[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 15-14375

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-21917-UU

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, 

 Plaintiff – Appellee,

versus

GEORGE G. LEVIN, 

 Defendant – Appellant,

FRANK PREVE,

 Defendant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(February 23, 2017)

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Before MARCUS and DUBINA, Circuit Judges, and GOLDBERG,* Judge.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-Appellant George G. Levin (“Levin”) appeals the district court’s 

judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee Securities and Exchange Commission 

(“SEC”) on its action charging Levin with securities violations. The action centers 

on Levin’s sales of securities in connection with a large Ponzi scheme. The SEC 

brought suit against Levin alleging violations of the registration provisions of the 

Securities Act and fraud in the sale of securities in violation of the Securities and 

Exchange Act (“Acts”). Levin asserted affirmative defenses that the sales were 

exempt from the registration provisions. The district court awarded summary 

judgment to the SEC, finding no merit to Levin’s affirmative defenses, and a jury 

found Levin liable on the fraud claims. Levin appeals the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment to the SEC on Count I, the failure to register securities 

pursuant to Section 5 of the Securities Act, and he also challenges claimed errors 

that occurred during trial. Based on our review of the record, reading the parties’ 

briefs, and having the benefit of oral argument, we affirm in part, and reverse in 

part; specifically, we reverse the grant of summary judgment on Count I and 

remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

 

*

Honorable Richard W. Goldberg, Judge of the United States Court of International 

Trade, sitting by designation.

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I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts

The controversy in this case arises from the operation and eventual collapse 

of Scott Rothstein’s (“Rothstein”) Ponzi scheme. Rothstein used his law firm, 

Rothstein, Rosenfeldt and Adler P.A. (“law firm”), to operate his scheme by 

soliciting investors to purchase purported confidential settlement agreements 

supposedly reached in sexual harassment or whistleblower lawsuits. No such 

agreements existed, and the investors were paid with funds from other investors. 

The scheme collapsed in October 2009, and Rothstein pled guilty to a five-count 

information charging one count each of racketeering conspiracy, conspiracy to 

commit money laundering, conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud, and two 

counts of wire fraud.

Levin’s involvement in the Ponzi scheme began in 2007 when he invested in 

the purported settlements. Initially, Levin used his personal funds to invest in the 

scheme, but he soon began using funds from his dormant legal entity, Banyon 

1030-32 (“Banyon”). Frank Preve (“Preve”) was the daily operations manager of 

Banyon, and he handled the paperwork for the investments. Rothstein would email 

Banyon details regarding the bogus settlements that Banyon could purchase, and 

Levin determined the parameters of the settlements that Banyon would purchase. 

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In order to purchase more of the purported settlements, Banyon offered investors 

promissory notes, and Banyon used funds from the notes to purchase additional 

settlements. Banyon repaid the notes with the returns from those settlements. 

Levin personally guaranteed the notes. Levin and Preve initially marketed the 

notes to their friends and family but soon began to solicit other potential investors. 

Ultimately, Banyon issued notes to approximately 90 investors, for an approximate

total amount of $50 to $58 million. The SEC did not receive a registration 

statement with respect to these promissory notes.

To obtain additional funding, Banyon established lines of credit with New 

York-based hedge funds to finance settlement purchases. These hedge funds set up 

separate accounts with Rothstein, and the hedge fund managers independently 

decided whether they would fund certain settlement purchases. Banyon also 

utilized the Banyon Income Fund, a limited partnership with Banyon as the general 

manager, to raise approximately $100 million from an estimated 83 investors to 

purchase purported settlement agreements. The law firm established a dedicated 

trust account for the Banyon Income Fund at the TD Bank (“TD Bank”).

Eventually, the scheme collapsed.

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B. Procedural History

The SEC filed suit against Levin in May 2012, and later amended its 

complaint.1

 In the amended complaint, the SEC alleged that Levin sold 

unregistered securities in violation of Sections 5(a) and 5(c) of the Securities Act, 

and that Levin engaged in fraud in violation of Section 17(a) of the Securities Act, 

Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5. In his answer, Levin asserted 

that the Banyon promissory notes were exempt from registration under Section 

4(a)(2) either because they did not involve any public offering as demonstrated by 

compliance with Rule 506(b) of Regulation D, or because they were protected by 

the safe harbor provision of Rule 508 of Regulation D. Levin also asserted that he 

did not profit from any of the purported conduct and, therefore, disgorgement was 

not a proper remedy.

The parties both moved for summary judgment, and the district court denied 

Levin’s motion in full and denied portions of the SEC’s motion as well. The 

district court, however, did partially grant the SEC’s motion, finding that the 

Banyon notes were not exempt under Rule 506, but determining that there was a 

triable issue of fact as to whether the notes were exempt under the safe harbor 

provision of Rule 508. The SEC filed a motion for reconsideration as to whether

 

1 Preve was also named as a defendant, but the SEC settled its case with Preve via 

consent judgment. Hence, Preve is not a party to this appeal.

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the notes were exempt, and the district court granted the motion, finding that the 

safe harbor provision in Rule 508 did not protect defendants against enforcement 

actions brought by the SEC.

The district court began a trial on the securities fraud claim without Levin’s 

presence because, that morning, Levin’s counsel notified the court that Levin had 

been admitted to the hospital in Panama where he had traveled for business. Levin 

was unable to return by the start of the trial, and his counsel moved for a one-week 

continuance. The SEC objected, mainly on fiscal grounds, but also because a 

continuance would create problems with witness availability. The district court 

denied the motion. Levin was absent for the first two days of trial, which included 

jury selection, opening statements, the SEC’s presentation of its first witness, and 

the beginning testimony of the SEC’s second witness. 

At the end of the trial, the jury found Levin liable on all counts. The SEC 

moved for a total disgorgement award of $106 million. Levin responded that any 

disgorgement should be offset by payments made to investors from Banyon and 

the Banyon bankruptcy trustee. The district court determined that a disgorgement 

award of $40.1 million was appropriate because it reflected the amounts actually 

received by Levin and his family members as a result of Levin’s wrongdoing. The 

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district court entered final judgment against Levin on July 31, 2015, and Levin 

timely filed a notice of appeal.

II. ISSUES

1. Whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the 

SEC because it found the Banyon note offerings were not eligible for a Regulation 

D exemption from the registration requirements of Section 5 of the Securities Act.

2. Whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Levin’s motion 

for a continuance on the basis that he was unable to attend the first two days of trial 

due to an unexpected hospitalization.

3. Whether the district court abused its discretion in including certain gains 

by Levin’s family members in its $40.1 million disgorgement order, or in failing to 

reduce that disgorgement based on certain prior and future payments by Banyon’s 

bankruptcy trustee.

4. Whether the district court plainly erred in questioning Levin and another 

witness during trial.

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo a district court’s order on summary judgment. See Mais 

v. Gulf Coast Collection Bureau, Inc., 768 F.3d 1110, 1119 (11th Cir. 2014). “In 

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so doing, we draw all inferences and review all evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party.” Id.

We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s ruling on a motion for 

continuance. See Romero v. Drummond Co. Inc., 552 F.3d 1303, 1319–20 (11th 

Cir. 2008). The denial of a request for continuance does not constitute an abuse of 

discretion unless it is arbitrary and unreasonable and severely prejudices the 

moving party. See Rink v. Cheminova, Inc., 400 F.3d 1286, 1296 (11th Cir. 2005).

We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s calculation of 

disgorgement. See SEC v. Monterosso, 756 F.3d 1326, 1337 (11th Cir. 2014). 

We also review for abuse of discretion a district court’s questioning of 

witnesses under Federal Rule of Evidence 614. See generally United States v. 

Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2004). When a party fails to object at trial 

to the district court’s conduct, however, we review for plain error only. See SEC v. 

Big Apple Consulting USA, Inc., 783 F.3d 786, 812 (11th Cir. 2015).

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Summary Judgment

1. Statutory and Regulatory Framework

Section 5 of the Securities Act prohibits the use of any means of interstate 

commerce or the mails to offer to sell or offer to buy any security without having 

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first filed a registration statement with the SEC as to such security. 15 U.S.C. 

§ 77e(a), (c) (2012). To establish a prima facie case for a Section 5 violation, the 

SEC must prove three elements: “(1) no registration statement was in effect as to 

the securities, (2) the defendant sold or offered to sell these securities, and (3) 

interstate transportation or communication and the mails were used in connection 

with the sale or offer of sale.” SEC v. Cont’l Tobacco Co. of S.C., 463 F.2d 137, 

155 (5th Cir. 1972).

2

 The Securities Act does exempt from its application certain 

types of securities and securities transactions “where there is no practical need for 

its application or where the benefits are too remote.” Id. These exemptions must 

be narrowly viewed because, as remedial legislation, the Securities Act is entitled 

to a broad construction. Id. 

The Code of Federal Regulations Rule 506 (“Rule 506”) implements the 

statutory exemption involving securities that are not public offerings, such as the 

ones at issue here. See 17 C.F.R. § 230.506 (2016); see also 15 U.S.C. § 77d(a)(2)

(2012) (providing that Section 4(2) of the Securities Act exempts from registration 

“transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering”). The private offering 

exemptions are known as Regulation D, which is a series of rules that establish 

 

2 See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir. 1981) (holding that 

decisions of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals prior to September 30, 1981, are binding on the 

Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals).

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three separate, distinct private offering exemptions from the registration 

requirements of the Securities Act. To meet the conditions of Rule 506, an offer or 

sale must satisfy the terms of Rules 501 and 502, and the issuer must reasonably 

believe that there are no more than 35 purchasers of securities. 17 C.F.R. § 

230.506(b)(1), (2)(i). Accredited investors are not counted toward the 35. Id. § 

230.501(e). An accredited investor is any person “whose individual net worth . . . 

exceeds $1,000,000.” Id. § 230.501(a)(5) & (6). Rule 502 sets out certain 

requirements for offerings made under Rule 506(b), including a provision requiring

certain information be provided to investors before the sale of the securities and a 

provision limiting the manner by which the issuer can sell the securities. Id. § 

230.502(b), (c), and (d). 

To obtain the exemption, there is another condition that must be satisfied, 

and it involves the nature of the purchasers. Rule 506(b)(2)(ii) states that

Each purchaser who is not an accredited investor either alone or with 

his purchaser representative(s) has such knowledge and experience in 

financial and business matters that he is capable of evaluating the 

merits and risks of the prospective investment, or the issuer 

reasonably believes immediately prior to making any sale that such 

purchaser comes within this description.

17 C.F.R. § 230.506(b)(2)(ii). The issuer is to take reasonable steps to verify that a 

purchaser of a security sold in an offering under section (c) is an accredited 

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investor. Id. § 230.506(c). The offeror can verify a purchaser’s accredited status 

on the basis of income or net worth. See id. § 230.506(c)(2)(ii)(A) & (B).

Rule 508 provides a safe harbor in private offering actions when there are 

“insignificant deviations” from Rule 506(b). This provision states that a deviation 

from a “term, condition or requirement of § 230.504, § 230.505 or § 230.506 will 

not result in the loss of the exemption from the requirements of section 5 of the Act

for any offer or sale to a particular individual or entity, if the person relying on the 

exemption” satisfies three factors. 17 C.F.R. § 230.508(a). The first two factors 

tie the deviation to the purchasers: the failure to comply with a term, condition or 

requirement of Rule 506 must not (1) “pertain to a term, condition or requirement 

directly intended to protect that particular individual or entity”; and (2) must be 

“insignificant with respect to the offering as a whole, provided that any failure to 

comply with [certain specified terms] shall be deemed to be significant to the 

offering as a whole.” Id. The third factor requires a “good faith and reasonable 

attempt” to comply with all Rule 504, 505, and 506 requirements. Id. 

Rule 508(b) states that “[a] transaction made in reliance on § 230.504, §

230.505, or § 230.506 shall comply with all applicable terms, conditions and 

requirements of Regulation D.” Id. § 230.508(b). Significantly, it provides that 

“[w]here an exemption is established only through reliance upon paragraph (a) of 

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this section, the failure to comply shall nonetheless be actionable by the 

Commission under section 20 of the Act.” Id. This regulatory language is at issue 

in the present case. There is no precedent explaining what the phrase “failure to 

comply” modifies in this regulation, and whether this safe harbor is available in 

SEC enforcement actions. 

As we explain infra, our review of the regulatory construction and

regulatory history persuades us that the safe harbor provision is available to private 

note offerings in SEC enforcement actions. Levin establishes a genuine dispute of 

material fact whether the Banyon note offering, as a whole, falls under the safe 

harbor provision in Rule 508. Thus, we reverse the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment on the registration claim and remand for further proceedings.

2. Rule 508 issue

Initially, the district court ruled that there was a genuine dispute of fact 

regarding Banyon’s compliance with Rule 508. Specifically, it found a genuine 

dispute as to whether Banyon made a “good faith and reasonable” effort to comply 

with Rule 506 as required under Rule 508(a)(3). 17 C.F.R. § 230.508(a)(3). The 

record shows that Banyon attempted to comply with Rule 506(b)(2) by requiring 

investors, before purchasing the Banyon promissory notes, to submit investor

certifications certifying that they were accredited investors under Rule 501, or, if 

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they were not, that they were either sophisticated investors or represented by a 

“purchaser representative” as required by Rule 506(b)(2(ii). The district court 

further found that there was a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether 

Banyon failed to comply with any provision of Regulation D that was “significant 

to the offering as a whole.” 17 C.F.R. § 230.508(a)(2).

After this initial ruling by the district court, the SEC filed a motion for 

reconsideration, asserting that under Rule 508(b), Levin could not avail himself of 

the Rule 508(a) exemption because this exemption is applicable only in private 

actions, not SEC enforcement actions under the Securities Act. Thus, the SEC 

argued that it was “the failure to comply” with Section 5 that was actionable. 

Levin responded that “the failure to comply” referred to individual failures to 

comply with Rules 504-506, leaving the protection of the exemption in place for 

the Section 5 violation generally. On reconsideration, the district court agreed with 

the SEC and entered judgment in its favor on the registration claim. In our view, 

this was error.

In determining the meaning of a statute or regulation, “the first step is to 

determine whether the statutory language has a plain and unambiguous meaning by 

referring to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, 

and the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Bautista v. Star Cruises, 396 

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F.3d 1289, 1295 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). “If the statute’s meaning is 

plain and unambiguous, there is no need for further inquiry.” CBS Broad. Inc. v. 

Echostar Commc’ns Corp., 532 F.3d 1294, 1300–1301 (11th Cir. 2008) 

(quotations omitted). To determine the plain meaning of a statute or regulation, we 

do not look at one word or term in isolation, but rather look to the entire statutory 

or regulatory context. Id. at 1301.

Hence, we first look to the usage of the phrase “failure to comply” and note 

that it appears numerous times in Rule 508. It is used at the start of (a) in reference 

to the terms of Rules 504-506 and to describe the basic premise of the exemption; 

it appears in (a)(1) and (a)(2) referring back to its usage in (a); and it is used again 

in (a)(2) to specifically reference the terms of Rules 504-506. The word “comply” 

is also used in (a)(3), separately from the phrase “failure to comply,” again in 

relation to Rules 504-506. “A standard principle of statutory construction provides 

that identical words and phrases within the same statute should normally be given 

the same meaning.” Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Servs., Inc., 551 U.S. 224, 

232, 127 S. Ct. 2411, 2417 (2007); see also Douglas v. Yates, 535 F.3d 1316, 

1320–21 (11th Cir. 2008) (“Similar language contained within the same section of 

a statute must be accorded a consistent meaning.”) (quotation omitted). Given 

Rule 508(a)’s repeated reference to “failure to comply” in the context of 

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compliance with the Rules of Regulation D for private offering exemptions, it 

follows that the phrase “failure to comply” in Rule 508(b) must be interpreted in 

the same manner: relating to compliance with Rules 504-506 of Regulation D and 

not to compliance with Section 5. See Owusu-Ansah v. Coca-Cola Co., 715 F.3d 

1306, 1311 (11th Cir. 2013) (stating that “a term appearing in several places in a 

statutory text is generally read the same way each time it appears”) (quotation 

omitted). 

Second, if the SEC had intended for Rule 508(b) to address non-compliance 

with Section 5 of the Act, it would have expressly stated so. This is true especially 

because Rule 508(a), part of the same rule, explicitly references Section 5 of the 

Securities Act. See 17 C.F.R. § 230.508(a) (stating that a “failure to comply” with 

Rules 504-506 will not result “in the loss of the exemption from the requirements 

of section 5 of the Act” if certain conditions are satisfied). When a deliberative 

body “includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in 

another, it is generally presumed that [it] acts intentionally and purposely in the 

disparate inclusion or exclusion.” Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 

208, 113 S. Ct. 2035, 2040 (1993) (quotation omitted). 

Third, “statutes should be construed so that no clause, sentence, or word 

shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.” United States v. Aldrich, 566 F.3d 

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976, 978 (11th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted). The district court’s interpretation of 

Rule 508 runs counter to this instruction. The district court’s interpretation renders 

the entire first sentence of Rule 508(b)—providing that “[a] transaction made in 

reliance on § 230.504, § 230.505, or § 230.506 shall comply with all applicable 

terms, conditions and requirements of Regulation D”—superfluous. The inclusion 

of this first sentence adds meaning to Rule 508(b) only if it is interpreted as 

allowing the SEC to bring Section 20 enforcement actions for specific violations of 

the rules of Regulation D, not of Section 5 of the Securities Act, even where Rule 

508(a) good faith compliance applies. Otherwise, the sentence is not necessary. 

In sum, the first part of the first sentence is necessary to qualify the second 

part of the sentence. The first sentence provides context, and the two sentences in 

Rule 508(b) explain that a transaction made in reliance upon the Regulation D

private offering exemption generally must comply with all its terms, but if a 

transaction violates those terms and is saved by Rule 508’s safe harbor provision, 

those specific violations are actionable even though the transaction is otherwise 

exempt.

Additionally, the regulatory history lends support for this interpretation. 

After requesting comment on whether a good faith compliance standard should be 

instituted for Regulation D, the SEC proposed such a standard, explaining that 

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under the proposed rule, isolated and minor deviations from the requirements of 

Regulation D might eliminate the exemption with respect to a particular sale, but 

not with respect to the offering as a whole. See Regulation D Revisions, 52 Fed. 

Reg. 3015, 3020 (Jan. 30, 1987); 53 Fed. Reg. 7870, 7871 (Mar. 10, 1988). At this 

point in the regulatory history, however, no distinction had been made between 

private and SEC actions. After further comment, the SEC proposed a revised 

version of Rule 508 that contains the language which currently appears in section 

(b). See Regulation D; Independent Exemptions from Registration Requirements, 

54 Fed. Reg. 309, 310, 312, 314 (Jan. 5, 1989). In reference to Rule 508(b), the 

SEC explained that “[a] separate provision in reproposed Rule 508 provides that in 

any case, failure to comply with any term, condition or requirement of Regulation 

D would be actionable by the Commission regardless of the significance of the 

deviation.” Id. at 312. This final clause refers back to the “failure to comply,” 

suggesting that it is the minor deviations from Regulation D that are actionable, 

and not the offering as a whole under Section 5.

We conclude that the district court erred in finding that the safe harbor 

provision of Rule 508(a) was not available in this SEC enforcement action. Based 

on the plain language of the regulation and the regulatory history, we hold that 

Rule 508(a) not only preserves the safe harbor for certain insignificant deviations 

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in private actions, but it also preserves the safe harbor in SEC enforcement actions. 

Because there are disputed facts about whether the Banyon notes comply with Rule 

502(b)(2)(vii) in order to be eligible for a Rule 506 exemption, and, in turn, fall 

within the safe harbor provision of Rule 508, we hold that the district court erred in 

granting summary judgment to the SEC on Count I, the registration claim. 

Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s judgment in favor of the SEC on the 

registration claim and remand for further proceedings.

B. Motion for Continuance

Levin argues that the district court abused its discretion when it denied his 

motion for a continuance. He posits that the denial prejudiced his case by 

preventing him from participating in jury selection, by tainting the jury against 

him, and by preventing him from assessing the testimony and assisting in his 

counsel’s cross-examination of the SEC’s first witness. Based on our review of the 

record, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the 

motion for continuance.

We have clearly stated that we will not reverse a district court’s ruling on a 

motion for continuance unless the ruling is arbitrary, unreasonable, and severely 

prejudicial. See Rink, 400 F.3d at 1296. There are four factors we generally 

consider in determining whether a trial continuance is warranted. First, we 

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examine the diligence of the party requesting the continuance to ready the case 

prior to the date set for trial. See Hashwani v. Barbar, 822 F.2d 1038, 1040 (11th 

Cir. 1987) (citation omitted). Second, we consider the likelihood that the need for 

a continuance could have been met if a continuance was granted. Id. Third, we 

examine the extent to which granting the continuance would have been an 

inconvenience to the court and the opposing party. Id. Fourth, we consider the

extent to which the requesting party might have suffered harm as a result of the 

district court’s denial of the continuance. Id; see also Fowler v. Jones, 899 F.2d 

1088, 1094 (11th Cir. 1990). Another relevant factor we entertain is whether the 

district court has granted a prior continuance in the case. See Quiet Tech. DC-8, 

Inc. v. Hurel-Dubois UK Ltd., 326 F.3d 1333, 1351 (11th Cir. 2003).

In considering these factors, we conclude that the district court properly 

denied the motion for a continuance. The first factor is irrelevant because the 

parties do not dispute that in most respects Levin was diligent in readying his case 

for trial. As to the second factor, when Levin’s counsel contacted the district court 

the morning of the trial to inform the court of Levin’s illness, counsel did not know 

the specific extent of Levin’s illness and asked for a week-long continuance. 

Because the district court had no information regarding Levin’s prognosis at the 

time, we conclude that it did not abuse its discretion in reasoning that a week-long 

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continuance would not guarantee Levin’s return. See Romero, 552 F.3d at 1320–

21 (noting that as to the second factor “[i]t is well-settled that a district court may 

deny a continuance when there is no guarantee that granting one will enable a party 

to [meet the need for the continuance]”). 

We conclude that the third factor weighs heavily against the continuance 

because the last-minute request, if granted, would have increased the 

inconvenience to the district court and the SEC. The district court had secured the 

services of an extra court reporter for the trial and had summoned fifty potential 

jurors. Moreover, one of the SEC’s witnesses was available only for a few days, 

so a week-long continuance might have prevented his testimony. Lastly and 

importantly, we conclude that Levin cannot demonstrate prejudice from the denial 

of the continuance. We note that Levin voluntarily traveled to Panama several 

days before his trial was scheduled to commence. Although Levin argues that his 

absence at the start of the trial tainted the jury’s impression of him, the district 

court minimized any prejudice by informing the jurors that Levin was absent due 

to an illness. The district court reiterated the reason for Levin’s absence before 

jury selection and the presentation of the SEC’s first witness. 

Moreover, the district court weighed the fact that during the three years the 

case had been pending, the district court had granted three continuances. This is a 

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permissible factor to consider in evaluating whether to grant a motion for 

continuance. See Quiet Tech. DC-8, Inc., 326 F.3d at 1351. Furthermore, Levin 

was present to testify on his own behalf. Thus, we conclude that Levin fails to 

show serious prejudice to his case from the district court’s denial of the motion for 

continuance. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order on this challenge. 

C. Disgorgement Award

Levin argues that the district court abused its discretion in entering a $40.1 

million disgorgement award against him, and he proffers several reasons why we 

should reverse the disgorgement award. First, Levin claims that the district court 

should have reduced the disgorgement award by $30.4 million, the amount 

distributed by the Banyon bankruptcy trustee to Banyon’s investors. Second, he 

argues that the award failed to provide for reductions based on any future 

distributions or other repayments by the Banyon trustee to Banyon’s investors. 

Third, he claims that the district court erred by including in its calculation the gains 

obtained by his wife and his unaffiliated companies. None of these arguments 

merits relief.

“Disgorgement is an equitable remedy intended to prevent unjust 

enrichment.” SEC v. Monterosso, 756 F.3d at 1337. The initial amount is 

established by the SEC who “needs to produce only a reasonable approximation of 

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the defendant’s ill-gotten gains.” Id. After the SEC has established the initial 

amount, the burden shifts to the defendant “to demonstrate the SEC’s estimate is 

not reasonable.” Id. 

Initially, we note that for the first time on appeal, Levin challenges the 

approximation of his gains based on the inclusion of gains obtained by his wife and 

his companies. Because Levin failed to object to that inclusion in the district court, 

we will not entertain this challenge on appeal. See Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines 

Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1331 (11th Cir. 2004) (stating that this court “has repeatedly 

held that an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time in an 

appeal will not be considered”) (quotation omitted). If we did consider the issue, 

however, Levin would not prevail because he has presented no evidence that the 

gains obtained by his wife and his entities did not ultimately reach him.

We conclude that the district court properly based the disgorgement upon 

Levin’s gains and not the investors’ losses. The $30.4 million returned by the 

Banyon trustee did not come out of Levin’s gains but instead came from a TD 

Bank settlement for Banyon’s investment in the fraud. Hence, this money was not 

a return of investor proceeds raised during the Banyon offering, and the district 

court properly did not consider these funds to offset the disgorgement. Moreover, 

there is no evidence that the $1.75 million Levin contributed from his personal 

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bankruptcy estate has reached the hands of Banyon investors. As the district court 

noted, if any investor does ultimately recover from Levin, then Levin could 

petition the court for a reduction in the disgorgement award because the recovery 

would constitute a partial return of Levin’s ill-gotten gains. This indicates the 

district court’s clear understanding of its duty in ordering a disgorgement award. 

Accordingly, we affirm the disgorgement award.

D. Judge’s questioning of witnesses

Levin contends that during the trial, the district court improperly intervened

during his testimony and Preve’s testimony by asking them both “leading, onesided, and tendentious questions.” Levin claims that these questions constituted an 

abuse of the district court’s discretion to examine witnesses, as provided in Federal 

Rule of Evidence 614. Levin acknowledges that he did not object to the district 

court’s improper questioning at trial, but argues that he was not required to object 

because such objection would place him in a disadvantageous position that might 

create a conflict for him with the district court. Regardless of the standard of 

review employed by this court—abuse of discretion or plain error—Levin 

maintains that reversal is appropriate because the district court’s questioning 

prejudiced his defense, affected the outcome of his trial, and seriously affected the 

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the proceeding. 

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A district court has discretion to question witnesses. See Wright, 392 F.3d at 

1274. It is within that discretion that the district court can “make inquiries of a 

witness in order to clarify the evidence presented,” act to prevent any 

misunderstanding of a witness’s testimony, and “maintain the pace of trial by 

interrupting or limiting counsel’s questions.” Id. at 1275. A district court abuses 

that discretion when it abandons its proper role and assumes the role of an 

advocate. Id. at 1274. Under an abuse of discretion review, in order for Levin to 

be entitled to a reversal based on alleged improper comments by the district court, 

there must be a “clear effect on the jury.” United States v. Hill, 643 F.3d 807, 845 

(11th Cir. 2011). 

However, our review is for plain error. Regardless of the provision in Rule 

614(c) that allows for parties to refrain from objecting to a judge’s questioning of a 

witness in front of the jury so as to avoid prejudicing themselves, the rule “does 

not entirely relieve the litigant of his duty to object in order to preserve the 

exception on appeal.” Hanson v. Waller, 888 F.2d 806, 813 (11th Cir. 1989). In 

order to preserve an objection, a party should lodge the objection at the next 

available opportunity when the jury is not present. Id. Otherwise, the alleged error 

is deemed waived unless it constitutes plain error. Id.

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Levin cannot prevail under a plain error review because he cannot show that 

the district court’s alleged improper questioning seriously affected the fairness, 

integrity, or public reputation of his trial. United States v. Vandergrift, 754 F.3d 

1303, 1307 (11th Cir. 2014). Levin’s testimony lasted for all of one day and the 

start of the next day. During his testimony, the district court had to instruct Levin 

at least one dozen times to answer questions directly and to give clear answers. At 

one time, the district court sent the jury out of the room to admonish Levin to cease 

arguing with the SEC’s counsel. Upon review, it is clear that the district court’s 

questions were meant to provide clarification in Levin’s testimony and to maintain 

the pace of the trial. 

The district court interrupted when Levin was unresponsive to the SEC’s 

counsel’s questions, when the SEC’s questions confused Levin, and when the 

SEC’s counsel’s questioning became repetitive. This is all within the district 

court’s discretion. See Wright, 392 F.3d at 1274–75. Moreover, the district court 

instructed the jury to disregard any of its questions and to arrive at its own decision 

about the facts. Considering the record as a whole, we conclude that there is no 

reversible error. See, e.g., United States v. Bertram, 805 F.2d 1524, 1529 (11th 

Cir. 1986) (holding that, given the vigor of counsel and the cautionary instructions 

to the jury, thirty-five “egregious” interruptions from the trial judge “did not 

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intrude [] to such an extent that he showed bias in favor of the prosecution or 

prejudice against the defendants or their attorneys”). Accordingly, we conclude 

that Levin is not entitled to relief on this claim.

V. CONCLUSION

We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Levin’s 

motion for continuance or in questioning Levin and Preve during the trial. We

affirm the district court’s disgorgement award because the district court properly 

based the award on Levin’s ill-gotten gains and not the investors’ losses. 

However, we reverse the district court’s judgment on the registration count with 

regard to its determination that Rule 508(a) does not apply to SEC enforcement 

actions. There are disputed issues of fact whether the Banyon note offerings failed 

to comply with any provision of Regulation D that was significant to the offering 

as a whole. Thus, we are compelled to remand that issue to the district court for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

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