United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-4262.

Donna Jo HASTIE, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

J.C. PENNEY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant-Appellee.

June 20, 1997.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 94-10047-

CIV-KING), James Lawrence King, Judge.

Before TJOFLAT and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and GODBOLD, Senior Circuit Judge.

BARKETT, Circuit Judge:

Appellant Donna Jo Hastie ("Hastie") appeals the district court's order granting summary

judgment in favor of J.C. Penney Life Insurance Company ("J.C. Penney") in her declaratory action

seeking benefits under two accidental death policies issued by J.C. Penney. The district court's

judgment was based on an intoxication exclusion in Hastie's insurance policy. Hastie argues on

appeal that Florida law, as established in Harris v. Carolina Life Ins. Co., 233 So.2d 833 (Fla.1970),

requires an insurer not only to prove an intoxicated status, but to prove a causal connection between

the intoxication and the cause of the accident resulting in the insured's death in order to deny

benefits under an accidental death policy containing an intoxication exclusion.

Background

On September 1, 1991, Douglas Hastie, Jr., the Appellant's husband, died moments after his

motorcycle collided with the rear of a vehicle that had switched into his lane. Upon impact, Douglas

Hastie was thrown over the vehicle, landing on the pavement. He suffered multiple head injuries

and died moments later. The death certificate listed "multiple blunt traumatic injuries" as the

immediate cause of death, "motorcycle-motor vehicle accident" as the "underlying cause" of death

and "acute alcohol intoxication" as a "significant condition contributing to death but not resulting
 1

The legal limit in Florida for driving a motor vehicle was .10 at the time of the accident. 

FLA.STAT. ch. 316.193 (1990) (Driving under the Influence). 

in the underlying cause." The autopsy report revealed a blood alcohol level of .254.1 The driver of

the vehicle, Anaira Taylor, pled guilty to failure to yield the right-of-way.

At the time of his death, Douglas Hastie was insured under two accidental death policies

issued by J.C. Penney. Policy # 25161 provides coverage in the amount of $40,000 and policy #

25104 provides $50,000 in coverage. Donna Jo Hastie is the beneficiary under both policies. Each

policy contains an intoxication exclusion. Policy # 25161 states, "[n]o benefit shall be paid for Loss

caused by or resulting from ... an Injury occurring while the Covered Person is intoxicated...."

Policy # 25104 states, "[n]o benefit shall be paid for any loss ... which is caused by or results from

... an Injury occurring while the Covered Person is intoxicated...."

The district court entered summary judgment in favor of J.C. Penney stating:

The policy exclusions relate to the status of the insured and not to the cause of death.

Consequently, it is of no moment that there is conflicting evidence as to the cause of the

accident. Because decedent's loss resulted from an injury that occurred while he was

intoxicated, Plaintiff is barred from recovery under the policies at issue.

Discussion

This Court reviews a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Southern Solvents,

Inc. v. New Hampshire Ins. Co., 91 F.3d 102, 104 (11th Cir.1996). In this diversity case we must

determine the controlling substantive law of Florida. Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58

S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938).

We conclude that under Florida law reversal is mandated pursuant to Harris v. Carolina Life

Ins. Co., 233 So.2d 833 (Fla.1970). In Harris, the insured, who was intoxicated at the time of his

death, was killed in a motor vehicle accident while he was riding as a passenger. At the time of the

accident, the decedent was insured under an accidental death policy which contained the following

exclusion: "Death ... resulting directly or indirectly, wholly or partially from any of the following

causes are risks not assumed under this policy: (c) Bodily injury while under the influence of

alcohol or drug...." Id. at 833-34.

The insurance company in Harris argued, as does J.C. Penney here, that the decedent's status
 2

Alternatively, J.C. Penney argues that the causal connection required by Harris need only be

between the intoxication and the death, not the intoxication and the accident resulting in death. 

Although we can conceive of immediate death exclusively caused by alcohol, e.g. acute alcohol

poisoning, which would perhaps not implicate an accident insurance policy, there is nothing in

the record to suggest that this is the factual context in this case as a matter of law. 

as intoxicated triggered the exclusion.2 The Court unequivocally rejected that argument as patently

unreasonable:

The interpretation urged by respondent ... would even deny liability for the accidental death

in an automobile collision of a person being transported in an ambulance simply on the

ground that the victim of the accident was under sedation at that time. Language in

contracts, drawn by reasonable men, should not be given an unreasonable construction.

Id. at 834. The Court then declared the language of the exclusion to be ambiguous, applied the rule

of liberal construction in favor of the insured and held that the insurance company had the burden

of showing some causal connection between the intoxication and the insured's death in order for the

exclusion to be effective. Id. at 834-35. We see no significant difference between this case and

Harris and, accordingly, REVERSE and REMAND for further proceedings consistent herewith.