19-2771-cv

A.L.M. v. Board of Managers of the Vireum Schoolhouse Condominium

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED 

BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY 

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY 

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York on the

4th day of November two thousand twenty-one.

Present: ROSEMARY S. POOLER,

EUNICE C. LEE,

 Circuit Judges.

PAUL A. ENGELMAYER,

1

District Judge.

_____________________________________________________

A.L.M., A MINOR, BY AND THROUGH HER PARENT 

AND GUARDIAN, SCOTT M. MOORE, SCOTT M. MOORE,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. 19-2771-cv

BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE VIREUM SCHOOLHOUSE 

CONDOMINIUM, 

Defendant-Appellee.

_____________________________________________________

Appearing for Appellants: Scott M. Moore, Moore International Law PLLC, New York, N.Y.

1 Judge Paul A. Engelmayer, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, 

sitting by designation.
2

Appearing for Appellee: William H. Bave, Wilson, Bave, Conboy, Cozza & Couzens, P.C., 

White Plains, N.Y.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Román, J.).

ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment of said District Court be and it hereby is AFFIRMED. 

A.L.M. appeals from the August 2, 2019 judgment of the United States District Court for 

the Southern District of New York (Román, J.) granting the motion for summary judgment made 

by Board of Managers of the Vireum Schoolhouse Condominium (“Board”). A.L.M. sued,

asserting claims under the Fair Housing Act (“FHA”) and Civil Rights Act (“CRA”). A.L.M. 

alleged that the Board discriminated against her on the basis of her race, sex, age, and national 

origin. A.L.M. asserted a post-acquisition hostile housing environment claim under Sections 

3604 and 3617 of the FHA, as well as claims under Sections 1981 and 1982 of the CRA, which 

prohibit racial discrimination in making and enforcing contracts and in the purchase of, sale of, 

and actions relating to, real and personal property. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

underlying facts, procedural history, and specification of issues for review.

A plaintiff bringing a post-acquisition hostile housing environment claim under Section 

3617 of the FHA “must plead and prove (1) that she was subjected to harassment that was 

sufficiently pervasive and severe so as to create a hostile housing environment; (2) that the 

harassment was because of the plaintiff’s membership in a protected class; and (3) that a basis 

exists for imputing the allegedly harassing conduct to the landlord.” Pierre v. Lantern Grp. 

Found., Inc., No. 14-CV-8449 (JMF), 2016 WL 3461309, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 20, 2016).

“Whether hostile environment harassment exists depends upon the totality of the circumstances.”

24 C.F.R. § 100.600(a)(2)(i). The “[f]actors to be considered . . . include . . . the nature of the 

conduct, the context in which the incident(s) occurred, the severity, scope, frequency, duration, 

and location of the conduct, and the relationships of the persons involved.” Id. § 100.600(a)(2)

(i)(A). “Whether unwelcome conduct is sufficiently severe or pervasive . . . is evaluated from the 

perspective of a reasonable person in the aggrieved person’s position.” Id. § 100.600(a)(2)(i)(C).

Here, the district court set out two independent grounds for its dismissal of A.L.M.’s 

hostile housing environment claim.

First, the district court determined that A.L.M. failed to raise a question of material fact 

as to whether a hostile housing environment existed. It noted that the only instances of alleged

conduct that could be attributed to the Board, one of the Board’s members, or a Vireum resident 

acting in concert with the Board were the pattern of banging, stomping, and scraping noises 

coming from the unit above the unit occupied by A.L.M. and her family (“Moore Family”), and 

the pattern of behavior in which Vireum residents would intersect, come unwantedly close to, or 

temporarily block, Moore Family members as they came to or from their unit (“Intersecting 

Behavior”). We are unpersuaded, however, that a reasonable juror could not find that the Moore 

Family experienced a pervasive and severe hostile housing environment. There was evidence—

acknowledged by the district court—that the noises from the upstairs unit were “excessive” and 
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frequent; that, in 2010, after several years enduring such alleged harassment, the Moores hired a 

private investigator to assist them; that Scott Moore later commenced a log that came to 

chronicle more than 100 instances of Intersecting Behavior; that, on at least four occasions, 

packages of the Moore Family’s had been damaged, but no other Vireum resident’s had been; 

that the Moore Family’s car had been damaged; and that the Moore Family moved out of the unit 

in 2012.

However, even assuming that the evidence raised a material issue of fact as to whether

the challenged conduct was sufficiently pervasive or severe, A.L.M. fails to adduce evidence

sufficient to establish that the harassment occurred because of her membership in a protected

class—as the district court held in the second basis for its ruling. A.L.M.’s claim was that the

hostile behavior was directed at her on account of her Chinese race and national origin, as well as 

her sex and age. The record lacks any evidence of direct discrimination. “When, as here, a 

plaintiff brings a claim under the FHA that does not rest on direct evidence of landlord 

discrimination, we analyze the claim under the familiar McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting 

framework first developed in Title VII cases. Plaintiffs have specific, ‘reduced’ pleading burdens 

in cases subject to the McDonnell Douglas analysis.” Francis v. Kings Park Manor, Inc., 992 

F.3d 67, 73 (2d Cir. 2021) (citations and footnote omitted). A plaintiff must plausibly allege that 

she “(1) is a member of a protected class, (2) suffered an adverse action, and (3) has at least 

minimal support for the proposition that the housing provider was motivated by discriminatory 

intent.” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 311 (2d Cir. 

2015)).

A.L.M. argues that John Mulazzi and Thomas Elders’ discriminatory intent can be 

inferred because (1) Mulazzi made faces at A.L.M. on two occasions after A.L.M. moved into 

the Vireum; (2) Mulazzi allegedly identified the Moore “family” as the target of his harassment, 

rather than just Scott Moore individually; and (3) A.L.M. and her family were the only residents 

suffering the noise and Intersecting Behavior. In their testimony, members of the Moore Family 

suggest that the harassment was occurring on account of A.L.M.’s protected status. But these 

conclusory assertions, particularly in self-serving testimony, cannot give rise to a reasonable 

inference of discriminatory animus. See Haber v. ASN 50th St. LLC, 847 F. Supp. 2d 578, 586 

(S.D.N.Y. 2012) (“However, conclusory allegations of this nature alone cannot support a prima 

facie case of housing discrimination.”). To hold that A.L.M. raised a question of material fact as 

to discriminatory intent on these facts would require this Court to make an impermissible 

“speculative inference” that the alleged conduct occurred because of racial, or otherwise 

discriminatory, animus. Francis, 992 F.3d at 74.

To the contrary, the record contains ample evidence of non-discriminatory reasons for the 

harassing conduct toward the Moore Family. Among other things, there was evidence of longstanding antagonistic relations between Scott Moore and the Board relating to the operation of 

the building. The record includes, for example, email exchanges with the Board in which the 

Moores attempted to limit Vireum residents’ use of the condominium’s common areas, such as 

prohibiting them from gardening in front of the Moore Family’s unit, limiting the use of their 

parking spots, or standing in the parking area. Those exchanges indicate that the personal 

relations between the Moores and the Vireum Board and residents had irreparably broken down, 

for reasons independent of A.L.M.’s race and national origin or other protected characteristics.
4

A.L.M.’s CRA claims fail for similar reasons. Section 1981 provides that “[a]ll persons 

within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory 

to make and enforce contracts . . . as is enjoyed by white citizens.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a). Section 

1982 provides that “[a]ll citizens of the United States shall have the same right, in every State 

and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and 

convey real and personal property.” Id. § 1982. To establish a claim under these sections, a 

plaintiff must prove “the following elements: (1) the plaintiff is a member of a racial minority; 

(2) an intent to discriminate on the basis of race by the defendant; and (3) the discrimination 

concerned one or more of the activities enumerated in the statute.” Mian v. Donaldson, Lufkin & 

Jenrette Sec. Corp., 7 F.3d 1085, 1087 (2d Cir. 1993). As with A.L.M.’s claims under the FHA, 

she has not presented evidence sufficient to raise a question of fact as to whether her race, 

national origin, sex, or age was a motivating factor in any of the alleged conduct. 

We have considered the remainder of A.L.M.’s arguments and find them to be without 

merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED. Each side to bear 

its own costs.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk