COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Pe tty and Senior Judge Willis Argued at Richmond, Virginia

WENDELL FORD MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0399-05-2 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK JULY 18, 2006 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENSVILLE COUNTY W. Allan Sharrett, Judge Carson E. Saunders, Jr. (Vin cent & Saunders, on brief), for appellant. Michael T. Judge, Senior Assi stant Attorney Ge neral (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Wendell Ford, appellant, in a bench trial, wa s convicted of possessi on of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of Co de § 18.2-308.2. On appeal, he contends th e trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress, as the police violated his Fourth Amendment rights by illegally ordering him to remove his fo ot from his shoe. For the re asons that follow, we affirm.
BACKGROUND The facts are not in dispute. On March 1, 2004, Deputy Timmy W illiams of th e Greensville County Sheriff’s Department stopped a vehicl e for speeding 78 miles per hour in a 65 miles-per-hour zone. Appellant, wh o owned the vehicle, was a passe nger in the vehicle along with two others. As Deputy Williams approached the vehicle, he “smelle d a strong odor of marijuana” emanating from the vehicle. Deputy Williams asked the driver for his license and registration. He returned to his patrol car to is sue the driver a summon s. While in his patr ol car, Deput y Williams

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opin ion is not designated for publication.- 2 - requested that another police unit respond to the tra ffic stop, as he intended to ask for consent to search the vehicle. After Deputy Williams issued the summons to the driver, he asked appellant for his consent to search the vehicle. Appella nt consented to the s earch, and Deputy Williams asked appellant, the driver, and the two other passengers to step out of the vehicle. By this time, the other police unit had arrived with two other police officers. Before searching appellant’s vehicle, Deputy Willi ams conducted a “pat down” search of the vehicle’s occupants “to make sure that there were no weapons for my safety and fo r theirs.” As he conducted a “pat down” of appellant, appellant “w ent to step back,” and Deput y Williams “noticed his shoe was untied and l oose on his foot, like he didn’t ha ve his foot all the way in the shoe.” Appellant was wearing leather tennis shoes. Deputy Williams stated that, although appellant walked “like a normal person,” th ere was a bulge in the right shoe under his foot that prevented appellant from getting his foot completely in hi s shoe, “like he was stepping on something.” Deputy Williams asked appellant to step out of his right shoe . When appellant complied, Deputy Williams saw a loaded .22 derringer pistol in appellant’s right shoe . Deputy Williams then directed appellant to rem ove his left s hoe. Deputy Williams recovered two bags of marijuana from the left shoe. 1 In denying appellant’s motion to suppress, th e trial court found that “seeing a person who has an untied shoe, unable to step all the way down, certainly would give a re asonable officer pause to inquire as to what was undern eath that foot.” The trial court found that asking appellant to remove his shoe was consistent with and wi thin the scope of a pat down for weapons. This appeal follows.

1 Appellant’s possession of marijuana is not before us.- 3 - ANALYSIS “On appeal from a denial of a suppression motion, we must review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Comm onwealth, giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.” Slayton v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 101, 103, 582 S.E.2d 448, 449 (2003). An appellant’s claim that evidence was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment “presents a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo on appeal. In making such a determination, we give deference to the factual findings of the trial court and independently determine whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained [violated] the Fourth Amendment.” Wilson v. Commonwealth , 45 Va. App. 193, 202-03, 609 S.E.2d 612, 616 (2005) (quoting Murphy v. Commonwealth , 264 Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002) (citations omitted)). “If a police officer has reasonable, articulable suspicion that a person is engaging in, or is about to engage in, criminal activity, the offi cer may detain the suspect to conduct a brief investigation without violating the person’s Fo urth Amendment protectio n against unreasonable searches and seizures.” McGee v. Commonwealth , 25 Va. App. 193, 202, 487 S.E.2d 259, 263 (1997) ( en banc ). Reasonable suspicion is “‘a particul arized and objective ba sis’ for suspecting the person stopped of criminal ac tivity.” Ornelas v. United States , 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996) (quoting United States v. Cortez , 449 U.S. 411, 417-18 (1981)). Additionally, if there is r easonable suspicion to believe that the stopped individual may be armed and presently dangerous to the officer , “a limited protective sear ch” of the individual being detained is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Adams v. Williams , 407 U.S. 143, 146 (1972). “[A] pat down search [does] not require that an o fficer be ‘absolutely certain’ that an individual was armed prior to search. ‘The is sue is whether a reasonably prudent [person] in the circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others is in danger.’” El-Amin v. Commonwealth , 269 Va. 15, 22, 607 S.E.2d 115, 118 (2005) (quoting Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)). Further, “[i]n reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress,- 4 - ‘the burden is upon [the appellant] to show that the ruling . . . constituted reversible error.’”
McGee , 25 Va. App. at 197, 487 S.E.2d at 261 (quoting Fore v. Commonwealth , 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1980)). On appeal, appellant does not challenge the propr iety of the initial tra ffic stop, nor does he challenge Deputy Wil liams’ authority to conduc t the initial pat do wn. Thus, we ne ed not address whether the officer possessed the requisite reasonab le, articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot or whether the officer possessed reasonable su spicion that appellan t was presen tly armed and dangerous before he conducted the initial pat- down search. The narrow issue on appeal is whether the police exceeded the scope of the pat-down search for weapons when the officer required appellant to step out of his right shoe. Based on appellant’s concession, we start with the premise that the police possessed reasonable suspicion that appellant was armed and dangerous. Our inquiry, then, is whether, under the limited facts before us, it was reasonable for De puty Williams to believe that there was a weapon concealed in appellant’s untied and loose fitting leather tennis shoe . We pay particular attention to the fact that the initial pat down rev ealed no weapons, appell ant’s foot was partially outside of his right shoe, the shoelaces were untie d, and the officer believed some object lay beneath appellant’s foot. From these ci rcumstances, Deputy Williams’ belief that appellant possessed a weapon in his shoe was reasonable. “The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence of cr ime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation with out fear of violen ce . . . .” Williams , 407 U.S. at 146; see Murphy , 264 Va. at 574, 570 S.E.2d at 839. The pat-down frisk “must be limite d to that which is necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to harm the officer or others nearby . . . .” Terry , 392 U.S. at 26. We co nclude Deputy Williams ac ted reasonably under these- 5 - circumstances. See id. at 30 (“[The officer] confined his search strictly to what was minimally necessary to learn whether [appellant was] armed . . . .”). We are mindful of other jurisdictions that ha ve addressed this issue and have found that the removal of a shoe or looking into a boot is within the permissible scope of Terry if the officer conducted the search with the in tent of finding a weapon. See People v. Sorenson , 752 N.E.2d 1078 (Ill. 2001) (holding that offi cer asking appellant to remove his shoes, out of a legitimate concern for safety, did not ex ceed the scope of a valid Terry search for weapons); In re Andre
W. , 590 N.W.2d 827, 832 (Neb. 1999) (“ [The officer] had a reasonabl e and articulable suspicion that [appellant] might have a concealed weapon in his shoe or sock and that the removal of [appellant’s] shoes and pat down of his socks constituted a reasonable, nonintrusive search for weapons which did not violate [appellant’s] rights under the Fourth Amendment.”); C.G. v.
State , 689 So. 2d 1246, 1248 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 4th Di st. 1997) (finding police had reasonable articulable suspicion to order suspect to remove his shoes); Stone v. State , 671 N.E.2d 499, 503 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (upholding removal of high-top tennis shoes); but see Commonwealth v. Borges , 482 N.E.2d 314, 316 (Mass. 1985) (finding that the search was beyond the scope of Terry where there was no evidence that officers feared for their safety before asking defendant to remove his shoes). The officer here, having reason to believe appellant was armed and dangerous, found no weapon on appellant’s person. He was entitled to conclude that the tenni s shoe, being untied and fitting improperly, could reasonably conceal a we apon. We find that the officer did not exceed the scope of the original, valid pat down by ordering appellant to step out of his right shoe for purposes of ensuring the officer’s safety. Affirmed.