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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

DALE LANE BRADLEY,

Appellant.

No. 80147-3-I

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CHUN, J. — A jury found Bradley guilty of one count of first degree rape of 

a child and two counts of first degree child molestation. At trial, the trial court 

admitted evidence that the victim had told others that Bradley had assaulted her 

and a recording of an interview of the victim by a detective. Bradley appeals, 

asking us to abandon the fact of complaint doctrine and claiming evidentiary error 

and prosecutorial misconduct. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

Bradley lived with his girlfriend and her three daughters, one of whom is 

R.K. One morning on the bus to school, R.K. told her friend W.H. that someone

had sexually abused her. W.H. took R.K. to the school counselor, Sarah Day, 

and told Day what R.K. had told her. After speaking with R.K., Day called Child 

Protective Services (CPS), and a CPS officer and a King County Sheriff’s 

detective arrived and interviewed R.K. In the interview, R.K. alleged that Bradley 

had sexually abused her on multiple instances over the past two years, including, 
No. 80147-3-I/2

2

most recently, the Tuesday before the interview. The State charged Bradley with

one count of first degree rape of a child and three counts of first degree child 

molestation.

The trial court admitted evidence, under the fact of complaint rule, that 

R.K. had told W.H., her sisters, and Day that Bradley raped and molested her. It 

also admitted portions of a recording of law enforcement’s interview of R.K.

under the recorded recollection exception to the hearsay rule.

In closing argument, the State commented on R.K.’s testimony:

[R.K.] may not have lived up to your expectations of what you wanted 

from her on the stand, but that does not mean that her words are not 

credible and believable. And when I say that, I want to be very clear 

about what that means. That includes the recordings played in court, 

what she said in court, and what she said to Dr. Wiester before her 

exam.

[R.K.] didn’t remember a lot of what happened when she came 

in here. It is very clear that [R.K.] was nervous and embarrassed, 

and it was all over her face and it was in her voice, even though she 

was denying that she didn’t want to talk about it.

Think about how she prepared to come to court? Well, her 

mother woke her up, made her take a shower, gave her a stale donut 

to eat, and put her in a taxi cab.

Compare her responses here in court to when she was sitting 

in her counselor’s office with Ms. Day and Detective Gerlitz. She 

wasn’t having trouble answering questions.

Think about the environment she was in when she was talking 

to Dr. Wiester. She wasn’t having trouble answering Dr. Wiester’s 

questions. She felt comfortable. She felt safe. And it wasn’t like this.

This setting, we’re in a formal courtroom with a judge sitting in 

a tall chair, wearing a black robe, and there’s a room full of adults, 

mostly strangers, including all of you. There are older men, younger 

men, older women, younger women, you folks sitting in the jury box, 

and there were spectators sitting in all of those benches. But 

perhaps what maybe impacted [R.K.] most is that Dale Bradley, the 

man that sexually abused her, the man that called her a bitch and a 

dumbass and stupid, the man that told her to touch herself, just like 
No. 80147-3-I/3

3

he showed her how to do in those videos, the man that licked her 

vagina, the man that walked her to the store one day and asked her 

if she liked it and then bought her a treat, well, he’s the man she’s 

testifying against, and he’s sittin’ right there.

(Emphasis added.)

The jury found Bradley guilty of one count of first degree rape of a child 

and two counts of first degree child molestation.

ANALYSIS

Bradley makes three arguments in support of reversal. First, he says that 

the fact of complaint rule, which allows admission of evidence that a victim 

reported a sex offense, stems from outdated and misogynistic stereotypes, and 

that we should no longer recognize such admission as proper. Next, he says 

that the trial court erred in admitting the police interview because it does not meet 

the standard for reliability required by the record recollection exception to the 

hearsay rule. Finally, he says the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in 

its closing argument by improperly referring to his presence at trial.

A. Evidentiary Admissions

We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s admission of evidence. 

State v. Heutink, 12 Wn. App. 2d 336, 356, 458 P.3d 796 (2020). “A trial court 

abuses its discretion if its decision is based on untenable grounds, an erroneous 

view of the law, or is manifestly unreasonable.” State v. Dillon, 12 Wn. App. 2d 

133, 146, 456 P.3d 1199 (2020). 
No. 80147-3-I/4

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1. Fact of complaint 

Bradley says we should abandon the fact of complaint doctrine as it stems 

from a faulty and offensive premise. We decline his invitation.

The fact of complaint rule, a case law exception to the hearsay rule, 

derives from the antiquated doctrine of “hue and cry.” State v. Murley, 35 Wn.2d 

233, 236–37, 212 P.2d 801 (1949); State v. Chenoweth, 188 Wn. App. 521, 532, 

354 P.3d 13 (2015). “The fact of complaint or hue and cry doctrine allows the 

prosecution in sex offense cases to present evidence that the victim complained 

to someone after the assault.” Chenoweth, 188 Wn. App. at 532. The rule 

allows admission only of the fact that the victim made such a timely complaint, 

and not any evidence of their attacker’s identity or nature of the act. State v. 

Ferguson, 100 Wn.2d 131, 135–36, 667 P.2d 68 (1983). The feudal notion that 

“a female naturally complains promptly of offensive sex liberties upon her person” 

underlies the hue and cry rule. Murley, 35 Wn.2d at 237. Courts have 

increasingly recognized that victims of sexual abuse commonly might delay in 

reporting their attackers. See, e.g., State v. Holland, 77 Wn. App. 420, 427–28, 

891 P.2d 49 (1995) (affirming admission of expert testimony that a sexual abuse 

victim might delay in reporting). And evidentiary rules have largely replaced the 

doctrine. See, e.g., State v. Makela, 66 Wn. App. 164, 172–74, 831 P.2d 1109 

(1992) (holding no error in admission of testimony about a victim’s prior 

consistent statements about the fact of their assault under ER 801(d)(1)(ii)); 

State v. Wilson, 60 Wn. App. 887, 889–91, 808 P.2d 754 (1991) (holding no error 
No. 80147-3-I/5

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in admission of ER 404(b) evidence of the defendant’s previously assaulting his 

wife to explain her delay in reporting sexual abuse). But the fact of complaint

rule remains the law as declared by our Supreme Court and binds us. See, e.g., 

Ferguson, 100 Wn.2d at 144.

1

2. Recorded recollection

Bradley says the trial court erred in admitting portions of R.K.’s police 

interview because it did not meet the recorded recollection exception’s 

requirement for reliability. He concedes that the police interview met the 

standards of reliability for the most recent instance of alleged sexual assault. 

The State accepts this concession but counters that trial court properly admitted 

all the portions of the recording. We agree with the State.

Under ER 803(a)(5), a record about a matter about which a witness once 

had knowledge but now has insufficient recollection to enable them to testify fully 

and accurately is admissible if the record accurately reflects the witness’s 

knowledge and was made when the matter was fresh in their memory. To 

determine whether a record accurately reflects a witness’s knowledge, courts 

apply a totality of circumstances analysis. In re Det. of Peterson, 197 Wn. App. 

722, 727–28, 389 P.3d 780 (2017). “The totality of the circumstances includes: 

‘(1) whether the witness disavows accuracy; (2) whether the witness averred 

accuracy at the time of making the statement; (3) whether the recording process 

is reliable; and (4) whether other indicia of reliability establish the trustworthiness 

 

1 This decision tracks our decision in State v. Martinez, noted at 9 Wn. App 2d 

1044, 2019 WL 2751295 at *3, which is currently under review by our Supreme Court. 
No. 80147-3-I/6

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of the statement.’” Id. at 728 (quoting State v. Alvarado, 89 Wn. App. 543, 552, 

949 P.2d 831 (1998)).

In its analysis of whether R.K. made or adopted her statements when the 

matter was fresh in her memory, the trial court addressed the timing of R.K.’s 

interview as related to the timing of the instances of abuse:

Three, that the record was made or adopted by the witness 

when the matter was fresh in her memory.

[The State] correctly points out that this is not—there’s not a 

specific temporal rule here, other than the matter needs to be fresh 

in the witness’s mind or memory.

I would indicate that the allegation here is that there was an 

ongoing series of events that culminated about 72 hours prior to the 

discussion that [R.K.] had with her friend, then her counselor, then 

CPS, then law enforcement. And I think it is a reasonable reading of 

this record that it was, in her mind, a series of sort of ongoing and 

related events, which had most recently happened very recently at 

the time that she spoke to law enforcement, so I do find that that 

element is met.

The trial court also concluded that the recordings accurately reflected R.K.’s 

knowledge:

Finally, that the record reflects [R.K.]’s prior knowledge and 

accuracy. 

And I understand that she’s been a little bit inconsistent today 

about whether she remembers giving the statement to Detective 

Gerlitz, what she remembers talking about, what she knew at the 

time. The Court is certainly permitted to look at corroborating 

evidence to make an independent decision about whether the record 

reflects accurately [R.K.]’s prior knowledge. 

Under Alvarado, the Court considers factors including 

whether she disavows the accuracy, which she has not done, and, 

in fact, she affirmed the accuracy of the statements to Detective 

Gerlitz.

I would also add that in the testimony of Detective Gerlitz, she 

testified—Detective Gerlitz testified that she spoke for about an hour 

with [R.K.], and that at the end she asked [R.K.] about how she felt 
No. 80147-3-I/7

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about speaking with Detective Gerlitz, and [R.K.] said she was 

nervous at first but glad she told me.

The Court finds that that is further evidence of—implicit 

evidence of the accuracy of the statements.

She did aver the accuracy at the time of making the statement. 

I have no reason to distrust the accuracy of the recording process 

itself. There’s been foundation laid for the recording process, as well 

as the accuracy of the transcription process.

And in terms of other indicia of reliability, I have, in addition to 

all of the factors that I’ve already explored in my ruling, the fact that 

there were very consistent statements made to Ms. Day, as 

memorialized in Exhibits 21 and 22.

Bradley concedes the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting 

the portion of R.K.’s recollection that recounted an instance of him sexually 

abusing R.K. on the Tuesday before she made the recorded statement. But he 

says that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the portions of the 

recollection in which she alleged other instances of abuse, because those 

discussions stemmed from conduct that took place “over the entire two year 

charging period without any reference to specific times or events.” In effect, he 

says that the other instances of abuse were too far in time away from R.K.’s 

recollection for her discussion of them to be considered reliable.2

Bradley shows that temporal proximity is one of many factors a court may 

properly consider in a reliability analysis, but he cites no law establishing that it is 

determinative. Cf., State v. Nava, 177 Wn. App. 272, 296, 311 P.3d 83 (2013)

(considering that the witnesses made their recorded statements within a month 

after the events in question as a factor tending to show reliability); United States 

 

2 Bradley addresses the interview’s temporal proximity to the alleged instances of 

sexual abuse in the context of ER 803(a)(5)’s accuracy requirement, but we note that it 

relates more to whether the witness made the statement when the matter at hand was 

fresh in her mind.
No. 80147-3-I/8

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v. Patterson, 678 F.2d 774, 779–80 (9th Cir. 1982) (concluding no error in 

admission of a recollection of events occurring 10 months before the 

recollection). And the trial court did consider the temporal proximity of the 

interview to the alleged instances of sexual abuse, and reasonably concluded 

that they related enough to the most recent instance that they would be fresh in 

R.K.’s mind. Also, as the trial court noted, R.K. did not disavow the police 

interview statements at trial. She also asserted in the interview that she was 

telling the truth. And Bradley does not challenge the trial court’s findings that the 

recording process itself was not reliable, and that R.K. made similar allegations 

to Day. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the portions of the 

recording of R.K.’s police interview.

C. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Bradley says the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by improperly 

referring to his presence during its closing argument. We disagree. 

To show prosecutorial misconduct, “the defendant must establish ‘that the 

prosecutor’s conduct was both improper and prejudicial in the context of the 

entire record and the circumstances at trial.’” State v. Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d 

438, 442, 258 P.3d 43 (2011) (quoting State v. Magers, 164 Wn.2d 174, 191, 189 

P.3d 126 (2008)). The defendant must prove “there is a substantial likelihood 

[that] the instances of misconduct affected the jury’s verdict.” Thorgerson, 172 

Wn.2d at 442–43 (alteration in original) (quoting Magers, 164 Wn.2d at 191). 

“The ‘failure to object to an improper remark constitutes a waiver of error unless 
No. 80147-3-I/9

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the remark is so flagrant and ill intentioned that it causes an enduring and 

resulting prejudice that could not have been neutralized by an admonition to the 

jury.’” Thorgerson, 172 Wn.2d at 443 (quoting State v. Russell, 125 Wn.2d 24, 

86, 882 P.2d 747 (1994)). Defense counsel’s failure to object to allegedly 

improper remarks made by a prosecutor “strongly suggests to a court that the 

argument or event in question did not appear critically prejudicial to [the 

defendant] in the context of the trial.” State v. McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d 44, 53 n.2, 

134 P.3d 221 (2006) (quoting State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 661, 790 P.2d 610 

(1990)). 

A defendant has state and federal constitutional rights to presence at their 

trial. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; CONST. art I, § 22; Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 

338, 90 S. Ct. 1057, 25 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1970). “The State can take no action 

which will unnecessarily ‘chill’ or penalize the assertion of a constitutional right 

and the State may not draw adverse inferences from the exercise of a 

constitutional right.” State v. Gregory, 158 Wn.2d 759, 806, 147 P.3d 1201 

(2006) (quoting State v. Rupe, 101 Wn.2d 664, 705, 683 P.2d 571 (1984)),

overruled on other grounds by State v. W.R., Jr., 181 Wn.2d 757, 336 P.3d 1134 

(2014). But “not all arguments touching upon a defendant’s constitutional rights 

are impermissible comments on the exercise of those rights.” Gregory, 158 

Wn.2d at 806. The relevant issue is “whether the prosecutor manifestly intended 

the remarks to be a comment on that right.” Id. at 807 (quoting State v. Crane, 

116 Wn.2d 315, 331, 804 P.2d 10 (1991)). “[S]o long as the focus of the 
No. 80147-3-I/10

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questioning or argument ‘is not upon the exercise of the constitutional right itself,’ 

the inquiry or argument does not infringe upon a constitutional right.” Gregory, 

158 Wn.2d at 807 (quoting State v. Miller, 110 Wn. App. 283, 284, 40 P.3d 692 

(2002)).

In State v. Jones, we concluded that the prosecutor improperly 

commented on the defendant’s right to confrontation by stating that the 

defendant insisted on staring at his victim while she testified and stating that the 

victim’s courtroom contact with him was so traumatic that she could not return to 

court. 71 Wn. App. 798, 806, 809, 863 P.2d 85 (1993). But we ultimately held 

that the prosecutor’s comments were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

at 812.

In Gregory, however, the State asked an alleged rape victim how she felt 

about testifying in court and being cross-examined. 158 Wn.2d at 805. The 

victim responded that she hated having to remember it and that she would not 

want her worst enemy to go through what she had. Id. Our Supreme Court held 

this did not constitute improper commenting on the defendant’s constitutional 

right to cross-examine witnesses because the questioning did not directly

implicate the right, unlike the questioning in Jones. Id. at 807–08. Instead, the 

court reasoned that the questioning focused on the victim’s credibility and her 

willingness to testify despite the emotional toll of doing so. Id. at 808.

As in Gregory, and unlike Jones, the State’s comments did not directly

implicate Bradley’s right to be present. Instead, its comment that Bradley was 
No. 80147-3-I/11

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“sittin’ right there” spoke to R.K.’s credibility, the emotional difficulty of testifying,

and any issues the jury might perceive with R.K.’s ability to testify. The State did 

not make an improper comment.

3

 And defense counsel did not object to the 

remarks, which strongly suggests that counsel did not view the comment as 

critically prejudicial. We thus conclude that the State did not commit 

prosecutorial misconduct.

We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

 

3 Bradley also claims this comment constituted prosecutorial misconduct because 

it improperly appealed to the passions of the jury. He cites State v. Claflin, 38 Wn. App. 

847, 850, 690 P.2d 1186 (1984), in which the prosecutor read to the jury a poem that 

used vivid imagery to describe rape’s emotional effects on its victims and included 

prejudicial allusions to matters outside the evidence against the defendant. While the 

State’s argument arguably appealed to the emotions of the jury, the State made no 

allusion to matters outside the evidence.