TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-14-00667-CV

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Appellant

v.

Exxon Mobil Corporation; ExxonMobil Oil Corporation; 

Pennzoil-Quaker State Company; and Shell Oil Company, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-10-000772, HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

In this case of first impression, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

contends that the two types of Superfund orders it is empowered to issue are mutually exclusive,

meaning that one order cannot be issued under both ordering provisions. The Commission further

contends that the Superfund order at issue here is an order issued under Section 361.188 of the Solid

Waste Disposal Act and that the order therefore is governed by the substantial-evidence standard of

review found in Section 361.321. See generally Tex. Health & SafetyCode §§ 361.001-.966 (“Solid

Waste Disposal Act” or “Act”). The pending case arose after the Commission issued an

administrative orderrelated to cleanup of the Voda Petroleum State Superfund Site (“Voda Order”). 

The Commission appeals from a trial court’s order denying its plea to the jurisdiction in a suit filed

by appellees Exxon Mobil Corporation, ExxonMobil Oil Corporation, Pennzoil-Quaker State

Company, and Shell Oil Company (collectively, “ExxonMobil and Shell”) challenging the Voda
Order. On appeal, the Commission asserts that because the supreme court in City of Waco conducted

a substantial-evidence review in the absence of a contested-case or adjudicative hearing, this Court

should reverse the trial court’s order denying the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction and remand

the case with a finding that the courts should review the Voda Order only under

the substantial-evidence standard provided in Section 361.321 of the Act, not the

preponderance-of-evidence standard provided in Section 361.322. See Texas Comm’n on Envt’l 1

Quality v. City of Waco, 413 S.W.3d 409 (Tex. 2013). Specifically, in three issues, the Commission

contends that (1) the Act establishes two separate types of Superfund orders found in Sections

361.188 and 361.272 with distinct waivers of immunity found in Sections 361.321 and Section

361.322, respectively; (2) the Commission issued the Voda Order only under Section 361.188 and

therefore it is reviewable only under Section 361.321; and (3) courts lack subject-matterjurisdiction

to review the Voda Order under any section other than Section 361.321. Because we conclude that

Section 361.321 allows “[a] person affected by a ruling, order, decision, or other act of the 1

. . . commission” to appeal the action and establishes that “[e]xcept as provided by Section

361.322[g], in an appeal from an action of the commission . . . , the issue is whether the action is

invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable.” Tex. Health & Safety Code § 361.321(a), (e) (emphasis

added). As a preliminary matter, the parties acknowledge that due to a drafting omission when

Subchapter F was amended, the reference in Section 361.321(e)to “Section 361.322(e)” should read

“Section 361.322(g).” In addition, the parties agree that Section 361.321’s “invalid, arbitrary, or

unreasonable” standard means the scope of review set forth in Administrative Procedure Act Section

2001.174 (commonly termed “substantial-evidence” review) and is a review limited to the

administrative record. See Smith v. Houston Chem. Servs., 872 S.W.2d 252, 257 n.2 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1994, writ denied) (construing subsection (e) as incorporating entire scope of review

allowed by Texas Government Code Sections 2001.171-.174, including all subsections of Section

2001.174(2)(A)-(F)); see also Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174 (establishing scope of review in

contested case when law authorizes review under substantial-evidence rule or when law does not

define scope of judicial review).

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Section 361.322 applies to administrative orders issued by the Commission under Section 361.188,

we will affirm.

STATUTORY FRAMEWORK

A brief overview of Superfund legislation will give context to our analysis of the two

types of administrative orders at issue. The Solid Waste Disposal Act “is our state counterpart to

two federal environmental statutes: the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (‘RCRA’),

42 U.S.C. §§ 6901–6992, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

Liability Act (‘CERCLA’), 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601–9675.” R.R. Street & Co. v. Pilgrim Enters.,

166 S.W.3d 232, 238 (Tex. 2005). RCRA primarily regulates “on-going treatment, storage, and

disposal of solid and hazardous wastes.” B.F. Goodrich Co. v. Murtha, 958 F.2d 1192, 1201

(2d Cir.1992). CERCLA, on the other hand, is a remedial statute whose purpose is to facilitate a

prompt response to a release or substantial threat of a release of hazardous substances into the

environment, to provide broad authority for the cleanup of hazardous-substance sites, and to ensure

that those responsible for the hazardous substances bear the cost of their actions. United States

v. Alcan Aluminum Corp., 964 F.2d 252, 258 (3d Cir.1992). Specifically, it allows the government

to clean up contaminated sites using the Hazardous Substance Superfund, a trust fund, see

42 U.S.C. § 9601(11), and then recover costs from those parties who benefitted from the wastes that

caused the harm, see OHM Remediation Servs. v. Evans Cooperage Co., 116 F.3d 1574, 1578

(5th Cir. 1997). CERCLA creates a broad liability scheme that “extends liability all the way down

the causal chain, from those who generate waste through those who dispose of it” and imposes strict

liability that is joint and several when the harm is indivisible. Id. at 1578-79.

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The Texas Legislature enacted the Solid Waste Disposal Act “to safeguard the health,

welfare, and physical property of the people and to protect the environment by controlling the

management of solid waste, including accounting for hazardous waste that is generated.” Tex.

Health & SafetyCode § 361.002(a); see also R.R. Street, 166 S.W.3d at 238. The Act originally only

regulated the collection, handling, storage, and disposal of solid wastes through a permitting

program. Solid Waste Disposal Act, 61st Leg., R.S., ch. 405, 1969 Tex. Gen. Laws 1320 (“original

Act”), repealed and recodified by Act of May 18, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, 1989 Tex. Gen.

Laws 2230, 2612-64. The original Act authorized the responsible agencies to issue permits

governing the operation of and maintenance of solid-waste disposal sites and to establish minimum

standards for the management and control of solid waste. Original Act at 1322-23. While the

original Act imposed civil penalties for entities that violated its provisions and allowed any “person

affected by any ruling, order, decision, or other act of the department or the board” to “appeal by

filing a petition in the district court of Travis County,” see original Act at 1326-28, it did not

authorize the issuance of administrative orders like the Voda Order. The original Act did not

empower the State to clean up contaminated sites or to order the persons responsible for the

contamination to pay the cost of a cleanup.

After CERCLA’s enactment, the Legislature amended the Act to create the State’s

own Superfund program within the existing solid-waste permitting statute. Act of May 27, 1985,

69th Leg., R.S., ch. 566, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 2166-83, repealed and recodified by Act of

May 18, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 2230, 2612-64. The current Act allows

the State to issue two different types of administrative orders, giving it a broader reach than

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CERCLA. One type of administrative order concerns hazardous wastes only (“188 order”), while

the other applies to solid waste, a category that includes but is not limited to hazardous wastes

(“272 order”). Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 361.188, .272; see also id. § 361.003(12) (defining

“hazardous waste”), (34) (defining “solid waste”). Like CERCLA, both types of orders impose strict

liability that is joint and several when the harm is indivisible. See id. §§ 361.187(f) (potentially

responsible party’s ultimate liability for remediation determined under Subchapter I),

.276 (Subchapter I provision establishing that liability is joint and several if release or threatened

release is not proved to be divisible).

Specifically, a 188 order concerns the release or threatened release of hazardous

wastes at a hazardous-waste facility that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to

public health and safety or the environment and should be listed on the state Superfund registry. Id.

§ 361.188(a)(1). Under this type of order, which is issued after an investigation/feasibility study and

a public meeting to discuss a proposed remedial action, the State may order persons responsible for

the release or threatened release to remediate the facility according to a schedule established by the

Commission. Id. § 361.188(a)(3), (4), (6), (7). Under a 272 order, the Commission may restrain

persons responsible for solid waste from allowing or continuing the release or threatened release of

solid waste that presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and safety or

the environment and may require those persons to implement a remedial action plan designed to

eliminate the release or threatened release (“272 order”). Id. § 361.272(a)-(b). We will examine in

more detail below the interaction of the two Subchapters of the Act containing these two

ordering provisions.

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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Voda Site is on approximately six acres located in Gregg County, Texas. The

Site was used by Voda Petroleum, Inc. as an oil-blending and oil-recycling facility from about 1981

to 1991, when operations ceased and the Voda Site was abandoned. In the mid-1990s, both the

Environmental Protection Agencyand the predecessor agencyto the Commission (the Texas Natural

Resources Conservation Commission) investigated the Site to determine whether Voda Petroleum’s

operations had resulted in the release of hazardous substances. The EPA conducted a removal action 

in 1996, although the Site’s ranking was too low to qualify the Site for the federal Superfund

program. After the removal action, the EPA sought recovery of its costs and eventually entered into

administrative orders of consent with companies it had named as potentially responsible parties;

those orders established how much those parties owed the EPA. In 1999, the EPA referred the Voda

Site to the State of Texas for any further remedial action required under state authority.

In November 2000, the Commission’s predecessor agency proposed the Voda Site

for listing on the state Superfund registry and notified parties that it believed had shipped materials

to the Voda Site that they were potentially responsible for investigation and remediation of the Site,

including providing them with notice that they could make a good-faith offer to conduct a remedial

investigation and feasibility study. Several parties submitted written comments and objections,

complaining that no empirical data supported finding imminent and substantial endangerment or

listing the Voda Site on the state Superfund registry. No good-faith offer to conduct the

investigation was received, so the Commission conducted the remedial investigation and feasibility

study and proposed a remedial action.

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After public notice and comment suggesting alternative remedies, the Commission

studied other alternatives. It also provided the potentially responsible parties with the opportunity

to fund or conduct the remedial action, but no good-faith offer to do so was received and accepted

by the Commission, so no agreed order was issued. At a public meeting, the Commission considered

what it described on the meeting agenda as “a Final Administrative Order (Final Order) pursuant to

Texas Health and Safety Code Sections 361.188 and 361.272 for the Voda Petroleum, Inc. State

Superfund Site.” Although some potentially responsible parties were allowed to address the

Commissioners, they were not allowed to present evidence to the Commission and they were

informed that “the law governing this case does not provide for an adjudicatory hearing at this time.” 

The Act contemplates that Superfund orders may be issued without holding anyadjudicative hearing

both in Subchapter F, which outlines the process for issuing an administrative order under Section

361.188, see id. §§ 361.184(e), .187(c), and in Section 361.274, which explicitly states that “[a]n

administrative order under Section 361.272 does not require prior notice or an adjudicative hearing

before the commission,” id. § 361.274.

On February 12, 2010, the Commission issued a unilateral administrative order for

the Voda Site “to require persons responsible for such solid wastes or hazardous substances to

perform the Work, including conducting the Remedial Activities, as authorized bySections 361.188

and 361.272 of the Act.” (Emphasis added); see id. §§ 361.188 (establishing contents of final

administrative order to be issued by Commission after consideration of all good-faith offers to

perform remedial action at hazardous-waste facility determined to pose imminent and substantial

endangerment to public health and safety or to environment), .272 (providing that Commission may

7
issue administrative order to person responsible for solid waste if it appears there is actual or

threatened release of solid waste that presents imminent and substantial endangerment to public

health and safety or to environment). The Voda Order named ExxonMobil and Shell as potentially

responsible parties, along with approximately 350 other entities, and ordered them to pay the

Commission’s response costs for cleanup of the Voda Site.

ExxonMobil and Shell filed suit appealing the Voda Order in Travis County District

Court, challenging the Commission’s actions under the Act and seeking declaratory relief under the

Texas Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.001. The

Commission filed a counter-petition and third-party petition seeking cost recovery against

ExxonMobil and Shell and other potentially responsible parties, see Tex. Health & Safety Code

§ 361.197(d) (requiring Commission to file cost-recovery action against each responsible party for

total costs of remedial actions taken by Commission using funds from Hazardous and Solid Waste

Remediation Fee Account established in Section 361.133); enforcement of the order under Sections

361.321 and 361.322(g), see id. §§ 361.321(e)(except as provided bySection 361.322, “in an appeal

from an action of the commission . . . , the issue is whether the action is invalid, arbitrary, or

unreasonable”), 361.322(g) (in appeal of administrative order, Commission must prove by

preponderance of evidence that “(1) there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste or

hazardous substances that is an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and

safety or the environment; and (2) the person made subject to the administrative order is liable for

the elimination of the release or threatened release, in whole or in part”); injunctive relief,

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see id. § 361.273(2); and its attorneys’ fees and costs, see id. § 361.341; Tex. Water Code § 7.108;

Tex. Gov’t Code § 402.006(c).

The parties proceeded to conduct discovery for the next few years. Then,

approximately four years after the case was filed, the Commission filed its plea to the jurisdiction. 

In its plea and reply, it asserted that (1) a Superfund order can be issued under either Section 361.188

or Section 361.272, but not both; (2) the Voda Order was issued only under Section 361.188, not

Section 361.272; (3) an order issued under Section 361.188 may only be reviewed under Section

361.321, which provides for review under the substantial-evidence standard; and (4) therefore, the

trial court lacked subject-matterjurisdiction to review the Voda Order under any standard other than

the one found in Section 361.321 because the Legislature has not granted any other waiver of

sovereign immunity for 188 orders. Accordingly, the Commission asserted, judicial review under

any other standard would violate the separation-of-powers doctrine. ExxonMobil and Shell

responded that (1) nothing in the Act supports a conclusion that an administrative order may be

issued only under Section 361.188 or Section 361.272, but not both; (2) the Voda Order was issued

under both Sections; (3) because the Voda Order was issued under both Sections, it should be

reviewed under the preponderance-of-evidence standard provided for in Section 361.322; and (4) the

separation-of-powers doctrine does not bar judicial review under Section 361.322 because the order

is not a quasi-legislative act and thus the Legislature is not prohibited from authorizing its judicial

review via trial de novo. In addition, ExxonMobil and Shell contended that the Commission’s plea

did not implicate the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction because the Commission sought only

a decision on what standard of review the trial court should use and did not challenge the waiver of

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sovereign immunity found in the appellate provisions of the Act. The trial court denied the

Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

In three issues on appeal, the Commission asserts that (1) the Act allows two different

types of Superfund orders, 188 orders and 272 orders, which are separate and distinct and have

individual waivers of immunity and different standards of review under Section 361.321 and

Section 361.322, respectively, and a single order cannot arise under both sections; (2) it issued the

Voda Order only under Section 361.188 of the Act and therefore it may only be reviewed under

Section 361.321’s substantial-evidence standard; and (3) courts lack subject-matter jurisdiction to

review the Voda Order under any section other than Section 361.321 because of the doctrine of

sovereign immunity. We turn first to the question of whether the Act makes the two types of orders

mutually exclusive and whether the two types of orders are subject to different standards of review.

Construction of the Act’s provisions for registry and cleanup of Superfund sites

and for enforcement of administrative orders

We review issues of statutory construction de novo. Texas Lottery Comm’n v. First

State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). Our primary objective when construing

statutes is to give effect to the Legislature’s intent, which we seek first and foremost in the text of

the statute. First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631-32 (Tex. 2008). The plain

meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent, unless a different meaning is apparent

from the context or application of the plain language would lead to absurd results. Molinet

v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. 2011). When a statute’s words are unambiguous, “it is

10
inappropriate to resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language.” City of

Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 626 (Tex. 2008).

Moreover, we determine legislative intent from the entire statute, not just its isolated

provisions. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 396 (Tex. 2008). “Thus, we ‘read the statute

as a whole and interpret it to give effect to every part.’” State ex rel. State Dep’t of Highways &Pub.

Transp. v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327 (Tex. 2002) (quoting Jones v. Fowler, 969 S.W.2d 429,

432 (Tex. 1998)). Consequently, when considering the interplay of the various Sections of the Act,

we must consider their role in the broader statutory scheme. See 20801, Inc., 249 S.W.3d at 396. 

With these principles in mind, we turn to consideration of the two types of Superfund orders that the

Act allows the Commission to issue.

188 orders

Section 361.188 is found in Subchapter F, which covers the registry and cleanup of

certain hazardous-waste facilities. See Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 361.181-.203. Under this

Subchapter, the Commission is required to annually publish an updated state registry identifying

those facilities “that may constitute an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and

safety or the environment due to a release or threatened release of hazardous substances into the

environment” and identifying the relative priority for action at each listed facility. Id. § 361.181. 

Subchapter F further establishes a process bywhich the Commission may investigate listed facilities

or facilities that the executive director has reason to believe should be listed on the registry. 

Id. § 361.182.

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Subchapter F empowers the executive directorto submit requests for information and

document production to persons who may have relevant information. Id. § 361.182. The

Commission may not list a facility on the registry if the potential endangerment can be resolved by

the owner or operator; some or all of the potentially responsible parties identified in Subchapter I

(which deals with enforcement), see id. § 361.271 (defining person responsible for solid waste),

under an agreed administrative order issued by the Commission; or a voluntary cleanup agreement

under Subchapter S. Id. § 361.183.

If, however, the executive director determines that a facility is eligible for listing on

the state registry, the Commission must publish notice of its intent to list the facility and allow

interested parties to submit written comments and request a public meeting to discuss the proposed

listing. Id. § 361.184(a). Furthermore, the executive director must “make all reasonable efforts to

identify all potentially responsible parties for remediation of the facility” and notify them of the

proposed listing and procedure for requesting a public meeting, as well as notice of the meeting if

one is requested. Id. § 361.184(b)-(c).

If a public meeting is held, it “is legislative in nature and not a contested case hearing

under Chapter 2001, Government Code.” Id. § 361.184(e). The meeting’s purpose is only to obtain

“additional information regarding the facility relative to the eligibility of the facility for listing on

the state registry and the identification of potentially responsible parties.” Id. In other words, the

meeting does not provide an opportunity for potentially responsible parties to contest liability.

After the public meeting (or opportunity to request it has passed) and before the

Commission lists the facility on the registry, it must allow all identified potentially responsible

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parties the opportunityto fund or conduct “a remedial investigation/feasibility study.” Id. § 361.185. 

If a good-faith offer from all or some potentially responsible parties is received within 90 days after

the Commission issues notice of the potential listing, then those making the offer have an additional

60 days to negotiate an agreed administrative order from the Commission, which must include a

scope of work but which “may not require the participating potentially responsible parties to agree

to perform the remedial action or admit liability for the facility remediation.” Id. § 361.185(a). 

Section 361.185 empowers the Commission to conduct or complete the study using funds from the

hazardous-waste disposal-fee fund if no good-faith offer to do so is received. Id. § 361.185(b). This

Section also encourages potentially responsible parties to perform the study by providing that costs

for Commission oversight of the study may not be assessed against those parties who fund or

perform the study, but full costs for Commission oversight may be assessed against nonparticipating

potentially responsible parties “who are ultimately determined to be liable for remediation of the

facility under [the Act] or who subsequently enter into an agreed order relative to the remediation

of the facility.” Id. § 361.185(c).

Subchapter F further provides the Commission with the abilityto select, after a public

meeting, the appropriate land use (if other than residential) for the land upon which a facility is

located that is the subject of a remedial investigation/feasibility study for the purpose of selecting

a proposed remedial action. Id. § 361.1855. The Commission also controls whether a partial or total

removal action may be performed at a facility eligible for listing on the registry and whether an

owner or operator may substantially change the use of the facility so that any change does not

interfere with a proposed or ongoing remedial investigation/feasibility study. Id. § 361.186.

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After the remedial investigation/feasibility study is complete, the executive director

must select a proposed remedial action, and the Commission must hold a public meeting to discuss

the proposed action. Id. § 361.187(a). Again, notice of the meeting must be provided to each

potentially responsible party, but the public meeting is legislative in nature and not a contested-case

hearing and is held for the purpose of obtaining “additional information regarding the facility and

the identification of additional potentially responsible parties.” Id. § 361.187(b)-(c). While those

in attendance may comment on the proposed action, and the executive director may choose to revise

the proposed remedial action in light of the presentations, this meeting does not provide an

opportunity for potentially responsible parties to challenge liability. See id. § 361.187(c).

After the public meeting, the Commission must allow all identified potentially

responsible parties the opportunity to fund or perform the proposed remedial action. 

Id. § 361.187(d). If a good-faith offer from all or some potentially responsible parties is received

within 60 days after the public meeting, then those making the offer have an additional 60 days to

negotiate an agreed administrative orderfrom the Commission, which must include a scope of work,

but again the Commission “may not require an admission of liability in the agreed administrative

order.” Id. Like the feasibility-study Section, this Section also encourages potentially responsible

parties to perform the remedial action by providing that costs for Commission oversight of the action

may not be assessed against those parties who fund or perform the action, but full costs for

Commission oversight maybe assessed against nonparticipating potentiallyresponsible parties “who

are ultimately determined to be liable for remediation of the facility.” Id. § 361.187(e).

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This Section further provides that the executive director may authorize a potentially

responsible party to conduct a partial remedial action if (after notice and opportunity for comment

to all other potentially responsible parties) the executive director determines that the release or

threatened release is “divisible.” Id. § 361.187(f). The Section defines “divisible” as meaning “that

the hazardous substance released or threatened to be released is capable of beingmanaged separately

under the remedial action plan,” but it specifically provides that “[a] determination of divisibility by

the executive director does not have res judicata or collateral estoppel effect on a potentially

responsible party’s ultimate liability for remediation of the facility under Subchapter G

[‘Enforcement;Criminal and Civil Penalties [Repealed]’] or I[‘Enforcement; Administrative Orders

Concerning Imminent and Substantial Endangerment’].” Id.

Finally, Section 361.188 itemizes the required contents of a final administrative order

that the Commission “shall issue” after considering all good-faith offers to perform a remedial action

at a facility eligible for listing on the state registry. The final administrative order must:

(1) list the facility on the state registry, thus determining that the facility poses

an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health and safety or the

environment;

(2) specify the appropriate land use for purposes of selecting the appropriate

remedial action;

(3) specify the selected remedial action;

(4) list the parties determined to be responsible for remediating the facility;

(5) make findings of fact describing actions voluntarily undertaken by

responsible parties;

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(6) order the responsible parties to remediate the facility and, if appropriate,

reimburse the hazardous waste disposal fee fund for remedial

investigation/feasibility study and remediation costs;

(7) establish a schedule for completion of the remedial action;

(8) state any determination of divisibility of responsible party liability; and

(9) give notice of the duties and restrictions imposed by Section 361.190

[“Change in Use of Listed Facility”].

Id. § 361.188(a). In addition, this Section establishes that “[t]he provisions in Subchapters I, K,

and L relating to administrative orders apply to orders issued under this section.” Id. § 261.188(b)

(footnote omitted) (emphasis added); see also id. §§ 361.271-.279 (Subchapter I: Enforcement;

Administrative Orders Concerning Imminent & Substantial Endangerment); 361.321-.323

(Subchapter K: Appeals; Joinder of Parties); 361.341-.345 (Subchapter L: Cost Recovery).

272 orders

Section 361.272 is found in Subchapter I, which covers enforcement and

administrative orders concerning imminent and substantial endangerment, and is one of the

Subchapters whose provisions relating to administrative orders apply to 188 orders. See id.

§§ 361.271-.280; see also id. § 361.188(b). Section 361.271 defines “persons responsible for solid

waste” and tracks the categories found in CERCLA, holding responsible current and former owners

or operators of a solid-waste facility; “arrangers” of storage, disposal, processing, or transport of

solid waste; and transporters of solid waste. Id. § 361.271(a); see also 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Section

361.272 allows the Commission to:

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(a) . . . issue an administrative order to a person responsible for solid waste if it

appears that there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste that

presents an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and

safety or the environment:

(1) from a solid waste facility at which solid waste is stored, processed,

or disposed of; or

(2) at any site at which one or more of those activities concerning solid

waste have been conducted in the past, regardless of whether the

activity was lawful at the time.

(b) An administrative order may be issued under this section to:

(1) restrain the person from allowing or continuing the release or

threatened release; and

(2) require the person to take any action necessary to provide and implement a

cost effective and environmentally sound remedial action plan designed to

eliminate the release or threatened release.

Id. § 361.272(a)-(b). In addition, the Commission may sue for injunctive relief to restrain a

responsible person from allowing or continuing the release or threatened release and to require the

person to take actions necessary to provide and implement a remedial action plan. Id. § 361.273. 

SubchapterI also specifically establishes that “[a]n administrative order under Section 361.272 does

not require prior notice or an adjudicative hearing before the commission.” Id. § 361.274. Section

361.275 enumerates the defenses to liability and states that a person responsible for solid waste is

liable under Section 361.272 or 361.273 unless the person can establish by a preponderance of the

evidence that the release or threatened release was caused solely by an act of God, an act of war, an

act or omission of a third person, or any combination of those events. Id. § 361.275(a). Section

361.276 provides for the apportionment of liability if the release or threatened release is proved by

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a preponderance of the evidence to be divisible and provides that if it is not proved divisible, persons

liable under Section 361.272 or 361.273 are jointly and severally liable for eliminating the release

or threatened release. Id. § 361.276(a). The Section defines “divisible” as meaning “that the waste

released or threatened to be released has been and is capable of being managed separately under the

remedial action plan.” Id. § 361.276(b).

Issuing an order under both Sections

The Commission contends that the two types of Superfund orders are mutually

exclusive and one administrative order cannot be issued under both provisions, but nothing in either

the specific provisions or in the overall context of the statutory scheme leads to that conclusion. We

presume that the Legislature chooses a statute’s language with care, purposefullychoosingeachword

it includes, while purposefullyomittingwords not chosen. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs,

340 S.W.3d 432, 438-39 (Tex. 2011). If the Legislature had intended to make the two orders

mutually exclusive, it would have said so. Instead, it crafted a statutory scheme under which the

Commission is empowered (1) to issue an orderthat results in a hazardous-waste facility being listed

on the state Superfund registry after a lengthy process involving public meetings before completion

of an investigation/feasibility study and selection of a remedial action and (2) to issue an order to

restrain a release or threatened release of solid waste and require the provision and implementation

of a remedial action plan without the requirements of public meetings or an investigation/feasibility

study and without prior notice to potentially responsible parties.

Nothing in the Act precludes the Commission from issuing an order under both

sections simultaneously. In fact, allowing the Commission to issue an order under both Sections

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361.188 and 361.272 comports with the Act’s purpose of protecting the environment by allowing

the Commission to include the broader category of “solid waste” in an orderlisting a site on the state

Superfund registry, which means it maybe able to include more potentiallyresponsible parties, while

having the two orders in separate sections gives the Commission the flexibility to issue a 272 order

without going through the 188 process. We conclude that it is possible for the Commission to issue

one order under both Sections 361.188 and 361.272.

Subchapter K: appeals; joinder of parties

Subchapter K contains Sections 361.321 and .322, both of which concern appeals,

and Section 361.323, a provision concerning joinder of parties in an injunction action filed by the

State under Section 361.273. At issue is whether a 188 order is governed by Section 361.321 or

Section 361.322. Section 361.321 establishes a substantial-evidence standard of review under which

the appealing partymust prove that the Commission’s action “is invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable,”

see id. § 361.321(e), while Section 361.322 mandates that when a person subject to an administrative

order appeals the order by filing a petition:

the district court shall uphold the administrative order if the Commission proves by

a preponderance of the evidence that:

(1) there is an actual or threatened release of solid waste or hazardous substances

that is an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public health and

safety or the environment; and

(2) the person made subject to the administrative order is liable for the

elimination of the release or threatened release, in whole or in part.

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Id. § 361.322(g). In addition, Section 361.322 provides that “[i]f the appropriateness of the selected

remedial action is contested in the appeal of the administrative order, the remedial action shall be

upheld unless the court determines that the remedy is arbitrary or unreasonable.” Id. § 361.322(h).

The Commission asserts that both the statutory history and the plain language of the

Act show that 188 and 272 orders are separate and distinct and have separate provisions for appeal. 

In particular, the Commission contends that because specific language prevails over general, Section

361.322 must apply only to 272 orders, and Section 361.321 must apply to all other types of orders

and decisions. We, however, must first look to the plain language of the statute for the Legislature’s

intent, “and only if we cannot discern legislative intent in the language of the statute itself do we

resort to canons of construction or other aids such as which statute is more specific.” First State

Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 639.

In this case, the language found in Section 361.188 is clear: “The provisions in

Subchapters I, K, and L relating to administrative orders apply to orders issued under this section.” 

Tex. Health & Safety Code § 361.188(b) (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). Section 361.322

concerns appeals of administrative orders issued under Section 361.272. Of the two appellate

provisions, it is the only one that relates to administrative orders. The Commission concedes that

the deadline for appeal and the standards of review in Section 361.322 “relate to administrative

orders,” see id. § 361.188(b), but it argues that applying the deadline and standards of review to

188 orders would lead to absurdities. It makes the circular argument that because the deadlines for

appeal and standards of review are different for each type of order, the orders must be separate and

distinct, and “the Legislaturewould not have deliberatelywritten a statute providing for two different

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deadlines for the appeal of a single order, or two different standards of review for a single element,

such as liability, within an order.” We agree that the Legislature would not deliberately write a

statute providing two different deadlines for appealing one order or two different standards of review

for an element of an order. Having already concluded that one order can be issued under both

Sections, however, we further conclude that under a plain reading of Section 361.188(b), the

Legislature expressed its intent that both Sections 361.188 and 361.272 should be governed by one

set of deadlines for appeal and standards of review—those that are found in Section 361.322. 

Therefore, we need not use any other canon of construction, such as which statute is more specific,

or other aids, such as legislative history, to construe the Act and answer the question of which

appellate provision applies to 188 orders. See First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d at 639.

Moreover,we note that other language in both Sections 361.321 and 361.322 supports

this interpretation. Section 361.322 specifically provides that “[t]he filing of the [appeal] petition

does not prevent the commission from proceeding with the remedial action program under

Subchapter F [i.e., the process that culminates in a 188 order] unless the court enjoins the remedial

action under its general equity jurisdiction.” Tex. Health & SafetyCode § 361.322(e). “Hazardous

substances,” the only materials regulated by 188 orders (as opposed to “solid waste,” which Section

361.272 refers to), are included as part of the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of review, see

id. § 361.322(g) (Commission must prove “actual or threatened release of solid waste or hazardous

substances”), and in the description of parties who must be joined, see id. § 361.322(d) (person

appealing must join “any other person who is or may be liable for the elimination of the actual or

threatened release of solid waste or hazardous substances governed by the administrative order”). 

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Section 361.321 specifically references Section 361.322, stating that “[e]xcept as provided by 

Section 361.322[g],” the issue in an appeal from a Commission action is whether the action is

invalid, arbitrary, or unreasonable. Id. § 361.321(e) (emphasis added). And Section 361.322(h)

provides that “[i]f the appropriateness of the selected remedial action is contested in the appeal of

the administrative order, the remedial action shall be upheld unless the court determines that the

remedy is arbitrary or unreasonable,” meaning that the portion of a 188 order that has been

developed by the Commission using its expertise will be reviewed under the substantial-evidence

standard, and so it is only the elements found in Section 361.322(g) that the Commission bears the

burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. § 361.322(h). Considering the statute

as a whole, we conclude that Section 361.322 applies to both 188 orders and 272 orders, and we

overrule the Commission’s first issue.

Although this conclusion means that we need not reach the Commission’s second

issue contending that it issued the Voda Order only under Section 361.188, we note that the plain

language of the Voda Order indicates that it was issued under both Sections 361.188 and 361.272.

See Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Texas-New Mexico Power Co., 344 S.W.3d 446, 450-51 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2011, pet. denied) (courts apply same rules when construing order of administrative

agency that are applied when construing statutes). In addition to the introductory language at the

beginning of the Order, there are provisions throughout the Order that indicate it was issued under

Section 361.272 as well as Section 361.188, including references to “solid waste,” not just

“hazardous substances.” We also note that the Commission conducted itself in the trial court for

four years as if the Order were appealable under Section 361.322, not just Section 361.321. After

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issuing an order incorporating both Sections and proceeding for years as if the parties would try the

case under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, the Commission’s reversal of position for

strategic reasons does not change the essential nature of the Voda Order.

Sovereign immunity

In its third issue, the Commission does not dispute that both Sections 361.321 and

361.322 contain waivers of immunity because the Legislature has conferred a right of judicial

review; instead, it asserts that courts lack subject-matterjurisdiction to review the Voda Order under

anysection other than Section 361.321. We overrule this issue based on our conclusion that Section 2

361.322 applies to 188 orders.

ExxonMobil and Shell assert on appeal that this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear the appeal, 2

essentially reurging their argument that the Commission’s plea did not implicate the trial court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction because the Commission did not challenge the waiver of sovereign

immunity found in the appellate provisions of the Act and instead sought only a decision on what

standard of review the trial court should use. Our jurisdiction over this case is derived from Civil

Practice and Remedies Code Section 51.014(a)(8), which permits the interlocutoryappeal of an order

denying a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit. That is the procedural posture of this case.

More importantly, the substance of the Commission’s challenge is that Section 361.322 does not

contain a waiver of immunity for the type of administrative order issued in this case. “There is

[generally] no right to judicial review of an administrative order unless a statute explicitly provides

that right . . . .” Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys. v. Ferrell, 248 S.W.3d 151, 158 (Tex. 2007). 

While answering that question here may have the effect of determining which standard of review

applies, the answer itself implicates the trial court’s jurisdiction. The Texas Supreme Court’s

decision in City of Waco does not change our analysis of the statutory provisions at issue in this case. 

See Texas Comm’n on Envt’l Quality v. City of Waco, 413 S.W.3d 409, 411, 415, 420, 424 (Tex.

2013) (reviewingCommission’s denial of a contested-case hearing request in a permitting matter for

an abuse of discretion when the underlying statute did not specify a standard of review and when

party seeking contested-case hearing “was afforded several opportunities to make a record in

the agency”).

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CONCLUSION

Having concluded that Section 361.322 applies to administrative orders issued under

both Sections 361.188 and 361.272 and that Section 361.322 contains a waiver of sovereign

immunity, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction.

__________________________________________

Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed April 8, 2016

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