### IN THE CO URT OF CR IMINAL APPEALS OF T ENN ESSEE

AT JACKSON

Ass ig ne d o n B rie fs May 7, 20 13

STATE OF TENNESS EE v . MARQUON LANORRIS GREEN

A p p e a l f r o m t h e C i r c u i t C o u r t f o r M a d i s o n C o u n t y
N o

. 1 1

- 3 6 0 R o y B

. M o r g a n , J r

. , J u d g e

N o

. W 2 0 1 2

- 0 1 6 5 4

- C C A

- R 3

- C D

- F i l e d M a y 3 0
, 2 0 1 3

T h e d ef en d an t, M arq u o n L an o rris G reen , w as co n v icted b y a M ad iso n C o u n ty C ircu it C o u rt j u ry o f ag g rav ated k id n ap p in g , a C lass B f elo n y ; a g g r a v ated rap e, a C lass A f elo n y ; an d

ag g rav ated ro b b ery , a C lass B f elo n y

. H e w as sen ten ced to tw en ty y ears o n th e ag g rav ated
k id n ap p in g an d ag g rav ated rap e co n v ictio n s an d ten y ears o n th e ag g rav ate d ro b b ery

co n v ictio n , to b e serv ed co n secu tiv ely to each o th er an d a p rio r ten -y ear sen ten ce. O n

ap p eal, th e d ef

en d an t ch allen g es th e su f f i c i e n c y o f th e co n v ictin g ev id en ce an d th e trial

co u rt’s im

p o sitio n o f co n secu tiv e sen ten ces. A f ter rev iew

, w e af

f irm th e j u d g m en ts o f th e trial co u rt.

T e n n

. R

. A p p

. P

. 3 A p p e a l a s o f R i g h t ; J u d g m e n t s o f t h e C i r c u i t C o u r t A f f i r m e d

A LA N E

. G LE N N
, J

. , d e l i v e r e d t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e C o u r t

, i n w h i c h J E R R Y L

. S M IT H a n d N O R M A

M C G E E O G LE
, J J

. , j o i n e d

.

G e o r g e M o r t o n G o o g e , D i s t r i c t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r ; J e r e m y B

. E p p e r s o n ( o n a p p e a l ) a n d S u s a n
D

. K o r s n e s ( a t t r i a l )

, A s s i s t a n t P u b l i c D e f e n d e r s , f o r t h e a p p e l l a n t

, M a r q u o n L a n o r r i s G r e e n

.

R o b e r t E

. C o o p e r , J r

. , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l a n d R e p o r t e r ; L e s l i e E

. P r i c e , S e n i o r C o u n s e l ; J a m e s G

. ( J e r r y ) W o o d a l l

, D i s t r i c t A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ; a n d J o d y S

. P i c k e n s , A s s i s t a n t D i s t r i c t

A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l

, f

o r t h e a p p e l l e e , S t a t e o f T e n n e s s e e

.

O P I N I O N

F A C T S

O n F eb ru ary

7 , 2 0 1 1 , th e tw en ty -tw o -y ear-o ld v ictim w as acco sted in a p ark in g lo t

o n th e L an e C o lleg e cam

p u s b y a g u n -w ield in g in d iv id u al w h o d em an d ed h er p u rse an d th en f o rced h er to d riv e to an o th er a r e a a n d p e rf o rm o ral sex o n h im

. T h e d ef en d an t w asid en tif

ied as th e su sp ect an d in d icted o n ch arg es o f ag g rav ated k id n ap p in g , ag g rav ated rap e

an d ag g rav ated ro b b ery

.

A t trial, th e v ictim testif ied th at sh e w as a stu d en t at L an e C o lle g e i n J a c k so n , T en n essee an d th at, o n F eb ru ary 7

, 2 0 1 1

, sh e d ro v e to class in h er g ray Im p ala an d p ark ed
in a cam p u s lo t b etw een S t. P au l’s C h u rch an d th e w ater to w er. T h e v ictim h ad a class f ro m 1 0 :0 0 u n til 1 1 :0 0 a.m

. b u t g o t o u t early b ecau se it w as sn o w in g . A f ter w alk in g to h er car, th e v ictim started h er en g in e an d th en g o t b ack o u t to clear th e sn o w f ro m th e w in d o w s. S h e

re-en tered h er car, b u t as sh e w en t to sh u t an d lo ck th e d o o rs, h er d o o r “b o u n ced b ack o p en ”

an d a m an , later id en tif

ied as th e d ef

en d an t, w as stan d in g th ere p o in tin g a g u n in h er f ace. S h e recalled th at th e g u n w as b lack w ith a g ray strip

.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at th e d ef

en d an t, w h ile h o ld in g a g u n in h er f ace, d em an d ed h er

p u rse. T h e v ictim

p lead ed w ith th e d ef

en d an t n o t to sh o o t h er an d b eg an to h an d h im h er

p u rse. A s sh e h an d ed th e d ef en d an t h er p u rse, sh e b eg an sp illin g th i n g s o u t o f it so sh e

co u ld attem

p t to h id e h er w allet. T h e d ef en d an t to ld h er to p u t th e item s b ack in h er p u rse. A s sh e w as d o in g so , h er w allet f ell o u t an d sh e th rew it u n d ern eath h er car.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at th e d ef

en d an t to o k th e k ey s o u t o f th e ig n itio n an d to ld h er th at h e w o u ld sh o o t h er if sh e tried to g et aw ay

. H e th en g o t in to th e p assen g er seat o f th e

v eh icle. T h e d ef

en d an t p laced th e g u n o n h is lef t leg n ex t to th e v ictim an d s a i d

, “ ‘ M y b ro th er in j ail. H e n eed m y h elp [ .] ’” T h e v ictim to ld h im th at G o d w o u ld h elp h im an d th at
G o d d id n o t lik e g u n s, an d sh e co n tin u ed to p lead w ith h im n o t to k ill h er. A s th e d ef en d an t
talk ed

, th e v ictim g rab b ed f o r th e g u n b u t w as u n ab le to g et co n tro l o f it. T h e d ef en d an t said

to h er, “‘Y o u ’re try in g to k ill m e. Y o u ’re try in g to sh o o t m e[ .] ’” T h e v ictim ap o lo g ized an d
b eg g ed f o r h er lif e.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at sh e saw stu d en ts w alk in g to th eir v eh icles an d w an ted to g et
th eir atten tio n , so sh e to ld th e d ef en d an t th at sh e n eed ed to u rin ate. T h e d ef en d an t allo w ed
h er to step o u tsid e h er car, b u t h e to ld h er n o t to g o an y w h ere an d k ep t th e g u n p o in ted at
h er th e en tire tim e s h e w as o u tsid e. S h e w as u n ab le to g et an y o n e’s atten tio n

. T h e d ef en d an t to ld h er to g et b ack in to th e car, an d sh e co m p lied

. H e th en to ld h er, “‘Y o u ab o u t

to g e t r e a d y to d ro p m e o f f so m ew h ere[ .] ’” T h e v ictim to ld h im th at sh e d id n o t w an t to leav e b ecau se sh e d id n o t k n o w h er w ay aro u n d Jack so n

. T h e d ef en d an t ag ain to ld th e

v ictim th at sh e w as g o in g to tak e h im so m ew h ere.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at, w h il e h o l d i n g th e g u n in h is h an d

, th e d ef en d an t d irected
h er to d riv e o u t o f th e p ark in g lo t an d tu rn rig h t o n to M id d leto n S treet, tu rn rig h t o n B erry S treet, an d th en tu rn lef

t o n to R h o n e S treet. T h e d ef en d an t to ld h er to d riv e in to th e p ark in g lo t o f an ap artm en t co m

p lex

, p ark

, an d tu rn o f

f t h e e n g i n e

. O n ce th e v ictim p ark ed

, th e

-2-d e f

e n d an t to ld th e v ictim

, “‘Y o u ’re ab o u t to g et read y to su ck m y d ick [ .] ’” T h e v ict i m

resp o n d ed th at sh e w as n o t g o in g to d o th at. T h e d ef en d an t said to h er, “‘Y o u g o t a to n g u e rin g

. Y o u ’ re ab o u t to g et read y to su ck m y d ick ,’” an d th at h e w o u ld sh o o t h er if sh e ref u sed

. A f raid f o r h er lif e, th e v ictim d id w h at th e d ef en d an t ask ed

. T h e d ef

en d an t p u t h is

p en is in sid e th e v ictim ’s m o u th

, an d th e v ictim m ad e h erself g ag an d o p en ed t h e d o o r to
th ro w u p

. T h e v ictim recalled th at th e d ef en d an t lo o k ed at h er lik e h e w a s d i s g u sted an d
th en p u lled u p h is p an ts an d to ld h er th at sh e w as g o in g to tak e h im so m ew h ere. T h e v ictim
th o u g h t th at th e d ef

en d an t w as g o in g to tak e h er so m ew h ere an d k ill h er.

T h e v ictim testif

ied th at sh e d ro v e u p to th e g ate to leav e th e ap artm en t co m p lex

, an d
th e d ef en d an t g o t o u t o f th e car. T h e d ef en d an t lef t w ith h er p h o n e, cam era, an d ch arg er,

an d sh e d ro v e b ack to th e sch o o l to g et h er w allet. Wh en sh e arriv ed

, sh e y e l l e d an d

scream ed f

o r h elp

. T w o stu d en ts resp o n d ed

, an d sh e u sed o n e o f th eir p h o n es to call 9 1 1

. S ev eral p o lice o f

f icers resp o n d ed to th e scen e, an d sh e to ld th e m th at h er assailan t w as

w earin g a b lack p u llo v er, a g ray sk u ll cap , g ray g lo v es, b lack d en im j ean s an d ten n is sh o es. T h e n ex t d ay , th e v ictim w as sh o w n a p h o t o g r ap h ic array , f ro m w h ich sh e id en tif

ied th e d ef en d an t as h er assailan t. O n th e b ack o f t h e array sh e w ro te, “‘T h is is th e g u y f ro m

y esterd ay th at ro b b ed an d k id n ap p ed m e an d sex u ally assau lted m e. I rem em b er h is b eard

, h is ey es an d th e w ay

h is lip s w ere m ad e. H e d isg u sts m e.’”

O n cro ss-ex am in atio n , th e v ictim ack n o w led g ed th at, in a statem en t g iv en to p o lice

tw o h o u rs af

ter th e in cid en t, sh e said th at th e d ef en d an t ap p ro ach ed h er as sh e “‘w as try in g

to g et in th e car an d g et th e sn o w o f f [ th e] car . . . an d m ad e [ h er] g et in to th e car.’”

O f f icer G reg o ry A d am M assey w ith th e Jack so n P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at h e

an d O f f icers A rn o ld an d S tato n r e s p o n d ed to th e scen e o n F eb ru ary 7

, 2 0 1 1

. T h ey sp o k e

to th e v ictim in sid e S t. P au l’s C h u rch

, an d sh e w as “v ery u p set.” T h e v ictim w an ted to

sp eak to a f

em ale o f f icer, so O f

f icer S tato n in terv iew ed h er. T h e v ictim d escrib ed h er assailan t as “a b lack m ale ab o u t 5 '6" to 5 '8", ab o u t 1 5 0 to ab o u t 1 7 0 p o u n d s.” S h e rep o rted
th at h e w as w earin g a b lack c o a t, g ray to b o g g an , g ray g lo v es, b lack p an ts, an d a b lack
h o o d ed sw eatsh irt.

O f f icer M assey testif

ied th at h e w as p atro llin g th e area aro u n d L an e C o lleg e th e n ex t

m o rn in g w h en h e en co u n tered a m an f ittin g th e d escrip tio n o f th e assailan t. T h e m an , w h o m O f f icer M assey id en tif

ied as th e d ef

en d an t, w as ap p ro x im ately 5 '6" o r 5 '7" an d w as w earin g

a g ray to b o g g an , g ray g lo v es, an d b lack clo th in g

. O f f icer M assey ask ed th e d ef en d an t if h e

w as arm ed

, an d t h e d e f

e n d a n t said th at h e h ad a p isto l in h is rig h t f ro n t p an ts p o ck et.
O f f icer M assey secu red th e w eap o n , arrested th e d ef en d an t o n a g u n ch arg e, an d tran sp o rted
h im to th e p o lice statio n

. H e n o tif ied h is su p erv iso r, In v estig ato r A u b rey R ich ard so n , th at
th e d ef en d an t w as p o ssib ly

th e su sp ect in th e v ictim ’s case.

-3-O f

f icer M ich ael A rn o ld w i t h t h e Jack so n P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied sim ilarly to
O f f icer M assey , recalli n g th eir sp eak in g to th e v ictim at th e scen e an d en co u n terin g th e d ef en d an t th e f

o llo w in g d ay

. O f

f icer A rn o ld id en tif

ied th e T au ru s n in e-m illim eter h an d g u n th at th ey co n f

iscated f ro m th e d ef

en d an t. H e also id en tif

ied th e m ag azin e an d sev en b u llets
th at w ere in th e g u n

.

In v estig ato r C h ris C h estn u t w ith th e Jack so n P o lice D ep artm en t testif ie d t h at h e assisted in th e in v estig atio n in th is case. O n F eb ru ary 8

, 2 0 1 1

, h e learn ed th at th e d ef en d an t

w as in cu sto d y an d w en t to th e j ail to retriev e so m e item s o f th e d ef en d an t’s clo th in g ,

n am ely , a p air o f

b lack j ean s an d a b lack h o o d ed sw eatsh irt.

In v estig ato r A u b rey R ich ard so n w ith th e Jack so n P o lice D ep artm en t testif ied th at h e in v estig ated th e o f

f en ses in th is case. H e resp o n d ed to th e scen e an d m et w ith th e v ictim

,

w h o w as “ v e r y h y sterical,” in sid e S t. P au l’s C h u rch

. A f em ale o f f icer, O f f icer S tato n , in terv iew ed th e v ictim at th e scen e, an d th en h e sp o k e to th e v ictim later at th e h o sp ital. H e recalled th at th e v ictim

w as “still v ery

u p set” at th e h o sp ital.

In v estig ato r R ich ard so n testif ied th at h e learn ed th e n ex t d ay th at th e d ef en d an t h ad
b een arrested an d th at h e m atch ed th e d escrip tio n o f th e su sp ect g iv en b y th e v ictim

. H e also
learn ed th at th e d ef

en d an t h ad a w eap o n o n h is p erso n at th e tim e o f h is arrest. O n F eb ru ary 8

, 2 0 1 1

, In v estig ato r R ich ard so n sp o k e to th e d ef en d an t at th e crim in al j u stice cen ter. A f ter
th e d ef en d an t w as ad v ised o f

an d w aiv ed h is rig h ts, h e p ro v id ed th e f o llo w in g statem en t:

I, [ th e d ef en d an t]

, saw a b lack f

em ale w alk in g o u t o f

th e b u ild in g u p th e stairs at L an e C o lleg e an d I w as w alk in g d o w n th e s t reet. S h e w as

w alk in g to w ard s th e p ark in g lo t b y th e w ater t o w e r a n d sh e h ad a silv er Im p ala. I w as try in g to talk to h er an d sh e w as talk in g to m e. We talk ed f o r 1 5 m in u tes w h ile I w as sittin g in h er p asse n g e r’s seat. S h e w as lettin g h er

sn o w m elt o f

f h er car. A n d b ef

o re I lef t, sh e g o t o u t o f th e car an d p eed in th e

p ark in g lo t. I d id n o t tell h er an y th in g ab o u t m y b ro th er. H e h as b een o u t o f
th e p en f o r ab o u t th ree m o n th s. I g o t a h aircu t to d ay b y th e L an e E x p ress b y

m y co u sin

, an d I h ad j u st lef t th e b arb er sh o p w h en th e p o lice sto p p ed m e. I
d i d n o t sh o w th is g irl a p isto l y esterd ay

. T h is h ap p en ed y esterd ay b ef o re 1

p .m

. b ecau se I w en t to g et m y n iece o u t o f sch o o l early b ecau se o f th e sn o w

. We n ev er lef

t th e p ark in g lo t b y th e w a t e r to w er. I d id n o t ask f o r a rid e.

. .

. I d id ask h er f

o r so m e h ead an d p u lled m y d ick o u t b ecau se sh e h ad a to n g u e rin g

. S h e su ck ed it lik e o n ce o r tw ice an d th en sto p p ed

. S h e said sh e d id n ’t

w an t to d o it an d sat u p an d started talk in g . I p u t m y d ick b ack u p an d I g o t

u p an d lef

t. I d id n o t tak e h er p h o n e. I d id n o t f o rce h er to su ck m y

d ick

.

-4-A f

terw ard s, th e d ef

en d an t read an d sig n ed th e statem en t.

L ess th an tw o h o u rs later, th e d ef en d an t called In v estig ato r R ich ard so n f ro m b o o k in g

an d ask ed to g iv e an o th er statem en t. In th e seco n d statem en t, th e d ef en d an t said : “I h ad th e

g u n o n m e to d ay

. I j u st g o t th e g u n to d ay

. I g o t it o u t o f m y sister T am ik a G reen ’s d raw er

at 2 4 5 N ef

f [ S treet]

. I d id n o t p u ll it o r p o in t th is o r an y o t h e r p isto l at an y o n e. I ain ’t

ro b b ed n o b o d y .” T h e d ef en d an t read an d sig n ed th is statem en t as w ell.

A f ter th e seco n d statem en t, th e d ef en d an t called In v estig ato r R ich ard so n ag ain

, an d
h e an d In v estig ato r C h estn u t in terv iew ed th e d ef e n d an t a th ird tim e. T h e d ef en d an t

p ro v id ed th e f

o llo w in g statem en t:

T h e d eal o n M o n d ay , I in ten d ed o n ro b b in g th is g irl. I th o u g h t ab o u t it. I h ad

m y sister’s g u n w ith m e. T h e g u n th at p o lice cau g h t m e w ith to d ay , I h ad it
in m y p an ts. I d id n o t tak e an y th in g f ro m th e g irl o n M o n d ay ev en th o u g h I
h ad th e g u n

.

In v estig ato r R ich ard so n testif ied th at th e d ef

en d an t actu ally to ld h im

, “I d id th at ro b b ery ,”
b u t th en said so m eth in g d if f eren t in h is statem en t.

A f ter th e co n clu sio n o f th e p ro o f

, th e j u ry c o n v i c t e d th e d ef en d an t, as ch arg ed

, o f

ag g rav ated k id n ap p in g , ag g rav ated rap e an d ag g rav ated ro b b ery

.

A N A L Y S IS

I. S u f f icien cy o f

th e E v id en ce

T h e d e f e n d a n t c h a l l e n g e s t h e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g e v i d e n c e , a r g u i n g t h a t t h e

v i c t i m ’ s t e s t i m o n y w a s u n r e l i a b l e a n d h i s s t a t e m e n t s c o u l d n o t b e r e l i e d o n b e c a u s e t h e y

“ s e e m e d t o c o n t r a d i c t o n e a n o t h e r

. ”

I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s i s s u e , w e a p p l y t h e r u l e t h a t w h e r e s u f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c o n v i c t i n g

e v i d e n c e i s c h a l l e n g e d

, t h e r e l e v a n t q u e s t i o n o f t h e r e v i e w i n g c o u r t i s “ w h e t h e r , a f t e r

v i e w i n g t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e p r o s e c u t i o n , a n y r a t i o n a l t r i e r o f f a c t

c o u l d h a v e f

o u n d t h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s o f t h e c r i m e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” J a c k s o n

v

. V i r g i n i a , 4 4 3 U

. S

. 3 0 7

, 3 1 9 ( 1 9 7 9 ) ; s e e a l s o T e n n

. R

. A p p

. P

. 1 3 ( e ) ( “ F i n d i n g s o f g u i l t i n

c r i m i n a l a c t i o n s w h e t h e r b y t h e t r i a l c o u r t o r j u r y s h a l l b e s e t a s i d e i f t h e e v i d e n c e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t t o s u p p o r t t h e f

i n d i n g s b y t h e t r i e r o f f

a c t o f g u i l t b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b l e d o u b t

. ” ) ;
S t a t e v

. E v a n s , 8 3 8 S

. W

. 2 d 1 8 5

, 1 9 0

- 9 2 ( T e n n

. 1 9 9 2 ) ; S t a t e v

. A n d e r s o n , 8 3 5 S

. W

. 2 d 6 0 0

, 6 0 4 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 9 2 )

. A l l q u e s t i o n s i n v o l v i n g t h e c r e d i b i l i t y o f w i t n e s s e s , t h e

-5-w e i g h t a n d v a l u e t o b e g i v e n t h e e v i d e n c e , a n d a l l f a c t u a l i s s u e s a r e r e s o l v e d b y t h e t r i e r o f

f a c t

. S e e S t a t e v

. P a p p a s , 7 5 4 S

. W

. 2 d 6 2 0

, 6 2 3 ( T e n n

. C r i m

. A p p

. 1 9 8 7 )

. “ A g u i l t y v e r d i c t
b y t h e j u r y , a p p r o v e d b y t h e t r i a l j u d g e , a c c r e d i t s t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t h e w i t n e s s e s f o r t h e S t a t e

a n d r e s o l v e s a l l c o n f

l i c t s i n f a v o r o f t h e t h e o r y o f t h e S t a t e

. ” S t a t e v

. G r a c e , 4 9 3 S

. W

. 2 d

4 7 4

, 4 7 6 ( T e n n

. 1 9 7 3 )

. O u r s u p r e m e c o u r t s t a t e d t h e r a t i o n a l e f o r t h i s r u l e :

T h i s w e l l

- s e t t l e d r u l e r e s t s o n a s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n

. T h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d

t h e j u r y s e e t h e w i t n e s s e s f a c e t o f a c e , h e a r t h e i r t e s t i m o n y a n d o b s e r v e t h e i r d e m e a n o r o n t h e s t a n d

. T h u s t h e t r i a l j u d g e a n d j u r y a r e t h e p r i m a r y i n s t r u m e n t a l i t y o f j u s t i c e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w e i g h t a n d c r e d i b i l i t y t o b e g i v e n

t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f w i t n e s s e s

. I n t h e t r i a l f o r u m a l o n e i s t h e r e h u m a n

a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e e v i d e n c e c a n n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d w i t h a

w r i t t e n r e c o r d i n t h i s C o u r t

.

B o l i n v

. S t a t e , 2 1 9 T e n n

. 4

, 1 1

, 4 0 5 S

. W

. 2 d 7 6 8

, 7 7 1 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ( c i t i n g C a r r o l l v

. S t a t e , 2 1 2

T e n n

. 4 6 4

, 3 7 0 S

. W

. 2 d 5 2 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) )

. “ A j u r y c o n v i c t i o n r e m o v e s t h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f

i n n o c e n c e w i t h w h i c h a d e f e n d a n t i s i n i t i a l l y c l o a k e d a n d r e p l a c e s i t w i t h o n e o f g u i l t

, s o t h a t

o n a p p e a l a c o n v i c t e d d e f e n d a n t h a s t h e b u r d e n o f d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t

. ” S t a t e v

. T u g g l e , 6 3 9 S

. W

. 2 d 9 1 3

, 9 1 4 ( T e n n

. 1 9 8 2 )

.

R elev an t to th is case, ag g rav ated k id n ap p i n g i s “f alse im p riso n m en t” co m m itted “[ w ] h ile th e d ef

en d an t is in p o ssessio n o f a d ead ly w eap o n o r th reaten s th e u se o f a d ead ly

w eap o n .” T en n

. C o d e A n n

. § 3 9 -1 3 -3 0 4 (a)(5 ). “F alse im p riso n m en t” is co m m itted w h en

o n e “k n o w in g ly rem o v es o r co n f in es an o th er u n law f

u lly so as to in terf

ere su b stan tially w ith
th e o th er’s lib erty .” Id . 3 9 -1 3 -3 0 2 (a).

A g g rav ated rap e is “u n law f u l sex u al p en etratio n o f a v ictim b y th e d ef en d an t o r th e d ef en d an t b y a v ictim ” w h en “ [ f ] o rce o r co ercio n is u sed to acco m p lish th e act an d th e d ef en d an t is arm ed w ith a w eap o n o r an y article u sed o r f ash io n ed in a m an n er to lead th e

v ictim reaso n ab ly to b eliev e it to b e a w e a p o n [ .] ” Id

. § 3 9 -1 3 -5 0 2 (a)(1 ). “S ex u al

p en etratio n ” i n clu d es “f

ellatio

, . . . o r an y o th er in tru sio n , h o w ev er slig h t, o f an y p art o f a

p erso n ’s b o d y o r o f an y o b j ect in to th e g en ital o r an al o p en in g s o f th e v ictim ’s

. . . b o d y .”
Id . § 3 9 -1 3 -5 0 1 (7 ).

A g g rav ated ro b b ery is “th e in ten tio n al o r k n o w in g th ef t o f p ro p erty f

ro m th e p erso n

o f an o th er b y v io len ce o r p u ttin g th e p er s o n i n f ear” w h en it is “[ a] cco m p lish ed w ith a d ead ly w eap o n o r b y d isp lay o f an y article u sed o r f ash io n ed to lead th e v ictim to reaso n ab ly
b eliev e it to b e a d ead ly

w eap o n [ .] ” Id . § § 3 9 -1 3 -4 0 1 (a), -4 0 2 (a)(1 ).

In th e lig h t m o st f

av o rab le to th e S tate, th e ev id en ce estab lish ed th at th e d ef en d an t

-6-co m m itted th e o f f en ses o f ag g rav ated k id n appi ng, a ggr a va t e d rap e, an d ag g rav ated ro b b ery

. T h e v ictim testif

ied th at th e d ef

en d an t ap p ro ach ed h er as sh e w as g ettin g b ack in to h er car in a p ark in g lo t o n th e L an e C o lleg e cam p u s an d

, w h ile h o ld in g a g u n in h er f ace, d em an d ed
h er p u rse. T h e d ef

en d an t th en g o t in to th e p assen g er seat o f th e v ictim ’s v eh icle an d o rd ered
h er, at g u n p o in t, to d riv e to an o th er lo catio n an d p erf o rm f ellatio o n h im

. T h e v ictim
recalled th at th e d ef

en d an t o rd ered h er to “su ck [ h is] d ick ” an d th at sh e w o u ld b e sh o t if sh e ref u sed

. A f raid f o r h er lif e, th e v ictim co m

p lied

. T h e d ef

en d an t ev en tu ally lef

t th e v ictim ’s

v eh icle, tak in g item s f

ro m th e v ictim ’s p u rse w ith h im

.

T h e n ex t d ay , th e d ef

en d an t w as arrested in an area n ear w h ere h e f irst ap p ro ach ed
th e v ictim

, w earin g clo th in g m a t c h i n g th e d escrip tio n g iv en b y th e v ictim an d carry in g a lo ad ed g u n

. T h e v ictim id en tif ied th e d ef

en d an t f ro m a p h o to g rap h ic array as h er attack er. A d d itio n ally

, o v er th e co u rse o f th ree statem en ts to p o lice, th e d ef en d an t ad m itted th at h e talk ed to th e v ictim in th e cam p u s p ark in g lo t, w as in h er car, in ten d ed to ro b h er, an d h ad

a g u n o n h im

at th e tim e an d th at th e v ictim p erf o rm ed f ellatio o n h im

.

W e co n clu d e th at th e ev id en ce is su f f icien t f o r a ratio n al trier o f f

act to f i n d t h e d ef en d an t g u ilty o f ag g rav ated k id n ap p in g , ag g rav ated rap e, an d ag g rav ated ro b b ery

. A n y

q u estio n s co n cern in g th e cred ib ility o f th e v ictim ’s testim o n y o r th e d ef en d an t’s statem en ts

to p o lice w ere reso lv ed b y th e j u ry as th e trier o f f act. T h e d ef

en d an t is n o t en titled to relief

.

II. S en ten cin g

T h e trial co u rt co n d u cted a sen ten cin g h earin g , at w h ich th e S tate in tro d u ced th e d ef en d an t’s p resen ten ce rep o rt an d certif ied co p ies o f t h e d ef

en d an t’s p rio r co n v ictio n s. D e f e n se co u n sel p o in ted o u t th at m o st o f th e d ef en d an t’s p rio r co n v ictio n s w ere

m isd em ean o rs o r “v ictim less crim e[ s] .” A f ter h earin g arg u m en ts f

ro m th e p arties, th e trial

co u r t sen ten ced th e d ef

en d an t to tw en ty y ears at 1 0 0 % o n th e ag g rav ated k id n ap p in g

co n v ictio n , tw en ty y ears at 1 0 0 % o n th e ag g rav ated rap e co n v ictio n , an d ten y ears at 8 5 %

o n t h e a g g rav ated ro b b ery co n v ictio n

. T h e co u rt o rd ered th at th e sen ten ces b e serv ed

co n secu tiv ely to each o th er an d to a p rio r ten -y ear sen ten ce. O n ap p eal, th e d ef en d an t ch allen g es th e trial co u rt’s im p o sitio n o f

co n secu tiv e sen ten ces.

T en n essee C o d e A n n o tated sectio n 4 0

- 3 5 -1 1 5 (b ) p ro v id es th at it is w ith in th e trial

co u rt’s d iscretio n to im

p o se co n secu tiv e sen ten c i n g i f it f in d s b y a p rep o n d eran ce o f th e

ev id en ce th at an y o n e o f a n u m b er o f criteria ap p l ies, in clu d in g th at “[ t] h e d ef en d an t is a

p ro f essio n al crim in al w h o h as k n o w in g ly d ev o ted th e d ef en d an t’s lif

e to crim in al acts as a

m aj o r s o u r c e o f liv elih o o d ,” “[ t] h e d ef en d an t is an o f

f en d er w h o se reco rd o f crim in al

a ctiv ity is ex ten siv e,” o r th at “[ t] h e d ef en d an t is a d an g ero u s o f f en d er w h o s e b e h a v i o r in d icates little o r n o r e g ard f o r h u m an lif

e, an d n o h esitatio n ab o u t co m m ittin g a crim e in

-7-w h ich th e risk to h u m an lif e is h ig h .” T en n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b )(1 ), (2 ), (4 ) (2 0 1 0 ).
Wh en a trial co u rt b ases co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g u p o n its classif icatio n o f th e d ef

en d an t as

a d an g ero u s o f

f en d er, it is req u ired to m ak e f u rth er f in d in g s th at th e ag g reg ate len g th o f th e d ef en d an t’s sen ten ce reaso n ab ly relates to th e se v e rity o f h is o f f en ses an d is n ecessary to

p ro tect th e p u b lic f

ro m f u rth er crim in al co n d u ct o f th e d ef en d an t. S tate v

. L an e, 3 S .W.3 d

4 5 6

, 4 6 0 -6 1 (T en n

. 1 9 9 9 ); S tate v

. Wilk erso n , 9 0 5 S .W.2 d 9 3 3

, 9 3 7 -3 8 (T en n

. 1 9 9 5 ). T h e criteria listed in sectio n 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b ) are stated in th e altern ativ e; th eref o re, o n ly o n e n eed

ex ist to su p p o rt th e ap p ro p riaten ess o f co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g

.

In im p o sin g co n secu tiv e s e n t e n c es, th e trial co u rt f o u n d th at th e d ef

en d an t w as a

p ro f essio n al crim in al w h o h ad d ev o ted h is lif e to crim in al acts a s a m aj o r so u rce o f
liv elih o o d

, th at h e h ad a reco rd o f crim in al activ ity th at w as ex ten siv e , a n d t h a t h e w as a d an g ero u s o f

f en d er w h o se b eh av io r i n d i c a t e d l ittle o r n o reg ard f o r h u m an lif

e an d n o h esitatio n ab o u t co m

m ittin g a crim e in w h ich th e risk to h u m an lif e is h ig h

. S ee T en n

. C o d e A n n

. § 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 5 (b )(1 ), (2 ), (4 ). T h e co u rt o b serv ed th at th e d ef en d an t, w h o w as tw en ty

o n e y ears o ld at th e tim e o f th e o f f en ses, h ad an o th er ag g rav ated ro b b ery co n v ictio n , as w ell

as a h o st o f m isd em ean o r co n v ictio n s. T h e co u rt n o ted th a t

, “co n sid erin g h is ag e, h e h as

sp en t q u ite a b it o f t i me v io latin g th e law

, an d it h as b een estab lish ed b y a p rep o n d eran ce

o f th e ev id en ce th e [ d ] ef

en d an t is a p ro f

essio n al crim in al w h o h as k n o w in g ly d ev o ted h i s lif e to crim in al acts as a m aj o r so u rce o f liv elih o o d [

. ] ” In d eterm in in g th at th e d ef en d an t

w as a d an g ero u s o f

f en d e r , th e co u rt f

o u n d th at th e circu m stan ces su rro u n d in g th e

c o m m issio n o f th e o f

f en ses w ere ag g rav ated

, th at co n f in em en t w as n ecessary to p ro t e c t

so ciety f ro m th e d ef

en d an t’s u n w illin g n ess to lead a p ro d u ctiv e lif e an d th e d ef

en d an t’s

reso rt to crim in a l a c tiv ity in f u rth eran ce o f an an ti-so cial lif esty le, an d th at th e ag g reg ate len g th o f th e sen ten ce reaso n ab ly relate d t o t h e o f f en ses f o r w h ich th e d ef

en d an t w as

co n v icted

.

We co n clu d e th at th e reco rd su p p o rts th e trial co u rt’s im p o sitio n o f co n secu tiv e

sen ten ces. T h e p resen ten ce rep o rt co n v ey ed th e d ef en d an t’s crim in al h ist o r y , w h ich
in clu d ed p rio r co n v ictio n s f o r ag g rav ated ro b b ery , ag g rav ated crim in al tresp ass, v an d alism

, tw o co u n ts o f crim in al tresp ass, d iso rd erly co n d u ct, as w ell as a h o st o f d riv in g related

o f f en ses. T h e d ef

en d an t su g g ests th at h is reco rd o f crim in al activ ity is n o t ex ten siv e b ecau se it co n s i s t s o f p rim arily m isd em ean o rs. H o w ev er, th is co u rt h as p rev io u sly f o u n d th at a crim in al reco rd co n sistin g o f o n ly m isd em ean o rs s u p p o r t e d im p o sitio n o f co n secu tiv e

sen ten cin g

. S ee, e.g ., S tate v

. M ira E v a H arris, N o

. W2 0 1 0 -0 1 4 8 1 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 1 1 WL

2 7 4 7 2 9 3

, at * 4 (T en n

. C rim

. A p p

. Ju ly 1 2

, 2 0 1 1 ) (u p h o ld in g co n secu tiv e s e n t e n c i n g o n b asis o f ex ten s i v e c r i m in al h isto ry alo n e w h ere d ef en d an t h ad f

o u r p rio r co n v ictio n s f

o r d riv in g u n d e r th e in f

lu en ce as w ell as o th er d riv in g related o f f en ses); S tate v

. S tev en W.

B lack

, N o

. E 2 0 1 0 -0 0 9 2 4 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 1 1 WL 2 0 8 0 7 5

, at * 3 (T en n

. C rim

. A p p

. Jan

. 1 3

, 2 0 1 1 ), p erm

. ap p

. d en ied (T en n

. M ay 2 5

, 2 0 1 1 ) (u p h o ld in g co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g o n b asis

-8-o f ex ten siv e crim in al h isto ry alo n e w h ere d ef en d an t h ad el e v e n p rev io u s m isd em ean o r

co n v ictio n s an d th ree v io latio n s o f p ro b atio n ); S tate v

. E d y so n R af ael A rias, N o

. E 2 0 0 5

- 0 1 7 0 0 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 0 6 WL 2 2 7 7 6 6 7

, at * 2 2 (T en n

. C r i m. A p p

. A u g

. 9

, 2 0 0 6 ) (u p h o ld i n g c o n secu tiv e sen ten cin g o n b asis o f ex ten siv e crim in al h isto ry alo n e w h ere d e f e n d a n t h ad p rio r m isd em ean o r co n v ictio n s f o r seco n d d eg ree sex u al ab u se o f a

tw elv e-y ear-o ld

, seco n d d eg ree u n law f u l im p riso n m en t, ag g rav ated h arassm en t, an d
d o m estic assau lt); S tate v

. Jam es C lif f o rd Wrig h t, N o

. 0 1 C 0 1 -9 8 1 1 -C C -0 0 4 7 6

, 1 9 9 9 WL
9 9 4 0 5 5

, at * 3 (T en n . C rim . A p p . O ct. 2 9 , 1 9 9 9 ), p erm

. ap p

. d en ied (T en n

. M ay 2 2

, 2 0 0 0 ) (u p h o ld in g co n secu tiv e sen ten cin g o n b asis o f ex ten siv e cri mi n a l h isto ry alo n e w h ere d ef en d an t h ad tw o p rio r d riv in g u n d er th e in f lu en ce co n v ictio n s, a co n v ictio n f o r d riv in g

w h ile h is licen se w as su sp en d ed

, an d a sp eed in g co n v ictio n ). In ad d itio n , th is co u rt h as h eld
th at a trial co u rt m ay co n sid er th e o f f en ses f o r w h ich a d ef

en d an t is b ein g sen ten ced in
d eterm in in g w h eth er th e d ef en d an t h as an ex ten siv e r e c o rd o f crim in al activ ity f o r

co n secu t i v e sen ten cin g p u rp o ses. S ee S tate v

. D ary l A d rian B en j am in In g ram , N o

. W2 0 0 2 -0 0 9 3 6 -C C A -R 3 -C D

, 2 0 0 3 WL 7 2 1 7 0 4

, at * 3 (T en n

. C r i m. A p p

. F eb

. 2 6

, 2 0 0 3 ),

p erm

. ap p

. d en ied (T en n

. S ep t. 2

, 2 0 0 3 ). A cco rd in g ly

, w e n eed n o t d eterm in e w h eth er th e trial co u rt w as co rrect in im p o sin g co n secu tiv e sen ten ces b ased o n th e d ef en d an t’s b ein g a

p ro f essio n al crim in al o r a d an g ero u s o f f en d er, as th e d ef

en d an t’s ex ten siv e crim in al reco rd
is alo n e a su f

f icien t b asis f

o r su ch d eterm in atio n . T h e d ef en d an t is n o t en titled to relief

.

C O N C L U S IO N

B ased o n th e f

o reg o in g au th o rities an d reaso n in g , w e af f irm th e j u d g m en ts o f th e trial

co u rt.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A L A N E

. G L E N N

, J U D G E

-9-