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This opinion was filed for record 

at 8,00 OJli\ on fib 9121£1{ 

<5&~ SUPREME COURT CLERK 

REME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

DEAN WILCOX, ) 

) 

Petitioner, ) No. 92362-1 

) 

v. ) En Bane 

) 

STEVE BASEHORE; BARTLETT ) 

NUCLEAR, INC; BARTLETT ) Filed FEB 0 9 2017 

SERVICES, INC.; BARTLETT ) 

SUPPORT SERVICES, INC., and ) 

ELR CONSULTING, INC., ) 

) 

Respondents. ) 

) 

WIGGINS, J.-Dean Wilcox fell 50 feet through an open catwalk hatch onto a 

concrete floor. Having sustained severe injuries, he sued the on-site safety planner, 

Steven Basehore, for negligent planning causing the fall; Wilcox also named the 

safety planner's employer, Bartlett Services, Inc. (Bartlett), and an intermediary 

company, ELR Consulting, Inc. (ELR), in respondeat superior. Before trial, the court 

granted ELR judgment as a matter of law. At trial, the court instructed the jury on the 

borrowed servant doctrine, an extension of respondeat superior. Wilcox appealed 

both decisions. The Court of Appeals, in a published decision, affirmed. Wilcox v. 

Basehore, 189 Wn. App. 63, 356 P.3d 736 (2015). 

We also affirm. We hold that the borrowed servant doctrine is properly a 

question for the jury where complete control is a disputed fact. Whether the servant 

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Wilcox v. Basehore eta/., No. 92362-1 

is loaned through an intermediary does not preclude application of the doctrine. We 

decline to consider the implications of Wilcox's indemnification argument because it 

was raised as a jury instruction challenge for the first time on appeal. We further hold 

that judgment as a matter of law was properly granted in favor of ELR because no 

reasonable jury could find that ELR had a right to control Basehore's conduct. 

FACTS 

I. Factual History 

This case stems from a workplace injury and the dismantling of a nuclear 

facility. The United States Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford site in 

southeastern Washington produced nuclear weaponry (specifically plutonium) from 

1943 until its closure in 1987.1 The site itself is vast, covering 586 square miles, and 

is further surrounded by the Hanford Reach National Monument-land long used to 

buffer the site's toxic emissions.2 After decades of plutonium production, the toxic 

waste clean-up efforts have been similarly substantial: since 1989, thousands of 

workers have been involved as facilities are "deactivated, decommissioned, 

decontaminated, and demolished."3 

1 U.S. DOE, Hanford History, HANFORD SITE (Jul. 25, 2016, 7:36AM), [https://perma.cc/2XHMBK54]. 

2 See Proclamation No. 7319, 3 C.F.R. § 7319 (2001) (establishment of the Hanford Reach 

National Monument (Jun. 9, 2000); noting that the Hanford Reach has been "[m]aintained as 

a buffer area in a Federal reservation conducting nuclear weapons development and, more 

recently, environmental cleanup activities, with limits on development and human use for the 

past 50 years"). 

3 U.S. DOE, Hanford Cleanup, HANFORD SITE (Jul. 25, 2016, 7:36 AM), 

[https://perma.cc/5YQ3-8BJC]. 

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Washington Closure Hanford LLC (WCH) was a "prime contractor" involved in 

this cleanup. As demolition work involves many short-term and specialized tasks, 

WCH used many temporary workers, acquired through "staff augmentation" partners. 

This case specifically concerns the demolition of "Building 336" at the Hanford site. 

Wilcox, a millwright, was one of WCH's permanent employees. Basehore, a 

professional work control planner, was hired as an independent contractor. 

A. Work Control Planning 

Work control planners help ensure on-site safety by compiling "work packages." 

These work packages guide on-site work procedures by noting the tasks to be done, 

detailing their proper sequence, and, critically, identifying potential hazards.4 Work 

packages are developed by teams of workers, specialists, and engineers;5 the work 

control planner then collects information from the entire work team and puts it in a 

comprehensive work document. 

4 In this case, the process included a "Job Hazard Analysis," identifying dangers and 

precautions to be incorporated into the work package. 

5 Teams are assembled by a "Responsible Manager"; the team then performs on-the-ground 

analysis. This team is led by a "Senior Project Engineer," who in turn may delegate 

supervision to a "Project Engineer." The Project Engineer then supervises the work control 

planner. To help assess particular risks, "Subject Matter Experts" are consulted on specific 

issues, such as engineering, health and safety, or environmental concerns. After the work 

package is completed, a "Field Superintendent" ensures that its guidelines are properly 

executed. If additional changes are identified in the field, the Responsible Manager makes 

any necessary corrections to the work package. 

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Here, Basehore was one of approximately six people involved in preparing the 

work package for Building 336 and the only person who was not a WCH employee. 6 

The person with comprehensive oversight of the work package was a WCH manager. 

B. The Subcontractors 

Basehore's employer, Bartlett, is a Massachusetts corporation providing shortterm professional and technical staff to federal government contractors. Bartlett 

frequently provided WCH with temporary, specialized workers. After confirming 

Basehore's suitability and availability, WCH contracted with a third company, ELR, 

which in turn procured Basehore's services. 

ELR acted as an intermediary between WCH and Bartlett, according to ELR, 

"only to trigger" extra federal payments for WCH. ELR qualifies, for purposes of 

federal government contracts, as a service-disabled veteran-owned small business. 

According to ELR, WCH's contract with the DOE required that three percent of 

subcontracting dollars go to service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses, or 

else WCH would forgo an additional $9 million payment. ELR received a relatively 

small payment in exchange for acting, according to ELR's counsel, as a "conduit."7 

6 Basehore's work was directly supervised by a project engineer, a senior project engineer, 

and the field superintendent, all of whom were WCH employees. Other workers were also 

purportedly consulted, though attendance at on-site meetings is not recorded. 

7 WCH paid $89/hour for Basehore's services. ELR passed on $85.58/hour of this to Bartlett. 

Thus, ELR's share of the payment was $3.42/hour. Basehore received $58.71/hour from 

Bartlett. 

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C. Two-Step Contracting 

With ELR as an intermediary, the parties then used a two-step contracting 

process. Basehore's services were conveyed from Bartlett to ELR by means of one 

contract (ELR-Bartlett Contract). Ex. 222 at BSI-1. Then Basehore's services were 

conveyed from ELR to WCH by a second contract (WCH-ELR Contract). Ex. 34 at 

ELR 000462. By funneling Basehore's services through ELR, WCH counted the 

contract in its tally of subcontracts with service-disabled veteran-owned small 

businesses. 8 

Both contracts characterized Basehore as an independent contractor. Ex. 222 

at BSI-1; ex. 34 at ELR 000466. The ELR-Bartlett Contract, while not signed by WCH, 

was created "in support of" WCH. Ex. 222 at BSI-1. The contract established a 

maximum payment value "for this work from WCH," id., and incorporated by reference 

exhibits A ("General Conditions") and B ("Special Conditions") of the WCH-ELR 

Contract, id. at BSI-2. 

The WCH-ELR Contract includes both general and special conditions, with the 

special taking precedence over the general. Ex. 34 at ELR 000466 ("Order of 

Precedence"). General condition (GC) 19 is a comprehensive indemnification 

provision. /d. at ELR 000470. Most relevant is GC 2, which provided that ELR would 

8 The superior court judge in this case characterized the two-step arrangement as "just a 

phony deal to try to help [WCH] earn 9 million bucks." The judge who wrote the appellate 

court decision similarly referred to the contractual arrangement as "a farce." 189 Wn. App. at 

68. The validity of this contracting arrangement is not before us, and we thus decline to 

comment. 

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"maintain[] complete control over its employees and all of its lower-tier suppliers and 

subcontractors," which included Basehore. /d. at ELR 000466. 

However, the contract's special conditions characterize the situation differently: 

special condition (SC) 13 designates Kim Koegler of WCH as the party with "ultimate 

authority over the technical aspects" of Basehore's work. 9 /d. at ELR 000486. These 

technical aspects included preparation of the work package, which Wilcox alleges was 

negligently prepared. 

D. The Accident 

The parties agree as to the subsequent unfolding of events: On July 1, 2009, 

Wilcox was among those working on a catwalk in Building 336, preparing it for 

demolition. The work package guiding that day's work was developed by Basehore. 

During his inspection of Building 336, Basehore had failed to realize that the catwalk 

was accessed via a hatch that lacked protective guard chains. While Wilcox was still 

working, some other workers descended; they left the access hatch open with the 

expectation that the remaining workers would soon follow. Before Wilcox could also 

descend, he and another worker were asked to finish an additional task. While doing 

so, Wilcox stepped through the open catwalk hatch, falling 50 feet to the concrete floor 

below. 

9 Bonnie Cole, WCH's subcontract administrator, was assigned to handle the administrative 

aspects of Basehore's work. Ex. 34 at ELR 000486. 

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Wilcox survived the fall, sustaining serious injuries to his legs and spine. Wilcox 

alleges that Basehore's negligent development of the work package and safety 

protocols led to his fall and resulting injuries. 

II. Procedural History 

Wilcox filed suit against Basehore, Bartlett, and ELR for negligence. Wilcox 

later voluntarily dismissed Basehore from the suit. The remaining parties filed cross 

motions for summary judgment, which were denied. ELR later filed a second motion 

for summary judgment, which was also denied. At the close of evidence, ELR brought 

a CR 50 motion for judgment as a matter of law, which was granted. The remaining 

claims against Bartlett proceeded to trial. 

At trial, Wilcox strongly disputed the jury instructions proposed by Bartlett and 

ELR. Two instructions in particular, instruction 12 and instruction 13, directed the jury 

to consider the "borrowed servant doctrine." These instructions were as follows: 

INSTRUCTION NO. 12 

[l]f ... the defendant proves that Steve Basehore was a borrowed 

servant of Washington Closure Hanford, your verdict should be for the 

defendant. 

INSTRUCTION NO. 13 

Under the borrowed servant doctrine, a worker in the general 

employ and pay of one employer may be loaned to another. If an 

employer meets its burden of proving by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the worker is a "borrowing servant" that employer is not 

liable for the worker's negligence. 

In order for a person to be a "borrowed servant", the general 

employer must surrender, and the borrowing employer must assume, 

exclusive supervision and control over the worker. Exclusive control for 

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all purposes is not required. Rather, the question is whether the 

borrowing employer has exclusive control of the borrowed worker for the 

transaction causing injury. 

Defendant has the burden of proving borrowed servant by a 

preponderance of the evidence. 

Pursuant to these instructions, if the jury found that WCH had exclusive control over 

Basehore's allegedly negligent actions, then only WCH would be potentially liable. As 

a result, Wilcox would be confined to worker's compensation as his sole remedy. 10 

The jury found that Basehore was under WCH's exclusive control with respect 

to his allegedly negligent conduct. Because the jury concluded that Basehore was a 

borrowed servant of WCH, it did not need to consider the remaining issues, including 

whether Basehore was negligent, whether the alleged negligence caused Wilcox's 

injury, or what damages Wilcox might have incurred. Judge Spanner entered 

judgment in favor of Bartlett. Wilcox appealed. 

On appeal, Wilcox renewed his arguments that (1) the borrowed servant 

doctrine does not apply and (2) the trial court erred in granting ELR's motion for 

judgment as a matter of law. In support of his challenge to the borrowed servant 

doctrine's application, Wilcox also argued for the first time on appeal that the doctrine 

was superseded by ELR's indemnification agreement with WCH. 

10 In a claim against one's own employer, Washington workers' compensation system 

provides the sole remedy, with the exception of intentional injury by the employer. RCW 

51.04.010 (noting that "[t]he common law system governing the remedy of workers against 

employers for injuries received in employment is inconsistent with modern industrial 

conditions" and "proves to be economically unwise and unfair"). The statute provides "sure 

and certain relief for workers, injured in their work, and their families and dependents is 

hereby provided regardless of questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other remedy, 

proceeding or compensation, except as otherwise provided in this title." /d. (emphasis added). 

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In a published decision, the Court of Appeals considered all arguments 

presented (including the new indemnification issue) and affirmed the trial court's 

decisions (1) submitting the borrowed servant doctrine to the jury and (2) granting 

ELR's motion for judgment as a matter of law. Wilcox, 189 Wn. App. 63. 

Wilcox then petitioned this court for review, noting that we have not revisited 

the borrowed servant doctrine in nearly 30 years. The parties requested clarification 

of the scope of the borrowed servant doctrine when the servant is loaned through an 

intermediary and when contractual language characterizes the servant as an 

independent contractor. The parties also continued to disagree whether WCH's 

exclusive control of Basehore was a disputed fact subject to resolution by the jury and 

whether the trial court erred in dismissing ELR by a directed verdict. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

A trial court's decision to instruct the jury on a point of law is reviewed de novo. 

Kappelman v. Lutz, 167 Wn.2d 1, 6, 217 P.3d 286 (2009). The instructions '"are 

sufficient when they allow counsel to argue their theory of the case, are not 

misleading, and when read as a whole properly inform the trier of fact of the applicable 

law."' Anfinson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 174 Wn.2d 851,860, 281 P.3d 

289 (2012) (quoting Bodin v. City of Stanwood, 130 Wn.2d 726, 732, 927 P.2d 240 

(1996)). 

We also afford de novo review to judgments as a matter of law. Anaya Gomez 

v. Sauerwein, 180 Wn.2d 610, 616, 331 P.3d 19 (2014). "A directed verdict is 

appropriate if, as a matter of law, there is no substantial evidence or reasonable 

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inference to sustain a verdict for the nonmoving party." Chaney v. Providence Health 

Care, 176 Wn.2d 727, 732, 295 P.3d 728 (2013). Substantial evidence exists '"if it is 

sufficient to persuade a fair-minded, rational person of the truth of the declared 

premise."' Guijosa v. Wa/-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 Wn.2d 907, 915, 32 P.3d 250 (2001) 

(quoting Brown v. Superior Underwriters, 30 Wn. App. 303, 306, 632 P.2d 887 (1980)). 

ANALYSIS 

The primary issue in this appeal is the applicability of the borrowed servant 

doctrine when the servant is loaned through an intermediary. If the doctrine does not 

apply in this situation, then the jury instructions in this case were erroneous and the 

case must be returned for a new trial. We conclude that the doctrine does apply and 

the jury was correctly instructed. We affirm. 

I. Whether the Jury Was Properly Instructed To Consider the Borrowed Servant 

Doctrine 

The borrowed servant defense is a legal fiction that expands the concept of 

respondeat superior. Stocker v. Shell Oil Co., 105 Wn.2d 546, 548, 716 P.2d 306 

(1986). Under respondeat superior, an employer is vicariously liable to third parties 

for torts committed by the servant within the scope of employment. RESTATEMENT 

(SECOND) OF AGENCY§ 219 (AM. LAW INST. 1958). 

An exception exists, however, when a servant's general employer loans the 

servant to another, or "special," employer. For those activities over which the special 

employer exercises complete control, the special employer also assumes vicarious 

liability under the "borrowed servant" doctrine. Maca/e v. Lynch, 110 Wash. 444, 448, 

188 P. 517 (1920) ("It is ... well settled law that one who is in the general employ and 

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pay of one person may be loaned, or hired, by his employer to another, and when he 

undertakes to do the work of the other he becomes the servant of such other, to 

perform the particular transaction."). 

Yet the borrowed servant doctrine does not require complete and exclusive 

control over all aspects of the loaned worker's conduct. Liability arises out of those 

particular transactions over which the special employer has exclusive control. 

Stocker, 105 Wn.2d at 548 ("If it can be established that the servant had borrowed 

servant status at the time of performance of such transaction, the servant's general 

employer can escape liability for damage or injuries flowing from the transaction."); 

see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY§ 227 (A borrowed servant "may become 

the [special employer's] servant as to some acts and not as to others."). 

Whether the special employer had exclusive control for the relevant transaction 

is generally a question of fact for the jury. Davis v. Early Constr. Co., 63 Wn.2d 252, 

258-59, 386 P.2d 958 (1963) (finding that "the evidence fail[ed] to establish" that one 

party had "exclusive control" and thus finding that the question was properly submitted 

to the jury). 

A. Where the Worker Is Loaned through an Intermediary 

Wilcox argues that the borrowed servant doctrine should not apply in this case 

because a two-step loan scenario does not fit a strict definition of the doctrine; he asks 

us to avoid any novel applications of the doctrine because it "results in the destruction 

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of valuable common-law rights." 11 Wilcox defines the doctrine as: "A loans his servant 

to B, under such circumstances that B assumes complete control and direction of the 

servant's work." Thus, Wilcox contends, where A loans a servant to B, who further 

loans him to C, the borrowed servant doctrine should not apply. This argument fails 

to serve either the definition or the purpose of the doctrine. 

First, the definition Wilcox describes is artificially narrow. We have repeatedly 

described the doctrine not as a mathematical formula, but as a concept by which "one 

who is in the general employ and pay of one person may be loaned, or hired, by his 

employer to another." Maca/e, 110 Wash. at 448. The "A to B" characterization of the 

doctrine is illustrative, not definitive. It is reasonable that employers would generally 

loan employees directly to the party who needs them; that this path is common, 

however, does not make it necessary. Wilcox asks us to require that servants be 

borrowed directly in order to satisfy the borrowed servant doctrine. In so doing, we 

would arbitrarily shrink the boundaries of the borrowed servant doctrine, not simply 

preserve its scope. 12 

11 Here, Wilcox quotes Novenson v. Spokane Culvert & Fabricating Co., 91 Wn.2d 550, 554-

55, 588 P.2d 1174 (1979). Yet this language in Novenson more applicably explains why we 

require clear consent when the borrowed servant is also the plaintiff. In Novenson, we 

emphasized the potential unfairness to the loaned servant who, having been borrowed, is no 

longer able to recover against his own employer. /d. at 554. Thus, the employee's consent 

to being loaned should not have been implied and must have been explicitly obtained before 

the borrowed servant doctrine could apply. /d. at 553. 

12 Wilcox emphasizes the monetary motivations for using the two-step structure in this case 

as a reason to preclude application of the borrowed servant doctrine. That one party has 

used a route in a potentially objectionable fashion, however, is an insufficient reason to find 

the route itself improper. Similarly, Wilcox comments that "[t]he doctrine typically has been 

applied to situations involving laborers" rather than "highly specialized professional services," 

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Second, Wilcox's emphasis on the conveyance process is inconsistent with the 

doctrine's essential purpose. In a borrowed servant doctrine analysis, we consistently 

focus on one basic question: Who controls the servant's conduct? See, e.g., Maca/e, 

110 Wash. at 448 ("The controlling facts in these cases, and in all others which support 

the rule, is that the servant must have been in the exclusive control of the one to whom 

he is loaned."). 13 We emphasize control because the very premise of the borrowed 

servant doctrine is to hold accountable those who can account for the allegedly 

tortious action. Wilcox offers neither authority nor argument for why we should 

abruptly reframe our analysis to focus on whether the servant was borrowed directly 

from the general employer or borrowed in multiple steps. 

It is consistent with both the definition and the purpose of the borrowed servant 

doctrine to apply it to situations of "double borrowing"-as in this case, where the 

general employer loans a servant to a second party, who loans the servant to a third 

party. 

yet no principled support is either offered or apparent for enforcing this sort of arbitrary 

distinction between manual and professional work. 

13 See also McHugh v. King County, 14 Wn.2d 441, 445, 128 P.2d 504 (1942) ("He who 

controls the actions and directs the work or action of another is responsible for the acts of the 

one to whom the instruction is given."); Christiansen v. McLellan, 74 Wash. 318, 320, 133 P. 

434 (1913) ('"The test is whether, in the particular service which [the servant] is engaged to 

perform, he continues liable to the direction and control of his master, or becomes subject to 

that of the party to whom he is let or hired."' (quoting Coughlan v. Cambridge, 166 Mass. 268, 

277, 44 N.E. 218 (1896))); Boe v. Hodgson Graham Co., 103 Wash. 669, 670, 175 P. 310 

(1918) ("[W]e must look to the evidence in the case to determine who was in fact [the 

borrowed boat's] master."); Olson v. Veness, 105 Wash. 599,601, 178 P. 822 (1919) (noting 

that "the question of control of operation is the determining factor"). 

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B. Where Exclusive Contrails a Disputed Fact 

Wilcox argues that WCH did not have "exclusive control" over Basehore 

sufficient to satisfy the borrowed servant test. Whether the special employer has 

exclusive control is a question of fact for the jury. Davis, 63 Wn.2d at 259. Here, the 

jury was explicitly asked to find whether WCH exercised exclusive control over 

Basehore "for the transaction causing injury," and concluded that such control was 

established. 

Wilcox counters that submission to the jury was precluded because Bartlett 

"admitted it never gave up exclusive control over the core of Mr. Basehore's worksafety." Bartlett acknowledged that it expected Basehore to abide by its own safety 

plan "as well as our customers' programs." Bartlett's president further clarified that 

"[t]he site's plan is the overriding safety plan to be used while our employees are 

there," though Bartlett's plan may be followed if it is more conservative. While Wilcox 

concludes that these statements are an admission of Bartlett's ongoing control over 

safety matters, they do not foreclose exclusive control by WCH over a given safetyrelated activity. Exclusive control is task specific, not topic specific. 

Thus, the basic factual dispute remained: Did Bartlett's or WCH's safety plan 

govern Basehore's actions in this instance? This is a factual question that was 

properly submitted to the jury. 

C. Where Contractual Language Characterizes the Worker as an Independent 

Contractor 

Wilcox further argues that the parties' "contractual agreements trump the 

borrowed servant defense," noting that this rule "was established long ago." Here, the 

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contracts described Basehore as an independent contractor. An independent 

contractor, by definition, is not under the control of the party for whom he works. Afoa 

v. Port of Seattle, 176 Wn.2d 460, 476, 296 P.3d 800 (2013). As a result, Wilcox 

argues, we must find that the parties' contractual language precludes application of 

the borrowed servant defense. This conclusion misstates our case law and conflates 

two contract-related issues. 

Wilcox mistakenly relies on our holding in Stocker, which specifically addressed 

indemnification agreements. 105 Wn.2d 546. Wilcox paraphrases Stocker's holding 

as: "When contractual terms are contrary to the borrowed servant defense, those 

terms must be given effect over the defense." This oversimplifies Stocker's holding, 

as that case solely concerned the impact of indemnification agreements-a discrete 

legal issue. 

In Stocker, Shell Oil Company made use of temporary workers supplied by a 

labor contractor, P.M. Northwest Inc. 105 Wn.2d at 547. Negligence by one of the 

loaned laborers led to a fire at Shell's oil refinery, killing two other borrowed workers, 

including Ed Stocker. /d. The personal representatives of the slain men sued Shell, 

which settled. /d. Shell then sought indemnification from P.M. Northwest pursuant to 

an indemnification agreement between the two companies. /d. Noting that 

"[i]ndemnity agreements are essentially agreements for contractual contribution," we 

concluded that "an express contractual agreement for indemnification must prevail 

over the tort defense of 'borrowed servant'." /d. at 549 (emphasis added). Similarly, 

the borrowed servant doctrine allocates the cost of liability between the special and 

general employers. Wilcox's omission of the indemnification qualification significantly 

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overstates Stockers implications. And Wilcox offers no other support for his argument 

that contractual descriptions must or should overcome the reality of exclusive control. 

Indeed, parties sometimes characterize their loaned workers as "independent 

contractors" or "employees" for different purposes, including responsibility for benefits, 

taxes, and training. In fact, this reflects the parties' behavior in this case, as Bartlett 

retained responsibility for paying, training, and providing other benefits associated 

with Basehore's employment. Wilcox offers no reason why we should require a 

worker to be treated identically for all purposes; indeed, the borrowed servant doctrine 

itself allows that a worker may be a borrowed servant for one task and an independent 

contractor for another. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY§ 227 (A borrowed servant 

"may become the [special employer's] servant as to some acts and not as to others."). 

Imposing uniform treatment on a given worker would be a novel departure. Wilcox 

does not provide any argument or authority for why we should take this step, and we 

decline to do so. 

D. Contractual Indemnification Issue 

On appeal, Wilcox argues that "the parties allocated to ELR liability for any 

harm" caused by Basehore in the indemnity provision of the WCH-ELR Contract. Ex. 

34 at ELR 000470. Bartlett and ELR object that this issue is precluded because it was 

not raised at trial. 

Failure to raise an issue before the trial court generally precludes a party from 

raising it on appeal. RAP 2.5. While "this rule insulates some errors from review, it 

encourages parties to make timely objections, gives the trial judge an opportunity to 

address an issue before it becomes an error on appeal, and promotes the important 

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policies of economy and finality." State v~ Kalebaugh, 183 Wn.2d 578,583, 355 P.3d 

253 (2015). 

For objections to jury instructions in particular, an appellate court usually 

considers a claimed error only if the appellant raised the specific issue at trial. Galvan 

v. Prosser Packers, Inc., 83 Wn.2d 690, 692, 521 P.2d 929 (1974) (noting that 

consideration of errors in instructions on appeal "is limited to those issues specifically 

raised" at trial); see also Trueax v. Ernst Home Ctr., Inc., 124 Wn.2d 334, 339, 878 

P.2d 1208 (1994). 

Here, Wilcox failed to mention contractual indemnification in his challenge to 

the borrowed servant doctrine jury instructions. All parties acknowledge that Wilcox 

vehemently opposed the borrowed servant instructions generally and made multiple 

arguments for the doctrine's exclusion. However, as noted above, the implications of 

an indemnity agreement is a discrete exception to the borrowed servant doctrine: as 

a bargained-for allocation of liability between parties, it trumps allocation by common 

law as between those parties. There was no reason for the trial court to know that 

arguments concerning general contractual language also raised a specific legal 

argument concerning WCH and ELR's indemnification agreement. 

As a result, the trial court was inadequately apprised of the points of law in 

dispute relating to the indemnification provision. We therefore decline to consider this 

issue. 

II. Whether ELR Was Entitled to Judgment as a Matter of Law 

Wilcox argues that the trial court improperly granted ELR judgment as a matter 

of law because a principal-agent relationship existed, giving rise to vicarious liability. 

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We extend vicarious liability where a principal "is accountable" for the actions 

of an agent. Chi. Title Ins. Co. v. Office of Ins. Comm'r, 178 Wn.2d 120, 143, 309 

P.3d 372 (2013). While we consider whether a principal exercised authority, actual 

exercise of control is not necessary so long as "the principal had the right to control 

the details of the agent's performance." /d. However, "a principal who hires an 

independent contractor is not liable for harm resulting from the contractor's work." 

Afoa, 176 Wn.2d at 476. 

The crucial distinction is the right to control. In considering whether "a 

relationship between a superior business party and a subordinate business party" is 

a principal-agent relationship or an "independent contractorship[,] ... the most crucial 

factor is the right to control the details of the work." Lamer v. Torgerson Corp., 93 

Wn.2d 801, 804-05, 613 P.2d 780 (1980). Where there is no right to control, then the 

subordinate party is an independent contractor. /d. This distinction "can only be 

decided as a matter of law where there are no facts in dispute and the facts are 

susceptible of only one interpretation." Graves v. P.J. Taggares Co., 94 Wn.2d 298, 

302-03, 616 P.2d 1223 (1980). 

Here, the parties agree that ELR did not employ Basehore. As Wilcox notes, 

"BSI, ELR and WCH all agreed in writing that Basehore was acting as an independent 

contractor." Wilcox further states that "[t]hose writings correctly described the 

relationship."14 In oral argument concerning ELR's directed verdict motion, Wilcox's 

14 Wilcox reiterates the belief that Basehore was ELR's independent contractor as support for 

the assertion that ELR was unable to loan Basehore to WCH. 

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counsel again agreed that Basehore was ELR's independent contractor. 

Nonetheless, Wilcox asserts that a principal-agent relationship existed between ELR 

and Basehore, leaving ELR vicariously liable for Basehore's alleged negligence: "ELR 

had a right, and an obligation, to control Mr. Basehore or at least ensure his work was 

performed in a safe, professional manner." 

It is worth emphasizing that Wilcox is arguing for the truth of two mutually 

exclusive facts: (1) that Basehore was an independent contractor of ELR and (2) that 

ELR had the right to control Basehore's work. This confusion is understandable, as it 

is rooted in mutually exclusive provisions of the WCH-ELR Contract, described below. 

In reviewing ELR's motion for a directed verdict as a matter of law, the trial court 

held that Basehore was not an agent of ELR, granting the motion. During argument, 

the court provided two bases for its decision: First, the "mere right [to control] is not 

enough without some exercise of it." Second, the parties all agreed that Basehore 

was properly deemed an independent contractor and that "a principal is not liable for 

the torts of the independent contractors." The Court of Appeals affirmed on the basis 

that "ELR had no right to control" Basehore's work. 15 Wilcox, 189 Wn. App. at 95. We 

agree. 

Significant confusion on this issue arises out of conflicting contractual 

provisions in the WCH-ELR Contract. Wilcox relies largely on GC 2, which required 

ELR to "maintain[] complete control over its employees and all of its lower-tier 

15 The Court of Appeals correctly restates our precedent, as we explicitly provide that the right 

to control is itself a sufficient basis for an agency relationship; exercise of control is not 

required. Chi. Title, 178 Wn.2d at 143. 

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suppliers and subcontractors," including Basehore. Ex. 34 at ELR 000466. However, 

SC 14 established that Basehore was an independent contractor. /d. at ELR 000486. 

SC 13 further provided for comprehensive supervision of Basehore's technical and 

administrative duties by WCH employees. 16 /d. 

While these general and special conditions appear to conflict, the contract itself 

resolves the issue: GC 6 provides that special conditions take precedence over 

general conditions. /d. at ELR 000466-67. As a result, GC 2, stating that ELR 

exclusively controlled Wilcox, gives way to SC 1, providing that Wilcox was an 

independent contractor as to ELR, and to SC 13, stating that Wilcox was subject to 

WCH's control. Thus, the contract does not grant ELR any right of control over 

Basehore on its own terms. 

Were there additional evidence outside the four corners of the contract tending 

to establish ELR's right to control Basehore, the alleged principal-agency relationship 

might remain a fact question for the jury. However, the only evidence offered is the 

contract itself, which is unavailing, and outside evidence only supports the 

understanding that ELR lacked control over Basehore entirely: the parties agree that 

ELR's role was to provide a "conduit." Thus, even viewing the evidence in the light 

16 Wilcox argues that SC 13 "addresses only technical-administrative requirements of the 

subcontract, not the technical work safety planning performed by Basehore." This argument 

contains its own refutation. Basehore's job, all agree, was to develop a work safety plan. 

This is a technical matter, assigned pursuant to a technical services subcontract. Wilcox 

himself describes the task as "technical work safety planning." Ex. 34 at ELR 000486. Thus, 

it is unclear how Koegler's "ultimate authority" for "technical aspects" of Basehore's work 

could not encompass the work safety plan at issue. /d. 

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most favorable to Wilcox, "there is no substantial evidence or reasonable inference to 

sustain a verdict" in his favor. Chaney, 176 Wn.2d at 732. 

We affirm the directed verdict for ELR. 

CONCLUSION 

We hold that the trial court properly instructed the jury to consider the borrowed 

servant doctrine. The doctrine is properly submitted to the jury where complete control 

is a disputed fact. Whether the servant is loaned through an intermediary does not 

preclude application of the doctrine. We decline to consider Wilcox's indemnification 

exception argument as it was raised for the first time on appeal. We further hold that 

ELR was properly granted judgment as a matter of law because there is no substantial 

evidence that ELR had a right to control Basehore. 

Therefore, we affirm the Court of Appeals. 

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WE CONCUR. 

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