### F I LE D U. S . COURT OF AP PE ALS E LEVE NTH CI RCUI T Jul y 18, 2005 T HOM AS K. KAHN C L E RK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

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________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 4 - 0 0 0 3 3 - C R - T - 1 7 - MAP U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J U A N A N T O N I O J U A R E Z - C O R O N A , a .k .a . J u a n A n to n io J u a r e z , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( Ju l y 18, 2005) B efo re T JO F L A T , D U B IN A an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: J ua n A nt oni o J ua r e z - C or onaappe a l s hi s 77- m onth s e nt e nc e f orpl e a di ng2

g u ilty to r e e n te r in g th e U n ite d S ta te s u n la w f u lly a f te rb e in g d e p o r te d f

o llo w in g h is c o n v ic tio n f

o rf e lo n y p o s s e s s io n o rp u r c h a s e o f c o c a in e w ith th e in te n t to di stri bu t e. B ec ause the di stri ctcourtprop er l y e nh ance d Juare z- C oron a’ s s ent ence ba s e d on hi s pr e vi ous drug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e , a nd the di s tr i c tc our tdi d not c o m m it r e v e r s ib le e rr o ru n d e rU n ite d S ta te s v . B o o k e r , 5 4 3 U .S . ___ , 1 2 5 S . C t. 7 3 8 ( 2 0 0 5 ) , w e a f

f irm J u a r e z - C o r o n a ’s c o n v ic tio n a n d s e n te n c e .

I . B AC KG RO UN D Juar ez -C oron a i s anat i ve of M exi co w ho has l i ved i l l egal l y i n the U ni t ed S t a t e s f r om hi s e a r l y c hi l dhood. I n 1993, J ua r e z - C or onaw a s c onvi c t e d of vi ol a t i ng C a l i f

orni aH e a l th a nd S a f

e ty C ode s e c t i on 11351, w hi c h c r i m i na l i z e s the “p o s s e s s [ io n ] f

o rs a le o rp u r c h a s e [ ] f

o rp u rp o s e s o f

s a le ” o f c o n tr o lle d s u b s ta n c e s . T he control l ed subst ance i n Juare z- C oron a’ s c as e w as coca i ne. Juar ez -C oron a w as s e nt e nc e d t o tw o y e a r s i n pr i s on, a nd he w a s de por t e d t o M e xi c o. J ua r e z - C or ona i l l eg al l y retu rn ed t o th e U n i t ed S t at es. I n 2004, a ge nt s of

the B ur e a u of

I m m i gr a t i on a nd C us t om s E nf or c e m e nt a rr e s te d J u a r e z - C o r o n ain H ills b o r o u g h C o u n ty , F lo r id a . H e w a s c h a r g e d w ith re ent er i ng the coun tryi l l egal l y a ft erbei ng conv i ct ed of a previ ou s f el on y off ense , i n v i ol at i on of 8 U . S . C . se ct i on 13 26 (a ). Juar ez -C oron a pl ea ded g ui l ty t o that c ha r ge . T he di s tr i c tc our ts e tJ ua r e z - C or ona ’ s ba s e of f e ns e l e ve l a te i ght . T he3

di s tr i c tc our tthe n i nc r e a s e d hi s of f e ns e l e ve l be c a us e , unde rs e c t i on 2L 1. 2( b) of the S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s , he ha d be e n c onvi c t e d pr e vi ous l y of af e l ony drug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e a nd w a s s e nt e nc e d t o m or e tha n 13 m onths ’ i m pr i s onm e ntf or tha tof f e ns e . T he di s tr i c tc ourtba s e d tha te nha nc e m e nton J ua r e z - C or ona ’ s 1993 drug c onvi c t i on. T he di s tr i c tc our ts ubtr a c t e d thr e e l e ve l s be c a us e J ua r e z - C or ona ac ce pt ed re spon si bi l i ty f or hi s c ri m e. Juar ez -C oron a had a cr i m i nal hi st ory c a te g o ry o f

V I , s o th e ap p lic ab le s e n te n c in g r a n g e w a s b e tw e e n 7 7 a n d 9 6 m o n th s . A t h is s e n te n c in g h e a r in g , J u a r e z - C o r o n ao b je c te d to th e d e s ig n a tio n o f h is previ ou s drug con vi ct i on as a “ drug tra ff i cki ng offe nse f

or w hi ch the se nt ence im p o s e d e x c e e d e d 1 3 m o n th s ,” u n d e rs e c tio n 2 L 1 .2 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( i) o f th e G u id e lin e s . T he di stri ctcourtexam i ned the i nd i ctm ent , pl eaagre em ent , tra nscr i ptof the pl ea hear i ng , and the j ud gm enti m po se d b y the C al i forni a s t at e c ou rt , and o verrul ed J ua r e z - C or ona ’ s obj e c t i on. T he di s tr i c tc our ts e nt e nc e d J ua r e z - C or onat o 77 m o n th s ’ im p r is o n m e n t a n d 3 y e a r s ’ s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . I I . DI S CUS S I ON J ua r e z - C or onam a ke s thr e e a r gum e nt s on appe a l . F i r s t , he c ont e nds tha tthe di s tr i c tc our ti m pr ope r l y i nc r e a s e d hi s of f e ns e l e ve l , be c a us e hi s pr e vi ous drug c onvi c t i on i n C a l i f

orni aw a s nota“ drug tr a f f i c ki ng of f e ns e ” w i thi n the m e a ni ng of se ct i on 2L 1. 2(b)(1)(A ). S ec on d, he ar gu es thatthe di stri ctcourtcom m i tt ed4

s t a tut ory e rr orunde rB ooke rw he n i ts e nt e nc e d hi m unde ram a nda t ory gui de l i ne re gi m e. F i nal l y, Juar ez -C oron a a rgues thatthe di stri ctcourtcom m i tt ed c ons t i tut i ona l e rr orunde rB ooke rw he n i tba s e d hi s s e nt e nc e on apr e vi ous c o n v ic tio n th a t w a s n e ith e ra d m itte d b y h im , n o rf o u n d b y aju ry . W e b e g in w ith J u a r e z - C o r o n a ’s a r g u m e n t th a t h is s e n te n c e w a s im p r o p e r ly e n h a n c e d , a n d w e r e v ie w th e ap p lic a tio n o f s e c tio n 2 L 1 .2 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) d e n o v o . U ni t ed S t at es v. O rdun o-M i re l es , 40 5 F . 3d 96 0, 96 1 (11 th C i r. 20 05 ). Juar ez C o ro n a’ s arg u m en tth ath i s p rev i o u s co n v i ct i o n i n C al i fo rn i a d o es n o tq u al i fy as a drug tra ff

i cki ng offe nse, because the di stri ctcourtcoul d n otdet erm i ne w hether J u a r e z - C o r o n aw a s c o n v ic te d f o rp u r c h a s e o rp o s s e s s io n o f c o c a in e , f

a ils . A l though adi s tr i c tc our t“ c ons i de r i ng the appl i c a t i on of as e nt e nc i ng e nha nc e m e nt on the ba s i s of

ade f e nda nt ’ s r e c i di vi s m i s ge ne r a l l y r e qui r e d t o c ons i de ronl y the fa ctof conv i ct i on and the st atut ory def i ni t i on of the pri or offe nse, ” “ [a ] courtm ay l ook be hi nd the j udgm e ntof c onvi c t i on w he n i ti s i m pos s i bl e t o de t e rm i ne f r om the f a c e of the j udgm e ntors t a tut e w he the rthe pr i orc onvi c t i on s a t i s f i e s the e n h a n c e m e n t s ta tu te .” U n ite d S ta te s v . B r e itw e is e r , 3 5 7 F .3 d 1 2 4 9 , 1 2 5 4 - 5 5 ( 1 1 th C i r. 2 0 0 4 ) (i n t ern al q u o t at i o n m ark s o m i tt ed ); see al so S h ep ard v . U n i t ed S t at es,

___U .S . ___ , 1 2 5 S . C t. 1 2 5 4 , 1 2 6 3 ( 2 0 0 5 ) . T h e d is tr ic t c o u r t w a s r e q u ir e d to perf orm thi s t as k regardi ng Juar ez -C oron a’ s pre vi ou s c on vi ct i on i n C al i forni a,5

be c a us e , a s w a s the c a s e i n B r e i tw e i s e r , “ the s t a tut ory l a ngua ge of the pr i or c o n v ic tio n e n c o m p a s s e s s o m e o f f e n s e s th a t w o u ld s a tis f

y th e e n h a n c e m e n t s ta tu te a nd othe r s tha tw oul d not . ” 357 F . 3d a t1254- 55 ( i nt e rna l quot a t i on m a rks a nd al t er at i on s om i tt ed). T he di stri ctcourtcorr ec t l y e xam i ned “ ea si l y produ ce d and eval uat ed court doc um e nt s ” a nd de t e rm i ne d tha tJ ua r e z - C or ona ’ s pr e vi ous c onvi c t i on qua l i f i e d f or the se nt ence enhancem ent . Id. R ec ords of the previ ou s c on vi ct i on show ed that Juar ez -C oron a pl ea ded g ui l ty t o a cr i m e thatce rt ai nl y m ee t s the st andard of “ an offe nse und er. . . st at e . . . l aw thatproh i bi t s the . . . po ss es si on of a c on trol l ed subst ance . . . w i th i nt entt o m anufacture, i m po rt , expo rt , di stri bu t e, or di spense ” tha tc ontr ol l e d s ubs t a nc e . S e nt e nc i ng G ui de l i ne s § 2L 1. 2, c m t . ( n. 1( B ) ( i v) ) . T he di stri ctcourtthen correc t l y app l i ed the se nt ence enhancem entbase d o n Juare zC o r o n a ’s p r e v io u s d ru g tr a f f ic k in g o f f e n s e . W e nextturn t o Juare z- C oron a’ s tw o B oo ker a rgum ent s. B ec ause Juar ez C o r o n ad id n o t p r e s e rv e h is B o o k e ro b je c tio n in th e d is tr ic t c o u r t, o u rr e v ie w is lim ite d to p la in e rr o r . U n ite d S ta te s v . D o w lin g , 4 0 3 F .3 d 1 2 4 2 , 1 2 4 5 - 4 7 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . “A n ap p e lla te c o u r t m a y n o t c o rr e c t a n e rr o rth e d e f e n d a n t f a ile d to ra i se i n the di stri ctcourtun l es s there i s: (1) e rr or, (2) thati s pl ai n, and (3) that af fe ct s s ub st ant i al ri gh t s. If al l three cond i t i on s a re m et , an appel l at e c ou rtm ay6

the n e xe r c i s e i t s di s c r e t i on t o not i c e af or f e i t e d e rr or , butonl y i f

( 4) the e rr or se ri ou sl y a ff

ec t s the fa i rnes s, i nt egri ty, or pu bl i c r eput at i on of j ud i ci al p r o c e e d in g s .” I d . a t 1 2 4 7 ( in te rn a l c ita tio n s a n d q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) . J u a r e z - C o r o n a ’s a r g u m e n t r e g a r d in g s ta tu to ry e rr o ru n d e rB o o k e rf a ils . A l tho ug h the di stri ctcourterre d w hen i tse nt ence d Juare z- C oron a und era m a nda t ory G ui de l i ne s s y s t e m , a nd a f t e rB ooke r , tha te rr ori s pl a i n, U ni t e d S t a t e s v. R odr i gue z , 398 F . 3d 1291, 1298- 99 ( 11th C i r . 2005) , J ua r e z - C or onac a nnot es t abl i sh thatthe error a ff ec t ed hi s s ub st ant i al ri gh t s. T he di stri ctcourtnever even s ugge s t e d tha tJ ua r e z - C or ona ’ s s e nt e nc e , w hi c h w a s a tthe l ow e nd of the se nt enci ng ra ng e, w ou l d h ave been di ff er entun der a dv i sorygu i del i nes. Id. at 1 3 0 1 ; U n ite d S ta te s v . F ie ld s , 4 0 8 F .3 d 1 3 5 6 , 1 3 6 1 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ) . Juar ez -C oron a’ s a rgum entre gardi ng const i tut i on al error und erB oo ker, that the di s tr i c tc our te rr e d w he n i te nha nc e d hi s s e nt e nc e ba s e d on apr e vi ous c onvi c t i on tha tw a s ne i the ra dm i tt e d by hi m norf ound by aj ury , a l s o f

a i l s . A s the C o u r t e x p la in e d in B o o k e r , “A n y f a c t ( o th e rth a n ap r io rc o n v ic tio n ) w h ic h is n e c e s s a ry to s u p p o r t as e n te n c e e x c e e d in g th e m a x im u m a u th o r iz e d b y th e f a c ts e s t abl i s he d by apl e aof gui l ty oraj ury ve r di c tm us tbe a dm i tt e d by the de f e nda nt orpr ove d t o aj ury be y ond ar e a s onabl e doubt . ” 543 U . S . a t___, 125 S . C t . a t756 ( e m p h a s is a d d e d ) . “P o s t- B o o k e r , th is C o u r t h a s r e a f f irm e d th a t th e r e is n o S ix th7

A m e ndm e ntvi ol a t i on w he n adi s tr i c tc our te nha nc e s as e nt e nc e ba s e d on pr i or c onvi c t i ons , i nc l udi ng thos e s pe c i f i e d i n § 2L 1. 2( b) ( 1) ( A ) . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. G a l l e gos - A gue r o, ___ F . 3d ___, N o. 04- 14242, s l i p op. a t3 ( 11th C i r . M a y 18, 2 0 0 5 ) . I I I . CONCL US I ON E a c h o f J u a r e z - C o r o n a ’s th r e e a r g u m e n ts f a ils . F ir s t, th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id no terr w hen i tenhanced Juare z- C oron a’ s s ent ence , un der s ec t i on 2L 1. 2(b)(1)(A ), a f t e rthe c our tde t e rm i ne d tha thi s pr e vi ous c onvi c t i on i n C a l i f orni aw a s f

oradrug tra ff i cki ng offe nse. S ec on d, al tho ug h the di stri ctcourterre d w hen i tse nt ence d J ua r e z - C or onaunde ram a nda t ory gui de l i ne s y s t e m , J ua r e z - C or onac a nnot es t abl i sh thatthe error “ af fe ct ed hi s s ub st ant i al ri gh t s. ” D ow l i ng , 40 3 F . 3d at 12 47 . T hi rd, the di stri ctcourtdi d n otcom m i tconst i tut i on al error und erB oo ker w h e n it e n h a n c e d J u a r e z - C o r o n a ’s s e n te n c e b a s e d o n h is p r e v io u s c o n v ic tio n . A F F I R M E D .