# Patent

## Title
Rail road car truck with rocking sideframe

## Abstract

A swing motion rail road freight car truck is provided that does not have lateral underslung cross bracing in the nature of a transom, a frame brace, or lateral rods. The truck has a truck bolster and a pair of sideframes, the truck bolster being mounted transversely relative to the sideframes. The sideframes have spring seats for the groups of springs. The springs seats may be on rockers, or may be rigidly mounted in the sideframes. Friction dampers are provided in inboard and outboard pairs. The biasing force on the dampers urges then to that act between the bolster ands and sideframes to resist parallelogram deflection of the truck.

## Background
This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/210,853 filed Aug. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,255,048, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/920,437 filed Aug. 1, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,659,016 issued Dec. 9, 2003 which are hereby incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the field of rail road cars, and, more particularly, to the field of three piece rail road car trucks for rail road cars.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Rail road cars in North America commonly employ double axle swivelling trucks known as “three piece trucks” to permit them to roll along a set of rails. The three piece terminology refers to a truck bolster and pair of first and second sideframes. In a three piece truck, the truck bolster extends cross-wise relative to the sideframes, with the ends of the truck bolster protruding through the sideframe windows. Forces are transmitted between the truck bolster and the sideframes by spring groups mounted in spring seats in the sideframes.
One general purpose of a resilient suspension system may tend to be to reduce force transmission to the car body, and hence to the lading. This may apply to very stiff suspension systems, as suitable for use with coal and grain, as well as to relatively soft suspension systems such as may be desirable for more fragile goods, such as rolls of paper, automobiles, shipping containers fruit and vegetables, and white goods.
One determinant of overall ride quality is the dynamic response to lateral perturbations. That is, when there is a lateral perturbation at track level, the rigid steel wheelsets of the truck may be pushed sideways relative to the car body. Lateral perturbations may arise for example from uneven track, or from passing over switches or from turnouts and other track geometry perturbations. When the train is moving at speed, the time duration of the input pulse due to the perturbation may be very short.
The suspension system of the truck reacts to the lateral perturbation. It is generally desirable for the force transmission to be relatively low. High force transmissibility, and corresponding high lateral acceleration, may tend not to be advantageous for the lading. This is particularly so if the lading includes relatively fragile goods. In general, the lateral stiffness of the suspension reflects the combined displacement of (a) the sideframe between (i) the pedestal bearing adapter and (ii) the bottom spring seat (that is, the sideframes swing laterally as a pendulum with the pedestal bearing adapter being the top pivot point for the pendulum); and (b) the lateral deflection of the springs between (i) the lower spring seat in the sideframe and (ii) the upper spring mounting against the underside of the truck bolster, and (c) the moment and the associated transverse shear force between the (i) spring seat in the sideframe and (ii) the upper spring mounting against the underside of the truck bolster.
In a conventional rail road car truck, the lateral stiffness of the spring groups is sometimes estimated as being approximately 1⁄2 of the vertical spring stiffness. Thus the choice of vertical spring stiffness may strongly affect the lateral stiffness of the suspension. The vertical stiffness of the spring groups may tend to yield a vertical deflection at the releasable coupler from the light car (i.e., empty) condition to the fully laden condition of about 2 inches. For a conventional grain or coal car subject to a 286,000 lbs., gross weight on rail limit, this may imply a dead sprung load of some 50,000 lbs., and a live sprung load of some 220,000 lbs., yielding a spring stiffness of 25-30,000 lbs./in., per spring group (there being, typically, two groups per truck, and two trucks per car). This may yield a lateral spring stiffness of 13-16,000 lbs./in per spring group. It should be noted that the numerical values given in this background discussion are approximations of ranges of values, and are provided for the purposes of general order-of-magnitude comparison, rather than as values of a specific truck.
The second component of stiffness relates to the lateral deflection of the sideframe itself. In a conventional truck, the weight of the sprung load can be idealized as a point load applied at the center of the bottom spring seat. That load is carried by the sideframe to the pedestal seat mounted on the bearing adapter. The vertical height difference between these two points may be in the range of perhaps 12 to 18 inches, depending on wheel size and sideframe geometry. For the general purposes of this description, for a truck having 36 inch wheels, 15 inches (+/−) might be taken as a roughly representative height.
The pedestal seat may typically have a flat surface that bears on an upwardly crowned surface on the bearing adapter. The crown may typically have a radius of curvature of about 60 inches, with the center of curvature lying below the surface (i.e., the surface is concave downward).
When a lateral shear force is imposed on the springs, there is a reaction force in the bottom spring seat that will tend to deflect the sideframe, somewhat like a pendulum. When the sideframe takes on an angular deflection in one direction, the line of contact of the flat surface of the pedestal seat with the crowned surface of the bearing adapter will tend to move along the arc of the crown in the opposite direction. That is, if the bottom spring seat moves outboard, the line of contact will tend to move inboard. This motion is resisted by a moment couple due to the sprung weight of the car on the bottom spring seat, acting on a moment arm between (a) the line of action of gravity at the spring seat and (b) the line of contact of the crown of the bearing adapter. For a 286,000 lbs. car the apparent stiffness of the sideframe may be of the order of 18,000-25,000 lbs./in, measured at the bottom spring seat. That is, the lateral stiffness of the sideframe (i.e., the pendulum action by itself) can be greater than the (already relatively high) lateral stiffness of the spring group in shear, and this apparent stiffness is proportional to the total sprung weight of the car (including lading). When taken as being analogous to two springs in series, the overall equivalent lateral spring stiffness may be of the order of 8,000 to 10,000 lbs./in., per sideframe. A car designed for lesser weights may have softer apparent stiffness. This level of stiffness may not always yield as smooth a ride as may be desired.
There is another component of spring stiffness due to the unequal compression of the inside and outside portions of the spring group as the bottom spring seat rotates relative to the upper spring group mount under the bolster. This stiffness, which is additive to (that is, in parallel with) the stiffness of the sideframe, can be significant, and may be of the order of 3000-3500 lbs./in per spring group, depending on the stiffness of the springs and the layout of the group. Other second and third order effects are neglected for the purpose of this description. The total lateral stiffness for one sideframe, including the spring stiffness, the pendulum stiffness and the spring moment stiffness, for a S2HD 110 Ton truck may be about 9200 lbs/inch per sideframe.
It has been observed that it may be preferable to have springs of a given vertical stiffness to give certain vertical ride characteristics, and a different characteristic for lateral perturbations. In particular, a softer lateral response may be desired at high speed (greater than about 50 m.p.h.) and relatively low amplitude to address a truck hunting concern, while a different spring characteristic may be desirable to address a low speed (roughly 10-25 m.p.h.) roll characteristic, particularly since the overall suspension system may have a roll mode resonance lying in the low speed regime.
An alternate type of three piece truck is the “swing motion” truck. One example of a swing motion truck is shown at page 716 in the 1980 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia (1980, Simmons-Boardman, Omaha). This illustration, with captions removed, is the basis of FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c, herein, labelled “Prior Art”. Since the truck has both lateral and longitudinal axes of symmetry, the artist has only shown half portions of the major components of the truck. The particular example illustrated is a swing motion truck produced by National Castings Inc., more commonly referred to as “NACO”. Another example of a NACO Swing Motion truck is shown at page 726 of the 1997 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia (1997, Simmons-Boardroom, Omaha). An earlier swing motion three piece truck is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,660 of Weber et al., issued Jun. 20, 1972, the specification of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a swing motion truck, the sideframe is mounted as a “swing hanger” and acts much like a pendulum. In contrast to the truck described above, the bearing adapter has an upwardly concave rocker bearing surface, having a radius of curvature of perhaps 10 inches and a center of curvature lying above the bearing adapter. A pedestal rocker seat nests in the upwardly concave surface, and has itself an upwardly concave surface that engages the rocker bearing surface. The pedestal rocker seat has a radius of curvature of perhaps 5 inches, again with the center of curvature lying upwardly of the rocker.
In this instance, the rocker seat is in dynamic rolling contact with the surface of the bearing adapter. The upper rocker assembly tends to act more like a hinge than the shallow crown of the bearing adapter described above. As such, the pendulum may tend to have a softer, perhaps much softer, response than the analogous conventional sideframe. Depending on the geometry of the rocker, this may yield a sideframe resistance to lateral deflection in the order of 1⁄4 (or less) to about 1⁄2 of what might otherwise be typical. If combined in series with the spring group stiffness, it can be seen that the relative softness of the pendulum may tend to become the dominant factor. To some extent then, the lateral stiffness of the truck becomes less strongly dependent on the chosen vertical stiffness of the spring groups at least for small displacements. Furthermore, by providing a rocking lower spring seat, the swing motion truck may tend to reduce, or eliminate, the component of lateral stiffness that may tend to arise because of unequal compression of the inboard and outboard members of the spring groups, thus further softening the lateral response.
In the truck of U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,660 the rocking of the lower spring seat is limited to a range of about 3 degrees to either side of center, and a transom extends between the sideframes, forming a rigid, unsprung, lateral connecting member between the rocker plates of the two sideframes. In this context, “unsprung” refers to the transom being mounted to a portion of the truck that is not resiliently isolated from the rails by the main spring groups.
When the three degree condition is reached, the rockers “lock-up” against the sideframes, and the dominant lateral displacement characteristic is that of the main spring groups in shear, as illustrated and described by Weber. The lateral, unsprung, sideframe connecting member, namely the transom, has a stop that engages a downwardly extending abutment on the bolster to limit lateral travel of the bolster relative to the sideframes. This use of a lateral connecting member is shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,814 of Weber, issued Aug. 19, 1969, also incorporated herein by reference. As noted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,670,660 the use of a spring plank had been known, and the use of an abutment at the level of the spring plank tended to permit the end of travel reaction to the truck bolster to be transmitted from the sideframes at a relatively low height, yielding a lower overturning moment on the wheels than if the end-of-travel force were transmitted through gibs on the truck bolster from the sideframe columns at a relatively greater height. The use of a spring plank in this way was considered advantageous.
In Canadian Patent 2,090,031, (issued Apr. 15, 1997 to Weber et al.,) noting the advent of lighter weight, low deck cars, Weber et al., replaced the transom with a lateral rod assembly to provide a rigid, unsprung connection member between the platforms of the rockers of the lower spring seats. One type of car in which relative lightness and a low main deck has tended to be found is an Autorack car.
For the purposes of rapid estimation of truck lateral stiffness, the following formula can be used:

ktruck=2×[(ksideframe)−1+(kspring shear)−1]−1 

where

    
    
        ksideframe=[kpendulum+kspring moment]
        kspring shear=The lateral spring constant for the spring group in shear.
        kpendulum=The force required to deflect the pendulum per unit of deflection, as measured at the center of the bottom spring seat.
        kspring moment=The force required to deflect the bottom spring seat per unit of sideways deflection against the twisting moment caused by the unequal compression of the inboard and outboard springs.
    
    


In a pure pendulum, the relationship between weight and deflection is approximately linear for small angles of deflection, such that, by analogy to a spring in which F=kx, a lateral constant (for small angles) can be defined as kpendulum=W/L, where k is the lateral constant, W is the weight, and L is the pendulum length. Further, for the purpose of rapid comparison of the lateral swinging of the sideframes, an approximation for an equivalent pendulum length for small angles of deflection can be defined as Leq=W/kpendulum. In this equation W represents the sprung weight borne by that sideframe, typically 1⁄4 of the total sprung weight for a symmetrical car. For a conventional truck, Leq may be of the order of about 3 or 4 inches. For a swing motion truck, Leq may be of the order of about 10 to 15 inches.
It is also possible to define the pendulum lateral stiffness (for small angles) in terms of the length of the pendulum, the radius of curvature of the rocker, and the design weight carried by the pendulum: according to the formula:

kpendulum=(Flateral/δlateral)=(W/Lpendulum)[(Rcurvature/Lpendulum)+1]

where:

    
    
        kpendulum=the lateral stiffness of the pendulum
        Flateral=the force per unit of lateral deflection
        δlateral=a unit of lateral deflection
        W=the weight borne by the pendulum
        Lpendulum=the length of the pendulum, being the vertical distance from the contact surface of the bearing adapter to the bottom spring seat
        Rcurvature=the radius of curvature of the rocker surface
    
    


Following from this, if the pendulum stiffness is taken in series with the lateral spring stiffness, then the resultant overall lateral stiffness can be obtained. Using this number in the denominator, and the design weight in the numerator yields a length, effectively equivalent to a pendulum length if the entire lateral stiffness came from an equivalent pendulum according to Lresultant=W/klateral total 
For a conventional truck with a 60 inch radius of curvature rocker, and stiff suspension, this length, Lresultant may be of the order of 6-8 inches, or thereabout.
So that the present invention may better be understood by comparison, in the prior art illustration of FIGS. 1a, 1b, and 1c, a NACO swing motion truck is identified generally as A20. Inasmuch as the truck is symmetrical about the truck center both from side-to-side and lengthwise, the artist has shown only half of the bolster, identified as A22, and half of one of the sideframes, identified as A24.
In the customary manner, sideframe A24 has defined in it a generally rectangular window A26 that admits one of the ends of the bolster A28. The top boundary of window A26 is defined by the sideframe arch, or compression member identified as top chord member A30, and the bottom of window A26 is defined by a tension member, identified as bottom chord A32. The fore and aft vertical sides of window A26 are defined by sideframe columns A34.
At the swept up ends of sideframe A24 there are sideframe pedestal fittings A38 which each accommodate an upper rocker identified as a pedestal rocker seat A40, that engages the upper surface of a bearing adapter A42. Bearing adapter A42 itself engages a bearing mounted on one of the axles of the truck adjacent one of the wheels. A rocker seat A40 is located in each of the fore and aft pedestals, the rocker seats being longitudinally aligned such that the sideframe can swing transversely relative to the rolling direction of the truck A20 generally in what is referred to as a “swing hanger” arrangement.
The bottom chord of the sideframe includes pockets A44 in which a pair of fore and aft lower rocker bearing seats A46 are mounted. The lower rocker seat A48 has a pair of rounded, tapered ends or trunnions A50 that sit in the lower rocker bearings A48, and a medial platform A52. An array of four corner bosses A54 extend upwardly from platform A52.
An unsprung, lateral, rigid connecting member in the nature of a spring plank, or transom A60 extends cross-wise between the sideframes in a spaced apart, underslung, relationship below truck bolster A22. Transom A60 has an end portion that has an array of four apertures A62 that pick up on bosses A54. A grouping, or set of springs A64 seats on the end of the transom, the corner springs of the set locating above bosses A54.
The spring group, or set A64, is captured between the distal end of bolster A22 and the end portion of transom A60. Spring set A64 is placed under compression by the weight of the rail car body and lading that bears upon bolster A22 from above. In consequence of this loading, the end portion of transom A60, and hence the spring set, are carried by platform A54. The reaction force in the springs has a load path that is carried through the bottom rocker A70 (made up of trunnions A50 and lower rocker bearings A48) and into the sideframe A22 more generally.
Friction damping is provided by damping wedges A72 that seat in mating bolster pockets A74. Bolster pockets A74 have inclined damper seats A76. The vertical sliding faces of the friction damper wedges then ride up an down on friction wear plates A80 mounted to the inwardly facing surfaces of the sideframe columns.
The “swing motion” truck gets its name from the swinging motion of the sideframe on the upper rockers when a lateral track perturbation is imposed on the wheels. The reaction of the sideframes is to swing, rather like pendula, on the upper rockers. When this occurs, the transom and the truck bolster tend to shift sideways, with the bottom spring seat platform rotating on the lower rocker.
The upper rockers are inserts, typically of a hardened material, whose rocking, or engaging, surface A80 has a radius of curvature of about 5 inches, with the center of curvature (when assembled) lying above the upper rockers (i.e., the surface is upwardly concave).
As noted above, one of the features of a swing motion truck is that while it may be quite stiff vertically, and while it may be resistant to parallelogram deformation because of the unsprung lateral connection member, it may at the same time tend to be laterally relatively soft.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In the view of the present inventor, the lower rocker and the transom of the prior art swing motion truck may tend to add complexity to the truck. In the view of the present invention, it would be advantageous to retain the upper rocker geometry of a swing motion truck, while eliminating either the transom, or the bottom rocker, or preferably both. In consequence, in an aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck that is free of unsprung cross bracing. In another aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck that is free of (a) a transom; (b) a frame brace; and (c) unsprung lateral bracing rods. In another aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck that is free of a bottom rocker.
In still another aspect of the invention there is a sideframe assembly for a swing motion rail road car truck. The sideframe assembly has a frame member. The frame member has a pair of first and second longitudinally spaced apart bearing pedestals. The sideframe has a pair of first and second rockers. The first rocker is mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to the first bearing pedestal. The second bearing rocker is mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to the second bearing pedestal. The first and second bearing rockers are aligned on a common axis. A spring seat is rigidly mounted in the sideframe, whereby, when the sideframe rocks on the rockers, the spring seat swings rigidly with the sideframe.
In a further aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck. The swing motion rail road car truck has a truck bolster having a first end and a second end. The truck has a pair of first and second sideframes. Each of the sideframes has a sideframe window defined therein for accommodating an end of a truck bolster, and has a spring seat for receiving a spring set. The spring seat is rigidly oriented with respect to the sideframe window. The truck has a first spring set and a second spring set. The first spring set is mounted in the spring seat of the first sideframe, and the second spring set is mounted in the spring seat of the second sideframe. The truck bolster is mounted cross-wise relative to the sideframes. The first end of the truck bolster is supported by the first spring set. The second end of the truck bolster is supported by the second spring set. The first and second sideframes each have rocker mounts for engaging first and second axles. The rocker mounts are mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to permit cross-wise swinging motion of the sideframes.
In yet another aspect of the invention there is a sideframe assembly for a swing motion rail road car truck. The sideframe assembly has a frame member. The frame member has a pair of first and second longitudinally spaced apart bearing pedestals and a pair of first and second rockers. The first rocker is mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to the first bearing pedestal. The second bearing rocker is mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to the second bearing pedestal. The first and second bearing rockers are aligned on a common axis. A spring seat is rigidly mounted in the sideframe, whereby, when the sideframe rocks on the rockers the spring seat swings rigidly with the sideframe.
In another aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck. The truck has a truck bolster having a first end and a second end. The truck has a pair of first and second sideframes for accommodating an end of a truck bolster, and has a spring seat for receiving a spring set. The spring seat is rigidly mounted with respect to the sideframe. The truck has a first spring group and a second spring group. The first spring group is mounted in the spring seat of the first sideframe. The second spring group is mounted in the spring seat of the second sideframe. The truck bolster is mounted transversely relative to the sideframes. The first end of the truck bolster is supported by the first spring group. The second end of the truck bolster is supported by the second spring group. The first and second sideframes each have rocker mounts for engaging first and second axles of a wheelset. The rocker mounts are mounted in a swing hanger arrangement to permit cross-wise swinging motion of the sideframes relative to the wheelset.
In an additional feature of that aspect of the invention, the truck is free of underslung lateral cross-bracing. In another additional feature, the truck is free of a transom. In still another additional feature, a set of biased members operable to resist parallelogram deformation of the truck is mounted to act between each end of the truck bolster and the sideframe associated therewith. One of the sets of biased members includes first and second biased members. The first biased member is mounted to act at a laterally inboard location relative to the second biased member. In yet another additional feature, each of the sets of biased members includes third and fourth biased members. The third biased member is mounted transversely inboard of the fourth biased member. In a further additional feature, the biased members are friction dampers.
In another additional feature, a set of friction dampers is mounted to act between each end of the truck bolster and the sideframe associated therewith. One of the sets of friction dampers includes first and second friction dampers. The first friction damper is mounted to act at a laterally inboard location relative to the second friction damper. In yet another additional feature, each of the sets of friction dampers includes third and fourth friction dampers. The third friction damper is mounted transversely inboard of the fourth friction damper. In still another additional feature, the friction dampers are individually biased by springs of the spring groups.
In still yet another additional feature, each of the sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length Leq in the range of 6 to 15 inches. In a further additional feature, each of the spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant of less than 15,000 Lbs./in.
In another aspect of the invention there is a swing motion truck having a pair of first and second sideframes and a truck bolster mounted transversely relative to the sideframes. The truck bolster has a first end associated with the first sideframe and a second end associated with the second sideframe. A first set of friction dampers is mounted to act between the first end of the truck bolster and the first sideframe. A second set of friction dampers is mounted to act between the second end of the truck bolster and the second sideframe. The first set of friction dampers includes at least four individually sprung friction dampers.
In an additional feature of that aspect of the invention, the friction dampers are mounted in a four corner arrangement. In another additional feature, the friction dampers include a first inboard friction damper, a second inboard friction damper, a first outboard friction damper and a second outboard friction damper. The first and second inboard friction dampers are mounted transversely inboard relative to the first and second outboard friction dampers.
In yet another additional feature, the truck is free of unsprung lateral bracing between the sideframes. In still another additional feature, the truck is free of a transom. In still yet another additional feature, each of the sideframes has a rigid spring seat, and respective groups of springs are mounted therein between the spring seat and a respective end of the truck bolster. In still another additional feature, each of the friction dampers are sprung on springs of the spring groups. In a further additional feature, each of the sideframes has a rocking spring seat. In still a further additional feature, each of the sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length, Leq, in the range of 6 to 15 inches.
In yet a further additional feature, a first spring group is mounted between the first end of the truck bolster and the first sideframe. A second spring group is mounted between the second end of the truck bolster and the second sideframe. Each of the first and second spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant k that is less than 15,000 Lbs./in per group.
In another aspect of the invention there is a swing motion rail road car truck. The truck has a truck bolster having a first end and a second end and a pair of first and second sideframes. Each of the sideframes accommodates an end of the truck bolster, and has a spring seat for receiving a spring group. The truck has a first spring group and a second spring group. The first spring group is mounted in the spring seat of the first sideframe. The second spring group is mounted in the spring seat of the second sideframe. The truck bolster is mounted cross-wise relative to the sideframes. The first end of the truck bolster is supported by the first spring group. The second end of the truck bolster is supported by the second spring group. The first and second sideframes each have swing hanger rocker mounts for engaging first and second axles. The rocker mounts are operable to permit cross-wise swinging motion of the sideframes. The truck is free of lateral cross-bracing between the sideframes. In an additional feature of that aspect of the invention, the spring seats are rigidly mounted to the sideframes.
In another additional feature, a set of biased members, operable to resist parallelogram deformation of the truck, is mounted to act between each end of the truck bolster and the sideframe associated therewith. One of the sets of biased members includes first and second biased members. The first biased member is mounted to act at a laterally inboard location relative to the second biased member. In still another additional feature, each of the sets of biased members includes third and fourth biased members. The third biased member is mounted transversely inboard of the fourth biased member. In yet another additional feature, the biased members are friction dampers.
In still yet another additional feature, a set of friction dampers is mounted to act between each end of the truck bolster and the sideframe associated therewith. One of the sets of friction dampers includes first and second friction dampers. The first friction damper is mounted to act at a laterally inboard location relative to the second friction damper. In another additional feature, each of the sets of friction dampers includes third and fourth friction dampers. The third friction damper is mounted transversely inboard of the fourth friction damper. In a further additional feature, the friction dampers are individually biased by springs of the spring groups. In still a further additional feature, each of the sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length Leq in the range of 6 to 15 inches. In yet a further additional feature, each of the spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant of less than 15,000 Lbs./in.
In still yet a further additional feature, a first set of friction dampers is mounted to act between the first end of the truck bolster and the first sideframe. A second set of friction dampers is mounted to act between the second end of the truck bolster and the second sideframe. The first set of friction dampers includes at least four individually sprung friction dampers. In another additional feature, the friction dampers are mounted in a four corner arrangement. In yet another additional feature, the friction dampers include a first inboard friction damper, a second inboard friction damper, a first outboard friction damper and a second outboard friction damper. The first and second inboard friction dampers are mounted transversely inboard relative to the first and second outboard friction dampers.
In still yet another additional feature, each of the sideframes has a rigid spring seat, and respective groups of springs are mounted therein between the spring seat and a respective end of the truck bolster. In a further additional feature, each of the friction dampers are sprung on springs of the spring groups. In still a further additional feature, each of the sideframes has a rocking spring seat. In yet a further additional feature, each of the sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length, Leq, in the range of 6 to 15 inches. In still yet a further additional feature, each of the first and second spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant k that is less than 15,000 Lbs./in per group.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS
The principles of the invention may better be understood with reference to the accompanying figures provided by way of illustration of an exemplary embodiment, or embodiments, incorporating those principles, and in which:
FIG. 1a shows a prior art exploded partial view illustration of a swing motion truck based on the illustration shown at page 716 in the 1980 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia; 
FIG. 1b shows a cross-sectional detail of an upper rocker assembly of the truck of FIG. 1a; 
FIG. 1c shows a cross-sectional detail of a lower rocker assembly of the truck of FIG. 1a; 
FIG. 2a shows a swing motion truck as shown in FIG. 1a, but lacking a transom;
FIG. 2b shows a sectional detail of an upper rocker assembly of the truck of FIG. 2a; 
FIG. 2c shows a cross-sectional detail of a bottom spring seat of the truck of FIG. 2a; 
FIG. 3a shows a swing motion truck having an upper rocker as in the swing motion truck of FIG. 1a, but having a rigid spring seat, and being free of a transom;
FIG. 3b shows a cross-sectional detail of the upper rocker assembly of the truck of FIG. 3a; 
FIG. 4 shows a swing motion truck similar to that of FIG. 3a, but having doubled bolster pockets and wedges;
FIG. 5a shows an isometric view of an assembled swing motion truck similar to that of FIG. 3a, but having a different spring and damper arrangement;
FIG. 5b shows a top view of the truck of FIG. 5a showing a 2×4 spring arrangement;
FIG. 5c shows the damper arrangement of the truck of FIG. 5a; 
FIG. 5d shows a side view of the truck of FIG. 5a; and
FIG. 5e shows a view similar to FIG. 5b, but with a 3×5 spring arrangement.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The description that follows, and the embodiments described therein, are provided by way of illustration of an example, or examples, of particular embodiments of the principles of the present invention. These examples are provided for the purposes of explanation, and not of limitation, of those principles and of the invention. In the description, like parts are marked throughout the specification and the drawings with the same respective reference numerals. The drawings are not necessarily to scale and in some instances proportions may have been exaggerated in order more clearly to depict certain features of the invention.
In terms of general orientation and directional nomenclature, for each of the rail road car trucks described herein, the longitudinal direction is defined as being coincident with the rolling direction of the rail road car, or rail road car unit, when located on tangent (that is, straight) track. In the case of a rail road car having a center sill, the longitudinal direction is parallel to the center sill, and parallel to the side sills, if any. Unless otherwise noted, vertical, or upward and downward, are terms that use top of rail, TOR, as a datum. The term lateral, or laterally outboard, refers to a distance or orientation relative to the longitudinal centerline of the railroad car, or car unit. The term “longitudinally inboard”, or “longitudinally outboard” is a distance taken relative to a mid-span lateral section of the car, or car unit. Pitching motion is angular motion of a railcar unit about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. Yawing is angular motion about a vertical axis. Roll is angular motion about the longitudinal axis.
This description relates to rail car trucks. Several AAR standard truck sizes are listed at page 711 in the 1997 Car & Locomotive Cyclopedia. As indicated, for a single unit rail car having two trucks, a “40 Ton” truck rating corresponds to a maximum gross car weight on rail of 142,000 lbs. Similarly, “50 Ton” corresponds to 177,000 lbs, “70 Ton” corresponds to 220,000 lbs, “100 Ton” corresponds to 263,000 lbs, and “125 Ton” corresponds to 315,000 lbs. In each case the load limit per truck is then half the maximum gross car weight on rail. A “110 Ton” truck is a term sometimes used for a truck having a maximum weight on rail of 286,000 lbs.
This application refers to friction dampers, and multiple friction damper systems. There are several types of damper arrangement as shown at pages 715-716 of the 1997 Car and Locomotive Encyclopedia, those pages being incorporated herein by reference. Double damper arrangements are shown and described in my co-pending US patent application, filed contemporaneously herewith and entitled “Rail Road Freight Car With Damped Suspension”, application Ser. No. 10/210,797 which is also incorporated herein by reference. Each of the arrangements of dampers shown at pp. 715 to 716 of the 1997 Car and Locomotive Encyclopedia can be modified according to the principles of my aforesaid co-pending application for “Rail Road Freight Car With Damped Suspension” to employ a four cornered, double damper arrangement of inner and outer dampers.
In the example of FIGS. 2a and 2b, a truck embodying an aspect of the present invention is indicated as 10. Truck 10 differs from truck A20 of FIG. 1a insofar as it is free of a rigid, unsprung lateral connecting member in the nature of unsprung cross-bracing such as a frame brace of crossed-diagonal rods, lateral rods, or a transom (such as transom A60) running between the rocker plates of the bottom spring seats of the opposed sideframes. Further, truck 10 employs gibs 12 to define limits to the lateral range of travel of the truck bolster 14 relative to the sideframe 16. In other respects, including the sideframe geometry and upper and lower rocker assemblies, truck 10 is intended to have generally similar features to truck A20, although it may differ in size, pendulum length, spring stiffness, wheelbase, window width and window height, and damping arrangement. The determination of these values and dimensions may depend on the service conditions under which the truck is to operate.
As with other trucks described herein, it will be understood that since truck 10 (and trucks 20, 120, and 220, described below) are symmetrical about both their longitudinal and transverse axes, the truck is shown in partial section. In each case, where reference is made to a sideframe, it will be understood that the truck has first and second sideframes, first and second spring groups, and so on.
In FIGS. 3a and 3b, for example, a truck embodying an aspect of the present invention is identified generally as 20. Inasmuch as truck 20 is symmetrical about the truck center both from side-to-side and lengthwise, the bolster, identified as 22, and the sideframes, identified as 24 are shown in part. Truck 20 differs from truck A20 of the prior art, described above, in that truck 20 has a rigid spring seat rather than a lower rocker as in truck A20, as described below, and is free of a rigid, unsprung lateral connection member such as an underslung transom A60, a frame brace, or laterally extending rods.
Sideframe 24 has a generally rectangular window 26 that accommodates one of the ends 28 of the bolster 22. The upper boundary of window 26 is defined by the sideframe arch, or compression member identified as top chord member 30, and the bottom of window 26 is defined by a tension member identified as bottom chord 32. The fore and aft vertical sides of window 26 are defined by sideframe columns 34.
The ends of the tension member sweep up to meet the compression member. At each of the swept-up ends of sideframe 24 there are sideframe pedestal fittings 38. Each fitting 38 accommodates an upper rocker identified as a pedestal rocker seat 40. Pedestal rocker seat 40 engages the upper surface of a bearing adapter 42. Bearing adapter 42 engages a bearing mounted on one of the axles of the truck adjacent one of the wheels. A rocker seat 40 is located in each of the fore and aft pedestal fittings 38, the rocker seats 40 being longitudinally aligned such that the sideframe can swing transversely relative to the rolling direction of the truck in a “swing hanger” arrangement.
Bearing adapter 42 has a hollowed out recess 43 in its upper surface that defines a bearing surface 43 for receiving rocker seat 40. Bearing surface 43 is formed on a radius of curvature R1. The radius of curvature R1 is preferably in the range of less than 25 inches, and is preferably in the range of 8 to 12 inches, and most preferably about 10 inches with the center of curvature lying upwardly of the rocker seat. The lower face of rocker seat 40 is also formed on a circular arc, having a radius of curvature R2 that is less than the radius of curvature R1 of recess 43. R2 is preferably in the range of 1⁄4 to 3⁄4 as large as R1, and is preferably in the range of 3-10 inches, and most preferably 5 inches when R1 is 10 inches, i.e., R2 is one half of R1. Given the relatively small angular displacement of the rocking motion of R2 relative to R1 (typically less than +/−10 degrees) the relationship is one of rolling contact, rather than sliding contact.
The bottom chord or tension member of sideframe 24 has a basket plate, or lower spring seat 44 rigidly mounted to bottom chord 32, such that it has a rigid orientation relative to window 26, and to sideframe 24 in general. That is, in contrast to the lower rocker platform of the prior art swing motion truck A20 of FIG. 1a, as described above, spring seat 44 is not mounted on a rocker, and does not rock relative to sideframe 24. Although spring seat 44 retains an array of bosses 46 for engaging the corner elements, namely springs 54 and 55 (inboard), 56 and 57 (outboard) of a spring set 48, there is no transom mounted between the bottom of the springs and seat 44. Seat 44 has a peripheral lip 52 for discouraging the escape of the bottom ends the of springs.
The spring group, or spring set 48, is captured between the distal end 28 of bolster 22 and spring seat 44, being placed under compression by the weight of the rail car body and lading that bears upon bolster 22 from above.
Friction damping is provided by damping wedges 62 that seat in mating bolster pockets 64 that have inclined damper seats 66. The vertical sliding faces 70 of the friction damper wedges 62 then ride up and down on friction wear plates 72 mounted to the inwardly facing surfaces of sideframe columns 34. Angled faces 74 of wedges 62 ride against the angled face of seat 66. Bolster 22 has inboard and outboard gibbs 76, 78 respectively, that bound the lateral motion of bolster 22 relative to sideframe columns 34. This motion allowance may advantageously be in the range of +/−11⁄8 to 13⁄4 inches, and is most preferably in the range of 1 3/16 to 1 9/16 inches, and can be set, for example, at 11⁄2 inches or 11⁄4 inches of lateral travel to either side of a neutral, or centered, position when the sideframe is undeflected.
As in the prior art swing motion truck A20, a spring group of 8 springs in a 3:2:3 arrangement is used. Other configurations of spring groups could be used, such as these described below.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, a truck 120 is substantially similar to truck 20, but differs insofar as truck 120 has a bolster 122 having double bolster pockets 124, 126 on each face of the bolster at the outboard end. Bolster pockets 124, 126 accommodate a pair of first and second, laterally inboard and laterally outboard friction damper wedges 128, 129 and 130, 131, respectively. Wedges 128, 129 each sit over a first, inboard corner spring 132, 133, and wedges 130, 131 each sit over a second, outboard corner spring 134, 135. In this four corner arrangement, each damper is individually sprung by one or another of the springs in the spring group. The static compression of the springs under the weight of the car body and lading tends to act as a spring loading to bias the damper to act along the slope of the bolster pocket to force the friction surface against the sideframe. As such, the dampers co-operate in acting as biased members working between the bolster and the sideframes to resist parallelogram, or lozenging, deformation of the sideframe relative to the truck bolster. A middle end spring 136 bears on the underside of a land 138 located intermediate bolster pockets 124 and 126. The top ends of the central row of springs, 140, seat under the main central portion 142 of the end of bolster 122.
The lower ends of the springs of the entire spring group, identified generally as 144, seat in the lower spring seat 146. Lower spring seat 146 has the layout of a tray with an upturned rectangular peripheral lip. Lower spring seat 146 is rigidly mounted to the lower chord 148 of sideframe 154. In this case, spring group 144 has a 3 rows×3 columns layout, rather than the 3:2:3 arrangement of truck 20. A 3×5 layout as shown in FIG. 5e could be used, as could other alternate spring group layouts. Truck 120 is free of any rigid, unsprung lateral sideframe connection members such as transom A60.
It will be noted that bearing plate 150 mounted to vertical sideframe columns 152 is significantly wider than the corresponding bearing plate 72 of truck 20 of FIG. 2a. This additional width corresponds to the additional overall damper span width measured fully across the damper pairs, plus lateral travel as noted above, typically allowing 11⁄2 (+/−) inches of lateral travel of the bolster relative to the sideframe to either side of the undeflected central position. That is, rather than having the width of one coil, plus allowance for travel, plate 150 has the width of three coils, plus allowance to accommodate 11⁄2 (+/−) inches of travel to either side. Plate 150 is significantly wider than the through thickness of the sideframes more generally, as measured, for example, at the pedestals.
Damper wedges 128 and 130 sit over 44% (+/−) of the spring group i.e., 4/9 of a 3 rows×3 columns group as shown in FIG. 4, whereas wedges 62 only sat over 2/8 of the 3:2:3 group in FIG. 3a. For the same proportion of vertical damping, wedges 128 and 130 may tend to have a larger included angle (i.e., between the wedge hypotenuse and the vertical face for engaging the friction wear plates on the sideframe columns 34. For example, if the included angle of friction wedges 62 is about 35 degrees, then, assuming a similar overall spring group stiffness, and single coils, the corresponding angle of wedges 128 and 130 could advantageously be in the range of 50-65 degrees, or more preferably about 55 degrees. In a 3×5 group such as group 270 of truck 280 of FIG. 5e, for coils of equal stiffness, the wedge angle may tend to be in the 35 to 40 degree range. The specific angle will be a function of the specific spring stiffnesses and spring combinations actually employed.
The use of spaced apart pairs of damper wedges 128, 130 may tend to give a larger moment arm, as indicated by dimension “2M”, for resisting parallelogram deformation of truck 120 more generally as compared to trucks 20 or A20. Parallelogram deformation may tend to occur, for example, during the “truck hunting” phenomenon that has a tendency to occur in higher speed operation.
Placement of doubled dampers in this way may tend to yield a greater restorative “squaring” force to return the truck to a square orientation than for a single damper alone, as in truck 20. That is, in parallelogram deformation, or lozenging, the differential compression of one diagonal pair of springs (e.g., inboard spring 132 and outboard spring 135 may be more pronouncedly compressed) relative to the other diagonal pair of springs (e.g., inboard spring 133 and outboard spring 134 may be less pronouncedly compressed than springs 132 and 135) tends to yield a restorative moment couple acting on the sideframe wear plates. This moment couple tends to rotate the sideframe in a direction to square the truck, (that is, in a position in which the bolster is perpendicular, or “square”, to the sideframes) and thus may tend to discourage the lozenging or parallelogramming, noted by Weber.
Another embodiment of multiple damper truck 220 is shown in FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d. Truck 220 has a wheel set of four wheels 221 and two axles 223. Truck 220 is substantially similar to truck 120, but differs insofar as truck 220 has a bolster 222 having single bolster pockets 225, 227 on opposites sides of the outboard end portion of the bolster, each being of enlarged width, such as double the width of the single pockets shown in FIG. 3a, to accommodate a pair of first and second, inboard and outboard friction damper wedges 228, 230, (or 229, 231, opposite side) in side-by-side independently displaceable sliding relationship relative not only to the seat of the pocket, but also with respect to each other. In this instance the spring group, indicated as 232, has a 2 rows×4 columns layout, as seen most clearly in FIG. 5b. Wedges 228, 230 each sit over a first corner spring 234, 236 and wedges 229, 231 each sit over a second corner spring 233, 235. The central 2 rows×2 columns of the springs bear on the underside of a land 238 located in the main central portion of the end of bolster 222 longitudinally intermediate bolster pockets 225 and 227.
For the purposes of this description the swivelling, 4 wheel, 2 axle truck 220 has first and second sideframes 224 that can be taken as having the same upper rocker assembly as truck 120, and has a rigidly mounted lower spring seat 240, like spring seat 146, but having a shape to suit the 2 rows×4 columns spring layout rather than the 3×3 layout of truck 120. It may also be noted that sideframe window 242 has greater width between sideframe columns 244, 245 than window 26 between columns 34 to accommodate the longer spring group footprint, and bolster 222 similarly has a wider end to sit over the spring group.
In this example, damper wedges 228, 230 and 229, 232 sit over 50% of the spring group i.e., 4/8 namely springs 234, 236, 233, 235. For the same proportion of vertical damping as in truck 20, wedges 128 and 130 may tend to have a larger included angle, possibly about 60 degrees, although angles in the range of 45 to 70 degrees could be chosen depending on spring combinations and spring stiffnesses. Once again, in a warping condition, the somewhat wider damping region (the width of two full coils plus lateral travel of 11⁄2′′ (+/−)) of sideframe column wear plates 246, 247 lying between inboard and outboard gibbs 248, 249, 250, 251 relative to truck 20 (a damper width of one coil with travel), sprung on individual springs (inboard and outboard in truck 220, as opposed to a single central coil in truck 20), may tend to generate a moment couple to give a restoring force working on a moment arm. This restoring force may tend to urge the sideframe back to a square orientation relative to the bolster, with diagonally opposite pairs of springs working as described above. In this instance, the springs each work on a moment arm distance corresponding to half of the distance between the centers of the 2 rows of coils, rather than half the 3 coil distance shown in FIG. 4.
One way to encourage an increase in the hunting threshold is to employ a truck having a longer wheelbase, or one whose length is proportionately great relative to its width. For example, at present two axle truck wheelbases may generally range from about 5′-3′′ to 6′-0′′. However, the standard North American track gauge is 4′-81⁄2′′, giving a wheelbase to track width ratio possibly as small as 1.12. At 6′-0′′ the ratio is roughly 1.27. It would be preferable to employ a wheelbase having a longer aspect ratio relative to the track gauge.
In the case of truck 220, the size of the spring group yields an opening between the vertical columns of sideframe of roughly 33 inches. This is relatively large compared to existing spring groups, being more than 25% greater in width. In an alternate 3×5 spring group arrangement, the opening between the sideframe columns is more than 271⁄2 inches wide. Truck 220 also has a greater wheelbase length, indicated as WB. WB is advantageously greater than 73 inches, or, taken as a ratio to the track gauge width, and is also advantageously greater than 1.30 times the track gauge width. It is preferably greater than 80 inches, or more than 1.4 times the gauge width, and in one embodiment is greater than 1.5 times the track gauge width, being as great, or greater than, about 86 inches.
It will be understood that the features of the trucks of FIGS. 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4, 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d are provided by way of illustration, and that the features of the various trucks can be combined in many different permutations and combinations. That is, a 2×4 spring group could also be used with a single wedge damper per side. Although a single wedge damper per side arrangement is shown in FIGS. 2a and 3a, a double damper arrangement, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5a is nonetheless preferred as a double damper arrangement may tend to provide enhanced squaring of the truck and resistance to hunting. A 3×3 or 3×5, or other arrangement spring set may be used in place of either a 3:2:3 or 2×4 spring set, with a corresponding adjustment in spring seat plate size and layout. Similarly, the trucks can use a wide sideframe window, and corresponding extra long wheel base, or a smaller window. Further, each of the trucks could employ a rocking bottom spring seat, as in FIG. 2b, or a fixed bottom spring seat, as in FIG. 3a, 4 or 5a. 
When a lateral perturbation is passed to the wheels by the rails, the rigid axles will tend to cause both sideframes to deflect in the same direction. The reaction of the sideframes is to swing, rather like pendula, on the upper rockers. The pendulum and the twisted springs will tend to urge the sideframes back to their initial position. The tendency to oscillate harmonically due to the track perturbation will tend to be damped out be the friction of the dampers on the wear plates.
As before, the upper rocker seats are inserts, typically of a hardened material, whose rocking, or engaging surface 80 has a radius of curvature of about five inches, with the center of curvature (when assembled) lying above the upper rockers (i.e., the surface is upwardly concave).
In each of the trucks shown and described herein, for a fully laden car type, the lateral stiffness of the sideframe acting as a pendulum is less than the lateral stiffness of the spring group in shear. In one embodiment, the vertical stiffness of the spring group is less than 12,000 Lbs./in, with a horizontal shear stiffness of less than 6000 Lbs./in. The pendulum has a vertical length measured (when undeflected) from the rolling contact interface at the upper rocker seat to the bottom spring seat of between 12 and 20 inches, preferably between 14 and 18 inches. The equivalent length Leq, may be in the range of 8 to 20 inches, depending on truck size and rocker geometry, and is preferably in the range of 11 to 15 inches, and is most preferably between about 7 and 9 inches for 28 inch wheels (70 ton “special”), between about 81⁄2 and 10 inches for 33 inch wheels (70 ton), 91⁄2 and 12 inches for 36 inch wheels (100 or 110 ton), and 11 and 131⁄2 inches for 38 inch wheels (125 ton). Although truck 120 or 220 may be a 70 ton special, a 70 ton, 100 ton, 110 ton, or 125 ton truck, it is preferred that truck 120 or 220 be a truck size having 33 inch diameter, or even more preferably 36 or 38 inch diameter wheels.
In the trucks described herein according to the present invention, Lresultant, as defined above, is greater than 10 inches, is advantageously in the range of 15 to 25 inches, and is preferably between 18 and 22 inches, and most preferably close to about 20 inches. In one particular embodiment it is about 19.6 inches, and in another particular embodiment it is about 19.8 inches.
In the trucks described herein, for their fully laden design condition which may be determined either according to the AAR limit for 70, 100, 110 or 125 ton trucks, or, where a lower intended lading is chosen, then in proportion to the vertical sprung load yielding 2 inches of vertical spring deflection in the spring groups, the equivalent lateral stiffness of the sideframe, being the ratio of force to lateral deflection measured at the bottom spring seat, is less than the horizontal shear stiffness of the springs. The equivalent lateral stiffness of the sideframe ksideframe is less than 6000 Lbs./in. and preferably between about 3500 and 5500 Lbs./in., and more preferably in the range of 3700-4100 Lbs./in. By way of an example, in one embodiment a 2×4 spring group has 8 inch diameter springs having a total vertical stiffness of 9600 Lbs./in. per spring group and a corresponding lateral shear stiffness kspring shear of 4800 lbs./in. The sideframe has a rigidly mounted lower spring seat. It is used in a truck with 36 inch wheels. In another embodiment, a 3×5 group of 51⁄2 inch diameter springs is used, also having a vertical stiffness of about 9600 lbs./in. in a truck with 36 inch wheels. It is intended that the vertical spring stiffness per spring group be in the range of less than 30,000 lbs./in., that it advantageously be in the range of less than 20,000 lbs./in and that it preferably be in the range of 4,000 to 12000 lbs./in, and most preferably be about 6000 to 10,000 lbs./in. The twisting of the springs has a stiffness in the range of 750 to 1200 lbs./in. and a vertical shear stiffness in the range of 3500 to 5500 lbs./in. with an overall sideframe stiffness in the range of 2000 to 3500 lbs./in.
In the embodiments of trucks in which there is a fixed bottom spring seat, the truck may have a portion of stiffness, attributable to unequal compression of the springs equivalent to 600 to 1200 Lbs./in. of lateral deflection, when the lateral deflection is measured at the bottom of the spring seat on the sideframe. Preferably, this value is less than 1000 Lbs./in., and most preferably is less than 900 Lbs./in. The portion of restoring force attributable to unequal compression of the springs will tend to be greater for a light car as opposed to a fully laden car, i.e., a car laden in such a manner that the truck is approaching its nominal load limit, as set out in the 1997 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia at page 711.
The double damper arrangements shown above can also be varied to include any of the four types of damper installation indicated at page 715 in the 1997 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia, whose information is incorporated herein by reference, with appropriate structural changes for doubled dampers, with each damper being sprung on an individual spring. That is, while inclined surface bolster pockets and inclined wedges seated on the main springs have been shown and described, the friction blocks could be in a horizontal, spring biased installation in a pocket in the bolster itself, and seated on independent springs rather than the main springs. Alternatively, it is possible to mount friction wedges in the sideframes, in either an upward orientation or a downward orientation.
The embodiments of trucks shown and described herein may vary in their suitability for different types of service. Truck performance can vary significantly based on the loading expected, the wheelbase, spring stiffnesses, spring layout, pendulum geometry, damper layout and damper geometry.
Various embodiments of the invention have now been described in detail. Since changes in and or additions to the above-described best mode may be made without departing from the nature, spirit or scope of the invention, the invention is not to be limited to those details but only by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A rail road car truck for rolling motion in a longitudinal direction along cross-wise spaced apart rail road tracks, said rail road car truck having a load rating, said rail road car truck comprising:
a bolster, a first sideframe, a second sideframe, a first wheelset, a second wheelset, a first spring group, and a second spring group;
said bolster having a first end and a second end;
said bolster being mounted cross-wise between said sideframes;
said sideframes having upper regions rockingly mounted to said wheelsets, in operation said sideframes being operable to swing cross-wise;
said sideframes being mounted to yaw appreciably relative to said bolster;
said first spring group being mounted on a lower region of said first sideframe, and said first end of said bolster being mounted on said first spring group;
said second spring group being mounted on a lower region of said second sideframe, and said second end of said bolster being mounted on said second spring group;
each of said sideframes having a stiffness opposing cross-wise swinging thereof, kP;
each of said spring groups having a cross-wise shear stiffness, kSS;
when loaded to said load rating, kP being less than kSS;
said truck having resistance to yawing of said sideframes relative to said bolster; and
said resistance to yawing of said bolster being a function of yaw displacement of said sideframes relative to said bolster;
friction dampers and respective wear plates against which said friction dampers work when said bolster moves relative to said sideframes; and
said first spring group has at least two rows of springs; and a single one of said wear plates is wider than said two rows of springs.

2. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said resistance is linearly proportional to angular yaw displacement of said sideframes to said bolster.

3. The rail road car truck of claim 2 wherein said truck includes a first yaw resisting member and a second yaw resisting member, said first and second yaw resisting members being independently biased; said first yaw resisting member being mounted cross-wise inboard of said second yaw resisting member.

4. The rail road car truck of claim 3 wherein said truck also includes third and fourth yaw resisting members, said first and second yaw resisting members being mounted lengthwise away from said third and fourth yaw resisting members respectively, said third yaw resisting member being mounted cross-wise inboard of said fourth yaw resisting member.

5. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein:
said truck has a first set of four individually driven friction dampers mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said truck has a second set of four individually driven friction dampers mounted to work between said second end of said bolster and said second sideframe; and
said dampers work against said wear plates, and said wear plates are square to the longitudinal direction.

6. The rail road car truck of claim 5 wherein one of (a) said friction dampers and (b) said wear plates have non-metallic surfaces.

7. The rail road car truck of claim 5 wherein:
said first set of four individually driven friction dampers includes a first friction damper, a second friction damper, a third friction damper; and a fourth friction damper;
said first spring group includes a first corner spring, a second corner spring, a third corner spring and a fourth corner spring;
said first corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said second corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said third corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said fourth corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said first friction damper is mounted over said first corner spring;
said second friction damper is mounted over said second corner spring;
said third friction damper is mounted over said third corner spring; and
said fourth friction damper is mounted over said fourth corner spring.

8. The rail road car truck of claim 7 wherein each of said first, second, third and fourth corner springs has another spring nested therewithin.

9. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein:
said truck has four individually spring driven friction dampers mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said first spring group has an overall vertical spring rate, kV;
said first spring group includes damper springs driving said dampers, said damper springs having a total spring rate kD; and
kD is at least 15% of kV.

10. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein:
said truck has four individually spring driven friction damper wedges mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
each wedge has a first face mounted to work in a sliding relationship against a wear plate and an hypotenuse face mounted to seat in a damper pocket;
each of said damper wedges has a primary wedge angle, said primary wedge angle being that angle included between said first face and said hypotenuse face, said primary wedge angle being greater than 35 degrees.

11. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein;
said resistance is linearly proportional to angular yaw displacement of said sideframes to said bolster;
said first sideframe has an upper compression member, a lower tension member, and a pair of lengthwise spaced sideframe columns defining a sideframe window therebetween;
said sideframe columns have said respective wear plates mounted thereto, said wear plates being mounted square to said longitudinal direction;
said bolster has four damper accommodations at said first end thereof;
said truck has a first set of four individually spring driven friction dampers, said dampers including a first friction damper, a second friction damper, a third friction damper, and a fourth friction dampers;
each of said first, second, third and fourth friction dampers having a respective damper wedge, each of said damper wedges being seated in a respective one of said accommodations and being mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said first spring group has an overall vertical spring rate, kV; said first spring group includes damper springs driving said damper wedges, said damper springs having a total spring rate kD; and kD is at least 15% of kV;
each wedge has a first face mounted to work in a sliding relationship against a one of said wear plates and an hypotenuse face mounted to seat in a damper pocket;
each of said damper wedges has a primary wedge angle, said primary wedge angle being that angle included between said first face and said hypotenuse face, said primary wedge angle being greater than 35 degrees;
said first spring group includes a first corner spring, a second corner spring, a third corner spring and a fourth corner spring;
said first corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said second corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said third corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said fourth corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said first friction damper is mounted over said first corner spring;
said second friction damper is mounted over said second corner spring;
said third friction damper is mounted over said third corner spring;
said fourth friction damper is mounted over said fourth corner spring; and
each of said first, second, third and fourth corner springs has another spring nested therewithin.

12. The rail road car truck of claim 11 wherein said first and second friction dampers bear against a first one of said wear plates, and said third and fourth friction dampers bear against a second of said wear plates.

13. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said truck has an AAR load rating of at least “100 Ton” and has bolster mounted gibs straddling each of said sideframes, said gibs permitting at least one inch of travel of said bolster in lateral translation relative to said sideframes to either side of a neutral position.

14. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said truck has a rating of at least “70 Ton”.

15. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said truck has a rating of at least “100 Ton”.

16. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein each of said sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length, Leq, in the range of 6 to 15 inches.

17. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein:
said first spring group is mounted between said first end of said bolster and said first side frame;
said second spring group is mounted between said second end of said bolster and said second sideframe; and
each of said first and second spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant k that is less than 15,000 Lbs./in per group.

18. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said first spring group has three rows of springs, and said single one of said wear plates is wider than said three rows of springs.

19. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said sideframes have sideframe windows, said sideframe windows having a width to height ratio of at least 8:7.

20. The rail road car truck of claim 1 wherein said truck has an Lresultant in the range of 8 to 20 inches.

21. A rail road car truck for rolling motion in a longitudinal direction along cross-wise spaced apart rail road tracks, said rail road car truck having a load rating, said rail road car truck comprising:
a bolster, a first sideframe, a second sideframe, a first wheelset, a second wheelset, a first spring group, and a second spring group;
said bolster having a first end and a second end;
said bolster being mounted cross-wise between said sideframes;
said sideframes having upper regions rockingly mounted to said wheelsets, in operation said sideframes being operable to swing cross-wise;
said sideframes being mounted to yaw appreciably relative to said bolster;
said first spring group being mounted on a lower region of said first sideframe, and said first end of said bolster being mounted on said first spring group;
said second spring group being mounted on a lower region of said second sideframe, and said second end of said bolster being mounted on said second spring group;
each of said sideframes having a stiffness opposing cross-wise swinging thereof, kP;
each of said spring groups having a cross-wise shear stiffness, kSS;
when loaded to said load rating, kP being less than kSS;
said truck having resistance to yawing of said sideframes relative to said bolster; and
said resistance to yawing of said bolster being a function of yaw displacement of said sideframes relative to said bolster; and
said truck includes stops operable to constrain lateral displacement of said bolster within a range of motion, said range of motion being at least 1′′ to either side of a neutral position.

22. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said range of motion is between 11⁄8 and 13⁄4 inches to either side of neutral.

23. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said stops of said bolster are bolster gibs mounted to said bolster in positions to engage said sideframes in abutting relationship on lateral displacement of said bolster relative to said sideframes.

24. The rail road car truck of claim 23 wherein said bolster gibs are mounted in positions bracketing said sideframes.

25. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said resistance is linearly proportional to angular yaw displacement of said sideframes to said bolster.

26. The rail road car truck of claim 25 wherein said truck includes a first yaw resisting member and a second yaw resisting member, said first and second yaw resisting members being independently biased; said first yaw resisting member being mounted cross-wise inboard of said second yaw resisting member.

27. The rail road car truck of claim 26 wherein said truck also includes third and fourth yaw resisting members, said first and second yaw resisting members being mounted lengthwise away from said third and fourth yaw resisting members respectively, said third yaw resisting member being mounted cross-wise inboard of said fourth yaw resisting member.

28. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein:
said truck has a first set of four individually driven friction dampers mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said truck has a second set of four individually driven friction dampers mounted to work between said second end of said bolster and said second sideframe; and
said dampers work against wear plates that are square to the longitudinal direction.

29. The rail road car truck of claim 28 wherein one of (a) said friction dampers and (b) said wear plates have non-metallic surfaces.

30. The rail road car truck of claim 28 wherein:
said first set of four individually driven friction dampers includes a first friction damper, a second friction damper, a third friction damper; and a fourth friction damper;
said first spring group includes a first corner spring, a second corner spring, a third corner spring and a fourth corner spring;
said first corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said second corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said third corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said fourth corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said first friction damper is mounted over said first corner spring;
said second friction damper is mounted over said second corner spring;
said third friction damper is mounted over said third corner spring; and
said fourth friction damper is mounted over said fourth corner spring.

31. The rail road car truck of claim 30 wherein each of said first, second, third and fourth corner springs has another spring nested therewithin.

32. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein:
said truck has four individually spring driven friction dampers mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said first spring group has an overall vertical spring rate, kV;
said first spring group includes damper springs driving said dampers, said damper springs having a total spring rate kD; and
kD is at least 15% of kV.

33. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein:
said truck has four individually spring driven friction damper wedges mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
each wedge has a first face mounted to work in a sliding relationship against a wear plate and an hypotenuse face mounted to seat in a damper pocket;
each of said damper wedges has a primary wedge angle, said primary wedge angle being that angle included between said first face and said hypotenuse face, said primary wedge angle being greater than 35 degrees.

34. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein;
said resistance is linearly proportional to angular yaw displacement of said sideframes to said bolster;
said first sideframe has an upper compression member, a lower tension member, and a pair of lengthwise spaced sideframe columns defining a sideframe window therebetween;
said sideframe columns have respective wear plates mounted thereto, said wear plates being mounted square to said longitudinal direction;
said bolster has four damper accommodations at said first end thereof;
said truck has four individually spring driven friction damper wedges each seated in a respective one of said accommodations and being mounted to work between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said first spring group has an overall vertical spring rate, kV; said first spring group includes damper springs driving said damper wedges, said damper springs having a total spring rate kD; and kD is at least 15% of kV;
each wedge has a first face mounted to work in a sliding relationship against a one of said wear plates and an hypotenuse face mounted to seat in a damper pocket;
each of said damper wedges has a primary wedge angle, said primary wedge angle being that angle included between said first face and said hypotenuse face, said primary wedge angle being greater than 35 degrees;
a first set of four individually driven friction dampers including a first friction damper, a second friction damper, a third friction damper; and a fourth friction damper;
said first spring group includes a first corner spring, a second corner spring, a third corner spring and a fourth corner spring;
said first corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said second corner spring is a lengthwise forward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said third corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise inboard spring of said first spring group;
said fourth corner spring is a lengthwise rearward and most cross-wise outboard spring of said first spring group;
said first friction damper is mounted over said first corner spring;
said second friction damper is mounted over said second corner spring;
said third friction damper is mounted over said third corner spring;
said fourth friction damper is mounted over said fourth corner spring; and
each of said first, second, third and fourth corner springs has another spring nested therewithin.

35. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said truck has an AAR load rating of at least “100 Ton” and has bolster mounted gibs straddling each of said sideframes, said gibs permitting at least one inch of travel of said bolster in lateral translation relative to said sideframes to either side of a neutral position.

36. The rail road car truck of claim 34 wherein said first and second friction dampers bear against a first one of said wear plates, and said third and fourth friction dampers bear against a second of said wear plates.

37. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said truck has a rating of at least “70 Ton”.

38. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein said truck has a rating of at least “100 Ton”.

39. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein each of said sideframes has an equivalent pendulum length, Leq, in the range of 6 to 15 inches.

40. The rail road car truck of claim 21 wherein:
said first spring group is mounted between said first end of said bolster and said first sideframe;
said second spring group is mounted between said second end of said bolster and said second sideframe; and
each of said first and second spring groups has a vertical spring rate constant k that is less than 15,000 Lbs./in per group.

41. The rail road car truck of claim 21, said truck having friction dampers and respective wear plates against which said friction dampers work when said bolster moves relative to said sideframes; said first spring group has at least two rows of springs; and a single one of said wear plates is wider than said two rows of springs.

42. The rail road car truck of claim 41 wherein said first spring group has three rows of springs, and said single one of said wear plates is wider than said three rows of springs.

43. A rail road car truck for rolling motion in a longitudinal direction along rail road tracks, said rail road car truck having a load rating, said rail road car truck comprising:
a bolster, a first sideframe, a second sideframe, a first wheelset, a second wheelset, a first spring group, and a second spring group;
said bolster having a first end and a second end;
said bolster being mounted cross-wise between said sideframes;
said sideframes being rockingly mounted to said wheelsets, in operation said sideframes being operable to swing cross-wise;
said sideframes being mounted to yaw appreciably relative to said bolster;
said first spring group being mounted in said first sideframe, and said first end of said bolster being mounted on said first spring group;
said second spring group being mounted in said second sideframe, and said second end of said bolster being mounted on said second spring group;
each of said sideframes having a stiffness opposing cross-wise swinging thereof, kP;
each of said spring groups having a cross-wise shear stiffness, kSS;
when loaded to said load rating, kP being less than kSS;
said truck having resistance to yawing of said sideframes relative to said bolster; and
said sideframes having wear plates mounted thereto, said wear plates being square to said longitudinal direction;
said spring groups including springs arranged in lengthwise rows and cross-wise columns; and
said wear plates each presenting a planar surface that is wider in the cross-wise direction than two of said rows.

44. The rail road car truck of claim 43 wherein each of said wear plates is wider in the cross-wise direction than three of said rows.

45. The rail road car truck of claim 43 wherein said wear plates are wider than said spring groups in the cross-wise direction.

46. The rail road car truck of claim 45 wherein said truck has four friction dampers mounted at each end of said bolster, and each of said friction dampers includes a friction damper wedge having a primary wedge angle of greater than 35 degrees.

47. The rail road car truck of claim 45 wherein:
said truck has a set of friction dampers mounted at each end of said bolster;
said set includes first, second, third and fourth independently driven friction dampers, each driven by a first spring and by a second spring nested within the first spring;
each of said first and second springs having a spring rate associated with driving its respective associated damper;
each of said spring groups has a vertical spring rate kV; and
the sum of the spring rates of the springs driving said set of friction dampers is greater than 15% of kV.