1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ex rel. GOPALAKRISHNA PILLAI AJEESH KUMAR KAMMARAYIL , et al. ,

Plaintiff s ,

v. STERLING OPERATIONS, INC. , et al. ,

Defendant s . Civil Action No. 15

- 1699 (B AH) Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
The two relators , Gopalakrishna Pillai Ajeesh Kumar Kammarayil and Mohammed Azad Shabbir, waited three years, from October 2015 to November 2018, for the government to decide whether to intervene in this qui tam matter brought pursuant to the False Claims Act (“FCA”) , 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1)

. Despite the fact that the government’s memoranda filed in support of the government’s seven motions for extension of time to make the intervention decision (“the
extension memoranda ”) were filed ex parte and not shown to the relators , the relators consented
to each extension over the three

- year period based , at least in part , on the government’s representations to the relator s that intervention was likely

. 1 Now, confronted by the government’s final decision declining to intervene in what se ems to the relators to be a clear

- cut case under the FCA , as already “established in a civil action tried in the United States District
Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee , ” see Rels.’ Mem. Supp. Order that the Dep’t of Justice Serve on Relators’ Counsel, Under Seal, the Mem. of Law That Accompanied the

1 See Gov’t’s Motions for Extension of Time to Consider Election to Intervene, January 1 1 , 2016, ECF No. 2 ; July 0 8, 2016, ECF No. 4 ; January 1 1 , 2017, ECF No. 8 ; July 1 0 , 2017, ECF No. 1 0 ; January 1 2 , 2018, ECF No. 1 3 ; May 8 , 2018, ECF No. 1 5 ; September 11, 2018, ECF No. 18.2

Government’s Seven Requests for Extensions to Consider Its Election to Interven e and Preserve Records ( “ Rel s.’ Mem. ”) at 1 , ECF No. 24 (describing Judgment, MAKS, Inc. , et al

. v. Sterling Operations, Inc. , et al. , 3:10

- cv - 00443

- TAV

- HBG (E.D. Tenn. Feb. 14, 2013 ) , ECF No. 336 (“2013 Judgment”) ) , the relators seek limited unsealing to them of the government’s extension
memoranda , to ascertain whether material discrepancies exist between th e government’s representations to the Court and to the relators in private over the three

- year period , as well as to inform the relators about any weaknesses in their c laims that may have been uncovered by the government about which they should be aware in deciding how or whether to pursue this litigation, id. at 10

- 11

. Notably, the relators do not request a fu ll unsealing of the extension memoranda such that the memoranda would become available to the public

. See Rels.’ Mem. at 9 (noting that “the Court need not, yet, consider the merits of unsealing, for p ublic view, the memoranda ” ). I nstead, the relators seek a limited unsealing for the relators ’ (and their counsels ’ ) review only , request ing an order that the government serve the memoranda on relators’ counsel, “under seal

. ” Rels. ’ Mot. for Order that the Dep’t of Justice Serve on Relators’ Counsel, Unde r Seal, the Mem. of Law That Accompanied the Government’s Seven Requests for Extensions to Consider Its
Election to Intervene and Preserve Records (“Rels. ’ Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 24 ; Rels. ’ Reply Supp. Rels.’ Mot. (“Rels.’ Reply”) at 1 , ECF No. 27

. The gove rnment, unhelpfully, mischaracterizes the relators’ motion as seeking a complete “unsealing,” Gov’t’s Mem. Opp’n Rels.’ Mot. (“Gov’t’s Opp’n”) at 2, ECF No. 26, without acknowledging the more limited request before the
Court. For t he reasons set forth bel ow, the relators’ motion for limited unsealing of the extension memoranda is granted. 2

2 The relators also request an order requiring that “those DOJ personnel who worked on or deliberated over” the instant case “take whatever precautionary measures are required to pre serve all relevant documents,” Rels .’3

I. BACKGROUND The relators claim that Sterling Operations, Inc. , in performing on a contract with the United States Army Corps of Engineers (“USACE”) to supply “relocatable buildings (“RLBs”) to house U.S. service men and women at the Bagram Air Field (“BAF”) in Afghanistan,” Rels. ’
Mem. at 2 , conducted a “ planned armed robbery,” id. at 5, of its subcontractor, Kuwait

- based
MAKS Inc. General Trading a nd Contracting Co. (“MAKS” ) , on October 23, 2009. According to the relators, who were employed by MAKS and eyewitnesses to the alleged armed robbery,
Com pl. ¶ ¶ 27

- 28, ECF No. 1, “at approximately 5:30 a.m., Sterling personnel armed with
assault/automatic weapons invaded the MAKS construction compound in Kabul , Afghanistan,” Rels.’ Mem. at 6, “[k]eeping the MAKS employees at bay with their automatic weapons for
some six hours ” while “Sterling personnel stole 90 [RLB] modules from MAKS before the Afghan Mini stry of Interior Police arrived and halted further thefts,” id. at 6. In a civil lawsuit brought by MAKS in the Eastern District of Tennessee, a jury found Sterling Operations liable to MAKS for breach of contract and for trespass

. See 2013 Judgment

. Th e relators, who, along with MAKS, were plaintiffs in the successful Eastern District of Tennessee case against the defendants , brought the instant FCA lawsuit in October 2015, claiming that , during the armed robbery, the defendants damage d the RLBs and subsequently made false claims to the U.S.
Government for equitable adjustments to the contract price for damages caused by the defendants’ own criminal acts. Compl. ¶ ¶ 32

- 44

. According to the relators, “[h]ad the U.S. known of the falsity as to S terling’s fraudulent and criminal conduct with respect to MAKS, the

Mem. at 13, which request is denied. Relators’ request is tied to concerns about “possible political interference in DOJ’s deliberative processes,” Rels .’ Mem. at 13, which the government rebuts as an “outlandish conspiracy theory,” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 9. The relators have not shown that a p reservation order is necessary in this case since the government is “well

- aware of ” and “will act according to” its obligation to preserve records subject to relators’ threatened litigation. Id. at 11. Moreover, the government has already “issued a preservation hold letter to the Army to preserve all material relevant to this qui tam matter.” Id. at 10.4

government would not have made payments to Sterling.” Compl. ¶ 137

. This qui tam lawsuit seeks $9,000,000 in damages. Civil Cover Sheet at 2, ECF No. 1

- 1

. Three years later, the
go vernment declined to intervene. See Gov’t’s Notice of Election to Decline Intervention, ECF
No. 23.
II. LEGAL STANDARD “[T]he starting point in considering a motion to seal court records is a ‘strong presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings.’” E.E.O.C. v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc. , 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Johnson v. Greater Southeast Community Hosp. Corp. , 951 F.2d 1268, 1277 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). The strong presumption of public access to judicial records is a “longstanding common

- law right” that “‘antedates the Constitution.’” Metlife, Inc. v. Financial Stability Oversight Council , 865 F.3d 66 1, 674 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting U.S. v. El

- Sayegh , 131 F.3d 158 , 161 (D.C. Cir. 1997 )). The right of access to court documents is also grounded in the First Amendment

. See El

- Sayegh , 131 F.3d at 160 (“The First Amendment guarantees the press and the pub lic access to aspects of court proceedings, including documents, ‘if such access has historically been available, and serves an important function of monitoring prosecutorial or judicial misconduct.’” (quoting Washington
Post v. Robinson , 935 F.2d 282, 288 (D.C. Cir. 1991 )). In determining whether judicial records should be sealed or made publicly accessible , a ll Circuits apply a balancing test that is “analytically similar , ” Metlife, Inc

. , 865 F.3d at 671 , to the D.C. Circuit’s balancing test articulated in United States v. Hubbard , 650 F.2d 293, 314 (D.C. Cir. 1980) . The Hubbard test is intended to “ensure[] that [courts] fully account for the various public and private interests at stake

. ” Metlife, Inc

. , 865 F.3d at 666 (citing Hardaway v. District of Columbia Housing Authority , 843 F.3d 973, 980 (D.C. Cir. 2016) ; Primas v. District of5

Columbia , 719 F.3d 693, 698

- 99 (D.C. Cir. 2013); Nat’l Children’s Ctr. , Inc. , 98 F.3d at 1409

- 11; Johnson , 951 F. 2d at 1277 & n.14 ). To that end, the Hubbard test requires courts to consider six factors in particular : (1) the need for public access to the documents at issue; (2) the extent of previous public access to the documents; (3) the fact that someone has objected to disclosure, and the identity of that person; (4) the strength of any property and privacy interests asserted; (5) the possibility of prejudice to those opposing disclosure; and (6) the purposes for which the documents were introduced during the judicial proceedings. See Hubbard , 650 F.2d at 314. The Hubbard test is , however, inapplicable in at least two circumstances. First, the Hubbard test only applies to the sealing or unsealing of judicial records , and “ ‘ not all documents filed with courts are judicial records. ’ ” Metlife, Inc. , 865 F

. 3 d at 666 (quoting SEC v. Am. Int’l Grp. , 712 F.3d 1, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2013)). “Rather, ‘whether something is a judicial record depends on the role it plays in the adjudicatory process.’” Id. (quoting Am. Int’l Grp. , 712 F.3d at 3). A document filed with a c ourt (1) that “can affect a court’s decisionmaking process,” (2) “which the parties hope to influence the court,” and (3) “upon which the court must base its decision” is a judicial record. Metlife, Inc. , 865 F.3d at 667. See also Matter of Leop old to Unseal Certain Elec. Surveillance Applications & Orders (“Leopold”) , 300 F. Supp. 3d 61, 92 (D.D.C. 2018). Thus , the Hubbard test is inapplicable where a court filing is nonetheless not a judicial record because of its “role” in the “adjudicatory process

. ” Metlife , Inc. , 865 F.3d at 666

. Second, because the Hubbard test is probative of a r ight of access under the common law, the test “ must yield to a statute ‘when Congress has spoke n directly to the issue at hand. ’” Metlife, Inc. , 865 F

. 3d at 669 ( quoting Ctr. For Nat’l Sec. Studies v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice , 33 1 F.3d 918, 937 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ). Therefore, if a statute ( e.g. , the FCA) clearly dictates that a judicial filing should or should not be sealed, the Hubbard test is rendered “ina pplicable.” Id.6

III. DISCUSSION The g overnment asserts essentially two arguments to maintain the ex parte seal on the seven extension memoranda . First, the g overnment argues that the FCA “evinces the intent (and the requirement) that government applications f or extensions of the seal and the time for making a decision to intervene should remain under seal.” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 6

. Second, even if the FCA does not mandate sealing of the extension memoranda, according to the government, unsealing the memoranda would “reveal investigatory techniques, decision

- making processes, and reasoning” that would prejudice the g overnment’s ability to conduct effective investigations in
the future and “have a chilling effect on the future preparation of such briefs,” because, knowing that they could be eventually disclosed, the government will become more “circumspect” about “revealing to the courts the course of its investigations” in support of extension motions. Id. at 7

- 8. The g overnment’s argu ment s are address ed seriatum , before turning to analysis of the Hubbard factors , which surprisingly no party addressed

. A. The FCA Does Not Require That Memoranda Support ing Government’s Motions for Extension of Time Remain Under Seal The FCA provides that a plaintiff may bring a civil action “in the name of the Government,” 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1), and pre scribes that the plaintiff must, in addition to filing its complaint under seal and in camera , serve its complaint and material evide nce on the
g overnment, thereby triggering a 60

- day countdown during which time the “Government may elect to intervene and proceed with the action , ” id. § 3730(b)( 2)

. A fter the 60

- day period lapses, the complaint may be unsealed , i d. , unless the government “for good cause shown” “move [s] the court for extensions of the time during which the complaint remains under seal,” id. § 3730(b)(3) . Any such government motion “may be supported by affidavits or other submissions
in camera

. ” I

d. Absent fro m the FCA’s carefully prescribed schedule for unsealing the7

complaint is any indication as to whether government “submissions , ” if any, filed in support of the government’s “good cause” requirement for extensions of time , should be unsealed along with the complaint , or remain sealed after the government decides whether to intervene. Contrary to the government’s assertion, t he FCA therefore does not “evince[] the intent,” much less “the requirement,” that the memoranda remain under seal. Gov ’t’s Opp’ n at 6

. T he statute is simply silen t on this issue, providing no indication that Congress intended to modify the default rule that “the decision as to access (to judicial records) is one best left to the sound discretion of the trial court, a dis cretion to be exercised in light of the relevant facts and circumstances of the particular case.” Hubbard , 650 F.2d at 316

- 17 (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc. , 435 U.S. 589, 589 (1978)).
N either of the two cases relied upon by the government prov ide s otherwise. S ee Gov’t’s Opp’n at 6 (citing United States ex rel. Stephens v. Prabhu , No. CV

- S

- 92

- 653

- LDG (LRL), 1994
WL 761236 (D. Nev. Dec. 9, 1994) and United States ex rel. Couglin v. IBM , 992 F. Supp. 137 (N.D.N.Y. 1998)). The Prabhu court merely acknowledges that the FCA does not “direct[] the court to unseal the motions for enlargement of time filed in camera ,” 1994 WL 761236 at *1 , but in no way holds that such unsealing is prohibited by the FCA. Similarly, the government’s
relian ce on IBM is particularly misplaced since that court granted the defendant’s motion to unseal the relators’ opposition to the proposed settlement agreement “[a]fter balancing the need for and harm risked by the disclosure sought,” 992 F. Supp. at 141, even though such unsealing is not directly contemplated by the F CA

. Moreover, in reaching its conclusion, the IBM court reviewed prior judicial opinions, concluding that they all “reasoned that because the False Claims Act permits in camera submissions, the statute necessarily gives the court discretionary authority o ver whether to maintain the secrecy of such submissions.” Id. at 140 (citing United8

States ex rel. O’Keefe v. McDonnell Douglas Corp. , 902 F. Supp. 189, 190

- 192 (E.D. Mo. 1995) , United States v. CACI Int’l Inc. , 885 F. Supp. 80, 83 (S.D.N.Y. 1995), and United States ex rel. Mikes v. Straus , 846 F. Supp. 21, 23 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)). See also United States ex rel. Lee v. Horizon West, Inc. , No. C 00

- 2921 SBA, 2006 WL 30 5966 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 8, 2006) (o rdering disclosure of the government’s extension requests i n FCA case ). Thus, even the cases relied upon by the government do not support the proposition that the FCA requires the continued ex parte sealing of the government’s extension memoranda

. B. Disclosure of Government’s Extension Memoranda Would Not Reveal Privileged Investigatory Techniques or Chill Future Disclosures The government next argues that the extension memoranda should not be disclosed to relators because the se memoranda “reveal investigatory techniques, decision

- maki ng processes, and reasoning that apply in hundreds of similar cases in which the government must decide whether and how to conduct enforcement litigation

. ” Gov’t’s Opp’n at 8

. While the govern ment is appropriately protective of such investigative informa tion, t his description ove rstat es the revelations in the extension memoranda . The extension memoranda var y in length from three to five pages and contain largely background facts already disclosed in the complaint , the government’s boilerplate legal arguments in support of its extension motions , and general descriptions of the investigatory steps taken, including collection and review of relevant documents from the Tennessee litigation resulting in the 2013 Judgment and from relevant U.S. Military and defense contractor sources responsible for implementation and overseeing performance of and payments under the contract at issue , as well as from the defendants

. T he extension memoranda supply virtually no information regarding the government’s on - going efforts to decide whether to intervene in terms of an assessment of the relators’ claims, the total numbers or names of any witnesses interviewed or even the locations, volume or custodians of9

the documents reviewed , and only minimal information regarding the positions of some of the witnesses whom the government determined had relevant information

. Rather, the government ’s investigatory efforts are described general ly and reflect obvious steps in any investigation , such

as collecting relevant documents and co nducting witness interviews

. See United States ex rel. Littlewood v. King Pharm., Inc. , 806 F. Supp. 833 , 843 (D. Md. 2011) (“ [ U ] nsealing is appropriate if the documents merely disclose ‘routine investigative procedures which anyone with rudimentary knowledge of investigative processes would assume would be utilized in the regular course of business ... [and] contain[] no information about specific [investigatory] techniques.” (quoting Unite d States ex rel. Mikes , 846 F . Supp. at 23) ); Horizon West, Inc

. , 2006 WL 305966 , at *3 ( h olding that “the Government’s bare assertion that the disclosure of its extension requests would ‘reveal pieces of the government’s investigatory techniques, decision

making processes, research, and reasoning that apply in hundreds of similar cases’ is not
sufficient ” to keep requests under seal ). The government revealed no information in the extension memoranda that could be considered evaluative of internal reasoning contribut ing to next investigatory steps or to its declination decision

. In short, nothing in the e xtension memoranda reveals the government’s decision

- making in this case. 3 Relatedly, t he government further argues that disclosing the extension memoranda to the relators’ counsel “would have a chilling effect on the future preparation of such briefs,” because it “would likely lead the government to be more circumspect in future cases in revealing to the courts the course of its investigations and the government’s research and decision

- making.” Gov’t’s Opp’ n at 8. Th is “chilling effect” argument fails to persu ade for much the same reason s addressed above . While the government must show “good cause” for extensions of time under

3 At any rate, before release of any extension memoranda to the public, the government may be granted an opportunity to suggest any contents that the government believes s hould be redacted.10

the FCA, see 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(3), the government may show good cause, as it has in the instant case, without revealing important investigatory techniques , detailing the specific steps taken, analyzing the strengths or weaknesses of particular claims based on the information gleaned from witness interviews or document review, or explaining the reasons for the government ’s internal decision to intervene or not

. A wide

- ranging middle ground lays between, on the one hand, an insufficient showing for an extension of time, and on the other hand , a showing so comprehensive and detailed that it prejudices future government investigations if unsealed

. Thus, the government’s future filings will not be “chilled” bec ause the government will continue to have ample berth to make necessary showings of good cause , even while knowing that these showings may eventually be made available to the relators, which is the only issue before this Court

. C. Application of the Hubbard Factors As discussed above, the FCA is silent as to whether government memoranda filed in

s upport of motions for extension of time must remain under seal and , therefore does not bar the limited unsealing sought here . M oreover, the memoranda are properly designated “judicial records,” as they w ere filed in support of motions seeking a judicial action, an d played a critical role in the Court ’s decision to grant the extens ions requested by the government. For the reasons set forth below, the six Hubbard factors , on balance, weigh in favor of disclosing the extension memoranda to relators.

1. The Need for Limited Unsealing to Relators
The relator s offer two reasons for why the government’s memoranda should be disclosed
to them

. First, the relators wish “to ensure that the representations that were being made to Relators (which provided the bases for Relators’ consent to all seven motions) were th e same or at least not inconsistent with the representations that the government was making to t he Court in11

its memoranda.” Rels .’ Mem. at 11. Second, the relators wish to discover information collected by the government and “disclosed to the Court in th e government’s memoranda of law, that would counsel against proceeding with the case.” Id. Only the second reason advances the public interest in the limited unsealing sought here

. The relators’ first reason for access to the memoranda appears , at bottom, to test the veracity of the government’s representations to relators. Cf. Azar v. Garza , 138 S. Ct. 1790, 1793 (2018) (“[I]t is critical that lawyers and courts alike be able to rely on one anot her’s representations.”). The relators claim that their “consent [to the seven motions] was tied to the government’s assurances that the government was going to intervene in this case,” Rels .’ Mem. at 10, that “[t]he government has repeatedly and consiste ntly communicated to Relators that DOJ would be intervening in this case,” Rels .’ Mem. at 12, and that the assurance s were “unequivocal,” Rels .’ Mem. at 12 n.3. The government denies that any assurances of government intervention were made to the relators

. See Gov’t’ s Opp’n at 9 n.3

. While e nsuring the integrity of the judicial process is part of the court’s inherent powers , s ee generally Chambers v. NASCO, Inc. , 501 U.S. 32 (1991) , th e relators’ apparent surprise at the government’s declination decision does not warrant unsealing of the extension memoranda

. The disconnect between the relators’ expectation and the government’s declination decision likely arises in many qui tam actions due to a variety of reasons, such as overly optimistic interpretations of, or misunderst anding , the government ’s representations , changing assessment over time by t he government of the relators’ claims , and government resource issues that affect the exercise of prosecutorial discretion whether to intervene in a particular case . Consequently,

u nsealing the extension memoranda may do little to settle the precise reason for the disconnect12

and, standing alone, this reason does not suffice to warrant limited unsealing of the extension memoranda to the relators

. The relators further claim , however, that disclosing the extension memoranda will aid the relators in determining whether to proceed with the ir qui tam action , absent the government’s
intervention. Rels .’ Mem. at 11. T he relators would be litigating on the United States’ behalf
and , should they succeed, their success would ultimately accrue to the public interest. See United States v. ISS Marine Servs., Inc. , 905 F. Supp. 2d 121 , 140 (D.D.C. 2012) (“[T]he need for public access to judi cial records may be regarded as particularly vital where

— as here

— members of ‘the taxpaying public are, in effect, real parties in interest.’” (quoting United States v. Thomas , 840 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2011 ) )

. At the same time, if information contained in the extension memoranda alert the relators to reasons for pause in their pursuit of the qui tam claims, the earlier resolution of these claims will preserve the time, attention , and attendant resources of the parties and the Court. Moreover, to the exte nt that the extension memoranda disclose sources of relevant information uncovered by the government, the relators will be able to expedite discovery in the case, which has already been delayed for several years pending the government ’s decision whether to intervene. Expediting discovery would inure to the benefit of the relators, the government , and the Court. Therefore, the relators’ second argument counsels in favor of disclosure under the first Hubbard factor

.

2. Extent of Previous Public Access
Whe re the public already has access to the information in question, Hubbard instructs courts to weigh the pre

- existing a ccess in favor of disclosure. See Hubbard , 650 F.2d at 318 (“Previous access is a factor which may weigh in favor of subsequent acc ess.”)

. See also United States ex rel. Grover v. Related Companies, LP , 4 F. Supp. 3d 21, 26 (D.D.C. 2013); United13

States ex rel. Schweizer v. Oce, N.V. , 577 F. Supp. 2d 169, 173 (D.D.C. 2008). “[T]he rationale behind treating prior access as favoring un sealing” is “that it is less harmful to release a document that was once public than to release one that has never been made publicly accessible.” Friedman v. Sebelius , 672 F. Supp. 54, 59 (D.D.C. 2009) (citing Nat’l Children’s Ctr., Inc. , 98 F.3d at 1409

- 10 and In re Application of New York Times Co. for Access to Certain Sealed Court Records , 585 F. Supp. 2d 83, 92

- 93 (D.D.C. 2008) )

. W ell before the relators filed their complaint in October 2015, a lengthy record of the
events underlying the in stant FCA claims had already been established in a civil suit between the relators and the defendant Sterling Operations, where a jury verdict found Sterling Operations liable for breach of contract and trespass. See 2013 Judgment. Likewise, as already noted, the contents of the extension memoranda at issue largely contain information from the complaint, which has been made public. S ee Order, dated November 19, 2018, ECF No. 25. Finally, perusal of the extension memoranda indicates t hat the only information not already publicly available relates to the government’s own inves tigat ory actions to determine whether to intervene

. A s noted supra in Part II I.B, those investigatory steps are largely described in general terms and involve steps that are common to virtually every investigation, such as collecting and reviewing documentation and interviewing witnesses , but the memoranda do identify the sources providing relevant information to the government, which sources may not be entirely publicly known

. W hile this factor would weigh against full public disclosure, this same factor would
exp edite discovery in this case brought by relators to recover funds allegedly defrauded from the U.S. Government and , therefore, weighs slightly in favor of disclosure to the relators with a limit ed unsealing

.14 3. Objections to Unsealing
The third Hubbard factor considers the “fact of” a n objection and the “ identity of” the person objecting

. Hubbard , 650 F.2d at 319

- 320

. In the instant case, only the government objects to the limited unsealing , though third parties have had no opportunity to object since the relators’ motion to unseal is itself filed under seal. T he government ’s object ion to unsealing, however, is predicated on concerns about the chilling effect any unsealing will have on future investigations and government filings for extensions of time for making intervention decisions. These concerns are no more persuasive here to keep sealed these judicial records. Therefore, this factor favors unsealing.

4. Strength of Asserted Property/Priv acy Interests Besides the claim of an investigatory privilege by the government, neither party claims a property or privacy interest to be at stake. Therefore, this factor has limited relevance for or against the relators’ request for limited un seal ing

.

5. Possibility of Prejudice The possibility of prejudice “refers to ‘whether disclosure of the documents will lead to prejudice in future litigation to the party seeking the seal.’” United States ex rel. Durham v. Prosp ect Waterproofing, Inc. , 818 F. Supp. 2d 64, 68 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Friedman , 672 F. Supp. 2d at 60 )

. As discussed above, the government’s arguments as to the potential prejudice resulting from the limited unsealing of the extension memoranda fail to pe rsuade. The government’s concern about revealing investigatory techniques could, in principle, be afforded significant weight, but review of the extension memoranda shows that the government’s concern here is misplaced. Moreover, any prejudice that could be ascribed to a public unseal ing are minimized at this stage, because the relators seek only a limited unsealing.15 6. Purpose of Sealed Materials’ Introduction The final Hubbard fac tor focuses on the purpose for which the sealed materials were introduced, w here materials more central to the litigation and actually relied upon by the judge carry a stronger presumption of availability to the public. See Hubbard , 650 F.2d at 321 (h olding that the district court should not have unsealed the documents where the documents “were not determined by the trial judge to be relevant to the crimes charged ... were not used in the subsequent ‘trial’; nor were they ... described or even expressly relied upon by the trial judge
in his dec ision on the suppression motion ”). Here, the Court relied on the government’s
memoranda to decide whether the government had established “good cause” under the FCA to
warrant each of its seven requested extensions of time over three years. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of unsealing.
In sum, having applied the six

- factor Hubbard analysis, the Court finds that the public interest and purpose factors weigh strongly in favor of disclosure, and that other factors also generally favor the limited unsealing sought here. Thus, in accordance wi th the “strong presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings,” Johnson , 951 F.2d at 1277, the Court will grant the relators’ motion for limited unsealing

. IV. CONCLUSION Upon Consideration of the United States ’ Notice of Election to Decline Intervention,
ECF No. 23 , in this action pursuant to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(4)(B), it is hereby ORDERED that the relators’ Motion for an Order that t he Department of Justice Serve on Relators ’ Counsel, Under Seal, the Memoranda of Law That Accompanied the Government’s16

Seven Requests for Extensions to Consider Its Election to Intervene and Preserve Records , ECF No. 24, is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART ; and it is further ORDERED that the government’s seven motions for extensio n of time to consider election to intervene and associated memoranda of law , docketed at ECF Nos. 2, 4, 8, 10, 13, 15, and 18 , be partially unsealed for purposes of allowing access to relators and their counsel and that the government , by January 7 , 2019 , deliver the se memoranda to relators’ counsel; and it is further ORDERED that the relators’ Motion for an Order that the Department of Justice Preserve Records is DENIED

. So ordered.
Date: December 31 , 201 8

__________________________ BERYL A. HOWELL Chief Judge