# Patent

## Title
Equipment and method for band allocation

## Abstract

A bandwidth allocation equipment in an optical line terminal, which allocates bandwidth for data to be transmitted from optical network units through an optical splitter, includes a transmit/receive unit and bandwidth allocation units. The transmit/receive unit receives an output request for requesting bandwidth allocation, and sends back a signal sending permission to the respective optical network units for specifying bandwidth to be allowed for transmitting the data in each service cycle. The bandwidth allocation units are connected to one another in a ring. Each bandwidth allocation unit is provided with corresponding to the optical network unit, and outputs the signal sending permission from the bandwidth allocation unit that has performed the last bandwidth allocation processing in the ring connection. The transmit/receive unit specifies the bandwidth allocation unit that performs the first bandwidth allocation processing by shifting one by one for each of the service cycles.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an equipment and a method for bandwidth allocation at an optical line terminal in the Passive Optical Network.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Internet is rapidly spreading and developing. Accordingly, large amount of data such as image data or video data is often communicated, raising an important issue of improving a communication line to a broadband to allow wideband access to the Internet. As a broadband access line, various types of technology have been put into practical use such as ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) using existing telephone lines, or a cable modem using a coaxial line of CATV (Cable TeleVision) as a network line. However, for realization of high-speed and high-quality communication environment, it is desired that a communication line is further improved to a wideband. In such status, a PON (Passive Optical Network) as a network using optical fiber is getting attention.
FIG. 11 illustrates a PON configuration and downstream frame transmission. The PON includes an OLT (Optical Line Terminal) 101 located in a station (not shown), first to Nth ONUs (Optical Network Units) 1021-102N located in respective end users' homes and an optical splitter 103 that splits or joins signals among the ONUs. Each personal computer (not shown) in the end user's home connects to the network via any of the ONUs 1021-102N, the optical splitter 103 and the OLT 101.
In the above PON, upstream and downstream signals are wavelength-multiplexed into single, bi-directional optical fiber for transmission. For example, the wavelength of an upstream signal is 1.3 μm in many cases, while the wavelength of a downstream signal is 1.5 μm. As illustrated in FIG. 11, a downstream signal is broadcast from the OLT 101 to all ONUs 1021-102N. The broadcast means simultaneous transmission to all nodes in the same segment. In this case, the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N check destinations of transmitted frames and capture frames only addressed to themselves.
For example, assume that the OLT 101 transmits frames 1111, 1112, 1113 and 1114 having destination A2, A1, AN and A1, respectively in that order. In this case, the optical splitter 103 simply splits and transmits the frames 1111, 1112, 1113 and 1114 to all ONUs 1021-102N in that order. Assume that a destination to the first ONU 1021 is A1, a destination to the second ONU 1022 is A2, and a destination to the Nth ONU 102N is AN. In this case, the second ONU 1022 first captures the frame 1111 having the destination A2. Next, the first ONU 1021 captures the frame 1112 having the destination A1. Then, the Nth ONU 102N captures the frame 1113 having the destination AN. Finally, the first ONU 1021 captures the frame 1114 having the destination A1.
FIG. 12 illustrates upstream frame transmission in a PON identical to that of FIG. 11 in configuration. Upstream frames transmitted from the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N join at the optical splitter 103. At the optical splitter 103, it is necessary to avoid a temporal overlap of frames and collision of signals. For this necessity, time division multiplexing communication is performed for the frames sent from the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N not to overlap. In the time division multiplexing communication, the OLT 101 coordinates an output request (REPORT) reported from the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N. OLT 101 calculates transmission time based on distances between the OLT 101 and each of the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N. Then, OLT 101 grants signal sending permissions (GATEs) that specify transmission timing to some of the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N that have reported the output requests.
Each of the output requests (REPORTs) reported by the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N includes the state of a queue, i.e. the length of the queue in a buffer memory (not shown) for storing signals to be transmitted for information. According to the length of a frame, the OLT 101 can specify the timing to permit transmission of the frame. A signal sending permission (GATE) output by the OLT 101 includes the time to start sending and the time period to continue sending that depend on the priority of a frame subjected to an output request (REPORT).
Some of the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N that have performed output requests (REPORTs) (hereinafter called “ONUs 102REP”) send upstream signals according to signal sending permissions (GATEs) sent to them. In other words, bandwidth allocation for the upstream signals from each ONU 102REP is accomplished as allocation of a time slot for upstream signal transmission.
FIG. 13 illustrates a conventional exchange of the above described output request (REPORT) and of the signal sending permission (GATE) to it. In this diagram, the signal exchange between the OLT 101 and the single ONU 102REP is illustrated using a time axis (time) as the axis of abscissas. First, the ONU 102REP sends an output request R1 at time t1 on the occurrence of a signal to be transmitted. When the OLT 101 receives the request, it sends back a signal sending permission G1 and the ONU 102REP receives the permission at time t2. The ONU 102REP starts sending data D1 in a predetermined time slot TS1 at time t3. A period between the time t1 and the time t3 is waiting time W1. The time when the sending of the data D1 completes is time t4.
The ONU 102REP sends a second output request R2 at time t5 after the time t4. The OLT 101 sends back a signal sending permission G2 and the ONU 102REP receives the permission at time t6. The ONU 102REP starts sending data D2 in a predetermined time slot TS2 at time t7 after waiting time W2. The time when the sending of the data D2 completes is time t8. The data D1, D2 . . . are transmitted by repeating the above processing.
Each of the output requests R2, R3, . . . following to the first request R1 can be transmitted piggyback at the ends of the data D1, D2, . . . that are previously sent, respectively. For example, if the second output request R2 is ready to be output at the time t4, the request R2 can be transmitted without waiting till the time t5. In this case, the time t5 is identical to the time t4.
Next, communication between the ONUs 1021, 1022, . . . , 102N and the OLT 101 shown in FIG. 11 is described with reference to FIG. 14. A cycle that transmission of upstream signal transmitted from ONU to OLT makes a circuit of all ONUs 1021-102N is referred to as a Service Cycle (SC). Assume that N equals three. FIG. 14 shows contents of an Mth service cycle SCM and the next (M+1)th service cycle SCM+1 in detail. Usually, the length of a service cycle SC does not need to be always constant, but may change dynamically depending on the status of output requests by the respective ONUs 1021-102N.
An Ethernet (R) PON for transmitting Ethernet packets via a PON is standardized according to the IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) 802.3ah. The IEEE 802.3ah defines frame formats for an output request (REPORT) message and a signal sending permission (GATE) message. However, since it does not define an upstream bandwidth allocation method or algorithm, these can be defined in equipment design as necessary.
In the Mth service cycle SCM shown in FIG. 14, EF (Expedited Forwarding) data (DATA) of a class for guaranteeing a delay and a bandwidth is transmitted first, as described below. Then, the data D1 of the first ONU 1021 is transmitted to the OLT 101, and the data D2 of the second ONU 1022 is transmitted to the OLT 101 in the next time slot. Finally, the data DN of the Nth ONU 102N is transmitted to the OLT 101. In this way, when the last data DN in the Mth service cycle SCM is transmitted to the OLT 101, traffic allocation ALM in the next service cycle is performed. In the (M+1)th service cycle SCM+1, the data D1 of the first ONU 1021 is similarly transmitted to the OLT 101 after the EF data, and the data D2 of the second ONU 1022 is transmitted to the OLT 101 in the next time slot. Finally, the data DN of the Nth ONU 102N is transmitted to the OLT 101. In the last interval in the (M+1)th service cycle SCM+1, traffic allocation ALM+1 in the next service cycle is performed. Subsequent allocations are performed in the same way as above.
Now, traffic classification is described. The traffic classification is performed for upstream signals to transmit frames corresponding to a plurality of services according to priorities. Each class has a corresponding priority. For example, in the DiffServe (Differentiated Services) of the IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force), in addition to the EF shown in FIG. 14, classes of AF (Assured Forwarding) and BE (Best Effort) are defined. The EF is a class for guaranteeing a delay and bandwidth and of the highest priority. The AF is a class for not guaranteeing a delay but guaranteeing a bandwidth. The BE is a class for not guaranteeing a delay or a bandwidth and of the lowest priority. Representative service applications of the EF, AF, and BE classes include VoIP (Voice over IP), file transfer and usual Internet access, respectively.
There are several algorithms for bandwidth allocation. There is an algorithm called D1 for the PON (for example, see Y. Luo et al., “Bandwidth Allocation for Multiservice Access on EPONs,” IEEE Communications Magazine 2005 February s16-s21) The D1 algorithm determines in advance a maximum value of a service cycle SC and allocates a bandwidth so as not to exceed the maximum value. First, the EF, a class for guaranteeing both a delay and a bandwidth in an output request (REPORT) by each of the ONU 1021, the ONU 1022 and the ONU 102N is assigned a fixed bandwidth. The remaining bandwidth is allocated to the AF data, a class for not guaranteeing a delay but guaranteeing a bandwidth in an output request (REPORT) by each of the ONU 1021, the ONU 1022 and the ONU 102N. In this allocation, if a total sum of requested AF data is equal to or less than the remaining bandwidth of a service cycle after allocating the EF data, all the requested AF data are assigned.
After the AF data is assigned, if further band width remains in the service cycle SC, the BE data, a class for not guaranteeing a delay or a bandwidth in the output request is allocated. If a total sum of the requested AF data exceeds the remaining bandwidth after the EF data is assigned, the ONUs 102 that requested the AF data transmission are equally assigned the AF data. The BE data is not assigned since the remaining bandwidth is depleted by the ONU 102.
The bandwidth calculation and allocation are performed after the output requests (REPORTs) are notified from all the ONUs 1021-102N to the OLT 101. Based on the bandwidth calculation and allocation, the OLT sends a signal sending permission (GATE) to the relevant ONUs 102.
FIG. 15 illustrates a configuration of bandwidth allocation control unit used in a conventional OLT. A bandwidth allocation control unit 121 includes an allocation module 122 that allocates bandwidth and an interface module 125. The interface module 125 receives output requests (REPORTs) 1231-123N and transmits signal sending permissions (GATEs) 1241-124N from/to the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N. The interface module 125 receives the state of a buffer memory for storing signals to be transmitted by the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N, as output requests 1231-123N respectively. When the allocation module 122 has allocated bandwidth, the interface module 125 transmits the result as the signal sending permissions 1241-124N to the ONUs 1021-102N, respectively. The allocation module 122 performs the allocation according to the above described D1 algorithm. The interface module 125 notifies the allocation module 122 of queue state signals 126 indicating the states of queues in buffer memories in the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N, i.e. queue lengths. The interface module receives allocation complete signals 127 corresponding to the notification and sends the signal sending permissions 1241-124N.
Since the D1 algorithm is relatively simple, D1 is easily implemented in a small-scale PON. Bandwidth is allocated evenly among the ONUs 1021-102N.
However, the conventional algorithm has a problem of system scalability. That is, in this algorithm, after the output requests 1231-123N are collected from the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N, the allocation is performed intensively till the next service cycle SC starts. Accordingly, if the number of ONUs 102 increases, the allocation module 122 is assigned excessive loads. By this reason, in a large-scale PON, the bandwidth allocation control unit 121 needs an expensive and high-speed integrated circuit or a CPU, which raises the cost of a system. Additionally, if sufficient time is allowed for the bandwidth allocation to solve this problem, starting time of the service cycle SC delays and bandwidth is wasted. As a result, there is a problem that the bandwidth allocation is constrained particularly for the AF data and BE data classes and system performance degrades.
An object of the present invention is to provide an equipment and a method for bandwidth allocation in an optical line terminal that can allocate bandwidth evenly among respective ONUs constituting a PON and does not cause a decrease of bandwidth efficiency for a large number of ONUs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an aspect of the present invention, a bandwidth allocation equipment in an optical line terminal which allocates bandwidth for data to be transmitted from a plurality of optical network units through an optical splitter, said equipment includes: a transmit/receive unit that receives an output request for requesting bandwidth allocation to the data from the respective optical network units, and sends back a signal sending permission to the respective optical network units for specifying bandwidth to be allowed for transmitting the data in each service cycle as a unit period for the data transmission; and a plurality of bandwidth allocation units, each bandwidth allocation unit is provided with corresponding to the optical network unit for performing bandwidth allocation processing in accordance with the output request for the data to be transmitted from the corresponding optical network unit, and each of bandwidth allocation units are connected to one another in a ring to perform the bandwidth allocation processing one by one for corresponding optical network unit, and outputs the signal sending permission to the transmit/receive unit from the bandwidth allocation unit that has performed the last bandwidth allocation processing in the ring connection. Said transmit/receive unit specifies the bandwidth allocation unit that performs the first bandwidth allocation processing by shifting the bandwidth allocation unit one by one for each of the service cycles.
The present invention relates to a bandwidth allocation equipment that allocates bandwidth for data sent from each Optical Network Unit (ONU) to the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) through the optical splitter in consideration to the priorities. The bandwidth allocation equipment comprises a transmit/receive unit for communicating with each optical network unit, and receives an output request as a data transmission request from each optical network unit. The bandwidth allocation equipment sends back transmittable data types in a service cycle as a unit period for the data transmission and bandwidth to be allocated to the data as a signal sending permission to each optical network unit. The output request decides time-divisioned bandwidth allocation in the service cycle as the unit period wherein each optical network unit transmits data to the optical line terminal. If data transmission beyond the Maximum of Service Cycle is requested, bandwidth allocated to each of the optical network units must be controlled. In the present invention, an ONU (Optical Network Unit) bandwidth allocation unit provided for each of the optical network units allocates bandwidth depending on the priorities. The ONU bandwidth allocation units are located in a ring, and even processing is possible by shifting ONU bandwidth allocation units that allocates bandwidth for each service cycle. Even if there are many optical network units, rapid processing is possible since each ONU bandwidth allocation unit can only control bandwidth allocation for the optical network unit assigned to it. As a result, the bandwidth allocation control is sped up, causing no decrease in bandwidth efficiency.
As described above, according to the present invention, the ONU bandwidth allocation unit is provided to send data from each optical network unit to the optical line terminal through the optical splitter. With the bandwidth allocation unit, bandwidth allocation can be processed depending on the status of respective optical network units. If the optical network units increase, the ONU bandwidth allocation units can increase accordingly, therefore there is no redundancy in a configuration of a communication system. If there is a plurality of ONU bandwidth allocation units and some of them suffer problems, other optical network units can substitute for the processing, so that reliability of the communication system improves.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Exemplary features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a system configuration illustrating an overview of a PON in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a bandwidth allocation control unit in the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating a way that three ONUs communicate with an OLT in the embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a timing diagram illustrating a conventional way that three ONUs communicate with an OLT in contrast to the embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control in a service cycle SC3 in the embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control in a service cycle SC4 in the embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control in a service cycle SC5 in the embodiment;
FIG. 8 is another example of diagram illustrating transition of bandwidth allocation in a service cycle SC5 in the embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an overview of bandwidth allocation control unit in the embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating further specific control of bandwidth allocation control unit;
FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a PON configuration and downstream frame transmission;
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a PON configuration and upstream frame transmission;
FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a conventional exchange of output requests and signal sending permissions to them;
FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating a conventional way that three ONUs communicate with an OLT; and
FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of bandwidth allocation control unit used in a conventional OLT.



DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will be described in detail in the following embodiment.
Embodiment 1
FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a PON in one embodiment of the present invention. An OLT 201 in the present embodiment connects to first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N located correspondingly to end users' homes respectively via an optical splitter 203. The OLT 201 connects to a communication network (not shown) such as the Internet. The first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N connect to communication terminals such as personal computers (not shown). The first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N and the optical splitter 203 have substantially identical configurations to those of the first to Nth ONUs 1021-102N and the optical splitter 103 shown in FIG. 11. These configurations are not further described herein. In the present embodiment, a bandwidth allocation control unit of the OLT 201 differs from the bandwidth allocation control unit 121 shown in FIG. 15. Other components of the OLT 201 are substantially identical to those of the OLT 101 shown in FIG. 11.
FIG. 2 illustrates a configuration of a bandwidth allocation control unit in the present embodiment. A bandwidth allocation control unit 221 includes a group of allocation modules 222 that allocate bandwidth, an interface module 225 for transmitting/receiving output requests (REPORTs) 2231-223N and signal sending permissions (GATEs) 2241-224N to/from the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N. The bandwidth allocation control unit 221 includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit) (not shown), storage media such as a ROM (Reed Only Memory) that store control programs, and a working memory such as a RAM (Random Access Memory) for temporality storing various types of data when the CPU executes the control programs. Some or all of the above components can be replaced with hardware.
The interface module 225 receives the states of queues, i.e. lengths of the queues in said buffer memory for storing signals to be transmitted by the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N, as output requests 2231-223N respectively. When the group of allocation modules 222 allocates bandwidth, the interface module 225 transmits the result as signal sending permissions 2241-224N to the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N. This operation is similar to that of the conventional interface module 125 shown in FIG. 15.
A first to Nth allocation modules 2311-231N connect to one another in a ring, and perform serial distributed processing to allocate bandwidth in a distributed manner in each allocation module and output allocation complete signals 227 to the interface module 225. For example, in case of processing that begins at the first allocation module 2311 and completes the allocation in one cycle at the last Nth allocation module 231N, when the first allocation module 2311 completes the allocation processing in the allocation module based on a queue state signal 2261 received from a first ONU 2021, it outputs an allocation result signal 2321 being a temporary allocation result to the second allocation module 2312 connected to it. The details are described below. The second allocation module 2312 performs the allocation processing based on a queue state signal 2262 received from the second ONU 2022 and an allocation result signal 2321 supplied from the first allocation module 2311, and outputs an allocation result signal 2322 being the temporary allocation result to the third allocation module 2313. In the following processing, the Nth allocation module 231N similarly performs the allocation process based on the queue state signal 226N received from an Nth ONU 202N and an allocation result signal 232N−1 supplied from the (N−1)th allocation module 231N−1, then outputs the allocation complete signal 227N to the interface module 225. In the next processing cycle, the processing starts at the second allocation module 2312, the allocation processing in one cycle completes at the first allocation module 2311 next to the Nth allocation module 231N. In this case, the first allocation module 2311 outputs the allocation complete signal 2271 to the interface module 225. In this way, according to the present invention, the allocation processing in each cycle is executed in the first to Nth allocation modules 2311-231N, allocation modules other than the last stage supply the result of the allocation in the allocation module as an allocation result signal being temporary allocation result to the next allocation module, and the allocation processing unit of the last stage outputs the allocation complete signal 227 as information that the allocation in the cycle has been completed to the interface module 225. The allocation module as the initial stage for starting processing in each cycle is set by sequential shifting.
Next, the bandwidth allocation in the group of allocation modules 222 is described in detail. For simplicity, the number N of ONUs constituting a system is three, and bandwidth allocation control for the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 is described. A cycle of data transmission by the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 is referred to as a service cycle SC. In the present embodiment, bandwidth allocation in the third service cycle SC is executed in advance during the current service cycle SC. This allocation in the third service cycle allows enough time for the processing.
FIG. 3 illustrates a way that three ONUs communicate with an OLT in the present embodiment. As already described, data processed by the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 is classified into three classes depending on the priorities. These classes of data include EF (Expedited Forwarding) data for guaranteeing a delay and a bandwidth, AF (Assured Forwarding) data for not guaranteeing a delay but guaranteeing a bandwidth, and BE (Best Effort) data for not guaranteeing a delay or a bandwidth. Headers of service cycles SC1, SC2, SC3 . . . include time slots 2411, 2412, 2413 . . . for the highest-priority EF data, respectively. Since the EF data is assigned the highest priority with being guaranteed a delay and a bandwidth, the bandwidth allocation is not controlled for the EF data. The bandwidth allocation is controlled for data of the AF class and the BE class. Prior to each of the service cycles SC1, SC2, and SC3, the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 (G1, G2, and G3) are sent from the OLT 201 to the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 at times t11, t12, and t13.
For example, the first service cycle SC1 is assigned a time slot 2411 for the EF data first. Then, data D1 of the AF class and the BE class based on a request by the first ONU 2021 is transmitted to the OLT 201. After the transmission, the output request (REPORT) 2231 is transmitted from the first ONU 2021 to the OLT 201 piggyback at the end of the data D1. Then, data D2 of the AF class and the BE class based on a request by the second ONU 2022 is transmitted to the OLT 201. After the transmission, an output request 2232 is transmitted from the second ONU 2022 to the OLT 201 piggyback at the end of the data D2. Then, data D3 of the AF class and the BE class based on a request by the third ONU 2023 is transmitted to the OLT 201. After the transmission, the output request 2233 is transmitted from the third ONU 2023 to the OLT 201 piggyback at the end of the data D3.
The above transmission also applies to the second service cycle SC2 and the third service cycle SC3. However, the data D1, D2, and D3 of the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 in respective service cycle SCs are not always transmitted in that order. For example, the data D2, D3, and D1 are transmitted in that order after the time slot 2411 for the EF data in the second service cycle SC2. Similarly, the data D3, D1, and D2 are transmitted in that order after the time slot 2413 for the EF data in the third service cycle SC3. This transmission, being set by shifting an allocation module for starting the processing in a cyclic manner for each service cycle, as described below. This setting provides equalized allocation among the ONUs.
FIG. 4 illustrates how three ONUs communicate with an OLT in a related art in contrast to the present embodiment. FIG. 4 is identical to FIG. 3 in that the time slots 2411, 2412, and 2413 for the highest-priority EF data are located in the headers of the respective service cycles SC1, SC2, and SC3. FIG. 4 is identical to FIG. 3 also in that prior to the respective service cycles SC1, SC2, and SC3, at times t21, t22, and t23, the signal sending permissions 124 (G1, G2, and G3) are sent from the OLT 101 (see FIG. 11) to the first to third ONUs 1021-1023 (also see FIG. 11).
However, according to the related art shown in FIG. 4, the data D1, D2, and D3 of the first to third ONUs 1021-1023 in the respective service cycles SC1, SC2, and SC3 are transmitted in that order. Additionally, after the last data D3 is sent to the OLT 101 and the output request (REPORT) 1233 by the third ONU 1023 is sent to the OLT 101 piggyback, relatively long-time traffic allocations AL1 and AL2 are assigned. As a result, according to the related art shown in FIG. 4, an amount of data D1, D2, and D3, which can be transmitted to the OLT 101 in a time period of predetermined time length is small. The data transmission according to the embodiment of the present invention is more efficient.
The description is continued with referring back to FIG. 3. Also in the present embodiment, the length of each of the service cycles SC1, SC2, and SC3 does not need to be always constant. However, Maximum of Service Cycle is determined in advance for each service cycle SC and the allocation is performed so that a requested signal does not exceed the Maximum of Service Cycle. In the present embodiment, while the interface module 225 shown in FIG. 2 is performing the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 for the allocation in the service cycle SC1, the first to third allocation modules 2311-2313 perform the allocation processing in the third service cycle SC3. This allows enough time for the bandwidth allocation processing. As a result, the traffic allocations AL shown in FIG. 4 do not appear as intervals during which the data D cannot be transmitted, in the present embodiment.
In the present embodiment, the first allocation module 231 shown in FIG. 2 receives the queue state signal 2261 based on a request by the first ONU 2021. When the requested amount of data falls within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle SC3, the first allocation module 2311 allocates a bandwidth to the data D1 (2511 in FIG. 4) of the AF class and the BE class requested. The first allocation module 2311 passes an allocation result signal 2321 to the second allocation module 2312. An expression of AL(1/3)*3 shown in FIG. 3 indicates time for the above operation.
The queue state signal 2262 based on a request by the second ONU 2022 and the allocation result signal 2321 sent from the first allocation module 2311 are input to the second allocation module 2312. If the requested amount of data falls within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle SC3, the data D2 (2512 in FIG. 4) of the AF class and the BE class as requested is allocated to a bandwidth. Then, the second allocation module 2312 passes an allocation result signal 2322 to the third allocation module 2313. An expression of AL(2/3)*3 shown in FIG. 3 indicates time for the above operation.
A requested amount of data may not fall within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle SC3, when bandwidth is allocated. In this case, the second allocation module 2312 performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the first allocation module 2311 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (1):

AF(the first ONU 2021)>AF(the second ONU 2022)>BE(the first ONU 2021)>BE(the second ONU 2022)  (1)

That is, the AF data for the first ONU 2021 is not changed, since a bandwidth of the AF data for the first ONU 2021 is first allocated by priority in a bandwidth obtained by subtracting the time slot 241 for the EF data from the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle. Since the priority of the AF data for the second ONU 2022 is higher than the BE data for the first ONU 2021, when the AF data for the second ONU 2022 is allocated in remaining bandwidth and further remaining bandwidth is small, a bandwidth of the BE data for the first ONU 2021 may be reduced by the AF data for the second ONU 2022. If a bandwidth of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle is exceeded when the AF data for the first and second ONUs 2021 and 2022 is allocated, the BE data for the first and second ONUs 2021 and 2022 is not allocated a bandwidth.
If the total bandwidth to be allocated to the AF data for the first and second ONUs 2021 and 2022 exceeds the Maximum of Service Cycle, the AF data for the first ONU 2021 is allocated a bandwidth as required, while the AF data for the second ONU 2022 is allocated the remaining bandwidth within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle. As described above, the priority of the bandwidth allocation among the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 varies depending on the service cycles SC. Unlike the conventional embodiment shown in FIG. 4, there is no need to equalize the bandwidth allocation among the respective service cycles SC.
When the above processing for the bandwidth allocation finishes, the second allocation module 2312 passes the allocation result signal 2322 to the third allocation module 2313.
The queue state signal 2263 based on a request by the third ONU 2022 and the allocation result signal 2322 sent from the second allocation module 2312 are input to the third allocation module 2313. If the requested amount of data falls within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle SC3, the data D3 (2513 in FIG. 4) of the AF class and the BE class is allocated to a bandwidth as requested. Then, the third allocation module 2313 passes an allocation result signal 2323 to a first allocation module 2311. An expression of AL(3/3)*3 shown in FIG. 3 indicates time for the above operation.
A requested amount of data may not fall within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle for the service cycle SC3 when bandwidth is allocated. In this case, the third allocation module 2313 performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the first and second allocation modules 2311 and 2312 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (2):

AF(the first ONU 2021>AF(the second ONU 2022)>AF(the third ONU 2023)>BE(the first ONU 2021)>BE(the second ONU 2022)>BE(the third ONU 2023)  (2)

That is, also in this case, the AF data for the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 is simply allocated within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle considering the priority shown in the equation (2). When the above processing finishes, the third allocation module 2313 outputs the allocation complete signal 2273 to the interface module 225. The interface module 225 detects through the allocation complete signal 2273 that the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 have completed all the bandwidth allocation. At this time, the interface module 225 outputs the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 to the first to third ONUs 2021-2023, respectively. FIG. 3 shows the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 as the signal sending permission G3 at a time close to the end of the second service cycle SC2.
FIG. 5 illustrates transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control for the service cycle SC3. The bracketed numbers (1) to (3) attached to the first to third allocation modules 2311-2313 indicate the order of the bandwidth allocation. In this example, all the data D1 and D2 acquire bandwidth till the bandwidth allocation stage by the second allocation module 2312 without restriction. At the bandwidth allocation stage by the third allocation module 2313 in order to keep the AF data for the data D3 within the Maximum of Service Cycle, assignment of the BE data for the data D2 of lower priority is reduced.
When the bandwidth allocation control in the service cycle SC3 ends as described above, the bandwidth allocation control for the service cycle SC4 starts. At the start time, the interface module 225 shown in FIG. 2 sets the second allocation module 2312 to a start position of the bandwidth allocation. Then, it allocates data of the AF class and the BE class within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle. The third allocation module 2313 that performs the second allocation performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the second allocation modules 2312 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (3):

AF(the second ONU 2022)>AF(the third ONU 2023)>BE(the second ONU 2022)>BE(the third ONU 2023)  (3)

Finally, the first allocation module 2311 performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the second and third allocation modules 2312 and 2313 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (4):

AF(the second ONU 2022)>AF(the third ONU 2023)>AF(the first ONU 2021)>BE(the second ONU 2022)>BE(the third ONU 2023)>BE(the first ONU 2021)  (4)

When the above processing ends, the first allocation module 2311 outputs the allocation complete signal 2271 to the interface module 225. The interface module 225 detects through the allocation complete signal 2271 that all the bandwidth allocation for the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 have been completed. At this time, the interface module 225 outputs the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 to the first to third ONUs 2021-2023, respectively.
FIG. 6 illustrates transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control in the service cycle SC4. The bracketed numbers (1) to (3) attached to the first to third allocation modules 2311-2313 indicate the order of the bandwidth allocation. In this example, all the data D1-D3 are allocated bandwidth without restriction since the requested amount of data does not exceed the Maximum of Service Cycle even at the last bandwidth allocation stage by the first allocation module 2311.
When the bandwidth allocation control in the service cycle SC4 ends as described above, the bandwidth allocation control for the service cycle SC5 starts. At the start time, the interface module 225 shown in FIG. 2 sets the third allocation module 2313 to a start position of the bandwidth allocation. Then, it allocates data of the AF class and the BE class within the range of the Maximum of Service Cycle. The first allocation module 2311 that performs the second allocation performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the third allocation modules 2313 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (5):

AF(the third ONU 2023)>AF(the first ONU 2021)>BE(the third ONU 2023)>BE(the first ONU 2021)  (5)

Finally, the second allocation module 2312 performs the allocation by considering the result of the bandwidth allocation by the third and first allocation modules 2313 and 2311 and the priorities of the classes. The allocation priority is expressed in the following equation (6):

AF(the third ONU 2023)>AF(the first ONU 2021>AF(the second ONU 2022)>BE(the third ONU 2023)>BE(the first ONU 2021)>BE(the second ONU 2022)  (6)

When the above processing of the bandwidth allocation ends, the second allocation module 2312 outputs the allocation complete signal 2272 to the interface module 225. The interface module 225 detects through the allocation complete signal 2272 that all the bandwidth allocation for the first to third ONUs 2021-2023 have been completed. At this time, the interface module 225 outputs the signal sending permissions 2241-2243 to the first to third ONUs 2021-2023, respectively.
FIG. 7 illustrates transition of bandwidth allocation by each allocation module in bandwidth allocation control in the service cycle SC5. The bracketed numbers (1) to (3) attached to the first to third allocation modules 2311-2313 indicate the order of the bandwidth allocation. In this example, assignment of the BE data for the low-priority data D1 is restricted since the Maximum of Service Cycle is exceeded at the second stage by the first allocation module 2311. At the last stage of the bandwidth allocation by the second allocation module 2312, the allocation is performed completely for the AF data of higher priority than the BE data. Accordingly, only BE data of the highest-priority data D3 in the BE data is allocated bandwidth with a limit satisfying the Maximum of Service Cycle. The bandwidth of the BE data of the D1 is used as bandwidth allocated to the AF data of the D2.
In FIG. 7, to allocate the bandwidth of the AF data of the D2, allocated bandwidth of the BE data of the D1 is replaced for bandwidth to be allocated to the AF data of the D2. The BE data of the D2 is not allocated, and only BE data of the D3 is allocated with restriction. The allocation restriction method is not limited to the above, but bandwidth permitted for the BE data can be allocated by equally restricting the BE data of the D1-D3. (See FIG. 8.)
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating an overview of bandwidth allocation control unit that performs the above described processing. In the processing, the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N shown in FIG. 1 communicate with the OLT 201. At step S301, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 accepts the output requests 2231-223N in the first service cycle SC1. The signal sending permissions 2241-224N are granted to the output requests 2231-223N, according to the conventional approach described in FIG. 12 or FIG. 13. The permitted data of the data D1-DN of the first to Nth. ONUs 2021-202N are transmitted the OLT 201. The bandwidth allocation control unit 221 controls the bandwidth allocation for the third service cycle SC3 in advance.
To relieve the processing in the first service cycle SC1, in the present embodiment, for the first service cycle SC1, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 receives the output requests 2231-223N, makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit data only of the EF class for guaranteeing a delay and a bandwidth, or makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit data containing bandwidth of the AF class and the EF class. Accordingly, the output requests 2231-223N, which contain mainly the BE class not transmitted in the first service cycle SC1, are allocated to the third service cycle SC3. The next allocation for the second service cycle SC2 can be performed by providing the traffic allocation AL shown in FIG. 14 in the last interval in the first service cycle SC1.
At the next step S302 that executes the second service cycle SC2, similarly to the first service cycle SC1, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 receives the output requests 2231-223N, and makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit data only of the EF class, or makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit data containing bandwidth of the AF class and the EF class. Alternatively, based on the traffic allocation AL performed in the first service cycle SC1, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit the data D1-DN limited to the EF class and the AF class, and performs the allocation for the fourth service cycle SC4. If there is enough time for the processing, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 can make the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit all or some of the data D1 to DN of the BE class data that requested by the output requests 2231-223N.
At the next step S303 that executes the third service cycle SC3, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit the data D1 to DN allocated bandwidth at step S301, and executes the allocation for the fifth service cycle SC5 in accordance with the output requests 2231-223N to be received from the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N. Similarly, at the next step S304 that executes the fourth service cycle SC4, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 makes the ONUs 2021-202N to transmit the data D1 to DN allocated bandwidth at step S302, and executes the allocation for the sixth service cycle SC6 in accordance with the output requests 2231-223N to be received from the first to Nth ONUs 2021-202N. Subsequent allocations are performed in the same way as above.
FIG. 10 illustrates the control of the bandwidth allocation control unit in detail. In the diagram, the number of the ONU 202 is n. Each ONU 201 is indexed by 0, 1, 2, . . . and n−1. The service cycle SC is a cycle of 0 to n−1. First, the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 initializes a parameter i of the service cycle SC to 0 (step S321) before starting the processing, and initializes a parameter j to 0 (step S322). A parameter k of the allocation module 231 is set to the value (herein 0) of the parameter i (step S323), and a parameter l is initialized to 0 (step S324).
The allocation module 231k (herein the allocation module 2310) of the bandwidth allocation control unit 221 performs allocation for an ONU 202k (herein ONU 2020) in an ith service cycle SCi (herein service cycle SC0) (step S325). That is, the first allocation module 2311 allocates the first bandwidth depending on the priority, as shown by (1) in FIG. 5 in the above example.
When the ONU 202k is allocated in this way, the allocation result is forwarded to the following allocation module 231k+1 (step S326). Next, the parameter 1 is incremented by one (step S327) and the parameter k is incremented by one (step S328). The value of the parameter k cycles within the number of the ONUs 202, i.e. n. That is, k is a residue system of n.
Next, it is checked whether the parameter 1 reaches to n (step S329). Each ONU 202 is allocated bandwidth depending the priority by going back to step S325 till all bandwidth of n of ONUs 202 are allocated (step 329: N). If the parameter 1 equals to n (step S329: Y), the parameter j is incremented by one (step S330) and the parameter i is incremented by one (step S331). The value of the parameter i cycles within the limit, the number of the ONUs 202, n,
Finally, it is checked whether the parameter j reaches to n (step S332). If j is different from n (step 332: N), the processing continues similarly by going back to step S323. If the parameter j equals to n (step S332: Y), the processing goes back to step S321 (return).
Now, the present embodiment is compared with the conventional approach to allocate bandwidth after receiving the output requests (REPORTs) from all the ONUs 202 under control of the OLT 201. According to the present embodiment, the output request from the ONU 202 are received in sequence and the bandwidth allocation processing is performed in two service cycles ahead, so that special time does not need to be set for allocation, and service cycles after the third service cycle does not waste bandwidth. Additionally, since the bandwidth allocation order changes in a cyclic manner, the bandwidth allocation processing is simplified and equalization among the ONUs 202 is ensured. Furthermore, according to the present embodiment, the distributed processing by each ONU allows sufficient time for processing, and the control unit is not assigned excessive loads if the number of the ONUs increases. The present example has an advantage that the processing speed is high enough, and an inexpensive circuit element or CPU can constitute the control unit, whereby saving the system cost.
Although the bandwidth allocation is processed by classifying the priorities to three classes of EF, AF and BE in the above described embodiment, the priority classification criteria or the number of the classes should not be limited to the embodiment. For example, it is possible to classify the AF into first relatively high-priority AF and second relatively low-priority AF, and similarly classify the BE to first and second BEs. According to this example, the relation among the priorities service cycles to allocate bandwidth in the order of the second ONU, the third ONU, and the first ONU is shown in the following equation (7):

first AF(second ONU)>first AF(third ONU)>first AF(first ONU)>second AF(second ONU)>second AF(third ONU)>second AF(first ONU)>first BE(second ONU)>first BE(third ONU)>first BE(first ONU)>second BE(second ONU)>second BE(third ONU)>second BE(first ONU)  (7)

The previous description of embodiments is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the present invention. Moreover, various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles and specific examples defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope as defined by the limitations of the claims and equivalents.
Further, it is noted that the inventor's intent is to refrain all equivalents of the claimed invention even if the claims are amended during prosecution.

## Claims

1. A bandwidth allocation equipment in an optical line terminal which allocates bandwidth for data to be transmitted from a plurality of optical network units through an optical splitter, said equipment comprising:
a transmit/receive unit that receives an output request for requesting bandwidth allocation to the data from the respective optical network units, and sends back a signal sending permission to the respective optical network units for specifying bandwidth to be allowed for transmitting the data in each service cycle as a unit period for the data transmission; and
a plurality of bandwidth allocation units, each bandwidth allocation unit is provided with corresponding to the optical network unit for performing bandwidth allocation processing in accordance with the output request for the data to be transmitted from the corresponding optical network unit, and each of bandwidth allocation units are connected to one another in a ring to perform the bandwidth allocation processing one by one for corresponding optical network unit, and outputs the signal sending permission to the transmit/receive unit from the bandwidth allocation unit that has performed the last bandwidth allocation processing in the ring connection,
wherein, said transmit/receive unit specifies the bandwidth allocation unit that performs the first bandwidth allocation processing by shifting the bandwidth allocation unit one by one for each of the service cycles.

2. The bandwidth allocation equipment according to claim 1, wherein
said bandwidth allocation unit, other than those which performs the bandwidth allocation processing at first and at last in the ring connection, performs the bandwidth allocation processing by taking over bandwidth allocation result having been performed by preceding bandwidth allocation unit in conjunction with the output request of the corresponding optical network unit, and sends the bandwidth allocation result having been performed by own bandwidth allocation unit to succeeding bandwidth allocation unit in the ring connection.

3. The bandwidth allocation equipment according to claim 2, wherein
said data to be transmitted from the optical network unit is classified into one of priorities for transmission, and said bandwidth allocation unit allocates bandwidth to each data in accordance with the priority.

4. The bandwidth allocation equipment in the optical line terminal according to claim 3, wherein
said priorities are classified into a plurality of classes including a class for guaranteeing a delay and a bandwidth, and a class for not guaranteeing a delay or a bandwidth for data sent from said optical network unit to said transmit/receive unit.

5. The bandwidth allocation equipment according to claim 3, wherein
said data handled by the bandwidth allocation unit which performs the bandwidth allocation processing in first in the ring connection has higher priority than the data having the same priority handled by the bandwidth allocation unit which performs the bandwidth allocation processing later in the ring connection.

6. The bandwidth allocation equipment according to claim 5, wherein
said bandwidth allocation unit allocates bandwidth by replacing the bandwidth for data having been allocated in the previous bandwidth allocation result by data of a higher-priority within a range of a maximum bandwidth allowed for the service cycle.

7. The bandwidth allocation equipment in the optical line terminal according to claim 3, wherein
said bandwidth allocation unit allocates equally each data of a class of the optical network unit to a class of a priority that can allocate some data to the maximum bandwidth allowed for a service cycle.

8. The bandwidth allocation equipment according to claim 2, wherein
said bandwidth allocation unit performs the bandwidth allocation processing for a service cycle at least two service cycle ahead of the service cycle that accepts said output request.

9. A bandwidth allocation method in an optical line terminal which allocates bandwidth for data to be transmitted from a plurality of optical network units through an optical splitter, said method comprising:
an output request receiving step that receives an output request for requesting bandwidth allocation to the data from the respective optical network units;
a bandwidth allocation processing step that performs bandwidth allocation by a plurality of bandwidth allocation units, each bandwidth allocation unit is provided with corresponding to the optical network unit for performing bandwidth allocation processing in accordance with the output request for the data to be transmitted from the corresponding optical network unit, and each of bandwidth allocation units are connected to one another in a ring to perform the bandwidth allocation processing one by one for corresponding optical network unit; and
a sending back step that sends back a signal sending permission, which has been output from the bandwidth allocation unit that has performed the last bandwidth allocation processing in the ring connection, to the respective optical network units for specifying bandwidth to be allowed for transmitting the data in each service cycle as a unit period for the data transmission,
wherein, said bandwidth allocation processing step includes a bandwidth allocation unit specifying step that specifies the bandwidth allocation unit to perform the first bandwidth allocation processing in the ring connection by shifting the bandwidth allocation unit one by one for each of the service cycles.

10. The bandwidth allocation method according to claim 9, wherein
said bandwidth allocation processing step includes a bandwidth allocation result taking over step to be performed by the bandwidth allocation unit, other than those which performs the bandwidth allocation processing at first and at last in the ring connection, that performs the bandwidth allocation processing by taking over bandwidth allocation result having been performed by preceding bandwidth allocation unit in conjunction with the output request of the corresponding optical network unit, and sends the bandwidth allocation result having been performed by own bandwidth allocation unit to succeeding bandwidth allocation unit in the ring connection.

11. The bandwidth allocation method according to claim 10, wherein
said data to be transmitted from the optical network unit is classified into one of priorities for transmission, and said bandwidth allocation unit allocates bandwidth to each data in accordance with the priority in said bandwidth allocation processing step.

12. The bandwidth allocation method according to claim 11, wherein
said bandwidth allocation processing step includes a bandwidth replacing step that replaces the bandwidth for data having been allocated in the previous bandwidth allocation result by data of a higher-priority within a range of a maximum bandwidth allowed for the service cycle.

13. The bandwidth allocation method according to claim 10, wherein
said bandwidth allocation processing step is performed for the bandwidth allocation for a service cycle at least two service cycle ahead of the service cycle that accepts said output request.