# Patent

## Title
Panel for supporting the walls of an excavation

## Abstract

A panel for supporting the sidewalls of an excavation includes a plate, longitudinal members and vertical members. Each longitudinal member includes a first leg extending along the length, substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the plate. The first leg of each longitudinal member being located adjacent and secured to the first leg of another member. A second leg, integral with the first leg, extends along the length, away from the first leg and toward the plate, the second leg being secured to the plate. Axially spaced vertical members are welded to the plate and to the longitudinal members.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a trench box for protecting against a collapse of the sidewalls of an excavation. More specifically, the instant invention pertains to panels of the trench box.
It is conventional to fabricate a panel for a trench box using laterally spaced steel U-shaped longitudinal channels, or as an alternative using laterally spaced tubes, located between and attached to large flat steel plates. To reduce weight and material costs, the longitudinal channels or tubes are often spaced laterally a short distance. The longitudinal spaces between adjacent channels, or the gaps between adjacent tubes, are then closed locally by short spacers to provide patterned continuity and uniformity. Relatively, the spacers provide only nominal structural strength between adjacent longitudinal members. Lengthy spaces and gaps remain left where there are no spacers between adjacent channels or tubes. These spaces and gaps cause the panels to have discontinuous bending stiffness and strength required to resist external loads tending to bend the panel across its width.
To compensate for this deficiency, vertical stiffeners, which are usually extruded channels, are placed at spaced locations along the panel's length and secured to the longitudinal channels. Except at the locations of the vertical stiffeners, panels fabricated in this way lack uniform bending stiffness across the panel's width. Due to changes in the moment of inertia of the bending cross section that occurs at each longitudinal space between adjacent longitudinal channels, bending loads are concentrated near the vertical stiffeners and short channels rather than being carried uniformly across the entire length of the panel. This concentration of loading lowers the structural efficiency of the panel and requires use of thicker metal and heavier cross sections to reach the stiffness and strength that would result if the full panel length were uniformly active in resisting lateral bending.
A large inventory of U-shaped longitudinal channels with various thicknesses and dimensions, or multiple tubes having different lengths, widths, wall thickness and diameters is required to properly engineer and assemble panels of this type so as to provide the needed structural strength for the particular situation. As a result, a manufacturer must either make a significant financial investment to keep an adequate inventory of longitudinal members to chose from or order the required members once appropriate sizes and dimensions are determined. In both cases, the manufacturer is either delayed or forced to incur increased overhead costs. This problem is aggravated with the escalation or unpredictable fluctuation in steel prices. Furthermore, because a conventional panel fabricated as described may have relatively large areas of overlapping thicknesses of the extruded, bent, shaped and/or formed members, the panel typically has unnecessary excess weight.
Still further, the complexity to fabricate and assemble such panels adds to the time, engineering and cost of assembly. One of the more significant problems faced when fabricating U-shape longitudinal channels, for example, is the bending of a flat sheet on a brake press to make the required U-shape with appropriate leg or web dimension and spacing. More specifically, to increase the strength of the longitudinal member to resist bending along its length, engineering may require the U-shaped channel have a short width with long parallel legs, thereby increasing the webbing and overall thickness of the finish panel. With such a design, however, it becomes difficult, if not impractical, to bend sheet steel on a brake press to make the appropriately dimensioned U-shape cross-section. With the closely aligned extended legs, the length of the first bent leg interferes with the brake press during the bending of the second leg, thereby preventing the needed 90° bend.
The alternative may be to use a tube with a larger diameter and thicker wall. However, this design makes for other engineering problems.
In order to eliminate the costs associated with specially fabricating and maintaining large inventories of U-shaped longitudinal channels and tubes for each of the multiple dimensioned profiles, it is desirable to provide a channel profile and assembly that can be easily and quickly fabricated to multiple dimensions from stock sheet steel, while providing more engineering versatility, improved structural strength and reliability. It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide such a profile and fabricating mechanism.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A panel, according to the present invention, for supporting the walls of an excavation includes a plate, preferably a rectangular plate. Parallel longitudinal members secured to the plate and arranged across the plate's width have L-shaped cross sections. Each longitudinal member includes a first leg substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the plate, the first leg of each longitudinal member being located adjacent and secured to the first leg of another member. Each second leg extends along the length away from the first leg and toward the plate, the second leg being secured to the plate. A lower edge member, secured to a first leg of the lowermost longitudinal member is inclined toward and secured to the plate, forming a wedge with the plate. The wedge extends along the panel's length and has a tip located at the lower edge of the panel.
Channel-shaped vertical stiffeners, spaced mutual along the length, each include a web substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the plate, and secured to the first leg of each adjacent longitudinal member. Legs integral with the web extend along the length away from the web and toward the plate. The legs are also secured to the plate.
A distributed load that would be applied to the panels of a trench box by the walls of an excavation induces double curvature bending of the panels due to distribution of the load along the panel length and across its width. The vertical stiffeners and the longitudinal members are closed by the plate, thereby forming ideal structural sections having upper flanges and lower flanges that are continuous across the panel's width and provide stiffness that resists bending in those directions. Similarly, bending along the panel length is resisted by box sections formed by the legs of the L-shaped longitudinal members and the plate. Local compression instability of the plate is resisted by baffles, which also provide enhanced structural continuity due to their being welded to the longitudinal members and the plate.
The weight of a trench box assembly fabricated according to this invention is light compared to a conventional trench box having similar structural and function capacity and made of the same material. This weight advantage is realized principally because use of overlapping, redundant material thicknesses is minimized without compromising the strength and stiffness of the panel.
Fabrication of a trench box panel according to the instant invention requires fewer components than would a conventional panel because the longitudinal members can be roll-formed from a single sheet that requires only one bend to form the legs of the L-shaped cross section. Similarly, the vertical channel stiffeners and baffles can be quickly and easily roll-formed from sheet stock. Few extruded components having a wide range of dimensions and thicknesses are required, and therefore, fewer components need inventoried by the trench box manufacturer which is of particular importance with the increasing cost of steel and other metals. Mechanical connections are virtually eliminated because the components are welded. The lower wedge-shaped edge member is easily formed by welding a narrow, inclined plate to the outer plate and to the lowermost longitudinal member.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
It is to be understood that the drawings are designed for the purpose of illustration only and not as a definition of the limits of the instant invention, for which reference should be made to the claims appended hereto. Other features, objects and advantages of this invention will become clear from the detailed description made with reference to the following drawings:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a trench shoring device employing panels according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front view of a panel for a trench box;
FIG. 3 is a cross section taken at plane 3-3 of the panel of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a portion of the length of the panel of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a cross section taken at plane 5-5 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a cross section taken at plane 6-6 of FIG. 2;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a longitudinal panel member showing stiffeners and baffles secured to the member; and
FIG. 8 is cross section taken at plane 8-8 of FIG. 2.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring first to FIG. 1, a portable trench box for securing the walls of an excavation includes panels 12, each panel being located adjacent the earthen walls of the excavation and extending vertically from the base of the trench to its top and along its length. Additional panels can be located in the trench adjacent the axial ends of other panels in order to line the entire length of both walls of the trench with panels. Lateral spacing between the panels 12 is maintained by bars 14, which extend laterally across the width of the trench and are secured at opposite axial ends to each of the panels.
Referring now to FIGS. 2-4, each panel 12 includes multiple central longitudinal members 16-20; multiple left-side longitudinal members 22-26; multiple right-side longitudinal members 28-32; intermediate vertical stiffeners 34, 36; and end vertical stiffeners 38, 40. The lower edge of the panel 12 is closed by a lower member 42, whose cross section is preferably wedge-shaped to facilitate its being forced into the soil at the base of the trench adjacent the trench wall. Each axial end of the longitudinal members is secured to a vertical stiffener preferably at a welded connection. The lower member 42 is secured to each vertical stiffener 34, 36, 38, 40 and to the lowermost longitudinal members 20, 26, 32, preferably by a welded connection.
The end stiffener 38 supports vertically-spaced, hollow cylindrical plugs 44, which are secured to and extend inwardly from the inner surface of the stiffener 38. Similarly, end stiffener 40 supports vertically-spaced, hollow cylindrical plugs 46, which are secured to and extend inwardly from the inner surface of the stiffener 40. Each plug 44 is formed with aligned holes 48, which extend through the thickness of the plug wall. Each plug 46 is also formed with aligned holes 50, which extend through the thickness of the plug wall. Further, an end of each lateral bar 14 is formed with holes aligned with the holes 48, 50 of a respective plug, fits over one of the plugs, and engages the plug upon inserting a fastener through the aligned holes of the bar and the holes of the plug, thereby mutually securing the panels on opposite sides of the trench.
Each panel 12 includes an outer surface 52, which is a surface of a substantially flat rectangular plate 54 of metal that extends the full length of the panel 12 and extends laterally from the lower edge 56 of the lower member 42 to the upper edge 58 of the uppermost longitudinal members 16, 22, 28.
FIG. 5 illustrates, in cross section, the assembled arrangement of longitudinal members 16, 17 and the plate 54. Each longitudinal member has a cross section that is L-shaped having a first leg 60 and a second leg 62. When the panel 12 is assembled, the first legs 60 are substantially parallel to the outer surface 52 of the plate 54. But the second legs 62 are substantially perpendicular to the first legs 60 and plate 54, extend laterally toward plate 54, and are secured to the plate 54, preferably by a welded connection 64. The panel's inner surface includes the surfaces of the first legs 60 of the longitudinal members.
Each longitudinal member is secured to an adjacent longitudinal member at a welded connection 68. Each of the uppermost longitudinal members 16, 22, 28 is closed at the panel's upper edge 58 by a cap plate 70, which is a narrow, flat plate secured to the upper edge of the first leg 60 of the uppermost longitudinal members 16, 22, 28 at a weld 72 and secured to the upper edge of plate 54 at a weld 74.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, the lower member 42 is closed at the lower edge 56 of the panel 12 by a lower edge member 76, a flat plate 76, which is secured to the first leg 60 of the lowermost longitudinal members 20, 26, 32 at a weld line 78, and is inclined toward and secured to plate 54 at a weld line 80. The plate 54 and lower edge member 76 together form a wedge having a point at the lower edge 56 of the panel 12 that extends along the panel's length.
Structural continuity between plate 54 and the first leg 60 of longitudinal members 16, 22, 28 may be provided by vertical baffles 82-87, 88, 90, which are located within the panel 12 and spaced mutually along the length of longitudinal member 16, or any of the longitudinal members, as FIG. 7 illustrates. The baffles 82-87, 88, 90 are welded to the inner surface of the first leg 60 and the inner surface of the second leg 62 after forming the longitudinal member 16 into its L-shape, but before assembling the panel 12. After the panel 12 is assembled, the baffles 82-87, 88, 90 are welded to the inner surface of the plate 54, and the cap plate 70 is installed and welded to the baffles.
In a preferred configuration illustrated in FIG. 8, the vertical stiffeners 34, 36, 40, 38 are channels having a web 96, located in the plane of the first legs 60 of the longitudinal members, and two legs 98, 100 that extend laterally toward and are secured to plate 54 by welds 102, 104. Similarly, welds 102, 104 may be used to secure the axial edges of the second legs 62 of the longitudinal members to the vertical stiffeners 34, 36, 40, 38. The axial edges of the first legs 60 of the longitudinal members that are located adjacent the vertical stiffeners 34, 36, 40, 38 are also secured to the vertical stiffeners by welds 106, 108.
Depending on the application, the flat plate 54 that forms the outer surface of the panel has a length of about 16 feet, a width of about 8 feet, and a thickness in the range 0.125-0.3125 inches. The L-shaped longitudinal members are roll formed from a flat sheet of steel stock having a width of about 18 inches and a thickness in the range 0.125-0.3125 inches. The longitudinal members, plates 54, 70, vertical stiffeners 34, 36, 40, 38, and baffles 82-87, 88, 90 are of substantially the same material, preferably high strength, low alloy steel sheet.
A distributed load that would be applied to the panels 12 of a trench box by the adjacent walls of an excavation induces double curvature in the panels due to bending along the panel length and bending across its width. The vertical stiffeners 34, 36, 40, 38 and the longitudinal members are closed by plate 54, thereby forming ideal structural sections having outer flanges and inner flanges that are continuous across the panel's width and provide stiffness that resists bending in that direction. Similarly, bending along the panel length is resisted by box sections formed by the legs 60, 62 of the L-shaped longitudinal members and plate 54. Local compression instability of plate 54 is resisted by the baffles 82-87, 88, 90, which also provide enhanced structural continuity due to their being welded to the longitudinal members and plates 54, 70.
The weight of a trench box panel 12 fabricated according to this invention is light compared to a conventional trench box having similar structural and function capacity and made of the same material principally because use of overlapping, redundant material thicknesses is minimized without compromising the strength and stiffness of the trench box. Further, with this invention the structural strength of the trench box panels 12 can easily engineered by simply changing the width of the long versus short leg of the L-shaped longitudinal member. For example, to increase the strength of a trench box panel, the first leg is shortened and the second leg is lengthened so as to reduce the distance between the adjacent panels. Further, since each L-shaped longitudinal member is simply roll formed from a flat sheet of steel stock, the manufacturer needs to only inventory the flat steel sheets. Once the appropriate structural strength of the panel 12 is determined, each longitudinal member is bent from a flat sheet to the appropriate L-shape dimension and then assembled as described above.
Although the first leg of the longitudinal members shown and described here has a greater width than that of the second leg, the first leg may in certain applications be equal or have a shorter width than that of the second leg.
Having described the preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be understood that other versions are possible. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions herein.

## Claims

1. A panel for supporting the sidewalls of an excavation, comprising:
a seamless, single-piece flat plate having a width, a length, an inner surface and an outer surface;
multiple longitudinal members being stacked, each longitudinal member is a unitary, one-piece member having a cross-section consisting of an L-shape, wherein the L-shape cross-section has a bend with first and second legs, each leg having an outer longitudinal edge, the first leg extending along the length and along a portion of the width, substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the single-piece plate, the first leg of each longitudinal member being located and secured at its outer longitudinal edge by a weld to the first leg at the bend of an adjacent L-shaped longitudinal member, the second leg to the longitudinal member extends along the length, away from the first leg and toward the single-piece plate, the second leg being secured at its outer longitudinal edge by a weld to the inner surface of the single-piece plate; and
a lower edge member extending along a portion of the width, secured by a first lower edge weld to a first leg of a lowermost longitudinal member, inclined toward and secured by a second lower edge weld to the single-piece plate to form a wedge with the plate that extends along the length, the wedge having a tip located at a lower edge of the panel.

2. The panel of claim 1 further comprising:
vertical end stiffeners welded to the inner surface of the single-piece plate and to the multiple adjacent longitudinal members, each end stiffener located at an end of the length, and including a web substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the plate; and
an attachment plug to extend away from a surface of the web.

3. The panel of claim 2 further comprising:
intermediate vertical stiffeners, each intermediate stiffener being spaced mutual along the length, extending along the width, and each vertical stiffener including;
a web substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the single-piece plate, and secured by a weld to the first leg of each multiple longitudinal member that is adjacent the respective vertical stiffener; and
first and second legs integral with the web, extending along the length, away from the web and toward the single-piece plate, the first and second legs being welded to the inner surface of the single-piece plate.

4. The panel of claim 3 further comprising:
upper vertical baffles mutually spaced along the length within the panel, each baffle being located adjacent and secured to the inner surface of the single-piece plate, an inner surface of a first leg of an uppermost longitudinal member, and an inner surface of a second leg of the uppermost longitudinal member.

5. The panel of claim 4 further comprising:
a cap plate secured along the length and laterally between the single-piece plate and a first leg of an uppermost longitudinal member at an upper edge of the panel.

6. A panel for supporting the sidewalls of an excavation comprising:
a seamless, single-piece flat plate having a width, a length and inner and outer surfaces;
multiple longitudinal members, each longitudinal member being a unitary, single piece having a cross-section consisting of an L-shape, wherein the L-shape cross-section includes:
a bend;
a first leg extending along the length and along a portion of the width, substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the single-piece plate, the first leg of each longitudinal member having an outer longitudinal edge spaced from the bend, the outer longitudinal edge of the first leg being secured by a weld to the first leg at the bend of an adjacent member; and
a second leg integral with the first leg, extending along the length, away from the first leg and toward the single-piece plate, and the second leg having an outer longitudinal edge spaced from the bend, the outer longitudinal edge of the second leg being secured by a weld to the inner surface of the unitary, single-piece plate.

7. The panel of claim 6 further comprising:
vertical stiffeners, each stiffener spaced mutual along the length, extending along the width, and located between adjacent longitudinal members, and including;
a web substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the inner surface of the single-piece plate, and secured to the first leg of each adjacent longitudinal member; and
first and second legs integral with the web, extending along the length, away from the web and toward the single-piece plate, the first and second legs being welded to the inner surface of the single-piece plate.

8. The panel of claim 6 further comprising:
vertical end stiffeners welded to the single-piece plate and to the multiple adjacent longitudinal members, each end stiffener located at an end of the length, and including a web substantially parallel to and spaced laterally from the inner surface of the seamless, single-piece plate; and
an attachment plug secured to extend away from a surface of the web, the plug having a hole extending through a thickness of the plug.

9. The panel of claim 8 further comprising:
a cap plate extending along the length and laterally between the single-piece plate and a first leg of an uppermost longitudinal member at an upper edge of the panel.

10. The panel of claim 9 further comprising:
baffles mutually spaced along the length and located in a space within the panel, each baffle located adjacent and secured by a weld to the single-piece plate, the first leg of one of the multiple longitudinal members, and the second leg of the same longitudinal member.

11. The panel of claim 10 further comprising:
a lower edge member extending along a portion of the width, secured by a weld to a first leg of a lowermost longitudinal member, inclined toward and secured by a weld to the seamless, single-piece plate, and forming a wedge with the plate that extends along the length, the wedge having a tip located at the lower edge of the panel.