This opinion is subject to revision before final
p ublication in the Pacific Reporter

201 9 UT 26

IN THE


## S UPREME 

## C OURT OF THE 

## S TATE OF 

## U TAH

U TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES and U TAH A SSOCIATION OF E NERGY U SERS , Petitioners

,

v.

P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION OF U TAH , U TAH D IVISION OF P UBLIC U TILITIES , and P ACIFI C ORP D / B / A R OCKY M OUNTAIN P OWER , Respondents

.

No. 20170364 Filed June 27, 2019

On Petition for Review of Agency Decision s

Attorneys:
Robert J. Moore, Asst. Att’y Gen., Steven W. Snarr, Special Asst. Att’y Gen., Salt Lake City, for petitioner Utah Office of Consumer
Services Gary A. Dodge, Phillip J. Russell, Salt Lake City, for petitioner Utah

Association of Energy Users Melanie A. Reif, Salt Lake City, for respondent Public Service

Commission of Utah Sean D. Reyes, Att’y Gen., Brent A. Burnett, Asst. Solic. Gen., Patricia E. Schmid, Asst. Att’y Gen., Justin C. Jetter, Asst. Att’y Gen., Salt Lake City for respondent Utah Division of Public Utilities R. Jeff Richards, Yvonne R. Hogle, D. Matthew Moscon, Bret W. Reich, Salt Lake City, for respondent PacifiCorp d/b/a Rocky

Mountain Power
Jenniffer Nelson Clark , Cameron L. Sabin, Salt Lake City, for amicus curiae Quest ar Gas Company d/b/a Dominion Energy Utah

A SSOCIATE C HIEF J USTICE L EE authored the opinion of the Court, in which C HIEF J USTICE D URRANT , J USTICE H IMONAS , J USTICE P EARCE ,

and J USTICE P ETERSEN joined.U TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

2 A SSOCIATE C HIEF J USTICE L EE , opinion of the Court:
¶1 The Utah Office of Consumer Services and the Utah Association of Energy Users (“Consumer Groups”) challenge orders from the Public Service Commission in two related c ases. We consolidated these cases because they raise the same threshold legal question

— whether the Commission ha s the authority to impose

“ interim ” rates as an element of the energy balancing account procedures described in Utah Code section 54

- 7

- 13.5

. We hold that the Commission lacks this authority

. ¶2 The interim rates at issue were imposed withou t a requirement that the public utility prove by “substantial evidence” that the costs incorporated in the rates were “prudently incurred” or “just and reasonable.” We hold that this runs afoul of the controlling standard set forth in Utah Code section 54

- 7

- 13.5 (2) (e)(ii) . And w e set aside the Commission’s orders on this basis

. I
¶3 The Public Service Commission is authorized by statute to “supervise and regulate every public utilit y in this state

. ” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 4

- 1

. One of the utilities regulated by the C ommission is PacifiCorp, d / b / a Rocky Mountain Power, an electric power provider. PacifiCorp ’s rates are set by the Commission under terms and conditions set forth in the Utah code. A threshold step in the rate setting process is a “general rate” case.
¶4 In a general rate case t he Commission estimates what it will cost PacifiCorp to provide electricity to customers . That estimate becomes the utility’s “base rate.” See id. § 54

- 7

- 12(1)(a)(i). Included in the base rate is a projected estimate of PacifiCorp’s ne t power costs

. In any given year, however, actual net power costs will vary from the costs predicted in a general rate case. With that in mind, t he legislature created a mechanism to account for these difference s

— the “energy balancing account

, ” or EBA

. See id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5.
¶5 An EBA is an account used to track PacifiCorp’s incurred net power costs. The account must be authorized by the Commission . It “become[s] effective” upon a finding that it is “(i) in the public interest; (ii) for prudently

- incurred costs ; and (iii) implemented at the conclusion of a general rate case.” Id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(b). Once an EBA is approved

, PacifiCorp is authorized to track the costs identified in that account. Such EBA costs include fuel, purchased power, and wheeling expenses

— “less wholesale revenues.” Id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5(1)(b).Cite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

3 ¶6 PacifiCorp must annually file “a reconciliation of the energy balancing account with the [C]om m ission” seeking either a recovery from or a refund to customers

— based on the difference between the estimated net power costs reflected in the base rate and PacifiCorp’s actual net power costs incurred that year. Id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(c)

. PacifiCorp bears the burden of proving that its costs are “prudently incurred.” Id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(d). This annual filing is subje ct to review by t he Division of Public Utilities . The Division conducts an audit and submits a report to the Commission. And the report is used by the Commission to determine whether a refund or recovery is appropriate. This process is repeated annually un til a new base rate
is set in a new general rate case.
¶7 PacifiCorp’s rates have been established in accordance with the above procedures. In 2009, PacifiCorp filed an application for approval of a proposed EBA in accordance with the newly

- passed
EBA statut e

— Utah Code section 54

- 7

- 13.5

. The Commission opened a docket to review the filing. Two years later, the Commission approved the EBA and ordered the implementation of a four

- year EBA pilot program. The Commission asked the Division to file periodic reports evaluating the program. The Commission also sanctioned the use of an “ interim rate ” proce dure as part of the EBA

process

. Under that pro ce ss , PacifiCorp would file its annual EBA report comparing estimated power costs with its actual power costs. PacifiCorp would propose an interim rate based on the difference between estimated and actual costs. The Division would then review PacifiCorp’s report and determine whether it departed from prior years’ filings. If not, the Division would recommend that t he Commission approve PacifiCorp’s proposed interim rate. The Commission would review the Division’s recommendation and hold a hearing. If an interim rate was approved by the Commission, the interim rate would go into effect while the Division completed it s full audit of PacifiCorp’s EBA report to determine if PacifiCorp’s claimed costs were prudently incurred

. ¶8 On August 30, 2012, the Commission issued an order eliminating the EBA interim rate process. The Commission indicated that it had failed to conside r wh at costs associated with PacifiCorp’s financial swap transactions 1 qualified for recovery under the EBA

_____________________________________________________________

1 Swap transactions are “financial transaction[s] between two parties . . . in which payments or rat es are exchanged over a specified (continued . . .)U TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

4 when it initially approved the interim rate process. In the Commission’s view, a determination of what costs could be recovered for these swap trans actions would require a significant amount of time and likely would result in highly contentious litigation in both the interim and final EBA hearing s

. So the Commission decided that an interim rate process was no longer appropriate for the EBA mechanism.
¶9 The Division filed its first report evaluating the EBA program in May 2014. The Division noted that it had been required

to devote significant time to review PacifiCorp’s filings due to the complexity of the EBA process . And it recommended some

structura l changes. The Commission, however, determined that it was too early to make any changes to the EBA program

. ¶10 The Division filed its final report two years later. It recommended that “[t]he time period for [its] audits . . . be extended to one year and int erim rates . . . be established until the Division can complete its audit.” On February 16, 2017, the Commission issued an order adopting the Division’s recommendation that interim rates be reinstated in the EBA mechanism. In so concluding, t he Commission reasoned that circumstances had changed since its August 30, 2012 order rejecting interim rates. Specifically , the Commission asserted that t he contentious issues and litigation surrounding PacifiCorp’s swap transactions had been resolved. And for that rea son the Commission concluded that an interim rate process was now appropriate.
¶11 The Commission asserted that the interim rate subsection of the general rate case statute, id. § 54

- 7

- 12(4 )(a) , authorize d it to establish interim rates in an EBA proceeding. And it incorporated the procedural and timing requirements outlined in that subsection.
First
, the Commission defined PacifiCorp’s burden of proof to be commensurate with the burden of proof standard establ ished in subsection 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(iii)

. See id. § 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(iii) (stating that a utility “shall establish an adequate prima facie showing that the

period and according to specified conditions.” Swap

, B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY (1 1 th ed. 201 9 ). PacifiCorp uses swap transactions to hedge market

- price risk, particularly for the market price of natural gas. A natural gas swap is a contract that gives PacifiCorp the right to buy or sell a specified amount of natural gas at a specific price within a specific timeframe in exchange for an upfront premium.Cite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

5 interim rate increase or decrease is justified”). The Commission asked the Division to review PacifiCorp’ s EBA filing and determine whether the filing “appears to not depart from prior years’ filing s .” PacifiCorp would eventually have to prove by substantial evidence that i t s claimed costs were prudently incurred. But a lower standard was appropriate in the i nterim in the Commission’s view. Second, the Commission determined that it would act upon a request for
interim rates within 45 days of PacifiCorp’s EBA filing

. See id. § 54

- 7

- 12 (4)(a)(ii).
¶12 The Commission found further justification for these decisions in our case law. It noted that in Questar Gas Co. v. Utah
P ublic Service Commission , 2001 UT 93, 34 P.3d 218, we recognized the Commission’s “authority to authorize interim rates in the Questar Gas 191 balancing account mechanism.” And it reasoned that “PacifiCorp’s EBA is in some ways similar to Account 191.” Drawing on these similariti es, the Commission determined that Questar Gas supported its decision to allow interim rates and adopt the procedures described in subsection 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)

. ¶13 The Consumer Groups filed a petition for reconsideration and rehearing challenging the legality of the decision to incorporate an interim rate process in the EBA mechanism. The Consumer Group s asserted that subsection 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(ii) c ould not be applied outside of a general rate case

, and insisted that the interim rate procedures described in subsec tion (4)(a) run afoul of section 54

- 7

- 13.5 by alter ing the standard for cost recovery and PacifiCorp’s burden of proof

. See U TAH C ODE § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(e ) (“A n energy balancing account may not alter: (i) the standard for cost recovery; or (ii) the electrical corporation’s burden of proof.” ). The Commission rejected the Consumer Group s’ petition. And t he petition to this

court in Case No. 20170364 followed.
¶14 About a year later, PacifiCorp submitted its 2018 EBA filing. That filing differed in one significant way from PacifiCorp’s 2017 filing: It proposed to recover EBA costs in the amount of approximately $2.8 million on an interim basis. The Division reviewed PacifiCorp’s filing and determined that it appeared not to depart from the prior years’ filings. And on that basis the Division recommended that PacifiCorp be allowed to recover its claimed EBA costs. The Commission agreed. It issued an order on April 27, 2018 imposing interim rates. The Consumer Groups filed a petition for reconsideration. They raised the same arguments that they made when challenging the Commission’s February 16, 2017 order approving an interim rate procedure . The Commission rejected theU TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

6 Consumer Group s’ petition. And the petition in C ase No. 20180536 followed. Since the Commission’s April 27 , 2018 order, customers have been paying PacifiCorp the disputed rates.

II
¶15 The Consumer Group s challenge the Commission’s interim rate orders on two grounds. They first contend that the Commission lacks the authority to interject interim rates in the EBA mechanism

. Second, they assert that the Commission’s orders mark a departure from prior practice in violation of the Utah Administrative Procedures Act (“UAPA”) . We agree with the Consumer Group s ’ f irst argument. Specifically

, we conclude that the Commission violated the statutory mandate that an EBA “may not alter . . . the electrical corporation’s burden of proof.” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(e). And we set aside the Commission’s orders on that basis (without reaching the question whether the Commission acted inconsistently with prior practice in violation of UAPA )

. ¶16 B efore expounding on the basis for our decision we first address statutory standing question s raised by the Division and the
Commission. Th ose question s arise under a statutory requirement that parties challenging an order of the Commission demonstrate that they have been “ substantially prejudiced” by the Commission’s order s. Id. § 63G

- 4

- 403 (4) . The Division and the Commissi on assert that t he Consumer Group s fail to carry this burden. We disagree for reasons set forth below

. A
¶17 The UAPA governs claims asserted against an agency. U TAH C ODE § 63G

- 4

- 105(1) (“The procedures for agency action, agency review, and judicial review contained in this chapter are applicable to all agency adjudicative proceedings commenced by or before an agency on or after January 1, 1988.”). Before a court may grant relief under the UAPA, it must determine that the “person seeking judicial review ha s been substantially prejudiced.” Id. § 63G

- 4

- 403 (4)

. “A party has been substantially prejudiced if ‘the alleged error was not harmless.’” Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club v. Utah Air Quality Bd.

, 2006 UT 74, ¶ 15, 148 P.3d 960 (quoting WWC Holding Co. v. Pub.
Serv

. Comm’n of Utah , 2002 UT 23, ¶ 7, 44 P.3d 714).
¶18 The Division challenges the Consumer Group s’ statutory standing to advance the claims set forth in the first petition. The
Consumer Group s’ primary claim of prejudice is related to the imposition of interim r ates. But those rates did not go into effectCite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

7 until after the Consumer Groups filed their first petition. So the
Division asserts that the Consumer Group s’ first petition should be dismissed for failure to demonstrate substantial prejudice.
¶19 We disagree. A party may suffer substantial prejudice even though the claimed injury is one not yet realized. This principle was key to our decision in Utah Chapter of the Sie rra Club , 2006 UT 74. There we determined that petitioners had standing to pursue their claims e ven though their alleged injury had not yet been suffered. The Utah Division of Air Quality had granted a permit to the Sevier Power Company authorizing the construction of a coal

- fired power plant. Id. ¶ 1. Although the power plant had not yet been built, we noted that the plant presented a serious danger of future pollution. Id. ¶ 22. And we explained that that pollution would jeopardize the petitioners’ health, the value of their land, and their enjoyment of the surrounding ecosystem. Id. We accordingly concluded that petitioners had standing to challenge the Utah Air Quality Board’s decision.
¶20 We reach a similar conclusion here. We hold that the
Consumer Group s’ first petition clears the threshold hurdle of demonstrating substantial prejudice. The Consum er Group s’ alleged prejudice was sufficiently imminent when the Commission decided to reinstate interim rates. The Commission would not have reinstated interim rates if PacifiCorp had no intention of recovering costs on an interim basis. PacifiCorp and the Division recommended that the Commission adopt an interim rate procedure so PacifiCorp could recover its EBA costs while the Division finished its audit. The prospect that the Consumer Group s would end up paying an interim rate surcharge was more than hypothetical . The facts of these consolidated cases demonstrate as much. We thus conclude that we can consider the merits of the Consumer Group s’ first petition.
¶21 The Commission also challenges the Consumer Group s’ statutory standing to advan ce the claims set forth in the second petition. In the Commission’s view, the Consumer Group s are estopped from asserting that they have suffered substantial prejudice from the Commission’s order requiring customers to pay $2.8 million on an interim basis. And because the Consumer Group s are foreclosed from claim ing that they have been substantially prejudiced, the Commission asks us to dismiss the Consumer Group s’ second petition on statutory standing grounds . We disagree with the premise of this argument. We do not think that the
Consumer Group s are estopped from arguing substantial prejudice.U TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

8 And we believe that they have satisfied their burden of demonstrating su ch prejudice.
¶22 The alleged error here is that the Commission erroneously interjected an interim rate procedure into the EBA mechanism. And the claimed prejudice stemming from this error is that customers are being forced to pay $2.8 million in increased rates prematurely

. The alleged error has thus harmed customers.
¶23 The Commission asks us to recognize that the Consumer Group s brought this harm upon themselves. It concedes that

customers are currently paying a surcharge to cover $2.8 million of PacifiCorp’s claimed net po wer costs. But it argue s that the
Consumer Group s stipulated to these costs. And in the Commission’s view that stipulation bars the Consumer Group s from claiming prejudice

. ¶24 In 2015, the Consumer Group s reached a settlement agreement with PacifiCorp over c osts related to the closure of the Deer Creek Mine. As part of that settlement, the Consumer Group s agreed that the Commission “should enter an order authorizing” PacifiCorp to recover certain costs associated with its “unrecovered investment in the Deer C reek Mine.” Had the Consumer Group s not stipulated to these costs, customers would have received a surcredit under PacifiCorp’s 2018 EBA filing. So, the Commission contends, the Consumer Group s cannot claim substantial prejudice when, setting aside costs t o which they agreed, the interim EBA recovery would have benefited customers

. ¶25 We disagree with the notion that the Consumer Group s’ stipulation negates their claim of substantial prejudice. While the
Consumer Group s stipulated to PacifiCorp recovering certain costs, they did not stipulate to recovery through interim rates. 2 And the Commission’s approval of interim rates serves as the basis for the
Consumer Group s’ claim of prejudice. B ecause customers are being forced to pay interim rates

, the Consumer Group s assert that

_____________________________________________________________

2 See Prinsburg State Bank v. Abundo , 2012 UT 94, ¶ 13, 296 P.3d 709 (“[A] stipulation entered into by the parties and accepted by the court ‘acts as an estoppel upon the parties thereto and is conclusive of all matters necessarily included in the stipulation .’” (emphasis added) (quoting Yea rgin, Inc. v. Auditing Div. of Utah State Tax Comm ’ n , 2001 UT 11, ¶ 20, 20 P.3d 287 )).Cite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

9 customers are losing out on potential interest they could otherwise earn in the time between paying the interim rates and the true up at the conclusion of the EBA process. This injury is alone sufficient to satisfy the Consumer Group s’ b urden of demonstrating substantial prejudice.
¶26 The fact that the Consumer Group s represent customers whose individual injuries are relatively small does not undermine this conclusion. The Utah Office of Consumer Services (“UOCS”) is a government agency spe cifically tasked with “assess[ing] the impact of utility rate changes . . . on: (i) residential consumers; and (ii) small commercial consumers.” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 10a

- 301(1)(a). It is authorized to “commence an original proceeding, file a complaint,

appear as a party, appeal, or otherwise represent residential consumers or small commercial consumers in a matter or a proceeding involving regulation of an applicable public utility .” Id. § 54

- 10a

- 301(2)(b)(i). The U tah Association of Energy Users (“UAE”)
is a non

- profit organization that similarly represents the interests of

customers before the Commission. U TAH A SS ’ N OF E NERGY U SERS , About , https://www.utahenergyusers.org/about

- 1 (last visited June
11 , 2019). Its members include large industrial and comm ercial companies. The harm suffered by the individual customers represented by UOCS and UAE is relatively small considering that the $2.8 million in interim rates is spread out a cross PacifiCorp’s nearly one million Utah customers. R OCKY M OUNTAIN P OWER , Qu ick
Facts , https://www.rockymountainpower.net/ about/cf/qf.html (last visited June 11 , 2019). But UOCS is statutorily authorized to represent all residential or small commercial consumers before the
Commission. U TAH C ODE § 54

- 10a

- 301(1)(a), (2)(a)

– (b). And the

customers composing UAE are large corporations, each of which could satisfy the burden of demonstrating substantial prejudice. See Utah Chapter of the Sierra Club , 2006 UT 74, ¶ 21 (“An association

. . . has standing if its individual members have standing and the participation of the individual members is not necessary to the resolution of the case.”). All of this is to say that the Consumer Group s have suffered substantial prejudice from the Commission’s orders interjecting interim rates into the EBA mechanism. We therefore conclude that the Consumer Group s have standing. And

we accordingly proceed to the merits of their petitions.

B
¶27 The Consumer Group s contend that the Commission “erroneously interpreted or applied” Utah law when it interjected an interim rate process into the EBA mechanism. See U TAH C ODE §U TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

10 63G

- 4

- 403(4)(d)

. We agree and thus set aside the Commission’s orders. We expound on this holding below. First we review and

r eject the Commission’s proffered justification s for its orders. T hen

we explain how the Commission’s orders alter ed PacifiCorp’s burden of proof in violation of Utah Code section 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(e)(ii)

. 1
¶28 When reviewing an agency action, “the appropriate standard of review . . . depend[s] on the type of action in question . . . and whether it can be characterized as a question of law, a question of fact, or a mixed question of law and fact.” Murray v. Utah Labor Comm’n , 2013 UT 38, ¶ 22, 308 P.3d 461. Here we are faced with a question of law

— whether the Commission has the authority to impose interim rates as part of the EBA process. And we review such questions for correctness, according no deference to the agency’s determination. Hughes Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Utah Labor Comm’n

, 2014 UT 3, ¶ 6, 322 P.3d 712.
¶29 The Commission cited Utah Code section 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(ii) as the basis for its authority to impose interim rates through the EBA mechanism . That subse ction states as follows : The commission, on its own initiative or in response to an application by a public utility or other party, may, after a hearing, allow any rate increase or decrease proposed by a public utility, or a reasonable part of the
rate in crease or decrease, to take effect on an interim basis within 45 days after the day on which the request is filed, subject to the commission’s right to order a refund or surcharge.

U TAH C ODE § 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(ii). The Commission acknowledged that this provis ion is surrounded by subsections referring to a general rate case and not the EBA mechanism. But it also emphasized that subsection (4)(a)(ii) itself makes no explicit reference to a general rate case. And on that basis it concluded that the “plain languag e” of “54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(ii) authorizes [it] to establish interim rates in an EBA

cost

- recovery proceeding.”
¶30 This is an erroneous reading of the statute

. When interpreting a statute, our goal is to give effect to the words enacted into law by the legislature

. See Olsen v. Eagle Mountain City , 2011 UT 10, ¶ 9, 248 P.3d 465. We do not , however, read statutory text in isolation. Monarrez v. Utah Dep’t of Transp. , 2016 UT 10, ¶ 11, 368 P.3d
846. We must read it in context, taking into considerationCite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

11 surrounding terms and associated pr ovisions. Olsen , 2011 UT 10, ¶ 12. And w hen subsection (4)(a)(ii) is read in context it becomes obvious that it is meant to apply only to general rate cases.
¶31 The provisions surrounding subsection (4)(a)(ii) clearly speak to the impo si tion of interim rates in a general rate case

— or , in other words, authorizing a new base rate on an interim basis

. The Commission concedes as much. But it fails to recognize the significance of this concession

. Once subsection (4)(a)(ii) is read in conjun ction with subsections (4)(a)(i) and (4)(a)(iii), it becomes clear that subsection (4)(a)(ii) authorizes the imposition of interim rates only in a general rate case and not in an EBA proceeding.
¶32 All of subsection (4)’s provisions are interrelated and spe ak to imposing interim rates in a general rate case

. Subsection (4)(a )(i) states that “ [ a ] request for interim rates shall be made within 90 days after the day on which a public utility files a complete filing for a general rate increase or a general rate decrease .” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(i) (emphasis added). And subsection (4)(a)(ii), in turn, says that the rate increase or decrease may “take effect on an interim basis within 45 days after the day on which the request is filed.” Id. § 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(ii) (emphasis added) . “The request” spoken of here ties back to “the request” mentioned in subsection (4)(a)(i). Subsection (4)(a)(iii) further ties together subsections (4)(a)(i) and (4)(a)(ii). It reduces the utility’s burden of proof when an interim

reques t is made in a general rate case . It states that “[ t ] he evidence presented in the hearing held pursuant ” to the terms of subsection (4) “need not encompass all issues that may be considered in a rate case hearing held pursuant to [s]ubsection (2)(d)”

— the h earing required in a general rate case. Id. § 54

- 7

- 12(4)(a)(iii).
¶33 This language shows that each subpart of subsection (4) is interconnected . Importantly, it also highlights that each subpart deal s with the imposi tion of interim rates in a general rate ca se

. The entirety of section 54

- 7

- 12 is dedicated to describing the procedures for a general rate case. It would be odd to isolate subsection (4)(a)(ii) from all of its surrounding provisions

— and to conclude that the absence of the words “general rate” in t hat subsection is an indication that the procedures mentioned therein apply outside the general rate process (in an EBA proceeding). This we decline to do.
¶34 The absence of an express reference to a general rate ca se in subsection (4)(a)(ii) is accordingly i nconsequential . Subsection (4) is clearly speaking about imposing interim rates in a general rate case

. A nd for th is reason this provision cannot serve as the source of theU TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

12 Commission’s authority to impose interim rates in the EBA mechanism

. ¶35 In reaching a contrary conclusion t he Commission also cited

case law from this court . It noted that in Questar Gas Co. v. Utah Public Serv ice Comm ission , 2001 UT 93, 34 P.3d 218, we “recognized the [Commission’s] authority to authorize interim rates in the Questar Gas 1 91 balancing account mechanism.” And because “PacifiCorp’s EBA is in some ways similar” to that balancing account, the Commission concluded that the Questar Gas holding supports its d ecision to impose interim rates.
¶36 We disagree. In Questar Gas we were ask ed to opine on the propriety of interim rates in the specific context of the Questar Gas 191 balancing account. See id. ¶ 12

. And there may be some similarities between that account and PacifiCorp’s EBA . But the Questar Gas decision sa ys nothing about the statutory scheme implicated here . Our opinion in that case does not speak to whether
section 54

- 7

- 13.5 authorizes the imposition of interim rates in an EBA proceeding. That’s because the 191 balancing account was in no way tied to section 54

- 7

- 13.5

— that provision didn’t even exist yet

. So the 191 balancing account was not implemented under section 54

- 7

- 13.5; it was implemented under the Commission’s “ample general power to fix rates and establish accounting procedures.” Id. (quoting Utah Dep’t of Bus. Reg ulation v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Utah , 720 P.2d 420, 423 n.4 (Utah 1986)) (citing U TAH C ODE § 54

- 4

- 1).
¶37 The Commission latches onto this language from Questar Gas . It says that this language

— in conjunction with the favorable cite to Utah Code section 54

- 4

- 1

— stands as an acknowledgment that the Commission has authority to impose interim rates in any rate proceeding. We disagree. The Commission certainly has broad authority. But that authority is not so broad as to read statutory EBA safeguards out of existenc e. ¶38 Section 54

- 4

- 1 confers on the Commission “power and jurisdiction to supervise and regulate every public utility in this state . . . and to do all things, whether herein specifically designated or in addition thereto, which are necessary or convenient i n the exercise of such power and jurisdiction.” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 4

- 1. We cited this provision in Questar Gas as support for the proposition that the Commission has “ample general power to fix rates and establish accounting procedures.” Questar Gas , 2001 UT 93, ¶ 12 (quoting Utah Dep’t of Bus. Regulation , 720 P.2d at 42 3 n.4). Yet t hat “ ample power ” is not without limits. Some of those limits are prescribed in the EBACite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

13 statute. And specific statutes (like the EBA provisions) control more general ones (like section 54

- 4

- 1 )

. See Lyon v. Burton , 2000 UT 19, ¶ 17, 5 P.3d 616. So if the EBA statute prohibits the Commission from imposing interim rates in the manner by which it did

— as the EBA

statute does

— section 54

- 4

- 1 cannot save the Commission’s orders

. ¶39 The same goes for the Commission’s reliance on section
54

- 4

- 4.1. That section states that “[t]he [C] ommission may, by rule or order, adopt any method of rate regulation that is: (a) consistent with this title; (b) in the public interest; and (c) just and r easonable.” U TAH C ODE § 54

- 4

- 4.1 (1)

. This section explicitly recognizes limits on the Commission’s authority. And one of those limits is that any method of rate regulation the Commission adopts must be consistent with Title 54. So if Title 54 prohibits the Commission from imposing interim rates in the manner by which it did

— as Title 54 does

— then the Commission’s reliance on section 54

- 4

- 4.1 is to no avail.
¶40 For all these reasons, we reject the Commission’s stated justifications for interjecting interim rates into the EBA mechanism

. H aving done so, we proceed to explain how the Commission’s orders run afoul of the EBA statute and must thus be set aside.

2
¶41 The Commission is given broad authority to define the procedures and timing by which an EBA is annu ally reconciled. But that authority is not so broad as to allow the Commission to alter the burden of proof that PacifiCorp must carry before recovering its EBA costs. Yet that is exactly what the Commission did here. And w e set aside the Commission’s orde rs on this basis

. ¶42 Section 54

- 7

- 13.5 merely provides the framework for authorizing an EBA and approving a utility’s annual EBA filing.
M any of the details are left to the Commission. The statute, for instance, does not define the timing for cost recovery

. It allows PacifiCorp to recover its actual EBA costs through a surcharge. Id. § 54

- 7

- 13.5(2)(c)(i). And it requires PacifiCorp to “file a reconciliation of the energy balancing account with the commission at least annually” to recover these costs. Id. § 54

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- 13.5 (2) (c)(ii).
¶43 T he statute gives the Commission broad discretion to establish a mechanism by which costs are recovered. Section 54

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- 13.5 states that the method by which PacifiCorp recovers its EBA costs shall “be incorporated into base rates in an ap propriate commission proceeding

. ” Id. § 54

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- 13.5(2)(f)(ii) (emphasis added). The statute never fully defines what constitutes “an appropriate commission proceeding.” And in this sense the Commission is givenU TAH O FFICE OF C ONSUMER S ERVICES v. P UBLIC S ERVICE C OMMISSION

OF U TAH Opinion of the Court

14 broad discretion to develop the mechanism of recovery. But that discretion is not bou ndless.
¶44 Limits are placed on the Commission’s authority to authorize PacifiCorp to recover its EBA costs. The most relevant of th e se limits for purposes of th ese consolidated case s are defined in subsection (2)(e) : “An energy balancing account may not alt er: (i) the standard for cost recovery; or (ii) the electrical corporation’s burden of proof.” Id. § 54

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- 13.5(2)(e). In other words, if a chosen EBA mechanism alters either the standard for cost recovery or PacifiCorp’s burden of proof, the mechanism is i mproper and the Commission has exceeded its statutory authority.
¶45 The standard for cost recovery is statutorily defined. PacifiCorp may recover its costs only to the extent they are “prudently incurred.” Id. § 54

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- 13.5(2)(d). The Commission acknowledges t his standard

. And w e do not believe that it has been altered here. In its order reaffirming its decision to interject interim
rates, t he Commission specifically stated that “the EBA statute only allows for recovery of ‘[p]rudently incurred actual costs.’” So we cannot say that it applied the wrong standard of cost recovery.
¶46 The Commission did, however, err in the burden of proof that it applied. The statute itself does not specify an applicable burden of proof. But we have repeatedly said that a utility ha s the burden to prove that its costs are prudently incurred

— or are “just and reasonable”

— by “substantial evidence.” See Comm. o f Consumer
Servs. v . Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Utah , 2003 UT 29, ¶ 14, 75 P.3d 481; Utah Dep’t of Bus. Regulation v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n , 614 P.2d 1242, 1245 (Utah 1980). And the Commission concedes that it did not require PacifiCorp to carry a “substantial evidence” burden of proof when it approved the request to impose interim rates.
¶47 The Commission seeks to justify its approach on the g round that the applicable burden of proof will eventually be satisfied after a complete audit and a final hearing. Under the EBA framework under review, the Commission notes that PacifiCorp will eventually be required to show by “substantial evidence” that its costs are prudently incurred. This will happen at a “true up” after a complete audit and public hearing

— at which time customers will be allowed to recover a surcredit if any costs incorporated in the interim rates are shown not to be justified by subs tantial evidence. See U TAH C ODE § 54

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- 13.5 (2) (h)

– (j). Fair enough. But that doesn’t solve the problem. By law PacifiCorp is allowed to recover its claimed costs through an interim rate only after proving by substantial evidence that its costsCite as: 2019 UT 26
Opinion of the Court

15 are prudentl y incurred. See id. § 54

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- 13.5 (2) (d), (e)(ii); Comm. of
Consumer Servs. , 2003 UT 29, ¶ 14. And the interim EBA rate process authorizes PacifiCorp to impose rates in the absence of such a showing.
¶48 We reverse on this basis. W e conclude that the Commission’ s orders unlawfully altered the burden of proof that PacifiCorp must satisfy before recovering its claimed EBA costs. And we accordingly set aside the Commission’s orders interjecting an
interim rate procedure into the EBA process and authorizing PacifiCor p to recover $2.8 million on an interim basis.

III
¶49 In reversing the Public Service Commission and setting aside its orders we take no position on a line of policy argument presented by the Commission in its briefing. T he Commission asserts that the interposition of an interim rate procedure in to the EBA process would better protect consumers in a few ways

— by ensuring that rates are just and reasonable and decreasing the likelihood that either a future generation of customers would be burden ed with costs incurred to serve customers in a prior year or that a future generation of customers would benefit from rate refunds to which prior customers were entitled. That may be. Or perhaps the Consumer Groups have the better of the argument on these policy issues; they , after all, advance a different view. But we leave these questions for the legislature. We decide only that the current statutory scheme does not condone the interim rate process as it now stands. And we leave it to the legislature, if it so chooses, to reopen the governing statutes to expressly authorize an interim rate procedure as an element of the EBA process.