Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

McGinley Partners, LLC v. Royalty Properties, LLC, 2021 IL App (1st) 200390

Appellate Court 

Caption

McGINLEY PARTNERS, LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability 

Company, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROYALTY PROPERTIES, LLC, a 

Florida Limited Liability Company; RICHARD KIRK CANNON, an

Individual; and MERYL SQUIRES CANNON, an Individual,

Defendants-Appellants (Merix Pharmaceutical Corporation, ThirdParty Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. First District, Fourth Division 

Nos. 1-20-0390, 1-20-0391 cons.

Filed

Rehearing denied

March 31, 2021

May 19, 2021

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2014-L-005231; 

the Hon. Daniel J. Kubasiak, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed as modified.

Counsel on

Appeal

William J. Quinlan, Lisa H. Quinlan, David E. Hutchinson, Alex 

Walsdorf, and Jack McLeod, of Quinlan Law Firm, LLC, of Chicago, 

and Richard Kirk Cannon, of Law Offices of Cannon & Associates, of 

Barrington, for appellants.

Katherine Saldanha Olson and Joseph S. Messer, of Messer Strickler, 

Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.
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Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the 

court, with opinion.

Justices Reyes and Martin concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 In February 2017, plaintiff McGinley Partners, LLC, obtained an $8.3 million judgment 

against defendants Royalty Properties, LLC (Royalty Properties), Richard Kirk Cannon, and 

Meryl Squires Cannon (collectively, the Cannons) arising from a $1.5 million loan and 

mortgage executed by Royalty Properties and guaranteed by the Cannons. The instant 

consolidated appeals arise from several orders entered by the trial court in supplementary 

proceedings related to that judgment, in which plaintiffs served defendants with citations to 

discover assets and also served Merix Pharmaceutical Corporation (Merix), a corporation 

founded by Squires Cannon, with a third-party citation to discover assets. Plaintiff 

subsequently claimed that Merix violated the third-party citation when it made certain 

payments on Squires Cannon’s behalf. The trial court granted plaintiff’s motions for judgment 

against Merix and entered judgments for $297,846.53 and $1,103,876.25, respectively. The 

court also set aside as fraudulent certain transfers of intellectual property made by Merix to 

another corporation founded by Squires Cannon, Meritus Corporation (Meritus). Defendants 

and Merix appeal, claiming that the trial court made several errors in its consideration of 

plaintiff’s motions. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the court’s judgment but modify 

the amount of the judgment to correct a mathematical error.

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 The underlying loan that gave rise to the supplementary proceedings at issue here has been 

the subject of extensive litigation, resulting in a number of appeals before this court, most 

recently in McGinley Partners, LLC v. Royalty Properties, LLC, 2020 IL App (1st) 190546. 

We relate here only the details necessary to understand the context for the instant litigation, 

drawing our facts from our prior decisions.

¶ 4 The Cannons owned 43 horses, which resided on a farm in Barrington Hills owned by 

Horizon Farms, Inc. (Horizon Farms). In 2006, Horizon Farms solicited bids in an effort to sell 

the farm, and the Cannons submitted a bid of $19.35 million for the property, which was 

accepted. The Cannons made an earnest money deposit of nearly $2 million and financed the 

rest of the purchase price, primarily by obtaining a loan of $14.5 million from Amcore Bank 

in exchange for a mortgage on the property and the personal guaranties of the Cannons. In 

order to obtain this financing, Amcore Bank required the Cannons to form a limited liability 

company to sign for the loan as the mortgagee. Accordingly, the Cannons created Royalty 

Properties. In addition, Horizon Farms, the seller, loaned $1.5 million to Royalty Properties, 

evidenced by a promissory note and secured by a second mortgage on the property, as well as 

the personal guaranties of the Cannons. Horizon Farms subsequently assigned its interest in 

the note and guaranty to the William J. McGinley Marital Trust (trust) upon the dissolution 

and liquidation of Horizon Farms. The trust later assigned all of its right, title, and interest in 

the note and guaranty to plaintiff. It is this loan that gave rise to the supplementary proceedings 

at issue in the case at bar.
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¶ 5 On May 15, 2014, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants to enforce the note and 

guaranty executed by them with respect to the Horizon Farms loan when they defaulted.1 The 

court granted summary judgment in favor of plaintiff and entered judgment in the amount of 

$8,320,669.43 on February 2, 2017, a decision we affirmed on appeal in McGinley Partners, 

LLC v. Royalty Properties, LLC, 2018 IL App (1st) 171317. Defendants subsequently filed 

two petitions to vacate the judgment pursuant to section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure 

(Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2016)), both of which were denied; we affirmed the denial 

of the section 2-1401 petitions in McGinley Partners, LLC v. Royalty Properties, LLC, 2018 

IL App (1st) 172976, and in McGinley Partners, 2020 IL App (1st) 190546.

¶ 6 On June 16, 2017, plaintiff issued citations to discover assets to each of the Cannons, and 

on October 2, 2017, plaintiff issued a third-party citation to discover assets to Merix. Each of 

the citations contained a restraining provision; the citation issued to Merix provided:

“YOU ARE PROHIBITED from making or allowing any transfer or other 

disposition of, or interfering with, any property not exempt from execution or 

garnishment belonging to Defendant or to which s/he may be entitled or which may 

thereafter be acquired by or become due to him or her, and from paying over or 

otherwise disposing of any moneys not so exempt which are due or to become due to 

Defendant, up to double the amount of the balance due, until further order of court or 

termination of the proceeding, whichever occurs first.”

¶ 7 On August 31, 2018, plaintiff filed a motion for entry of judgment against Merix. Plaintiff 

claimed it had issued the citation to Merix to determine whether Merix had paid any money to 

Squires Cannon, Merix’s president and chief executive officer. In response to the citation, Dori 

Squires Hough, Squires Cannon’s daughter and executive vice president of Merix, denied that 

Merix had paid any money to Squires Cannon. However, on July 30, 2018, during her citation 

examination, Squires Hough testified that, at the instruction of Squires Cannon, Merix paid a 

number of Squires Cannon’s credit card bills on a monthly basis and had done so for the past 

few years. These payments were entered into Merix’s accounting system as loans, but Squires 

Hough could not recall any payments made by Squires Cannon toward any of the loans. She 

further testified that Squires Cannon charged personal expenses on company credit cards, 

which Merix also paid, and that Merix made monthly payments on the vehicle driven by 

Squires Cannon. 

¶ 8 Squires Hough also testified that Squires Cannon had previously received a salary from 

Merix, but that Squires Cannon decided to no longer receive a salary at some point; Squires 

Cannon also had previously received substantial royalties from Merix related to a patent she 

owned. Squires Hough additionally testified that Merix paid the bills of Royalty Farms, LLC 

(Royalty Farms), an entity owned in part by Squires Cannon, at a rate of approximately $5000 

per week, which were classified as loans; however, Squires Hough had never been provided 

with any loan documents and could not recall the amounts of any payments made by Royalty 

Farms.

¶ 9 Plaintiff claimed that the citation against Merix prohibited Merix from making any 

payments to Squires Cannon and that Merix had violated the citation. Accordingly, plaintiff 

1

The primary mortgage, issued by Amcore Bank, was also subject to litigation, beginning in 2009, 

when Amcore Bank filed a complaint to foreclose the mortgage. An order confirming the foreclosure 

sale and entering a deficiency judgment was entered on September 30, 2019.
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requested the entry of judgment against Merix. Attached to the motion were the transcript from 

Squires Hough’s citation examination, as well as Squires Hough’s answer to the citation, in 

which she denied that Merix paid any money to Squires Cannon.

¶ 10 On January 23, 2019, plaintiff filed several motions related to the citation proceedings. 

First, plaintiff filed a motion to set aside certain allegedly fraudulent transfers. Plaintiff claimed 

that Merix maintained an exclusive license to manufacture and distribute Releev, a cold sore 

treatment invented by Squires Cannon, pursuant to a 1999 licensing agreement between Merix 

and Squires Cannon. Under this licensing agreement, Squires Cannon had received substantial 

royalties, with the royalties at one time being valued at $6 million. However, notwithstanding 

the fact that Squires Cannon was in substantial debt at the time, on July 1, 2011, she sold her 

85% ownership interest in Merix, as well as her numerous patents and trademarks, to Meritus, 

a corporation in Dominica, for $10. Plaintiff claimed that the patent and trademark assignments 

were characterized as nunc pro tunc, were not notarized, and were not registered with the 

trademark office until July 10, 2015, despite purportedly being executed on July 1, 2011. 

Plaintiff further claimed that the patent and trademark assignments made clear that Squires 

Cannon was to continue to receive royalties from the patents and trademarks through July 

2015. Similarly, the assignment of Merix shares were not notarized and provided that Meritus’s 

ownership in the shares would not vest until royalties under the licensing agreement had been 

paid to Squires Cannon through July 2015.

¶ 11 Plaintiff claimed that Squires Cannon took the position that the assignments were made as 

part of a global expansion effort in order to expand Releev’s distribution networks. Squires 

Cannon claimed that European companies did not desire to do business with American 

companies, so she was advised to create an offshore company instead, which led to the creation 

of Meritus. Plaintiff noted that Squires Cannon was the only person who contributed assets to 

Meritus but that she claimed not to have any ownership interest in Meritus or even know who 

owned Meritus. Plaintiff contended that Squires Cannon was the owner of Meritus, which was 

evidenced by the terms of the purported assignments and by the fact that she was actively 

seeking to sell the Releev brand. Plaintiff further contended that the Merix shares and patent 

and trademark transfers made up substantially all of Squires Cannon’s assets at the time that 

the transfers were made. Plaintiff claimed that the transfers to Meritus were fraudulent under 

the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (Act) (740 ILCS 160/1 et seq. (West 2018)) and should 

be set aside. Attached to plaintiff’s motion were the transcript from Squires Cannon’s citation 

examination and the assignments at issue.

¶ 12 The intellectual property assignments were all substantively identical and provided that 

Squires Cannon

“do[es] sell, assign and transfer unto said Assignee the entire right, title and interest in 

and to the said Patents aforesaid, along with the rights and subject to the obligations of 

the existing license thereof to Merix Pharmaceutical Corp. dated June 25, 1999 with all 

payments actually received from Merix for the next four years to be paid directly to 

Patentee, *** provided, Patentee shall retain the right to negotiate and grant a license 

of the Patents to third parties so long as Patentee assigns any such license to Assignee.”

¶ 13 The assignment of Merix shares provided, in relevant part:

“Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, this Assignment is contingent 

upon Assignee maintaining in full force and effect that existing license (‘License’) of 

Assignor’s patents and marks to Merix dated June 25, 1999, regardless of Merix’[s] 
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ability to remain fully current on its royalty obligations thereunder, but with any unpaid 

royalties to be carried as a debt of Merix to be repaid to Assignee when it is able but 

only after all of Merix’[s] normal operating vendors, agents and employees have been

fully and currently paid; and this Assignment is further contingent upon Assignor 

receiving directly any and all royalty payments made by Merix under said License over 

the next four years, after which time ownership of said Shares shall be automatically 

vested in Assignee and recorded on the corporate books of Merix.” 

¶ 14 Also on January 23, 2019, plaintiff filed a motion to bar defendants from using Meritus’s 

records. Plaintiff claimed that, based on Squires Cannon’s testimony at her October 25, 2018, 

citation examination, plaintiff had repeatedly requested that she supply additional documents 

and records pertaining to the formation of Meritus, the global expansion effort of Releev, and 

Squires Cannon’s relationship to Meritus. However, she failed to supply any of the requested 

information. Plaintiff noted that at a December 29, 2018, hearing, the trial court stated that 

defendants would be barred from using any documents that they failed to produce. 

Consequently, plaintiff sought an order barring defendants from using any documents that 

might suggest (1) that the transfers were made as part of Releev’s global expansion effort and 

(2) that anyone other than Squires Cannon was the sole and exclusive owner of Meritus at the 

time of the transfers.

¶ 15 Finally, also on January 23, 2019, plaintiff filed a motion to bar any evidence that the 

payments of Squires Cannon’s personal expenses by Merix were loans. Plaintiff claimed that 

defendants had failed to supply any documents supporting such a position, despite repeated

requests for such evidence. Consequently, plaintiff sought an order barring defendants from 

using any documents suggesting that the money paid on behalf of Squires Cannon was a loan.

¶ 16 In response to plaintiff’s motions to bar, defendants argued that they should be permitted 

to present their evidence fully, especially where the original citations did not request 

information about Meritus. Additionally, with respect to plaintiff’s motion to set aside the 

transfers to Meritus as fraudulent, defendants argued that plaintiff’s claim was barred by the 

four-year statute of limitations, as the transfers occurred in 2011, and that the transfers were 

not fraudulent.

¶ 17 On March 15, 2019, the trial court entered an order in which it gave Merix until April 15, 

2019, to produce any additional records “or be barred from using same in any future 

proceeding.” On March 20, 2019, the trial court entered an order granting plaintiff’s motion to 

bar Meritus’s records. On April 2, 2019, defendants filed a motion to reconsider.

¶ 18 On April 25, 2019, the trial court entered an order finding that plaintiff’s motion to set 

aside the transfers to Meritus as fraudulent was not time-barred. The court found that the 2015 

dates on which the transfers were recorded, not the 2011 dates on which the assignments were 

purportedly signed, triggered the running of the statute of limitations. Additionally, the court 

found that the assignment of the Merix shares was effective as of 2015 because the assignment 

provided on its face that Squires Cannon would be entitled to four years of royalties before the 

shares would vest, meaning that the earliest the shares were transferred was July 1, 2015.

¶ 19 Also on April 25, 2019, the trial court entered an order granting plaintiff’s motion to bar 

Merix’s records and denying defendants’ motion to reconsider the order barring Meritus’s 

records.

¶ 20 On May 21, 2019, plaintiff filed a renewed motion for entry of judgment, which 

incorporated the claims of the original motion, and further claimed that the documents 
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produced by Merix in response to the citation were sufficient to show a citation violation and 

requested that judgment be entered without an evidentiary hearing. Plaintiff also requested 

“that this Court enter a judgment against Merix *** in an amount to be determined upon prove 

up” of damages. 

¶ 21 In response to the renewed motion, Merix claimed that the documents it had produced did 

not establish that it had violated the citation and argued that the amounts paid to Squires 

Cannon were compensation owed to her for her performance as an officer of Merix. Merix thus 

argued that 85% of that amount was exempt from the citation proceedings. Merix contended 

that it had paid Squires Cannon $70,817.842 in compensation and agreed to pay 15% of that 

amount to plaintiff, which was $10,622.68. In its reply, plaintiff claimed that Merix’s 

arguments about compensation contradicted its previous statements that Squires Cannon 

received no compensation and further claimed that Merix overlooked a number of other 

payments made on behalf of Squires Cannon in violation of the citation. In its reply, plaintiff 

also included calculations based on Merix’s response to the citation for each of the purportedly 

unauthorized payments. Adding all of these other payments, plaintiff requested that the court 

enter a judgment against Merix in the amount of $1,157,901.44 for violation of the citation.

¶ 22 On June 17, 2019, defendants filed a motion to continue the hearing on the allegedly 

fraudulent transfers, claiming that plaintiff was required to join Merix and Meritus as necessary 

parties. The trial court denied the motion on June 18, 2019, and conducted an evidentiary 

hearing on the same day, at which both Cannons testified.

¶ 23 On July 24, 2019, defendants filed a motion seeking to supplement the record with 

documents that they claimed showed that Squires Cannon no longer had any interest in 

Meritus. The trial court denied the motion on August 8, 2019, finding that admission of the 

records would conflict with its prior order barring Meritus’s records and further finding that 

the documents had not been properly authenticated and therefore constituted inadmissible 

hearsay. Defendants filed a motion to reconsider, which was denied.

¶ 24 On August 28, 2019, the trial court entered judgment against Merix in the amount of 

$289,958.04. The court further granted plaintiff leave to file a renewed motion for judgment 

against Merix with respect to amounts not included in the initial judgment. While the report of 

proceedings for the August 28, 2019, hearing on the motion is not contained in the record on 

appeal, the parties have included excerpts from that hearing. At the hearing, the court stated 

that it found that plaintiff was entitled to judgment relating to (1) $71,332.60 in payments that 

Merix contended was compensation for Squires Cannon, (2) $106,084 in initial attorney fees, 

(3) an additional $77,000 in attorney fees, and (4) $35,541.44 in payments for the vehicle 

driven by Squires Cannon. However, the court found that plaintiff had not established that it 

was entitled to (1) $837,693.40 in payments for the expenses of Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties, (2) a $21,500 “ ‘gift’ ” to Royalty Properties, or (3) credit card payments in the 

amount of $8750. Merix filed a motion to reconsider the judgment, which was denied.

¶ 25 On September 3, 2019, defendants filed a motion to stay or dismiss plaintiff’s motion to 

set aside the allegedly fraudulent transfers to Meritus, claiming that the court lacked 

jurisdiction to set aside the transfers because plaintiff failed to join Meritus as a necessary 

party.

2

Plaintiff’s calculation was that this amount was $71,332.60.
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¶ 26 On September 25, 2019, plaintiff filed a renewed motion for entry of judgment against 

Merix, seeking an additional $859,193.40 that it claimed Merix paid to Royalty Farms and 

Royalty Properties. Plaintiff first claimed that defendants had been barred from using or 

referring to records “tending to support that money paid to or on behalf of Judgment Debtors 

and/or entities owned or managed by them since October 3, 2017 constitute true loans and not 

funds which [Squires Cannon] has a right or entitlement.” Plaintiff also claimed that, even if 

the court considered them as loans, Squires Cannon had control over the funds “loaned” to 

Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties because she was a managing member of both entities 

and was an authorized signatory for both entities’ bank accounts. Accordingly, plaintiff 

claimed that they were funds to which Squires Cannon was entitled, in violation of the citation 

provision. Plaintiff later supplemented its motion based on additional documents produced by 

Merix, claiming that the actual amount paid to Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties was 

$1,095,972.76, and also including another $7903.49 paid to Squires Cannon’s attorney.

¶ 27 In response, Merix claimed that judgment was inappropriate because Squires Cannon did 

not wholly own the two entities and there was no evidence that she received the proceeds in 

her individual capacity. Merix argued that if the entities were not wholly owned by Squires 

Cannon, plaintiff could not establish that Merix’s payments to Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties violated the citation. Merix further argued that the attorney fees sought by plaintiff 

included several costs for court reporting services, which Merix was entitled to obtain and pay 

for as a third-party citation respondent. In its reply, plaintiff contended that Merix had never 

produced any documents showing that the payments were loans and was now barred. Plaintiff 

further contended that the record was clear that Squires Cannon requested the proceeds; she 

was the sole individual with authority to request disbursements on behalf of Royalty Farms 

and had authority to request loans on behalf of Royalty Properties. She was also the sole person 

authorized to make disbursements from Merix. Accordingly, plaintiff claimed that the 

payments violated the citation. Plaintiff also argued that the $3178.49 for court reporting 

services should be included in the judgment, claiming that Merix included that amount when 

producing records as to any payments made on Squires Cannon’s behalf and also later supplied 

a certificate of completion and accuracy certifying the accuracy of that production. Plaintiff 

argued that Merix could not now claim that the court reporting services were for its benefit, 

not Squires Cannon’s.

¶ 28 On November 1, 2019, the trial court entered an order setting aside the transfers to Meritus 

as fraudulent. The court found that the transfers were to an insider; that Squires Cannon 

retained possession and control of the patents, trademarks, and shares after the transfers; that 

Squires Cannon had not only been sued but had been unsuccessful in her efforts to have the 

lawsuit dismissed prior to making the transfers; and that the transfers were of substantially all 

of Squires Cannon’s assets. The court found unpersuasive Squires Cannon’s contention that 

the transfers were part of Releev’s global expansion effort, finding that there was no evidence 

to support that contention, apart from Squires Cannon’s “self-serving and unconvincing 

testimony,” and that any such deal failed long before Meritus incorporated in 2014. The court 

further found that the patents, trademarks, and shares were worth “substantially more” than the 

$10 purportedly paid for them. Finally, the court found that the joinder of Meritus was not 

necessary, as Squires Cannon was in privity with Meritus as its sole owners and adequately 

represented its interests. 
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¶ 29 On November 14, 2019, defendants filed a motion to reconsider the order setting aside the 

transfers to Meritus, claiming that both Merix and Meritus were required to be joined as 

necessary parties and that Squires Cannon did not adequately represent Meritus’s interests.

¶ 30 On January 24, 2020, the trial court entered judgment against Merix in the amount of 

$1,103,876.25. It also amended the prior judgment to include $7903.49 in additional payments, 

bringing that judgment to $297,846.53. In total, the amount of the judgments against Merix 

was $1,401,722.78. 3 The trial court also entered an order denying defendants’ motion to 

reconsider the order setting aside the transfers to Meritus.

¶ 31 On February 24, 2020, defendants and Merix separately filed notices of appeal. The two 

appeals were consolidated on May 29, 2020.

¶ 32 ANALYSIS

¶ 33 On appeal, defendants raise issues concerning the various orders entered by the trial court. 

Specifically, defendants contend (1) that the trial court erred in entering the judgments against 

Merix, (2) that the trial court erred in granting plaintiff’s motion to set aside the transfers to 

Meritus, and (3) that the trial court erred in failing to require joinder of Merix and Meritus as 

necessary parties.4

¶ 34 I. Judgments Against Merix

¶ 35 With respect to the August 2019 and January 2020 judgments against Merix, defendants 

claim (1) that the trial court erred in entering the judgments without first holding an evidentiary 

hearing and (2) that the trial court erred in entering the January 2020 judgment because the 

court incorrectly found that certain payments were made on behalf of the Cannons. Where a 

trial court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing or make factual findings, we review its ruling 

in supplementary proceedings de novo. Kauffman v. Wrenn, 2015 IL App (2d) 150285, ¶ 15; 

see also Xcel Supply, LLC v. Horowitz, 2018 IL App (1st) 162986, ¶ 57 (“Where a trial court 

relies solely on the parties’ oral argument and the record, without conducting an evidentiary 

hearing or making any findings of fact, a reviewing court will employ a de novo standard of 

review.”). De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial court would 

perform. Xcel Supply, 2018 IL App (1st) 162986, ¶ 57.

¶ 36 We first consider defendants’ contention that an evidentiary hearing was required before 

the trial court could enter either the August 2019 or the January 2020 judgment against Merix. 

Section 2-1402 of the Code governs supplementary proceedings in Illinois. 735 ILCS 5/2-1402 

(West 2018). This section permits a judgment creditor, like plaintiff in the case at bar, to serve 

a citation to the judgment debtor or on a third party, seeking “to discover assets or income of 

the debtor not exempt from the enforcement of the judgment, a deduction order or 

3

As we later discuss, this amount includes a mathematical error by the trial court.

4

As an initial matter, we must note that, under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 6 (eff. July 1, 2011), 

any Illinois cases filed on or after July 1, 2011, must be cited by using the public-domain citation. 

Plaintiff has failed to comply with this rule, citing only the Lexis citation for each case. This has made 

it extremely difficult for this court to access the cases that plaintiff relies on in support of its arguments, 

a result plaintiff surely does not desire. While this court has reviewed all relevant case law cited by the 

parties, we counsel plaintiff to cite the court’s official reporter in the future.
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garnishment,” and to apply such nonexempt assets or income toward the payment of the 

amount due under the judgment. 735 ILCS 5/2-1402(a) (West 2018).

¶ 37 Section 2-1402(f)(1) authorizes the citation to include a restraining provision: 

“The citation may prohibit the party to whom it is directed from making or allowing 

any transfer or other disposition of, or interfering with, any property not exempt from 

the enforcement of a judgment therefrom, a deduction order or garnishment, belonging 

to the judgment debtor or to which he or she may be entitled or which may thereafter 

be acquired by or become due to him or her, and from paying over or otherwise 

disposing of any moneys not so exempt which are due or to become due to the judgment 

debtor, until the further order of the court or the termination of the proceeding, 

whichever occurs first.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1402(f)(1) (West 2018).

All of the citations issued in the case at bar, including the citation issued to Merix, included 

such a restraining provision.

¶ 38 Section 2-1402(f)(1) further provides that “[t]he court may punish any party who violates

the restraining provision of a citation as and for a contempt, or if the party is a third party may 

enter judgment against him or her in the amount of the unpaid portion of the judgment and 

costs allowable under this Section, or in the amount of the value of the property transferred, 

whichever is lesser.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1402(f)(1) (West 2018). The trial court’s judgments against 

Merix were entered pursuant to this provision.

¶ 39 Defendants contend that an evidentiary hearing was required before the trial court was 

permitted to enter judgment against Merix. We note that defendants rely on a number of cases 

involving turnover orders. See, e.g., Dowling v. Chicago Options Associates, Inc., 226 Ill. 2d 

277 (2007); Workforce Solutions v. Urban Services of America, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st) 

111410; Harmon v. Ladar Corp., 200 Ill. App. 3d 79 (1990). However, as noted, the judgments 

in the case at bar were not turnover orders under section 2-1402(c). See 735 ILCS 5/2-1402(c) 

(West 2018) (permitting a court to order turnover of the judgment debtor’s income or assets). 

Instead, they were judgments for violation of the restraining provision under section 2-

1402(f)(1). We have previously found that it is not clear whether an evidentiary hearing is 

required under such circumstances. See Xcel Supply, 2018 IL App (1st) 162986, ¶ 50 (noting 

that “it is unclear if an evidentiary hearing or trial is *** required for a citation violation, where 

the parties have submitted briefs, affidavits, deposition transcripts, and other documentary

exhibits”). We find that, under the facts of this case, no evidentiary hearing was required 

because all of the facts and evidence in this case were before the trial court.

¶ 40 A violation of the restraining provision presupposes that the property possessed by the 

third-party citation respondent belongs to the judgment debtor. Door Properties, LLC v. 

Nahlawi, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 30.5 Thus, the relevant question becomes whether the 

third party is holding assets of the judgment debtor that should be applied to satisfy the 

judgment. Door Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 31. It is the judgment creditor’s 

5

We note that defendants cite this case for the first time in their reply briefs. While we recognize 

that the opinion was issued only a week before defendants filed their opening brief, we caution that a 

party may not raise an argument for the first time in the reply brief, as this deprives opposing counsel 

of the opportunity to address the issue. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued 

[in the opening brief] are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument, or on 

petition for rehearing.”).
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burden to demonstrate that the third-party respondent possesses assets of the judgment debtor. 

Door Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 31.

¶ 41 In Door Properties, the appellate court determined that resolution of this question required 

an evidentiary hearing. Door Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 55. The court noted that 

the trial court did not conduct an evidentiary hearing, so the only evidence before the trial court 

was documentary evidence consisting of transcripts, which did not fully answer the question 

of whether the funds at issue were the result of a debt or were a gratuitous gesture. Door 

Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 38. Given the questions of fact presented by the 

record, the court found that “the better course is to vacate the judgment and remand for an 

evidentiary hearing.” Door Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 55.

¶ 42 By contrast, in Kauffman, the appellate court was able to resolve the question of whether 

the third party violated the citation without an evidentiary hearing. There, the parties stipulated 

to several facts concerning the bank account at issue. Kauffman, 2015 IL App (2d) 150285, 

¶ 10. The court found that the evidence before it was sufficient to support the trial court’s 

determination that the third party had violated the citation by failing to freeze the account. 

Kauffman, 2015 IL App (2d) 150285, ¶ 30. However, finding that the judgment creditor had 

failed to prove that all of the funds transferred from the account belonged to the judgment 

debtor, the Kauffman court found that the trial court erred in entering judgment against the 

third party. Kauffman, 2015 IL App (2d) 150285, ¶ 32.

¶ 43 Thus, we find that the particular circumstances of the case before the court determines 

whether an evidentiary hearing is required. If the factual record before the court is sufficient 

for the court to determine whether the citation has been violated, then no evidentiary hearing 

may be necessary, as in Kauffman. However, where there are questions of fact as to the 

ownership of the assets, as in Door Properties, “the better course is to vacate the judgment and 

remand for an evidentiary hearing.” Door Properties, 2020 IL App (1st) 173163, ¶ 55.

¶ 44 In the case at bar, the first judgment against Merix was entered on August 28, 2019. That 

judgment was the result of plaintiff’s August 31, 2018, motion for entry of judgment and its 

subsequently filed renewed motion for entry of judgment. In the motion, plaintiff claimed that 

the citation examination of Squires Hough, Merix’s executive vice president, revealed that 

Merix paid the following expenses on Squires Cannon’s behalf: (1) a number of Squires 

Cannon’s credit cards; (2) payments for Squires Cannon’s personal expenses charged on 

Merix’s credit cards; (3) monthly payments of $1200 for the vehicle driven by Squires Cannon; 

(4) payroll and other bills of Royalty Farms, an entity owned at least in part by Squires Cannon, 

in the amount of $5000 per week; and (5) payments to Squires Cannon’s attorneys. The motion 

further claimed that Squires Hough testified that Squires Cannon previously received both a 

salary and royalty payments from Merix. The renewed motion incorporated the claims of the 

original motion and further claimed that the documents produced by Merix in response to the 

citation were sufficient to show a citation violation and requested that judgment be entered 

without an evidentiary hearing. Plaintiff also requested “that this Court enter a judgment 

against Merix *** in an amount to be determined upon prove up.” 

¶ 45 In response to the renewed motion, Merix claimed that the documents it had produced did 

not establish that it had violated the citation and argued that the amounts paid to Squires 

Cannon were compensation owed to her for her performance as an officer of Merix. Merix thus 

argued that 85% of that amount was exempt from the citation proceedings. Merix contended 
- 11 -

that it had paid Squires Cannon $70,817.846 in compensation and agreed to pay 15% of that 

amount, which was $10,622.68, under the citation proceedings to plaintiff. Merix did not 

address the other categories of payments that plaintiff claimed violated the citation, and Merix 

did not request an evidentiary hearing or otherwise object to plaintiff’s request that the motion 

be decided based on documentary evidence. In its reply, plaintiff claimed that Merix’s 

arguments about compensation contradicted its previous statements that Squires Cannon 

received no compensation and further claimed that Merix overlooked a number of other 

payments made on behalf of Squires Cannon in violation of the citation. In its reply, plaintiff 

also included calculations based on Merix’s response to the citation for each of the purportedly 

unauthorized payments. Adding all of these other payments, plaintiff requested that the court 

enter a judgment against Merix in the amount of $1,157,901.44 for violation of the citation. 

¶ 46 At the hearing on the motion,7 the court stated that it found that plaintiff was entitled to 

judgment relating to (1) $71,332.60 in payments that Merix contended was compensation for 

Squires Cannon, (2) $106,084 in initial attorney fees, (3) an additional $77,000 in attorney 

fees, and (4) $35,541.44 in payments for the vehicle driven by Squires Cannon. However, the 

court found that plaintiff had not established that it was entitled to (1) $837,693.40 in payments 

for the expenses of Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties, (2) a $21,500 “ ‘gift’ ” to Royalty 

Properties, or (3) credit card payments in the amount of $8750.

¶ 47 Based on the evidence in the record, we cannot find that the trial court was required to hold 

an evidentiary hearing before entering the August 2019 judgment. The only argument that 

Merix made in response to plaintiff’s renewed motion for judgment was its contention that 

approximately $70,000 of the payments constituted compensation for Squires Cannon, 

meaning that it was largely exempt from the citation proceedings. However, the trial court 

found that Merix was bound by Squires Hough’s earlier testimony that Squires Cannon did not 

receive any compensation from Merix. Merix did not challenge the other payments that 

plaintiff contended were improper. While Merix claims that it lacked the opportunity to do so 

because plaintiff listed them for the first time in its reply brief, that claim overlooks the fact 

that plaintiff identified each of the categories of payments in its motion—only the calculations 

of the amounts were added to the reply brief. Moreover, the record does not show that Merix 

objected to the filing of this reply or sought to file a surreply, nor does it show that Merix 

requested an evidentiary hearing. Consequently, we cannot find that the trial court erred in 

entering the August 2019 judgment without an evidentiary hearing.

¶ 48 With respect to the second judgment, entered on January 24, 2020, plaintiff sought 

judgment against Merix in the amount of $859,193.40 for payments that Merix made to 

Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties. Plaintiff first claimed that defendants had been barred 

from using or referring to records “tending to support that money paid to or on behalf of 

Judgment Debtors and/or entities owned or managed by them since October 3, 2017 constitute 

true loans and not funds which [Squires Cannon] has a right or entitlement.” Plaintiff also 

claimed that, even if the court considered them as loans, Squires Cannon had control over the 

funds “loaned” to Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties because she was a managing member 

of both entities and was an authorized signatory for both entities’ bank accounts. Accordingly, 

6

As noted, plaintiff’s calculation was that this amount was $71,332.60.

7

As noted, the report of proceedings from the hearing is not contained in the record on appeal, but 

the parties have included excerpts attached to various motions.
- 12 -

plaintiff claimed that they were funds to which Squires Cannon was entitled, in violation of 

the citation provision. Plaintiff later supplemented its motion based on additional documents 

produced by Merix, claiming that the actual amount paid to Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties was $1,095,972.76, and also including another $7903.49 paid to Squires Cannon’s 

attorney.

¶ 49 In response, Merix claimed that judgment was inappropriate because Squires Cannon did 

not wholly own the two entities and there was no evidence that she received the proceeds in 

her individual capacity. Merix argued that if the entities were not wholly owned by Squires 

Cannon, plaintiff could not establish that Merix’s payments to Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties violated the citation. Merix further argued that the attorney fees sought by plaintiff 

included several costs for court reporting services, which Merix was entitled to obtain and pay 

for as a third-party citation respondent. In its reply, plaintiff contended that Merix never 

produced any documents showing that the payments were loans and was now barred from 

making that claim. Plaintiff further contended that the record was clear that Squires Cannon 

requested the proceeds; she was the sole individual with authority to request disbursements on 

behalf of Royalty Farms and had authority to request loans on behalf of Royalty Properties. 

She was also the sole person authorized to make disbursements from Merix. Accordingly, 

plaintiff claimed that the payments violated the citation. Plaintiff also argued that the $3178.49 

for court reporting services should be included in the judgment, claiming that Merix included 

that amount when producing records as to any payments made on Squires Cannon’s behalf and 

also later supplied a certificate of completion and accuracy certifying the accuracy of that 

production. Plaintiff argued that Merix could not now claim that the court reporting services 

were for its benefit, not Squires Cannon’s.

¶ 50 In its January 24, 2020, order, the trial court found that “[u]pon review of the case law 

provided by [plaintiff], the court finds that as a managing member and authorized account 

signatory, there can be no dispute that [Squires] Cannon had control over the funds purportedly 

‘loaned’ to Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties.” The court further found that Squires 

Cannon also had entitlement to the funds under National Life Real Estate Holdings, LLC v. 

Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943. Consequently, the court found that, “[b]ecause [Squires] 

Cannon had entitlement to the funds, payments made by Merix to Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties after Merix was served with the citation were in violation of the citation’s restraining 

provision.” The court also found that, per Merix’s own records, the $7903.49 in attorney fee 

payments were made for the benefit of Squires Cannon and therefore should be included in the 

judgment.

¶ 51 As with the August 2019 order, we cannot find that the trial court was required to hold an 

evidentiary hearing prior to entering its January 2020 judgment. While Merix claims there were 

“numerous factual disputes” as to whether the payments violated the citations, there were no 

actual disputes over the relevant facts. Merix did not raise any issues as to the accuracy of 

plaintiff’s representations about Squires Cannon’s authority with respect to any of the entities 

but instead claimed that plaintiff needed to show that Squires Cannon wholly owned the 

entities in order for plaintiff to prove that Squires Cannon had sufficient control over the funds. 

Thus, the only dispute was the application of the law to the facts, namely, whether the level of 

control Squires Cannon had over the various entities meant that she controlled them. See 

Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 20 (the determination of whether the proceeds of a loan 

fall within the purview of the restraining provision of section 2-1402(f)(1) is a question of law). 
- 13 -

Consequently, we cannot find that the trial court erred in deciding the issue without an 

evidentiary hearing.

¶ 52 Merix also argues that the court’s conclusions were incorrect: that Squires Cannon did not 

control the “loan proceeds” and that the court reporting fees should not have been included in 

the judgment. As to the issue of control, the trial court primarily relied on Scarlato in finding 

that Squires Cannon controlled the payments made to Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties. 

In that case, the judgment creditor claimed that a third-party citation respondent violated the 

citation’s restraining provision by extending a loan to the judgment debtor. Scarlato, 2017 IL 

App (1st) 161943, ¶ 1. After the issuance of the citation, the third-party citation respondent, a 

bank, had entered into an agreement to loan money to the judgment debtor, as well as to two 

companies in which he was a managing member; the judgment debtor executed the agreement 

and note both in his individual capacity, as well as in his capacity as managing member of each 

entity. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 6. The bank then made disbursements in the full 

amount of the loan to various entities, including to one of the companies for which the 

judgment debtor was managing member. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 9.

¶ 53 On appeal, the court found that the question to be resolved was whether the loan proceeds 

were the judgment debtor’s “property” such that the bank was prohibited from transferring, 

disbursing, or otherwise disposing of it. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 23. The court 

found that they were. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 36. The court noted that the 

judgment debtor signed the agreement in his individual capacity, not simply in his capacity as 

managing member of the other entities. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 36. The court 

further found that “one who has control over loan proceeds also has entitlement thereto.” 

Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 36. The court noted that, at various times, the loan 

proceeds passed through the bank accounts of one of the entities for which the judgment debtor 

was managing member and found that, as managing member, the judgment debtor had rights 

to those accounts even if he was not a signatory thereto. Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, 

¶ 36. The judgment debtor was also the sole individual with authority to request advances on 

the loan, which the court found was further evidence of his control over the loan proceeds. 

Scarlato, 2017 IL App (1st) 161943, ¶ 36.

¶ 54 In the case at bar, we cannot find that the trial court erred in finding payments to Royalty 

Farms and Royalty Properties to be Squires Cannon’s property. First, as noted by plaintiff, 

there is no evidence that these payments were actually loans and Merix was barred from 

presenting such evidence when it failed to produce any records after a certain date. 

Furthermore, even if they were loans, we agree with the trial court that Scarlato is instructive 

in how to treat such loans. While there is no evidence that Squires Cannon signed anything in 

her individual capacity,8 by Squires Cannon’s own admission, she is the sole officer and 

manager of Royalty Farms and its sole bank account signatory and is a joint owner, manager, 

and bank account signatory for Royalty Properties. She also is the only authorized signatory 

on Merix’s bank accounts and makes all final decisions for the company. Thus, Squires Cannon 

would have control over any payments made by Merix to either entity and would have rights 

to any of those funds. Consequently, we cannot find that the trial court erred in finding these 

funds to be Squires Cannon’s property.

8

As noted, there are no loan agreements or other documentation as to any purported “loans” at all, 

other than the payments themselves.
- 14 -

¶ 55 With respect to the fees that Merix claims are court reporting fees paid on behalf of Merix, 

Merix contends that the evidence shows only that the fees were paid for the instant litigation, 

not that they were paid on behalf of Squires Cannon. Thus, Merix claims that they should not 

have been included because Merix was entitled to pay for its own court costs. However, 

Merix’s argument overlooks the fact these fees were included by Merix in its supplemental 

production as fees paid on behalf of Squires Cannon. In other words, when asked to list all fees 

paid on behalf of Squires Cannon, Merix listed the court reporter fees. Merix cannot now argue 

that those fees were paid on its own behalf instead.

¶ 56 As a final matter, Merix claims that the $7903.49 in attorney fees was double counted in 

the trial court’s judgments. In its second motion for entry of judgment, plaintiff sought a total 

judgment of $1,103,876.25: $1,095,972.76 in payments made to Royalty Farms and Royalty 

Properties, and $7903.49 in payments for attorney fees. Since the trial court’s August 2019 

judgment had included payments for attorney fees, plaintiff requested that the trial court 

supplement that judgment to include the additional $7903.49 in attorney fees. In its January 

2020 judgment, the trial court supplemented the August 2019 judgment with the additional

attorney fees, to now total $297,846.53.9 However, the trial court also entered judgment in the 

amount of $1,103,876.25 based on payments to Royalty Farms and Royalty Properties, instead 

of the $1,095,972.76 sought by plaintiff. On appeal, plaintiff does not dispute that this was an 

error but claims that Merix forfeited it by not raising it below. While we agree that Merix 

should have raised it before the trial court, affording it the opportunity to correct its error, we 

agree with Merix that these fees were double-counted and should not have been included twice. 

We have the authority to correct the judgment under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 366(a)(5) 

(eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and therefore modify the judgment to reflect a total judgment amount of 

$1,393.834.29—$297,861.53 for the August 2019 judgment and $1,095,972.76 for the 

February 2020 judgment. See In re Marriage of Olson, 223 Ill. App. 3d 636, 649 (1992) 

(modifying trial court’s judgment to correct mathematical errors); Abbott v. Fluid Power Pump 

Co., 112 Ill. App. 2d 303, 314 (1969) (same).

¶ 57 II. Motion to Set Aside Fraudulent Transfers

¶ 58 Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in setting aside Squires Cannon’s transfers 

of Merix shares, patents, and trademarks to Meritus as fraudulent. Defendants argue both that 

plaintiff’s motion to set aside the transfers was untimely and that the transfers were not 

fraudulent.

¶ 59 A. Statute of Limitations

¶ 60 We first address defendants’ claim that plaintiff’s motion was barred by the statute of 

limitations. The applicability of a statute of limitations to a cause of action presents a legal 

question that we review de novo. Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bowman, 229 Ill. 2d 461, 

466 (2008). As noted, de novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial 

court would perform. Xcel Supply, 2018 IL App (1st) 162986, ¶ 57.

¶ 61 In the case at bar, plaintiff sought to set aside the transfers as fraudulent pursuant to the 

Act. Under the Act, a transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, if (1) the debtor 

9

This calculation by the trial court is slightly incorrect: adding $7903.49 to the original $289,958.04 

judgment totals $297,861.53.
- 15 -

made the transfer with actual intent to hinder or defeat a creditor (fraud in fact) or (2) the 

transfer was made for inadequate consideration and the debtor retained insufficient assets to 

pay its obligation to the debtor (fraud in law). 740 ILCS 160/5(a) (West 2018); Regan v. 

Ivanelli, 246 Ill. App. 3d 798, 803-04 (1993). A cause of action with respect to a fraudulent 

transfer under the Act must be brought “within 4 years after the transfer was made or the 

obligation was incurred or, if later, within one year after the transfer or obligation was or could 

reasonably have been discovered by the claimant,” if the alleged fraud is fraud in fact (740 

ILCS 160/10(a) (West 2018)), or must be brought “within 4 years after the transfer was made 

or the obligation was incurred,” if the alleged fraud is fraud in law (740 ILCS 160/10(b) (West 

2018)).

¶ 62 With respect to the transfer of the Merix shares, the court found that the transfer of the 

shares occurred no earlier than July 1, 2015. The court noted that the assignment was clear on 

its face that the assignment was contingent on Squires Cannon receiving royalties for the next 

four years (until July 1, 2015) and that the shares would only vest once the royalties had been 

paid. We find no error with the trial court’s conclusion.

¶ 63 Defendants claim that the definition of “transfer” in the Act demonstrates that even a 

conditional disposition of an asset may be considered a “transfer.” Defendants are correct that 

a transfer is broadly defined under the Act to mean “every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or 

conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with an asset or an interest in 

an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, and creation of a lien or other 

encumbrance.” 740 ILCS 160/2(l) (West 2018). However, the Act further provides that “the 

transfer is made when it becomes effective between the debtor and the transferee.” 740 ILCS 

160/7(c) (West 2018).

¶ 64 The issue is not whether the assignment was a “transfer,” but whether the cause of action 

was brought within four years from the date the transfer was “made.” 740 ILCS 160/10(a), (b) 

(West 2018). In the case at bar, the language of the assignment expressly provides that the 

shares will only vest once the royalties have been paid. Accordingly, the transfer could not be 

effective until July 1, 2015, and therefore it was not “made” until that date. Since plaintiff filed 

its motion to set aside the transfer as fraudulent on January 23, 2019, within four years of that 

date, the motion was timely.

¶ 65 With respect to the assignments of Squires Cannon’s patents and trademarks, the court 

found that the date the transfers were “made” for purposes of the Act was the date that they 

were recorded with the trademark office. The court found that the fact that the assignments 

were not notarized meant that the assignments lacked prima facie evidence that they were 

executed on July 1, 2011. The court further found that Meritus lacked standing to enforce the 

patents and trademarks until recordation, so “this Court is hard pressed to find how the transfer 

could be deemed to have occurred prior to recordation.” Moreover, the court found that, until 

recordation, the assignments would be void as against a subsequent purchaser or mortgagee, 

meaning that they would not be considered “made” until that time.

¶ 66 Additionally, the court found that the assignments indicated that Squires Cannon reserved 

the right to receive royalties through July 2015 and that she maintained the right to negotiate 

and grant licenses to the trademarks and patents. The court found that, “[a]s the very rights 

associated with ownership of the patent [and its] application and trademarks did not transfer 

until 2015, if at all, there is again no basis for concluding that the transfer actually occurred in 
- 16 -

2011.” Finally, the court found that it had also not been presented with any evidence that 

Meritus was even in existence in July 2011 so as to accept the assignments.

¶ 67 We cannot find that the trial court erred in finding that the transfers were made in 2015, 

not in 2011. First, as the trial court found, there was no evidence that the assignments were 

actually executed in 2011. Defendants claim that Squires Cannon testified that they were and 

also signed the assignments under penalty of perjury, which constituted evidence that they 

were signed in 2011. However, the testimony defendants point to occurred on June 18, 2019, 

during the evidentiary hearing on the motion to set aside the transfers, while the court’s order 

finding the motion timely was entered earlier, on April 25, 2019. Moreover, we cannot find 

the mere fact that Squires Cannon signed the assignments under penalty of perjury is sufficient 

to establish that they were, in fact, signed on that date. This is especially true where the 

assignments were not recorded until 2015, and the “nature of the conveyance” on the 

recordings was listed as “nunc pro tunc assignment.”

¶ 68 Additionally, as the trial court noted, the Act provides that, with respect to transfers that 

may be perfected under the law, a transfer is made “when the transfer is so far perfected that a 

creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien otherwise than under this Act that 

is superior to the interest of the transferee.” 740 ILCS 160/7(a)(2) (West 2018). However, with 

respect to patents and trademarks, an assignment is void as against any subsequent purchaser 

or mortgagee until it is recorded. See 35 U.S.C. § 261 (2018); 15 U.S.C. § 1060(a)(4) (2018). 

Thus, until the assignments were recorded, the transfers were not “made,” since a subsequent 

purchaser could obtain a superior interest. Accordingly, we cannot find that the trial court erred 

in finding the motion to bar timely.

¶ 69 We note that defendants suggest that the trial court was attacking the validity of the 

assignments, claiming that a lack of notarization does not affect the validity of an assignment 

and that recordation is not required for a valid assignment. However, this mischaracterizes 

what the trial court found. In fact, the trial court specifically addressed this very issue: 

“The only authority presented by Judgment Debtors in support of their argument 

that the July 1, 2011 ‘effective date’ of the assignments governs, merely supports that 

recordation, lack of notarization, and reservation of royalties do not affect the ‘validity’ 

of an assignment. The ‘validity’ of the assignments is not presently at issue, however. 

Rather, the only issue presently before this Court is what constitutes the date of transfer 

under the [Act].”

Again, as with the issue of Merix’s shares, the question is not whether the assignments 

constituted transfers, but when those transfers were “made.” Here, we agree with the trial court 

that the assignments were made at the time they were recorded in 2015, making plaintiff’s 

motion timely.

¶ 70 B. Finding of Fraudulent Transfers

¶ 71 We turn, then, to the issue of whether the trial court erred in finding that the transfers were 

fraudulent. This is a factual question that we review under the manifest weight of the evidence 

standard. Northwestern Memorial Hospital v. Sharif, 2014 IL App (1st) 133008, ¶ 15. “A 

judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence only when an opposite conclusion is 

apparent or when findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on evidence.” 

Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 215 (1995).
- 17 -

¶ 72 As noted, under the Act, a transfer made by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, if (1) the 

debtor made the transfer with actual intent to hinder or defeat a creditor (fraud in fact) or (2) the 

transfer was made for inadequate consideration and the debtor retained insufficient assets to 

pay its obligation to the debtor (fraud in law). 740 ILCS 160/5(a) (West 2018); Regan, 246 Ill. 

App. 3d at 803-04. In the case at bar, the trial court found that the transfers were fraudulent 

under both theories.

¶ 73 To prevail on a cause of action based on fraud in fact, “a party must prove that the transfers 

were made with the actual intent to hider, delay, or defraud the creditors.” Apollo Real Estate 

Investment Fund, IV, L.P. v. Gelber, 403 Ill. App. 3d 179, 193 (2010); Northwestern Memorial 

Hospital, 2014 IL App (1st) 133008, ¶ 22. The Act provides 11 factors that may be considered 

in determining fraudulent intent:

“In determining actual intent ***, consideration may be given, among other factors, to 

whether:

(1) the transfer or obligation was to an insider;

(2) the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred after the 

transfer;

(3) the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;

(4) before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor had been 

sued or threatened with suit;

(5) the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets;

(6) the debtor absconded;

(7) the debtor removed or concealed assets;

(8) the value of the consideration received by the debtor was reasonably 

equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the obligation 

incurred;

(9) the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer was 

made or the obligation was incurred;

(10) the transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a substantial debt was 

incurred; and

(11) the debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a lienor who 

transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.” 740 ILCS 160/5(b) (West 2018).

¶ 74 In the case at bar, defendants contend that the trial court failed to adequately consider these 

factors in finding that the transfers were fraudulent. We do not find this argument persuasive. 

As an initial matter, it is clear that the Act does not require the trier of fact to consider all 11 

factors. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2014 IL App (1st) 133008, ¶ 23. Instead, “Illinois 

law is clear that when the factors of fraud ‘are present in sufficient number, it may give rise to 

an inference or presumption of fraud.’ ” Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2014 IL App (1st) 

133008, ¶ 23 (quoting Steel Co. v. Morgan Marshall Industries, Inc., 278 Ill. App. 3d 241, 251 

(1996)). In the case at bar, the trial court considered four of the factors, which it found weighed 

in favor of a presumption of fraud; the trial court also addressed the adequacy of consideration 

in its analysis of “fraud in law,” which constitutes a fifth factor.
- 18 -

¶ 75 First, the court found that Squires Cannon’s transfers were made to an insider because she 

was the sole and exclusive owner of Meritus.10 Next, the court found that Squires Cannon 

retained possession and control of the patents, trademarks, and shares after the transfers, which 

was evidenced by her ability to sell Releev’s assets, and her continued control of Merix. The 

court further found that before the transfers were made in 2015, Squires Cannon had not only 

been sued but had been unsuccessful in her efforts to have the lawsuit dismissed. The trial court 

also found that the transfers were of substantially all of Squires Cannon’s assets because she 

had purportedly transferred all other valuable assets the year prior to her mother-in-law. 

Finally, the court found that a reasonably equivalent value was not provided for the transfers, 

finding that the patents, trademarks, and shares were worth “substantially more” than the $10 

consideration purportedly paid for them. We agree with the trial court that these factors were 

sufficient to establish a presumption of fraud. While defendants challenge these findings, their 

arguments essentially ask us to reweigh the evidence before the trial court. For instance, they 

claim that the trial court should have accepted Squires Cannon’s testimony that the transfers 

were made for legitimate business and estate-planning purposes, despite the trial court’s 

finding that her testimony was “self-serving and unconvincing.” However, it is a “wellestablished legal princip[le] that the trier of fact, in this case an experienced trial judge, is free 

to accept or reject testimony and give whatever weight it deems appropriate to the evidence 

submitted.” Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2014 IL App (1st) 133008, ¶ 26. Having 

reviewed the evidence before the trial court, we cannot find that its conclusion of fraud was 

against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 76 We also cannot find that the factors that defendants contend the trial court “failed to 

consider” would change this result. As noted, the court was not required to discuss all 11 of 

the factors. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 2014 IL App (1st) 133008, ¶ 23. Additionally, 

several of the factors are similar (for instance, the fifth and ninth factors both concern the 

debtor’s financial status after the transfer) and others simply do not apply (for instance, the 

eleventh factor). While it may be the case that Squires Cannon did not abscond (the sixth 

factor) and did not conceal the transfers or the assets (the third and seventh factors), the record 

as a whole supports the trial court’s finding that the transfers were fraudulent, and we cannot 

find that its conclusion was against the manifest weight of the evidence.11

¶ 77 III. Joinder of Merix and Meritus

¶ 78 The final argument raised by defendants is that the trial court erred in finding that Merix 

and Meritus were not required to be joined as necessary parties to the fraudulent transfer 

proceedings. Defendants claim that, without their joinder, the court lacked jurisdiction to set 

aside the transfers as fraudulent. As an initial matter, the parties disagree as to the appropriate 

standard of review, with defendants arguing for a de novo standard of review and plaintiff 

arguing for an abuse of discretion standard. However, under either standard, our analysis is the 

same.

10If the debtor is an individual, the Act provides that an “ ‘[i]nsider’ ” includes “a corporation of 

which the debtor is a director, officer, or person in control.” 740 ILCS 160/2(g)(1)(D) (West 2018).

11As we find that the trial court properly set aside the transfers as fraudulent based on fraud in fact, 

we have no need to consider the trial court’s finding that the transfers were also fraudulent based on 

fraud in law.
- 19 -

¶ 79 “A necessary party has been defined as one who has a legal or beneficial interest in the 

subject matter of the litigation and will be affected by the action of the court.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) Holzer v. Motorola Lighting, Inc., 295 Ill. App. 3d 963, 970 (1998); 

Crum & Forster Specialty Insurance Co. v. Extended Stay America, Inc., 375 Ill. App. 3d 654, 

665 (2007). Courts have identified three reasons to consider a party “necessary” such that a 

lawsuit should not proceed in the party’s absence: “(1) to protect an interest that the absentee 

has in the subject matter of the controversy that would be materially affected by a judgment 

entered in his absence; (2) to protect the interests of those who are before the court; or (3) to 

enable the court to make a complete determination of the controversy.” Holzer, 295 Ill. App. 

3d at 970.

¶ 80 With respect to Merix, we cannot find that Merix was a necessary party to the fraudulent 

transfer proceedings. The only aspects of the proceedings that involved Merix were the facts 

that it was Merix shares that Squires Cannon was transferring to Meritus and that intellectual 

property rights were licensed to Merix. Defendants claim that “Merix clearly has an interest in 

who owns its shares and the intellectual property licensed to it.” However, defendants cite no 

authority in support of this proposition, simply citing a case that indicates that a shareholder is 

entitled to participate in the selection of the management of the corporation through their 

elected directors. See Gidwitz v. Lanzit Corrugated Box Co., 20 Ill. 2d 208, 215 (1960). Indeed, 

if we accept defendants’ proposition, then a corporation would be a necessary party in any 

transaction in which the ownership of shares was transferred. Moreover, as to the intellectual 

property rights, the assignments executed by Squires Cannon did not affect the validity of the 

licenses, meaning that Merix’s interest did not depend on the owner of the intellectual property. 

Accordingly, we cannot find that Merix was a necessary party to the fraudulent transfer 

proceedings.

¶ 81 With respect to Meritus, defendants contend that it was a necessary party because it was 

the recipient of the allegedly fraudulent transfers, meaning that it was affected by the court’s 

judgment. The trial court found that, under the “doctrine of representation,” Meritus’s joinder 

was not necessary because Squires Cannon adequately represented its interests. Illinois law 

excuses the presence of a necessary party “where that party is represented by others in the suit 

that give the absent party’s interest ‘actual and efficient protection.’ ” State Farm Fire & 

Casualty Co. v. John J. Rickhoff Sheet Metal Co., 394 Ill. App. 3d 548, 563 (2009) (quoting 

Holzer, 295 Ill. App. 3d at 972). “The so-called ‘doctrine of representation’ requires that those 

who are brought into the suit ‘have the same interest as have those not brought in, and are 

equally certain to bring forward the entire merits of the controversy as would the absent 

persons.’ ” State Farm, 394 Ill. App. 3d at 563-64 (quoting Oglesby v. Springfield Marine 

Bank, 385 Ill. 414, 423-24 (1944)).

¶ 82 In the case at bar, the trial court found that the interests of Squires Cannon and Meritus 

were identical in that both desired a ruling that the transfers not be deemed fraudulent. The 

court further found that Squires Cannon and Meritus were in privity, given Squires Cannon’s 

sole ownership of Meritus, and noted that Squires Cannon had “vigorously defended” against

the motion. The court found that, “[c]onsidering all that has been presented to the court, it is 

clear that Meritus and [Squires] Cannon are aligned. [Squires] Cannon is much more than an 

adequate representative of Meritus’ interests. Thus, joinder is not necessary.”

¶ 83 We agree with the trial court that Squires Cannon had the same interests as Meritus. While 

defendants contend that their interests were in conflict because, if set aside, the transferred 
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property would revert to Squires Cannon, that wholly disregards the reality of the situation. If 

the transfers were upheld, Meritus, a company entirely owned by Squires Cannon, would own 

the property and Squires Cannon would have the ability to control the assets. By contrast, if 

the transfers were set aside as fraudulent, they would return to Squires Cannon only until they 

were turned over in the citation proceedings. Thus, both parties have the same interest in 

Meritus’s retaining ownership of the property. 

¶ 84 We further find unpersuasive defendants’ contention that they were not permitted to 

introduce evidence showing that Squires Cannon was not the owner of Meritus. Defendants 

sought to admit certain records on July 24, 2019, after the evidentiary hearing on the motion 

regarding the fraudulent transfers, claiming that they had just received the documents. On 

August 8, 2019, the trial court denied the admission of the records, finding them barred by the 

court’s prior March 20, 2019, order barring defendants from introducing any evidence that had 

not been properly produced and further finding that they had not been properly authenticated 

as Meritus corporate records and therefore constituted hearsay. We cannot find that the trial 

court abused its discretion in denying the admission of this evidence, given the previous order 

barring such evidence and given their unauthenticated nature. See Agnew v. Shaw, 355 Ill. App. 

3d 981, 988 (2005) (“The admissibility of evidence is a matter committed to the sound 

discretion of the trial court, and its decision will not be reversed on review absent a clear abuse 

of that discretion.”).

¶ 85 Finally, we are unpersuaded by defendants’ contention that the trial court was required to 

make a finding that it would be impossible to join Meritus as a necessary party. Even if it was 

required to do so, the evidence in the record shows that Meritus was a foreign corporation, 

incorporated in Dominica. The first time that plaintiff was provided any contact information 

whatsoever was the day before the evidentiary hearing on the motion to set aside the transfers, 

and this contact information consisted of a single line in Meritus’s articles of association 

identifying Meritus’s registered agent. While defendants claim that plaintiff could have sought 

a continuance to join Meritus at that point, there is nothing to suggest that joinder would have 

been successful, given the fact that plaintiffs had been seeking information about Meritus for 

over six months without success, especially given defendants’ representations that they had 

also had difficulty obtaining information from Meritus. Consequently, the record supports the 

trial court’s finding that joinder of Meritus was not necessary.

¶ 86 CONCLUSION

¶ 87 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. The court properly 

entered judgment against Merix for violations of the citation, even in the absence of an 

evidentiary hearing. However, as the trial court made a mathematical error in calculating the 

judgment, we modify the judgment to reflect a total judgment amount of $1,393.834.29. The 

court also properly found that the transfers to Meritus were fraudulent under the Act. Finally, 

the court properly found that it was not necessary to join Merix and Meritus in the fraudulent 

transfer proceedings.

¶ 88 Affirmed as modified.