J-S18017-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

INGEBORG F. SMITH F/K/A 

INGEBORG F. FOREHLICH

v.

DAVID H. SMITH 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2366 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered August 19, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Civil Division at 

No(s): PACSES: 484116754

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 22, 2022

David H. Smith (“Husband”) appeals from the August 19, 2022 order 

that denied his Appeal and Notice of Demand for a Hearing De Novo, thereby 

reaffirming the hearing officer’s decision to dismiss Husband’s petitions to 

modify support and alimony and, further, awarded Appellee, Ingeborg F. 

Forehlich (“Wife”), attorney’s fees in the amount of $38,876. Husband

challenges the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees. Upon review, we affirm.

The relevant procedural and factual history is as follows. Husband and 

Wife divorced in 2018 after approximately 20 years of marriage. During the 

marriage, Husband was employed at Goldman Sachs as an investment banker

and earned between $1,000,000 and $1,500,000 annually during the last 

eight years of the marriage. Wife is originally from Germany and cared for 

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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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the couple’s four children during the entirety of the marriage. Wife did not 

have any independent assets or earn any income during the marriage.

On November 20, 2018, a hearing officer ordered Husband to pay 

$6,000 per month in child support. On December 31, 2018, the parties 

entered into a property settlement agreement (the “Agreement”) which, inter 

alia, divided the parties’ property and provided that Husband would pay Wife 

$7,500 per month in alimony for six years.1 The Agreement allows for 

modification in certain circumstances and specifically provides: “The alimony 

payments provided for in this agreement shall be modifiable only in the event 

of a changed circumstances of either party of a substantial and continuing 

nature, including but not limited to, Husband’s job loss or serious health 

condition which directly affects his ability to work.” Agreement, 12/31/18, at 

40. 

On June 13, 2019, the court terminated support for one child who turned 

18 years old and ordered Father to continue to pay $6,000 per month for the 

remaining two children who were under the age of 18. 

In Summer 2020, Husband resigned from employment at Goldman 

Sachs and began employment at Morgan Stanley Smith Barney (“Morgan 

Stanley”) where Husband received a $2,900,000 “loan” as a signing bonus. 

In July 2020, Husband sent Wife an email advising Wife that he could 

use the Morgan Stanley loan to pay for college for the parties’ children. In 

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1 The Agreement was incorporated, but not merged, into the parties’ divorce 

decree. 
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April 2021, Husband sent Wife another email advising that he could not afford 

to pay for college tuition for the parties’ children as well as his support 

payments. In the email, Husband asked Wife to put aside money that the 

parties’ split from the sale of a marital beach property to pay for half of the 

children’s college education. Husband threatened Wife that if she did not 

agree to this plan he would “have no choice but ask the [c]ourt to reduce your 

monthly payments.” N.T. Hearing, 8/9/22, at Exhibit R10. 

On April 19, 2021, Husband filed a petition to modify child support 

alleging that two children have emancipated, and that his income level has 

fallen. On May 24, 2021, Husband filed a second petition to modify child 

support asserting the same. On June 19, 2021, Husband filed a petition to 

modify alimony, alleging that he “was compelled to leave his position at 

Goldman Sachs in 2020 and was compelled to accept a position at Morgan 

Stanley [] in July of 2020. This resulted in a concomitant reduction in his 

income which was totally involuntary.” Petition to Modify, 6/19/21, at ¶ 6. 

Husband further alleged that he “was compelled, in order to meet his financial 

obligations, to obtain a loan from his employer Morgan Stanley [] in the 

amount of $2,900,000.” Id.

In response, Wife filed a motion for a protracted hearing and order for 

discovery alleging that Husband did not experience a substantial and 

continuing change in circumstances as required by the agreement to modify 

alimony. Rather, Wife asserted, Husband voluntarily left his employment at 

Goldman Sachs to commence employment at Morgan Stanley and received a 
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$2,900,000 bonus characterized as a “loan.” In addition, Wife requested 

discovery from Husband evidencing his current income which Husband had 

failed to provide despite numerous requests.

On April 4, 2022, after a three-day hearing, a hearing officer dismissed 

Husband’s petitions and recommended no change to the existing alimony and 

child support orders. On April 7, 2022, Husband filed an Appeal and Notice of 

Demand for a Hearing De Novo. 

On August 9, 2022, the trial court held a hearing. Husband appeared 

pro se, and the court heard testimony from both Husband and Wife. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, Wife submitted a Certification of 

Counsel Fees in support of her request for counsel fees. On August 19, 2022, 

the court denied and dismissed Husband’s appeal and awarded Wife $38,876 

in attorney’s fees. In awarding attorney’s fees, the court discredited 

Husband’s testimony that his change in employment was involuntary and, 

further, found that Husband acted in bad faith in bringing claims to modify 

alimony and child support.

Husband timely appealed. Both Husband and the trial court complied 

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. 

Husband raises a sole issue for our review: “Was the [c]ourt’s award of 

$38,876 in counsel fees against Husband an abuse of discretion unsupported 

by the relevant facts of the case?” Husband’s Br. at 4.

We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny attorney’s fees for an 

abuse of discretion. Morgan v. Morgan, 193 A.3d 999, 1007 (Pa. Super.
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2018). “A trial court has abused its discretion if it failed to follow proper legal 

procedures or misapplied the law.” A.L.-S. v. B.S., 117 A.3d 352, 361 (Pa.

Super. 2015). It is well settled that “on issues of credibility and weight of the 

evidence, we defer to the findings of the trial court which has had the 

opportunity to observe the proceedings and demeanor of the witnesses.” K.D.

v. E.D., 267 A.3d 1215, 1230 (Pa. Super. 2021). It is not the role of this 

Court to “re-find facts, re-weigh evidence, and re-assess credibility.” D.R.L.

v. K.L.C., 216 A.3d 276, 286 (Pa. Super. 2019).

In his sole issue before this Court, Husband avers that the trial court 

abused its discretion when it awarded attorney’s fees to Wife. Husband’s Br. 

at 4. Husband argues that his three petitions to modify all contained colorable 

arguments and, therefore, the court erred in awarding attorney’s fees. Id. at 

17-18. Husband asserts that his petition to modify alimony was colorable 

because his changed financial circumstances constituted a substantial and 

continuing change under the terms of the Agreement. Id. at 18. Husband 

further argues that his petitions to modify child support were colorable 

because his income had declined, two children covered by the support order 

had turned 18, and Pennsylvania law does not distinguish between voluntary 

and involuntary job loss when considering whether to modify child support. 

Id. at 22-25.2 Husband’s arguments misstate the applicable law.

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2 Husband also argues, for the first time on appeal, that (1) the $2,900,000 

loan from Morgan Stanley was not forgivable and, therefore, was neither 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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“Marital settlement agreements are private undertakings between two 

parties, each having responded to the give and take of negotiations and 

bargained consideration.” Stamerro v. Stamerro, 889 A.2d 1251, 1258 (Pa. 

Super. 2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). A marital

settlement agreement which is incorporated but not merged into the divorce 

decree—like the instant Agreement which provides that Husband will pay 

$7,500 per month in alimony to Wife—survives the decree, is enforceable at 

law or equity, and is governed by the law of contracts unless the agreement 

provides otherwise. Id. In reviewing disputes regarding marital support

agreements, a court may award attorney’s fees when either party engages in 

“dilatory, obdurate, or vexatious conduct during the pendency of a matter” or 

if “the conduct of [a] party in commencing the matter or otherwise was 

arbitrary, vexatious or in bad faith.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) and (9).

The analysis for the award of attorneys’ fee, however, is different for 

challenges to court orders requiring a party to pay child support. In such 

cases, the award of attorney’s fees is governed by statute. Specifically, 

Section 4351 of the Domestic Relations Code provides that if an obligee

prevails in a proceeding to obtain a child support order, “the court may assess 

against the obligor filing fees, reasonable attorney fees and necessary travel 

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salary nor a loan and (2) the trial court erred during the de novo hearing when 

the court advised Husband not to submit evidence regarding Wife’s income. 

Husband’s Br. at 25, 38. Husband failed to raise these issues in his Rule 

1925(b) statement and, therefore, failed to preserve them for our review. 

See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). They are, thus, waived.
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and other reasonable costs and expenses incurred by the obligee and the 

obligee’s witnesses.” 23 Pa.C.S § 4351(a). The court has discretion in 

awarding attorney’s fees for challenges to court orders mandating child 

support and should consider the totality of the relevant circumstances. 

Bowser v. Blom, 807 A.2d 830, 836 (Pa. 2002). The court’s “overriding 

concern is the best interests of the children.” Id. Notably, factors which the 

court may consider in awarding attorneys’ fees include:

(1) whether the obligor’s unreasonable or obstreperous conduct 

impeded the determination of an appropriate support order; (2) 

whether the obligor mounted a fair and reasonable defense in a 

child support order; (3) whether the obligor’s failure to fulfill his 

moral and financial obligation to support his children required legal 

action to force him to accept his responsibilities; and (4) whether 

the financial positions and financial needs of the parties are 

disparate.

Krebs v. Krebs, 944 A.2d 768, 778 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citing Bowser, 807 

A.2d at 835-37).

Here, the trial court found Husband’s litigious conduct to be arbitrary, 

dilatory, vexatious, and/or in bad faith. The court did not believe Husband’s 

averments that he filed petitions to modify alimony and support because his 

involuntary change in employment resulted in reduced income and he could 

no longer afford to pay the agreed-upon alimony or court-ordered child 

support to Wife. Instead, the court credited Wife’s testimony that Husband 

would never switch jobs if it was not “beneficial for him.” N.T. Hearing,

8/9/22, at 166. The court also placed weight on the fact that Husband’s move 

to Morgan Stanley was newsworthy, and emphasized an article submitted into 
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evidence, entitled “Morgan Stanley Loses Two Multi-Million Dollar Teams, 

Gains a Goldman Broker,” which was written about Husband’s move from 

Goldman Sachs to Morgan Stanley. Id. at Exhibit R12. The court found:

[Husband] initially testified that he was forced out of Goldman 

Sachs, however subsequent testimony revealed that [Husband] 

was not terminated nor was he ever threatened with termination 

for any reason. The evidence established that Husband voluntarily 

resigned from Goldman Sachs in May 2020. . . . The only change 

in circumstances was that [Husband] got a new job working for a 

comparable employer at a comparable compensation rate. 

[Husband] now claims that his income has been so drastically 

reduced that he can no longer afford to pay the agreed[-]upon 

alimony. [Husband] is not a rookie in the finance industry and 

this [t]rial [c]ourt found no evidence that he lacked an 

understanding of what a lateral move would require. An article 

[submitted into evidence] cites [Husband]’s move to Morgan 

Stanley and describes him as a “career private wealth 

management advisor” who generated [$4,000,000] in fees and 

commissions at Goldman Sachs. [Husband] negotiated his own 

employment contracts for millions of dollars in income, bonuses 

and commissions all of which were reviewed by this trial court[.] 

There was no evidence that [Husband] was duped or deceived by 

Morgan Stanley in his employment terms, to the contrary, the 

terms seem to be extremely profitable to [Husband].

Trial Ct. Op., filed 12/8/22, at 8-9 (citing Exhibit R12).

The trial court further found that Husband’s income was not actually 

reduced by the change in the employment:

[T]he evidence supports a finding that [Husband] did not accept 

a lower paying job with Morgan Stanley nor was his income 

actually reduced. Although his starting base salary, bonuses 

and/or commissions was not identical to his last recorded at 

Goldman Sachs, the [$2,900,000] loan was worth two years of 

this pre-resignation salary and would easily have supported him 

until his base salary and commissions reached pre-Morgan Stanley 

levels.
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Id. at 11.

The trial court also placed weight on the fact that Husband’s change in 

employment garnered him the benefit of a $2,900,000 loan as a signing 

bonus. The court noted that the loan was “not an option, but was a key term 

to his new employment” and, despite Husband’s assertions to the contrary, 

provided him ample income to pay support. Id. at 9. The court opined:

Although [Husband] has engaged in a concerted campaign to 

reduce support with no legal basis, [Wife] has consistently 

prevailed. [Husband] not only has always had the means to pay 

support, but he also has the means to pay her counsel fees. 

Furthermore, he could have prepaid [Wife]’s alimony owed to her 

under the Agreement when he received [$2,900,000] from 

Morgan Stanley, eliminating the need for any modification or 

litigation, however, he chose not to take that action. The evidence 

supports a finding that the entirety of [Husband]’s litigation, 

except for the contempt filing, over the last two years has been 

an effort to thwart or delay [Wife]’s legal right to receive support.

Id. at 15-16.

The court further emphasized the disparity in the parties’ incomes, and 

Husband’s ability to continue to pay the agreed-upon alimony and court-ordered 

child support:

The evidence also supports a finding that there is substantial 

disparity between the parties’ incomes. Pursuant to the support 

order, [Wife]’s annual net income is $0, as she testified, she 

immigrated to the United States in 1998 with only a high school 

education. [Husband] has consistently earned between 

[$1,200,000] and [$1,500,000] from 2011 through 2019. In 

2020, [Husband] earned approximately $900,000. Even at an 

earning capacity of [$1,400,000], [Husband]’s net income would 

be approximately $65,000 per month. When these number are 

combined with the [$2,900,000] loan from Morgan Stanley, 

[Husband] can surely afford to pay [Wife]’s counsel fees and still 

maintain his standard of living. Simply because [Husband] does 
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not want to pay alimony does not mean that he cannot pay 

alimony or that he does not have the earning potential to pay child 

support at the same rate as when he worked at Morgan Stanley 

or the agreed[-]upon alimony. [Wife]’s future earning potential is 

minimal and will more than likely never be comparable to 

[Husband]’s income therefore her available means of support for 

both herself and the remaining minor child must be provided by 

[Husband].

Id. at 16. 

Finally, the trial court placed weight on Husband’s April 2021 email to 

Wife, where he threatened Wife that he would file to terminate alimony if Wife 

did not agree to split the cost of children’s college education. The court found:

[Husband] acted in bad faith in bringing a claim to terminate 

alimony and his intentional and voluntary change in employment 

was not contemplated by the Agreement. For [Husband] to 

threaten [Wife] with modification if she did not acquiesce to his 

demands that she pay college expenses were bad faith tactics, 

especially when he attempted to use the Agreement to then make 

good on his threats.

Id. at 17. Our review of the record supports the trial court’s findings. 

Husband devotes a majority of his Brief to arguing the merits of his 

petitions to modify alimony and child support. However, it is important to 

note that the merits of Husband’s petitions are not before this Court. Rather, 

it is this Court’s job to determine whether the trial court erred in awarding 

attorney’s fees.

With regards to Husband’s petition to modify alimony, the evidence 

supports the trial court’s findings that (1) Husband voluntarily moved to 

Morgan Stanley, (2) Husband could afford to continue to pay alimony to Wife, 

(3) Husband petitioned the court to terminate alimony because he was upset 
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that Wife would not agree to split the cost of children’s college. Thus, the trial 

court properly concluded that Husband’s conduct was arbitrary, dilatory, 

vexatious, and/or in bad faith pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 2503(7) and (9).

With regards to Husband’s petition to modify child support, he failed to 

prevail on the merits. Therefore, pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S § 4351(a), the trial 

court had the discretion to award reasonable attorney’s fees. Looking at the 

totality of the circumstances, the trial court placed great weight on the 

disparity in the parties’ financial positions and financial needs in awarding 

counsel fees, and the record supports the trial court’s findings. 

We decline to usurp the trial court’s credibility determinations or reweigh 

the evidence. As the record supports the trial court’s findings, we discern no 

abuse of discretion in the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees.

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 9/22/2023