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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 124,408

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

In the Matter of the Marriage of

JESSICA ENGLISH,

Appellee,

and

NICOLE ENGLISH,

Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Leavenworth District Court; DAN K. WILEY, judge. Opinion filed July 22, 2022.

Affirmed.

Jean Ann Uvodich, of Olathe, for appellant.

Jonathan Sternberg, of Jonathan Sternberg, Attorney, P.C., of Kansas City, Missouri, for 

appellee.

Before ISHERWOOD, P.J., SCHROEDER and WARNER, JJ.

PER CURIAM: District courts are granted broad discretion in how a marital estate 

should be apportioned. Nicole English now timely appeals the district court's division of 

the marital estate and the order compelling her to pay maintenance to Jessica English.

Because Nicole failed to raise the issues she now complains of below, we exercise our 

discretion and decline to address her unpreserved arguments on appeal. Even if we were 
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to consider them, we find the district court did not abuse its discretion in the manner it 

apportioned the marital estate, and we affirm.

FACTS

Jessica and Nicole married in 2014 following a long romantic relationship that 

started in 1996 after Jessica divorced her husband. The district court granted their divorce 

in 2021 and bifurcated the issues related to child custody, child support, and division of 

the marital assets. The parties resolved the child custody and support issues, leaving the 

district court with the task of making an equitable division of the marital estate including 

Jessica's request for maintenance.

Throughout the years of the relationship and marriage, both Jessica and Nicole 

individually and jointly bought and sold real estate. Nicole worked for the federal prison 

system and started an account with the system in 1991; she later added Jessica to the 

prison account in April 1997.

Nicole testified, given the rules of the federal buyback program, she and Jessica 

did not always have both of their names on the houses due to her frequent transfers within 

the prison system. However, both of their names were on a house Jessica purchased in 

2012.

Nicole made deposits to a Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) when she started working for 

the federal prison system in 1991. Nicole did not remember the value of the account 

when she and Jessica began their relationship. She calculated the value of the TSP, for 

the purpose of splitting the property, at $146,880. Her figure was based on the amount 

added during their six years of marriage and divided in half.
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Nicole also testified Jessica ran an eBay store but Nicole was not involved with 

the business. However, according to Nicole, Jessica put Nicole's name on the business 

and associated PayPal account without her permission.

Nicole testified she never thought she was married to Jessica until their actual 

wedding in 2014 and did not intend for her debts and assets to be combined from the time 

she and Jessica started their relationship until their divorce.

Jessica and Nicole each testified about their various installment debts. At some 

point in their relationship, Jessica and Nicole fell behind on their bills and made the 

choice to pay Nicole's debts first so that she would not lose her job.

Jessica testified that she was requesting maintenance because she was financially 

dependent on Nicole. She was also requesting 75 percent of their marital debts be 

assigned to Nicole because Nicole made around 75 percent of their combined total 

income. Jessica did work during different periods of the relationship. After their youngest 

child entered grade school, she began working more outside the home and owned an 

eBay store business.

After the parties rested, the district court, referring to testimony Nicole gave 

earlier in the hearing, stated:

"I don't think this case has a whole lot to do with same-sex marriage other than I will

make this comment.

"You—first off, you guys got a case that's a mess if you were heterosexual and—

and difficult decisions for the Court. I will tell you this, that Kansas law makes it pretty 

clear that once a divorce is filed, all property becomes property of the marriage, and it's 

all capable of being divided, and then it becomes to an equitable decision by the Court. 

And although the Court may set aside marital property oftentimes to a party that brought 

it into the marriage, that's not a requirement in the law. The requirement is I do an 
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equitable distribution. That's the first thing I will say. And so if this were a domestic 

partnership or something like that, it's still a case that's a mess.

"But there is an overlay here with regard to the same-sex marriage, and that is the 

only difference is that in most states—certainly up until 2014, with a few exceptions—

same sex [marriage] . . . wasn't legal. And so that does have some kind of impact with 

regard to what the Court believes was the intent of the parties prior to that, to the extent 

that it affects their—whatever domestic partnership they may or may not have had prior 

to that date. But not withstanding that, everything else is no different than if you guys 

were, like you said, a heterosexual couple."

The district court in its division of property assigned all the parties' various bank 

accounts, cash, personal property, and debts. No value was assigned to Jessica's eBay 

store business because there was insufficient evidence to establish a value.

When analyzing how to divide the retirement accounts, the district court also 

noted it was considering maintenance along with the retirement accounts. The district 

court split the balance of Nicole's TSP equally as of March 6, 2020, with any appreciation 

or depreciation due to the market being apportioned appropriately. Contributions made by 

Nicole since that date would go solely to Nicole. The entirety of Nicole's Federal 

Employee Retirement System account was awarded to Nicole, but the value, which 

appears to be substantial, is unclear based on the record provided to us.

Finally, the district court ordered Nicole to pay Jessica $1,861 in maintenance

beginning July 1, 2021, for 88 months, less the 15 months she had already paid under the

temporary orders. The district court also determined, based on the allocation of assets and 

debts, Nicole received $12,478 less than Jessica did. To make the division of assets more 

equitable, the district court ordered Jessica to pay Nicole half of that amount—$6,239—

and the amount paid for rent during the divorce proceeding for Jessica's benefit to arrive 

at $8,189 Jessica owed Nicole. The district court awarded that amount as a judgment to 
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Nicole but ordered it to be paid by reducing Nicole's maintenance obligation by $341 for 

24 months unless Nicole collected the judgment in another fashion.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, Nicole does not specifically challenge how the district court assigned 

the marital estate to each of the parties other than complaining the district court erred by 

considering all of the assets of the marriage regardless of when they were acquired and,

as such, the division including the maintenance order prejudiced her. She directly argues 

the district court (1) violated her constitutional rights under the Equal Protection Clause 

when it determined that the parties would have married earlier had they been able to do 

so; (2) committed misconduct or exhibited bias by treating the parties differently than it 

would treat parties in a heterosexual divorce; and (3) erred by "essentially finding" that 

the parties had entered into a common-law marriage at a date earlier than their 2014 

marriage.

Because issues one and two are similar, we will address them together.

The District Court Did Not Exhibit Bias Against the Parties

In her first two issues on appeal, Nicole argues the district court erred and showed 

bias when it based the ruling on its statement that "if the parties could have legally

married they would have." This, Nicole argues, reflects the district court treated the 

parties differently than it would have treated a heterosexual couple because there would 

be no presumption a heterosexual couple would have married at an earlier date than they 

chose to get married on. In addition, Nicole argues the district court committed 

misconduct by doing so and improperly divided property acquired prior to the parties'

marriage.
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As we address Nicole's arguments, we note her brief fails to cite to the record to 

support her point, and her arguments are minimal and contain unsupported statements 

with limited citations to caselaw and limited argument relying on her citations. See 

Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 35).

Preservation

Generally, issues not raised before the district court cannot be raised on appeal.

Gannon v. State, 303 Kan. 682, 733, 368 P.3d 1024 (2016). Constitutional grounds for 

reversal asserted for the first time on appeal also are not properly before the appellate 

court for review. Bussman v. Safeco Ins. Co. of America, 298 Kan. 700, 729, 317 P.3d 70 

(2014).

Discussion

Jessica, in response to Nicole's brief, argues Nicole failed to raise either of her first 

two issues—violation of her constitutional rights or judicial bias or misconduct—before 

the district court. Jessica is correct. Nicole's brief fails to provide any record citation to 

show where she raised these issues below and that they were ruled on—which she is 

required to do under Rule 6.02(a)(5). In our review of the record, we have been unable to 

find anything to reflect Nicole argued her constitutional rights were violated or the 

district court exhibited bias or engaged in misconduct. Nor does Nicole argue any of the 

exceptions to the preservation rule should apply for us to consider either issue raised for 

the first time on appeal.

Because Nicole did not raise either issue before the district court, we find she is 

unable to do so on appeal, and we use our prudential authority to decline to review her 

unpreserved claims of error. See State v. Gray, 311 Kan. 164, 170, 459 P.3d 165 (2020).
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The District Court Did Not Err in Making an Equitable Division of the Marital Estate or 

in the Order Requiring Maintenance

For her final issue—also raised for the first time on appeal—Nicole argues the 

district court erred by awarding maintenance based on the length of the parties' entire 

relationship instead of basing it solely on the time they were married. She also argues the 

district court's reference to common-law marriage was inconsistent with Kansas law.

Like the first two issues, Nicole's briefing of this issue is largely lacking in coherent 

argument and supporting citations.

Preservation

Before the district court, Nicole contended she and Jessica were in a "short term 

marriage and future maintenance should not be awarded as the parties both have the 

ability to earn a living that is sufficient to pay their own bills." Nicole did not object to 

the district court's facts and findings, nor did she move for reconsideration. Our Supreme 

Court has held that "a litigant must object to inadequate findings of fact and conclusions 

of law in order to give the trial court an opportunity to correct them." Tucker v. Hugoton 

Energy Corp., 253 Kan. 373, 378, 855 P.2d 929 (1993).

In In re Marriage of Oliver, No. 109,872, 2014 WL 802464, at *5 (Kan. App. 

2014) (unpublished opinion), the appellant argued the district court improperly 

considered fault when dividing the parties' marital property. The appellant did not object 

before the district court, claiming the district court relied on the concept of fault, nor did 

the appellant file a motion to alter or amend the judgment. On appeal, the Oliver panel 

was "not persuaded that [the appellant] preserved the issues." 2014 WL 802464, at *6.

We find the Oliver panel's holding persuasive.
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Factually, the same situation exists here. Nicole did not object to the district court 

considering the length of the parties' relationship, nor did she move to alter or amend the 

judgment once the district court reached its decision. Nicole has failed to preserve her 

arguments; thus, we decline to address them. See Gannon, 303 Kan. at 733.

Review of Nicole's unpreserved claims reflects no abuse of discretion.

Even if we were to consider Nicole's arguments on appeal, we find she has not 

shown any error by the district court in the order dividing the marital estate or in setting 

the amount of maintenance.

A district court has broad discretion when adjusting the property rights of the 

parties involved in a divorce action. As a result, the district court's property division is 

reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Wherrell, 274 Kan. 984, 986, 58 P.3d 

734 (2002). A judicial action constitutes an abuse of discretion if (1) it is arbitrary, 

fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) it is based on an error of law; or (3) it is based on an error 

of fact. Biglow v. Eidenberg, 308 Kan. 873, 893, 424 P.3d 515 (2018).

"In making the division of property the court shall consider: (1) The age of the 

parties; (2) the duration of the marriage; (3) the property owned by the parties; (4) their 

present and future earning capacities; (5) the time, source and manner of acquisition of 

property; (6) family ties and obligations; (7) the allowance of maintenance or lack 

thereof; (8) dissipation of assets; (9) the tax consequences of the property division upon 

the respective economic circumstances of the parties; and (10) such other factors as the 

court considers necessary to make a just and reasonable division of property." K.S.A. 

2021 Supp. 23-2802(c).

Marital property is any property owned by the parties—including property 

acquired prior to the marriage. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 23-2801(a). The district court is not 

required to evenly divide the property; instead, the primary consideration for the district 
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court is how to divide the property in a just and reasonable manner. K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 

23-2802(c)(10); In re Marriage of Brane, 21 Kan. App. 2d 778, 782, 908 P.2d 625 

(1995).

Nicole does not argue the division of property was unjust or unreasonable—she 

instead focuses on her constitutional and misconduct arguments. But there is no evidence 

to suggest the district court was biased, committed misconduct, or violated Nicole's rights 

when it divided the property. Instead, we observe the district court treated Nicole and 

Jessica's divorce like it would treat any other—by following the law and dividing the 

property in a way it believed was just and reasonable.

The district court explicitly stated it considered the factors set out in K.S.A. 2021 

Supp. 23-2802 to make the division of the marital estate. Nothing in the record suggests 

otherwise. Nicole fails to show the district court abused its discretion when it divided the 

marital estate. The district court's decision was not based on an error of law, an error of 

fact, and was not unreasonable. See Biglow, 308 Kan. at 893. Thus, we cannot find any 

abuse of discretion.

Nicole also argues the district court erred in the amount it awarded for spousal 

maintenance because it considered the length of their relationship as opposed to the 

length of their marriage. Like the distribution of assets and debts, the district court has 

broad discretion to award spousal maintenance. In re Marriage of Hair, 40 Kan. App. 2d 

475, 483, 193 P.3d 504 (2008).

Under K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 23-2902(a), a district court "may award to either party 

an allowance for future support denominated as maintenance, in an amount the court 

finds to be fair, just and equitable under all of the circumstances." When considering 

whether to award spousal maintenance, the district court may consider factors similar to 

those set forth in K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 23-2802(c). See In re Marriage of Hair, 40 Kan. 
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App. 2d at 484 (listing factors to consider when awarding maintenance) (citing Williams 

v. Williams, 219 Kan. 303, 306, 548 P.2d 794 [1976]).

Here, the district court considered all the factors involved in this case. Based on 

the record before us, Nicole has failed to meet her burden to show the district court 

abused its discretion in its spousal maintenance award. The district court's decision was 

not based on an error of fact or law, and it was not unreasonable under the circumstances.

Jessica's Request for Attorney Fees Is Denied

After the parties' briefs were submitted, Jessica filed a motion requesting an award 

for attorney fees of $9,000 for the expense incurred in opposing Nicole's appeal. She 

asserts Nicole's arguments were not properly preserved for appeal, had no meritorious 

basis in fact or law, and Nicole's briefing misstated the controlling points of fact and law.

K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 23-2715 provides the district court may award costs and 

attorney fees in a divorce case as justice and equity may require. Under Supreme Court 

Rule 7.07(b)(1) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 51), we have discretion to award attorney fees in 

a case where the district court has authority to do so. Accordingly, we have authority to 

award attorney fees here. On appeal, whether and what amount of attorney fees to award 

"are for the appellate court alone to decide as part of its appellate jurisdiction." Olsen v. 

Olsen, 7 Kan. App. 2d 472, 476, 643 P.2d 1153 (1982). Based on our review of the 

parties' briefs, the arguments in Jessica's motion, and the accompanying documentation of 

her appellate attorney fees, we deny Jessica's request for an award of attorney fees 

because Nicole's arguments on appeal—while ultimately unpersuasive—are not so 

unavailing that an award of attorney fees would be just and equitable.

Affirmed.