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ACTION.RENDERED: FEBRUARY 14, 2019

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

2018-SC-000064-MR

COREY J. BUTTS APPELLANT

ON APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT

V. HONORABLE STEVE ALAN WILSON, JUDGE

NO. 13-CR-00749

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE

MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

AFFIRMING

In a trial before the court without a ju r y, the trial court found Corey J.

Butts guilty of kidnapping, two counts of rape, fourth-degree assault, and of

being a first-degree persistent felony offender. For these crimes, the trial court

imposed a sentence of 40 years ’ imprisonment. Butts now appeals the resulting

judgment to this Court as a matter of right, 1 raising several issues for review.

Finding no reversible error in the proceedings, we affirm the judgment.

1 See Ky. Const. § 110(2) (b) ( “ Appeals from a judgment of the Circuit Court imposing a

sentence of

. . . imprisonment for twenty years or more shall be taken directly to the

Supreme Court. ” ).I. BACKGROUND.

Butts and the victim gave very different accounts at trial of the events

giving rise to the criminal charges against Butts.

According to the victim ’ s trial testimony, she left her apartment at 1:45

in the morning to walk to a friend ’ s house. On her way, an individual she had

never seen before, whom she later identified as Butts, spoke to her from his

parked car and asked for directions. After she gave him directions and walked

away, Butts attacked at her, struck her on the back of her head, dragged her

into the passenger ’ s seat of his car, and drove away.

The victim testified that Butts threatened her with a gun 2 to engage in

sexual intercourse, but she told him she was unable to have sex because she

had recently given birth. Reacting to this, Butts struck the victim in the face

with the “ gun. ”

Butts pulled the car into a driveway and ordered the victim to put a

dark-colored shirt underneath her, which she did. Butts then raped her,

brandishing the “ gun ” and threatening to kill her if she screamed. Afterwards,

Butts drove the victim to his apartment.

Upon arriving at the apartment, the victim stayed in the car while Butts

sent another woman away from the apartment. He then ordered the victim to

exit the vehicle and enter the apartment.

2 It does not appear that a true firearm was ever found. Rather, police recovered from

the car a lighter in the shape of a pistol.

2Once inside, Butts directed the victim to “ wash off ’ using a brown

washcloth, which she did. Investigators later found this washcloth. Butts then

forced the victim to perform oral sex on him, then he raped her again. After the

victim cleaned herself off, Butts and the victim left the apartment in his vehicle

The victim testified that during the drive, Butts told the victim that he

had just gotten out of prison, that he was a sex offender, and that he intended

to kill her and throw her body into the river. The victim also testified that Butts

had two firearms during their interaction. 3

At some point during their drive, the car ran out of gas. Butts then took

the victim at gunpoint, and they began walking. They met a man walking his

dogs, and the victim ran to him. Butts fled. The man gave the victim his cell

phone to call the police and released one of his dogs to chase Butts. At trial,

the man could not identify Butts as the perpetrator, but he noted simply that

the perpetrator spoke with a male voice.

According to Butts ’ s trial testimony, he met the victim at a convenience

store before the night in question. Over a course of time, they developed a

relationship of consuming drugs together and engaging in sexual intercourse

frequently.

On the night in question, the victim arrived at Butts ’ s apartment, and

the two consumed drugs and engaged in consensual sexual intercourse. The

victim then left the apartment and returned later.

3 Again, no firearms were ever found.

3Upon her return, the victim showed interest in crack cocaine lying on

Butts ’ s dresser. The two smoked a piece of it. The victim then asked if Butts

wanted to engage in intercourse again, to which Butts initially agreed but then

declined.

At some point, Butts left the room, and, returning, noticed that his crack

cocaine was missing. Butts asked the victim if she had taken it, and she

smirked and admitted she had. Butts admitted that he reacted by punching

the victim twice in the eye. The victim then left the apartment, stating that she

would return with her boyfriend.

Butts also left the apartment and drove to a friend ’ s home where he

spent the rest of the night. His left hand was bloodied from having punched the

victim, so he used a gray tee shirt in the car to clean the blood from his hand.

The next morning, Butts fled to Nashville when he learned of the victim ’ s

allegations against him.

The grand jury indictment charged Butts with kidnapping, first-degree

sodomy, second-degree assault, two counts of first-degree rape, and of being a

first-degree persistent felony offender. Pleading not guilty, Butts opted for a

bench trial and testified in his own defense. The trial court acquitted Butts of

the sodomy charge but found him guilty of kidnapping, both counts of rape,

fourth-degree assault, and of being a first-degree persistent felony offender. The

trial court sentenced Butts to 40 years ’ imprisonment and entered judgment

accordingly.

4II. ANALYSIS.

A. The trial court did not err in rejecting Butts ’ s request to dismiss

the charges against him and in finding Butts guilty.

Butts alleges that the trial court erred when it failed to dismiss the

charges against him and found him guilty of the crimes that it did. 4 That this

issue is preserved for our review is undisputed.

Because this was a bench trial, Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure 5 ( “ CR ” )

41.02(2) is the standard the trial court uses when determining the

appropriateness of early dismissal rather than the directed-verdict standard

used injury trials. 6 CR 41.02(2) states:

In an action tried by the court without a jury, after the

[Commonwealth] has completed the presentation of [its] evidence,

the defendant, without waiving his right to offer evidence in the

event the motion is not granted, may move for a dismissal on the

ground that upon the facts and the law the [Commonwealth] has

shown no right to relief. The court as trier of the facts may then

determine them and render judgment against the [Commonwealth]

or may decline to render any judgment until the close of all the

evidence.

When ruling on a defendant ’ s CR 41.02(2) motion, “ [t]he trial court ‘ must weigh

and evaluate the evidence ’ rather than, with regard to directed verdict, ‘ indulge

4 Butts contests all his convictions except his fourth-degree assault conviction, of

which he admits his guilt.

5 “ The Rules of Civil Procedure shall be applicable in criminal proceedings to the

extent not superseded by or inconsistent with these Rules of Criminal Procedure. ”

Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure ( “ RCr ” ) 13.04.

6 R.S. v. Commonwealth, 423 S.W.3d 178, 184 (Ky. 2014) ( “ [A] directed verdict ‘ is

clearly improper in an action tried by a court without a jury. ’ Instead, “ the appropriate

procedural mechanism for early dismissal is found in CR 41.02(2). ’ ” ) (quoting Brown u.

Shelton, 156 S.W.3d 319, 320 (Ky. App. 2004)).

5every inference in the [Commonwealth ’ s] favor. ’ ” 7 We review a trial court ’ s

application of CR 41.02(2) for abuse of discretion. 8 “ The test for abuse of

discretion is whether the trial judge ’ s decision was arbitrary, unreasonable,

unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles. ” 9

It appears that Butts also challenges the trial court ’ s ultimate finding of

guilt in this case. “ The findings of the trial judge may not be set aside unless

clearly erroneous with due regard being given to the opportunity of the trial

judge to consider the credibility of the witnesses. ” 10 “ If the trial judge ’ s findings

of fact in the underlying action are not clearly erroneous, i.e., are supported by

substantial evidence, then the appellate court ’ s role is confined to determining

whether those facts support the trial judge ’ s legal conclusion. ” 11

Butts ’ s main contention is that the trial court should have dismissed the

charges because the only eyewitness presenting the prosecution ’ s version of

events, the victim herself, lied to the trial court, which should have destroyed

her credibility. The victim was asked at trial whether she had consumed drugs

at any point close in time before or during the events in question, to which the

victim responded with an adamant denial. But a toxicology screening

administered a few hours after the events in question showed that she had

7 R.S., 423 S.W.3d at 184 (quoting Morrison v. TrailmobUe Trailers, Inc., 526 S.W.2d

822, 824 (Ky. 1975)).

8 R.S., 423 S.W.3d at 184 (citing Jaroszewski v. Flege, 297 S.W.3d 24, 31 (Ky. 2009)).

9 Commonwealth u. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (internal citations

omitted)

.

10 Lawson v. Loid, 896 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Ky. 1995) (internal citations omitted).

11 Talley v. Paisley, 525 S.W.3d 523, 526 (Ky. 2017) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Deloney, 20 S.W.3d 471, 473-74 (Ky. 2000)).

6cocaine in her system. Butts also points out that the victim testified that she

was walking to her “ best friend ’ s ” house on the night in question, but she could

not recall at trial her best friend ’ s last name. Butts argues that the victim ’ s

weakened credibility and the lack of evidence against him when weighed

against the evidence supporting his version of the story compelled the trial

court to dismiss all but one of the charges against him.

The Commonwealth ’ s proof included the victim ’ s testimony, testimony

from law enforcement officers who investigated the crime scenes and

apprehended Butts in Nashville, and the dog walker who assisted the victim.

Law enforcement testimony related that upon responding to the victim ’ s call,

they found the victim crying, upset, “ in hysterics, ” and appearing “ shell

shocked. ” The dog walker ’ s testimony included the fact that he was so

concerned with the situation that he released one of his dogs to apprehend the

person that he could only identify as having a male voice. Finally, photographs

of the victim showed injuries to her right eye, left jaw, and thigh.

Specific physical evidence included items recovered from Butts ’ s

apartment, car, the Nashville hotel room where he was staying, and from the

administration of a rape kit. Physical evidence recovered from Butts ’ s

apartment included a washcloth containing semen, blood, and the victim ’ s

DNA. Physical evidence recovered from Butts ’ s car included: a lighter in the

shape of a pistol; a gray shirt found in the front passenger seat containing the

victim ’ s blood and DNA; a section of the front passenger seat containing the

victim ’ s blood and DNA; and a wallet containing Butts ’ s inmate and social

7security cards. Physical evidence recovered from Butts ’ s hotel in Nashville

included a hotel receipt bearing the name of Butts ’ s father and one-way flight

information. Physical evidence collected from the administration of the rape kit

included semen, blood, and Butts ’ s DNA.

Considering this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court abused its

discretion by denying Butts ’ s motion to dismiss the charges, nor can we say

the trial court erred in its ultimate findings of guilt. As part of its factfinding,

the trial court itself recognized that the victim lied about her drug use and

questioned the victim about why she went out walking at 1 :45 in the morning.

But other testimony provided by the victim showed her to be a credible witness,

as the trial court pointed out.

For example, the trial court noted that while Butts claimed that the two

never entered the car where he allegedly raped the victim, the victim was able

to lead officers to that car and recall the exact routes they traveled while in the

car. Moreover, the physical evidence of the victim ’ s blood found in the car on

both the shirt and the passenger seat corroborates her story. Finally, the trial

court noted that the victim provided officers with a great deal of information

about Butts to assist them in identifying him with the exception of one critical

fact

— Butts ’ s name. The fact that the victim did not provide law enforcement

with Butts ’ s name when providing them with other identifying information

lends credence to her story that she had never met Butts before the night when

the crimes occurred.

8“ [JJudging the credibility of witnesses and weighing evidence are tasks

within the exclusive province of the trial court. ” 12 Moreover, the factfinder “ may

believe all of a witness ’ s testimony, part of a witness ’ s testimony, or none of

it. ” 13 Giving due deference to the findings of the trial court as to the victim ’ s

credibility and the weighing of evidence, coupled with all the evidence adduced

at trial supporting the trial court ’ s decision, we can find no reason to conclude

that the trial court erred in denying Butts ’ s request for dismissal or in its

ultimate finding of guilt.

B. No reversible error occurred from the trial court ’ s handling of

Butts ’ s speedy trial motion and requests for new counsel.

Butts ’ s alleges that the trial court erroneously forced him to choose

between asserting his constitutional right to a speedy trial and his right to be

represented at trial by counsel of his own choosing.

The grand jury returned the indictment against Butts on November 30,

2013. In March of 2014, Butts ’ s retained counsel withdrew apparently because

Butts failed to pay him. Butts hired new counsel in April of 2014, but new

counsel withdrew

in March of 2016. In May of 2016, Butts retained a third

attorney, who also ended up withdrawing in May of 2017.

On May 8, 2017, the trial court appointed the Department of Public

Advocacy to represent Butts, and, about a month later, two public defenders

entered their appearance on Butts ’ s behalf.

12 Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003) (citing Bowling v. Natural

Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, 891 S.W.2d 406 (Ky. App. 1994)).

13 Robinson v. Commonwealth, 325 S.W.3d 368, 371 (Ky. 2010).

9At an August 14, 2017, status conference, the Commonwealth informed

the trial court that Butts informed his counsel that Butts wanted a Faretta

hearing. 14 The trial court instructed defense counsel to file a formal motion if

Butts truly wanted to have such a hearing.

On September 8, 2017, defense counsel filed a speedy-trial motion on

behalf of Butts. The trial court held a status conference on September 11,

2017, and discussed the speedy-trial motion, at which time the parties agreed

to set trial for January 23, 2018. During the status conference, the trial court

informed Butts that granting his motion for speedy trial would, practically

speaking, preclude him from seeking to change attorneys.

Butts wrote a letter to the trial court dated November 22, 2017, claiming

problems in defense counsel ’ s representation.

On December 7, 2017, defense counsel filed a motion on behalf of Butts

requesting a Faretta hearing. And the trial court conducted a Faretta hearing

on December 19, 2017. During this hearing, Butts withdrew his motion to

remove defense counsel from his representation.

On the morning of the first day of trial, January 23, 2018, Butts

requested from the trial court new attorneys and for a postponement of the

trial to give him time to find them. The trial court construed Butts ’ s motion as

a collateral attack on a judgment that had not yet been entered, Le. an RCr

14 Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975). “ Faretta requires that a defendant seeking

self-representation be “ made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self

representation, so that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing, and

his choice is made with eyes open. ” Commonwealth v. Terry, 295 S.W.3d 819, 822 (Ky.

2009) (quoting Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835).

1011.42 motion. The trial court responded that it could not address Butts ’ s

ineffective-assistance-of-counsel concerns at that time. The parties then

proceeded to trial.

Butts appears to raise three claims of error. First, he argues that the

trial court “ forced him to choose between his constitutional rights, ” Le. between

his right to a speedy trial and his right to counsel of choice. Second, Butts

argues that the trial court ’ s conducting of the Faretta hearing was ineffective

and thus reversible error. Third, Butts argues that the trial court ’ s implicit

denial of Butts ’ s request to postpone the trial was erroneous. We hold all these

claims of error to be meritless.

To start, Butts does not make clear at what point he is arguing that the

trial court forced him to choose between his right to a speedy trial and his right

to counsel of choice. From the facts, it appears that the “ forced choice ” possibly

arose in two instances, 1) the September 11 status conference and 2) on the

January 23 trial date.

At the September 11 status conference, however, the trial court never

forced Butts to do anything regarding his speedy-trial motion, namely, because

Butts voluntarily agreed with the Commonwealth to the January 23 trial date

before the status conference took place. And the record reveals that the trial

court simply explained to Butts that his assertion of his right to a speedy trial

would be incompatible with his assertion of his right to counsel of choice

—

Butts would need time to locate substitute counsel, which would further delay

the trial date. The trial court never forced Butts to decide on anything

— it

11simply informed Butts about the practical reality of the conflict between his two

motions.

As for the January 23 trial-date conflict, Butts, himself, presented the

trial court with this dilemma: If the trial court delayed trial to give Butts time to

find and hire new counsel, he would claim a violation of his right to a speedy

trial; if the trial court forced Butts to proceed with trial with his two appointed

DPA attorneys, he would claim a violation of his right to counsel of choice

because the trial court forced him to proceed with counsel he did not want or

to represent himself. This is the argument that Butts makes

— that his

constitutional rights would have been violated no matter what the trial court

did on the morning of trial. Such a gaming of the system is evident by the fact

that Butts can point to no legal authority supporting his position. The trial

court did not err in its handling of Butts ’ s constitutional rights.

Next, Butts claims that the Faretta hearing was ineffective because the

trial court convinced Butts to keep the two defense attorneys representing him,

which continued a problematic relationship between his attorneys and himself.

But the Faretta hearing appears to have been, in fact, successful. The purpose

of a Faretta hearing is to determine whether an individual seeking self

representation is making an intelligent, knowledgeable, and voluntary decision

about self-representation. 15 The record reveals that the trial court did just that.

Ultimately, Butts decided to keep his two attorneys, going so far at the end of

the hearing to say, “ I just want to say thank you, Your Honor. I think

15 Terry, 295 S.W.3d at 822 (citing Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835).

12everything is going to turn out all right. ” The trial court informed Butts of what

he could expect if he chose to represent himself, and Butts decided to keep his

attorneys. We fail to see how any error arises from the trial court ’ s conducting

of the Faretta hearing.

Finally, in addressing Butts ’ s claim of error regarding the trial court ’ s

denial of his continuance, we review this claim of error for an abuse of

discretion. 16 “ In order to obtain a continuance, a criminal defendant must show

sufficient cause. ” 17 “ The factors to be considered by a trial judge in deciding a

motion for continuance on the basis of employing new counsel include the

length of delay, previous continuances and inconvenience to the litigants,

witnesses, counsel and the court

. . . whether the delay is purposeful or caused

by the accused, availability of other competent counsel, complexity of the case,

and whether denying the continuance will lead to identifiable prejudice. ” 18

In sum, the Dishman analysis weighs heavily in favor of the trial court ’ s

decision to proceed with trial. The delay here was entirely caused by Butts and

his proven inability to find attorneys to suit him

— the Commonwealth was

ready to proceed with trial at any time. During Butts ’ s Faretta hearing, the trial

court noted that it had spoken with Butts ’ s counsel and the Department of

Public Advocacy had no attorneys immediately available to replace the ones

assigned to Butts ’ s case. Butts was on trial for multiple felonies, and his two

16 Dishman v. Commonwealth, 906 S.W.2d 335, 339 (Ky. 1995).

17 Id.

18 Id.

13attorneys stood ready to defend him, affirmatively indicating so. Finally, we can

only speculate about how long it would have taken Butts to hire new private

counsel of his own choosing, as he specifically stated he wanted a “ private

attorney. ” The trial court correctly denied Butts ’ s motion for a continuance and

did not err

in any way

in its protection of Butts ’ s constitutional rights.

C. No reversible error occurred in the admission of the testifying

officer ’ s statement that Butts refused to speak with police about

the events in question.

Butts alleges that palpable error occurred when the trial court allowed

into evidence an officer ’ s testimony that Butts refused to speak with the police

about the events in question.

Palpable error requires a showing that the alleged error affected the

“ substantial rights ” of a defendant, where relief may be granted “ upon a

determination that manifest injustice has resulted from the error. ” 19 To find

that “ manifest injustice has resulted from the error, ” this Court must conclude

that the error so seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation

of the proceeding as to be “ shocking or jurisprudentially intolerable. ” 20

The error Butts claims here is that the admission into evidence of a

single statement by a testifying officer that Butts refused to speak with police

amounts to palpable error mandating reversal. While the admission into

evidence of a defendant ’ s refusal to speak with law enforcement can

19 RCr 10.26.

20 Martin v. Commonwealth, 207 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Ky. 2006).

14undoubtedly be improper, 21 we can definitively say here that Butts ’ s refusal did

not affect the trial court ’ s determination of guilt.

At the end of this bench trial, the trial court carefully outlined all the

reasons for its finding of guilt. 22 Such is the benefit for appellate courts in

reviewing bench trials

— we can hear from the fact-finder a detailed explanation

about how and why it reached the decision. Unlike jury trials in which the jury

does not explain its verdict, the trial court, having conducted a bench trial, did

so here. Never did the trial court say that Butts ’ s refusal to speak with

investigating officers affected its decision.

As such, we can definitively say that the inclusion of the officer ’ s

statement into evidence had no impact whatsoever on the trial court ’ s

determination of guilt. Inclusion of the officer ’ s statement has no effect on the

proceeding nor on Butts ’ s “ substantial rights. ”

III. CONCLUSION.

Finding no reversible error on the part of the trial court, we affirm the

judgment.

Minton, C.J.; Hughes, Keller, Lambert, VanMeter and Wright, JJ., sitting.

All concur.

21 Baumia v. Commonwealth, 402 S.W.3d 530, 539 (Ky. 2013).

22 CR 52.01 ( “ In all actions tried upon the facts without a juiy or with an advisory

jury, the court shall find the facts specifically and state separately its conclusions of

law thereon and render an appropriate judgment[.] ” ).

15COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

John Gerhart Landon

Assistant Public Defender

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Andy Beshear

Attorney General of Kentucky

Jeffery Allan Cross

Assistant Attorney General

16