reasoned opinion we have already referred to

, in

whi ch it explained that the plaintiffs had not demonstrated that

the y were likely to succeed on the merits of any of their claims and that plaintiffs had not shown that they would be irreparably

harmed a bsent an injunction.

39 The plaintiffs included parents and guardians of some of the anonymous students. The District Court provided a detailed recitation of the factual background of this suit, including the particular conduct each plaintiff all eges as the basis for the alleged violation of a privacy interest. See Doe v. Boyertown Area Sch. Dist. , 276 F. Supp. 3d 324, 335

– 64 (E.D. Pa. 2017).

40 86 Stat. 373, as amended 20 U.S.C. § 1681 et. seq.15 For reasons the court identified , it concluded that even

if the School District’s policy implicate d the plaintiffs’ constitutional right to privacy, the state had a compelling interest in not discriminating against transgender students . The
court also determined that the School District’s policy was narrowly tailored to serve that interest. Accordingly , the

District Court r uled that even if a cisgender plaintiff had been viewed by a transgender student, it would n ot have violated the cisgender student’s constitutional right to privacy. We agree.

The District Court rejected the plaintiffs’ Title IX clai m for two reasons. First, it found that the School District’s policy did not discriminate on the basis of sex, because it ap plied equally to all students

— cisgender male and cisgender female, as well as transgender male and transgender female students

— alike

. The court also concluded that the plaintiffs had not identified any conduct that was sufficiently serious to constitute Title IX harassment. The mere presence of a transgend er student in a locker room should not be objectively offensive to a reasonable p erson given the safeguards of the school’s policy.

For essentially the reasons described above, the District

Court also declined to issue an injunction based on the Pennsylvania tort of intrusion upon seclusion. It found that

there was insufficient eviden ce in the record to demonstrate that a transgender student ever viewed a partially clothed plaintiff, and that the presence of a transgender student would not be highly offensive to a reasonable person.

The D istrict C ourt rejected the plaintiffs’ theory of irreparable harm that posited that the plaintiffs were being forced to give up a constitutional right to use segregated locker16 rooms and bathrooms. It noted that the School District permitted the students to use the locker room facilities “without

limit ation.” 41 A ny student who was uncomfortable being in a state of undress or going to the bathroom with transgender

students could use the single

- user bathrooms or team rooms

that BASH has made available

.

Having found that the plaintiffs had no likelihood o f success on the merits and did not face irreparable harm, the

D istrict C ourt entered an order on August 25, 2017 denying the injunction. This appeal followed. 42

41 Doe v. Boyertown Area Sch. Dist. , 276 F. Supp. 3d at 410.

42 Numerous amici filed briefs on behalf of the appellees, and one group filed a brief on behalf of the appellants. At the conclusion of briefing we heard argument. Recognizing the

time

- sensitive nature of this appeal and the concerns of all of

the parents and students in the School District, as well as the District itself, we adjourned to conference to determine if a ruling could be made from the bench. After conferencing, the panel voted to unanimously affirm the ruling of the District

Court. We a nnounced that decision and entered an accompanying order. We now supplement that order with this opinion.17 II . DISCUSSION 43

Preliminary injunctive relief is an “extraordinary remedy.” 44 It may be granted only when the moving party shows “(1) a likelihood of success on the merits; (2) that [the movant] will suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is denied; (3) that granting preliminary relief will not result in even greater harm to the nonmoving party; and (4) that the public
interest favors such relief.” 45 The movants must establish entitlement to relief by clear evidence. 46 We review the denial of a preliminary injunction for “an abuse of discretion, an error of law, or a clear mistake in the consideration of proof.” 47 We exercise plenary review of the l ower court’s conclusions of law but review its finding s of fact for clear error. 48

A

. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

The District Court correctly concluded that the appellants were not entitled to an injunction because none of

their claims are likely to succeed on the merits.

1. The District Court correctly concluded that

43 The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§

1331 and 1343. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1)

. 44 Kos Pharm., Inc. v. Andrx Corp. , 369 F.3d 700, 708 (3d Cir. 2004)

. 45 Id

. 46 Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 2 2 (2008)

. 47 Kos Pharm. , 369 F.3d at 708 (citation omitted)

. 48 Id

. (citations omitted).18 the a ppellants’ constitutional right to privacy claim was unlikely to succeed on

the merits.

The appellants contend that the D istrict C ourt erroneously concluded they were unlikely to succeed on their claim that the School District’s policy violated their constitutional right to privacy. They assert that the District Court (1) failed to recognize the “contours” of the right to privacy; (2) failed to recognize that a policy opening up facilities to persons of the opposite sex necessarily violates that right; (3) erroneously concluded that the School District’s policy advanced a compelling interest; and (4) incorr ectly found that the policy was narrowly tailored to serve that interest. We reject each of these arguments in turn.

The appellants’ challenge to the School District’s policy was brought as a civil rights claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §

1983. S ection 1983 c laims can succeed only if the underlying

act

—here, the alleged exposure of the appellants’ partially clothed bodies to transgende r students whose birth

- determined

sex differed from the appellants

— violated a constitutional right. 49 When a plaintiff’s § 1983 claim is premised on a violation of the constitutional right to privacy, it will succeed

49 Doe v. SEPTA , 72 F.3d 1133, 1137 (3d Cir. 1995) (“A § 1983 action cannot be maintained unless the underlying act violates a plaintiff’s [ c ] onstitutional rights.”)

.19 only if it is “limited to those rights of privacy which are fundamental or implicit in the concept of ordered liberty. ” 50

The touchstone of constitutional privacy pro tection is
whether the information at issue is “within an individual’s reasonable expectations of confidentiality.” 51 The Supreme Court has acknowledged two types of constitutional privacy

interests rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment

— “the

individual interes t in avoiding disclosure of personal matters” and the “interest in independence in making certain kinds of important decisions.” 52 Based on the first principal described above, we have held that a person has a constitutionally protected privacy interest in his or her partially clothed body. 53

50 Id

. (quoting Paul v. Davis , 424 U.S. 693, 713 (1976) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

51 Doe v. Luzerne County

, 660 F.3d 169, 175 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Malleus v. George , 641 F.3d 560, 564 (3d Cir. 2011)).

52 Id. (citations omitted).

53 Id. at 177. Other C ircuits have come to the same

conclusion. Brannum v. Overton Cty. School Bd. , 516 F.3d 489, 494, 498 (6th Cir. 2008) (finding a violation of the Fourth Amendment right to privacy when a school surveilled partially clothed middle school students in their locker room, and further noting that this is the “same privacy right . . .

loca ted in the Due Process clause”); P oe v. Leonard , 282 F.3d 123, 136 (2d Cir. 2002) (“ [T] here is a right to privacy in
one’s unclo thed or partially clothed body. ”); York v. Story

, 324 F. 2d 450, 45 5 (9th Cir. 1963) (“ We cannot conceive of a more basic subject of privacy than the naked body. T he desire

to shield one ’ s unclothed [ figure ] from view of strangers, and particularly strangers of the opposite sex, is impelled by20 The appellants advance two main arguments in support

of their contention that their right to privacy was violated by the School District’s policy of permitting transgender students to use bathrooms and locker rooms that aligned with their gender identities. Neither is persuasive.

First, the appellants claim that their right to privacy was

vio lated because the policy permitted the m to be viewed by members of the opposite sex while partially clothed

. 54 Regardless of the degree of the appellants ’ undress at the time of the encounters, the District Court correctly found that this would not give ris e to a constitutional violation because the School District’s policy served a compelling interest

— preventing discrimination against transgender students

— and was narrowly tailored to that interest.

elementary self

- respect and personal dignity.”). The District

Court noted that Doe v. Luzerne County did not explicitly

hold there was a constitutional right to privacy in an individual’s unclothed or partially clothed body. However, by concluding that Doe had a reasonable expectation of privacy and remanding the case to determine the exact contours of that right, we implicitly recognized that such a privacy right exists. The District Court assumed the existence of the right, and the parties seemingly agreed that the right exists. If there were any doubt after Doe v. Luzerne County that the constitution recognizes a right to pri vacy in a person’s unclothed or partially clothed body, we hold today that such a right exists.

54 See Br. for Appellants, 18 (“The privacy interest is vitiated when a member of one sex is viewed by a member of the opposite sex.” (citation omitted)).21 The constitutional right to privacy is not absolute. 55 It must be weighed against important competing governmental

interests. 56 Only unjustified invasions of privacy by the government are actionable in a § 1983 claim. 57 That is , the

constitution forbids government al infringement o n certain

fundamental interests un less that infringement is sufficiently tailored to serve a compelling state interest. 58 The District

55 Doe v. S

EPTA , 72 F.3d at 1138

. 56 Doe v. Luzerne County , 660 F.3d at 178 ; Sterling v. Borough of Minersville , 232 F.3d 190, 19 5 (3d Cir. 2000) (“In examining right to privacy claims, we, therefore, balance a possible and responsible government interest in disclosure against the individual’s policy interest.”).

57 See Doe v. SEPTA , 72 F.3d at 1138 (citing Whalen v. Roe

, 429 U.S. 589, 602 (1977)); see also Olmstead v. United

States , 277 U.S. 438, 478

– 79 (1928) (Brandies, J., dissenting) (“every unjustifiable intrusion upon the privacy of

an individual . . . must be deemed a [constitutional] violation” (emphasis added) )

. 58 Reno v. Flores , 507 U.S. 2 92, 3 01

– 02 (1993)

. The D istrict

C ourt found that this “compelling interest” analysis was the appropriate level to review BASH’s policy. Doe v. Boyertown

Area Sch. Dist. , 276 F. Supp. 3d at 390 (citing Reno , 507 U.S. at 302). The parties do not explicitly c hallenge this choice. Br. for Appellants, 27

- 33; Br. for Appellees, 30; Br. for

Intervenor

- Appellee, 36. In other privacy

- rights contexts, we
have found that an “intermediate standard of review” was appropriate, and that the “more stringent ‘compelling int erest analysis’ would be used when the intrusion on an individual’s privacy was severe.” Doe v. SEPTA , 72 F.3d at 113 9

– 40. Because we hold that BASH’s policy survives the more22 Court found that the School District’s policy served “a compelling state interest in not discriminati ng against transgender students ” and was narrowly tailored to that

interest. 59 We agree.

As set forth in detail above, transgender students face extraordinary social, psychological

, and medical risks and the School District clearly had a compelling state interest in shielding them from d iscrimination

. There can be “ no denying that transgender individuals face discrimination, harassment, and violence because of their gender identity.” 60 The risk of experiencing substantial clinical distress as a result of gender dysphoria is p articularly hi gh among children and may intensify during puberty. 61 The Supreme Court has regularly held that the state has a compelling interest in protecting the physical and psychological well

- being of minors. 62 We have

stringent standard of review, we need not decide which standard of review is appropriate here.

59 Doe v. Boyertown Area Sch. Dist. , 276 F. Supp. 3d at 390.

60 Whitaker by W

hitaker v. Kenosha Unified Sch. Dist

. No. 1 Bd. of Educ., 858 F.3d 1034, 1051 (7th Cir. 2017).

61 App. 2276

– 78.

62 See Sable Commc’ns of Cal., Inc. v. F.C.C.

, 492 U.S. 115, 125 (1989) (“We have recognized that there is

a compelling interest in protecting the physical and psychologica l well

- being of minors. This interest extends to shielding minors from the influence of literature that is not obscene by adult standards.”); Ginsberg v. New York, 390 U.S. 629, 640 (1968) (a state “has an independent interest in

the well

- being of its yout h”); New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 756

– 57 (1982) (“ It is evident beyond the need for

elaboration that a State's interest in ‘safeguarding the physical23 similarly found that the government has a compell ing interest in protecting and caring for children in various contexts. 63

M istreatment of transgender students can exacerbate gender dysphoria, lead to negative educational outcomes, and precipitate self

- injurious behavior. When transgender students

face di scrimination in schools, the risk to their wellbeing

can not be overstated

— indeed, it can be life threatening. This record clearly supports the District Court’s conclusion that the School District had a compelling state interest in protecting transgender st udents from discrimination.

Moreover, the School District’s policy fosters an environment of inclusivity, acceptance, and tolerance. As the appellees’ amicus brief f rom the National Education Association convincingly explains, these values serve an import ant educational function for both transgender and cisgender students. 64 When a school promotes diversity and inclusion, “classroom discussion is livelier, more spirited, and simply mor e enlightening and interesting [because] the students have the greatest possible variety of backgrounds.” 65

S tudents in diverse learning environments have higher academic achievement leading to better outcomes for all

and psychological well

- being of a minor’ is ‘ compelling

. ’ ” (quoting Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596, 607 (1982) ) )

. 63 See, e.g.

, Croft v. Westmoreland Cty. Children & Youth

Serv s

. , 103 F.3d 1123, 1125 (3d Cir. 1997) (noting that the government has a compelling interest in the “p rotection of children,” and in protecting children from ab use ).

64 Br. for Amicus Curiae National Education Association, 7

– 11.

65 Grutter v. Bollinger , 539 U.S. 306, 330 (2003).24 students. 66 Public education “must prepare pupils for citizenship in the Republi c,” 67 and inclusive classrooms reduce prejudices and promote diverse relationships which later benefit students in the workplace and in their communities. 68 Accordingly, t he School District’s policy not only serves the compelling interest of protecting trans gender students, but it benefits all students by promoting acceptance.

As we have already noted, we do not intend to minimize or ignore testimony suggesting that some of the appellants now avoid using the restrooms and reduce their water intake in order

t o reduce the number of times they need to use restrooms under the new policy. Nor do we discount the surprise the appellants reported feeling when in an intimate space with a student they

66 Br. for Amicus Curiae National Education Association, 9

– 10 ( citing Stephen Brand et al., Middle School Improvement and Reform: Development and Validation of a School

- Level Assessment of Climate, Cultural Pluralism and School Safety

, 95 J. Educ. Psychol. 570, 571 (2003); John Rosales, Positive School Cultures Thrive When Support Staff Included , NEA Today (Jan. 10, 2017) ; N. Eugene Walls et al. Gay

- Straight Alliances and School Experiences of Sexual Minority Youth

, 41 Youth & Soc’y 307, 323

- 25 (2010); Stephen T. Russell,

Are School Policies Focused on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Associated with Less Bullying? Teachers’ Perspectives , 54 J. Sch. Psychol. 29 (2016) )

. 67 Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser , 478 U.S. 675, 681 (1986) (citation omitted).

68 Br. for Amicus Curiae National Education Association, 10 (citing Jeanne L. Reid & Sharon Lynn Kagan, A Better Start: Why Cla ssroom Diversity Matters in Early Education 9 (Apr. 2015) ).25 understood was of the opposite biological sex. 69 We cannot

, however, equate the situation the appellants now face with the very drastic consequences that the transgender students must endure if the school were to ignore the latter’s needs and

concerns. Moreover, as we have mentioned, those cisgender

students who fe el that t hey must try to limit trips to the

restroom to avoid contact with transgender students can use the single

- user bathrooms in the school.

Assuming the policy is subject to strict scrutiny, it must

adva nce a compelling state interest and the means of achieving that interest must be “specifically and narrowly framed to accomplish that purpose.” 70 Having correctly identified a compelling state interest, the Distric t Court correctly held that

the School D istrict’s policy was narrowly tailored

. The appellant s contend that “a much more tailored solution is to provide single

- user accommodations.” 71 They reason that “all students would be allowed to access the individual facilities,

69 App. 276, 1943. To the extent that the appellants’ claim for relief arises from the embarrassment and surprise they felt after seeing a transgender student in a particular space, they

are actual ly complaining about the implementation of the policy and the lack of pre

- implementation communication. That is an administrative issue, not a constitutional one. To the extent that the appellants are expressing discomfort being around students whom they d efine as different from themselves, that discomfort does not implicate a privacy interest, even when viewed through the lens of strict scrutiny.

70 Grutter

, 539 U.S. at 33 3 (quoting Shaw v. Hunt , 517 U.S. 899, 908 (1996) ).

71 Br. for Appellants, 32.26 [so] no stigma would attach to the professed transgender
students’ using them, and preserving the sex

- specific communal facilities to single

- sex use would resolve all privacy

concerns.” 72

This argument is not only unpersuasive , it fails to comprehend the depths of the problems the School District’s policy was trying to remedy or the steps taken to address them

. The School District already provides single

- user accommodations for all students . Any student who is

uncomforta ble changing around their peers in private spaces

, whether transgender or cisgender

, may change in a b athroom stall, single

- user bathroom, or the private team rooms. 73 The

a ppellants seemingly admit that these accommodations “resolve all privacy concerns.” 74 Yet they insist that the policy

should be changed to require that tr ansgender students use individual bathrooms if they do not wish to use the communal facilities that align with their birth

- determined sex

. N ot only

would f orcing transgender students to use single

- user facilities or those that correspond to their birth sex not serve the compelling interest that the School District has identified here, it would significantly undermine it

. 75 As the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has recognized, a school district’s policy that required a transgender student to use single

- user

72 Id

. 73 App. 618

– 19.

74 Br. for Appellants, 32.

75 See Br. for Amici Curiae American Academy of Pediatric s et al.

, 17

– 18. (“[F]orcing transgender students to use separate facilities sends a stigmatizing message that can have a lasting and damaging impact on the health and well

- being of the young person.”).27 facilities “actua lly invited more scrutiny and attention from his peers.” 76 Adopting the appellants’ position would very publicly brand a ll transgender students with a scarlet “T

, ” and they should not have to endure that as the price of attending their public school.

N othing in the record suggest s that cisgender students

who voluntarily elect to use single

- user facilities to avoid transgender students face the same extraordinary consequences as transgender students would if they were forced to use them

. As we explain mo re fully below, requiring transgender

students to use single use r or birth

- sex

- aligned facilities is its

own form of discrimination.

I t is therefore clear that t he District Court was correct in concluding th at the appellant s are unlikely to succeed in establishing a violation of their right to privacy based on a transgender studen t potentially viewing them in a state of

undress in a locker room or restroom. T he challenged policy is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest

. There is no constitutional violation.

The appellant s also urge us to recognize constitutional privacy protection s for alleged violations that result ed from

conduct other than being viewed by transgender students in a

locker room or bathroom

. They assert that “g overnment actors
cannot force minors to endure the risk of unconsented intimate exposure to the opposite sex as a condition for using the very facilities set aside to protect their privacy.” 77 They claim that their constitutional privacy rights were violate d “when the

76 Whitaker , 858 F.3d at 1045.

77 Br. for Appellant s , 18 (emphasis added).28 sexes intermingle[d]” in the bathrooms and locker rooms. 78 They also argue that the female appellant s’ privacy rights are violated if they are forced to attend to their menstrual hygiene in a facility where members of the opposite sex may potentially be present. 79 In other words, they contend that their constitutional right to privacy is necessarily violated because they are forced to share bathrooms and locker rooms with transgender students whose gender identities correspond with

the sex

- s egregated space, but do not do not align with their

birth sex.

W e reject the premise of this argument because BASH’s policy does not force any cisgender student to disrobe in the presence of any student

— cisgender or transgender. BASH has provided facilit ies for any student who does not feel comfortable being in the confines of a communal restroom or
locker room. BASH has installed privacy stalls and set some bathrooms aside as single

- user facilities so that any student who is uneasy undressing or using a restroom in the presence

of other s can take steps to avoid contact. BASH’s policy does not compel a privacy violation for any student.

In any event, w e decline to recognize such an expansive constitutional right to privacy

— a right that would be violated by the presence of students who do not share the same birth

sex

. Moreover, no court has ever done so. As counsel for the

School District noted during oral argument, the appellants are claiming a very broad right of personal privacy in a space that

78 Id. a t 27.

79 Id. at 26. We note that the appellants do not allege that the female plaintiffs ever actually tended to their periods in the presence of a transgender female student.29 is, by definition and common usage, just not that private. School locker rooms and restrooms are spac es where it is not only common to encounter others in various stages of undress

, it is expected

. The facilities exist so that students can attend to their personal biological and hygienic needs and change their clothing. As the Supreme Court has stated, “[p]ublic school locker rooms . . . are not notable for the privacy they afford.” 80

Thu s, we are unpersuaded to the extent that the appellant s’ asserted privacy interest requires protection from

the risk of encountering students in a bathroom or locker room

who m appellants identify as being members of the opposite

sex. As the Seventh Circuit noted in Whit aker “[a] transgender student’s presence in the restroom provides no more of a risk to other students’ privacy rights than the presence of an overly curious student of the same biological sex who decides to sneak glances at his or her classma tes performing their bodily
functions.” 81

None of the cases cited by the appellant s is to the
contrary. 82 For example, in their brief and at argument, they placed substantial reliance on Faulkner v. Jones 83 for the proposition that “society [has] undisputed[ly] approv[ed] separate public restrooms for men and women based on privacy concerns. The need for privacy justifies separation . . .

.” 84 But that case did not recognize a constitutional mandate

80 Veronia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton , 515 U.S. 646, 657 (1995).

81 Whitaker , 858 F.3 d at 1052.

82 Br. for Appellee, 15

– 31.

83 10 F.3d 226 (4th Cir. 1993)

. 84 Br. for Appellants, 17 (alterations added) (quoting

Faulkner , 10 F.3d at 232).30 that bath rooms and locker rooms must be segregated by birth

determined sex. Although it acknowledged that privacy

concerns may justify separate facilities for men and women in certain circumstances, 85 it did not hold that the C onstitution compels separate bathroom f acilities. Moreover, as we have explained and as the District Court more thoroughly described, BASH has carefully crafted a policy that attempts to address

the concerns that s o me cisgender students may have. To its credit, it has done so in a way that reco gnizes those concerns as well as the needs, humanity

, and decency of transgender

students

.

The appellant s’ reliance on Chaney v. Plainfield

Healthcare Center 86 is similarly unconvincing. That was an appeal from a Title VII suit brought against a nursing home

after a B lack nursing assistant was fired for protesting a patient’s demand that he receive care only from White nursing

aids. 87 The court distinguished medical care based on race from medical care based on sex, noting that just as “the law tolerates

s ame

- sex restrooms or same

- sex dressing rooms . . . to accommodate privacy needs, Title VII allows an employer to respect a preference for same

- sex health providers, but not

same

- race providers.” 88 Like Faulkner

, Chaney held that the

85 Faulk n er , 10 F.3d at 232 (“In the end, distinctions in any separate facilities provided for males and f emales may be based on real differences between the sexes, both in quality and quantity, so long as the distinctions are not based on stereotyped or generalized perceptions of differences.”)

. 86 612 F.3d 908, 913 (7th Cir. 2010)

. 87 Chaney , 612 F.3d at 910

– 1 2

. 88 Id. at 913

.31 C onstitution tolerates s ingle

- sex accommodations. It did not

hold that the constitution demands it.

Eq ually unpersuasive is the appellant s’ reliance on

cases discussing far more intrusive invasions of privacy than allowed by BASH’s policy. Cases about strip searches 89 and a criminal conviction for voyeurism after a person repeatedly looked at women in the stalls of public restrooms 90 are wholly unhelpful to our analysis. Those cases involve inappropriate

conduct as well as conduct that intruded into far more “intimate

a spects of human affairs” than here

. 91 There is simply not h ing inappropriate about transgender students using the restrooms or locker rooms that correspond to their gender identity under the policy BASH has initiated, and we reject appellants’

attempt to arg ue that there is. A ppellant s do not contend that transgender Students A or B did anything remotely out of the ordinary while using BASH’s facilities . Indeed, the appellants’ privacy complaint is not with transgender students’ conduct,

but with their mere p resence. We have already explained that the presence of transgender students in these spaces does not

offend the constitutional right of privacy any more than the presence of cisgender students in those spaces

.

In an argument that completely misses (or d eliberately ignores) the reason for the disputed policy or the circumstances it addresses, t he appellants insist that it is improper to consider a student’s transgender status when conducting this privacy

89 Canedy v. Boardman , 16 F.3d 183, 185

– 86, 188 (7th Cir. 1994)

. 90 State v. Lawson , 340 P.3d 979 (Wash. App. 2014)

. 91 Doe v. Luzerne County , 660 F.3d at 176 (quoting Nunez v.

Pachman , 578 F.3d 228, 232 (3d Cir. 2009) ).32 analysis and that we must only look at the student’ s anatomy. 92 We disagree. C onstitutional right to privacy cases “necessarily require fact

- intensive and context

- specific analyses.” 93 Bright

line rules cannot be drawn. 94 Put simply

— the facts of a given case are critically important when assessing whether a

c onstitutional right to privacy has been violated. A case involving transgender students using facilities aligned with their gender identities after seeking and receiving approval

from trained school counselors and administrators implicates

different privacy concerns t han , for example, a case involving an adult stranger sneaking into a locker room to watch a fourteen year

- old girl shower. The latter scenario

— taken from

a case the appellant s rely upon 95

— is simply not analogous to

the circumstances here.

2. The District Court correctly concluded that the appellants’ Title IX claim was unlikely to

succeed on the merits.

The District Court rejected the appellants’ Title IX claim because the School District’s policy treated all students equally and there fore did not discriminate on the basis of sex,

and because the appellant s had failed to meet the elements of a
“hostile environment harassment” claim. We again agree. We also agree with the School District’s position that barring

92 Br. for Appellants, 10

– 12.

93 Doe v. Luzerne County , 660 F.3d at 176

. 94 Id.

95 People v. Grunau

, No. H015871, 2009 WL 5149857 (Cal. Ct. App. Dec. 29, 2009) (unpublished memorandum opinion).33 transgender students from restrooms that align with their gender identity would itself pose a potential Title IX violation

.

Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex in all educational programs that receive funds from the federal
government. 96 However, d iscrimination with regard to privacy

facilities is exempt from that blanket prohibition. An institution “may provide separate toilet, locker room, and shower facilities on the basis of sex, but such facilities provided for students of one sex shall be comp arable to such facilities provided for students of the other sex.” 97 This exception is permissive

— Title IX does not require that an institution provide separate privacy facilities for the sexes.

Title IX also supports a cause of action for “hostile

enviro nment harassment.” 98 To recover on such a claim, a plaintiff must establish sexual harassment that is so severe, pervasive, or objectively offensive and that “so undermines and detracts from the victims’ educational experience that [he or she] is effectivel y denied equal access to an institution’s resources and opportunities.” 99 To support a claim of hostile

96 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a)

. 97 34 C.F.R. § 106.33

. 98 DeJohn v. Temple Univ. , 537 F.3d 301, 316 n.14 (3d Cir. 2008) (citation omitted)

. 99 Id. (alterations in original) (citation omitted)

. We recently noted that we have not always been consistent in stating whether a plaintiff claiming sexual harass ment must prove the

harassment was “severe or pervasive” or “severe and pervasive.” Castleberry v. STI Gr p. , 863 F.3d 259, 263

– 64 (3d Cir. 2017) (emphasis added). Much of the confusion stems from the fact that the Supreme Court has used both the34 environment harassment, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the

offensive conduct occurred because of his or her sex. 100

Title IX’s “hostile environment ha rassment” cause of action originated in a series of cases decided under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( “ Title VII ” )

. 101 The Supreme

Court has “extended an analogous cause of action to students

under Title IX.” 102 Title VII cases are therefore instructive. 103

conjunctive and the disjun ctive to describe the plaintiff’ s burden. Compare Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson , 477 U.S. 57, 67 (1986) (“For sexual harassment to be actionable, it must be sufficiently severe or pervasive . . . .”)

, with Davis Next Friend LaShonda D. v. Monroe Cty

. Bd . of Educ. , 526 U.S. 629, 633 (1999) (concluding that an action for Title IX harassment “will lie only for harassment that is so severe, pervasive and objectively offensive that it effectively bars the victim’s access to an educational opportunity or benef it”). In Castleberry , we concluded that the “correct standard is severe

or pervasive. Castleberry , 863 F.3d at 264. Accordingly, we will proceed using the disjunctive inquiry here.

100 Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Serv s. , Inc. , 523 U.S. 75,

81 (1998) (hold ing, in the Title VII context, that a plaintiff “must always prove that the conduct at issue . . . constituted

discrimination because of . . . sex.” (internal quotations omitted))

. 101 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.

102 Saxe v. State College Area Sch. Dist ., 240 F.3d 200, 205 (3d Cir. 2001)

. 103 Id. Courts have frequently looked to Title VII authority for guidance with Title IX cases. See, e.g.

, Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring , 527 U.S. 581, 616 n.1 (1999) (“This Court has35 Title VII prohibits employers from discriminating based

on sex. 104 In Oncale , the Supreme Court considered whether Title VII prohibited “discrimination because of sex” when the harasser and the harassed employee were the same sex. 105 In concluding that Title VII could support such a claim, the Court

held that Title VII is concerned only with “discrimination

because of sex.” 106 It noted that the Court had never held that “workplace harassment, even harassment between men and women, is automatically discrimination because of sex merely

because the words used have sexual content or
connotations.” 107 Rather, “the critical issue . . . is whether members of one sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employm ent to which members of the other sex are not exposed.” 108 The plaintiffs in a Title VII action must therefore always “prove that the conduct at issue was not merely tinged with offensive sexual connotations, but actually

constituted discrimination because o f sex.” 109 The same requirement holds true for Title IX claims.

The appellant s have not provided any authority

— either

in the District Court or on appeal

— to suggest that a sex

- neutral

also looked to its Title VII interpretati ons of discriminat ion in illuminating Title IX.” (collecting cases) )

. 104 42 U.S.C. § 2000e

- 2

. 105 Oncale , 523 U.S. at 76

. 106 Id. at 80

. 107 Id.

108 Id. (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sy s

. , Inc. , 510 U.S. 17, 25 (1993) (Ginsburg, J., concurring)).

109 Id. at 81 (internal alterations, emphasis, and quotation

marks omitted ).36 policy can give rise to a Title IX claim. Instead, they simply hypothesize that “ harassment ” that targets both sexes equally would violate Title IX; that is simply not the law. 110 The touchstone of both Title VII and Title IX claims is disparate

treatment based on sex

. 111 The School District’s policy allows

all students to use bathr ooms and locker rooms that align with their gender identity. It does not discriminate based on sex, and

therefore does not offend Title IX.

The District Court also correctly found that the appellant s had not met their burden of establishing that the

mere presence of transgender students in bathrooms and locker

rooms co nstitutes sexual harassment so severe, pervasive, or objectively offensive and “ that so undermines and detracts from the victims’ educational experience that [the plaintiff] is effectively d enied equal access to an institution’s resources and opportunities.” 112 That is particularly true given the many

110 See Pasqual v. Metro

. Life Ins. Co. , 101 F.3d 514, 517 (7th

Cir. 1996 ) (“Harassment that is inflicted without regard to gender, that is, where males and females in the same setting

do not rec eive disparate treatment, is not actionable because the harassment is not based on sex.”); Henson v. City of

Dundee , 682 F.2d 897, 904 (11th Cir. 1982) (“[T]here may be cases in which a supervisor makes sexual overtures of both

sexes or where the conduct c omplained of is equally offensive to male and female workers. In such cases, [the] harassment

would not be based on sex because men and women are accorded like treatment . . . and the plaintiff would have no remedy under Title VII.”).

111 Oncale , 523 U.S. at 80

. 112 DeJohn

, 537 F.3d at 316 n.14 (citations omitted).37 safeguards the School District put in place as part of the challenged policy.

Rather than relying on relevant legal authority to establish that the mere presence of a transgender student in a locker room or bathroom rises to the level of harassment, the appellant s again cite inapposite cases that involve egregious

harassment. That is not surprising since we have found no authority that supports the appellant s ’ claims. Two cases that the appellant s attempt to analogize to their situation are particularly illustrative of the weakness of their position

— Lewis v. Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Auth ority 113 and

Schonauer v. DCR Entertainmen t Inc

. 114 Lewis involved

harassment that is worlds apart from anything in the present record. There, cisgender men not only entered a locker room

while cisgender female employees were changing, they “leer[ed]” at them, “crowd[ed] the entranc e to the locker room, forcing [them] to ‘run the gauntlet[,]’ and brush[ed] up against

them.” 115 When a supervisor was informed, he referred to the female employees as “cunts” and “the biggest bunch of fucking crybabies.” 116 Any comparison to the circumstances the appellant s face here is patently frivolous

.

Schonauer is also distinguishable. There, the plaintiff was employed as a beverage server at a topless nightclub and alleged that she had been harassed by a manager. 117 In addition

to enteri ng the women’s changing facility, the manager

113 77 F. Supp. 2d 376, 377

– 78 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)

. 114 905 P.2d 392, 396

– 97, 400

– 01 (Wash. Ct. App. 1995)

. 115 77 F. Supp. 2d at 377.

116 Id

. at 378.

117 Schonauer

, 905 P.2d at 396.38 repeatedly encouraged the plaintiff to enter nude dance contests, asked questions about her sexual fantasies, and probed her sexual history. 118 When the plaintiff resisted these advances, she was fired. 119 The Wash ington Court of Appeals found that this behavior could constitute harassment not simply because the manager entered the changing facility, but because he pressed the plaintiff to “provide sexually explicit information and to dance on stage in a sexually pr ovocative way.” 120

The District Court no doubt realized that the appellants’ attempt to seize upon Lewis and Schonauer demonstrated the

weakness of their arguments. Here, there are no allegations of

harassment , let alone any that are even remotely as “se vere, pervasive, [or] objectively offensive

. ” 121 Still, the appellants unconvincingly try to equate mere presence in a space with harassing activity.

This case is far more analogous to Cruzan v. Special School Dist., No. 1

, 122 a Title VII case from the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Cruzan held that a transgender

individual in a bathroom did not create a hostile environment because there was no evidence that the individual “engaged in any inappropriate conduct other t han merely being present in the women’s faculty restroom.” 123 That is, a tra nsgender

118 Id. at 396

– 97.

119 Id. at 397.

120 Id. at 400.

121 DeJohn

, 537 F.3d at 316 n.14 ; Castleberry , 863 F.3d at

264.

122 294 F.3d 981, 984 (8th Cir. 2002)

. 123 Id.39 person in a restroom did not create an environment that wa s “permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult” as required to sustain a harassment claim unde r Title

VII. 124 We agree with the Eight Circuit’s conclusion

. As we have emphasized, the appellant s’ real objection is to the presence of transgender students, not to any “environment”

the ir presence creates. Indeed, the allegations here include an

assertion that a cisgender student was harassed merely by a transgender student washing that student’s own hands in a bathroom or changing in a locker room. That is not the type of conduct that supports a Tit le IX hostile environment claim

. 125

The District Court reco gnized this and correctly ruled that this claim was unlikely to succeed.

T he School District , on the other hand, contends that barring transgender students from using privacy facilities that align with their gender identity would , itself, constitute

discr imination under a sex

- stereotyping theory in violation of

Title IX

. 126 We need not decide that very differ ent issue here. We note only that in 2017, the Seventh Circuit held that a school district’s policy of prohibiting transgender students from using bathrooms and locker rooms consistent with their gender identity violated Title IX because it discriminated against transgender students by subjecting them to “different rules, sanctions

, and treatment than non

- transgender

124 Id. (citation omitted).

125 This is not to say that the transgender students could not engage in conduct that would rise to the level of harassment. It would be the same conduct required for cisgender students

to harass someone.

126 Br. for Appellee s , 38

– 40.40 students.” 127 The injunction that t he plaintiffs have requested here would essentially replicate the policy used by the school

district in Whitaker by Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School

District . Hence, BASH can hardly be faulted for being proactive in adopting a policy that avoids the issu es that may

otherwise have occurred under Title IX.

We therefore hold that the District Court correctly

declined to issue an in

junction based on the appellant s’ Title

IX claim.

3. The District Court

correctly concluded that the appellants’ state law

tort cl aim was unlikely

to succeed on the merits.

Finally, the appellants contend that the District Court erred in denying the injunction as to their Pennsylvania

- law tort claim for intrusion upon seclusion . Pennsylvania has adopted the Second Restatement of Torts’ definition of intrusion upon seclusion:

One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the

solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion wou ld

127 Whitaker , 858 F.3d at 1050.41 be highly offensive to a reasonable

person. 128

In denying this claim, the District Court concluded that the mere presence of a transgender individual in a bathroom or locker room is not the type of conduct that would be highly

offensive to a reasonable person. As we have noted, students in a locker room expect to see other students in varying stages of undress, and they expect that other students will see them in varying stages of undress. We will affirm the District Court’s rejection of the appellant s’ tort claim.

B. Irreparable Harm

In addition to finding that the appellant s were unlikely

to succeed on the merits of their claims , the District Court denied injunctive relief because they had not demonstrated that

the failure to issue an injunction would result in irreparable

harm. The District Court found that:

On a practical level . . . the privacy protections that are in place at BASH, which include the

bathroom stalls and shower stalls in the locker rooms, the bathroom

stalls in the mu lti

- user bathrooms, the availability of a number of single

- user bathrooms ( a few of which will have lockers for storing items), the [ability] of students to

128 Tagouma v. Investigative Consultant Serv s, Inc ., 4 A.3d 170, 174 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2010) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B (1965)).42 store personal items in their locker or leave those items with the gym teacher, and the availabilit y of the

team rooms in the locker rooms (which would not involve students passing through the common area of the locker room)

, and the overall willingness of the [appellees] to

work with the students and their

families to assure that the students

are comfo rtable at BASH, mitigates against a finding of irreparable harm. . . . The privacy protections available to students in

2017

- 18 are more than suitable to address any privacy concerns relating to the presence of transgender students in the locker

rooms and bathrooms at BASH. 129

We agree that the appellant s did not demonstrate irreparable harm would result from denying an injunction . The School District has provided adequate priva cy facilities for the appellant s to use during this litigation. Even if the app ellant s could otherwise succeed on one or more of their claims (and, as explain ed above, we do not suggest that t hey can), the single

- user facilities ensure that no appellant faces irreparable

harm in the meantime.

129 Doe v. Boyertown Area Sch. Dist. , 276 F. Supp 3d at 410.43 III. CONCLUSION

The Boyertown Area School District has adopted a very thoughtful and carefully tailored pol icy in an attempt to address

some very rea l issues while faithfully discharging its obligation

to maintain a safe and respectful environment in which

everyone c an both learn and thriv e.

The District Court correct ly concluded that the appellant s ’ attempt to enjoin that policy based on an alleged

violation of their privacy rights and their rights under Title IX and Pennsylvania tort law is not likely to succeed on the merits

. The District Court was also correct in deciding that denying the injunction would not irreparably harm the appellant s. For the

reasons set forth above and in the wel l

- reasoned District Court opinion, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of the requested preliminary injunction.