Filed 7/28/17 ; Certified for Publication 8/15/17 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ALEKSEI E. SVIRIDOV,
Plaintiff an d Appellant,

v. CITY OF SAN DIEGO et al ., Defendant s and Respondent s
. D069785

(Super. Ct. No. 37

- 2008

- 00080855

- CU

- WT

- CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joel R. Wohlfeil, Judge. Affirmed.
Law Office of Milton J. Silverman and Milton J. Silverman, for Plaintiff and Appellant. Mara W. Elliott, City Attorney, George Schaefer, Assistant City Attorney and Meghan A. Wharton, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendants and Respondents.2 INTRODUCTION
Aleksei E. Svir idov appeals a judgment after the trial court awarded the City of San Diego and the San Diego Police Department ( collectively the City or defendants ) $90,387.28 in costs. Sviridov contends the City is not entitled to costs based upon
Williams v. Chino Val ley Independent Fire Dis t. (2015) 61 Cal.4th 97 , 99 ( Williams ) , which held that in actions based upon the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA; Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.), costs should not be awarded under Government Code section 12965, subdiv ision (b) , t o a defendant against an unsuccessful FEHA plaintiff " unless the plaintiff brought or continued litigating the action without an objective basis for believing it had potential merit. " ( Williams , supra , at pp. 99

– 100.)
Sviridov also contends t he Public Safety Officer s Procedural Bill of Rights Act (POBRA; Gov. Code, § 3300 et seq.) prohibits an award of costs for the defense of his POBRA
claim unless the action was frivolous or brought in bad faith. (Gov. Code, § 3309.5.) The City contends ne ither of these statutes applies because the City i s entitled to its costs
pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 998 1 since Sviridov rejected multiple statutory settlement offers and did not obtain a more favorable result

. W e conclude the City is ent itled to costs pursuant to section 998 and we affirm the judgment.

1 Further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise stated.3 BACKGROUND
A This appeal follows three prior appeals in this court , Sviridov v. San Diego City
Civil Service Commission (Nov. 22, 2010, D055109 ) [nonpub. opn.] ( Sviridov I ) , Sviridov v. Ci ty of San Diego (Oct. 13, 2011, D056801 ) [nonpub. opn.] ( Sviridov II ) , and Sviridov v. City of San Diego (Mar. 20, 2015, D064634 ) [nonpub. opn.] ( Sviridov III )

. 2
In Sviridov I, we described the background pertaining to Sviridov ' s November
2007 terminati on of his employment as a police officer, his October 2008 reinstatement and payment of back pay and benefits, Sviridov ' s failure to return to work thereafter, and
his second termination . In the first appeal, Sviridov challenged an order denying his petit ion for administrative mandamus in which he sought a determination by the Civil Service Commission of the City of San Diego on the merits of his challenge to his first
termination. We concluded Sviridov ' s administrative c laim was moot in light of the
deci sion to reinstate Sviridov and to pay his back pay and benefits.
The second appeal , Sviridov II , involved a demurrer and motion for summary judgment on Sviridov ' s third amended complaint asserting claims for wrongful termination stemming from his second termination , among others . We affirmed the summary judgment but reversed the trial court ' s order sustaining defendants ' demurrer to
Sviridov ' s ninth breach of contract cause of action and remanded the matter with

2 On our own motion, we take judicial notice of our prior unpublished appellate opinion s
. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459; C al. Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(b)(1); Fink v. Shemtov (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1171.)4

directions to grant Sviridov leave to ame nd his complaint to state a cause of action under the POBRA and/or to seek appropriate mandamus relief. Following remand, Sviridov filed a fourth amended complaint seeking relief under POBRA without pursuing a writ of mandate. The court entered judgmen t after a bench
trial order ing Sviridov ' s reinstatement as a police officer and award ing him back pay and
benefits. W e reversed the judgment in Sviridov III concluding Sviridov was not entitled
to POBRA relief because Sviridov did not timely appeal his te rmination with the office of the chief of police as required by a memorandum of understanding with the San Diego
Police Officers ' Association. We remanded the matter with directions to enter judgment in favor of the City and stated the City was entitled t o costs on appeal.
B After the remittitur, t he City filed a memorandum of costs seeking $90,387.28

. This included $46,489.01 in costs previously awarded after summary judgment was entered in favor of the City in 2010 , with interest thereon , as well a s s ubsequent costs. Sviridov moved to strike the City ' s cost bill in its entirety contending Williams,

supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 and POBRA preclude recovery of costs. He did not challenge any particular item of cost or the reasonableness of the costs requested. The City opposed the motion to strike stating it was entitled to costs as the prevailing party under section s 1032 and 998 and neither POBRA nor Williams precluded recovery of costs for the majority of claims in this case. The City presented evidence that it served Sviridov with three statutory settlement offers under section 998 offering to waive costs in exchange for a dismissal of the action at separate key times throughout the5

litigation from 2008 through 2010 , after initial investigation of the s uit, prior to trial, and after the grant of summary judgment . Sviridov rejected each offer. As a result, the City
contended it was entitled to costs under section 998

. Sviridov did not respond to the section 998 argument in his reply to the City's
op position , and he did not challenge the reasonableness of the statutory settlement offers. Rather, Sviridov r eiterated his position that since all of his claims were intertwined with FEHA claims, costs should not be awarded unless the action was objectivel y groundless
b ased upon Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 and Roman v. BRE Properties, Inc. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1040, 1062 , footnote 20 ( Roman )

. 3 The court denied the motion to strike stating Williams , supra , 61 Cal.4 th 97 did not apply because the on ly claim to survive to trial was the POBRA claim and
Gover n ment Code section 3309.5 does not bar recovery of ordinary costs by a prevailing party. The court entered judgment in favor of the City and award ed the City its costs as requested.
DISCUSSION
I
We review a trial court ' s prevailing party det ermination and an award of costs for
abuse of discretion. W e independently review questions of law. ( Litt v. Eisenhower
Medical Center (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 1217, 1221.) In doing so, we review the court ' s

3 The appellate court in Roman concluded , unless a FEHA claim is frivolous " only those costs properly allocated to non

- FEHA claims may be recovered by the prevailin g defendant " under section 1032. ( Roman , supra , 237 Cal.App.4th at p. 1062.)6

r uling, not its reason for the ruling. ( Davey v. Southern Pacific Co. (1897) 116 Cal. 325, 329.)
II
Sviridov contends approximately $70,000 in costs awarded as a result of the summary judgment motion should be precluded by Government Code section 12965 an d Williams, supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 because the costs claimed were primarily incurred for litigation of his FEHA claims and the judge who granted summary judgment denied the City ' s motion for attorney fees stat ing Sviridov did not prevail " because of a failur e of proof , " not because the action was " c ompletely unreasonable, frivolous or meritless. "
Sviridov also contends the remaining $20,000 reflecting costs incurred in defense of the POBRA action should be precluded by the POBRA statute. The Cit y contends t hese statutes do not apply because Sviridov rejected reasonable statutory settlement offers and
it is entitled to costs pursuant to section 998, subdivision (c)(1)

. T he general rule for civil cases is " [e] xcept as otherwise expressly provided by
statute, a prevailing party is entitled as a matter of right to recover costs in any action o r proceeding. " (§ 1032, subd. (b).) In actions brought under FEHA, Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b)

states , " the court, in its discretion, may award to th e prevailing party ... reasonable attorney ' s fees and costs, including expert witness fees. " The Supreme Court in Williams,

supra, 61 Cal.4th 97 held this provision for a discretionary cost award is an " express exception " to section 1032, subdivision (b) ' s mandate to award costs to a prevailing party. ( Williams, at p. 105.) In authorizing discretionary awards of attorney fees and costs7

under Government Code section 12965, subdivision (b ) , the Legislature " sought ' to
encourage person s injured by discriminat ion to seek judicial relief. ' " ( Williams, at
p. 112.) Because the statute makes awards for costs and attorney fees discretionary, the Supreme Court determined the Legislature intended the court to exercise its discretion in
the same manner for both and the rule established by Christiansburg Garment Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n (1978) 434 U.S. 412 [98 S.Ct. 694, 54 L.Ed.2d 648] applied to both attorney fees and costs. ( Williams, at pp. 114

– 115.) Under this standard, the court concluded " a prevailing defendant , ..., should not be awarded fees and costs unless the court finds the action was objectively without foundation when brought, or the plaintiff continued to litigate after it clearly became so. " ( Id . at p. 115.)
A third statute is at is sue here , however, because the City made statutory offers to
settle Sviridov ' s claim pursuant to section 998. Former s ubdivision (c)(1) of section 998 provide d , " If an offer made by a defendant is not accepted and the plaintiff fails to obtain
a more favo rable judgment or award, the plaintiff shall not recover his or her postoffer
costs and shall pay the defendant ' s costs from the time of the offer. In addition, in any action or proceeding other than an eminent domain action, the court ..., in its discretio n, may require the plaintiff to pay a reasonable sum to cover costs of the services of expert witnesses,

... , actually incurred and reasonably necessary in either, or both, preparation
for trial

... , or during trial

... , of the case by the defendant. " 4

4 Section 998, subdivision (c) was amended effective January 1, 2016 , to limit expert witness costs to those incurred postoffer. ( Id. , subd. (c)(1); Stats

. 2015 , ch

. 345 , § 2, eff

. Jan

. 1, 2016. ) Previously, and at the time judgment was entered in this case, the8

Section 998 is itself an exception to section 1032 ' s provision that only a prevailing party is entitled to costs. (See Scott Co. v. Blount Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1103, 1112 [ " Section 998 modifies the general rule of section 1032

. " ].) It makes an award of
ordinar y costs mandatory against a plaintiff who did not accept a statutory offer to compromise and failed to obtain a more favorable judgment . It also g ives the court
discretion to award reasonable expert witness costs. Section 998 is " ' a cost

- shifting

statut e which encourages the settlement of actions, by penalizing parties who fail to accept reasonable pretrial settlement offers. A plaintiff who refuses a reasonable pretrial settlement offer and subsequently fails to obtain a " more favorable judgment " is
pe nalized by a loss of prevailing party costs and an award of costs in the defendant ' s favor. ' " ( Guerrero v. Rodan Termite Control, Inc. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1435, 1440.)
In Seever v. Copley Press, Inc. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1550, 1562, the appellate c ourt explained that section 998 " is designed to create economic incentives on both parties to settle rather than try their lawsuits. To do so, both sides must face some economic consequences if it turns out they miscalculate and lose. Thus, seldom would a court properly deny a successful defendant its entire section 998 cost award, even in a FEHA

case. " (See Holman v. Altana Pharma US, Inc. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 262, 281 [nothing in Gov. Code, § 12965 expressly disallows an award of expert costs under § 998 to a prevailing FEHA defendant].)

court had the prerogative to award expert witness costs incurred prior to the offer. ( Regency Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2006) 39 Cal.4th 507, 5 33.)9

Sviridov did not respond substantively in his reply brief to the City ' s argument that
Williams does not apply because the court properly awarded costs under section 998

. Rather, he asserted , with no analysis or ci tation to legal authority , " just as [ Williams , supra , 61 Cal.4th 97 ], precludes a prevailing defendant from recovering costs under

sect ion 1032, subd [ ivision ] (b) , " then " so does Williams preclude a
... successful defendant from recovering as a prevailing pa rty under ... section 998. " We deem the
failure to support this statement with reasoned argument a forfeiture

. " ' " When an appellant [ asserts a point] but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to authority, we treat the point as waived [or forfeited 5 ]. " ' [Citation.] ' We are not bound to develop appellants ' arguments for them. ' " ( Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Elec tric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 939, 956.) Failure to address any deficiency of the record regarding section 998 issue discus sed in the respondents ' brief similarly forfeits any error. ( Christoff v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. (2005) 13 4 Cal.App.4th 118, 125; Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 2016 ) ¶ 9:77.1.)
Even if we were to consider Sviridov ' s perfunctory argument, a blanket application
of Williams to preclude section 998 costs unless the FEHA claim was objectively groundless would erode the public policy of encouraging settlement in such cases. (See
Williams , supra , 61 Cal. 4th at p. 108 [where a trial court has discretion under both Gov.
Code , § 12965, subd. (b) and § 998, the court " should consider the policies behind both

5 "[T]he correct legal term for the loss of a right based on failure to timely assert it is 'forfeiture,' because a person who fails to preserve a claim forfeits that claim. In contrast, a waiver is the ' "intentional relinquishment or abandonment o f a known right." ' " ( In re S.B . (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293, fn

. 2.)10

statutes " ].) Sviridov has not established the court did not properly consider the policies
of both pr ovisions in making the award in 2015. We also conclude Government Code section 3309.5 does not preclude an award of
costs in this case related to the P OBR A action, particularly in light of the applicability of section 998. Government Code section 3309.5, subdivision (d)(2) states, " If the court finds that a bad faith or frivolous action or a filing for an improper purpose has been brought pursuant to this chapter, the court may order sanctions against the party filing the action, the party ' s attorney, or both, pursuant to Sections 128.6 and 128.7 of the Code of
Civil Procedure. Those sanctions may include, but not be limited to, reasonable expenses, including attorney ' s fees, incurred by a public safety department as the court deems appropriate. Nothing i n this paragraph is intended to subject actions or filings under this section to rules or standards that are different from those applicable to other civil actions or filings subject to Section 128.6 or 128.7 of the Code of Civil Procedure

. " (Italics adde d.) This is a sanction statute allowing the court to impose sanctions against a party and/or his or her attorney for frivolous actions brought under POBRA . The final sentence plainly states this statute does not create " rules or standards " for POBRA that are different from those applicable to " other civil actions

. " ( Ibid. ) This statute is not an express exception to sections 1032 or 998.11 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. Respondents shall recover their costs on appeal.

McCONNELL, P. J.
WE CO NCUR:

NARES, J.

HALLER, J.Filed 8/15/17 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ALEKSEI E. SVIRIDOV,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

CITY OF SAN DIEGO et al.,

Defendant s and Respondents. D 069785

(Super. Ct. No. 37

- 2008

- 00080855

- CU

- WT

- CTL )

ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION
FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:2

The opinion in this case filed on July 28 , 2017, was not certified for publication. It appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request s pursuant to rule 8.1120(a) for publication are
GRANTED. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c) ; and ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official Reports. McCONNELL, P. J.

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