08/10/2017

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

June 29, 2017 Session

FREDERICK COPELAND v. HEALTHSOUTH/METHODIST 

REHABILITATION HOSPITAL, LP, ET AL.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County

No. CT-000196-16 Rhynette N. Hurd, Judge

___________________________________

No. W2016-02499-COA-R3-CV

___________________________________

This is an appeal from the grant of summary judgment in favor of Appellee. Following 

Appellant’s knee surgery, Appellee provided Appellant transportation, by wheelchair 

van, from the rehabilitation hospital to a follow-up appointment with his surgeon. Prior 

to transport, Appellant signed an exculpatory agreement, releasing Appellee from all 

claims of ordinary negligence. Appellant was injured when he fell while trying to enter 

the van and filed suit against Appellee for negligence. The trial court granted summary 

judgment in favor of Appellee, finding that the exculpatory agreement was enforceable. 

Discerning no error, we affirm. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court

Affirmed and Remanded

KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN 

STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., joined.

Donald K. Vowell, Knoxville, Tennessee, David E. Gordon and Erin L. Hillyard, 

Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Frederick Copeland.

Diana M. Comes, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellee, MedicOne Medical Response 

Delta Region, Inc.

OPINION

I. Background

On December 2, 2014, Appellant Frederick Copeland, who was 77 years old at the 
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time, was an inpatient at HealthSouth/Methodist Rehabilitation Hospital, LP

(“HealthSouth”), in Memphis, where he was recuperating from total knee replacement. 

Mr. Copeland had a follow-up appointment scheduled with his orthopedic surgeon that 

day, and HealthSouth arranged for MedicOne Medical Response Delta Region, Inc. 

(“MedicOne,” or “Appellee”) to transport Mr. Copeland to the appointment and back to 

the rehabilitation facility. After the appointment, Mr. Copeland was injured when he fell 

while getting back into the MedicOne transport van. Prior to transport, Mr. Copeland 

signed a Wheelchair Van/Transportation Run Report (“Run Report”), in which he 

acknowledged that “MedicOne . . . is NOT covered by Medicare or Medicaid. MedicOne 

wheelchair vans are not an ambulance and no care will be given by the MedicOne 

Technician.” Prior to transport, Mr. Copeland also signed a Wheelchair Van 

Transportation Agreement (“Agreement”). The Agreement, which was between 

MedicOne and Mr. Copeland, stated that it was for “transportation” services. In addition, 

the Agreement acknowledged that “there are inherent risks associated with such 

transportation which pose a risk of harm or injury.” Furthermore, the Agreement stated 

that Client, i.e., Mr. Copeland “SPECIFICALLY RELEASES AND FOREVER 

DISCHARGES MEDICONE RELATED PARTIES FROM ANY AND ALL CLAIMS 

ARISING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM OR AS A RESULT OF THE 

NEGLIGENCE (BUT NOT GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT) 

OF MEDIC ONE RELATED PARTIES.” 

On January 19, 2016, Mr. Copeland filed a complaint against HealthSouth and 

MedicOne, alleging that MedicOne was negligent in failing to: (1) “exercise reasonable 

and ordinary care in the transportation of [Appellant] to and from his medical 

appointment;” (2) “assist [Appellant] in his entry and exit of the medical transportation 

vehicle;” (3) “meet the standard of care required of medical transportation drivers in the 

transfer of patients to and from a medical transportation vehicle;” and (4) “train the 

particular driver in the proper transfer of patients to and from a medical transportation 

vehicle.” Concerning HealthSouth’s alleged liability, Mr. Copeland averred that 

“MedicOne was contracted by HealthSouth to provide transportation to [Appellant]. All 

of the allegations of negligence against MedicOne are, therefore, made against 

HealthSouth on the basis of agency and the doctrine of respondeat superior.”

On February 26, 2016, MedicOne filed a motion to dismiss or, alternatively, for 

summary judgment, arguing, inter alia, that Mr. Copeland had signed the Agreement, 

which contained a release and waiver of all claims of ordinary negligence against 

MedicOne. Based on this Agreement, and the doctrine of express assumption of the risk, 

MedicOne argued that Mr. Copeland could not recover. On April 7, 2016, Mr. Copeland 

filed a response, arguing that the release and waiver provision in the Agreement was an 

unconscionable adhesion agreement; alternatively, Mr. Copeland argued that the 

Agreement was one for professional services and should be invalidated.
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At the hearing on MedicOne’s motion, Mr. Copeland argued that the services 

provided were medical services, not merely transportation services, and that the Olson v. 

Molzen formula for determining whether exculpatory clauses were invalid as against 

public policy applied, see discussion infra. Mr. Copeland also reiterated his 

unconscionable adhesion argument. The trial court was unpersuaded by Mr. Copeland’s

argument and granted MedicOne’s motion for summary judgment by order of November 

7, 2016. Thereafter, HealthSouth filed a Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6) 

motion to dismiss the complaint, arguing that it could not be held liable for Mr. 

Copeland’s injuries in view of the fact that MedicOne had been dismissed from the 

lawsuit. The record does not contain an adjudicatory order on HealthSouth’s motion; 

however, the November 7, 2016 order granting summary judgment contains Tennessee 

Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02 language. Thus, it appears that the order appealed is final 

so as to confer jurisdiction on this Court. HealthSouth is not a party to this appeal.

II. Issues

Mr. Copeland’s brief lists 14 issues; however, it appears that Appellee’s statement 

of the issue is a more accurate reflection of the appeal. Restated slightly, Appellee’s

statement of the issue is:

Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of 

Appellee on its finding that the Wheelchair Van Transportation Agreement 

between MedicOne and Mr. Copeland contained an enforceable 

exculpatory clause barring Appellant’s claim for ordinary negligence.

III. Standard of Review

A trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment presents a 

question of law. Therefore, our review is de novo with no presumption of correctness 

afforded to the trial court’s determination. Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 816, 622 (Tenn. 

1997). This Court must make a fresh determination that all requirements of Tennessee 

Rule of Civil Procedure 56 have been satisfied. Abshure v. Methodist Healthcare–

Memphis Hosps., 325 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tenn. 2010). When a motion for summary 

judgment is made, the moving party has the burden of showing that “there is no genuine 

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. According to the Tennessee General Assembly:

In motions for summary judgment in any civil action in Tennessee, the 

moving party who does not bear the burden of proof at trial shall prevail on 

its motion for summary judgment if it:

1) Submits affirmative evidence that negates an essential element of the 

nonmoving party's claim; or
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2) Demonstrates to the court that the nonmoving party's evidence is 

insufficient to establish an essential element of the nonmoving party's 

claim.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-16-101. Furthermore,

“[w]hen a motion for summary judgment is made [and] ... supported as 

provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive summary judgment, the 

nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [its] 

pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits or one of the other means 

provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific facts” at the summary 

judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R. 

Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that 

there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita 

Elec. Indus. Co., [Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp.], 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. 

Ct. 1348 [(1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of 

specific facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find in 

favor of the nonmoving party.

Rye v. Women's Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 265 (Tenn. 2015).

IV. Analysis

The gravamen of Appellant’s appeal lies in the resolution of the question of 

whether the exculpatory clause, in the Agreement, can be enforced so as to bar 

Appellant’s recovery for the alleged negligence of MedicOne and/or its employee. There 

is no dispute that Mr. Copeland signed the Run Report and the Agreement. As set out 

above, the language used in these documents is not ambiguous. The Run Report clearly 

states that “no care will be given by the MedicOne Technician.” The Agreement 

definitively states that Mr. Copeland releases “MedicOne related parties from any and all 

claims arising directly or indirectly from or as a result of the negligence . . . of MedicOne 

related parties.” As the Tennessee Supreme Court has explained:

It is well settled in this State that parties may contract that one shall not be 

liable for his negligence to another but that such other shall assume the risk 

incident to such negligence.... Further, it is not necessary that the word 

‘negligence’ appear in the exculpatory clause and the public policy of 

Tennessee favors freedom to contract against liability for negligence.

Empress Health and Beauty Spa, Inc. v. Turner, 503 S.W.2d 188 (Tenn. 1973). In 

arguing that the exculpatory clause is not enforceable, Mr. Copeland relies on the 

Tennessee Supreme Court case of Olson v. Molzen, 558 S.W.2d 429 (Tenn. 1977), 
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wherein the Court held that certain relationships required greater responsibility which 

would render such a release “obnoxious.” Id. at 430. The Olson Court adopted the 

opinion of the California Supreme Court in Tunkl v. Regents of University of California, 

60 Cal.2d 92, 32 Cal. Rptr. 33, 383 P.2d 441 (Ca. 1963), which held that where the public 

interest would be affected by an exculpatory provision, such provision could be held 

invalid. Id. at 431. In Olson, the Court adopted the six criteria set forth in Tunkl as 

useful in determining when an exculpatory provision should be held invalid as contrary to 

public policy. These criteria are:

(a.) It concerns a business of a type generally thought suitable for public 

regulation.

(b.) The party seeking exculpation is engaged in performing a service of 

great importance to the public, which is often a matter of practical necessity 

for some members of the public.

(c.) The party holds himself out as willing to perform this service for any 

member of the public who seeks it, or at least for any member coming 

within certain established standards.

(d.) As a result of the essential nature of the service, in the economic setting 

of the transaction, the party invoking exculpation possesses a decisive 

advantage of bargaining strength against any member of the public who 

seeks his services.

(e.) In exercising a superior bargaining power the party confronts the public 

with a standardized adhesion contract of exculpation, and makes no 

provision whereby a purchaser may pay additional reasonable fees and 

obtain protection against negligence.

(f.) Finally, as a result of the transaction, the person or property of the 

purchaser is placed under the control of the seller, subject to the risk of 

carelessness by the seller or his agents.

Olson, 558 S.W.2d at 431. Applying the foregoing factors, the Olson Court invalidated a 

contract between a doctor and patient that attempted to release the doctor from liability 

for his negligence in the performance of medical services. Id. Importantly, the Olson

Court clearly stated that the exceptions to the general rule of express assumption of the 

risk were adopted because the general rule does 

not afford a satisfactory solution in a case involving a professional person 

operating in an area of public interest and pursuing a profession subject to 

licensure by the state. The rules that govern tradesmen in the market place 

are of little relevancy in dealing with professional persons who hold 

themselves out as experts and whose practice is regulated by the state. 
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Id. at 430. Indeed, a review of relevant Tennessee cases indicates that the exceptions 

adopted in Olson have generally been restricted to those situations involving professional 

services, such as legal services, medical treatment, and home-inspections. See, e.g., 

Thrasher v. Riverbend Stables, LLC, No. M2008-02698-COA-RM-CV, 2009 WL 

275767, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2009) (“The application of the [Olson] criteria, 

however, is to be limited to situations involving a contract with a professional person, 

rather than a tradesman.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Henderson v. Quest 

Expeditions, Inc., 174 S.W.3d 730, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 

Oct. 24, 2005) (“This case is factually different from Olson . . . because the white-water 

rafting service offered by defendant is not a ‘professional’ trade, which affects the public 

interest.”); Carey v. Merrit, 148 S.W.3d 912, 916 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004), perm. app. 

denied (Tenn. Oct. 11, 2004) (“In general, application of factors used to determine if 

exculpatory clause violates public policy is limited to circumstances involving a contract 

with a professional, as opposed to a ‘tradesmen in the marketplace.’”); Russell v. Bray, 

116 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 2, 2003) 

(“Application of the Olson criteria should be limited to situations involving a contract 

with a professional person, rather than a tradesman.”); Lane-Detman, LLC v. Miller & 

Martin, 82 S.W.3d 284, 292 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002) (“Tennessee courts have found that 

contracting parties may not agree to release one party from liability for professional 

medical negligence through an exculpatory clause.”); Floyd v. Club Sys. of Tennessee, 

No. 01-A-01-9807-CV-00399 , 1999 WL 820610, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), perm. 

app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 14, 2000) (“One of the exceptions to this general rule favoring 

the freedom to contract involves the situation where a professional person operating in an 

area of public interest and pursuing a profession subject to licensure by the state attempts 

to contract against his own negligence.”); Hancock v. U-Haul Co. of Tenn., No. 01-A01-9801-CC-00001, 1998 WL 850518, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 10, 1998) (“A doctor or 

other licensed practitioner cannot contract for immunity from the consequences of 

professional negligence.”); Petty v. Privette, 818 S.W.2d, 743, 745 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989) 

(“Because the will at issue purports to protect a professional, i.e., an attorney, we must 

first consider the criteria set out by Olson.”); Parton v. Mark Pirtle OldsmobileCadillac-Isuzu, Inc., 730 S.W. 2d 634, 636 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987), perm. app. denied

(Tenn. May 4, 1987) (“[O]ur Supreme Court has recognized an exception where the party 

seeking the protection of the exculpatory provision is a professional person rendering a 

service of great importance to the public.”); Teles v. Big Rock Stables, LP, 419 

F.Supp.2d 1003, 1008 (E.D. Tenn. 2006) (holding that horse stables and equine services 

are governed by the general rule of assumption of the risk and do not fall under the Olson

exceptions.”). In Russell v. Bray, this Court distinguished “professionals,” who sell their 

“expert analysis and opinion,” and tradespersons, who “perform hands-on tasks.” 

Russell, 116 S.W.3d 1.

Mr. Copeland first contends that the trial court erred because its order, granting 

Appellee’s motion for summary judgment, does not apply (or even mention) the Olson 

factors. While we concede that the trial court does not specifically reference Olson, a 
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close reading of its ruling, including the oral ruling that was incorporated, by reference, 

into the final order, clearly indicates that the trial court declined to apply Olson based on 

its initial finding that the transportation services provided by MedicOne were not 

professional services, i.e., medical services. Specifically, the trial court found that the 

Agreement “wasn’t [for] professional service. This was a transportation service.” James 

Holmes, the driver of the MedicOne wheelchair van used to transport Mr. Copeland to his 

doctor’s appointment, stated, in his deposition, that he was not trained as a medical 

professional, that he was not authorized to offer any medical assistance, and that he was 

simply the driver with no qualification other than a valid driver’s license. In his brief, 

Mr. Copeland states that “the driver or ‘Technician’ is operating the van, picking up 

medical patients and transporting them to medical appointments, as his way of making a 

living. He very much seems to be a professional driver or attendant.” While we concede 

that Mr. Holmes made his living driving the MedicOne wheelchair van, this fact 

(pursuant to the foregoing case authority) does not, ipso facto, mean that he is a 

professional so as to trigger application of the Olson criteria. From the language 

employed by the Olson Court, a professional is one who “operat[es] in an area of public 

interest,” “pursu[es] a profession subject to licensure by the state,” “holds [himself or 

herself] out as [an] expert[],” and engages in a “practice [that] is regulated by the state.” 

This is a very narrow definition of “professional,” and the foregoing cases demonstrate 

that the definition set out in Olson has not been significantly expanded since the Olson

case was decided. The services provided by MedicOne and Mr. Holmes simply do not 

fall within the narrow definition of professional services set out in Olson and its progeny. 

The documents that Mr. Copeland signed, supra, clearly state that the services provided 

were limited to transportation and that no medical care would be provided by the driver.1 

In fact, Mr. Copeland has alleged no medical necessity requiring transportation by 

wheelchair van. Mr. Holmes had no professional training other than that required to 

operate the wheelchair lift, locate and secure the seatbelts, and drive the van. 

Nonetheless, Mr. Copeland argues that the Tennessee Supreme Court, in 

Crawford v. Buckner, 839 S.W.2d 754 (Tenn. 1992), “expressly overruled” the rule that 

“the Olson standard was limited to professional service contracts.” In Crawford, a 

resident of a Tennessee county that is not covered by the Uniform Residential Landlord 

and Tenant Act (“URLTA”) sued her landlord for damages caused by an apartment fire.

Because the URLTA contained a provision barring exculpatory clauses in rental 

agreements covered by its scope, the plaintiff argued that the URLTA’s limited 

 

1

 Mr. Copeland also argues that MedicOne’s wheelchair van services are regulated under the 

Tennessee Emergency Medical Services Act, Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 68-140-301, et seq. (“TEMSA”). Mr. 

Copeland’s argument is misplaced as the TEMSA clearly states that it “applies to each person providing 

emergency medical services within the state.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-140-316. It is undisputed that the 

van used to transfer Mr. Copeland was not an ambulance. Also, there is no dispute that Appellant was 

being transferred for a non-emergent follow-up appointment. Both the Agreement and the Run Report 

make it clear that no medical services will be provided to Mr. Copeland. Based on these undisputed facts, 

we conclude that the TEMSA is not applicable in this case.
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applicability denied her equal protection of the laws. The landlord defended that the 

plaintiff had signed an exculpatory agreement. In analyzing whether the exculpatory 

agreement was enforceable, the Crawford Court discussed this Court’s opinion in 

Schratter v. Development Enterprises, Inc., 584 S.W.2d 459 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979), 

stating:

In the most recent case to consider an exculpatory clause, the Court of 

Appeals, in Schratter v. Development Enterprises, Inc., 584 S.W.2d 459 

(Tenn. App.1979), upheld the enforceability of an exculpatory clause in a 

residential lease under very similar facts to this case. There, a landlord was 

released by the clause from his agent’s negligence which caused a fire in an 

apartment building, resulting in damage to a tenant. The intermediate court 

observed, however, that in Olson we had adopted a test to determine 

whether an exculpatory provision affects the public interest, and that 

several of the enumerated characteristics in the test were present in that 

case. The court also recognized that many states have, by legislative 

enactment or judicial decision, limited or prohibited broad exculpatory 

clauses in residential leases. Id., 584 S.W.2d at 461. Despite the finding 

that some of the public interest criteria were present, the intermediate court 

in Schratter felt constrained to hold that the exculpatory provision in the 

tenant’s lease barred his recovery, because of their belief that this Court 

had limited the Olson standard to professional service contracts. 

Schratter, 584 S.W.2d at 461.

Crawford, 584 S.W.2d at 757 (emphasis added). Relying on the emphasized language, 

Appellant contends that the Tennessee Supreme Court “expressly overturned” the 

“professional service” requirement for applicability of Olson. We disagree. We do not 

read the Crawford opinion to overturn or negate the professional service criterion 

discussed in Olson; rather, the Crawford Court merely recognized that, even in the 

absence of professional services, if the exculpatory agreement contemplates matters of 

great necessity or public policy, a reviewing court may apply the Olson factors. In other 

words, the absence of a professional service contract will not, ipso facto, negate 

application of Olson. The Crawford Court ultimately declined to enforce the exculpatory 

agreement, finding that: (1) “a residential lease concerns a business of a type that is 

generally thought suitable for public regulation;” (2) “a residential landlord is engaged in 

performing a service of great importance to the public . . . which is often a matter of 

practical necessity for some members of the public;” (3) “as a result of the essential 

nature of the service and the economic setting of the transaction, a residential landlord 

has a decisive advantage in bargaining strength against any member of the public who 

seeks its services;” (4) “due to its superior bargaining position, a residential landlord 

confronts the public with a standardized adhesion contract of exculpation;” (5) “by 

definition a residential lease places the person and the property of the tenant under the 

control of the landlord, subject to the risk of carelessness by the landlord and his agents.” 
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Crawford, 584 S.W.2d at 757-58. The same is not true in the instant case.

Here, the trial court specifically held that “the Wheelchair Van Agreement at issue 

in this cause is not an adhesion contract,2especially in light of the fact that the 

exculpatory language . . . excludes gross negligence and misconduct on the part of the 

defendant . . . .” In its oral ruling, the trial court explained that “[n]othing in the record . . 

. supports [a finding] that Mr. Copeland believed he had no option other than to sign the 

contract or take this particular method of transportation.” Regardless, Mr. Copeland cites 

this Court’s opinion in Wofford v. M.J. Edwards & Sons Funeral Home, Inc., 490 

S.W.3d 800 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 6, 2016), for the 

proposition that, had he refused to sign the Agreement and been denied transportation 

services, choosing another provider would have caused delay resulting in a “difficult 

choice.” Id. at 814 (citing Buraczynski, 919 S.W.2d at 320). The Wofford plaintiff was 

asked to sign an arbitration contract in the middle of planning her father’s funeral. At the 

time she was asked to sign the agreement, the funeral home had taken possession of her 

father’s body and was preparing for the funeral. In concluding that the arbitration 

agreement was one of adhesion, this Court reasoned that, “[t]o ask Ms. Wofford to refuse 

to go forward with the funeral services with Edwards at this point [was] akin to asking 

her to ‘swap horses in midstream.’” Id. at 816 (footnote omitted). Relying on 

Buracynski, the Wofford Court reasoned:

Edwards asserts that Ms. Wofford has failed to show that she could 

not have obtained the desired services from another funeral home. To 

support this argument, Edwards points out the multiple funeral homes 

named as defendants in this case, none of which required their customers to 

sign arbitration agreements. Additionally, the record shows that Ms. 

Wofford was aware of other funeral homes where she could have obtained 

the desired services.

From our reading, however, the analysis in Buraczynski rests on one 

critical finding—that the relationship between doctor and patient is unique 

 

2

 As explained by the Tennessee Supreme Court in Buraczynski v. Eyring, 919 S.W.2d 314, 320 

(Tenn. 1996):

An adhesion contract has been defined as “a standardized contract form offered to 

consumers of goods and services on essentially a “take it or leave it” basis, without 

affording the consumer a realistic opportunity to bargain and under such conditions that 

the consumer cannot obtain the desired product or service except by acquiescing to the 

form of the contract.” Black's Law Dictionary 40 (6th ed. 1990); Broemmer [v. Abortion 

Services of Phoenix, Ltd.,] 840 P.2d [1013,] at 1015 [(Ariz. 1992)]. Professor Henderson 

has observed that “the essence of an adhesion contract is that bargaining positions and 

leverage enable one party ‘to select and control risks assumed under the contract.’” 58 

Va.L.Rev. at 988. Courts generally agree that “[t]he distinctive feature of a contract of 

adhesion is that the weaker party has no realistic choice as to its terms.” Broemmer, 840 

P.2d at 1016. . .
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and built on trust. See Buraczynski, 919 S.W.2d at 319-320. Indeed, other 

Courts have come to similar conclusions. See Skelton v. Freese Const. Co., 

No. M2012-01935-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 6506937, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Dec. 9, 2013) (noting that Buraczynski involved “the physician-patient 

trust relationship”); Pyburn v. Bill Heard Chevrolet, 63 S.W.3d 351, 360 

(Tenn. Ct. App. 2001) (noting that deciding factor in Buraczynski was the 

“peculiar relationship between the parties”). Because of this unique 

relationship and the exigency in which the services may be needed, the 

Buraczynski Court found that it would be problematic for the patient to 

terminate the relationship and seek another medical professional to perform 

the desired services.

Based upon our reading of Buraczynski, we also conclude that Ms. 

Wofford, like the patient in Buraczynski, would have been faced with a 

difficult decision had she decided to terminate the relationship with 

Edwards. . . . [T]he procurement of funeral services is an emotional 

decision that is unfamiliar to most people. Indeed, the legislative history 

behind the federal regulations governing funeral services recognizes that 

“[a]rranging a funeral plainly involves emotional, religious, and other 

important social considerations” and, like in Buraczynski, is a “unique” 

situation. Trade Regulation Rule; Funeral Industry Practices, 47 FR 42260-

01.

Wofford, 490 S.W.3d at 815-816. No such “trust relationship,” “emotional decision,” or 

“important social consideration” exist in the instant case. Again, the Agreement Mr. 

Copeland signed was strictly for non-emergent transportation services. There was no 

preexisting relationship of trust between Mr. Copeland and Appellee; Mr. Holmes was 

simply the driver who was available at the time Mr. Copeland needed transportation. 

Furthermore, there is no evidence that, had Mr. Copeland refused to sign the Agreement, 

his decision would have caused any crisis. He could simply have called for other 

transportation (e.g., taxi or Uber), or he could have rescheduled his appointment. The 

scenario Mr. Copeland faced is simply not akin to the “difficult decision” contemplated 

by the plaintiff in Wofford. 

Mr. Copeland raises several other issues, including an argument that the 

Agreement was a “three-party contract” between Appellant, MedicOne, and HealthSouth. 

As pointed out in Appellee’s brief, in urging this “three-party contract” argument, Mr. 

Copeland attempts to “blur the lines between MedicOne and HealthSouth so as to make 

MedicOne an arm of the hospital and a provider of medical care” and asserts that “he had 

no choice in his transportation to his doctor’s appointment because HealthSouth ‘set up 

and arranged’ MedicOne’s wheelchair van.” As discussed in detail above, there is no 

proof that Mr. Copeland was receiving medical services, and there is no proof that the 

MedicOne vehicle was the only means of transportation available to Mr. Copeland. 

Regardless, from our review of the record, Mr. Copeland did not raise the “three-party 
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contract” argument in the trial court. It is well settled that issues not raised in the trial 

court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. Simpson v. Frontier Cnty. Credit 

Union, 810 S.W.2d 147, 153 (Tenn. 1991). Arguments not asserted at trial are deemed 

waived on appeal. Devorak v. Patterson, 907 S.W.2d 815, 818 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). 

Mr. Copeland also raises several other arguments for the first time on appeal. These 

arguments include the alleged regulation of Appellee by: (1) Medicare/Medicaid; (2) 

Patient Referral Act (a/k/a Stark Law); (3) Health Insurance Portability and 

Accountability Act of 1996; (4) Federal health Information Technology for Economic 

and Clinical Health Act; (5) Federal Social Security Act; and (6) Tennessee motor 

vehicle statutes. Because none of these arguments were raised in the trial court, we 

consider them waived on appeal. Any remaining issues are expressly pretermitted in view 

of our holdings herein.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court. The case is 

remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with this 

opinion. Costs of the appeal are assessed to the Appellant, Frederick Copeland and his 

surety, for all of which execution may enter if necessary.

_________________________________

KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE