NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JESIKA SMITH; O. A., a minor, by and 

through his Guardian ad Litem, Jesika Smith, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

 v. 

ORCUTT UNION SCHOOL DISTRICT, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 21-55846 

D.C. No. 

2:20-cv-00087-RGK-MAA 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 26, 2022

Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and BENNETT,** District Judge.

O.A. is a ten-year-old child who has been diagnosed with autism. He 

receives a public education through the Orcutt Union School District (“OUSD”). 

O.A. has struggled with significant behavioral issues during his time in school. At 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Richard D. Bennett, United States District Judge for 

the District of Maryland, sitting by designation.

FILED

AUG 10 2022

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

times, he has been accompanied throughout the school day by one-to-one aides 

who would monitor his safety. As part of the treatment for his autism, O.A. 

receives a form of therapy called Applied Behavior Analysis (“ABA”) therapy. 

O.A.’s mother requested that his school allow outside ABA therapists to 

accompany him during the school day, but OUSD denied the request. O.A., by and 

through his mother, subsequently brought this suit, claiming that that OUSD 

violated his rights under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) 

and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“Section 504”) by failing to 

accommodate his outside ABA therapists and therefore denying him access to an 

education. After a two-day bench trial, the district court granted OUSD’s motion 

for a judgment on partial findings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(c). 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

1. O.A. first argues that the district court made a procedural error by 

deciding the case under Rule 52(c) because it did not specify whether it considered 

only the evidence presented in O.A.’s case in chief or all the evidence presented at 

trial in reaching its judgment. He also questions whether proceeding under Rule 

52(c) was proper after the close of evidence, asserting that the rule is unclear about 

whether a court may do so. The district court explicitly stated that it considered 

only the evidence in O.A.’s case-in-chief, however. And while it is true that 

district courts generally enter judgments made after the close of evidence under 
3 

Rule 52(a) rather than Rule 52(c), see U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 

460 U.S. 711, 713–14 (1983), it was not improper for the district court to enter 

judgment under Rule 52(c). See Granite State Ins. Co. v. Smart Modular Techs., 

Inc., 76 F.3d 1023, 1031 (9th Cir. 1996). 

2. When a district court enters judgment under Rule 52(c), “we review its 

findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.” United Steel 

Workers Loc. 12-369 v. United Steel Workers Int’l, 728 F.3d 1107, 1114 (9th Cir. 

2013). “If the district court applied the correct legal rule, we may set aside its 

findings of fact as clearly erroneous only if they are illogical, implausible, or 

without support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record.” Id. 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

To establish a violation of the ADA and Section 504, O.A. had to prove that 

his school “denied [him] services that [he] needed to enjoy meaningful access to 

the benefits of a public education.” 1 A.G. v. Paradise Valley Unified Sch. Dist. No. 

1 O.A. argues that the district court erred by “applying the ‘meaningful 

access to educational benefit’ standard under . . . Section 504 . . . and leaving the 

‘equal access’ standard under the American with Disabilities Act . . . undecided.” 

This argument is baseless because the statutes use the same standard. See K.M. v. 

Tustin Unified Sch. Dist., 725 F.3d 1088, 1102 (9th Cir. 2013). Indeed, the terms 

“meaningful” and “equal” have been used interchangeably by both this court, see 

Doe v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 982 F.3d 1204, 1210 (9th Cir. 2020), and the Supreme 

Court, see Alexander v. Choate, 469 U.S. 287, 306 (1985). While neither statute 

guarantees equality of outcome, they both require that individuals with disabilities 

have an equal opportunity to access benefits and services. See id. at 304. 
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69, 815 F.3d 1195, 1204 (9th Cir. 2016). The district court found that O.A.’s 

evidence established that he needs medical treatment for his autism, that ABA 

therapy is the best treatment available, and that he benefits from receiving the 

treatment. However, it determined that there was insufficient evidence in the 

record to prove that O.A. needs his outside ABA therapists to accompany him in 

school in order to meaningfully access his education. 

This finding is not clearly erroneous. O.A.’s evidence does not address the 

extent to which his behavioral issues affected his ability to remain in the classroom 

and participate in instructional time. There is nothing in the record about how 

often O.A. would elope from the classroom, soil himself, or need to be removed 

from the classroom because of other behavioral problems. Nor is there any 

discussion about how much class time O.A. would miss during each incident. And 

when O.A. disenrolled from OUSD, it was because his mother chose to 

homeschool him, not because he was barred from attending. While the evidence in 

the record suggests that O.A. had serious behavioral issues, he did not offer 

anything to show how those issues kept him from accessing an education, and the 

district court was not required to draw the inference that they did.

Nor did any of the evidence in the record address whether or how ABA 

therapy would help O.A. in particular access an education. Instead, it discussed

the value of ABA therapy for children with autism generally. Dr. Betty Jo 
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Freeman (“Dr. Freeman”), an expert in autism, explained that ABA therapy in 

school could help a child “become a good student in a classroom” by “dealing with 

all the other things” outside of learning. However, Dr. Freeman’s testimony did 

not mention O.A.’s specific needs. Indeed, she said that she had “not seen” O.A. 

and could not make “individual recommendations” regarding his care. And at no 

point did she say that ABA therapy was universally necessary for children with 

autism to have meaningful access to school. While she explained that “some

children” would require it to “access the school program,” she did not opine about 

whether O.A. fell into that category. 

The evidence in the record demonstrating that ABA therapy is medically 

necessary for O.A. is not enough to establish that it is necessary for him to access 

his education. O.A. offered evidence that his doctor had prescribed ABA therapy 

as treatment for his autism and that Medi-Cal funded it on the basis of medical 

necessity. However, the evidence does not link the medical necessity of his 

treatment to his ability to access an education. Nothing in the record discusses 

whether the treatment would be of particular use in allowing O.A. to remain in 

class, engage with the material, or otherwise access his education. C.f. Cedar 

Rapids Cmty. Sch. Dist. v. Garret F., 526 U.S. 66, 79 (1999). 
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In light of the full record, the district court’s finding that O.A. failed to meet 

his burden to establish that his desired ABA therapists were necessary to allow him 

meaningful access to an education was not clearly erroneous.

AFFIRMED.