UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

PRESIDENTIAL BANK, FSB, : 

 : 

 Plaintiff & Counter-Defendant, : Civil Action No.: 16-2412 (RC) 

 : 

 v. : Re Document Nos.: 47, 48 

 : 

1733 27TH STREET SE LLC, et al., : 

 : 

 Defendants & Counter-Claimants. : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT; GRANTING 

PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE JURY DEMAND

I. INTRODUCTION 

This suit arises from a fraught lending relationship between Plaintiff & CounterDefendant Presidential Bank, FSB (“Presidential”) and Defendants & Counter-Claimants Kevin 

Green and six LLC that he owns (“Defendants”). Between 2006 and 2010, Presidential made a 

series of loans to Defendants secured with real property that Defendants owned. Beginning in 

2014, Defendants struggled to make payments in compliance with their agreements with 

Presidential, and ultimately defaulted on their loans. The parties entered into several 

modifications to the lending agreements. One such modification was a forbearance agreement, 

whereby Presidential agreed not to collect the money Defendants owed it until April 2017 in 

exchange for, among other things, receiving significant control over Defendants’ rental income. 

When Defendants defaulted again, Presidential demanded that Defendants pay all of the money 

they owed under the Forbearance Agreement. 

Presidential pursued two avenues of relief against Defendants: first, it filed a claim for a 

confessed judgment in Maryland state court, and second, it filed suit in D.C. Superior Court for 
2 

conversion of the funds it should have had access to pursuant to a lockbox agreement contained 

in the Forbearance Agreement. The D.C. suit also sought the appointment of a receiver to 

operate, manage, and control Defendants’ properties. Defendants subsequently removed the case 

to this Court. Defendants responded to Presidential’s claims with twelve affirmative defenses 

and nine counterclaims against Presidential. Since then, the Circuit Court of Montgomery 

County, Maryland has entered a confessed judgment against Defendants, and the Maryland Court 

of Special Appeals has denied Defendants’ motion to vacate it for lack of personal jurisdiction. 

Based on the Court of Special Appeals’s ruling, Presidential has moved to strike the jury demand 

contained in Defendants’ Answer and Counterclaim, and for partial summary judgment on 

eleven of Defendants’ twelve affirmative defenses and on its first claim for relief in its 

counterclaim. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants both of Presidential’s motions. 

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

Defendants in this suit are six District of Columbia limited liability companies and Kevin 

Green, the sole management-member of the six LLCs. See Defs.’ Affirmative Defenses, Answers 

& Counter-Claims (“Answer”) at 19–20, ECF No. 12. Between 2006 and 2010, Plaintiff 

Presidential Bank made several loans to each of the LLCs, secured by deeds of trust and with 

each Defendant-LLC-owned apartment building serving as collateral on the loans. Compl. ¶¶ 

24–34, ECF No. 1-1; see also Compl. ¶ 5. When Defendants defaulted on the loans in 2014, they 

entered into a “Global Loan Modification Agreement.” Answer at 23; see also Compl. ¶ 9. 

However, in June 2015, Defendants again defaulted on the Global Loan Modification Agreement 

when they failed to make each of their loans current by January 15, 2015. Compl. ¶ 11; Answer 

at 23. To cure this default, Defendants and Presidential entered into a forbearance agreement in 

August 2015. Defs.’ Answer at 25; see also Compl. ¶ 12; Forbearance Agreement, ECF No. 17-
3 

2. Under the terms of the Forbearance Agreement, Presidential agreed to delay collecting the 

amount due under the loans until April 1, 2017, see Forbearance Agreement at 5, and in 

exchange, Defendants entered into a contract that contained a confessed judgment provision, a 

lockbox agreement, and a waiver of the right to a jury trial in any dispute arising out of the 

Forbearance Agreement or the underlying loans. Answer at 24; Forbearance Agreement at 5, 9. 

The confessed judgment provision allowed Presidential’s attorneys, upon any subsequent default 

by Defendants, to obtain a judgment in Presidential’s favor from the Circuit Court in 

Montgomery County, Maryland for “the amount of the unpaid principal balance of the notes 

together with any accrued and unpaid interest, late charges and attorneys’ fees and costs incurred 

by the lender, together with all other costs and expenses incurred or accrued and unpaid under 

this agreement.” Forbearance Agreement at 9. Under the lockbox agreement, Defendants agreed 

to “continue to deposit all deposits in their possession, including but not limited to rents, relating 

to the Collateral Properties directly into” operating accounts controlled by Presidential. Id. at 5. 

The lockbox agreement also set the priorities for how those funds would be spent. Id. at 5–6; 

Answer at 24. 

In May 2016, Defendants defaulted on the Forbearance Agreement. Compl. ¶ 13; Answer 

at 28–29. Defendants were given until June 6, 2016, to cure their default. Compl. ¶ 14. When 

Defendants did not cure their default, Presidential declared all of Defendants’ debt from the 

Forbearance Agreement, notes, guaranty, and deeds of trust due. Id. ¶ 15. Around that time, 

Defendants stopped depositing money into the operating accounts in alleged violation of the 

lockbox agreement. Compl. ¶ 21. 

Following this deterioration in the lending relationship, Presidential sought the confessed 

judgment specified in the Forbearance Agreement, and was awarded $3,314,295.63 by the 
4 

Montgomery County Circuit Court on June 27, 2016. See Confessed Judgment, ECF No. 48-3. It 

also filed suit in D.C. Superior Court on July 18, 2016, seeking damages for conversion of the 

money it believed Defendants should have still been depositing in the operating account pursuant 

to the lockbox agreement, as well as the appointment of a receiver. See generally Compl. In 

December 2016, Defendants removed the case to this Court based on the diversity of citizenship. 

See Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. Once the case had been removed, Defendants filed an 

emergency motion to stay the impending foreclosure sale of its properties or, in the alternative, 

for a temporary restraining order. See Defs.’ Emergency Mot. Stay, ECF No. 8. The Court 

denied Defendants’ motion. See Order, ECF No. 11. Defendants subsequently answered 

Presidential’s complaint with twelve affirmative defenses and nine counterclaims. See generally

Answer. Defendants’ Answer also requested that the Court “[f]ind the Forbearance Agreement 

referenced herein unconscionable and void ab initio.” Answer at 47. Defendants informed the 

Court that following its denial of Defendants’ motion to stay, Defendants’ properties were sold 

on January 26, 2017. Id. at 29 

These two suits—one in Maryland state court and one in D.C. federal court—proceeded 

concurrently for more than a year. Following the entry of the confessed judgment, Defendants 

moved to vacate it, arguing “primarily that judgments by confession are disfavored in Maryland, 

and [that] the circuit court lacked personal jurisdiction over them because neither Mr. Green nor 

any of the LLCs had sufficient ties to Montgomery County.” Mot. Strike Ex. 14 (“Md. Op.”) at 

3, ECF No. 47-16. The circuit court judge was unpersuaded, given that the confessed judgment 

provision in the Forbearance Agreement included a forum-selection clause, and declined to 

vacate the judgment. Id. at 4. He further explained that he “searched in vain for the allegation of 
5 

a potentially meritorious defense” to the confessed judgment, but “never heard, never read in any 

of the documents that were submitted, what this meritorious defense to the note might be.” Id. 

Defendants appealed, but the Maryland Court of Special Appeals affirmed the lower 

court’s refusal to vacate the confessed judgment in February 2018. Id. at 10. The Court of 

Special Appeals highlighted that “absent fraud, duress, or mutual mistake, ‘a party who signs a 

contract is presumed to have read and understood its terms and . . . the party will be bound by 

them when that document is executed.’” Id. at 8 (quoting Dashiell v. Meeks, 913 F.2d 10, 20 

(Md. 2006)). It explained that “[a]lthough Mr. Green contended, at oral argument, that the forum 

selection clause was not freely negotiated, he did not make that assertion before the circuit court 

or in his brief, and he submitted no evidence in support of that claim. Because the contention was 

not made below, it [wa]s not before [the Court of Special Appeals] for appellate review.” Id. at 8 

n.5. All in all, the Court of Special Appeals concluded that “the borrowers are bound [by] the 

terms of the forbearance agreement, including the clause consenting to personal jurisdiction by 

the circuit court.” Id. at 10. 

While the Maryland Court of Special Appeals’s decision was pending, Defendants’ filed 

a motion to stay these proceedings, which was granted. See Mot. to Stay, ECF No. 36; Minute 

Order (Aug. 23, 2017). Now that the Court of Special Appeals has affirmed the lower court’s 

ruling and the stay has been lifted, Presidential has moved for summary judgment on eleven of 

Defendants’ twelve affirmative defenses, as well as its first request for relief, on the grounds that 

these defenses and the request are precluded by the Maryland state court judgment. See Pl.’s 

Renewed Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 48. It has also moved to strike 

Defendants’ demand for a jury trial in its Answer, arguing that Defendants voluntarily waived 

that right in the Forbearance Agreement. See Pl.’s Mot. Strike, ECF No. 47. Defendants argue in 
6 

response that the Maryland court judgment has no preclusive effect on its affirmative defenses or 

its demand for a jury trial because neither Defendants’ arguments in favor of its jury demand nor 

any of its affirmative defenses “rest on the nexus of unconscionability and ‘confessed 

judgment.’” Defs.’ Mem. Opp’n Pl.’s Renewed Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. 

J.”) at 2, ECF No. 50. Presidential’s motions are now ripe for decision. 

III. MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT 

Presidential now seeks to avail itself of any preclusive effect its success in obtaining the 

confessed judgment in Maryland might have on this case. As such, it has filed a motion for 

summary judgment on eleven of Defendants’ twelve affirmative defenses—all but breach of 

contract—as well as Defendants’ request that this Court void the entire Forbearance Agreement, 

on the theory that Defendants missed their chance to proffer these defenses and this request when 

they did not raise them in Maryland. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants 

Presidential’s motion for partial summary judgment. 

A. Legal Standard 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that a court must grant summary judgment 

when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant 

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “Material” facts are those 

capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986), and a dispute regarding those facts is “genuine” if there is enough 

evidence on the record for a reasonable jury to find for the non-movant, Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 

372, 380 (2007). 

On summary judgment, the movant bears the initial burden of identifying portions of the 

record that demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 
7 

56(c)(1); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In response, the non-movant must 

point to specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue that is suitable for trial. See Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. The purported dispute may not be based on mere 

allegations—rather, the non-movant must present affirmative evidence demonstrating that there 

is indeed a genuine dispute. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987). 

However, all underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the 

non-movant. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. 

B. Analysis 

Upon the Maryland Court of Special Appeals’s affirmance of the Circuit Court’s denial 

of Defendants’ motion to vacate the confessed judgment, Presidential moved for partial summary 

judgment on eleven of Defendants’ twelve affirmative defenses, as well as their first request for 

relief—that the Court “[f]ind the Forbearance Agreement . . . unconscionable and void ab 

initio.” Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Pl.’s Renewed Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 1, ECF 

No. 48-1. Presidential argues that “Defendants’ efforts to challenge the enforceability of the 

forbearance agreement in this Court ignores the fact that the Montgomery County Circuit Court 

(the “Circuit Court”) has already held that the forbearance agreement is enforceable,” thereby 

precluding Defendants from raising defenses and requests stemming from that contention that 

could have been raised in the prior proceedings. Id. at 1–2. Defendants respond that “Plaintiff’s 

reasoning is flawed because it ignores the extent to which Defendants’ affirmative defenses stand 

independent of and do not rely on the question of unconscionability as a result of the ‘confessed 

judgment.’” Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. J. at 1. However, Defendants do concede that “should an 

affirmative defense rest on the nexus of unconscionability and [the] ‘confessed judgment,’ that 

defens[]e should be stricken.” Id. at 2. As explained below, the Court finds that Defendants’ first 
8 

request for relief—that the Forbearance Agreement be found unconscionable and void— is 

precluded by res judicata. Additionally, the Court finds that all of Defendants’ challenged 

affirmative defenses must also be stricken because they are precluded by the Maryland judgment. 

 “The plea of [res judicata] applies, except in special cases, not only to the points upon 

which the court was required by the parties to form an opinion, and pronounce a judgment, but to 

every point which properly belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising 

reasonable diligence, might have brought forward at the time.” Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 

U.S. 351, 358 (1876). “Res judicata literally means ‘a thing adjudicated,’ and generally indicates 

‘an affirmative defense barring the same parties from litigating a second lawsuit on the same 

claim, or any other claim arising from the same transaction or series of transactions and that 

could have been—but was not—raised in the first suit.’”1 Lizzi v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit 

Auth., 862 A.2d 1017, 1022 (Md. 2004) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1336–37 (8th ed. 

2004)); see also Alvey v. Alvey, 171 A.2d 92, 94 (Md. 1961) (“The doctrine of res judicata is that 

a judgment between the same parties and their privies is a final bar to any other suit upon the 

same cause of action, and is conclusive, not only as to all matters that have been decided in the 

original suit, but as to all matters which with propriety could have been litigated in the first 

suit.”); Mackall v. Zayre Corp., 443 A.2d 98, 102 (Md. 1982) (stating that “if a proceeding 

between parties involves the same cause of action as a previous proceeding between the same 

 1

 “It is now settled that a federal court must give to a state-court judgment the same 

preclusive effect as would be given that judgment under the law of the State in which the 

judgment was rendered.” Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984). 

As such, federal courts must accept the res judicata rules “chosen by the State from which the 

judgment is taken.” Marrese v. Am. Acad. Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 380 (1985) 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Because in this case the Court is evaluating the 

preclusive effect of a Maryland state court judgment, it analyzes the preclusive effect of the 

judgment using Maryland law. 
9 

parties, the principle of res judicata applies and all matters actually litigated or that could have 

been litigated are conclusive in the subsequent proceeding”). The doctrine “avoids the expense 

and vexation attending multiple lawsuits, conserves the judicial resources, and fosters reliance on 

judicial action by minimizing the possibilities of inconsistent decisions.” Murray Int’l Freight 

Corp. v. Graham, 555 A.2d 502, 503–04 (Md. 1989) (quoting Montana v. United States, 440 

U.S. 147, 153–54 (1979)). Whether res judicata applies to a particular action is a question of law. 

See Davidson v. Seneca Crossing Section II Homeowner’s Ass’n, Inc., 979 A.2d 260, 279 (Md. 

Ct. Spec. App. 2009). 

“Under Maryland law, the elements of res judicata, or claim preclusion, are: (1) that the 

parties in the present litigation are the same or in privity with the parties to the earlier dispute; (2) 

that the claim presented in the current action is identical to the one determined in the prior 

adjudication; and, (3) that there has been a final judgment on the merits.” Anne Arundel Cty. Bd. 

of Educ. v. Norville, 887 A.2d 1029, 1037–38 (Md. 2005). 

Here, the parties are clearly the same: Presidential Bank, Mr. Green, and six of his LLCs. 

See Compl. at 1; Md. Op. at 1. Additionally, under Maryland law, “a judgment by confession is 

‘entitled to the same faith and credit, as any other judgment’” for res judicata purposes. 

Schlossberg v. Citizens Bank, 672 A.2d 625, 627 (Md. 1996) (quoting Keiner v. Commerce Trust 

Co., 141 A. 121, 122 (Md. 1927)); see also Howard Oaks, Inc. v. Md. Nat’l Bank, 810 F. Supp. 

674, 676 (D. Md. 1993) (“Confessed judgments are judgments on the merits, entitled to 

preclusive effect under Maryland law . . . .” (citing Boyce v. Plitt, 335 A.2d 101, 103 (Md. 

1975)). However, the question of whether Defendants have presented the same claims or 
10 

defenses2 in this case as were at issue, or could have been at issue, in the confessed judgment 

case requires further exploration. 

“To determine whether two suits involve the same ‘cause of action,’ for res judicata 

purposes, Maryland courts have traditionally applied the so-called ‘same evidence’ test.” Snell v. 

Mayor of Havre de Grace, 837 F.2d 173 (4th Cir. 1988) (citing MPC, Inc. v. Kenny, 367 A.2d 

486, 489 (Md. 1977)). “Under this test, as stated, the second suit is barred if the evidence 

necessary to support a verdict for the plaintiff in it would have been sufficient to sustain a 

judgment for him in the first suit.” Id. (citing Klein v. Whitehead, 389 A.2d 374, 384 (Md. Ct. 

Spec. App. 1978)). Additionally, “if the two claims or theories are based upon the same set of 

facts and one would expect them to be tried together ordinarily, then a party must bring them 

simultaneously. Legal theories may not be divided and presented in piecemeal fashion in order to 

 2

 While more commonly used as an affirmative defense, res judicata may be used 

offensively when appropriate. See, e.g., Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 131 (1979) (“Res 

judicata prevents litigation of all grounds for, or defenses to, recovery that were previously 

available to the parties, regardless of whether they were asserted or determined in the prior 

proceedings.”); Nasalok Coating Corp. v. Nylok Corp., 522 F.3d 1320, 1324, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 

2008) (holding that petition for cancelation of trademark that had been awarded through default 

judgment was precluded because the petition’s effect was to collaterally attack a judgment in an 

infringement action); In re Garcia, 313 B.R. 307, 312 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2004) (holding that claim 

preclusion applied to a default judgment, and that, under the doctrine of merger, debtors were 

barred from asserting defenses that should have been raised in the prior proceeding); Boston Post 

Road Med. Imaging, P.C. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 221 F.R.D. 410, 412 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (barring 

defendant’s petition for cancelation of trademark that had been awarded through default 

judgment as precluded because the petition’s effect was to collaterally attack a judgment in an 

infringement action). However, use of offensive res judicata is rare, and Maryland courts have 

yet to explicitly find for a party attempting to use it offensively. See Suryan v. CSE Mortg, 

L.L.C., No. 0452, 2017 WL 3667657, at *15 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. Aug. 25, 2017); but see 

Norville, 887 A.2d at 1038 (citing approvingly to GLF Constr. Corp. v. LAN/STV, 414 F.3d 553, 

555 n.2 (5th Cir. 2005) (“claims and defenses” are the same for res judicata purposes when they 

arise from a “common nucleus of operative facts”)). Defendants have not challenged 

Presidential’s offensive use of res judicata, and as explained below, the inconsistency that could 

result from not precluding these affirmative defenses warrants the use of res judicata in this 

scenario. 
11 

advance them in separate actions.” Norville, 887 A.2d at 1038 (citing Comm’r Internal Revenue 

v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591, 597 (1948)); see also Kent Cty. Bd. of Educ. v. Bilbrough, 525 A.2d 

232, 238 (1987) (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 (“What factual grouping 

constitutes a ‘transaction’, and what groupings constitute a ‘series’, are to be determined 

pragmatically, giving weight to such considerations as whether the facts are related in time, 

space, origin, or motivation, whether they form a convenient trial unit, and whether their 

treatment as a unit conforms to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.”)). 

This proposition derives from “the sound and obvious principle of judicial policy that a losing 

litigant deserves no rematch after a defeat fairly suffered[] in adversarial proceedings.” Astoria 

Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Solimino, 501 U.S. 104, 107 (1991); accord Colandrea v. Wilde Lake 

Comty. Ass’n, 761 A.2d 899, 909 (Md. 2000). 

 “When a prior court has entered a final judgment as to the matter sought to be litigated in 

a second court, the claim analysis is usually uncomplicated . . . . It is when a court has not ruled 

upon a matter directly that the analysis becomes more complex, ‘for then the second court must 

determine whether the matter currently before it was fairly included within the claim or action 

that was before the earlier court and could have been resolved in that court.’” Norville, 887 A.2d 

at 1038 (quoting FWB Bank v. Richman, 731 A.2d 916, 927 (Md. 1999)). The Court is faced 

with the latter predicament here. 

Presidential seeks to use a confessed judgment in Maryland court, which Defendants had 

ample opportunity to challenge, to bar certain affirmative defenses and remedies that it argues 

could have been litigated in Maryland. As explained above, the confessed judgment ordered 

Defendants to pay Presidential the principal on the loans it received from the bank, as well as 

interest, late fees, inspection and repair costs, escrow fees, and attorneys’ fees. See Confessed 
12 

Judgment at 2, ECF No. 48-3. The confessed judgment did not, on its face, apply to any other 

agreement in the contract. 

Maryland courts have applied the transaction test to contract disputes on many occasions. 

For example, in Patel v. HealthPlus, Inc., the Maryland Court of Special Appeals found that a 

plaintiff doctor’s fee disputes with a Health Maintenance Organization with which he had 

contracted were precluded by an earlier suit with fee claims based in the same contract because 

“ample means existed for all of the fee disputes to have been tried as a single case.” 684 A.2d 

904, 918 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1996). Because the fee claims in the first lawsuit were of the same 

nature and based in the same contract as the fee claims in the second suit, and because the fee 

claims raised in the second suit could have easily been brought during the earlier suit, and all 

these claims together would undoubtedly have constituted a “convenient trial unit,” the plaintiff 

doctor could not be allowed to pursue this second set of identical claims. Id. Conversely, in Shum 

v. Gaudreau, the Maryland Court of Appeals held that a landlord’s prior summary ejectment 

action seeking repossession of a leased property and unpaid rent did not preclude a second suit 

seeking damages for the cost of repairing the property after the ejectment. 562 A.2d 707, 710, 

716 (Md. 1989). Even though the basis of both suits was a single lease, and therefore, the cases’ 

“facts [were] related in time, space, [and] origin,” and even though it would have been 

convenient to try both cases together, the Court found that, because the landlord’s claim for 

contract damages could not have been properly joined procedurally with his summary ejectment 

case, the first suit did not preclude the landlord from bringing the second. Id.

Under the Forbearance Agreement, the confessed judgment clause applied only to “the 

amount of the unpaid principle balance of the notes together with any accrued and unpaid 

interest, late charges and attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by the lender, together with all other 
13 

costs and expenses incurred or accrued and unpaid under the agreement.” Forbearance 

Agreement at 9. The lockbox agreement at issue in this case was provided for in a separate part 

of the contract, and was not enforceable through a confessed judgment. However, the lockbox 

agreement was necessarily related to the confessed judgment provision, because the money 

placed in the operating accounts pursuant to the lockbox agreement were designated to be used 

to pay off Defendants’ debt to Presidential. See Forbearance Agreement at 5–6. Therefore, the 

Court must determine whether any of the affirmative defenses Defendants have raised seeking 

the invalidation of the entire Forbearance Agreement, or, in the alternative, the lockbox 

agreement, could have been raised and properly litigated in the prior case challenging the 

confessed judgment. 

“A confession of judgment clause in a debt instrument is a device designed to facilitate 

collection of a debt. It is a provision by which debtors agree to the entry of judgment against 

them without the benefit of a trial in the event of default on the debt instrument.” Schlossberg, 

672 A.2d at 627 (citing Paul V. Niemeyer & Linda M. Schuett, Maryland Rules Commentary at 

464 (2d ed. 1992)). “Because the widespread practice of including a provision authorizing a 

confessed judgment in promissory notes lends itself to fraud and abuse, however, [the Maryland 

Court of Appeals] has made clear that judgments by confession are to be freely stricken out on 

motion to let in defenses.” Id. (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). 

If a defendant moves to “open, modify or vacate” a confessed judgment, the circuit court 

must determine whether there is a “substantial and sufficient basis for an actual controversy as to 

the merits of the action.” Md. Rule 2–611(d), (e). This means that the court must determine 

whether the defendant has a “potentially meritorious defense” to the confessed judgment. 

Schlossberg, 672 A.2d at 627–28. “The court does not, however, decide the merits of the 
14 

controversy at this stage . . . . If the court finds that a prima facie basis for a defense exists, the 

rule requires the court to order that the confessed judgment be opened, modified, or vacated so 

that the defendant can file a responsive pleading to the plaintiff’s complaint and the merits can be 

determined.” Id. at 628 (citing Maryland Rules Commentary at 466 and Md. Rule 2–611(d)); see 

also Nils, LLC v. Antezana, 912 A.2d 45 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2006). “Maryland debtors, to open 

a confessed judgment ‘are merely required to meet a standard that is a minimal obstacle.”’ Shafer 

Bros. v. Kite, 406 A.2d 673, 677 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979) (quoting Billingsley v. Lincoln Nat’l 

Bank, 320 A.2d 34, 38 (Md. 1974)). 

Usually, “it is not until after the judgment has in fact been vacated or opened that any 

other pleading, such as a counterclaim, can properly be docketed in the confessed judgment 

case.” Boyce v. Plitt, 335 A.2d 101, 104 (Md. 1975). However, Maryland courts do not always 

follow this sequential rule. See, e.g., Albert W. Sisk & Son, Inc. v. Friendship Packers, Inc., 604 

A.2d 69 (Md. 1992) (circuit court allowed defendants to file a counterclaim before vacating a 

judgment and accepted answer afterwards). A meritorious defense to a confessed judgment 

challenges either “(1) the execution of the promissory note itself or (2) the amount of debt due on 

the note.” Nils, LLC v. Antezana, 912 A.2d 45, 52 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2005). Possible defenses 

to a confessed judgment include: (1) the note was executed under duress; (2) the terms of the 

agreement are unconscionable; and (3) the contract is one of adhesion. See id. at 52–53. “If, by 

contrast, it is alleged that the manifold misdeeds of the holder created financial pressure on the 

obligor to make what would otherwise qualify as a voluntary promissory note, that is not what 

Rule 2–611(c) contemplates as a ‘defense to the claim.’ Few persons ever gratuitously execute 

promissory notes as mere exercises in generosity. They generally do so out of financial exigency, 
15 

but if the act of executing the promissory note is a voluntary one, Rule 2–611(c) does not require 

us to look behind it.” Id. at 52. 

As explained above, Defendants moved to vacate the confessed judgment primarily on 

the ground that the Circuit Court in Montgomery County lacked personal jurisdiction over them. 

See Md. Op. at 1. They also argued that confessed judgments are disfavored in Maryland, see id. 

at 3, and that the confessed judgment language in the Forbearance Agreement was therefore 

unconscionable. See Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. J. at 1. The Circuit Court held that it in fact had 

personal jurisdiction over Defendants, and denied their motion to vacate. Md. Op. at 4. It also 

explained that it “searched in vain for the allegation of a potentially meritorious defense” to the 

confessed judgment, “[a]nd there was some language about . . . a potentially meritorious defense, 

but [Defendants’ briefing] didn’t say what it was.” Id. It continued that it “never heard, never 

read in any of the documents that were submitted [] what this meritorious defense to the note 

might be.” Id. 

Defendants appealed the denial of the motion to vacate on jurisdictional grounds only, 

and the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the Circuit Court’s findings. See id. at 6–7. In 

particular, the Court of Special Appeals explained that “absent fraud, duress, or mutual mistake, 

‘a party who signs a contract is presumed to have read and understood its terms and . . . the party 

will be bound by them when the document is executed.’” Md. Op. at 8 (quoting Dashiell v. 

Meeks, 913 A.2d 10, 20 (Md. 2006)). Because the court did not believe that any of these 

exceptions applied in this case, it “conclude[d] that the borrowers are bound [by] the terms of the 

forbearance agreement, including the clause consenting to personal jurisdiction by the circuit 

court.” Id. at 10. 
16 

To resolve Presidential’s motion for summary judgment, this Court must determine 

whether the Court of Special Appeals’s ruling that the terms of the Forbearance Agreement, 

including the confessed judgment clause, are enforceable also applies to the Forbearance 

Agreement’s lockbox provision. Presidential argues that this decision leaving the confessed 

judgment in place precludes Defendants from raising any of the affirmative defenses they could 

have raised to challenge the confessed judgment, which the Maryland courts have already 

deemed lawful and enforceable. Defendants’ primary counterargument is that the majority of 

their affirmative defenses do not “rely on the question of unconscionability as a result of the 

“confessed judgment.” Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. J. at 1. They claim that their “position is supported 

by a plain reading of the affirmative defenses as well as documents that have been provided 

through discovery.” Id. at 1–2. They further argue that their defenses are not precluded by the 

confessed judgment because Presidential’s actions “went beyond the realm of the 

unconscionable and extended into the stratosphere of banker liability.” Id. at 3. 

However, as explained above, res judicata applies not only to claims and defenses that 

were raised in a prior case, but all of those claims and defenses that could have been raised as 

well. See Cromwell v. County of Sac, 94 U.S. 351, 358 (1876) (“The plea of [res judicata] 

applies, except in special cases, not only to the points upon which the court was required by the 

parties to form an opinion, and pronounce a judgment, but to every point which properly 

belonged to the subject of litigation, and which the parties, exercising reasonable diligence, 

might have brought forward at the time.”). Therefore, this Court must decide whether each of the 

affirmative defenses raised could have been raised in the prior Maryland proceedings. 

Defendants’ first affirmative defense is duress. See Answer at 1–2. Defendants claim that 

when they entered the Forbearance Agreement, they had received “threats of harm” from 
17 

Presidential “made to compel [them] to immediately sign the forbearance and lockbox 

agreements against their will and judgment.” Defs.’ Genuine Issues of Material Facts in Dispute 

(“Defs.’ SMF”) at 2, ECF No. 50. They argue that for that reason “everything flowing from the 

Forbearance Agreement should be deemed null as Borrowers are entitled to rescind or set aside 

the forbearance and lockbox agreements, rendering them void and voidable in equity.” Id. This 

request parrots Defendants’ first claim for relief in their counterclaim, on which Presidential has 

also moved for summary judgment. See Answer at 47. 

Defendants’ arguments fail for two reasons. First, the Court cannot void the entire 

Forbearance Agreement without nullifying the confessed judgment in Maryland, which was 

derived from the Forbearance Agreement. Under Maryland law, if the original defendant’s 

permissive counterclaim would “nullify” the prior judgment or impair the rights the prior 

judgment created, then claim preclusion bars the subsequent raising of the counterclaim. See, 

e.g., Mostofi v. Midland Funding, LLC, 117 A.3d 639, 644–45 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2015) 

(“When a party is sued, and that party could bring a permissive counterclaim, he or she is not 

required to ‘raise or waive’ that counterclaim unless successful prosecution of it would nullify 

the other party’s claim.”); Rowland, 577 A.2d at 57 (suggesting that claim preclusion would 

apply if ruling in the second case would nullify the initial judgment or would impair rights 

established in the initial judgment). As Maryland courts have yet to explicitly recognize 

offensive res judicata, this principle has not yet been applied to affirmative defenses that, should 

they be proven, would nullify a prior court judgment. However, because the effect of a finding of 

duress in this case would have the same effect of nullifying the Maryland Court of Special 

Appeals’s implicit finding that the Forbearance Agreement was not entered into under duress as 

any counterclaim challenging the validity of the Forbearance Agreement, the same principal that 
18 

Maryland courts have applied to nullifying counterclaims should be applied to nullifying 

affirmative defenses as well. If Defendants had wanted to challenge the confessed judgment 

because they believed they had entered into the Forbearance Agreement under duress, they had 

ample opportunity to move to vacate the confessed judgment on that basis. And, if their motion 

based on duress was successful, they would have had the opportunity to fully litigate the question 

of whether the confessed judgment provision, and even the entire Forbearance Agreement,3

should be voided on that basis. For this reason, the Court finds that Defendants’ first affirmative 

defense, duress, is barred by res judicata. 

Defendants’ second affirmative defense, undue influence, similarly could have been 

raised as a defense once the confessed judgment had been vacated and the case had proceeded to 

trial, though undue influence would not have on its own served as a ground to vacate the 

confessed judgment. See, e.g., Nils, LCC v. Antezana, 912 A.2d 45, 52 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 

2006) (“If, by contrast, it is alleged that the manifold misdeeds of the holder created financial 

pressure on the obligor to make what would otherwise qualify as a voluntary promissory note, 

that is not what Rule 2–611(c) contemplates as a ‘defense to the claim.’ Few persons ever 

 3

 Defendants have not raised the argument that even though the Maryland courts found 

that no meritorious defense existed as to the confessed judgment, other portions of the 

forbearance agreement were procured through different impermissible means, and therefore, 

while the confessed judgment clause was not procured under duress, other portions of the 

contract were. Indeed, Defendants’ eleventh affirmative defense, contract of adhesion, was 

asserted on the grounds that “Presidential gave borrowers a standard form, take-it-or-leave[-it] 

forbearance and lockbox contract of adhesion, where the terms and conditions of the contracts 

were set by Presidential, and borrowers had little or no ability to negotiate more favorable 

terms.” Answer at 8. These allegations imply that the entire contract was procured through one 

process, and no one clause was treated differently than any other. Of course, defendants are 

allowed to raise conflicting defenses when responding to a complaint. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(3) 

(“A party may state as many separate claims or defenses as it has, regardless of consistency.”) 

However, without any allegations to the contrary, the Court assumes that the forbearance 

agreement was considered and signed as a single unit. 
19 

gratuitously execute promissory notes as mere exercises in generosity. They generally do so out 

of financial exigency, but if the act of executing the promissory note is a voluntary one, Rule 2–

611(c) does not require us to look behind it.”) Because Defendants have not alleged that 

Presidential pursued a separate attempt to unduly influence Defendants into signing the lockbox 

agreement as opposed to the confessed judgment portion of the Forbearance Agreement, a 

finding of undue influence in this case would directly conflict with the finding of the Maryland 

Circuit Court when it entered the confessed judgment. Therefore, Defendants are precluded from 

raising this defense. 

The Court next turns to the defense of unclean hands. Under Maryland law, “[i]t is only 

when the plaintiff’s improper conduct is the source, or part of the source, of his equitable claim, 

that he is to be barred because of this conduct. What is material is not that the plaintiff’s hands 

are dirty, but that he dirties them in acquiring the right he now asserts.” Adams v. Manown, 615 

A.2d 611, 617 (Md. 1992) (quoting D. Dobbs, Remedies § 2.4, at 46 (1973)). Defendants allege 

that “Presidential is not entitled to obtain any equitable remedies because Presidential is acting 

unethically and has acted in bad faith by lying and concealing the fact that Borrowers had 

sufficient funds controlled by Presidential to timely pay mortgages and insurance.” Answer at 3. 

In effect, Defendants are accusing Presidential of lying and causing them to default on the 

Forbearance Agreement, leading to the confessed judgment. As such, this defense stems from 

Defendants’ allegedly fraudulent conduct after the signing of the Forbearance Agreement, rather 

than before. However, it is clear that the “unclean” conduct at issue in Defendants’ Answer 

affects both the confessed judgment clause and the lockbox agreement. Defendants claim that 

Presidential’s fraudulent behavior caused it to default on its loan for a third time on June 6, 2016. 

See Answer at 3; see also Compl. at 7–9 (describing the timeline for Defendants’ defaults and 
20 

timeline of its breach of the lockbox agreement). Presidential also identified June 6, 2016, as the 

date that Defendants stopped depositing funds into the lockbox operating account. See Compl. at 

9. It is clear both from Presidential’s timeline and the fact that Defendants do not distinguish 

between the “unclean” conduct as it relates to the confessed judgment provision and the lockbox 

agreement, that the basis for Defendants’ unclean hands defense is the same basis for the unclean 

hands defense it could have raised in Maryland. Because the Maryland courts, by refusing to 

vacate the confessed judgment, have implicitly found that no “unclean” conduct caused 

Defendants’ to default on their loans, thereby entitling Presidential to the confessed judgment, 

the Court is precluded from allowing the defense to go forward here. 

Next the Court turns to Defendants’ fourth, sixth, and seventh affirmative defenses—

misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, and negligent misrepresentation, respectively. 

See Answer at 3–5. These defenses are based on Defendants’ assertion that 

Presidential made the false material statement to Borrowers that if 

Borrowers signed the forbearance agreement that Presidential would 

not foreclose on borrowers’ properties and would help borrowers

manage their properties and insure that borrowers’ mortgages, 

insurance and other property business expenses were paid on time. 

These material statements acted to induce borrowers to sign the

forbearance and lockbox agreements. 

Answer at 3. Defendants assert that these defenses are not barred by the Maryland judgment 

because these defenses “do[] not speak to the unconscionability of the agreement based on the 

‘confessed judgment’ language.” Defs.’ SMF at 11. However, as explained above, Defendants 

had the opportunity, when challenging the Maryland confessed judgment, to raise additional 

defenses challenging the validity of the confessed judgment or the entire Forbearance 

Agreement. Maryland courts have recognized misrepresentation as a grounds of vacating a 

confessed judgment. See e.g., Cardwell-Fisher Fixture Co. v. Commerce Trust Co., 141 A. 121, 
21 

125 (Md. 1927) (finding that the trial court below should have vacated a confessed judgment 

because the defendant pleaded sufficient facts demonstrating that she signed a contract due to 

plaintiff’s fraudulent misrepresentations); see also Alger Petroleum, Inc. v. Spedalere, 573 A.2d 

423, 432 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1990) (holding that trial court abused its discretion by not vacating 

a confessed judgment when the defendant had presented “satisfactory proof” that it had signed a 

contract due to fraudulent misrepresentation). As explained above, Defendants have provided no 

explanation as to how they were induced to sign the lockbox portion of the Forbearance 

Agreement through misrepresentation, when they have already been found, implicitly, by the 

Maryland courts, to have not been subjected to the same sort of misrepresentation when they 

signed the confessed judgment portion of the agreement. Because these defenses would have 

served as defenses against the entire Forbearance Agreement if they had been raised before the 

Maryland courts, Defendants are precluded from raising them now. 

Defendants’ fifth affirmative defense is breach of fiduciary duty. See Answer at 4. 

Defendants claim that “[t]hrough the execution of the forbearance agreement and Presidential 

taking excessive control of Borrowers’ business, business affairs and business income, 

Presidential created a trust between itself and Defendants.” Answer at 4. Defendants believe that 

due to this relationship of trust, “it was important for Presidential as a fiduciary to disclose all 

facts which could be considered material even if not expressly asked about,” including “that the 

agreement had confession judgment provisions, waiver of borrower’s rights provisions and gave 

Presidential total control of borrowers’ business, business affairs and business income.” Id.

Additionally, according to Defendants, this relationship “arguably created a potential and/or 

actual conflict of interest with the borrowers.” Id. 
22 

This affirmative defense seems to more squarely counter the validity of the lockbox 

agreement than the validity of the confessed judgment. It was through the lockbox agreement 

that Presidential created the purported fiduciary relationship with Defendants, by gaining control 

over Defendants’ rents to use to pay off its debt. However, this defense could also have been 

used to challenge the confessed judgment once it had been vacated. After all, it was this alleged 

breach of fiduciary relationship that Defendants claim caused it to default on the Forbearance 

Agreement, allowing Presidential to procure the confessed judgment against them. Because this 

defense could have been raised during the Maryland litigation, Defendants are precluded from 

asserting here. 

Defendants’ eighth defense is unconscionable dealing and conduct. Answer at 6. 

Defendants argue that “Presidential’s unconscionable contract is unenforceable because no 

reasonable or informed person would otherwise agree to it.” Id. (emphasis in original). It further 

argues that “Presidential, the perpetrator of the conduct, should not be allowed to benefit, 

because the consideration offered is lacking, or is so obviously inadequate, that to enforce the 

contract would be unfair to the borrowers.” Id. Defendants relate this defense to their eleventh 

affirmative defense, contract of adhesion, by explaining that “Presidential offered borrowers a 

standardized forbearance contract of adhesion for the extension of mortgage credit under threat 

of foreclosure and on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis, without giving borrowers realistic opportunities 

to negotiate terms that would benefit their interests.” Id.; see also id. at 8. Defendants also 

concede that this defense was partially litigated in Maryland. See Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. J. at 15 

(“This Eighth Affirmative Defense is predicated upon Defendants’ rights to seek relief in the 

courts and thus relied upon the unconscionability of the confessed judgment language.”); see 

also id. at 2 (“Defendants agree that should an affirmative defense rest on the nexus of 
23 

unconscionability and ‘confessed judgment,’ that defens[]e should be stricken.”). However, 

because courts may not treat motions for summary judgment as “conceded” for want of 

opposition, the Court evaluates whether Defendants’ eighth affirmative defense is actually barred 

by res judicata. See Winston & Strawn, LLP v. McLean, 843 F.3d 503, 508 (D.C. Cir. 2016). 

“A contract of adhesion has been defined as one ‘that is drafted unilaterally by the 

dominant party and then presented on a ‘take-it-or-leave-it’ basis to the weaker party who has no 

real opportunity to bargain about its terms.’” Meyer v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 582 A.2d 

275, 278 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1990) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 187, 

Comment b). However, “[t]he fact that a contract is one of adhesion does not mean that either it 

or any of its terms are invalid or unenforceable.” Id. Courts “will refuse to enforce terms that it 

finds unconscionable and will construe ambiguities against the draftsman; but it will not simply 

excise or ignore terms merely because, in the given case, they may operate to the perceived 

detriment of the weaker party.” Id. 

It is clear that these defenses could appropriately have been raised during the Maryland 

proceedings. The defense that a contract was a contract of adhesion can be raised to vacate a 

confessed judgment in Maryland, as can unconscionability. See Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & 

Planning Comm’n v. Wash. Nat’l Arena, 386 A.2d 1216, 1233 (Md. Ct. Spec. App.) (citing D. H. 

Overmeyer Co. v. Frick Co., 405 U.S. 174, 185 (1972)). If the confessed judgment clause should 

not have been enforced because the contract was unconscionable or a contract of adhesion, 

Defendants could have raised and argued that possibility when it asked the Circuit Court judge to 

vacate the confessed judgment. And because whether a contract is a contract of adhesion applies 

to the entire contract, the fact that the Maryland court did not find this contract to be one 

precludes this Court from finding the Forbearance Agreement to be one now. 
24 

Defendants also claim that the forbearance and lockbox agreements should be voided due 

their impracticability or impossibility. See Answer at 7. In particular, Defendants claim that 

because Presidential would not disburse income from the operating accounts to make “ordinary 

and necessary property repairs,” it became impossible for Defendants to maintain their properties 

and continue operating their businesses. Defs.’ Opp’n Summ. J. at 16. Additionally, they argue 

that because Presidential did not pay Defendants’ loans, as they were supposed to, with the 

money in the operating accounts, they caused Defendants to default on their loans. See id.

Defendants’ contentions regarding Presidential’s contribution to their default, based on the 

structure of the Forbearance Agreement, could have been raised in the Maryland courts to 

challenge Defendants’ liability for the confessed judgment. If the contract, including the lockbox 

agreement, was impossible to comply with, leading to Defendants’ default, the Maryland court 

could have voided the contract if Defendants had also successfully moved to vacate the 

confessed judgment. Because this defense was an appropriate means to fight the confessed 

judgment, and the rest of the Forbearance Agreement, in Maryland, Defendants are precluded 

from raising it here. 

Defendants’ final challenged affirmative defense is anticipatory breach. Defendants claim 

that after they had entered into the Forbearance Agreement with Presidential, “Presidential told 

borrowers that it d[id] not intend to live up to its obligations under the contract” by timely paying 

Defendants’ mortgage and insurance, thereby repudiating the contract. Answer at 8. An 

anticipatory breach of contract is “when in anticipation of the time of performance one definitely 

and specifically refuses to do something which he is obliged to do, so that it amounts to a refusal 

to go on with the contract,” in which case “the other party may, at his election, treat that contract 

as abandoned, and act accordingly.” Weiss v. Sheet Metal Fabricators, Inc., 110 A.2d 671, 675 
25 

(Md. 1955). It is clear from Defendants’ recounting of events leading up to the deterioration of 

its contractual relationship with Presidential that this defense could have been raised in both the 

Maryland case for the confessed judgment and this case for conversion in violation of the 

lockbox agreement. If Presidential had definitively told Defendants that it would not be 

complying with its obligations under the Forbearance Agreement, then that statement could have 

been used as a challenge to its default that precipitated the confessed judgment, as well as its 

decision to stop depositing its rents into the operating accounts pursuant to the lockbox 

agreement. Because this defense was applicable to both the Maryland and the D.C. ligation, it is 

barred by res judicata. 

IV. MOTION TO STRIKE JURY DEMAND 

Presidential has also moved to strike the jury demand included in Defendants’ 

Affirmative Defenses, Answers, and Counterclaims, arguing that because the Forbearance 

Agreement, which included a jury waiver clause, has been deemed enforceable in the Maryland 

courts, a challenge to the jury waiver clause is barred by res judicata. See Mem. P. & A. Supp. 

Pl.’s Renewed Mot. Strike Jury Demand (“Mot. Strike”) at 5–6, ECF No. 47-1. It also points to 

the numerous other agreements Defendants entered into with Presidential that included jury 

waiver clauses to demonstrate that Defendants’ agreement to waive their right to a jury trial in 

the Forbearance Agreement was knowing and voluntary. Id. Defendants respond that because 

Presidential’s alleged misconduct when Defendants entered into the Forbearance Agreement was 

so egregious, Defendants did not enter into the forbearance agreement voluntarily, and therefore 

their jury waiver should be invalidated. Defs.’ Opp’n Mot. Strike at 3, ECF No. 49. They also 

argue that because the Forbearance Agreement “remain[s] offensive to public policy and will be 

shown to be unfair in a trial on the merits,” the jury waiver clause should not be upheld. Id. at 4. 
26 

For the reasons explained below, the Court finds that Defendants knowingly and voluntarily 

waived their right to a trial by jury, and therefore, the Court grants Presidential’s Motion to 

Strike. 

A. Legal Standard 

In diversity as well as other actions, “[t]he right to a jury trial in the federal courts is to be 

determined as a matter of federal law[.]” Simler v. Conner, 372 U.S. 221, 222 (1963). “Parties, at 

least in situations where summary procedure is clearly to be desired, may in advance contract to 

waive a trial by jury.” Rodenbur v. Kaufmann, 320 F.2d 679, 684 (D.C. Cir. 1963). However, 

“[c]ourts will indulge every reasonable presumption against waiver of a jury trial.” Id. at 683. 

“Those cases in which the validity of a contractual waiver of jury trial has been in issue have 

overwhelmingly applied the knowing and voluntary standard.” K.M.C. Co. v. Irving Trust Co., 

757 F.2d 762, 756 (6th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted). “[T]he Sixth Circuit has held that the party 

objecting to the jury waiver provision has the burden of demonstrating that its consent to the 

provision was not knowing and voluntary,” while “courts in the Second, Fourth, and Tenth 

Circuit have held that the party seeking to enforce a jury waiver provision has the burden of 

proof that consent to the provision was knowing and voluntary.” 92 A.L.R. Fed. 688 (last 

updated 2016) (originally published in 1989). Courts considering whether a jury waiver was 

voluntarily entered into “consider, among other matters, how conspicuous the waiver was within 

the document, the relative bargaining power of the parties, the business or professional 

experience of the party opposing the waiver, the parties’ ability to read and comprehend the 

consequences of waiver, and whether the contract, and in particular the waiver provision, was the 

subject of negotiation.” Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Capital City Mortg. Corp., No. 98-237, 2001 WL 
27 

36132732, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 14, 2012) (citing Leasing Serv. Corp. v. Crane, 804 F.2d 828, 833 

(4th Cir. 1986)). 

While the D.C. Circuit has not addressed who bears the burden of proof in challenging or 

sustaining contractual jury waivers, courts in this District have applied the knowing and 

voluntary standard used in other Circuits. See, e.g., Capital City Mortg. Corp., 2001 WL 

36132732, at *1. This Court will adopt that standard as well, and, because courts should “indulge 

every reasonable presumption against waiver of a jury trial,” Rodenbur, 320 F.2d at 683, will 

hold the movant to the burden of proving that the jury waiver was knowingly and voluntarily 

entered into. 

B. Analysis 

As mentioned above, Presidential has put forth two major arguments in support of its 

motion to strike. First, it argues that every ground on which Defendants’ could challenge the 

enforceability of the jury waiver are barred by res judicata. Second, it argues that Defendants’ 

long history of signing away their right to a jury trial demonstrates that they entered into this jury 

waiver knowingly and voluntarily. While the question of whether the jury waiver was knowingly 

and voluntarily entered into is more complex than Presidential argues it is, Presidential is correct 

that Defendants’ demand for a jury trial cannot be granted. 

While duress and fraud, which Defendants are now barred from raising due to res 

judicata, see supra Section IV.A, are possible grounds upon which courts may invalidate 

contractual jury waivers, courts must take other factors, which would not have been properly 

raised in a challenge to the confessed judgment provision, into consideration as well. For 

example, examining the Forbearance Agreement, the Court notes that the jury waiver clause is 

printed in bolded text, and is placed next to one of the most important clauses in the contract, the 
28 

confessed judgment clause, which itself is printed in bold with all capital letters. See Forbearance 

Agreement at 9. Additionally, the jury waiver states in plain, easily understandable language that 

by signing the Forbearance Agreement, Defendants would be waiving their right to a trial by jury 

in any litigation arising out of the Forbearance Agreement. Id. Even if Defendants were not 

represented by an attorney at the time—although the Forbearance Agreement itself indicates that 

they were supposed to be, see id. at 10—Defendants have provided no explanation as to why this 

jury waiver, when compared to the dozen other jury waivers they signed, was any more 

incomprehensible to Mr. Green than the others, or why, given Mr. Green’s long history of 

signing away his right to a jury trial should a dispute regarding his loans from Presidential arise, 

this jury waiver agreement should be considered any less knowing or voluntary. Because 

Presidential has demonstrated, by virtue of its successful res judicata argument and by 

highlighting of Defendants’ long history of waiving their right to a jury trial, that the jury waiver 

provision in the Forbearance Agreement was entered into knowingly and voluntarily, 

Presidential’s Motion to Strike Defendants’ Jury Demand is granted. 

V. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Renewed Motion for Partial Summary Judgment 

(ECF No. 48) and Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike Jury Demand (ECF No. 47) are GRANTED. An 

order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued. 

Dated: July 9, 2018 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS 

 United States District Judge