CERTIFICATIONS


| | a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures,
      or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our
      supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant,
      including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within
      those entities, particularly during the period in which this Report is being
      prepared; 
      b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such
      internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision,
      to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting
      and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
      with generally accepted accounting principles; 
      c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and
      procedures and presented in this Report our conclusions about the effectiveness
      of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered
      by this Report based on such evaluation; and 
      d) Disclosed in this Report any change in the Registrant's internal control
      over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant's most recent
      fiscal quarter (the Registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an
      annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to
      materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting;
      and
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| | a) All significant deficiencies and material
      weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial
      reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's
      ability to record, process, summarize, and report financial information;
      and 
      b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other
      employees who have a significant role in the Registrant's internal control
      over financial reporting.
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