- 521 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

GARLOCK v . 3DS PROPERTIES

Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### J oh n 

### A . G arlo c k a n d 

### J oh n 

### H . G a

appellees 

### , v 

### . 3 DS P roperties 

### , L

. L

a 

### N ebraska limited liability

c ompa n y 

### , et al 

### ., appella n t ___ N.W.2d ___

Filed July 5, 2019. No. S-18-336.

1. Arbitration and Award: Appeal and Error. In reviewing a decision to vacate, modify, or confirm an arbitration award, an appellate court is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the trial court’s ruling as to questions of law. However, the trial court’s factual findings will not be set aside on appeal unless clearly erroneous. 2. Arbitration and Award: Federal Acts: Contracts. Arbitration in Nebraska is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act if it arises from a contract involving interstate commerce; otherwise, it is governed by Nebraska’s Uniform Arbitration Act. When determining whether an arbi

tration clause is governed by the Uniform Arbitration Act or the Federal Arbitration Act, the initial question is whether the parties’ contract evi

dences a transaction “involving commerce” as defined by the Federal Arbitration Act. 3. Contracts: Real Estate. While more complex transactions may impli

cate interstate commerce, a simple contract for the sale of residential real estate is an inherently intrastate activity. 4. Arbitration and Award: Waiver. As a general rule, voluntary participa

tion in an arbitration proceeding on the merits of a dispute will result in a waiver or forfeiture of the right to later challenge arbitrability. In other words, a party may not voluntarily submit a dispute to arbitration and, after an unfavorable result, petition the courts to find the dispute was not arbitrable. 5. Arbitration and Award. If a party clearly and explicitly makes known to the arbitrator, prior to a hearing on the merits, that he or she objects to the arbitrability of an issue, that party’s participation in the arbitration will not preclude a later judicial challenge to arbitrability. Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/ 07/12/2019 12:05 AM CDT- 522 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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Cite as 303 Neb. 521

6. ____. A party who voluntarily participates in an arbitration proceeding without raising objection may not thereafter rely on Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2613(a)(5) (Reissue 2016) to support judicial vacatur. 7. ____. When a party seeks to confirm an arbitration award pursuant to the Uniform Arbitration Act, a court must confirm that award unless a party has sought to vacate, modify, or correct the award and grounds for such vacation, modification, or correction exist. 8. ____. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2612 (Reissue 2016) of the Uniform Arbitration Act does not allow for the exercise of discretion by the court when a request of confirmation is made where there has been no appli

cation for vacation or modification.


### Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: J ames 

### T

. G leaso n 

### , Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions
Douglas W. Ruge for appellant Ryan Basye.
William J. Bianco, of Bianco Stroh, L.L.C., for appellants 3DS Properties, L.L.C., and Keith Donner.
Justin D. Eichmann and Sarah E. Cavanagh, of Houghton, Bradford & Whitted, P.C., L.L.O., for appellees.

H eavi c a n 

### , C.J., M iller



### - L erma n 

### , C assel 

### , S ta c y 

### P

apik 

### , and F reude n ber g



### S ta c y 

### , The purchasers of a home filed suit against the sellers, alleging several defects in the home had been concealed. The district court stayed the lawsuit to permit either mediation or arbitration as provided in the purchase agreement, and the par

ties proceeded to arbitration. After an arbitration award was entered in favor of the sellers, the purchasers moved the district court to vacate the award, and the sellers moved to confirm it. The district court vacated the award, and the sellers filed this appeal. We reverse, and remand with directions to confirm the arbitration award.

BACKGROUND On or about March 26, 2015, John A. Garlock and John H. Garlock entered into a purchase agreement with 3DS- 523 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

GARLOCK v . 3DS PROPERTIES

Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### Properties, L.L.C. (3DS), for the sale of a home in Omaha, Nebraska. The sellers’ disclosure statement had been signed by 3DS member Keith Donner, and the home was listed by Ryan Basye, a licensed real estate agent in Nebraska. After closing, the Garlocks discovered problems with the home.

L awsui 

### On May 13, 2016, the Garlocks filed a complaint in the Douglas County District Court against 3DS, Donner, and Basye, alleging multiple theories of recovery, including a violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 76-2,120 (Cum. Supp. 2014), fraudulent con

cealment, false representation, negligent misrepresentation, and breach of contract. The complaint alleged the “Seller Property Condition Disclosure,” signed by Donner, misrepresented the condition of the home. In particular, the complaint alleged the disclosure statement falsely indicated that the roof did not leak, there was no damage to the roof, there was no water seepage in the basement, and there were no structural problems with the property. Paragraph 35 of the purchase agreement was entitled “Arbitration and Mediation” and provided in relevant part: B. Mediation: In the event of any Dispute, any party to the Dispute may seek non-binding mediation in an attempt to resolve the dispute by giving fifteen (15) days written notice of a request for such mediation to all other parties to the Dispute. . . . C. Arbitration: Any Dispute that is not resolved by informal settlement or mediation shall be resolved exclu

sively by binding arbitration. Such arbitration shall be administered by the American Arbitration Association and shall be conducted according to the American Arbitration Association’s Commercial Rules — Real Estate Industry Arbitration Rules (Including a Mediation Alternative). The arbiter(s) shall apply Nebraska substantive and pro

cedural law to the arbitration proceeding. Arbitration shall be commenced by written demand made by any one or more of the parties to the Dispute given to all other- 524 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### parties of the Dispute. . . . The prevailing party shall be entitled to costs and fees of the arbitration and, in the discretion of the arbitrator who shall take into account the relative merits of the opponent’s case, the arbiter may award attorney’s fees and arbitration costs to the prevail

ing party. (Emphasis omitted.) Above the signature line in the purchase agreement appeared a sentence which read: “This contract contains an arbitration provision which may be enforced by the parties.” (Emphasis omitted.) This sentence appeared in font which was bolded and capitalized, but was not underlined. On July 5, 2016, 3DS and Donner jointly moved to dismiss the lawsuit because the purchase agreement required that “any dispute not resolved by informal settlement or mediation shall be resolved exclusively by binding arbitration.” Shortly there

after, Basye filed a motion seeking to “[d]ismiss or [s]tay” the lawsuit for the same reason. A hearing was held on the motions, but our record does not include a transcription of that proceeding. After the hearing, the court entered an order staying the case and deferring ruling on the motions to dismiss. The court’s order, entered September 21, 2016, did not expressly order either mediation or arbitra

tion, but instead stayed the lawsuit “until such time as the par

ties have either entered into a form of mediation or by agree

ment . . . submit[ted] to arbitration as set forth in Paragraph C of Section 35.” No appeal was taken from this order. 1 

### Thereafter, the Garlocks filed a written demand for expedited arbitration, and all parties began the arbitration process. Approximately 6 months later, on March 22, 2017, the Garlocks filed what they styled a “Motion for Rehearing” asking the court to reconsider its order of September 21, 2016, staying the lawsuit. In support, the Garlocks alleged for the first time that the arbitration provision in the purchase

1 See Kremer v. Rural Community Ins. Co ., 280 Neb. 591, 788 N.W.2d

538 (2010) (order compelling arbitration or staying judicial proceedings pending arbitration is final order).- 525 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### agreement violated Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-2602.02 (Reissue 2016) of Nebraska’s Uniform Arbitration Act (UAA) 2 

### because certain language was not underlined. In response, 3DS and Donner filed another motion to dismiss, again asserting that the purchase agreement required the parties’ dispute to be settled by binding arbitration. On May 16, 2017, a hearing was held on all pending motions and evidence was adduced. Among the exhibits offered were affidavits of the Garlocks in which they averred they had ini

tiated arbitration proceedings, but were dissatisfied with (1) how costly and complex the arbitration process was, (2) the length of time the arbitration was taking, (3) the fact that they would “still need the services of an attorney” during the arbi

tration, and (4) the discovery limitations they had encountered in arbitration. The Garlocks’ affidavits stated that if they had known these things in advance, they would not have agreed to arbitrate. After receiving evidence and hearing argument, the court took all motions under advisement. At the time of the hearing, all parties were aware that an arbitration hearing was set for June 12 and 13, 2017, in Omaha. However, no party advised the court of this fact, and no party asked to stay or enjoin the imminent arbitration hearing. 3 

### Instead, the arbitration took place as scheduled and was completed before the district court ruled on either the Garlocks’ motion to reconsider or the motion to dismiss filed by 3DS and Donner. All parties to the district court action participated in the arbitration hearing, and all were represented by counsel.

A rbitrati 

### After the Garlocks filed a written demand for expedited arbi

tration, the parties selected an arbitrator and the proceedings

2 Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-2601 to 25-2622 (Reissue 2016).

3 See § 25-2603(b) (“[o]n application, the court may stay an arbitration

proceeding commenced or threatened on a showing that there is no agreement to arbitrate”).- 526 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

GARLOCK v . 3DS PROPERTIES

Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### were expanded to include discovery and a multiday hearing. The parties agreed to have a court reporter present for thearbitration hearing, which was held in Omaha at an agreedupon location. All parties consented to participate in the arbitration and agreed to be bound by it. Before the arbitration hearing, Basye’s attorney sent an email addressed to the arbitration company and the Garlocks’ attorney, stating: “By this email, my client consents and agrees to be bound by the arbitration. This is contingent on a substantially similar representation by the other parties.” At the start of the arbitration hearing on June 12, 2017, the Garlocks’ attorney asked the arbitrator to confirm, on the record, each party’s consent to arbitrate. The arbitrator then individually confirmed the parties’ agreement to proceed with the arbitration and to be bound by it. During the 2-day arbitration hearing that followed, more than 70 exhibits were offered and 12 witnesses testified. An arbitration award was issued July 14, 2017. The award began by addressing procedural issues and expressly stated that before the arbitration hearing, and again during the hear

ing, a question was raised whether all parties had agreed to be bound by arbitration. The arbitrator found that “all Respondents agreed in writing to waive any challenge to the binding nature of the arbitration proceedings” and that “[t]he Parties also made the same representation on the record before the close of [the] Hearing.” Additionally, the arbitrator acknowledged he had been advised that the Garlocks had “a pending motion before the state court regarding reconsidera

tion of its remand of this matter to arbitration” but that they had “agreed to move forward with the arbitration.” The arbi

trator further stated: “No motion for continuance was made or pending at the time of [the arbitration] Hearing and no court order presented.” The arbitrator’s award then discussed the merits of the Garlocks’ claims and found there was “no credible evidence to support” any of the Garlocks’ claims against 3DS, Donner, or Basye. The arbitrator ordered the Garlocks to pay the costs of- 527 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### the arbitration and ordered each party to pay their own attor

ney fees.

C ompeti ng 

### M otio n s to

a n d 

### C o nf irm 

### A rbitr 

### On August 11, 2017, the Garlocks filed, in the district court action, an “Application to Vacate” the arbitration award. The motion asserted three grounds for vacating the award: (1) The arbitrator was partial to the defendants, (2) the award was con

trary to Nebraska public policy, and (3) the arbitrator refused to postpone the arbitration hearing despite a pending motion for rehearing in the district court action. On September 12, 2017, 3DS and Donner filed another motion to dismiss, this time alleging the lawsuit should be dismissed because binding arbitration had been completed by the parties. Thereafter, on November 14, 3DS and Donner filed a motion seeking judicial confirmation of the arbitra

tion award. On November 17, 2017, a hearing was held before the dis

trict court on all pending motions. Evidence was adduced, and the matter was taken under advisement.

O rder 

### F i n di ng 

### A rbitrati

a n d 

### V a c ati ng 

### In an order entered March 8, 2018, the district court noted that while the motion for rehearing of its order staying the lawsuit was under advisement, “the parties proceeded with arbitration.” It recognized that the Garlocks were now seeking to vacate the arbitration award, while 3DS and Donner were seeking to confirm it. The court first took up the motion for rehearing and found that the arbitration provision in the purchase agreement was unenforceable, citing § 25-2602.02 and reasoning: [T]he language “This contract contains [an] arbitration provision which may be enforced by the parties” was not underlined as required by Statute. Although the language was set forth in bold face type, this does not comply with- 528 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### [§ 25-2602.02] and our Court has required strict compli

ance with this Statute in order to enforce [an] arbitration clause. [Citation omitted.] This failure is fatal to the enforcement of the arbitration clause. The court also stated: “Because this court is of the opinion that the motion for rehearing should be granted, the Court must determine that the arbitration proceedings which the parties involved themselves in while this matter was under advise

ment, are a nullity.” The court then sustained the Garlocks’ motion to vacate the arbitration award, reasoning that the parties “would not have participated in arbitration but for the exigent circumstances and for that reason, this Court determines that the arbitration itself was void.” The court also ordered that the costs of the arbitration be reallocated so that the plaintiffs and defendants were each responsible for one-half of the costs. Finally, the court denied both the motion to dismiss and the motion to con

firm the arbitration award.

V

arious 

### M otio n s 

### A f ter 

### V

a c ati ng 

### A rbitratio 

### In response to the March 8, 2018, order vacating the arbi

tration award, the defendants filed several motions on March 12, including a motion to reconsider and a motion to alter or amend. The motion to reconsider alleged that because the parties had “willingly participated” in arbitration and agreed to be bound by the results, it was immaterial that the arbitra

tion clause in the purchase agreement did not comply with § 25-2602.02 of the UAA. The motion also alleged there was no evidence to support the court’s finding that arbitration took place only due to “exigent circumstances.” The motion to alter or amend was filed only by Basye. He generally alleged the court had improperly applied the UAA to invalidate the arbi

tration agreement when the agreement was governed by the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). 4

4 9 U.S.C. §§ 1 to 16 (2012).- 529 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

GARLOCK v . 3DS PROPERTIES

Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### In an order entered March 20, 2018, the court overruled the motion to reconsider and the motion to alter or amend. 3DS, Donner, and Basye filed a joint notice of appeal on March 31, appealing from the orders of March 8 and 20.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 3DS, Donner, and Basye assign, restated and consolidated, that the district court erred by (1) implicitly finding that the FAA did not apply, (2) finding the arbitration provision in the purchase agreement was unenforceable under the UAA, (3) vacating the arbitration award, and (4) failing to confirm the arbitration award.

STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] In reviewing a decision to vacate, modify, or confirm an arbitration award, an appellate court is obligated to reach a conclusion independent of the trial court’s ruling as to ques

tions of law. 5 

### However, the trial court’s factual findings will not be set aside on appeal unless clearly erroneous. 6



### ANALYSIS

A ppli c able 

### [2] Before addressing the arbitration issues raised by the parties on appeal, we consider whether our analysis is gov

erned by the UAA or the FAA. Arbitration in Nebraska is governed by the FAA if it arises from a contract involving interstate commerce; otherwise, it is governed by the UAA. 7 

### When determining whether an arbitration clause is governed by the UAA or the FAA, the initial question is whether the par

ties’ contract evidences a transaction “involving commerce” as defined by the FAA. 8

5 Ronald J. Palagi, P.C. v. Prospect Funding Holdings , 302 Neb. 769, 925

N.W.2d 344 (2019); State v. Henderson , 277 Neb. 240, 762 N.W.2d 1 (2009).

6 Id.

7 Ronald J. Palagi, P.C., supra note 5.

8 Id.- 530 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### The U.S. Supreme Court has interpreted the term “involv

ing commerce” in the FAA as the functional equivalent of the more familiar term “affecting commerce”—words of art that ordinarily signal the broadest permissible exercise of Congress’ Commerce Clause power. 9 

### As such, we have held the FAA “‘embodies Congress’ intent to provide for the enforce

ment of arbitration agreements within the full reach of the Commerce Clause.’” 10 

### We applied this reasoning in Wilczewski v. Charter West Nat. Bank 11 

### to hold that an arbitration provision in a purchase agree

ment for the sale of residential property was governed by the FAA because the residential property was being sold by a bank as part of a foreclosure. We reasoned: The nationwide impact of residential real estate lend

ing was a central focus of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, which Congress passed in response to a national financial crisis. Generally, residential real estate lending affects interstate commerce. And the sale to the [buyers] was merely the last step of [the selling bank’s] loan, foreclosure, acquisition of title, and resale of its security. 12 

### But in Wilczewski , we confined our holding to the foreclosure sale at issue, which was part of a “comprehensive practice or activity of lending money on residential real estate, enforc

ing liens, acquiring title, and reselling.” 13 

### And even though the commercial transaction in Wilczewski culminated in the sale of a residential home, we distinguished it from transac

tions that “merely addressed individual sales of residential

9 Wilczewski v. Charter West Nat. Bank , 295 Neb. 254, 889 N.W.2d 63

(2016).

10 Id. at 260, 889 N.W.2d at 68.

11 Wilczewski, supra note 9.

12 Id. at 263, 889 N.W.2d at 69-70.

13 Id . at 264, 889 N.W.2d at 70.- 531 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### real estate” 14 

### and left for another day the question of “whether the FAA applies to a simple contract for the sale of residential real estate.” 15 

### 3DS, Donner, and Basye argue that the FAA applies to the purchase agreement in this case, because “[i]nstruments of interstate commerce were utilized.” 16 

### They point to the use of the internet to advertise the property and the purchase of appli

ances when preparing the house for sale. But in Wilczewski , we held that such tangential details should not control. 17 

### Rather, we determined the proper inquiry is whether the “program or activity” at issue affects interstate commerce. 18 

### [3] In Wilczewski , interstate commerce was affected because the sale was part of a program or activity of loaning money secured by residential real estate. But here, the activ

ity involved nothing more than a simple contract for the sale of residential real estate. Although there was evidence that 3DS and Donner are engaged in the business of acquiring and reselling residential real estate for profit, we find this case presents “a simple contract for the sale of residential real estate.” 19 

### And, while more complex transactions may impli

cate interstate commerce, we hold that a simple contract for the sale of residential real estate is an inherently intrastate activity. 20 

### On the facts of this case, the UAA governs the purchase agreement. The district court did not err in applying

14 Id.

15 Id.

16 Brief for appellant Basye at 25.

17 Wilczewski, supra note 9.

18 Id . at 264, 889 N.W.2d at 70.

19 Id.

20 See, Garrison v. Palmas Del Mar Homeowners Ass’n., Inc. , 538 F. Supp. 2d 468 (2008); Saneil v. Robards , 289 F. Supp. 2d 855 (W.D. Ky. 2003); SI V, LLC v. FMC Corp. , 223 F. Supp. 2d 1059 (N.D. Cal. 2002); Cecala v. Moore , 982 F. Supp. 609 (N.D. Ill. 1997); Bradley v. Brentwood Homes, Inc. , 398 S.C. 447, 730 S.E.2d 312 (2012).- 532 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### the UAA rather than the FAA. The first assignment of error has no merit.

J urisdi c ti 

### Having determined the UAA governs the purchase agree

ment in this case, we next address our jurisdiction to consider this interlocutory appeal. It is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it, even where no party has raised the issue. 21 

### Section 25-2620 of the UAA provides: (a) An appeal may be taken from: (1) An order denying an application to compel arbitra

tion made under section 25-2603; (2) An order granting an application to stay arbitration made under subsection (b) of section 25-2603; (3) An order confirming or denying confirmation of an award; (4) An order modifying or correcting an award; (5) An order vacating an award without directing a rehearing; or (6) A judgment or decree entered pursuant to the provi

sions of the [UAA]. (b) The appeal shall be taken in the manner and to the same extent as from orders or judgments in a civil action. This appeal was taken from an order that denied confirmation of an arbitration award and vacated an award without directing a rehearing. We therefore have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to § 25-2620(a)(3) and (5), and it is unnecessary to consider whether the orders appealed from are also final, appealable orders under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902 (Reissue 2016). 22



### W

aiver o f 

### C halle ng e to 

### A rbitrab 

### The trial court’s order of March 8, 2018, and the parties’ briefs on appeal focus primarily on the enforceability of the

21 See McCullough v. McCullough , 299 Neb. 719, 910 N.W.2d 515 (2018).

22 See, generally, Kremer, supra note 1.- 533 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### arbitration provision in the purchase agreement and the arbitra

bility of the parties’ dispute. But given the procedural posture of this case and the parties’ agreement on the record before the arbitrator to proceed with arbitration of their dispute, we first address whether the Garlocks’ challenge to arbitrability has been waived in this case. After the litigation was stayed by the district court to per

mit mediation or arbitration—an order from which no party appealed 23 

### —all parties voluntarily submitted to and completed binding arbitration. And they did so despite a pending motion for rehearing before the district court that ordered the stay. The arbitrator found that “all Respondents agreed in writ

ing to waive any challenge to the binding nature of the arbitration proceedings” and that “[t]he Parties also made the same representation on the record before the close of [the] Hearing.” Nebraska’s appellate courts have not yet addressed whether, or under what circumstances, a party’s participation in an arbi

tration proceeding without objection may result in a waiver of that party’s right to subsequently challenge arbitrability under state law. But many other states and several U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal have considered the question. 24 

### [4,5] As a general rule, these courts hold that voluntary participation in an arbitration proceeding on the merits of a dispute will result in a waiver or forfeiture of the right to later challenge arbitrability. 25 

### In other words, a party may not volun

tarily submit a dispute to arbitration and, after an unfavor

able result, petition the courts to find the dispute was not

23 See id.

24 See Annot., Participation in Arbitration Proceedings as Waiver of Objections to Arbitrability Under State Law, 56 A.L.R.5th 757 (1998).

25 Id. , §§ 2 and 3. See 21 Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts

by Samuel Williston § 57:102 (4th ed. 2017) (“one who voluntarily and without objection participates in arbitration proceedings waives the right to object thereafter to the arbitrability of previously decided issues”).- 534 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### arbitrable. 26 

### If, however, a party clearly and explicitly makes known to the arbitrator, prior to a hearing on the merits, that he or she objects to the arbitrability of an issue, that party’s participation in the arbitration will not preclude a later judicial challenge to arbitrability. 27 

### The principle that a party may waive arbitrability by not timely objecting has been effectively codified under the UAA, which authorizes judicial vacatur of an arbitration award when “[t]here was no arbitration agreement and the issue was not adversely determined in proceedings under section 25-2603, and the party did not participate in the arbitration hearing without raising the objection [.]” 28 

### In the instant case, the conduct of the Garlocks resulted in a waiver of the right to challenge arbitrability. After the district court stayed the lawsuit pending either mediation or arbitra

tion, the Garlocks initiated arbitration proceedings. Six months later, the Garlocks asked the district court to reconsider its stay, but they did not seek a judicial stay of the ongoing arbitration proceedings under § 25-2603(b) despite the fact that the arbi

tration hearing was imminent. Instead, the Garlocks voluntarily proceeded with the arbitration hearing and never raised an objection to arbitrability before the arbitrator. To the contrary, they expressly agreed on the record to be bound by the deci

sion of the arbitrator, and they asked the arbitrator to secure similar agreements on the record from all other parties, which he did. Thus, while it is possible for a party to participate in

26 See, e.g., Howard Univ. v. Metro. Campus Police Officer’s Un. , 512 F.3d 716 (D.C. Cir. 2008); Fortune, Alsweet & Eldridge, Inc. v. Daniel , 724 F.2d 1355 (9th Cir. 1983); Bacon Const. Co. v. Dept. of Public Works , 294 Conn. 695, 987 A.2d 348 (2010); First Health Group Corp. v. Ruddick

, 393 Ill. App. 3d 40, 911 N.E.2d 1201, 331 Ill. Dec. 971 (2009).

27 See, e.g., Opals on Ice Lingerie v. Body Lines Inc. , 320 F.3d 362 (2d Cir. 2003); AGCO Corp. v. Anglin , 216 F.3d 589 (7th Cir. 2000); Azcon Const. Co. v. Golden Hills Resort , 498 N.W.2d 630 (S.D. 1993).

28 § 25-2613(a)(5) (emphasis supplied).- 535 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### an arbitration and still preserve an objection to arbitrability, the Garlocks did not do so here. We find, on this record, that all parties voluntarily submitted their dispute to arbitration without objecting to arbitrability, and thereby waived the right to seek a judicial determination that the dispute was not arbitrable.

C ourt 

### E rred i n 

### R ul 

### M otio n f or 

### R eh 

### In their second assignment, 3DS, Donner, and Basye argue the district court erred when it found the arbitration provision in the purchase agreement was unenforceable. Given the con

text and timing of the court’s finding in that regard, we agree the court erred. The court’s finding on arbitrability was not made until after the parties had agreed to be bound by the arbitrator’s decision, had participated in the arbitration hearing, and had received the arbitrator’s award. Fully aware that the parties’ dispute had already been arbitrated, and with the complete record of the arbitration proceeding offered into evidence on the competing motions to vacate and confirm the arbitration award, the court nevertheless granted an earlier motion for rehearing and then concluded, after the fact, that the entire arbitration was a nul

lity because the arbitration provision in the purchase agreement was unenforceable under the UAA. But by the time the court ruled on the motion for rehearing, the parties had already consented to, and completed, arbitra

tion. Once the arbitration award was entered, challenges to that award—including claims that there was no enforceable arbitration agreement—were properly taken up in the context of the Garlocks’ motion to vacate the award. Thus, instead of ruling on a motion for rehearing that could no longer provide the relief sought, the district court should have proceeded directly to consideration of the Garlocks’ application to vacate the arbitration award and the competing motion to confirm the award brought by 3DS and Donner.- 536 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### E rror to 

### V a c ate 

### A U

n der 

### § 25-26 Section 25-2613 provides in relevant part: (a) Upon application of a party, the court shall vacate an award when: (1) The award was procured by corruption, fraud, or other undue means; (2) There was evident partiality by an arbitrator appointed as a neutral or corruption in any of the arbitra

tors or misconduct prejudicing the rights of any party; (3) The arbitrators exceeded their powers; (4) The arbitrators refused to postpone the hearing upon sufficient cause being shown therefor, refused to hear evidence material to the controversy, or otherwise so conducted the hearing, contrary to the provisions of section 25-2606, as to prejudice substantially the rights of a party; (5) There was no arbitration agreement and the issue was not adversely determined in proceedings under sec

tion 25-2603, and the party did not participate in the arbi

tration hearing without raising the objection; or (6) An arbitrator was subject to disqualification pur

suant to section 25-2604.01 and failed, upon receipt of timely demand, to disqualify himself or herself as required by such section. The fact that the relief was such that it could not or would not be granted by a court of law or equity is not ground for vacating or refusing to confirm the award. The Garlocks sought to vacate the award on three grounds: (1) The arbitrator was “partial to the Defendants,” (2) the award was “contrary to the public policy” of Nebraska, and (3) the arbitrator “refused to postpone” the arbitration hearing. The Garlocks’ first and third grounds for vacatur are recog

nized in § 25-2613, and their second ground (that the award was contrary to public policy) was recognized by this court in- 537 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

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### State v. Henderson 29 

### as a reason to refuse to enforce an arbitra

tion award. But at the hearing on the motion to vacate, the Garlocks did not offer evidence to support any of these three grounds. Instead, they offered only the record of the proceedings before the arbitrator and argued the question of arbitrability, claiming the “arbitration clause [in the purchase agreement] is void.” [6] As stated, § 25-2613(a)(5) authorizes vacating an arbi

tration award when “[t]here was no arbitration agreement and the issue was not adversely determined in proceedings under section 25-2603, and the party did not participate in the arbi

tration hearing without raising the objection [.]” Because the Garlocks voluntarily participated in the arbitration hearing without raising any objection to arbitrability, they may not now rely on § 25-2613(a)(5) to support judicial vacatur. Without evidence to support any of the three grounds raised in the Garlocks’ application, and because the Garlocks cannot rely on § 25-2613(a)(5) to support their request for judicial vacatur, it was error for the district court to vacate the arbitra

tion award.

E rror 

### N ot to 

### C o nf irm 

### A U

n der 

### § 25-26 Section 25-2612 provides: Within sixty days of the application of a party, the court shall confirm an award, unless within the time limits hereinafter imposed grounds are urged for vacat

ing or modifying or correcting the award, in which case the court shall proceed as provided in sections 25-2613 [vacating an award] and 25-2614 [modifying or correct

ing an award]. [7,8] When a party seeks to confirm an arbitration award pursuant to the UAA, a court must confirm that award unless

29 Henderson, supra note 5 (holding court may refuse to enforce arbitration award contrary to public policy that is explicit, well defined, and dominant).- 538 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 303 N ebraska R eport

GARLOCK v . 3DS PROPERTIES

Cite as 303 Neb. 521



### a party has sought to vacate, modify, or correct the award and grounds for such vacation, modification, or correction exist. 30 

### We have stated that “§ 25-2612 does not allow for the exer

cise of discretion by the court when a request of confirmation is made where there has been no application for vacation or modification.” 31 

### Here, no party sought to modify the award, and the Garlocks’ application to vacate the award was meritless. As such, it was error to overrule the application to confirm the award. Instead, the district court should have confirmed the arbitra

tion award pursuant to § 25-2612 and then entered judgment in conformity therewith pursuant to § 25-2615. For the sake of completeness, we also note that absent a timely application to modify under § 25-2614, it was plain error for the district court to modify the arbitration award by reallocating the arbi

tration expenses. 32



### CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we find the second, third, and fourth assignments of error have merit and we reverse, and remand with directions to confirm the arbitration award and to enter judgment in conformity therewith. R eversed a n d rema n ded with dire c t

30 See Drummond v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. , 280 Neb. 258, 785

N.W.2d 829 (2010).

31 Id . at 262, 785 N.W.2d at 833.

32 See § 25-2611 (“[u]nless otherwise provided in the agreement to arbitrate,

the arbitrators’ expenses and fees together with other expenses, not including counsel fees, incurred in the conduct of the arbitration shall be paid as provided in the award”).