IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA 

January 2022 Term 

 

No. 20-1030 

 

In Re K. S., B. M., and O. S. 

 

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County 

The Honorable Cindy S. Scott, Judge 

Case Nos. 19-JA-31, 19-JA-32, and 19-JA-33 

VACATED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

 

Submitted: February 16, 2022 

Filed: April 26, 2022

JUSTICE WOOTON delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

JUSTICE ALAN D. MOATS sitting by temporary assignment. 

Cheryl L. Warman, Esq.

Morgantown, West Virginia 

Attorney for Petitioner S. S. 

Patrick Morrisey, Esq.

Attorney General 

Katica Ribel, Esq. 

Assistant Attorney General 

Fairmont, West Virginia 

Attorneys for West Virginia 

Department of Health and Human 

Resources 

Stephanie Nethken, Esq.

Westover, West Virginia 

Guardian ad Litem for K. S., B. M., and 

O. S. 

P. Todd Phillips, Esq.

Lyons Phillips Legal Group PLLC 

Morgantown, West Virginia 

Attorney for Interested Party G. H. 

FILED

April 26, 2022

released at 3:00 p.m.

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
i

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1. “‘When this Court reviews challenges to the findings and conclusions 

of the circuit court, a two-prong deferential standard of review is applied. We review the 

final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we 

review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard.’ 

Syl. [Pt. 1], McCormick v. Allstate Ins. Co., 197 W. Va. 415, 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).” Syl. 

Pt. 1, In re S. W., 236 W. Va. 309, 779 S.E.2d 577 (2015). 

2. “[T]he circuit court is required to conduct a disposition hearing, 

pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-6-5 (1999) and Rules 33 and 35 of the West Virginia 

Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings, at which the issue of such 

termination is specifically and thoroughly addressed.” Syl. Pt. 3, in part, State ex rel. W. 

Va. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Res. ex rel. Chastity D. v. Hill, 207 W. Va. 358, 532 S.E.2d 

358 (2000). 

3. “The standard of proof required to support a court order limiting or 

terminating parental rights to the custody of minor children is clear, cogent and convincing 

proof.” Syl. Pt. 6, In re Willis, 157 W. Va. 225, 207 S.E.2d 129 (1973). 

4. “Even when an improvement period is granted, the burden of proof in 

a child neglect or abuse case does not shift from the State Department of Welfare to the 
ii

parent, guardian or custodian of the child. It remains upon the State Department of Welfare 

throughout the proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 2, In re S. C., 168 W. Va. 366, 284 S.E.2d 867 (1981).

5. “At the conclusion of the improvement period, the court shall review 

the performance of the parents in attempting to attain the goals of the improvement period 

and shall, in the court’s discretion, determine whether the conditions of the improvement 

period have been satisfied and whether sufficient improvement has been made in the 

context of all the circumstances of the case to justify the return of the child.” Syl. Pt. 6, In 

re Carlita B., 185 W. Va. 613, 408 S.E.2d 365 (1991). 

6. “In making the final disposition in a child abuse and neglect 

proceeding, the level of a parent’s compliance with the terms and conditions of an 

improvement period is just one factor to be considered. The controlling standard that 

governs any dispositional decision remains the best interests of the child.” Syl. Pt. 4, In re 

B. H., 233 W. Va. 57, 754 S.E.2d 743 (2014).

7. “Where a trial court order terminating parental rights merely declares 

that there is no reasonable likelihood that a parent can eliminate the conditions of neglect, 

without explicitly stating factual findings in the order or on the record supporting such 

conclusion, and fails to state statutory findings required by West Virginia Code § 49-6-

5(a)(6) (1998) (Repl.Vol.2001) on the record or in the order, the order is inadequate.” Syl. 

Pt. 4, in part, In re Edward B., 210 W. Va. 621, 558 S.E.2d 620 (2001).
iii

8. “Where it appears from the record that the process established by the 

Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings and related statutes for the 

disposition of cases involving children adjudicated to be abused or neglected has been 

substantially disregarded or frustrated, the resulting order of disposition will be vacated 

and the case remanded for compliance with that process and entry of an appropriate 

dispositional order.” Syl. Pt. 5, In re Edward B., 210 W. Va. 621, 558 S.E.2d 620 (2001).

9. “When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the 

circuit court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued visitation 

or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among other 

things, the circuit court should consider whether a close emotional bond has been 

established between parent and child and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of appropriate 

maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such visitation or continued 

contact would not be detrimental to the child’s well being and would be in the child’s best 

interest.” Syl. Pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W. Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995).

10. “In cases where there is a termination of parental rights, the circuit 

court should consider whether continued association with siblings in other placements is 

in the child’s best interests, and if such continued association is in such child’s best 

interests, the court should enter an appropriate order to preserve the rights of siblings to 

continued contact.” Syl. Pt. 4, James M. v. Maynard, 185 W. Va. 648, 408 S.E.2d 400 

(1991).
1

WOOTON, J.:

This is an appeal from the Circuit Court of Monongalia County’s December 

3, 2020, order terminating petitioner-mother S. S.’s (hereinafter “petitioner”) parental 

rights to minor children K. S., B. M., and O. S.

1

 Petitioner’s three children were removed 

from her care and placed with their respective biological fathers upon evidence that 

petitioner was abusing methamphetamines. Petitioner stipulated to abuse and/or neglect 

and embarked upon post-adjudicatory and dispositional improvement periods, relapsing 

twice during the pendency of the proceedings despite extended periods of apparent 

sobriety. As a result of her second relapse at the beginning of her dispositional 

improvement period, the Department of Health and Human Resources (“hereinafter 

“DHHR”) sought termination of her parental rights; the guardian ad litem and prosecuting 

attorney, however, both recommended termination of only petitioner’s custodial rights to 

allow her to complete her recovery. Despite the failure of the prosecutor to present any 

evidence on DHHR’s behalf at the dispositional hearing, the circuit court found there was 

no reasonable likelihood the conditions of abuse and neglect could be remedied in the near 

future due, in part, to petitioner’s “inconsistency” throughout the proceedings and 

terminated her parental rights.

1 Because this case involves minors and sensitive matters, we follow our 

longstanding practice of using initials to refer to the children and the parties. See, e.g., 

State v. Edward Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 645 n.1, 398 S.E.2d 123, 127 n.1 (1990).
2

Upon careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the 

parties, and the applicable legal authority, we conclude that the circuit court erred in 

terminating petitioner’s parental rights in absence of any evidence being presented by 

DHHR at the dispositional hearing. We therefore vacate the dispositional order terminating 

petitioner’s parental rights and remand for further proceedings consistent herewith.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Petitioner is mother to three children: twelve-year-old K. S., eight-year-old 

B. M., and five-year-old O. S., each of whom have different biological fathers.2

 While 

engaged in family court proceedings with S. M., B. M.’s biological father, which required 

drug testing,3 petitioner tested positive for methamphetamines. As a result, in February 

2019, the children were removed from petitioner’s home, placed with their respective 

biological fathers, and an abuse and neglect petition filed. Petitioner stipulated to abuse

and/or neglect in March 2019 and was adjudicated as an abusive/neglectful parent. The 

circuit court granted a three-month4 post-adjudicatory improvement period in April 2019, 

which was extended for an additional three months in July 2019. From April 2019 through 

2 G. H., K. S.’s biological father, is the only father to appear in this appeal.

3 The precise nature of these proceedings is not apparent from the appendix 

record.

4 The length of the improvement periods is not clear from the orders, but 

presumably tracked the time periods requested by petitioner’s counsel.
3

August 2019, petitioner had three positive drug screens: two in April and one in August.5

 

Her completed drug screens were otherwise negative in those months as well as the entirety 

of May, June, and July 2019. Accordingly, her improvement period was continued for an 

additional three months in September 2019.

In September 2019, petitioner relapsed and entered a 28-day program with 

the Center for Hope and Healing in Morgantown, West Virginia. She was discharged at 

the end of October and tested negative for substances for the remainder of 2019. Her 

negative drug screens were acknowledged at a review hearing in January 2020 and the

mediation of parenting plans between petitioner and the respective fathers was ordered with 

the goal of reunification. Petitioner then had one positive drug screen in January but tested 

negative in February 2020. 

In March 2020, a post-dispositional improvement period was ordered. See

W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(3) (2015) (permitting improvement period as disposition). Her 

visitation with the children lapsed, however, in January because her “units” for visitation 

had been expended. 6 Shortly thereafter, in early to mid-March 2020, petitioner again 

relapsed resulting in two positive drug screens, at which point drug testing was 

5 Petitioner also had two “no shows” in April, one in June, and three in August, 

shortly before her September relapse. The “no show” in June was rescheduled and 

therefore excused.

6 This appears to refer to the staffing and budgeting assigned to the case by DHHR

relative to agency-supervised visitation but is unclear from the record.
4

discontinued due to Covid-19 concerns; any efforts to reinitiate visitation appear to have 

also been abandoned as a result of the positive drug screens. Despite previously planning 

for reunification and a potential “disposition 5”—presumably referring to termination of 

only custodial rights 7—in May 2020, DHHR determined that it would recommend 

petitioner’s parental rights be terminated and requested final disposition. A final 

dispositional hearing on July 21, 2020, was cancelled due to Covid-19 and rescheduled for 

October 30, 2020. Petitioner ostensibly had no drug screening, visitation, or services since 

early 2020.

At the dispositional hearing, the guardian ad litem recommended a 

“disposition 5,” although each of the fathers opposed it and requested termination.8

 The 

assistant prosecutor likewise advised the court that she believed a “disposition 5” to be the 

most appropriate and least restrictive disposition, but that DHHR disagreed and was 

requesting termination. The prosecutor explained:

The Department, through it’s [sic] court summary, is 

recommending termination. I’ve advised the Department that 

a disposition five is the most appropriate solution. . . . 

[Petitioner], actually, was doing very well at the beginning of 

this case. It’s been pending for more than a year. She relapsed 

recently right before COVID. . . .

Based on my—I’ve been on this case for several, several—for 

the entirety, and before [the CPS Supervisor] left, she, actually, 

7 See infra n.13.

8 G. H., father of K. S., argued expressly that anything short of termination would 

serve as a vehicle for petitioner to continue to “harass” him. S. M., B. M.’s father, through 

counsel, noted that his then-girlfriend, T. W., wanted to adopt B. M. See infra n.10.
5

recommended a disposition five, but since [she] has left the 

Department, now I have a new supervisor. Unfortunately, I’m 

reading a black and white document, it is clear that termination 

for the Department after a dispositional staffing, termination 

was being recommended. I advised the Department that a 

disposition five would be the least restrictive as she was 

attempting to address the issue that led to the filing of the 

petition. Unfortunately, the addiction got the better of her and 

she relapsed.

. . . .

. . . Your Honor, this case has been pending for so long that I 

can’t keep it open anymore. So, I am asking the Court to either 

do two things, grant a dispo five, which is my recommendation 

as a prosecutor or to terminate her parental rights is what the 

Department wants.

I don’t want to present any testimony, but I have a feeling that 

[G. H.’s attorney] might be calling [the CPS worker] . . . . I will 

leave the decision of [petitioner’s] parental rights in the 

discretion of the Court. If you have any questions since you’re 

new, Your Honor, but me and the GAL have been on this case 

since the beginning and we can offer insight into what’s going 

on, but I do believe that a dispo five is the least restrictive 

alternative available to this Court today.

(emphasis added). After this statement, the prosecutor called no witnesses nor introduced 

any evidence on behalf of DHHR. 

Petitioner then called her therapist as a witness and testified on her own 

behalf. Petitioner’s therapist testified that, although petitioner had some difficulty early in 

the process, she had made tremendous progress and was faithfully attending therapy even 

though she had been warned that termination was likely imminent. Petitioner testified to a 

newfound awareness of her dependency issues and her intention to continue with therapy 
6

regardless of whether her children were returned to her care. Petitioner testified that she 

had obtained a car, housing with room for all three children, distanced herself from 

individuals contributing to her issues, and obtained a job at Ruby Memorial Hospital, 

although she was not working at the time due to impending carpal tunnel surgery. Both 

she and her therapist testified regarding her successful completion of services and various 

substance abuse programs but admitted to two episodes of relapse which her therapist 

indicated was not uncommon in long-term treatment of substance abuse. Petitioner’s

counsel asked that petitioner be granted additional time on her dispositional improvement 

period, which had expired approximately two months prior to the dispositional hearing. 9

 

The circuit court ordered termination of petitioner’s parental rights and that 

each child be permanently placed with his or her biological father. 10 In explanation of its 

ruling, the circuit court briefly referenced a letter allegedly written by K. S. apparently 

expressing frustration with petitioner’s “inconsistency,” but provided no further detail 

9 Although petitioner made no express objection to DHHR’s failure to present 

evidence, in making her closing argument, her counsel stated: “It’s one thing to just make 

a certain statement that a certain outcome is in the best interests of the children, but it’s 

another thing for there to be actual evidence.” She also noted that “other than the 

statements by the fathers that it is in the best interest of the children[,] what evidence do 

we have that it would be? None.” 

10 In their required updates to this Court pursuant to West Virginia Rule of Appellate 

Procedure 11(j), DHHR and the guardian ad litem advise that the custodial rights of S. M., 

biological father of B. M., have been terminated pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49-4-

604(c)(5) (2020) and that B. M. remains in the custody of his stepmother, T. W. Neither 

petitioner nor G. H. provided this Court with the status updates required by Rule 11(j).
7

about the content of the letter.11 In further justifying its termination of petitioner’s parental 

rights, the circuit court referenced 1) the “last 20 months of inconsistencies”; and 2) the 

“timelines.” The court granted visitation to petitioner at the discretion of the fathers, 

stating: “[I]t’s in their discretion, but with an absolute suggestion, great suggestion, that 

that post-termination visitation occur at a frequency and duration that is in the best interest 

of the children.” 

As its basis for termination of petitioner’s parental rights, the circuit court’s 

order states that “it is necessary to involuntary [sic] terminate the parental rights of 

[petitioner] as this case has been pending for twenty-one (21) months, [petitioner] has been 

inconsistent throughout the case, and termination is in the children’s best interests.” It then 

summarily finds that petitioner “will not be able to remedy the issues that led to the filing 

of the petition in the near or distant future and it is necessary for the welfare of the children” 

to terminate her rights. As to visitation, the order states only that “any post-termination 

contact . . . be at the discretion of [the children’s] biological fathers.” 12 This appeal 

followed.

11 This letter is not contained in the appendix record, nor does it appear to have been 

formally introduced into evidence during the dispositional hearing; however, it appears the 

guardian ad litem provided it to the circuit court. 

12 The order made no provision regarding sibling contact. See text infra.
8

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

As is well-established,

“[w]hen this Court reviews challenges to the findings and 

conclusions of the circuit court, a two-prong deferential 

standard of review is applied. We review the final order and 

the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, 

and we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings 

under a clearly erroneous standard.” Syl. [Pt. 1], McCormick 

v. Allstate Ins. Co., 197 W. Va. 415, 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re S. W., 236 W. Va. 309, 779 S.E.2d 577 (2015). With these standards in 

mind, we proceed to the parties’ arguments.

III. DISCUSSION

With respect to the circuit court’s termination of her parental rights, 

petitioner assigns as error both DHHR’s failure to present evidence at the dispositional 

hearing and the circuit court’s refusal to order a less restrictive “disposition 5.”13 DHHR 

13 The term “disposition 5” used frequently by the parties herein is a reference to the 

language of West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(5) which is one of the six statutory 

dispositional alternatives. Subsection 604(c)(5) provides: 

Upon a finding that the abusing parent or battered parent or 

parents are presently unwilling or unable to provide adequately 

for the child’s needs, commit the child temporarily to the care, 

custody, and control of the department, a licensed private child 

welfare agency, or a suitable person who may be appointed 

guardian by the court.

(Emphasis added). However, as explained below, because the children were placed with 

their biological fathers, the parties appear to have been contemplating a simple termination 

of petitioner’s custodial rights, rather than a guardianship or DHHR custody. Such a 

disposition would appear to be more appropriately governed by subsection 604(c)(6), 

(continued . . .)
9

fails to address the first issue in its brief, arguing instead that the termination was wellsupported by the required findings as set forth in the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad 

litem—despite also recommending a “disposition 5” below—now argues that the circuit 

court committed no error in terminating petitioner’s parental rights because the circuit 

court’s order referenced the requisite findings to support termination. G. H., father of K. 

S., filed a brief in support of the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s parental rights 

which largely details various points of contention between him and petitioner throughout 

the case.

14

A. DHHR’S FAILURE TO PRESENT EVIDENCE AT DISPOSITIONAL HEARING

We begin with DHHR’s failure to introduce evidence at the dispositional 

hearing. As indicated above, DHHR offers no response to petitioner’s assignment of error 

in this regard, nor does it provide an explanation as to why no evidence was presented. At 

oral argument, however, DHHR asserted that the cumulative circuit court record, 

rather than (c)(5). See In re R.G., No. 20-0509, 2021 WL 2366886, at *1 n.4 (W. Va. June 

9, 2021) (memorandum decision) (“While the parties label the child’s placement with his 

father at the conclusion of the mother’s proceeding as a section 5 disposition, the child was 

not placed in a guardianship—a natural fit parent is not a guardian appointed by the court. 

Because the child was placed in the ‘permanent sole custody of the nonabusing parent,’ it 

appears that the circuit court conducted the mother’s disposition under § 49-4-604(c)(6) 

but did not terminate her parental rights.”).

14 Consistent with the circuit court’s designation, G. H. characterizes himself as an 

“interested party.” However, he plainly qualifies as a “respondent” in this matter pursuant 

to West Virginia Code § 49-1-201 (2018) which defines respondents as including “all 

parents, guardians, and custodians identified in the child abuse and neglect petition who 

are not petitioners or co-petitioners.” 
10

particularly the most recent DHHR case summary including historical drug screening 

results, a letter allegedly written by K. S. discussed infra, 15 along with petitioner’s

evidence, was a sufficient basis upon which to determine the proper disposition.

This Court appears to have primarily addressed evidentiary defects in the 

dispositional process when hearings have not been conducted at all. Generally, this Court 

has held:

[T]he circuit court is required to conduct a disposition 

hearing, pursuant to West Virginia Code § 49–6–5 (1999) and 

Rules 33 and 35 of the West Virginia Rules of Procedure for 

Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings, at which the issue of 

such termination is specifically and thoroughly addressed.

Syl. Pt. 3, in part, State ex rel. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Res. ex rel. Chastity D. v. 

Hill, 207 W. Va. 358, 532 S.E.2d 358 (2000). In fact, even when there have been 

stipulations entered which would seemingly obviate the need for the hearing, this Court 

has still required the hearing to be conducted. See Syl. Pt. 2, In re Beth Ann B., 204 W. 

Va. 424, 513 S.E.2d 472 (1998) (“In a child abuse and/or neglect proceeding, even where 

the parties have stipulated to the predicate facts necessary for a termination of parental 

rights, a circuit court must hold a disposition hearing, in which the specific inquiries 

enumerated in Rules 33 and 35 of the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect 

Proceedings are made, prior to terminating an individual’s parental rights.”). Accordingly, 

15 See also n.11 supra.
11

the Court has made clear that a dispositional hearing is a necessary and vital part of abuse 

and neglect proceedings.

More importantly, this Court has held that “[t]he standard of proof required 

to support a court order limiting or terminating parental rights to the custody of minor 

children is clear, cogent and convincing proof.” Syl. Pt. 6, In re Willis, 157 W. Va. 225, 

207 S.E.2d 129 (1973). In State v. C.N.S., 173 W. Va. 651, 319 S.E.2d 775 (1984), we 

reiterated that

[t]ermination of parental rights, the most restrictive alternative, 

is authorized only “[u]pon a finding that there is no reasonable 

likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected in the near future, and when necessary 

for the welfare of the child.” W. Va. Code § 49–6–5(a)(6). The 

State must produce clear and convincing evidence to support 

this finding before the court may sever the custodial rights of 

the natural parents.

Id. at 656, 319 S.E.2d at 780 (emphasis added). Furthermore, we have held that “[e]ven 

when an improvement period is granted, the burden of proof in a child neglect or abuse 

case does not shift from the [DHHR] to the parent, guardian or custodian of the child. It 

remains upon the [DHHR] throughout the proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part, In re S. C., 168 

W. Va. 366, 284 S.E.2d 867 (1981) (emphasis added).

In the instant case, as indicated, DHHR offers no rationale or excuse for 

failing to call any witnesses or introduce documentary evidence at disposition. Instead, it 

argues that the circuit court’s access to written DHHR case summaries, which include
12

historical drug testing results, is a viable surrogate for sworn testimony or other evidence. 

Notably, however, despite executing authorizations permitting DHHR to obtain her 

treatment program drug testing results for the period of time DHHR and/or its contractors 

were not offering testing, it appears either to have not availed itself of that opportunity, or 

worse, did so and failed to introduce it as evidence to allow the circuit court to assess 

petitioner’s current sobriety. 

In order to assess a parent’s degree of improvement and make the required 

statutory findings for purposes of disposition, the circuit court must be presented with 

affirmative, cogent evidence by the party with the burden of proof. We have held:

At the conclusion of the improvement period, the court 

shall review the performance of the parents in attempting to 

attain the goals of the improvement period and shall, in the 

court’s discretion, determine whether the conditions of the 

improvement period have been satisfied and whether sufficient 

improvement has been made in the context of all the 

circumstances of the case to justify the return of the child.

Syl. Pt. 6, In re Carlita B., 185 W.Va. 613, 408 S.E.2d 365 (1991) (emphasis added). This 

determination can only be made on the basis of properly admitted, sworn evidence which 

reveals information such as a respondent parent’s current functional status, his or her 

progress and/or set-backs during improvement periods, his or her parenting and lifestyle 

plans and prognosis, the children’s current needs, developmental status, and the adequacy 

of their placement and/or placement plan. As this Court recently explained:

When conducting a disposition hearing, the circuit court 

acts in two distinct capacities: first, as a gate keeper, ruling on 
13

the admissibility of evidence; and second, as the fact-finder, 

gathering information and affording weight to that evidence. 

At the conclusion of this hearing, the circuit court must 

determine “the appropriate permanent placement of a child 

adjudged to be abused and/or neglected.”

In re S. C., 245 W. Va. 677, ___, 865 S.E.2d 79, 94 (2021) (footnote omitted). While this 

requirement “does not specify any particular manner or mode of testimony or evidence by 

which the [DHHR] is obligated to meet this burden,” it must take the form of affirmative 

evidence presented or adopted by the party with the burden of proof—DHHR—upon which 

the circuit court may base its disposition. S. C., 168 W. Va. 366, 284 S.E.2d 867, syl. pt. 

1, in part.

In that regard, DHHR’s newly formed insistence that the cumulative record

which existed primarily by way of written DHHR case summaries was a sufficient basis

upon which to base disposition is unpersuasive. The case summary presented to the circuit 

court at disposition contained within the appendix record is scarcely more than personal, 

administrative “notes” crafted by the caseworker during multi-disciplinary team meetings, 

the most recent of which had occurred four months prior to disposition. The most recent 

drug testing information included in the most recent summary was seven months old. The 

case summary otherwise simply recapped the events leading up to the petition and the

services petitioner completed. These case summaries were otherwise frequently peppered 

with somewhat inscrutable anecdotes reported by the fathers at the multi-disciplinary team 
14

meetings, as well as ad hominem criticisms of petitioner’s conduct at unknown times16

throughout the pendency of the case with little specificity, context, or source. None of the 

fathers testified at disposition, nor obviously did the caseworker(s) who crafted these 

summaries.

The scant nature of the case summaries aside, the stale nature of the

summaries’ information appears occasioned almost entirely on petitioner’s truncated

dispositional improvement period resulting from administrative DHHR occurrences and 

Covid-19 delays and developments. For approximately seven months leading up to the 

dispositional hearing, petitioner had become involuntarily disengaged from any services, 

treatment, screening, or visitation—depriving her of any meaningful method of 

demonstrating improvement. Well before her March relapse, petitioner’s authorization for 

supervised visitation with the children—a critical element of an improvement period—had 

“run out” despite visitation being court-ordered. “Visitation between parent and child 

during an out-of-custody improvement period is important in evaluating whether a parent 

16 We note however that to whatever extent it is apparent when some of the nondrug related conduct described in the DHHR summary occurred, much of it plainly 

happened early in the proceedings at the inception of petitioner’s post-adjudicatory 

improvement period. It scarcely requires explication that the purpose of an improvement 

period is, in fact, to improve. “The improvement period is granted to allow the parent an 

opportunity to remedy the existing problems.” W. Va. Dep’t of Hum. Servs. v. Peggy F., 

184 W. Va. 60, 64, 399 S.E.2d 460, 464 (1990). Continuous recirculation of failures and 

shortcomings which occurred early in the improvement period process is of limited 

relevance to a determination as to whether a respondent parent has adequately addressed 

the conditions of abuse and/or neglect, particularly where no more current information is 

adduced.
15

is making strides towards reunification with the child.” In re C. M., 235 W. Va. 16, 25 

n.20, 770 S.E.2d 516, 525 n.20 (2015). Drug testing was discontinued due to Covid-19 

shortly after her March relapse and not reinitiated due to DHHR’s altered position that 

petitioner’s rights should be terminated. 

Importantly, although DHHR suggests that services, testing, and visitation

were not reinitiated due to her relapse and the fact the case had been “staffed for 

termination,” petitioner remained under a court-ordered improvement period. At no time 

did DHHR seek termination of the dispositional improvement period, but rather allowed it 

to languish without activity or visitation with the children until such time as a final 

dispositional hearing could be conducted nearly seven months later. See W. Va. Code § 

49-4-610(7) (2015) (allowing for termination of improvement period upon motion of any 

party and finding that parent “failed to fully participate in the terms” of improvement 

period). We have explained that an improvement period “is a period in which the [DHHR] 

and the court should attempt to facilitate the parent’s success”—not abdicate responsibility 

for promoting and monitoring progress. Carlita B., 185 W. Va. at 625, 408 S.E.2d at 377. 

As the Carlita B. Court further observed: “[A]n improvement period must be more than a 

mere passage of time.” Id. 

This Court has previously reversed the termination of parental rights where 

the evidence in support lacked a temporal relationship to the present circumstances of the 

respondent parent and children:
16

In summary, the best evidence of the [DHHR] is remote and, 

unfortunately for the State, irrelevant to the conditions existing 

in the critical period just prior to . . . [the dispositional hearing],

when the court was called upon to reassess in a valid and 

meaningful manner, relevant and pertinent evidence on the 

issues of neglect and unfitness of the parents. In point of time 

the evidence of the State, otherwise unrefuted, establishing the 

transgressions of apathetic parenthood, is certainly insufficient 

when assessed in light of the recent and favorable evidence 

showing the parents’ efforts and successes toward 

improvement of the family environment and the physical living 

conditions in the home.

Willis, 157 W. Va. at 246, 207 S.E.2d at 141. The Willis Court properly characterized 

DHHR’s evidence “not seasonable as remote in time and, therefore, [] not relevant and 

material.” Id. at 247, 207 S.E.2d at 142. Despite having allowed petitioner’s court-ordered 

improvement period to unceremoniously expire, DHHR then failed to support its 

recommended disposition with any seasonable, cogent evidence which would permit the 

circuit court to make an informed decision about whether, at the time of the dispositional 

hearing, there was a “reasonable likelihood the conditions of neglect or abuse can be 

substantially corrected in the near future[.]” W. Va. Code § 49-4-604(c)(6).

More importantly, DHHR’s insistence that the circuit court’s disposition 

properly rested solely on second-hand, anecdotal case “summaries” about petitioner’s 

conduct ignores the most fundamental determination before the circuit court: the best 

interests of the children. The Court has explained that

[i]n making the final disposition in a child abuse and neglect 

proceeding, the level of a parent’s compliance with the terms 

and conditions of an improvement period is just one factor to 
17

be considered. The controlling standard that governs any 

dispositional decision remains the best interests of the child.

Syl. Pt. 4, In re B. H., 233 W. Va. 57, 754 S.E.2d 743 (2014); see also In re Frances J.A.S., 

213 W.Va. 636, 646, 584 S.E.2d 492, 502 (2003) (“The question at the dispositional phase 

of a child abuse and neglect proceeding is not simply whether the parent has successfully 

completed his or her assigned tasks during the improvement period. Rather, the pivotal 

question is what disposition is consistent with the best interests of the child.”).

Aside from proffers from the fathers’ respective attorneys requesting 

termination of all parental rights, DHHR failed to provide the circuit court with any 

information upon which to determine the children’s best interests and, more specifically, 

whether termination was “necessary for the welfare” of the children. See In re A. P., 245 

W. Va. 248, ___, 858 S.E.2d 873, 880 (2021) (observing “distinct requirement[]” that 

termination be “necessary for the welfare of the child” in terms of the child’s “physical and 

emotional well-being.”). This absence of evidence is particularly striking where the 

guardian ad litem’s recommendation was that the children were best served by a temporary 

removal of custodial rights only to allow petitioner to complete her recovery. Further, 

despite repeated reference to a letter written by K. S. bemoaning petitioner’s inconsistency 

during the case, that letter was apparently neither formally made a part of the record below,

nor the appendix record herein. However, even if it were, a letter written by one child does 

not necessarily provide useful information about the best interests of the other two children, 

both of whom were still quite young.
18

The dearth of evidence at disposition plainly deprived the circuit court of the 

opportunity to hear and observe first-hand information vital to determining whether 

petitioner was capable of correcting the conditions of abuse and neglect and what manner 

of disposition was in the children’s best interests. Further, the absence of evidence on 

behalf of DHHR unquestionably shifted the burden of proof onto petitioner to attempt to 

prove that termination was not necessary. DHHR now attempts to leverage the evidence 

presented by petitioner to fill an otherwise vacant record and create the illusion that it 

fulfilled its burden of proof. However, “the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and 

Neglect Proceedings as well as our extensive body of caselaw do not exist merely as a 

vehicle to reach a predetermined outcome. Rather, they serve an important due process 

function for parents whose fundamental rights are at stake[.]” In re A. F., ___ W. Va. ___, 

___, 866 S.E.2d 114, 123 (W. Va. 2021) (Wooton, J., concurring in part and dissenting in 

part).

The dispositional order not surprisingly mimics this paucity of evidence 

and—aside from referencing the duration of the case and petitioner’s generic 

“inconsistency”—fails to support its required statutory determinations in any meaningful 

way. This Court has admonished against such sparse and conclusory orders in abuse and 

neglect proceedings:

Where a trial court order terminating parental rights 

merely declares that there is no reasonable likelihood that a 

parent can eliminate the conditions of neglect, without 

explicitly stating factual findings in the order or on the record 

supporting such conclusion, and fails to state statutory findings 
19

required by West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(a)(6) (1998) 

(Repl.Vol.2001) on the record or in the order, the order is 

inadequate.

Syl. Pt. 4, in part, In re Edward B., 210 W. Va. 621, 558 S.E.2d 620 (2001). Where 

DHHR’s evidence at disposition fundamentally fails to inform the critical issues required 

by statute, mere talismanic reiteration of statutory “buzzwords” in a dispositional order 

cannot salvage it. In a case containing similar deficiencies, we noted:

[T]he circuit court’s order, as well as the appendix record, 

show that the circuit court was lacking important evidence 

necessary for determining the petitioner’s parental fitness to 

parent C. N. Similar to our decision to reverse and remand in 

In re Timber M., we are left “with the firm conviction” that no 

one adequately considered the petitioner’s parental fitness to 

have custody of C. N.

In re A. N., 241 W. Va. 275, 289, 823 S.E.2d 713, 727 (2019) (citations omitted); see also

In re Jessica M., 231 W. Va. 254, 263, 744 S.E.2d 652, 661 (2013) (reversing termination 

where DHHR failed to “introduce supporting evidence” warranting termination and 

respondent parent’s evidence “refuted the CPS worker’s unsubstantiated concern[s]”); 

compare S. C., 168 W. Va. at 369, 284 S.E.2d at 870 (rejecting claim that failure to 

introduce CPS reports and call certain witnesses improperly shifted burden of proof where 

DHHR called children and different caseworker as live witnesses).

Accordingly, the Court invokes its inherent authority and obligation to vacate 

a disposition which fails to comport with procedural and substantive requirements under 

our statutes and caselaw:
20

Where it appears from the record that the process 

established by the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and 

Neglect Proceedings and related statutes for the disposition of 

cases involving children adjudicated to be abused or neglected 

has been substantially disregarded or frustrated, the resulting 

order of disposition will be vacated and the case remanded for 

compliance with that process and entry of an appropriate 

dispositional order.

Edward B., 210 W. Va. 621, 558 S.E.2d 620, syl. pt. 5; see also In re Emily G., 224 W. Va. 

390, 396, 686 S.E.2d 41, 47 (2009) (“When the requisite procedure is not followed in an 

abuse and neglect case[] . . . the order resulting from such deviation will be vacated and 

the case will be remanded for entry of an order that satisfies the procedural 

requirements[.]”). We therefore vacate the circuit court’s final dispositional order and 

remand for a proper dispositional hearing which fully and adequately permits the circuit 

court to undertake the required inquiries and analysis necessary for disposition, properly

accounting for the current circumstances relative to petitioner’s parental fitness and the 

children’s best interests. 

B. PROSECUTING ATTORNEY’S DUTY TO ADVOCATE FOR DHHR’S POSITION

Having determined that the circuit court’s dispositional order must be 

vacated due to DHHR’s failure to introduce evidence in support of termination, we find 

that petitioner’s second assignment of error regarding the proper disposition is rendered 

moot. However, we find it necessary to address an additional, fundamental procedural flaw 

in the proceedings below—one which implicates the prosecutor’s advocacy on behalf of 
21

DHHR. As set forth more fully above, based upon the transcript of the dispositional 

hearing, it appears the prosecutor believed she was entitled to take a position as to the 

appropriate disposition to be afforded petitioner which was inconsistent with the position 

of her client, DHHR. While we draw no conclusions about whether this disagreement 

precipitated the failure of the prosecutor to put on evidence in support of termination, we 

take this opportunity to underscore our prior holdings in this regard such as to avoid 

repetition on remand and in other proceedings.

West Virginia Code § 49-4-501(a) (2015) provides that “[t]he prosecuting 

attorney shall render to the Department of Health and Human Resources, without additional 

compensation, the legal services as the department may require.” Accordingly, this Court 

has clarified that in abuse and neglect proceedings the prosecutor acts strictly as an 

advocate of its client, DHHR. In In re Jonathan G., the Court first confronted this anomaly, 

plainly stating that “a prosecuting attorney has no independent right to formulate and 

advocate positions separate from its client in these cases.” 198 W. Va. 716, 732, 482 S.E.2d 

893, 909 (1996) (footnote omitted), holding modified on other grounds by State ex rel. C. 

H. v. Faircloth, 240 W. Va. 729, 815 S.E.2d 540 (2018). The following year, in State ex 

rel. Diva P. v. Kaufman, 200 W. Va. 555, 490 S.E.2d 642 (1997), superceded by statute on 

other grounds, W. Va. Code § 49-4-610(9), the Court once again addressed this breakdown 

in the attorney-client paradigm where “DHHR recommended a disposition of this case 
22

which the prosecutor opposed.” Id. at 564, 490 S.E.2d at 651. The Court again firmly 

renounced this practice, explaining:

The relationship between DHHR and county prosecutors under 

the statute is a pure attorney-client relationship. The legislature 

has not given authority to county prosecutors to litigate civil 

abuse and neglect actions independent of DHHR. Such 

authority is granted to prosecutors only under State criminal 

abuse and neglect statutes. Therefore, all of the legal and 

ethical principles that govern the attorney-client relationship in 

general, are applicable to the relationship that exists between 

DHHR and county prosecutors in civil abuse and neglect 

proceedings.

Id. at 564, 490 S.E.2d at 651; see also In re Ashton M., 228 W. Va. 584, 589, 723 S.E.2d 

409, 414 (2012) (“We agree with Michelle M. that an attorney-client relationship existed 

between the prosecuting attorney and DHHR, and as such, the prosecuting attorney had a 

duty to represent DHHR’s recommendation of termination of custodial rights only, not 

termination of parental rights, to the circuit court.”).

Again, whether this disagreement about the requested disposition caused the 

prosecutor to decline to present evidence is not apparent from the record. And while the 

circuit court acceded to DHHR’s, rather than the prosecutor’s, requested disposition, we 

cannot say that the prosecutor’s failure to advocate for DHHR’s position did not exact a 

confounding influence on the dispositional hearing. We therefore reiterate our caution that 

prosecutors serve as counsel for DHHR in a traditional attorney-client construct for 

purposes of abuse and neglect proceedings and must conform their advocacy accordingly.
23

C. RIGHTS OF CONTINUED ASSOCIATION

Finally, although no party assigned this aspect of the dispositional order as 

error, we find it necessary to address the children’s rights of continued association for 

purposes of remand. Without assumption as to how the circuit court may rule upon a 

properly developed evidentiary record on remand, we note that the order on appeal 

inadequately managed the post-termination visitation awarded to petitioner and failed to 

properly consider sibling visitation. 

Under our caselaw, 

When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or 

abuse, the circuit court may nevertheless in appropriate cases 

consider whether continued visitation or other contact with the 

abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among other 

things, the circuit court should consider whether a close 

emotional bond has been established between parent and child 

and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of appropriate maturity 

to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such 

visitation or continued contact would not be detrimental to the 

child’s well being and would be in the child’s best interest.

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Christina L., 194 W.Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995). Although the 

dispositional order made an allowance for post-termination visitation with petitioner and 

the circuit court appeared to encourage it, the order left such visitation at the fathers’ 

discretion. This is not a proper order of post-termination visitation. 

The Court has made clear that such visitation is the right of the child; as such, 

this right cannot be held hostage by the biological fathers. See Christina L., 194 W. Va. at
24

455 n.9, 460 S.E.2d at 701 n.9 (“Such post-termination visitation or other continued contact 

where determined to be in the best interest of the child could be ordered not as a right of 

the parent, but rather as a right of the child.”). On remand, should the circuit court 

ultimately terminate petitioner’s parental rights, any such post-termination visitation 

should be properly delineated in the dispositional order. 

Similarly, the circuit court’s order made no provision for sibling visitation. 

Although each child was placed with a different biological father, the children had lived 

together their entire lives. We have held that 

[i]n cases where there is a termination of parental rights, 

the circuit court should consider whether continued association 

with siblings in other placements is in the child’s best interests, 

and if such continued association is in such child’s best 

interests, the court should enter an appropriate order to 

preserve the rights of siblings to continued contact.

Syl. Pt. 4, James M. v. Maynard, 185 W. Va. 648, 408 S.E.2d 400 (1991). Further, “where 

siblings have been together their entire lives, there is a strong presumption that it is in the 

best interests of the children that they maintain their sibling relationship through continued 

visitation if possible.” In re N. A., 227 W. Va. 458, 468, 711 S.E.2d 280, 290 (2011). 

The circuit court below appeared satisfied with anecdotal accounts of the 

fathers getting the siblings together. However, like post-termination visitation, this right 

of continued association belongs to the children and must not be left to the whims of the 

biological fathers; a proper visitation plan must be formulated where visitation is found 
25

appropriate. See Edward B., 210 W. Va. at 635, 558 S.E.2d at 634 (finding that circuit 

court’s order terminating parental rights failed to adequately address “rights to continued 

association” including sibling visitation and post-termination visitation by stating only that 

“liberal visitation” would be permissible); N. A., 227 W. Va. at 468, 711 S.E.2d at 290 

(“[T]he Court should develop an appropriate sibling visitation plan that will provide for 

meaningful continued contact between M. P. and his siblings so the siblings are not denied 

a continued relationship.”). 

IV. CONCLUSION

Therefore, for the reasons set forth herein, we vacate the December 3, 2020, 

order of the Circuit Court of Monongalia County and remand for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

Vacated and remanded with directions.