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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 17a0023p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

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DANIEL MOODY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHIGAN GAMING CONTROL BOARD; SCOTT 

MCLEAY; STEVEN J. FERRARI; AL ERNST; NORMA 

COLE; ERIC PERTINNEN; JIM CURRAN; RICHARD 

KALM; JOHN LESSNAU,

Defendants-Appellees.

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No. 16-1155

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

No. 5:15-cv-11922—John Corbett O’Meara, District Judge.

Argued: December 8, 2016

Decided and Filed: February 2, 2017

Before: COLE, Chief Judge; BOGGS and SILER, Circuit Judges.

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Hugh M. Davis, CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION ASSOCIATES, P.C., Detroit, 

Michigan, for Appellant. Thomas R Nafso, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY 

GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Hugh M. Davis, 

CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION ASSOCIATES, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, for Appellant. 

Thomas R Nafso, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, 

for Appellees.

>
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 2

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OPINION

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SILER, Circuit Judge. Daniel Moody (“Moody”) appeals from the district court’s 

dismissal of his First Amendment retaliation claim for lack of standing. For the following 

reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision. 

I. Factual and Procedural History

Moody is a horse trainer engaged in harness racing and is the trainer of record for his 

family farm. Defendants are the Michigan Gaming Control Board (“MGCB”) and various 

individual employees (“individual defendants”) of the MGCB. Moody’s father, John Moody 

(“John”), was suspended and excluded by the MGCB in 2010. John later publicly criticized and 

sued the MGCB over those actions. In 2011, an anonymous email led to the investigation of 

Moody by the MGCB. The purpose behind this investigation was to determine whether Moody 

was only a “paper trainer” for his father, who could no longer participate in activities related to 

racing. 

The MGCB held a hearing in May 2012, during which it looked into such issues as 

trainer responsibility at the Moody farm, Moody’s tax returns and billing records, and the 

business practices of the farm. Another hearing was held in July 2012 to investigate certain 

issues further. These issues included whether Moody was giving a disqualified person (his 

father) access to racing; Moody’s failure to remove the name of a groom from the stable list 

when the groom was no longer employed at the farm; and Moody’s failure to cooperate by not 

returning a call from an investigator for the MGCB. The MGCB also requested that Moody 

produce his tax returns and a list of horses, owners, and training contracts. 

At the hearings, Moody testified that John, Sarah Garver, and Moody’s cousin David, all 

worked on the farm. He said that John worked around the stables but once a horse began racing, 

John no longer had contact with that horse. Moody also presented his tax returns and was 

directed to sign a 4506-T authorization to allow the IRS to release his tax filing information to 

the MGCB. Moody believed his tax preparer, Sandy Hennessy, had e-filed his 2010 and 2011 
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 3

tax returns with the IRS. However, Hennessy told the investigators that only the 2011 tax return 

had been e-filed but that Moody had not been notified of this issue. A third hearing was held in 

November 2012, which essentially dealt with the same issues as in the previous hearings. 

In December 2012, when Moody attempted to file his application for 2013 licensing, he 

was disqualified from racing until June 2013 for the matters discussed at the November hearing. 

In January 2013, a consent order was prepared that would have allowed Moody to begin 

participating in racing in March 2013, but it required Moody to agree not to take legal action 

against the MGCB. However, because Moody did not sign the consent order, he remained 

disqualified for six months. He appealed that suspension. In September 2013, Moody was told 

by the MGCB that he could apply for licensure without any of the preconditions that were 

proposed. The parties settled, and the administrative law judge dismissed the case.

In 2015, Moody filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the Eastern District of 

Michigan. He raised three different counts in this complaint, against both the MGCB and 

individual employees in their official and individual capacities. In Count I, he argued that he 

suffered First Amendment retaliation in the form of his disqualification from racing due to his 

father’s actions in filing suit against the MGCB. In Count II, he argued that he had a liberty 

interest in his right to engage in the harness-racing industry, and that Defendants had deprived 

him of that right. In Count III, he claimed that he had a property interest in his licenses to train 

and race, and that he was deprived of that interest without due process. 

Later, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court held that the 

MGCB was protected against suit due to Eleventh Amendment immunity and that neither the 

MGCB nor the individual defendants in their official capacities were “persons” subject to suit 

under 42 U.S.C § 1983. The court then dismissed all claims against the MGCB and the officialcapacity claims against the individual defendants. As to the First Amendment claim, the court 

stated that for third-party standing, there must be a hindrance to the third party’s ability to protect 

his own interest. Noting that Moody alleged an injury and a close relationship between himself 

and his father, the court nevertheless found that Moody failed to show a hindrance to his father’s 

ability to protect his own rights. As John had filed his own lawsuit against the MGCB and 

related defendants alleging constitutional violations arising out of the MGCB’s investigation of 
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 4

him, the court ruled that Moody failed to show a hindrance preventing John from asserting his 

own rights, leaving Moody unable to claim third-party standing. The court also found that 

Moody did not have a liberty interest in his license, and that he had not been deprived of 

procedural due process, as several hearings were held both before and after his license was 

suspended. As such, the court dismissed all counts of the complaint.

Moody later filed a motion to reconsider, pointing to the fact that the trial court did not 

permit John to amend his complaint and add a First Amendment claim for the alleged retaliation 

against his son.1The court denied the motion. Moody then appealed, arguing that the court erred 

in finding that John was not hindered from protecting his interests and that Moody has thirdparty standing to raise the First Amendment retaliation claim.2

II. Analysis

A. Standard of Review

We review a district court’s dismissal of claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. Winget v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 537 F.3d 565, 572 (6th 

Cir. 2008). As with the consideration by a district court, an appellate court accepts the plaintiff’s 

factual allegations as true and views the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, but 

is not required to accept legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences as true. Id. at 575.

B. Moody Lacks Third-Party Standing

Standing is a threshold issue for bringing a claim in federal court and must be present at 

the time the complaint is filed. See Lynch v. Leis, 382 F.3d 642, 647 (6th Cir. 2004). A plaintiff 

may assert his “own legal rights and interests,” but generally, a litigant may not sue to protect the 

constitutional rights of a third party. Kowalski v. Tesmer, 543 U.S. 125, 129 (2004). This bar, 

however, is not absolute. Id. A plaintiff may raise a constitutional claim on behalf of a third 

party if he can prove (1) injury-in-fact to the plaintiff, (2) a close relationship between the 

 

1

The court denied John’s motion to amend because it was untimely, not based on the merits.

2Moody does not appeal the dismissal of Counts II and III, which dealt with his alleged liberty interest and 

lack of procedural due process. Nor does he challenge the immunity ruling and subsequent dismissal of MGCB and 

the official-capacity claims against the individual defendants.
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 5

plaintiff and the third party whose rights he asserts, and (3) a hindrance preventing the third party 

from raising his own claim. See Kowalski, 543 U.S. at 129-30; Smith v. Jefferson Cty. Bd. of 

Sch. Comm’rs, 641 F.3d 197, 208 (6th Cir. 2011); Fieger v. Ferry, 471 F.3d 637, 649 (6th Cir. 

2006). A close relationship between the litigant and third party ensures that the plaintiff will 

effectively advocate for the third party’s rights. Kowalski, 543 U.S. at 129. 

In this case, the district court agreed that Moody met the first two requirements for thirdparty standing in that he had alleged an injury (temporary disqualification from horse racing) and 

a close relationship between himself and the third party (father and son). Moody’s case was 

dismissed because the court found that there was no hindrance preventing John from protecting 

his own rights. John had filed his own suit against the MGCB and individual defendants, and 

thus John was able to pursue his own interests in court. Accordingly, the issue now before us is 

whether the district court erred when determining that no hindrance existed.

Determining the existence of a hindrance requires examining “the likelihood and ability 

of the third parties . . . to assert their own rights.” Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400, 414 (1991). 

Courts have found the following to constitute a hindrance that keeps a third party from protecting 

his or her own rights: deterrence from filing suit due to privacy concerns, imminent mootness of 

a case, or systemic practical challenges to pursuing one’s own rights. See Powers v. Ohio, 

499 U.S. 400, 414 (1991) (permitting criminal defendants to raise equal-protection challenges to 

race-based peremptory strikes due to the limited potential equitable relief, small financial stake, 

and cost of litigation, all of which keeps jurors from raising the claims themselves); Singleton v. 

Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 117 (1976) (allowing physicians to challenge a law excluding abortions 

from Medicaid coverage because women may be chilled from filing suit due to a desire to protect 

their privacy and because of the risk that the case would soon be moot); Jefferson Cty. Bd. of 

Sch. Comm’rs, 641 F.3d at 208 (collecting cases). Although this list is not exclusive, authority 

suggests that “[n]o practical barriers exist if the third party actually asserts his own rights.” 

Hodak v. City of St. Peters, 535 F.3d 899, 904 (8th Cir. 2008).

Moody presents two arguments as to why his father is effectively hindered from 

protecting his own interests. He first argues that his father’s lack of standing is itself a 

hindrance. He contends that because his father did not suffer an injury due to the retaliation 
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 6

against Moody, his father would not have the same incentive to vigorously litigate this claim as 

Moody does. Moody also argues that even though John sued the MGCB, he was unable to raise 

the exact retaliation claim at issue now because his attempt to amend the complaint and add this 

claim was determined to be untimely by the district court. 

Moody, however, fails to point to any case where a lack of standing constituted a 

hindrance. Furthermore, there is no case law establishing that a failure to timely amend or file a 

claim is a hindrance. This is not a case where there might be a chilling effect on speech, as John 

had already engaged in protected speech, and Moody offers no statement that John’s behavior 

changed due to the actions taken against Moody by the MGCB. John was not faced with 

systemic practical difficulties, imminent mootness, or a desire to protect his privacy. Nor did he 

face any other apparent hindrances that would keep him from asserting his own rights. Trying to 

get this claim into court through third-party standing appears to be an attempt to circumvent the 

court’s denial of John’s motion to amend as untimely. That is not a hindrance. 

Moody also attempts to frame his argument as one about close familial relationships, and 

cites several cases in support. In Adkins v. Board of Education of Magoffin County, 982 F.2d 

952, 953 (6th Cir. 1993), the plaintiff claimed that her employment was terminated due to the 

actions of her husband. More specifically, she argued that the defendants violated her First 

Amendment right of association and that she was dismissed “for affiliation and association with 

her husband and others with whom she had a right to associate.” Id. There was no lack of 

standing because she claimed an injury based on her own protected actions—the right to 

associate with whom she chose—not the protected actions of a third party. In Sowards v. Loudon 

County, 203 F.3d 426, 430 (6th Cir. 2000), the plaintiff worked for the sheriff’s department and 

claimed that she was retaliated against because her husband was running against the current 

sheriff. She sued, arguing that she was terminated in retaliation for the exercise of her First 

Amendment rights of political and intimate association. Id.

These cases are easily distinguishable from the instant case. The plaintiffs in Adkins and 

Sowards engaged in the protected action, that of familial/intimate association, and were not 

seeking to invoke third-party standing. Moody never asserted in his complaint that he was 

retaliated against for constitutional association with his father or that his relationship with his 
No. 16-1155 Moody v. Mich. Gaming Control, et al. Page 7

father was impaired due to the Defendants’ actions. In fact, Moody clearly said that it was his 

father’s protected First Amendment actions that formed the foundation of the retaliation claim, 

and Moody was seeking to use third-party standing to assert that claim. Furthermore, at oral 

argument, Moody conceded that he was not bringing a claim based on familial association, so we 

fail to see how the reasoning in Adkins and Sowards applies to Moody’s case. 

As Moody fails to show a hindrance preventing his father from protecting his own rights, 

we agree that Moody lacks third-party standing to bring the retaliation claim. 

AFFIRMED.