#### WILLIE BUCKNER, by His Next Friend, F. F. FLOYD, v. SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY et al.

(Filed 25 June, 1927.)

1. Evidence — Nonsuit—Negligence—Contributory Negligence — Last Clear Chance — Signals—Warnings.

Evidence tending to show that the plaintiff was employed by a road construction company to unload crushed rock from defendant railroad company’s car at a siding, detached from the locomotive, to he used in the construction of a highway, and at the dinner hour was reclining with his *105back under an unloaded ear, leaning against the sills of the track, with his legs projecting several feet from the side of the car, and without the customary signal or warning the defendant’s locomotive suddenly, and without the knowledge of the plaintiff, attached itself to the train containing the car under which the plaintiff was reclining, surrounded by and talking and laughing with a number of others who had likewise stopped work for the noon hour, and. that the attaching of the locomotive caused the ear to run over and injure the plaintiff’s hand and arm that were resting upon the rail: *Held,*upon defendant’s motion as of nonsuit sufficient to take the case to the jury upon the issues of the defendant’s actionable negligence, the plaintiff’s contributory negligence, and the doctrine of the “last clear chance.” *Watts v. R. R.,*167 N. C., 345, cited and distinguished.

2. Negligence — Last Clear Chance — Burden of Proof.

Where the doctrine of the last clear chance is relied on by the plaintiff in an action for damages against a railroad company for a personal injury alleged to have been proximately caused by its negligence, the burden of proving the issue is upon him.

Appeal by defendants from *Hctrding, J.,*at October-November Term, 1926, of SwaiN.

No error.

Civil -action to recover damages for personal injuries. Tbe issues submitted to tbe jury were answered as follows:

1. Was tbe plaintiff injured by tbe negligence of tbe defendants, as alleged in tbe complaint ? Answer : Yes.

*2.*Did tbe plaintiff by bis own negligence contribute to bis injury? Answer: Yes.

3. Notwithstanding tbe negligence of tbe plaintiff, could tbe defendants bave avoided tbe injury by tbe exercise of ordinary care? Answer: Yes.

4. Wbat damage, if any, is tbe plaintiff entitled to recover ? Answer: $5,500.

From judgment upon tbe verdict defendants appealed to tbe Supreme Court.

*Moody & Moody and McKinley Edwards for plaintiff.*

*Thomas S. Rollins for defendant.*

CoNNOR, J.

On 17 December, 1925, plaintiff, at tbat time about twenty years of age, was employed by Howard Construction Company as a truck-driver. On said day be was engaged in bauling crushed stone from cars placed by defendant, Southern Railway Company, on its side-track at Nantahala, in Swain County, North Carolina. These cars bad been placed on tbe side-track by defendant in order tbat their contents — crushed stone — might be unloaded therefrom and hauled on trucks by employees of Howard Construction Company out on Highway *106No. 10, where said company was engaged in the performance of its contract with the State Highway Commission for the construction of said highway.

During the morning of said day plaintiff had driven his truck to said cars for the purpose of loading same with crushed stone. While waiting to get his load, plaintiff and other employees of Howard Construction Company, who were there for the same purpose, built a fire near the side-track. It was a very cold day, and said employees stood and sat about the fire to keep warm. Soon after eating his dinner, plaintiff sat down on a cross-tie of the side-track, under the edge of an empty car. He leaned against the rail, extending his arms on both sides, so that his hands rested on the rail. His legs and body projected out from under the car about three feet toward the fire. A number of his fellow-employees — about twelve or fifteen — were standing about the fire, near the cars on the side-track. They were all laughing and talking, waiting for the trucks to be loaded. Some of the cars had been unloaded, and were empty.

While plaintiff was sitting under the edge of the car, one of defendant’s engines came from the main line into the side-track for the purpose of removing therefrom cars which had been unloaded. This engine approached the ear under which plaintiff was sitting at a rate of speed not exceeding five miles per hour. One of defendant’s employees, at work about the engine, called to the men about the fire, 'warning them of the approach of the engine. No signal was given by bell or whistle that the engine had come upon the side-track and was about to couple up with the empty cars. The engine struck the car under which plaintiff was sitting and caused its wheels to run upon and injure his hand and arm. As the result of this injury plaintiff’s left arm has been amputated near the shoulder.

Plaintiff, as a witness in his own behalf, testified as follows: “I don’t know that a man on the train could have seen me, but he could have seen my feet and legs sticking out. A man could see my legs and my body. There was a whole crowd standing there around the fire — ten or twelve. They were standing all around the fire by me. All were not standing in front of me. I was lying back with my hands on the track under the car. Men were standing" on both sides of the fire. I was just lying down like that, with my shoulders against the rail. I thought that if they came into the side-track they would ring a bell or blow a whistle and give us signals to keep out of the way. I was just sitting there, and never thought of any train coming in without giving a signal or ringing a bell. I thought I could sit there until it came time for my truck to be loaded. .1 did not hear the train, and did not know that an engine had come on the track until the car moved and the wheel caught *107my band. There are no buildings between the point where the sidetrack joins the main line and the point where I got hurt. I don’t think there were any trees or forest that obstructed the view. This side-track is four or five hundred feet long and is straight from where it leaves the main line.”

Jim Wimpey, witness for plaintiff, testified as follows: “The conductor and engineer were both on the opposite side from where plaintiff got hurt; they were on the upper side on the right, and the plaintiff was on the lower side. Most of the men who were working about those cars were on the left side. Just as soon as the train that was coming in on the side-track struck the other car, I heard a man holler — right all in an instant. The other boys, truck-drivers, were waiting for their work to start again and their trucks to be loaded. Earl Orr (the flagman) could have seen part of these men on the lower side, but I don’t know whether he could have seen all of them or not.”

Bob Mease, witness for plaintiff, testified as follows: “The accident occurred something between 1 and *2*o’clock, fast time. I was standing around the fire when Mr. Wimpey hollered to me. This was the same fire where plaintiff was. He was leaning back against the rail the last time I saw him. His hands were on the rail. He was not back under the car, he was leaning against the rail, under the edge of the car.”

There was evidence sufficient for the jury to find therefrom that defendants were negligent as alleged in the complaint, in that defendants ran an engine from the main line into the side-track on which cars were standing with employees of Howard Construction Company present, in and about said cars, for the purpose of unloading' same, without giving warning of the engine’s approach by ringing the bell or blowing the whistle — the means usually adopted for giving such warning-under these conditions, and that this negligence caused plaintiff’s injury. *Ray v. R. R.,*141 N. C., 84.

There was also evidence from which the jury could find that plaintiff was negligent in that he sat down upon the track, under the edge of an empty car and remained there for as long as five minutes, with knowledge that the car was empty and that defendant would probably bring its engine into the side-track for the purpose of moving said empty car therefrom, in accordance with its daily custom, and that this negligence of plaintiff contributed to his injury. *Watts v. R. R.,*167 N. C., 345.

Defendants rely upon *Watts v. R. R., supra,*as decisive of their assignment of error based upon an exception to the refusal of their motion for judgment as of nonsuit. Upon plaintiff’s appeal to this Court the judgment as of nonsuit was affirmed. Plaintiff in that case “was under the car for his own purposes, on a live track, engaged in the performance of no duty whatever, awake and in full possession of his *108faculties, and utterly inattentive to bis own safety to tbe very time of bis injury.” It was beld, in tbe opinion written by *Hoke, J.,*tbat a typical case of contributory negligence, concurring witb tbat of defendant, and barring plaintiff’s claim for damages, was presented. *Ward v. R. R.,*167 N. C., 148. Tbe facts wbicb tbe evidence in tbe instant case tends to establish, distinguish this case from *Watts v. R. R.*In tbat case there was no evidence from wbicb tbe jury could find facts to wbicb tbe doctrine of tbe “last clear chance” was applicable. In tbe present case tbe evidence tends to show tbat plaintiff was on tbe premises of defendant, Southern Railway Company, as a licensee, at least; tbat tbe engineer and conductor knew when they ran tbe engine from tbe main line into tbe side-track tbat employees of Hudson Construction Company were engaged in unloading tbe cars on tbe side-track, and were then in and about said cars for tbat purpose.

It was clearly tbe duty of tbe engineer under tbe circumstances shown by tbe evidence, not only to give timely warning of tbe approach of tbe engine, but also to exercise reasonable care to ascertain tbe situation of tbe men in and about tbe cars in order to avoid injuring them, or any one of them. There is evidence from wbicb tbe jury could find tbat by exercising such care, be could have seen plaintiff sitting on tbe cross-tie under tbe edge of tbe car, witb bis legs projecting about three feet beyond tbe car, and tbat be could have seen plaintiff in this situation in. ample time to have stopped tbe engine, and thereby have avoided tbe injury. Tbe failure of tbe engineer, or of other employees of defendant to perform this duty was tbe proximate cause of tbe injury. Tbe instant ease is governed by tbe law as declared in *Hudson v. R. R.,*142 N. C., 198, and in *Moore v. R. R.,*185 N. C., 189, rather than by *Watts v. R. R., supra.*

There was no error in tbe refusal of tbe court to allow tbe motion for judgment as of nonsuit.

Nor was there error in submitting tbe third issue to tbe jury. Tbe doctrine of *Davies v. Mann,*10 M. and *W.*(Exc.), 545, was approved by this Court in *Gunter v. Wicker,*85 N. C., 310, and has been since consistently followed and applied, when notwithstanding plaintiff’s contributory negligence, tbe evidence tended to show tbat defendant could by tbe exercise of reasonable care have avoided tbe injury to plaintiff. There was evidence in this case from wbicb tbe jury could find facts to wbicb tbe doctrine is applicable. Tbe burden upon tbe third issue was on plaintiff. *Hudson v. R. R.,*190 N. C., 116; *Lea v. Utilities Co.,*178 N. C., 509; *Cox v. R. R.,*123 N. C., 604. Tbe evidence tending to sustain tbe affirmative of tbe issue was properly submitted to tbe jury under instructions to wbicb there are no exceptions.

Tbe judgment is affirmed. • We find

No error.