NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JERRY WHITE, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

 v. 

PERRY RUSSELL, Warden of Warm 

Springs Correctional Center; AARON 

FORD, Attorney General for the State of 

Nevada

Respondents-Appellees.

No. 20-16171

D.C. No. 

3:04-cv-00412-GMN-CLB

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court for Nevada, Reno

Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted June 18, 2021**

San Francisco, California

Before: BRESS and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and RAYES,*** District Judge.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

*** The Honorable Douglas L. Rayes, United States District Judge for the 

District of Arizona, sitting by designation.

FILED

AUG 12 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Jerry White appeals from the denial of his successive petition for a writ of 

habeas corpus brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 

In 2000, White and Michael Woomer were accused of robbery and murder in 

Nevada. In exchange for his cooperation against White, Woomer was offered and 

accepted a plea. In a subsequent interview with law enforcement, Woomer directly 

implicated White in the crimes. A Nevada jury later convicted White of first-degree 

murder with use of a deadly weapon, robbery with the use of a deadly weapon, and 

conspiracy to commit robbery with the use of a deadly weapon. With respect to the 

first-degree murder conviction, the jury returned a general verdict after being 

instructed on premeditated and felony murder theories. The Nevada Supreme Court 

affirmed White’s convictions on direct appeal, and White’s subsequent state postconviction relief and federal habeas corpus petitions were denied.

In 2009, Woomer recanted his prior statements implicating White. Based on 

Woomer’s recantation, White filed a second state post-conviction relief petition and 

a successive federal habeas petition, each asserting a freestanding claim of actual 

innocence. In 2015, the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed the denial of White’s 

second petition, and in 2020 the district court denied White’s successive habeas 

petition but granted a certificate of appealability. White timely appealed. We review 

the district court’s denial of § 2254 relief de novo, Dows v. Wood, 211 F.3d 480, 484 

(9th Cir. 2000), and affirm. 
3 

Neither the Supreme Court nor the Ninth Circuit has conclusively determined 

whether a freestanding claim of actual innocence is cognizable in federal habeas, 

although each has assumed without deciding that such a claim is viable. See 

McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 392 (2013); Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 

417 (1993); Jones v. Taylor, 763 F.3d 1242, 1246 (9th Cir. 2014). Assuming 

cognizability, the requisite showing on such a claim is “extraordinarily high” and 

must be “truly persuasive.” Herrera, 506 U.S. at 417. At a minimum, “to be entitled 

to relief, a habeas petitioner asserting a freestanding actual innocence claim must go 

beyond demonstrating doubt about his guilt, and must affirmatively prove that he is 

probably innocent.” Carriger v. Stewart, 132 F.3d 463, 476 (9th Cir. 1997). 

Unreliable or uncorroborated recantation testimony is insufficient to make that 

showing. See Id. (rejecting freestanding claim of actual innocence based on 

unreliable recantation testimony); Jones, 763 F.3d at 1248 (same). 

Even assuming § 2254’s deferential standard of review does not apply, see 

Jones, 763 F.3d at 1245, Woomer’s recantation is not sufficiently reliable to meet 

this demanding standard. Woomer has variably claimed memory loss as to the 

circumstances surrounding the crimes, casting doubt on the reliability of his 

recantation testimony, which came a decade after the crimes were committed. 

Moreover, Woomer’s recantation testimony changed over the years and is

inconsistent with other evidence. For example, Woomer provided inconsistent 
4 

accounts of how White came to possess the robbery proceeds and who carried the 

baseball bat from the victim’s house. Certain iterations of Woomer’s recantation 

testimony also diverged in these respects from White’s initial account to police. In 

one version of his recantation, Woomer claimed White carried the baseball bat from 

the house and took the robbery proceeds from the center console of a car they had 

been driving, but White told police Woomer carried the baseball bat from the house 

and that he took the robbery proceeds from an entertainment center in a hotel room 

the two men shared. Woomer’s recantation testimony that White had no 

involvement in either the robbery or the murder is also undermined by the fact that 

White possessed the robbery proceeds, and by testimony from an eyewitness who 

said she saw a man matching Woomer’s description shout “wrap it up” from outside 

the victim’s house, followed by a man matching White’s description exiting the 

house while carrying a baseball bat. To the extent Woomer’s recantation casts any 

doubt on White’s guilt, it falls short of affirmatively proving White is probably 

innocent, especially when the jury was instructed on a felony murder theory. 

AFFIRMED