Memo

This memorandum transmits the fiscal year 2020 financial statement audits of the 

Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) performed by the independent public 

accounting firm of KPMG LLP (KPMG). On January 29, 2021, KPMG issued its 

independent auditor’s report on the Smithsonian’s statement of financial position as 

of September 30, 2020, and the related statements of financial activity and cash 

flows. KPMG expressed an unmodified opinion that concluded the financial 

statements were presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with the 

applicable financial reporting standards. 

As part of our oversight activities, we reviewed KPMG’s audit documentation and 

interviewed its representatives. Our review of KPMG’s fiscal year 2020 audit 

procedures disclosed no instances where KPMG did not comply, in all material 

respects, with the applicable auditing standards.

Our oversight of KPMG’s audit was not intended to enable us to express, and we do 

not express, an opinion about the Smithsonian’s financial statements, internal 

controls over financial reporting, or compliance with laws and regulations. KPMG is 

responsible for its audit report and the conclusions therein.

If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me or 

Joan Mockeridge, Assistant Inspector General for Audits.

Attachment

Date: January 29, 2021

To: Audit and Review Committee, Board of Regents

Lonnie G. Bunch III, Secretary

Cc: Mike McCarthy, Under Secretary for Administration 

Janice Lambert, Chief Financial Officer

Vince Devito, Acting Director, Office of Finance and Accounting

Porter Wilkinson, Chief of Staff to the Board of Regents

Greg Bettwy, Chief of Staff, Office of the Secretary

From: Cathy L. Helm, Inspector General 

Subject: Independent Auditor’s Report on the Smithsonian Institution’s Fiscal Year 2020 

Financial Statements (OIG-A-21-02)
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Financial Statements and Accompanying Notes to Financial Statements 

September 30, 2020 and 2019
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Table of Contents

Page

Independent Auditors’ Report 1

Financial Statements:

Statements of Financial Position – September 30, 2020 and 2019 3

Statement of Financial Activities – September 30, 2020 4

Statement of Financial Activities – September 30, 2019 5

Statements of Cash Flows – September 30, 2020 and 2019 6

Notes to Financial Statements 7
KPMG LLP

Suite 12000

1801 K Street, NW

Washington, DC 20006

KPMG LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership and a member firm of 

the KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with 

KPMG International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. 

Independent Auditors’ Report

The Office of the Inspector General, Audit and Review

 Committee of the Board of Regents, and Secretary Bunch

Smithsonian Institution:

We have audited the accompanying financial statements of Smithsonian Institution, which comprise the 

statements of financial position as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the related statements of financial 

activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements.

Management’s Responsibility for the Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in 

accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and 

maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are 

free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditors’ Responsibility

Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted 

our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those 

standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the 

financial statements are free from material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the 

financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors’ judgment, including the assessment of 

the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those 

risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation 

of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but 

not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we 

express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and 

the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall 

presentation of the financial statements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our 

audit opinion.

Opinion

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial 

position of Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 2020 and 2019, and the changes in its net assets and 

its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
 2 

Other Matter 

Our audit was conducted for the purpose of forming an opinion on the financial statements as a whole. The 

accompanying trust and federal supplementary information are presented for purposes of additional analysis 

and is not a required part of the financial statements. Such information is the responsibility of management and 

was derived from and relates directly to the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the 

financial statements. The information has been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in the audit of the 

financial statements and certain additional procedures, including comparing and reconciling such information 

directly to the underlying accounting and other records used to prepare the financial statements or to the 

financial statements themselves, and other additional procedures in accordance with auditing standards 

generally accepted in the United States of America. In our opinion, the information is fairly stated in all material 

respects in relation to the financial statements as a whole. 

Washington, District of Columbia 

January 29, 2021 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Statements of Financial Position

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

2020 

Trust Federal Total Funds Trust 

Assets:

Cash, cash equivalents, and U.S.Treasury balances $ 173.8 713.0 886.8 139.9 Accounts receivable and other assets, net 65.8 1.8 67.6 77.3 Pledges receivable, net 179.1 — 179.1 167.9 Investments 2,179.1 — 2,179.1 1,946.2 Property and equipment, net 981.6 1,759.1 2,740.7 730.6 Collections — — — — 

Total assets $ 3,579.4 2,473.9 6,053.3 3,061.9 

Liabilities:

Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 117.8 177.1 294.9 123.6 Deferred revenue 55.8 0.8 56.6 55.8 Unexpended federal appropriations — 621.4 621.4 — Deferred gain on sale of real estate 0.4 — 0.4 4.3 Environmental remediation obligations — 51.7 51.7 — Long-term debt 391.3 — 391.3 96.4 

Total liabilities 565.3 851.0 1,416.3 280.1 

Net assets:

Without donor restriction:

Board designated 804.7 — 804.7 717.4 Undesignated 641.4 1,209.8 1,851.2 694.3 

Net assets without donor restriction 1,446.1 1,209.8 2,655.9 1,411.7 

With donor restriction:

Purpose and time restrictions 973.0 413.1 1,386.1 794.2 Endowments 595.0 — 595.0 575.9 

Net assets with donor restriction 1,568.0 413.1 1,981.1 1,370.1 

Total net assets 3,014.1 1,622.9 4,637.0 2,781.8 Total liabilities and net assets $ 3,579.4 2,473.9 6,053.3 3,061.9 

See accompanying notes to financial statements

3
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Statement of Financial Activities

Year ended September 30, 2020

(Dollars in millions)

2020

Without Donor Restriction With Donor Restriction 

Trust Federal Total Trust Federal Total 

Operating:

Support and revenues:

Federal appropriations $ — 765.7 765.7 — — — Contributions 47.7 — 47.7 134.7 — 134.7 Grants and contracts 78.0 — 78.0 57.8 — 57.8 Business activities 108.6 — 108.6 — — — Endowment payout 39.1 — 39.1 37.8 — 37.8 Imputed benefit revenue — 87.2 87.2 — — — Short-term investment income and other revenue 21.0 10.7 31.7 0.8 — 0.8 

Total operating revenues 294.4 863.6 1,158.0 231.1 — 231.1 

Net assets released from restrictions 155.1 23.5 178.6 (155.1) (23.5) (178.6) 

Total support and revenues 449.5 887.1 1,336.6 76.0 (23.5) 52.5 

Expenses:

Program activities:

Research 140.6 182.9 323.5 — — — Collections management 17.0 241.8 258.8 — — — Education, public programs, and exhibitions 81.1 269.4 350.5 — — — Business activities 98.6 — 98.6 — — — 

Total program activities 337.3 694.1 1,031.4 — — — 

Supporting activities:

Administration 35.7 175.6 211.3 — — — Advancement 66.7 0.5 67.2 — — — 

Total supporting activities 102.4 176.1 278.5 — — — Total expenses 439.7 870.2 1,309.9 — — — Change in net assets before depreciation, amortization, 

and changes in environmental remediation obligations 9.8 16.9 26.7 76.0 (23.5) 52.5 

Depreciation,amortization, and changes in environmental remediation 

obligations 58.9 118.0 176.9 — — — 

Change in net assets from operating activities (49.1) (101.1) (150.2) 76.0 (23.5) 52.5 

Nonoperating activities:

Federal capital appropriations — — — — 197.5 197.5 Endowment gifts — — — 16.8 — 16.8 Gifts for construction projects — — — 7.8 — 7.8 Investment return, net of endowment payout 73.3 — 73.3 110.4 — 110.4 Gain on sale of real estate 3.9 — 3.9 — — — Rent revenue 2.9 — 2.9 — — — Change in net assets of related organization and other (1.3) — (1.3) 0.2 — 0.2 Losses on disposition of assets (0.5) (0.1) (0.6) — — — Collection items not capitalized:

Collection items purchased (8.7) (2.3) (11.0) — — — Collection items sold 0.6 — 0.6 — — — 

Net assets released from restrictions 13.3 125.8 139.1 (13.3) (125.8) (139.1) 

Change in net assets from nonoperating activities 83.5 123.4 206.9 121.9 71.7 193.6 

Change in net assets 34.4 22.3 56.7 197.9 48.2 246.1 Net assets, beginning of year 1,411.7 1,187.5 2,599.2 1,370.1 364.9 1,735.0 Net assets, end of year $ 1,446.1 1,209.8 2,655.9 1,568.0 413.1 1,981.1 See accompanying notes to financial statements

4
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Statement of Financial Activities

Year ended September 30, 2019

(Dollars in millions)

2019

Without Donor Restriction With Donor Restriction 

Trust Federal Total Trust Federal Total 

Operating:

Support and revenues:

Federal appropriations $ — 734.2 734.2 — — — Contributions 39.8 — 39.8 84.6 — 84.6 Grants and contracts 86.2 — 86.2 61.1 — 61.1 Business activities 167.3 — 167.3 — — — Endowment payout 40.4 — 40.4 35.5 — 35.5 Imputed benefit revenue — 86.3 86.3 — — — Short-term investment income and other revenue 29.2 10.6 39.8 0.5 — 0.5 

Total operating revenues 362.9 831.1 1,194.0 181.7 — 181.7 

Net assets released from restrictions 167.4 25.2 192.6 (167.4) (25.2) (192.6) 

Total support and revenues 530.3 856.3 1,386.6 14.3 (25.2) (10.9) 

Expenses:

Program activities:

Research 154.7 175.9 330.6 — — — Collections management 16.5 236.1 252.6 — — — Education, public programs, and exhibitions 106.1 258.7 364.8 — — — Business activities 126.0 — 126.0 — — — 

Total program activities 403.3 670.7 1,074.0 — — — 

Supporting activities:

Administration 31.9 169.3 201.2 — — — Advancement 67.0 0.9 67.9 — — — 

Total supporting activities 98.9 170.2 269.1 — — — Total expenses 502.2 840.9 1,343.1 — — — Change in net assets before depreciation, amortization, 

and changes in environmental remediation obligations 28.1 15.4 43.5 14.3 (25.2) (10.9) 

Depreciation,amortization, and changes in environmental remediation 

obligations 50.6 126.2 176.8 — — — 

Change in net assets from operating activities (22.5) (110.8) (133.3) 14.3 (25.2) (10.9) 

Nonoperating activities:

Federal capital appropriations — — — — 239.1 239.1 Endowment gifts — — — 29.2 — 29.2 Gifts for construction projects — — — 17.6 — 17.6 Investment return, net of endowment payout 10.6 — 10.6 26.1 — 26.1 Gain on sale of real estate 3.9 — 3.9 — — — Rent revenue — — — — — — Gain on sale of Smithsonian Network equity 9.9 — 9.9 — — — Unrelated income tax expense (0.5) — (0.5) — — — Change in net assets of related organization and other 1.0 — 1.0 — — — Losses on disposition of assets (0.1) (0.2) (0.3) — — — Collection items not capitalized:

Collection items purchased (8.9) (3.5) (12.4) — — — 

Net assets released from restrictions 35.9 100.2 136.1 (35.9) (100.2) (136.1) 

Change in net assets from nonoperating activities 51.8 96.5 148.3 37.0 138.9 175.9 

Change in net assets 29.3 (14.3) 15.0 51.3 113.7 165.0 Net assets, beginning of year 1,389.2 1,201.8 2,591.0 1,318.8 251.2 1,570.0 Cumulative effect of accounting change (6.8) — (6.8) — — — Net assets, end of year $ 1,411.7 1,187.5 2,599.2 1,370.1 364.9 1,735.0 See accompanying notes to financial statements

5
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

2020 

Trust Federal Total Trust 

Cash flows from operating activities:

Change in net assets $ 232.3 70.5 302.8 8Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash

provided by (used in) operating activities:

Gain / loss on disposition of assets — — — Collection items purchased 8.7 2.3 11.0 

(0.6) — (0.6) 

Depreciation,amortization, and changes in environmental remediation 

obligations 58.9 118.0 176.9 5

Present value discount and accretion (1.4) 1.1 (0.3) Contributions for endowments (16.8) — (16.8) (2Contributions for construction of facilities (7.8) — (7.8) (Appropriations for repair, restoration, and construction — (197.5) (197.5) Net investment gains (259.1) — (259.1) (10Gain on partial sale of Smithsonian Network — — — Decrease (increase) in assets:

Accounts receivables and other assets 13.2 1.4 14.6 Pledges receivable, net (16.7) — (16.7) 4

Increase (decrease) in liabilities:

Accounts payable and accrued expenses (10.8) 1.3 (9.5) Deferred revenue — 0.8 0.8 Unexpended federal appropriations — 34.7 34.7 Deferred gain on sale of real estate (3.9) — (3.9) 

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (4.0) 32.6 28.6 

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchases of property and equipment (304.9) (216.3) (521.2) (3Purchases of investment securities (645.4) — (645.4) (55Proceeds from sales/maturities of investment securities 671.6 — 671.6 59Proceeds from sale of Smithsonian Network — — — 2Collection items purchased (8.7) (2.3) (11.0) 

0.6 — 0.6 

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (286.8) (218.6) (505.4) 2

Cash flows from financing activities:

Appropriations for repair, restoration, and construction — 253.7 253.7 Contributions for endowments 22.2 — 22.2 2Contributions for construction of facilities 7.4 — 7.4 

298.9 — 298.9 

Principal payments on long-term debt (3.8) — (3.8) (5

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities 324.7 253.7 578.4 Net change in cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury balances 33.9 67.7 101.6 3

Cash, cash equivalents and U.S. Treasury balances:

Beginning of year 139.9 645.3 785.2 10End of year $ 173.8 713.0 886.8 13

Noncash investing activities:

Construction cost accruals $ 6.0 31.8 37.8 

Cash paid for interest $ 2.8 — 2.8 See accompanying notes to financial statements

Principal from bond issuance, net Proceeds from sales of collection items

Proceeds from sales of collection items

6
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

7 (Continued)

(1) Organization

The Smithsonian Institution (Smithsonian) was created by an act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with 

the terms of the will of James Smithson of England, who, in 1826, bequeathed property to the United 

States of America “to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an 

establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” Congress established the 

Smithsonian as a trust of the United States of America and vested responsibility for its administration in the 

Smithsonian Board of Regents (Board).

The Smithsonian is a museum and an education and research complex consisting of 17 museums and the 

National Zoological Park in Washington, DC, and two museums in New York City. Additional facilities and 

programs are operated in five states and Panama. Research is carried out at nine research centers, in the 

museums and other facilities throughout the world. Millions of individuals visit Smithsonian museums and 

other facilities annually: 7.7 million in fiscal year 2020 and 23.2 million in fiscal year 2019.

As of September 30, 2020, the Smithsonian’s extensive collection contained approximately 155.6 million 

objects: 0.4 million works of arts, 8.8 million historical artifacts, and 146.4 million natural and physical 

science specimens (living and nonliving). The Smithsonian also maintained 164,800 cubic feet of archival 

holdings and 2.4 million library volumes. During fiscal year 2020, 61,386 collection items were acquired,

and 5,643 items were deaccessioned.

By comparison, as of September 30, 2019, the Smithsonian’s extensive collection contained approximately 

155.5 million objects: 0.4 million works of arts, 8.8 million historical artifacts, and 146.3 million natural and 

physical science specimens (living and nonliving). The Smithsonian also maintained 164,593 cubic feet and 

0.7 million items of archival holdings and 2.3 million library volumes. During fiscal year 2019, 123,301 

collection items were acquired, and 3,788 items were deaccessioned.

A substantial portion of the Smithsonian’s operations is funded by annual federal appropriations. The 

Smithsonian also receives federal appropriations for the construction or repair and restoration of its 

facilities. Certain facilities have been constructed entirely by federal appropriations, while others have 

constructed with a combination of federal and private funds.

In addition to federal appropriations, the Smithsonian receives private support in the form of contributions, 

grants, and contracts, and earns income from investments and various business activities. Business 

activities include Smithsonian magazines, the Smithsonian channel in partnership with Viacom/CBS, other 

publications, online catalogs, and retail operations located in its museums and centers.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a) General

The financial statements are prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in accordance with U.S. 

generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) under Financial Accounting Standards Board 

(FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 958, Not-For-Profit Presentation of Financial 

Statements. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

8 (Continued)

These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. 

Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 

which were established by Congress within the Smithsonian, but are governed by independent boards 

of trustees and not controlled by the Smithsonian.

The Smithsonian receives annual federal appropriations to cover its core programs and renovation of 

its facilities as part of the budget approved annually by Congress and signed by the President. This is 

supplemented with income generated by business activities and endowment income designated for 

current operating expenses as well as gifts and grants designated by donors for other specific 

expenses. All monies, related activities, and balances from federal appropriations are referred to herein 

as “federal.” While all other monies, related activities, and balances are referred to as “trust.”

(b) Measure of Operations

The Smithsonian includes in its measure of operations federal and trust support and revenues and 

expenses that are integral to its core programs services: research; collections management; education, 

public programs, and exhibitions; and business activities. The measure of operations excludes certain 

nonoperating activities, including grants and contributions (federal capital appropriations, gifts for 

capital projects, and endowment gifts), investment return in excess of amounts designated for 

operations, collection proceeds and acquisitions, and other nonrecurring items. 

The Board approves a portion of the Smithsonian’s cumulative investment return for support of current 

operations. The remainder is retained to support operations in future years and to offset potential 

market declines. The amount is computed under the Smithsonian’s spending policy and is allocated for 

use based on the underlying donor-imposed restrictions (see notes 11, 12, and 13). The annual 

allocation is referred to as the “endowment payout.”

(c) Net Assets

The Smithsonian’s net assets, support and revenues, expenses, and gains and losses are classified 

and reported based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions as follows:

Without donor restrictions – Net assets without donor restrictions consist of the Smithsonian’s net 

investment in completed property and equipment less any unfunded liabilities and all other sources 

which are not subject to donor-imposed restrictions or other legal stipulations. At the discretion of 

the Smithsonian’s Board of Regents, trust funds which are not expended for operating activities 

may be set aside in designated purposes. 

With donor restrictions – Net assets with donor restrictions carry specific donor-imposed 

stipulations on the use of the contributed funds, including federal appropriations received for 

specific capital projects. Donor-imposed restrictions may expire by the passage of time or as a 

result of fulfillment of the donor’s stipulations. Unconditional contributions restricted to the 

acquisition or construction of long-lived assets are recorded as nonoperating revenue with donor 

restrictions in the period received. Donor restrictions are generally considered met and the net 

assets released from restriction when the related long-lived asset is placed in service.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

9 (Continued)

Other net assets with donor restrictions include net assets with stipulations that require the corpus of 

the gift be maintained with only the income to be used to support operations or other specified purpose. 

(d) Cash, Cash Equivalents, Cash Equivalents, and U.S. Treasury Balances

Cash, cash equivalents, and U.S. Treasury balances include interest-bearing demand deposits and 

appropriated amounts yet to be disbursed remaining on deposit with the U.S. Department of Treasury 

(U.S. Treasury). The Smithsonian considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 

three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents, except where such cash 

equivalents are held as part of a long-term investment strategy (see note 6). For purposes of the 

statements of cash flow, cash equivalents held within the investments are excluded from cash and 

cash equivalents in beginning and ending cash and cash equivalents thereon.

U.S. Treasury balances of $713.0 at September 30, 2020 and $645.3 at September 30, 2019 consist of 

appropriated funds that are available to pay current liabilities and finance authorized purchase 

commitments of the Smithsonian. U.S. Treasury balances are carried forward until such time as goods 

or services are received and payments made, or until the funds are returned to the U.S. Treasury. 

(e) Contracts with Customers and Accounts Receivable

Business activities, including advertising, subscriptions, licensing, and other revenues are generally 

recognized as the services are provided over the period of performance. Revenues from magazines 

and long-term contracts are deferred and recognized ratably over the period of the underlying 

agreement. Concessions and retail sales are recognized when goods or services are sold at a point in 

time. 

Customer receivables are invoiced based upon contractual terms. The Smithsonian maintains 

allowances for doubtful accounts to reflect management’s best estimate of probable losses inherent in 

receivable balances. Management determines the allowances for doubtful accounts based on known 

troubled accounts, historical experience, and other currently available evidence.

(f) Contributions, including Government Grants and Contracts, and Pledges Receivable

Contributions, including unconditional promises to give, are recognized as revenue in the period 

received. Unconditional promises to give are recognized initially at fair value with consideration given to 

anticipated future cash receipts and discounting such amounts at a risk-adjusted rate. Amortization of 

the discount is included in contributions revenue. Conditional promises to give are not recognized until 

they become unconditional, that is, when the barriers on which they depend are substantially met. 

Contributions of assets other than cash are recorded at their estimated fair value. 

Allowance is made, if necessary, for uncollectible contributions receivable based upon management’s 

judgment and analysis of the creditworthiness of the donors, past collection experience, and other 

relevant factors. 

The Smithsonian conducts sponsored program activity with various sponsors, including agencies and 

departments of the federal government, local government entities, and foundations. Such grants and 

contracts revenue are recognized as the related qualifying expenses are incurred.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

10 (Continued)

(g) Investments and Trusts Held by Others

Smithsonian employs an investment strategy that is designed to achieve returns that support 

Smithsonian’s mission and fulfill its fiduciary responsibility to its donors and constituents.

Investments are generally reported at fair value. Publicly traded fixed income, global equities, natural 

resources and cash and cash equivalents, including gift annuity program investments are reported and 

valued using readily determinable market prices. Nearly all the valuations reported by marketable 

alternative investments and public equities held in commingled funds rely upon third-party 

administrators to objectively value positions and calculate net asset value (NAV) based on the funds’ 

net asset values as a practical expedient. Investments in private equity structured funds (private equity, 

venture capital, real estate, natural resources) (collectively, nonmarketable investments) are valued at 

estimated fair value based on the funds’ net asset values, or their equivalents, as a practical expedient,

unless it is probable that all or a portion of the investment will be sold for an amount different from NAV. 

As of September 30, 2020, the Smithsonian had no plans or intentions to sell investments at amounts 

different from NAV. These estimated fair values may differ from the values that would have been used 

had a ready market existed for these investments, and the differences could be significant. 

Purchases and sales of investments are reflected on the trade-date basis using average historical cost. 

Dividend and interest income are recorded when earned on an accrual basis. In accordance with the 

policy of stating investments at fair value, the net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation for 

the year is reflect in the statement of financial activities (see note 6).

The Smithsonian is also party to various split interest agreements with donors consisting primarily of 

irrevocable charitable remainder trusts and gift annuities.

Charitable remainder trusts held by others – Assets are reflected in pledges receivable, net with 

contribution revenues recognized at the date the trust is established based on the net present 

value of the estimated future payments to be made to the donors and/or other beneficiaries. 

Income distributions from these trusts are recorded as investment income and changes in the fair 

value of these trusts are recorded as unrealized gains or losses in the statement of financial

activities. 

Charitable gift annuities – Assets are included in investments and recognized at fair value at the 

date of the annuity agreement. An annuity liability is also recognized for the present value of future 

cash flows expected to be paid to the donor. Contribution revenue recognized is equal to the 

difference between the assets and the annuity liabilities. The annuity liabilities are adjusted during 

the term of the annuity for payments to donors, accretion of discounts, and changes in the life 

expectancies of the donors.

(h) Property and Equipment

Certain land occupied by Smithsonian buildings, located primarily in the District of Columbia, Maryland, 

and Virginia, were appropriated and reserved by Congress for the Smithsonian’s use. The Smithsonian 

serves as trustee of the land for as long as they are used to carry out its mission. The land is titled in 

the name of the U.S. government and no value has been assigned in the accompanying financial 

statements.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

11 (Continued)

Property and equipment purchased with federal or trust funds are recorded at cost. Property and 

equipment acquired through transfers from government agencies are recorded at net book value or fair 

value at the date of transfer, whichever is more readily determinable. Property and equipment acquired 

through donation are recorded at estimated fair value at the date of the gift. 

Property and equipment assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives 

as follows:

Buildings 30 years

Capital improvements 15 years

Equipment and software 3–7 years

Exhibit costs 10 years

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or their useful lives.

Rent expense under operating leases that provide for scheduled rent increases over their terms is 

recognized on a straight-line basis.

(i) Collections – Stewardship Assets

The Smithsonian acquires its collections by purchase or by donation. Collections are held for public 

exhibition, education, or research. The Smithsonian’s collections management policy includes guidance 

on the preservation, care, and maintenance of the collections and procedures relating to the 

accession/deaccession of collection items.

In conformity with the practice generally followed by museums, no value is assigned to the collections 

in the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recognized as reductions in the 

appropriate net asset class in the period of acquisition. Proceeds from deaccessions or insurance 

recoveries for lost or destroyed collection items are recognized as increases in net assets without 

donor restrictions and designated for future collection acquisitions. 

Noncash deaccessions of collection items result from the exchange, donation, or destruction due to 

deterioration, a lack of mission relation, or duplicate other objects. During the fiscal year, noncash 

deaccessions included works of art, animals, historical objects, and natural specimens.

Items that are acquired with the intent to sell, exchange, or otherwise be used for financial gain are not 

considered collection items and are recorded as other assets at their fair value at the date of 

acquisition. Contributed items held for sale, amounting to $0.9 for fiscal year 2020 and $0.9 for fiscal 

year 2019, are included in other assets.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

12 (Continued)

(j) Federal Appropriations and Funds

Federal appropriations are provided by the U.S. Federal Government to support the general operations 

of the Smithsonian and the construction, repair, and restoration of its facilities. Funds are to be spent in 

accordance with applicable law and revenue is recognized ratably over the fiscal year as the qualifying 

expenses are incurred and funds are expended. Unexpended appropriation balances are classified as 

a liability on the statement of financial position.

Federal appropriations for general operations are recognized as operating revenue without donor 

restrictions, as qualifying expenses are incurred, and generally available for two years. The portion of 

these appropriations which are not obligated or expended are retained by the Smithsonian in 

accordance with federal guidelines and returned to the U.S. Department of Treasury five years after the 

expiration of the obligation period. During fiscal year 2020, $0.8 related to the fiscal 2014 appropriation 

was returned. During fiscal year 2019, $0.9 related to the fiscal year 2013 appropriation was returned.

Amounts appropriated for construction or repair and restoration of facilities are recognized as 

nonoperating revenues with donor restrictions as capital is expended and generally available for 

obligation until expended. Such amounts remain purpose restricted until the capital project is 

completed and placed in service, at which time the net assets are released from restrictions.

Net assets of federal funds without donor restrictions consist primarily of cash held at U.S. Treasury

and net investment in property and equipment acquired or constructed with federal funds less unfunded 

liabilities for environmental remediation obligations, annual leave, and estimated Federal Employees 

Compensation Act liabilities for workers’ compensation claims. Net assets of federal funds with donor 

restrictions consist of U.S. Treasury cash balances and construction in progress.

(k) Annual Leave

Annual leave is accrued as it is earned by employees and is included in compensation and benefit 

costs. The liability for unused annual leave totaling $56.8 as of September 30, 2020 and $45.9 as of 

September 30, 2019 is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses.

(l) Employee Benefit Plans 

The Smithsonian offers its employees a comprehensive set of benefits including pension, health and 

life insurance, and workers’ compensation for injuries sustained on the job. The Smithsonian’s current 

year contributions to the retirement, health, and life insurance plans described below are recognized in 

the statement of financial activities. 

Federal funded pension, health and life insurance benefits, including imputed benefits

Federal employees hired after January 1, 1984, participate in the Federal Employees’ Retirement 

System (FERS). Federal employees hired prior to January 1, 1984, had the option of remaining under 

the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or electing FERS. The terms of both these plans are 

defined in federal regulations. Under both systems, a specified percentage is withheld from each 

federal employee’s salary. The Smithsonian also contributes specified percentages of employees’ 

salaries. Additional costs associated with these plans are borne by the U.S. government. The 

Smithsonian recognizes its share of these additional costs as imputed benefits revenue and expense in 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

13 (Continued)

the statement of financial activities. Imputed benefits totaled $87.2 in fiscal year 2020 and $86.3 in 

fiscal year 2019. Smithsonian’s direct expense for these plans amounted to $48.3 for fiscal year 2020 

and $40.8 for fiscal year 2019. 

The Smithsonian’s current-year contributions to the pension plans are recognized in the statement of 

financial activities using rates established by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), the agency 

with U.S. government-wide responsibility for the oversight and administration of the plans. Consistent 

with reporting under multiemployer pension plans, the Smithsonian does not report CFRS and FERS 

assets, accumulated plan benefits, or future liabilities, if any, applicable to its covered employees. This 

data is reported for plan participants by OPM. 

Federal employees covered by CSRS or FERS are eligible to contribute to the Thrift Savings Plan 

(TSP), a defined contribution plan similar to a 401(k). The TSP is administered by the Federal 

Retirement Thrift Investment Board, an independent agency of the U.S. government. For FERScovered employees, the Smithsonian is required to match contributions of specified percentages of 

base pay. No matching contributions are made for CSRS-covered employees.

Most federal employees are also eligible to participate in the Federal Employees Group Life Insurance 

(FEGLI) Program. Participating employees can obtain basic term life insurance, with the employee 

paying two-thirds of the cost and the Smithsonian paying one-third. Additional coverage is optional, to 

be paid fully by the employee. The basic life coverage may be continued into retirement if certain 

requirements are met. OPM administers this program and is responsible for the reporting of liabilities.

Most federal employees are eligible to enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefit (FEHB) 

Program, which provides postretirement health benefits if certain conditions are met. OPM administers 

this plan and Smithsonian is not obligated under this plan.

Trust funded pension, health and life insurance benefits

Substantially all trust fund employees are eligible to participate in defined contribution retirement plan 

under which the Smithsonian contributes specified percentages of employees’ salaries. Such 

contributions are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with 

the employees. Employees may also make voluntary contributions, subject to certain limitations. The 

Smithsonian’s expense for this plan was $21.4 for fiscal year 2020 and $21.0 for fiscal year 2019.

In addition to the retirement plans, certain healthcare and life insurance benefits are made available to 

active and retired trust fund employees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of 

premiums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established by an insurance carrier 

based on the average per capita cost of benefit coverage for all participants. At year-end, the accrued 

benefit obligation under this plan was $19.2 for fiscal year 2020 and $16.1 for fiscal year 2019 and is 

included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the statement of financial position.

Workers’ compensation

The Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) provides income and medical cost protection to 

Smithsonian employees injured on the job, who have incurred work-related occupational diseases, and 

to beneficiaries of employees whose deaths are attributable to job-related or occupational diseases. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

14 (Continued)

The FECA program is administered by the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) which pays claims and 

subsequently seeks reimbursement from the Smithsonian.

FECA expense is recognized based on amounts invoiced or expected to be invoiced by DOL and 

changes in the actuarially determined value of expected future benefits. The actuarially determined 

FECA liability represents the liability for expected future benefits for death, disability, medical, and 

miscellaneous costs for approved cases. The actuarial liability is determined by DOL and evaluated by 

Smithsonian management annually, as of September 30, using a method utilizing historical benefit 

patterns related to specific incurred period, wage inflation factors, medical inflation factors and other 

variables. This liability constitutes an extended future estimate of cost which will not be obligated 

against budgetary resources until the fiscal year in which DOL bills the cost to the Smithsonian. The 

payment associated with this liability cannot be met by the Smithsonian without continued annual 

federal appropriation. 

(m) Contributed Services and Donated Assets

Volunteers make significant contributions of time to the Smithsonian, enhancing its activities and 

programs. During fiscal year 2020, about 5,100 volunteers contributed around 293,000 hours of service 

and another 31,656 digital volunteers transcribed about 161,100 pages. During fiscal year 2019, about 

6,900 volunteers contributed around 508,700 hours of service and another 13,600 digital volunteers 

transcribed about 91,300 pages. The services provided do not meet the criteria for recognition of 

contributed services, and accordingly, are not reflected in the statement of financial activities.

Donated assets, other than donations of cash or collection items, are recorded at estimated fair value 

at the date of gift.

In-kind contributions such as donated space, equipment, services, and various other items totaled 

$11.8 in fiscal year 2020 and $11.6 in fiscal year 2019 and recognized as program support revenues 

(within other revenues) and program activities expenses in the statement of financial activities. 

(n) Functional Allocation of Expenses

The cost of providing various programs and other activities summarized on a functional and natural 

basis is shown in note 16. 

• Included in research are personnel, travel, and other costs associated with the Smithsonian’s 

worldwide research programs. 

• Collections management includes the care, storage, transportation, digitization, and other costs. 

• Education, public programs and exhibitions includes the cost of providing a wide array of 

programing and outreach to academia and the general public as well as costs to display, manage, 

and transport exhibits. 

• Business activities includes the cost of sales and related expenses. 

• Administrative expenses include costs for executive management, financial administration, human 

resources, and legal services. 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

15 (Continued)

• Advancement expenses include those costs associated with individual and corporate gifts and 

grants, annual appeals and other fundraising efforts.

Costs that benefit more than one program, such as security, facilities, depreciation, and amortization,

are allocated across programs based on relative square, or direct costs as a percentage of total costs, 

before allocations.

(o) Related Organizations

The Smithsonian recognizes its interest in the net assets of organizations that are financially 

interrelated and the changes in its interest as other nonoperating activities. Such organizations 

included the Friends of the National Zoo.

(p) Income Taxes

The Smithsonian is a tax-exempt organization as described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal 

Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code). As such, the Smithsonian is generally exempt from 

Federal income taxes to the extent provided under Section 501 of the Code, except for unrelated 

business income, principally advertising sales.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Act) was enacted in December 2017. Among other things, the Act 

imposes new taxes and established new rules for calculating unrelated business taxable income. The 

Smithsonian has reflected an estimate in its financial statements for unrelated trade or business 

income tax using the current proposed regulatory guidance and will continue to evaluate the impact of 

the Act on current and future tax positions. 

The Smithsonian accounts for uncertain tax positions, when applicable. The tax years that remain 

subject to examination by the major tax jurisdictions under the statute are from the year 2016 and 

forward.

(q) Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting 

principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts 

of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial 

statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual 

results could differ from those estimates.

(r) Risks and Uncertainties

The Smithsonian invests in a variety of investment securities. Investment securities are exposed to 

such risks as interest rate, market, and credit risks. As a result, changes in the values of investment 

securities may occur that could materially affect the value of the Smithsonian’s investments and its 

financial position.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

16 (Continued)

(s) COVID-19 Pandemic

Certain external events, such as pandemics, natural disasters, severe weather, technological 

emergencies, riots, acts of war or terrorism or other circumstances, could potentially disrupt the 

Smithsonian’s ability to conduct its business. A prolonged disruption in the Smithsonian’s operations 

could have an adverse effect on the Smithsonian’s financial condition and results of operations. To plan 

for and mitigate the impact such an event may have on its operations, the Smithsonian has developed 

a Contingency Plan for a Lapse in Appropriations Team (Plan) and an Emergency Response Team

(Response) to deal with other types of emergencies. The Plan and Response Teams are designed to 

(i) provide for the continued execution of the mission-essential functions of the Smithsonian and 

minimize disruption if a lapse in federal appropriations (due, for example, to a government shutdown) 

or another type of emergency threatens, interrupts or incapacitates the Smithsonian’s operations; and 

(ii) provide the Smithsonian’s leadership with timely direction, control, and coordination before, during,

and after a lapse in federal appropriations or another type of emergency. The Smithsonian is presently 

developing a plan, similar to its contingency plan to deal specifically with a lapse in appropriations, to 

facilitate the return to normal operating conditions as soon as practical based on the circumstances 

surrounding any other given emergency. No assurances can be given that the Smithsonian’s efforts to 

mitigate the effects of any given emergency or other event will be successful in preventing any and all 

disruptions to its operations in the event of such an emergency.

One such external event is the recent global outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), a 

respiratory disease declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization (Pandemic), which is 

affecting the capital markets and the economy, and the museum, research, and education sectors. The 

threat from the Pandemic is being addressed on the national, federal, state, and local levels in various 

forms, including executive orders, state and local orders, and legislative actions. 

On March 13, 2020, the President of the United States declared a national emergency with respect to 

the Pandemic. In addition, the United States Congress enacted several COVID-19-related bills, 

including the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), signed into law on 

March 27, 2020, which provided over $2 trillion of direct financial aid to American families, payroll and 

operating expense support for small businesses, and loan assistance for distressed industries, as well 

as providing funds to and directing the Federal Reserve System to support the capital markets. 

The Pandemic is an ongoing situation. The Smithsonian’s museums and galleries in the District of 

Columbia and New York and the Smithsonian’s National Zoo were closed in March 2020 to support the 

effort to contain the spread of COVID-19. Where feasible, the Smithsonian transitioned its employees 

to telework. The Smithsonian continues to seek and receive philanthropic donations and to conduct, to 

the extent possible, certain business activities that do not take place within its museums, galleries, and 

National Zoo. Select museums, galleries, and the National Zoo were reopened in a phased approach 

over the summer. However due to the resurgence of COVID-19, they were closed again in November 

2020. Adverse consequences of the Pandemic specific to the Smithsonian’s activities, included but 

were not limited to, declines in revenues from retail, concessions, theaters, in-person classes, 

payments by affiliate museums, and parking operations; special events held at Smithsonian facilities; 

and Smithsonian programs that involve travel. In addition, the Pandemic and its continued impact on 

economies and financial markets may materially adversely affect the returns on and value of the 

Smithsonian’s investment portfolio.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

17 (Continued)

In responding to the Pandemic, the Smithsonian has support unavailable to most cultural institutions.

Over two-thirds of its overall budget come from Federal appropriations unaffected by the Pandemic. 

The CARES Act provided the Smithsonian with $ 7.5 million in direct support to respond to the 

Pandemic of which $4.5 million was utilized by September 30, 2020. The Smithsonian’s free admission 

model, coupled with this federal support, makes the Smithsonian less vulnerable to the financial impact 

of public closures than much of the cultural sector. 

(t) Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Cash Flows

During fiscal year 2020, the Smithsonian adopted Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-18, 

Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.

This update addressed eight cash flow classifications issues that have created diversity in practice, 

providing definitive guidance on classification of certain cash receipts and payments. The Smithsonian 

also adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash. This update 

requires that amounts described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents be included with cash 

and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and end-of-period total amounts shown on the 

statements of cash flows. The adoption of these standards had no material impact on the financial 

statements.

Contributions Made and Received

In June 2018, FASB issued ASU No. 2018-08, Not-for-Profit Entities (Topic 958): Clarifying the Scope 

and Accounting Guidance for Contributions Received and Contributions Made. The FASB issued this 

ASU to reduce diversity in reporting by clarifying (1) whether transactions should be accounted for as 

contributions or as exchange transactions subject to other guidance and (2) whether a contribution is 

conditional. The Smithsonian implemented the contributions made portion of the standard during fiscal 

year 2020. The adoption of this standard had no material impact on the financial statements. The 

Smithsonian implemented the contributions received portion of the standard in fiscal year 2019.

Revenue Recognition

The Smithsonian implemented ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as amended 

effective October 1, 2018, and recognized a cumulative effect to beginning net assets without donor 

restrictions of $6.8.

(u) Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02, as amended,

requires the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified 

as operating leases under the ASC Topic 840 – Leases. The accounting applied by the lessor under 

ASU 2016-02 is largely unchanged from that applied under ASC Topic 840. ASU 2016-02 is effective 

for the Smithsonian in fiscal year 2021.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

18 (Continued)

In March 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-03, Updating the Definition of Collections, Not-ForProfit Entities (Topic 958). This ASU modifies the term “Collections” which in turn may change 

collection recognition policies and add certain disclosure requirements. ASU 2019-03 is effective for the 

Smithsonian in fiscal year 2021.

(3) Financial Assets and Liquidity Resources

Federal appropriations provide a significant funding for the Smithsonian’s various programs and general 

operating costs, in addition to capital support for the repair, renovation and construction of its facilities. At

the date of appropriation, an equal amount of cash is deposited and held by the U.S. Treasury on 

Smithsonian’s behalf until expended. As of September 30, the U.S. Treasury held cash of $713.0 in 2020 

and $645.3 in 2019 which represents the balance of the operating and capital appropriations not yet 

expended. 

Private donor gifts and grants, government grants and contracts, and other revenue sources, such as 

business activities and rentals, provide funding for nonappropriated program and operating activities as 

well as for the repair, renovation, and construction of facilities not funded through appropriation. 

To meet immediate and longer-term cash needs, the Smithsonian has a working capital investment policy. 

The policy requires excess funds be invested in short-term, high-quality instruments allowing for required 

liquidity and providing a maximum return within defined risk constraints. As of September 30, 2020, the 

working capital investment fund totals $321.6 and is comprised of cash equivalents of $103.0 and shortterm investments of $218.6. As of September 30, 2019, the working capital investment fund totals $260.3 

and is comprised of cash equivalents of $50.5 and short-term investments of $209.8.

The Smithsonian also had available a $50.0 line of credit available to provide additional resources if 

necessary. Borrowings under the line bear annual interest at LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate) Daily 

Floating Rate plus 0.55%. Beginning in fiscal year 2020, an annual availability fee of 0.04% on the unused 

balance was required. The line expired on October 31, 2020 and was not renewed.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

19 (Continued)

The following reconciles total financial assets at September 30, 2020 and 2019 to financial assets available 

to meet cash needs for general expenditures (operating expenses, capital, and debt service) within one 

year. 

2020

Trust Federal Total

Financial assets:

Cash, cash equivalents, and U.S. Treasury balances $ 173.8 713.0 886.8

Accounts receivable and other assets 65.8 1.8 67.6

Pledges receivable, net 179.1 — 179.1

Investments 2,179.1 — 2,179.1

Total financial assets 2,597.8 714.8 3,312.6

Plus endowment payout approved for fiscal year 2021 80.4 — 80.4

Less financial assets unavailable for general 

expenditures within one year:

Endowments (1,937.8) — (1,937.8) 

Pledges due beyond one year (73.6) — (73.6) 

Charitable remainder trusts (16.2) — (16.2) 

Gift annuity assets (22.7) — (22.7) 

Inventory (12.0) (0.2) (12.2) 

Deferred expenses (7.8) — (7.8) 

Other assets (16.3) — (16.3) 

$ 591.8 714.6 1,306.4
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

20 (Continued)

2019

Trust Federal Total

Financial assets:

Cash, cash equivalents, and U.S. Treasury balances $ 139.9 645.3 785.2

Accounts receivable and other assets 77.3 3.2 80.5

Pledges receivable, net 167.9 — 167.9

Investments 1,946.2 — 1,946.2

Total financial assets 2,331.3 648.5 2,979.8

Plus endowment payout approved for fiscal year 2020 69.6 — 69.6

Less financial assets unavailable for general 

expenditures within one year:

Endowments (1,713.2) — (1,713.2) 

Pledges due beyond one year (59.7) — (59.7) 

Charitable remainder trusts (17.9) — (17.9) 

Gift annuity assets (23.2) — (23.2) 

Inventory (13.1) — (13.1) 

Deferred expenses (8.6) — (8.6) 

Other assets (18.1) — (18.1) 

$ 547.1 648.5 1,195.6

Quasi-endowment assets include funds without donor restrictions designated by the Board to function as 

endowment funds supporting the Smithsonian’s programs and operations, including the directors of certain 

museums and centers and various operating costs. Although the Smithsonian does not intend to spend 

from its board designated endowment funds, other than amounts approved, these funds could be made 

available, if necessary (see note 12).
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

21 (Continued)

(4) Accounts Receivable and Other Assets

Accounts receivable and other assets consist of the following as of September 30:

2020 2019

Trust Federal Total Trust Federal Total

Grants and contracts $ 11.9 1.6 13.5 17.3 2.7 20.0

Trade accounts, net of $0.4 for

2020 and $0.3 for 2019

allow ances 17.7 — 17.7 18.4 0.1 18.5

Inventory 12.0 0.2 12.2 12.8 0.3 13.1

Deferred expenses 7.8 — 7.8 8.6 0.1 8.7

Accrued interest and dividends

receivable 0.1 — 0.1 2.1 — 2.1

Other assets 16.3 — 16.3 18.1 — 18.1

Total receivables and

other assets $ 65.8 1.8 67.6 77.3 3.2 80.5

(5) Pledges Receivable

Pledges receivable consist of the following as of September 30:

2020 2019

Due within:

Less than 1 year $ 94.8 90.3

1 to 5 years 72.9 66.9

5 years or beyond 0.7 0.3

168.4 157.5

Less:

Allowance for uncollectible contributions (2.6) (3.4) 

Unamortized discount (at rates ranging from 1.1% to 2.9%) (2.9) (4.1) 

Contributions receivable, net 162.9 150.0

Charitable remainder trusts 16.2 17.9

Pledges receivable, net $ 179.1 167.9
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

22 (Continued)

(6) Investments and Fair Value Measurements 

Investments are comprised of the following as of September 30:

2020 2019

Endowment, including Board designated funds $ 1,937.8 1,713.2

Working capital short-term investments 218.6 209.8

Charitable gift annuity investments 22.7 23.2

Total investments $ 2,179.1 1,946.2

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy for recurring fair value measurements are prioritized based on 

the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value and are as follows:

• Level 1 – Quoted or published prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, as of the 

reporting date.

• Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or 

liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be 

corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

• Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant 

to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments 

whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar 

techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant 

management judgment or estimation.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

23 (Continued)

The following summarizes Smithsonian’s investments at fair value which are determined primarily based on 

quoted market prices as of September 30, 2020 and 2019: 

2020

Total Level 1 Level 3 NAV(1)

Endowment investments:

Global equities:

Developed markets $ 344.1 42.7 — 301.4

Emerging markets 123.3 — — 123.3

Marketable alternatives 355.3 — — 355.3

Private equity:

Private equity 186.4 — — 186.4

Venture capital 551.6 4.3 — 547.3

Real assets:

Energy and natural resources 86.5 6.8 — 79.7

Real estate funds 135.7 — — 135.7

Fixed income 22.1 — — 22.1

Cash and equivalents 131.8 131.8 — —

Pooled investments 1,936.8 185.6 — 1,751.2

U.S. Treasury deposits 1.0 1.0 — —

Total endowment 1,937.8 186.6 — 1,751.2

Fixed income (working capital fund) 218.6 218.6 — —

Gift annuities, primarily equities 22.7 22.7 — —

Total investments 2,179.1 427.9 — 1,751.2

Charitable remainder trusts 16.2 — 16.2 —

$ 2,195.3 427.9 16.2 1,751.2

(1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) 

as a practical expedient have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts 

presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts 

presented in the statement of financial position.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

24 (Continued)

2019

Total Level 1 Level 3 NAV(1)

Endowment investments:

Global equities:

Developed markets $ 313.7 54.8 — 258.9

Emerging markets 114.4 2.9 — 111.5

Marketable alternatives 273.9 — — 273.9

Private equity:

Private equity 159.1 — — 159.1

Venture capital 420.7 2.9 — 417.8

Real assets:

Energy and natural resources 110.8 9.8 — 101.0

Real estate funds 134.8 — — 134.8

Fixed income 82.7 53.9 — 28.8

Cash and equivalents 102.1 102.1 — —

Pooled investments 1,712.2 226.4 — 1,485.8

U.S. Treasury deposits 1.0 1.0 — —

Total endowment 1,713.2 227.4 — 1,485.8

Fixed income (working capital fund) 209.8 209.8 — —

Gift annuities, primarily equities 23.2 23.2 — —

Total investments 1,946.2 460.4 — 1,485.8

Charitable remainder trusts 17.9 — 17.9 —

$ 1,964.1 460.4 17.9 1,485.8

(1) Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) 

as a practical expedient have not been categorized within the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts 

presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts 

presented in the statement of financial position.

The following table summarizes the changes in Level 3 assets, charitable reminder trusts held by others, 

measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended September 30:

2020 2019

Fair value of Level 3 assets, beginning of the year $ 17.9 19.3

Unrealized losses (1.4) (1.1) 

Proceeds from distributions (0.3) (0.3) 

Fair value of Level 3 assets, end of the year $ 16.2 17.9
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

25 (Continued)

The following summarizes information relating to the investments, which are stated at NAV as practical 

expedient for fair value and includes information about the nature, strategies, and risks of these major 

classes of nonmarketable investments as of September 30:

2020

Notice 

Unfunded Redemption Period 

NAV Commitments terms (Days)

Global equity: (a)

Developed markets $ 301.4 — Weekly to annually 6 - 90

Emerging markets 123.3 — Monthly to semi-annually 14 - 90

Marketable alternatives: (b) 355.3 4.3 Monthly to at maturity 45 - N/A

Private equity: (c)

Private equity 186.4 77.3 N/A N/A

Venture capital 547.3 118.4 N/A N/A

Real assets: (d)

Energy and natural resources 79.7 28.6 N/A N/A

Real estate funds 135.7 109.5 Quarterly to at maturity 60 - N/A

Fixed income (e) 22.1 — Quarterly 90 

$ 1,751.2 338.1

2019

Notice 

Unfunded Redemption Period 

NAV Commitments terms (Days)

Global equity: (a)

Developed markets $ 258.9 — Weekly to annually 6 - 91

Emerging markets 111.5 2.0 Monthly to semi-annually 14 - 90

Marketable alternatives: (b) 273.9 39.9 Monthly to at maturity 30 - N/A

Private equity: (c)

Private equity 159.1 85.2 N/A N/A

Venture capital 417.8 76.5 N/A N/A

Real assets: (d)

Energy and natural resources 101.0 36.6 N/A N/A

Real estate funds 134.8 108.9 Quarterly 60

Fixed income (e) 28.8 — Quarterly 90 

$ 1,485.8 349.1

(a) Global equity is comprised of investments in funds and strategies invested in publicly listed equity 

securities in the global developed and emerging markets. Some of the funds are subject to lock-ups.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

26 (Continued)

(b) Marketable alternatives consist of investments in a broad array of securities and strategies aimed to 

reduce volatility and enhance returns. Smithsonian’s marketable alternatives managers may follow 

certain investment strategies including, but not limited, to long/short equity, credit and distressed, 

multistrategy funds. Some of the funds are subject to soft and hard lock-ups and other funds are not 

eligible for redemption.

(c) Private equity consists of limited partnerships that are organized to invest primarily in shares of 

operating companies that are not listed on a publicly traded stock exchange. Private equity strategies 

include investments in leveraged buyouts, growth capital and distressed investments. Venture capital 

strategies invest in start-ups and businesses with perceived long-term growth potential. Distributions to 

limited partners are made as soon as feasible and, in accordance with the limited partnership 

agreement, when realizations (sales of portfolio companies) are made, or when interest payments, 

dividends, or recapitalizations are generated.

(d) Real assets include real estate energy and natural resources investments that are made mostly in 

private limited partnerships as well as publicly traded securities funds. Distributions to limited partners 

are made as soon as feasible and, in accordance with the limited partnership agreement, when 

realizations (sales of portfolio companies) are made, or when interest payments, dividends, or 

recapitalizations are generated.

(e) Fixed income includes funds that invest in U.S. government, agency and municipal bonds, and other 

interest-bearing products.

The Smithsonian is obligated under the terms of certain limited partnership agreements to remit additional 

funding periodically as capital calls are exercised. The Smithsonian had uncalled commitments totaling 

approximately $338.1 as of September 30, 2020 and $349.1 as of September 30, 2019. Such commitments 

are callable over the fund investment period, generally the first five years of the funds. The standard life of 

Smithsonian’s investments in these private partnerships are between 8 and 10 years with possible one to 

two one-year extension periods and/or other termination clauses.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

27 (Continued)

The following summarizes the investment return, net of expenses, and its classification in the statement of 

financial activities for the years ended September 30:

2020 2019

Dividend and interest income, net of expenses $ 6.4 15.1

Net realized and unrealized gains 259.1 105.4

Total investment return $ 265.5 120.5

Endowment payout allocated for operations $ 76.9 75.9

Short term investment income 4.9 7.9

Investment return, net of endowment payout 183.7 36.7

Total investment return $ 265.5 120.5

(7) Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consist of the following as of September 30:

Trust Federal Total

Land $ 32.3 — 32.3 

Construction in progress 80.1 416.4 496.5 

Buildings and capital improvements 1,226.5 3,035.7 4,262.2 

Equipment and software 196.2 247.7 443.9 

Leasehold improvements 106.0 25.6 131.6 

1,641.1 3,725.4 5,366.5 

Accumulated depreciation (659.5) (1,966.3) (2,625.8) 

Total property and equipment $ 981.6 1,759.1 2,740.7 

Depreciation expense $ 58.9 128.8 187.7 

2020
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

28 (Continued)

Trust Federal Total

Land $ 12.6 — 12.6 

Construction in progress 49.8 364.3 414.1 

Buildings and capital improvements 988.5 2,917.6 3,906.1 

Equipment and software 190.7 251.3 442.0 

Leasehold improvements 105.7 37.7 143.4 

1,347.3 3,570.9 4,918.2 

Accumulated depreciation (616.7) (1,860.6) (2,477.3) 

Total property and equipment $ 730.6 1,710.3 2,440.9 

Depreciation expense $ 50.6 115.6 166.2 

2019

(8) Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consists of the following as of September 30:

Trust Federal Total

Accounts payable $ 24.2 73.2 97.4 

Accrued salaries 14.2 23.2 37.4 

Accrued annual leave 18.6 38.2 56.8 

Workers' compensation (FECA) 2.3 32.1 34.4 

Post retirement benefits 19.2 — 19.2 

Other accrued personnel benefits 0.3 6.6 6.9 

Deferred rent 23.1 — 23.1 

Charitable gift annuity liabilities 13.2 — 13.2 

Other accrued liabilities 2.7 3.8 6.5 

Total accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 117.8 177.1 294.9 

2020
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

29 (Continued)

Trust Federal Total

Accounts payable $ 31.8 101.7 133.5 

Accrued salaries 12.4 18.7 31.1 

Accrued annual leave 15.6 30.3 45.9 

Workers' compensation (FECA) 2.7 43.7 46.4 

Post retirement benefits 16.1 — 16.1 

Other accrued personnel benefits 0.3 6.7 7.0 

Deferred rent 14.3 — 14.3 

Charitable gift annuity liabilities 13.4 — 13.4 

Other accrued liabilities 17.0 13.4 30.4 

Total accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 123.6 214.5 338.1 

2019

Federal accrued annual leave, FECA, and other accrued liabilities are unfunded and cannot be met by the 

Smithsonian without continued annual federal appropriation.

(9) Environmental Remediation Obligations

The Smithsonian has unfunded environmental remediation obligations that are estimated based on 

third-party studies, contractor bids and internal estimates derived from recently completed remediation 

projects for similar facilities and other information for similar projects. The present value of the obligation is 

calculated using an inflation rate of 1.5 % and 1.9%, and a discount rate of 2.2% and 2.3% as of 

September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Each period the obligation is accreted to its present value. 

Because the related properties are fully depreciated, changes in the estimated obligation are expensed. 

Any difference between the estimated obligation and the actual cost of remediation is also expensed. 

Fiscal year activity in the unfunded environmental remediation obligation follows:

2020 2019

Balance, beginning of year $ 61.4 49.8

Accretion 1.1 1.0

Change in estimate (10.8) 10.6

Balance, end of period $ 51.7 61.4
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

30 (Continued)

(10) Long-term Debt

The Smithsonian’s long-term debt is unsecured and funded solely through trust funds without donor 

restrictions. Long-term debt is comprised of the following as of September 30:

2020 2019

Series 2020 General Obligation Bonds, variable interest $ 161.8 —

rate, principal amounts ranging $10.6 to $13.0, due

September 1, 2021 through 2034

Series 2020 General Obligation Bonds, term, principal 70.0 —

amounts ranging $13.2 to $14.8, interest rate 2.645%, 

due September 1, 2035 through 2039

Series 2020 General Obligation Bonds, term, principal 66.0 —

amounts ranging $15.1 to $16.5, interest rate 2.695%, 

due September 1, 2040 through 2044

Series 2010 Revenue Bonds, serial, principal amounts 1.7 3.3

ranging $1.6 to $1.7, interest rates 5.00% to 5.25%, 

due February 1, 2020 through 2021

Series 2010 Revenue Bonds, term, principal amounts 14.7 14.7

ranging $1.8 to $2.4, interest rate 5.25%, due

February 1, 2022 through 2028

Series 2003 Revenue Bonds, variable interest rate, due

December 1, 2033:

Series A 52.5 52.5

Series B 25.0 25.0

391.7 95.5

Less: Unamortized bond issuance cost (2020 bond) (0.3) —

Less: Unamortized underwriter's discount (2020 bond) (0.8) —

Plus: Unamortized bond premium (2010 bond) 0.7 0.9

Total long-term debt $ 391.3 96.4

Series 2020 Revenue Bonds

The general obligation Series 2020 Federally taxable bonds were issued on June 18, 2020 to finance the 

costs of acquiring the Smithsonian’s consolidated administrative headquarters building located at 600 

Maryland Avenue, SW, of Washington, DC. Interest is payable semiannually on March 1 and September 1.

The bonds are subject to optional and mandatory redemption prior to their stated maturity.

The serial bonds mature annually through September 1, 2034, with principal repayments ranging from 

$10.6 to $13.0 per year. The term bonds maturing on September 1, 2034 through 2039 with a fixed interest 

rate of 2.645%. The second term bonds maturing on September 1, 2040 through 2044 with fixed interest 

rate of 2.695%.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

31 (Continued)

Series 2010 Revenue Bonds

The tax-exempt Series 2010 Revenue Bonds were issued by the District of Columbia on behalf of the 

Smithsonian to finance capital and other projects. Interest is payable semiannually on August 1 and 

February 1.

The serial bonds’ final payment due date is February 1, 2021, with principal repayment of $1.7. The term 

bonds maturing on February 1, 2028 are subject to mandatory redemption by sinking fund installments, 

which begin on February 1, 2022 and range from $1.8 to $2.4 per year through the maturity date.

Series 2003 Revenue Bonds

The tax-exempt Series 2003 Revenue Bonds were issued by the Fairfax County Economic Development 

Authority (Virginia) on behalf of the Smithsonian to finance a portion of the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, 

an extension of the National Air and Space Museum. The bonds are subject to early redemption at the 

option of the Smithsonian. Interest is payable monthly at a variable interest rate determined in accordance 

with the Indenture. Interest rates for Series A and Series B were 0.12%, as of September 30, 2020 and 

1.5%, as of September 30, 2019. 

The bonds are supported by a standby bond purchase agreement for both the Series A and Series B 

(collectively, the 2003 Liquidity Facility) with Wells Fargo (Trustee) and Northern Trust Company (Liquidity 

Facility provider). The 2003 Liquidity Facility provides liquidity support when the bonds are bearing interest 

at a daily or weekly rate and expires September 7, 2021.

Interest expense was $3.1 in fiscal year 2020 and $2.6 in fiscal year 2019.

Future annual maturities of long-term debt are as follows:

2021 $ 12.3

2022 12.5

2023 12.7

2024 12.9

2025 13.1

Thereafter 328.2

$ 391.7
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

32 (Continued)

(11) Net Assets 

Net assets consist of the following as of September 30:

Without With

Donor Donor

Restrictions Restrictions Total

Endowment investment fund $ — 1,133.1 1,133.1

Board designated quasi endowment funds 804.7 — 804.7

Total net assets subject to 

payout spending policy 804.7 1,133.1 1,937.8

Net assets with donor restrictions available for:

Programs and operations — 273.8 273.8

Capital repairs, renovation, and construction — 124.6 124.6

Endowment contributions receivable and other — 10.3 10.3

Net investment in property and equipment 1,913.8 435.6 2,349.4

Unfunded federal liabilities (125.8) — (125.8) 

Undesignated, including time restrictions 63.2 3.7 66.9

$ 2,655.9 1,981.1 4,637.0

2020

Without With 

Donor Donor

Restrictions Restrictions Total

Endowment investment fund $ — 1,002.2 1,002.2

Board designated quasi endowment funds 717.4 — 717.4

Total net assets subject to 

payout spending policy 717.4 1,002.2 1,719.6

Net assets with donor restrictions available for:

Programs and operations — 191.9 191.9

Capital repairs, renovation, and construction — 114.2 114.2

Endowment contributions receivable and other — 28.9 28.9

Net investment in property and equipment 1,954.6 389.9 2,344.5

Unfunded federal liabilities (148.8) — (148.8) 

Undesignated, including time restrictions 76.0 7.9 83.9

$ 2,599.2 1,735.0 4,334.2

2019
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

33 (Continued)

Donor restricted endowment funds include accumulated appreciation of $530.5 as of September 30, 2020 

and $416.0 as of September 30, 2019. Future-funded federal liabilities include environmental remediation 

obligations and accrued annual leave, workers compensation, and litigation liabilities. 

Net assets with donor restrictions are available for the following purposes as of September 30:

Subject to Subject to

Endowments purpose Endowments purpose

at historical restriction at historical restriction

cost and time Total cost and time Total

Museums and general support $ 158.5 258.5 417.0 146.1 219.2 365.3

Education, public programs,

and exhibitions 279.9 324.1 604.0 276.6 231.4 508.0

Research 95.0 117.9 212.9 93.9 114.0 207.9

Acquisitions and collections 60.0 111.6 171.6 57.7 88.6 146.3

Facilities and capital 1.6 574.0 575.6 1.6 505.9 507.5

$ 595.0 1,386.1 1,981.1 575.9 1,159.1 1,735.0

Endowments at historical costs above includes charitable remainder trusts and endowment pledge receivables.

2020 2019

(12) Endowment Funds 

The Smithsonian endowment consists of approximately 700 individual funds established for a variety of 

purposes. The endowment includes both donor-restricted endowment funds and funds designated by the 

Board to function as endowments supporting the Smithsonian’s programs and operations. Net assets 

associated with endowment funds, including funds designated by the Board to function as endowments, 

are classified and reported based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions.

Interpretation of Relevant Law

Management has resolved to be guided by the standards of the Uniform Prudent Management of 

Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) in the management, investment, and expenditure of endowment funds 

although it is not required to do so as a matter of law. Management has interpreted UPMIFA, as allowing 

the Smithsonian to allocate for expenditure or accumulate so much of an endowment fund as it determines 

to be prudent for the uses, purposes, and durations for which the endowment fund is established, subject to 

the intent of the donor as expressed in the gift instrument. Unless otherwise stated in the gift instrument, 

the assets in an endowment fund shall be donor-restricted assets until allocated for expenditure. The 

corpus of the Smithsonian’s endowment funds consist of (a) the original value of gifts donated to the 

permanent endowment, (b) the original value of subsequent gifts to the permanent endowment and (c) 

changes to the permanent endowment made in accordance with the direction of the donor gift instrument. 

Earnings and accumulated appreciation of the endowment fund remain restricted until allocated for 

expenditure in a manner consistent with the standard of prudence prescribed by UPMIFA. In accordance 

with UPMIFA the following factors are considered when making a determination to allocate or accumulate 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

34 (Continued)

donor-restricted funds: duration and preservation of the fund; purpose of board designated or donorrestricted fund; general economic conditions; possible impact of inflation and deflation; expected return 

from income and appreciation of investments; other available resources; and the Smithsonian’s investment 

guidelines.

The Smithsonian has adopted investment and spending policies for endowment assets that are intended to 

provide a predictable stream of funding for programs and operations while maintaining the purchasing 

power of the endowment. Under the investment policy, as approved by the Board, endowment assets are 

invested in a manner that reduces risk through diversification while obtaining a competitive rate of return. 

To satisfy its long-term rate of return, the Smithsonian relies on a total return strategy in which investment 

returns are achieved through both capital appreciation (realized and unrealized) and current yield (interest 

and dividends), targeting a diversified asset portfolio that utilizes fixed income and equity-based 

investments to achieve its long-term objectives within prudent risk constraints. The Board’s Investment 

Committee reviews the long-term asset strategy for the investment pool.

Substantially all the assets of individual endowment funds are pooled and invested. Individual funds buying 

or disposing of units on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month in which the 

transaction takes place. Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout based on 

the number of units owned. The Smithsonian’s spending policy is based on an annual endowment 

spending rate of 5% of the prior five years’ average endowment value. This spending rate constitutes the 

Board’s annual allocation for spending endowment earnings to support programs and operations. The 

Board authorized an additional allocation of up to 0.5% for fiscal year 2020 and 0.75% for fiscal year 2019

for eligible funds to support the advancement priorities.

The following summarizes certain per endowment unit information, in whole dollars.

2020 2019

Market value of fund per unit:

Beginning of the year $ 996.12 974.68

End of the year $ 1,104.32 996.12

Payout per unit

Program and operations support $ 43.91 42.53

Advancement $ 0.81 4.53
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

35 (Continued)

The following table summarizes the change in endowment funds during fiscal year 2020 and 2019:

Without With

donor donor

restrictions restrictions Total

Endowment net assets at beginning of the year $ 717.4 1,002.2 1,719.6

Additional designation of quasi endowments and 

reinvestments 14.5 2.8 17.3

Uninvested cash 1.7 — 1.7

Contributions received — 16.8 16.8

Investment return 110.2 149.1 259.3

Allocation of endowment assets for expenditure (39.1) (37.8) (76.9) 

Endowment net assets at end of year $ 804.7 1,133.1 1,937.8

2020

Without With

donor donor

restrictions restrictions Total

Endowment net assets at beginning of the year $ 707.7 937.6 1,645.3

Additional designation of quasi endowments and

reinvestments 1.7 5.4 7.1

Contributions received — 29.2 29.2

Investment return 48.4 65.5 113.9

Allocation of endowment assets for expenditure (40.4) (35.5) (75.9) 

Endowment net assets at end of year $ 717.4 1,002.2 1,719.6

Uninvested cash and receivables (6.4) 

Endowment investments (Note 6) $ 1,713.2

2019

Endowment funds with deficiencies

From time to time, the fair value of assets associated with individual donor restricted endowment funds may 

fall below the level required to be maintained in perpetuity or the applicable donor gift document, creating 

an “underwater” endowment fund. Such deficiencies are generally the result of unfavorable market 

fluctuations and continuing the allocations for various programs is generally deemed prudent by the Board.

At September 30, 2020 and 2019, there are no significant underwater endowment funds.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

36 (Continued)

(13) Net Assets Released From Restriction

Net assets are released from donor restrictions due to the passage of time, assets placed in service, or by 

incurring expenses satisfying the restricted purpose specified by the donors were as follows for fiscal years

2020 and 2019:

Trust Federal Total

Operating releases:

Purpose restricted gifts released for:

Museums and general support $ 26.4 — 26.4

Education, public programs and exhibitions 72.4 — 72.4

Research 44.0 — 44.0

Acquisitions and collections 9.8 — 9.8

Facilities 2.5 23.5 26.0

Total operating releases 155.1 23.5 178.6

Nonoperating releases:

Assets placed inservice and released from:

Research 0.3 — 0.3

Capital appropriation — 125.8 125.8

Capital contributions 13.0 — 13.0

Total nonoperating releases 13.3 125.8 139.1

Total releases $ 168.4 149.3 317.7

2020
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

37 (Continued)

Trust Federal Total

Operating releases:

Purpose restricted gifts released for:

Museums and general support $ 34.3 — 34.3

Education, public programs and exhibitions 72.3 — 72.3

Research 48.7 — 48.7

Acquisitions and collections 10.7 — 10.7

Facilities 1.4 25.2 26.6

Total operating releases 167.4 25.2 192.6

Nonoperating releases:

Assets placed inservice and released from:

Capital appropriation — 100.2 100.2

Capital contributions 35.9 — 35.9

Total nonoperating releases 35.9 100.2 136.1

Total releases $ 203.3 125.4 328.7

2019

(14) Federal Appropriations

A substantial portion of the Smithsonian is funded primarily by two Congressional appropriations: one 

appropriation covers salaries, benefits and expenses and the second appropriation provides funding for the 

repair, restoration, and construction of Smithsonian properties. The appropriation for salaries, benefits, and 

expenses is a two-year appropriation that must be obligated by the end of the second fiscal year. The 

appropriation for repair, restoration, and construction is available until expended. 

The federal appropriation received in fiscal year 2020, which included $7.5 for COVID-19 expenses from 

CARES Act is reconciled to federal appropriation revenue recognized as follows:

Repair,

Salaries restoration,

and and

expenses construction Total

Endowment appropriations received $ 801.1 253.8 1,054.9

Unexpended appropriations (128.7) (338.9) (467.6) 

Amounts expended from prior years' appropriations 93.3 282.6 375.9

Federal appropriation revenue $ 765.7 197.5 963.2

Without donor restrictions (operating) $ 765.7 — 765.7

With donor restrictions (nonoperating) — 197.5 197.5

Federal appropriation revenue $ 765.7 197.5 963.2

2020
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

38 (Continued)

The federal appropriation received in fiscal year 2019 is reconciled to federal appropriation revenue 

recognized as follows:

Repair,

Salaries restoration,

and and

expenses construction Total

Endowment appropriations received $ 740.0 303.5 1,043.5

Unexpended appropriations (96.3) (278.1) (374.4) 

Amounts expended from prior years' appropriations 90.5 213.7 304.2

Federal appropriation revenue $ 734.2 239.1 973.3

Without donor restrictions (operating) $ 734.2 — 734.2

With donor restrictions (nonoperating) — 239.1 239.1

Federal appropriation revenue $ 734.2 239.1 973.3

2019

(15) Business Activities

The following summarizes business activities for fiscal years 2020 and 2019:

Net Net

Operating operating Operating operating

Revenues expenses gain Revenues expenses gain

Smithsonian Enterprise $ 92.9 91.3 1.6 147.5 114.8 32.7

Auxillary Activities 15.7 9.3 6.4 19.8 13.0 6.8

$ 108.6 100.6 8.0 167.3 127.8 39.5

2020 2019

Revenue is further detailed as follows for fiscal year 2020 and 2019.

2020 2019

Merchandise sales $ 27.9 60.1

Media 37.2 38.6

Concessions, licensing, and other 43.5 68.6

$ 108.6 167.3
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

39 (Continued)

(16) Functional Classification of Expenses

Expenses by functional and natural classification are shown for fiscal year 2020:

Education, 

public

programs

Collections and Business

Research Management Exhibitions Activities Administration Advancement Total

Trust

$ 76.7 13.4 42.0 53.0 35.0 38.3 258.4

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 60.1 4.3 34.5 14.7 (1.2) 24.5 136.9

Cost of sales — — 0.1 40.9 — 2.7 43.7

Travel and transportation 2.4 0.4 3.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 7.1

Other 1.4 (1.1) 1.4 (10.2) 1.6 0.5 (6.4) 

Total before depr & amort 140.6 17.0 81.1 98.6 35.7 66.7 439.7

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 6.8 20.3 19.9 2.0 9.8 0.1 58.9

Total operating expenses $ 147.4 37.3 101.0 100.6 45.5 66.8 498.6

Federal

$ 124.5 155.9 170.7 — 126.0 0.3 577.4

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 50.9 78.4 92.3 — 46.0 0.2 267.8

Cost of sales — — 0.1 — 0.1 — 0.2

Travel and transportation 1.1 0.8 0.8 — 0.2 — 2.9

Other 6.4 6.7 5.5 — 3.3 — 21.9

Total before depr & amort 182.9 241.8 269.4 — 175.6 0.5 870.2

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 13.6 40.8 43.8 — 19.6 0.2 118.0

Total operating expenses $ 196.5 282.6 313.2 — 195.2 0.7 988.2

Total Operating Expenses

$ 201.2 169.3 212.7 53.0 161.0 38.6 835.8

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 111.0 82.7 126.8 14.7 44.8 24.7 404.7

Cost of sales — — 0.2 40.9 0.1 2.7 43.9

Travel and transportation 3.5 1.2 3.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 10.0

Other 7.8 5.6 6.9 (10.2) 4.9 0.5 15.5

Total before depr & amort 323.5 258.8 350.5 98.6 211.3 67.2 1,309.9

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 20.4 61.1 63.7 2.0 29.4 0.3 176.9

Total operating expenses $ 343.9 319.9 414.2 100.6 240.7 67.5 1,486.8

Program Activities Supporting Activities

Compensation and benefits

Compensation and benefits

Compensation and benefits
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

40 (Continued)

Expenses by functional and natural classification are shown for fiscal year 2019:

Education,

public

programs

Collections and Business

Research Management exhibitions activities Administration Advancement Total

Trust

$ 74.3 12.2 42.0 57.8 28.0 35.9 250.2

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 70.9 4.2 57.9 18.8 2.8 27.1 181.7

Cost of sales — — 0.3 58.7 — 1.6 60.6

Travel and transportation 6.3 0.9 5.3 0.5 0.5 1.8 15.3

Other 3.2 (0.8) 0.6 (9.8) 0.6 0.6 (5.6) 

Total before depr & amort 154.7 16.5 106.1 126.0 31.9 67.0 502.2

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 5.8 17.5 17.0 1.8 8.4 0.1 50.6

Total operating expenses $ 160.5 34.0 123.1 127.8 40.3 67.1 552.8

Federal

$ 121.3 156.2 169.1 — 104.1 0.5 551.2

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 49.7 76.0 85.5 — 60.8 0.4 272.4

Cost of sales — — 0.1 — 0.1 — 0.2

Travel and transportation 2.9 1.6 2.2 — 0.6 — 7.3

Other 1.9 2.4 1.8 — 3.7 — 9.8

Total before depr & amort 175.8 236.2 258.7 — 169.3 0.9 840.9

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 14.4 43.8 47.0 — 20.8 0.2 126.2

Total operating expenses $ 190.2 280.0 305.7 — 190.1 1.1 967.1

Total Operating Expenses

$ 195.6 168.4 211.1 57.8 132.1 36.4 801.4

Rent, utilities, services, and supplies 120.6 80.2 143.4 18.8 63.6 27.5 454.1

Cost of sales — — 0.4 58.7 0.1 1.6 60.8

Travel and transportation 9.2 2.5 7.5 0.5 1.1 1.8 22.6

Other 5.1 1.6 2.4 (9.8) 4.3 0.6 4.2

Total before depr & amort 330.5 252.7 364.8 126.0 201.2 67.9 1,343.1

Depreciation, amortization, and changes 

in environmental remediation obligations 20.2 61.3 64.0 1.8 29.2 0.3 176.8

Total operating expenses $ 350.7 314.0 428.8 127.8 230.4 68.2 1,519.9

Program Activities Supporting Activities

Compensation and benefits

Compensation and benefits

Compensation and benefits

Collections items purchases, not capitalized included in nonoperating activities are collections management 

activities.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Notes to Financial Statements

September 30, 2020 and 2019

(Dollars in millions)

41 (Continued)

(17) Commitments and Contingencies

(a) Leasing Activities

The Smithsonian leases office and warehouse space under long-term operating leases expiring at 

various dates to 2032. These leases generally provide for rent escalations based on increases in the 

Consumer Price Index or changes in property taxes or operating expenses attributable to the leased 

properties. The Smithsonian currently limits leases using federal funds to five years under the five-year 

contracting authority of the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act. The Smithsonian still has legacy 

leases exceeding the current five-year authority. 

Annual minimum lease payments due under operating leases in effect as of September 30, 2020 are 

as follows:

2021 $ 26.8

2022 26.5

2023 24.1

2024 14.0

2025 13.6

Thereafter 10.3

$ 115.3

Rent expense under operating leases, including executory costs such as maintenance, insurance, and 

taxes, totaled $52.7 for fiscal year 2020 and $62.3 for fiscal year 2019, which includes $7.8 in fiscal

year 2020 and $7.6 in fiscal year 2019 for office space received in-kind.

(b) Government Awards

The Smithsonian receives significant amounts of federal funding in the form of appropriations, grants, 

and contracts. These awards are subject to audit by federal agencies. Management is of the opinion 

that no material disallowances of costs or expenses are likely.

(c) Construction

As of September 30, 2020, the Smithsonian has commitments approximating $450.0 related to 

construction in process at several of its locations. The most significant of these relate to projects at the 

National Air and Space Museum ($324.1) and the National Zoological Park ($23.7).

(d) Litigation

The Smithsonian is a party to various litigation arising out of the normal conduct of its operations. In the 

opinion of the Smithsonian’s general counsel, the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a 

significant effect on the Smithsonian’s financial position or future results of operations.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

Notes to Financial Statements 

September 30, 2020 and 2019 

(Dollars in millions) 

 42 

(e) Subsequent Events 

Subsequent to September 30, 2020, the Smithsonian committed capital of $95.7 to 12 funds. 

Management has evaluated subsequent events from September 30, 2020 through January 29, 2021, 

which is the date that the financial statements are available to be issued and determined that there are 

no adjustments to or other items to disclose.