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Smithsonian Institution Launches Amphibian Rescue Center in Panama/ Smithsonian 

Conservation Biology Institute and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 

Scientists from the Smithsonian Institution (“Smithsonian”) Conservation Biology Institute 

(“SCBI”) and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (“STRI”), working together as part of the 

Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, opened a new safe haven for endangered 

amphibians on April 8. The state-of-the-art, $1.2 million amphibian center at STRI’s Gamboa 

field station expands on the capacity of the El Valle Panama amphibian conservation center to 

implement a national strategy to conserve Panama’s amphibian biodiversity by creating captive 

assurance populations. Together, these initiatives form the largest dedicated facility for 

amphibian conservation in Latin America. The center features a working lab for scientists, a 

quarantine space for frogs collected from the wild, and amphibian rescue pods capable of 

holding up to 10 species of frogs. In the working lab, SCBI scientists will continue research 

focusing on things like a cure for the chytrid fungus. Seven amphibian rescue pods house the 

amphibian collection and colonies of insects needed to feed them. 

The new rescue lab will be crucial to ongoing breeding efforts and breakthroughs, such as the 

recent successful hatching of the endangered Poison Dart Frog [Andinobates geminisae] by SCBI 

and STRI scientists. A study by scientists at the SCBI, which was published in March in the 

Proceedings of the Royal Society, found unique communities of skin bacteria on Panamanian 

golden frogs that survived chytridiomycosis infections. Chytridiomycosis is an amphibian fungal 

disease that has wiped out populations of many frog species around the world.

[Image: Untitled/ Brian Gratwicke/ Panama’s Golden Frog, a national icon now only found in 

human care, has also been successfully raised in captivity.] 

Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Conducts Second of Three Radar Mappings of the 

Moon/National Air and Space Museum

Much of the Moon is blanketed by a thick layer of dust, built up from the rocky surface over 

billions of years by the impacts of small meteorites. Hidden beneath the dust is evidence of 

ancient geologic activity – great volcanic eruptions, tectonic shifts in the crust, and vast 

deposits of once-molten material hurled outward during the formation of the giant impact 

basins. Smithsonian scientists, using the world’s two largest radio telescopes, bounce radar 

signals off the Moon to map these geologic features up to 30 meters below the surface. Radio 

signals have a much longer wavelength than visible light, so they penetrate far into the dry 

lunar dust and reflect back from boulders and rugged surfaces beneath. The radar maps are 

created by measuring with great precision the round-trip time of the echoes and the shifts in 

frequency created by the slow spin of the Moon. These images look like photographs, 

complete with shadows cast by the lunar mountains, but the illumination is provided entirely by 

the transmitted signal. As a result, radar can “see” into craters near the Moon’s poles that are 
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never lit by the Sun, which are of great interest as traps for icy material delivered to the surface 

by comets.

[Image: Untitled /Bruce Campbell/ The image provided captures the Moon as seen by radar at 

a 70 centimeter wavelength, with the North Pole at bottom center. The dark circular pattern 

comes from the shape of the beam created by the transmitting system. Younger craters with 

rugged floors and rims are very bright.] 

Smithsonian Helps Discover New Species of Dwarf Dragons/National Museum of Natural 

History

Three new species of dragon-esque woodlizards have been discovered in the Andean cloud 

forests of Peru and Ecuador. The new species differ from their closest relatives in scale,

features, color, and DNA. A paper describing and naming the creatures was published on April 

6, 2015, in the open access journal ZooKeys by Omar Torres-Carvajal of the Museo de Zoología 

QCAZ, Ecuador; Kevin de Queiroz of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, and 

Pablo Venegas, CORBIDI, Peru.

Finding three new species of woodlizards is unusual given that these reptiles are among the 

largest and most colorful lizards in South American forests. Woodlizards (Enyalioides) are 

diurnal and live in lowland tropical rainforests, such as the Chocó and western Amazon basin, as 

well as cloudforests on both sides of the Andes. The new species described by Torres-Carvajal 

et al. increases the number of species of woodlizards to 15. Nearly 40 percent of the total 

number of known woodlizard species have been discovered in the last seven years.

[Image: Untitled / Luis A. Coloma / Adult male of the newly discovered woodlizard “Enyalioides 

altotambo,” found in the Chocoan rainforests of northwestern Ecuador. Not including its tail,

this specimen is 119 millimeters (4.68 inches) long.]

2015 Smithsonian Folklife Festival to Focus on Perú/Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

The 2015 Smithsonian Folklife Festival (“Festival”) will present the culture of Peru on the 

national mall June 24-28 and July 1-4. Using a case study approach, the Perú: Pachamama

curatorial team traveled to Perú to inquire into and document the distinct relationships 

between the Peruvian people, the physical environment, and the challenges of industrialization

and globalization. On these trips, curators Olivia Cadaval and Cristina Díaz-Carrera collaborated 

with Peruvian co-curator Rafael Varón Gabai and local researchers to identify 100 traditional

practitioners around 12 case studies, whose work would show cultural persistence and creative 

reformulation of traditions. The case study approach provided multifaceted and holistic views 

of 12 groups for presentation at the Festival. The cultural practitioners will demonstrate and 

talk about their work at the Festival and the research performed enabled the curators to select 

participants whose narratives would effectively express to Festival visitors how they are able to 

sustain their values and ways of life. In addition to the Festival, this research will become the 
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basis of extensive web-based outreach, including approximately 30 videos, before being 

archived as a resource for future scholars.

[Image: Untitled / Joshua Eli Cogan / Sisters Katya and Blanca Canto, gourd engravers from 

Huancayo, have carried on the traditional family craft.] 

Great Inka Road Exhibition Project/National Museum of the American Indian

Cusco, capital of Tawantinsuyu and center of the Inka universe, remains effective as a living 

nucleus of Inka heritage. During the Inka State, Cusco maintained schools and training centers, 

led by experienced teachers brought in from various regions of the empire. Cusco was the 

center of political power, knowledge, and wisdom existing at that time. As such, Cusco is the 

ideal location for any research related to the Inka culture. It is the region known as the "heart" 

of the Inka Empire, where the language, beliefs, customs, and material culture remain firmly 

conserved. The project organized a cross-disciplinary team of archaeologists, architects, 

engineers, historians and anthropologists, including scholars from the Municipality of Cusco, all 

of whom generated voluminous new information that made possible the first scientific 

approximation on the actual dimensions and layout of Cusco, particularly terracing, at the 

moment of contact with the Spanish. The work involved an exacting topographical study of 

archaeological remains, comparison with other examples of Inka architecture in the region, 

study of specialized literature, examination of colonial textual sources, and comparison with the 

information provided in historical archives. Additional architectural information was provided 

by the Gerencia de Gestión del Centro Histórico of the City of Cusco. The integration of all 

these sources of information in scientific discussion allowed us to produce the rigorous plans 

necessary to draw a new and innovative virtual model of the ancient Inka capital. As a result of 

the research the team was able to reconstruct the three-dimensional layout of Cusco and the 

surrounding valley. The information gathered was used in the creation of the exhibition 

devoted to the Great Inka Road. 

[Image: Cusco Valley Overview / Ricardo Mar, J.A. Beltrán-Caballero / This diagram shows the 

topography of the Cusco Valley, agricultural terraces, and the Inka city.]