COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Causey, Raphael and Senior Judge Clements

Argued at Leesburg, Virginia

VALTHEA COURTNEY FRY

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1747-22-4 JUDGE DORIS HENDERSON CAUSEY

MARCH 26, 2024

DAVID SOSNOWSKI

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY

Christie A. Leary, Judge

John F. Haugh (Shannon D. Lemm; Weisberg & Weisberg, P.L.L.C., 

on briefs), for appellant.

Heather L. Mehigan (Shulman, Rogers, Gandal, Pordy & Ecker, 

P.A., on brief), for appellee.

Valthea C. Fry (“mother”) appeals from several rulings associated with, and including, the 

trial court’s modification of her visitation rights with respect to her daughter with David Sosnowski 

(“father”). She contends that the trial court erred by ordering her to undergo a psychological 

evaluation and pending the results of that evaluation, limiting her to supervised visitation with 

daughter on terms set by father and counselors. Mother asserts that the evidence failed to support 

the trial court’s finding that she coached her daughter and interfered with her educational, mental 

health, and medical providers. Mother also contends that the trial court abused its discretion by 

ruling that she violated the trial court’s discovery orders and by imposing sanctions in the form of

attorney fees and exclusion of her experts’ evidence at the modification hearing. Moreover, mother 

contests the trial court’s denial of her motions for a continuance. We affirm in part, reverse in part, 

and remand the case for further proceedings.

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND1

Father filed for divorce on June 11, 2019. 2 During the divorce proceedings, the parties 

appeared before the trial court in a custody dispute regarding their minor daughter, then two

years old. On October 22, 2019, at the conclusion of a contentious five-day hearing in which 

mother alleged that father had abused her and their daughter, the trial court found that mother’s 

allegations were unfounded and awarded father primary physical custody of daughter, with the 

parents to share legal custody. Further, the trial court found that daughter had been “highly 

coached” by mother to “say negative things about [father].” The trial court granted mother 

visitation every other weekend and two weekdays after daycare or school. Mother was also 

granted a “FaceTime” call on the days daughter was not visiting mother. Both parents had 

permission to visit daughter at daycare, “if permitted by the daycare.” 

Shortly before the trial court rendered its custody decision in October 2019, mother 

visited daughter’s pediatrician and stated that father had abused mother, including “peeing” on 

mother, and that daughter had told mother that father had also “peed on” daughter. A few weeks 

after the trial court’s custody decision, the pediatrician discharged daughter from the practice. In

a letter dated November 24, 2019, the pediatric practice explained that “[a] successful, and safe, 

patient-physician relationship depends upon the maintenance of a level of mutual trust, 

courtesy.” It concluded that, “based upon the recent conversations and behavior displayed by 

1

“We view the evidence, and reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom, in the 

light most favorable to father, the prevailing party before the trial court.” Rainey v. Rainey, 74 

Va. App. 359, 368 n.1 (2022). 

2 Portions of the record in this case were sealed. Nevertheless, the appeal necessitates 

unsealing relevant portions of the record to resolve the issues appellant has raised. Evidence and 

factual findings below that are necessary to address the assignments of error are included in this 

opinion. Consequently, “[t]o the extent that this opinion mentions facts found in the sealed 

record, we unseal only those specific facts, finding them relevant to the decision in this case. 

The remainder of the previously sealed record remains sealed.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294 Va. 

283, 288 n.1 (2017).
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[mother] towards our providers . . . [,] neither the essential level of trust nor [the] ability to 

mutually conduct our business in a reasoned manner exists . . . .” 

On July 22, 2020, before the final divorce decree was entered, mother filed a motion to 

reconsider or for a new trial.3 Among other allegations, she asserted that father had tampered 

with evidence and was continuing to abuse their daughter by “peeing” on her. On August 13, 

2020, the trial court denied mother’s motion and suspended the final decree until it could decide 

whether sanctions against mother were appropriate. Following a hearing, the trial court ruled 

that mother’s motion was ungrounded and made in bad faith. Accordingly, on October 16, 2020, 

it awarded father approximately $20,000 in attorney fees, and the divorce became final. 

On September 21, 2020, daughter’s preschool forbade mother from “parking lot visits”

with daughter. In May 2021, mother sought relief from the school licensing division because she 

believed that denying her access to her daughter while her daughter was enrolled at the daycare 

was unlawful. In June 2021, the daycare disenrolled daughter. 

In May 2021, mother and father agreed that daughter needed therapy because she was 

having nightmares “every night.” Clinical social worker Kathryn Bly provided therapy to 

daughter from May 2021 to July 2022. Initially, daughter reported to Bly that she was “having 

nightmares about dad peeing on her because Mom . . . was whispering Dad was peeing in her ear 

and that was giving her nightmares.” In June 2021, daughter told daycare personnel that “Mom 

said I will never see Dad again.” 

In July 2021, Bly spoke with the daycare director, Katara Blythe, by phone. As reflected 

in Bly’s notes, Bly learned during the call that daughter had stated, “Mommy said she will make 

daddy go to jail.” Blythe told Bly that daughter did not want to leave school with her mother. 

3 She also filed a motion to set aside the court’s ruling based on fraud. Mother later 

withdrew that motion. 
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Blythe related that mother “yelled [and] cursed” and had been “banned” from school. Blythe 

stated that mother had “called [the] licensing [agency] multiple times—all unfounded.” “[The]

retaliating [sic] led to [daughter’s] disenrollment.”

The next month, during an August 2021 therapy session, daughter stated during play that 

“Dad has to go away for 40 years for his protection.” Father later told Bly he had heard daughter 

state that “Mom was becoming so powerful that when she grows up, she could become so angry 

that she could kill her.” Bly asked child protective services to investigate whether mother was 

abusing daughter by coaching her to make false allegations of abuse against father and by 

threatening to change her therapist. After an investigation, CPS recommended that mother 

refrain from attending therapy appointments and that she allow her daughter to consult with her 

therapist without interference. CPS also recommended that mother refrain from telling daughter 

that father “had done anything to her.” 

On August 2, 2021, father filed a motion seeking sole legal custody of daughter based on 

a change in circumstances. He asserted that mother “ha[d] taken active steps to interfere with 

and harm [daughter]’s welfare, education, and medical and health care.” Father sought sole legal 

custody, limitation of contact between mother and child’s school, medical and therapy providers, 

and mother’s exclusion from therapy and medical appointments. He asked that the court limit 

mother’s pickup to father’s house or, alternatively, only from school or daycare at the end of 

school hours. Further, father asked that the court prohibit mother from filing complaints about 

daughter’s caretakers and providers without father’s consent. Father sought attorney fees, costs, 

and “further relief as the nature of th[e] cause . . . require[d].”

4

4 Mother, in turn, filed a motion to amend the original custody order. Mother asked that 

the court award physical custody of daughter to her, with visitation for father, or alternatively, 

shared physical custody of daughter. Mother also requested that the parties share legal custody 

and decision making. The trial court’s ultimate denial of mother’s motion is not the subject of 

this appeal.
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In October 2021, Bly noted that daughter reported that mother was telling her to tell Bly 

“that Daddy pees on her but that that is not the actual truth.” By mid-November 2021, daughter 

became fearful of visiting mother’s house and referred to her mother as a “monster.” When Bly 

met with mother in late November 2021, mother told Bly that daughter had stated and “act[ed]

out” that father was “peeing on her.” Bly responded that daughter had not “acted that out”

during therapy. 

Between December 2021 and late January 2022, daughter told Bly that “[s]he[] [was] 

worried about seeing her Mom” and that “Mommy makes me have these nightmares,” referring 

to nightmares about her father “peeing” on her. Daughter stated that her mother entered her 

room while she was sleeping and “whisper[ed] in [her] ear, ‘Daddy pee pees on me.’”

In February 2022, Bly received a call from daughter’s teacher, Mr. Kenny, relating that 

daughter came to school with “dark circles under her eyes” after spending the weekend with 

mother. Moreover, Mr. Kenny related that daughter had asked him at least 20 times to check on 

her so that mother “doesn’t get me.” Daughter reported to Bly that she was “scared” to visit 

mother. Bly reported her concerns to CPS because daughter’s “worries and nightmares were 

escalating” since the first report. After an investigation, CPS issued a letter in July 2022,

concluding that no further services were warranted. 

Discovery

A two-day hearing on the parents’ respective motions seeking modification of the 

existing custody and visitation terms was originally scheduled for March 2022, but was 

continued to August 9-10, 2022. The parties exchanged discovery requests in preparation for the 

hearing. Father filed three motions to compel discovery and two motions for sanctions. 

Following a hearing on August 5, 2022, the trial court ruled that mother had failed to comply
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with its two prior orders compelling discovery and sanctioned her by ruling that her expert 

witnesses could not testify at the modification hearing or provide evidence. 

August 9-10, 2022 Hearing

During the hearing on the parties’ motions, mother admitted that she presented daughter 

to her pediatric practice shortly before the original custody hearing to assess a bruise on 

daughter’s cheek. She admitted that, the month after the hearing, the pediatric practice 

discharged daughter based on mother’s behavior toward its providers, but she denied that she had 

an argument with personnel there. Mother admitted further that she did not disclose the 

discharge to father. 

Mother agreed that she had visited her daughter at daycare on days she had no visitation 

rights and recorded all of her interactions with the daycare personnel without their knowledge. 

Mother stated that she never agreed with father’s selection of Bly as a therapist, but since father 

had ultimate decision-making authority, she believed she had no choice. Further, mother 

admitted that, after father was awarded primary physical custody, she hired professionals to 

assess daughter without consulting father in preparation of her motion to reconsider challenging 

the original custody decision. 

Both CPS workers testified that they had investigated complaints about mother during 

Bly’s therapy. CPS worker Micole Walker testified that she received a complaint that mother 

was coaching daughter to make “statements that her father had peed on her, telling her daughter 

that she was not going to see her father again, that they was [sic] going to change her therapist, 

and that . . . it was causing [daughter] to have nightmares.” CPS worker Elizabeth Jaramillo 

testified that she investigated a complaint that mother was mentally abusing daughter. 

Bly testified that daughter reported nightmares during therapy about father “peeing on 

her” because mother “was whispering Dad was peeing in her ear.” Daughter also expressed fear 
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that mother was privy to what daughter was saying to Bly during their sessions. Daughter also 

reported nightmares about her mother “becom[ing] a judge.” In March 2022, Bly provided her 

progress notes to mother’s attorney in response to a subpoena and was deposed. That same 

month, daughter “stopped communicating as directly about her nightmares pretty abruptly . . . .” 

Daughter told Bly that she was no longer having nightmares as frequently and, if she did, the 

nightmares were about “My Little Pony.” Two weeks before the hearing, Bly stopped treating 

daughter because daughter was no longer sharing as much about her nightmares. Moreover, 

while father reported that daughter was still having nightmares, mother stated she was not. Bly 

noted “there was a shift” from helping daughter with nightmares to “navigat[ing] some conflict”

in the parents’ relationship. 

Dr. Stacey Hoffman, an expert in clinical forensics and psychology, testified that she had 

evaluated daughter in July 2022 and, in connection with that evaluation, she had interviewed 

daughter five times. Mother refused to speak with Dr. Hoffman, but Dr. Hoffman observed 

father with daughter and noted that he appeared very engaged and “there was a lot of laughter.”

In Dr. Hoffman’s opinion, daughter perceived father as “a calm, consistent individual.” 

Dr. Hoffman opined that daughter was anxious about an “intense loyalty conflict”

between her parents. Daughter did not want to anger her mother but perceived that mother 

would be angry if the visitation schedule did not change and that daughter was “supposed to 

change the schedule.” Dr. Hoffman found no evidence indicating that father was coaching 

daughter but noted that, based on her review of the depositions and other material, “the 

data . . . w[as] . . . consistent” with the conclusion that mother was coaching her and “engaging 

in alienating behavior.” Dr. Hoffman also noted that, if mother was telling daughter what to say 

to her therapist, that could have a “significantly negative impact upon the child.” To address 

daughter’s anxiety, Dr. Hoffman recommended that she see a qualified therapist accustomed to 
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handling “high conflict situations” and that an expert parent coordinator counsel the parents. But 

Dr. Hoffman cautioned that therapy could not resolve daughter’s anxiety if the “stressor”

continued to be present in her life. 

Dr. Hoffman did not opine directly that mother was alienating daughter, cautioning that 

she did not have sufficient involvement in daughter’s case to form an opinion. She explained 

that alienation could range from mild to severe and that, in “mild” cases, “the intervention is 

typically to help work with the parent or parents” and help them understand how their actions or 

inactions play a role in a child’s distress. In “severe cases,” when parents are unresponsive or 

unwilling to follow recommendations, Dr. Hoffman recommended removing the child from the 

alienating parent for 30 to 90 days, with possible supervised visitation with the alienating parent. 

Based on the data collected, clinicians could “determine whether or not th[e] [alienating] parent 

can be integrated into the child’s li[f]e in a healthy way.” If the alienating parent was

“unwilling, [or] too impaired,” then “in very rare cases . . . th[e] contact with that parent is 

significantly limited or supervised or some combination thereof.” 

Father testified that daughter began having daily nightmares in March 2021 and that they

persisted for over a year. He stated that, due to mother’s behavior, daughter had lost her 

pediatrician, her school, and her therapist. Father also expressed concern that daughter witnessed 

her mother recording school personnel and father, “not healthy things for anybody to see.” 

The trial court found that daughter suffered from anxiety “due to what she believes is her 

responsibility to address custody and visitation challenges at home.” The trial court also found 

that father and daughter had “a wonderful, supportive, and nurturing relationship.” It determined 

that mother’s relationship with daughter was “fraught with problems” and that mother’s 

interference had resulted in daughter’s discharge from her pediatrician, her therapist, and her 

daycare. Moreover, the trial court found that mother was attempting to coach daughter into 
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making false accusations against her father, causing daughter to “struggle[] with attempting to 

pacify her mother.” It noted that, despite CPS recommendations that mother not attend therapy 

with daughter, mother ignored the suggestion and “continue[d] to engage in behavior that 

suit[ed] her needs, but not necessarily those of her daughter.” The trial court found that mother 

was “fixated on her ability to control what is going on in [daughter]’s care rather than her best 

interest.” The trial court noted that mother did not “offer any information as to . . . how she is 

putting her daughter’s needs first, and . . . this conflict prevents [her] from appropriately 

assessing and providing for [daughter]’s needs.” It found that mother’s “persistent attempts . . . 

to coach [daughter] into saying and believing that her father pees on her and in her mouth” had 

“been a persistent theme since the party’s divorce” and that mother’s testimony in that regard 

was not credible. Moreover, the trial court observed that mother had devoted so much time to 

recording her interactions with daughter that her “singular focus [wa]s her own agenda and 

motives,” not her daughter. It found that mother’s “coaching and alienating behavior” had 

caused daughter “emotional trauma necessitating therapeutic intervention” and that mother’s 

actions demonstrated that she was incapable of co-parenting with father. 

Based on those findings, the trial court awarded father sole legal custody of daughter. 

With respect to visitation, the trial court ordered mother to undergo a forensic psychological 

examination to assess her parenting abilities and to address “why she is putting her needs above

that of her daughter’s.” It ruled that mother’s visits with daughter would be supervised “until 

and unless there is a recommendation from a professional that [mother] is capable of reconciling 

the harm that she’s causing her daughter and her behavior, and that [mother] develops a plan to 

prevent this from continuing to happen.” The court also ordered that visitation would be 

supervised by a “third-party supervisor” at mother’s expense and father would have the “final 

say” regarding the selection of the supervisor. It ruled that father would consult with the 
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supervisor and determine the schedule of the visits. The court observed that it did not “want to 

set down a specific schedule that may not work for th[e] supervisor.” It also ruled that mother 

could have no contact with daughter’s school, medical, daycare, therapy, or extra-curricular 

providers. Instead, father was to keep mother apprised of “developments . . . in any of those 

realms.” 

The trial court asked the parties to provide a list of potential candidates to perform the 

parenting evaluation, with the court making that selection. It found that daughter required 

therapy and that father would be responsible for the selection of the therapist, but neither parent 

would have access to the therapy records. 

On October 20, 2022, mother filed a motion for reconsideration, a trial de novo, and for 

recusal of the presiding judge. On October 21, 2022, the trial court entered an order reflecting its 

ruling at the conclusion of the modification hearing in August 2022. On November 14, 2022, the 

trial court denied mother’s October 2022 motion without a hearing. This appeal follows.

ANALYSIS

I. Modification of Visitation from Unsupervised to Supervised

“We review the trial court’s decisions on custody and visitation for an abuse of 

discretion.” Rainey v. Rainey, 74 Va. App. 359, 376 (2022). “A trial court ‘by definition abuses 

its discretion when it makes an error of law.’” Id. at 377 (quoting Chaney v. Karabaic-Chaney, 

71 Va. App. 431, 434 (2020)). “[W]e review the trial court’s statutory interpretations and legal 

conclusions de novo.” Chaney, 71 Va. App. at 434 (alteration in original) (quoting Navas v. Navas, 

43 Va. App. 484, 487 (2004)). “We begin our analysis by recognizing the well-established 

principle that all trial court rulings come to an appellate court with a presumption of 

correctness.” Wynnycky v. Kozel, 71 Va. App. 177, 192 (2019) (quoting Stiles v. Stiles, 48 

Va. App. 449, 453 (2006)). “In matters of custody, visitation, and related child care issues, the 
- 11 -

court’s paramount concern is always the best interests of the child.” Id. at 193 (quoting Bedell v. 

Price, 70 Va. App. 497, 504 (2019)). “A trial court’s determination with regard to [custody and] 

visitation is reversible only upon a showing that the court abused its discretion.” Id. (alteration 

in original) (quoting Bedell, 70 Va. App. at 504). “[A]bsent clear evidence to the contrary in the 

record,” we presume that the trial court correctly applied the law. Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 377

(quoting Milam v. Milam, 65 Va. App. 439, 466 (2015)). With regard to factual issues, we place 

great weight on the trial court’s decision and will not disturb it “unless plainly wrong or without 

evidence to support it.” Id. “[T]his deferential standard of review ‘rests on the venerable belief 

that the judge closest to the contest is the judge best able to discern where the equities lie.’” Id.

(quoting Wynnycky, 71 Va. App. at 193).

“[T]rial courts are vested with broad discretion in making the decisions necessary to 

guard and to foster a child’s best interests.” Khalid-Schieber v. Hussain, 70 Va. App. 219, 228 

(2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328 (1990)). “When a 

party has filed a petition to modify an existing visitation order, the courts must apply the 

Supreme Court’s two-pronged test enunciated in Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606 (1983), to determine 

whether modification of that order is proper.” Rhodes v. Lang, 66 Va. App. 702, 709 (2016).

“That test asks, ‘first, has there been a change in circumstances since the most recent custody 

award; second, would a change in custody be in the best interests of the children.’” Id. (quoting 

Keel, 225 Va. at 611). “Whether a change of circumstances exists is a factual finding that will 

not be disturbed on appeal if the finding is supported by credible evidence.” Denise v. Tencer, 

46 Va. App. 372, 395 (2005) (quoting Ohlen v. Shively, 16 Va. App. 419, 423 (1993)).

A circuit court must consider the factors delineated in Code § 20-124.3 in reaching its 

custody and visitation decision. Cloutier v. Queen, 35 Va. App. 413, 425 (2001). Those factors 

include:
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1. The age and physical and mental condition of the child, giving 

due consideration to the child’s changing developmental needs;

2. The age and physical and mental condition of each parent;

3. The relationship existing between each parent and each child, 

giving due consideration to the positive involvement with the 

child’s life, the ability to accurately assess and meet the emotional, 

intellectual, and physical needs of the child;

4. The needs of the child, giving due consideration to other 

important relationships of the child, including but not limited to 

siblings, peers, and extended family members;

5. The role that each parent has played and will play in the future, 

in the upbringing and care of the child;

6. The propensity of each parent to actively support the child’s 

contact and relationship with the other parent, including whether a 

parent has unreasonably denied the other parent access to or 

visitation with the child;

7. The relative willingness and demonstrated ability of each parent 

to maintain a close and continuing relationship with the child, and 

the ability of each parent to cooperate in and resolve disputes 

regarding matters affecting the child;

8. The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the 

child to be of reasonable intelligence, understanding, age, and 

experience to express such a preference;

9. Any history of (i) family abuse as that term is defined in 

§ 16.1-228; (ii) sexual abuse; (iii) child abuse; or (iv) an act of 

violence, force, or threat as defined in § 19.2-152.7:1 that occurred 

no earlier than 10 years prior to the date a petition is filed. If the 

court finds such a history or act, the court may disregard the 

factors in subdivision 6; and

10. Such other factors as the court deems necessary and proper to 

the determination.

Code § 20-124.3.

The trial court has discretion regarding how to weigh the factors “and ‘is not “required to 

quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each[.]”’” Wynnycky, 
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71 Va. App. at 201 (quoting Brown v. Brown, 30 Va. App. 532, 538 (1999)). “On appeal, we do 

not reweigh the factors to see if we would have reached a different conclusion[.]” Id.

[U]nless the court fails to consider the required statutory factors or 

applies an incorrect legal standard, a trial court’s decision as to 

whether a change in custody [or visitation] would be in the best 

interests of the child is reversible on appeal only if “plainly wrong 

or without evidence to support it.”

Surles v. Mayer, 48 Va. App. 146, 172 (2006) (quoting Yopp v. Hodges, 43 Va. App. 427, 439 

(2004)).

Here, mother asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering supervised 

visitation pending the outcome of her psychological evaluation. Her sole argument in support of 

this assertion is that father did not request supervised visitation in his pleadings, and therefore, 

the trial court lacked the authority to order the modification sua sponte. Moreover, although she 

does not expressly challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s decision 

to order supervised visitation, she contends that the evidence did not support the trial court’s 

finding that she was coaching daughter, negatively impacting daughter’s mental health. Mother 

also asserts that the evidence did not support the trial court’s finding that she interfered with 

daughter’s school and medical providers. We disagree.

A. Sua Sponte Ruling

We have held that the circuit court may award relief not specifically requested by a party 

when the fashioned relief is in the child’s best interests. Thus, in D’Ambrosio v. D’Ambrosio, 45 

Va. App. 323, 336 (2005), even though neither parent specifically requested “the sole right to 

select [the child]’s pediatrician,” the mother did ask that the court “grant any other relief it 

deemed just.” We found no error in the trial court’s decision “fashioning ‘an appropriate remedy 

that comports with the best interest of the children, even [though it was not] specifically 
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requested by the mother or father.’” Id. at 338 (alteration in original) (quoting Cloutier, 35 

Va. App. at 424).

Here, father’s motion requested that the trial court limit mother’s access to daughter in 

her school, medical, and counseling settings because mother’s interactions with the providers in 

those settings was negatively affecting daughter. Despite CPS’s expressly recommending that 

mother refrain from interfering in daughter’s therapy with Bly, and despite the trial court having 

expressly found during the divorce proceedings that mother’s abuse allegations were unfounded, 

mother continued to suggest to daughter that her father was abusing her. Father’s motion sought 

to limit mother’s access to daughter to controlled settings, and by ordering supervised visitation, 

the trial court placed similar, but stricter, guardrails on mother’s interactions with daughter and 

her providers. Father’s motion seeking modification of visitation and custody asked the trial 

court for “further relief as the nature of th[e] cause . . . required.” Based on the record and 

father’s general prayer for relief, we conclude that the trial court had the authority to restrict 

mother’s visitation to supervised visitation. 

B. Coaching

The trial court’s decision to modify custody and visitation rested in part on its finding 

that mother was coaching daughter and alienating her against her father. Mother contends that 

the trial court’s finding was not supported by the evidence. She stresses that neither CPS 

investigation resulted in a finding that she was coaching daughter. She emphasizes that the first 

CPS investigation did not recommend against mother attending daughter’s therapy sessions; 

instead, it characterized mother as “cooperative” and recommended only that mother arrive at the 

outset or end of the sessions. Mother also notes that the second CPS investigation found no 

evidence that mother had abused daughter and noted that daughter “engaged appropriately” with 

her mother and “appeared happy” in her presence. 
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“It is well established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the 

weight to be given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the 

witness’ testimony.” Khalid-Schieber, 70 Va. App. at 234 (quoting Street v. Street, 25 Va. App.

380, 387 (1997) (en banc)). Here, the trial court was entitled to place more weight on the 

testimony of daughter’s therapist and psychologist than that of the CPS workers who did not 

specifically address the issue of coaching in their investigations. Bly testified that daughter 

repeatedly stated that mother had instructed her to report that father was abusing her, often 

before bed, and that daughter was having anxiety and nightmares about it. In addition, the record 

demonstrates that mother told daughter that she would not see her father again, causing daughter 

to worry that she would lose her father and to fear her mother.

Bly’s account was corroborated by daughter’s teacher, Mr. Kenny, and Dr. Hoffman. 

Mr. Kenny observed that daughter returned from weekend visits with mother exhibiting signs 

that she had not slept well. Dr. Hoffman testified that daughter feared mother would be angry if 

her visitation rights did not change and that daughter was responsible for effecting that change. 

After speaking with father and daughter and reviewing the depositions, Dr. Hoffman opined that 

the data was consistent with coaching and alienating behavior. Moreover, the first CPS 

investigation implicitly concluded that mother was coaching daughter when it recommended that 

mother refrain from telling daughter that father “had done anything to her.” Thus, the record 

supports the trial court’s finding that mother was interfering with daughter’s relationship with 

father and her counselor by coaching daughter into alleging that father had been abusing her.
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C. Interference with School and Medical Personnel

Mother asserts that the trial court’s finding that she interfered with daughter’s school and 

medical providers was not supported by the evidence.5 The trial court made that finding in 

assessing the third factor in Code § 20-124.3, i.e., “[t]he relationship existing between each 

parent and each child, giving due consideration to the positive involvement with the child’s life, 

the ability to accurately assess and meet the emotional, intellectual, and physical needs of the 

child.” Mother contends that Bly’s discharge of daughter was attributable to the fact that 

daughter was no longer reporting nightmares, not to mother’s interference. Mother argues 

further that daughter was not disenrolled from daycare due to her misconduct, but because both 

parents continued to involve the daycare in their custody dispute. She claims she “did not 

attend” daughter’s school from November 2020 to June 2021, and therefore, the decision to 

disenroll daughter in June 2021 could not be attributed to her misconduct. Although mother 

concedes that Blythe characterized mother’s behavior as “inappropriate,” she notes that Blythe 

did not cite any “specific statements or curse words” by mother that led to daughter’s dismissal. 

Moreover, mother emphasizes that daughter’s teachers at her new school characterized mother’s 

interactions with daughter as loving and appropriate. 

Mother’s argument ignores Bly’s testimony that mother’s persistent attempts to coach 

daughter undermined and frustrated Bly’s ability to provide daughter effective psychological

therapy. Bly testified that she was so concerned about the impact of mother’s conduct that Bly 

involved CPS on two occasions. Bly also testified that, even after CPS recommended that 

mother refrain from interfering in daughter’s therapy and telling daughter that father “had done 

something” to her, mother continued to involve herself in daughter’s therapy by suggesting that 

5 Mother does not challenge the trial court’s decision limiting her access to daughter’s 

school, therapy, and health care providers.
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father was abusing her. Only after mother obtained access to daughter’s therapy records and 

deposed Bly did daughter abruptly deny having nightmares about her parents. At that point, Bly 

testified that she could offer no further help to daughter because daughter was no longer sharing 

her feelings with Bly. Accordingly, just as daughter’s pediatric practice had discharged daughter 

based on the lack of trust, Bly discharged daughter as her patient.

With respect to daughter’s disenrollment from daycare, mother’s argument ignores 

undisputed evidence that the daycare banned mother from the school as early as November 2020,

and, according to Bly’s notes of her phone conversation with Blythe, mother “yelled [and]

cursed.” Blythe also told Bly that mother retaliated by calling the licensing agency, leading to 

daughter’s disenrollment. No evidence suggests that a similar ban was applied to father. 

Accordingly, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that mother “regularly interfere[d]

with school and medical personnel overseeing [daughter]’s care” and that daughter “ha[d] been 

discharged from a pediatrician, a therapist, and her prior school . . . due to conflicts between 

[mother] and the staff at these locations.” 

“Because evidence supported the circuit court’s factual findings that underlie the circuit 

court’s weighing of the factors and there is nothing inherently unreasonable in its weighing of 

those factors, ‘its ruling must be affirmed on appeal.’” Wynnycky, 71 Va. App. at 201 (quoting 

Brown, 30 Va. App. at 538). The trial court was entitled to rely on Bly’s and Dr. Hoffman’s 

testimony and to find their testimony credible and persuasive. In rendering its decision, the court 

considered each of the statutory factors and the evidence which shows a change in circumstance 

and on which it relied to conclude that modification of visitation was in daughter’s best interest.

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by modifying mother’s visitation rights 

from unsupervised to supervised visitation.
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II. Delegation of Visitation Terms to Counselor and Father

Mother asserts that the trial court erred by modifying her visitation rights and restricting 

her to supervised visitation with daughter until a third-party counselor decided that unsupervised 

visitation was appropriate. She also contends that the trial court erred by delegating its authority 

to father and to the counselor to determine her visitation rights. We agree.

“The Virginia Code gives judges, only, the power and responsibility to make rulings in 

contested custody and visitation matters.” Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 386. “A court may not 

delegate its authority to determine visitation to either a parent or a child.” Id. (quoting In re 

Izrael J., 51 N.Y.S.3d 88, 89 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017)). “Where the governing statutes squarely 

place the obligation to make contested visitation decisions on the judiciary, delegation of this 

responsibility to third parties or parents is unauthorized.” Id.; see also Padula-Wilson v. Wilson,

No. 1203-14-2 (Va. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2015) (trial court erred by delegating mother’s visitation 

rights to psychologist) (cited with approval in Rainey, 74 Va. App. at 385-86).6 Accordingly, we 

reverse the trial court’s decision with respect to mother’s visitation rights and remand the case to 

the trial court for further proceedings.

7

 Id. at 391.

6 We cited Padula-Wilson and “several unpublished opinions” in Rainey “to provide 

context and clarify an issue that takes many forms and occurs with some frequency.” Rainey, 74 

Va. App. at 384 n.6.

7 We find no merit in mother’s argument that the trial court lacked authority to order 

supervised visitation pending the outcome of her psychological evaluation because father did not 

expressly seek that relief in his pleadings. As discussed herein, father explicitly asked the trial 

court to restrict mother’s access to daughter in certain settings and included a general prayer for 

relief in his motion. See Johnson v. Buzzard Island Shooting Club, Inc., 232 Va. 32, 36 (1986) 

(“[A] court in equity may properly grant appropriate relief not specifically requested” if the relief 

is consistent “with . . . the relief specifically sought.”); D’Ambrosio, 45 Va. App. at 336 (even 

though parent did not specifically request sole authority to select child’s physician, trial court 

had authority to grant that relief where mother included general prayer for relief and the remedy 

was in child’s best interest). We hold only that the trial court erred by delegating the decision to 

a third party regarding the timing, scope, and nature of mother’s visitation rights.
- 19 -

III. Psychological Evaluation

Mother contends that the trial court erred by ordering her to undergo a forensic 

psychological evaluation because father never sought the evaluation in his pleadings and first 

included the evaluation in his prayer for relief during closing argument. She contends that, 

because father’s motion did not request a psychological evaluation, mother was deprived of due 

process because she lacked notice that the issue would be litigated and was deprived of the 

opportunity to present evidence on that issue. Although mother concedes that Code § 20-124.4

allowed the trial court to order a party to undergo a psychological evaluation to assist it in 

determining a child’s best interests, she asserts that the evaluation did not assist the court because 

the court abdicated its role as decision-maker regarding when and if mother would have 

unsupervised visitation.8 Finally, assuming that the trial court acted within its authority to order 

a psychological evaluation, mother argues that the record did not justify an evaluation. Mother 

emphasizes that both social workers testified that she behaved appropriately during their family 

assessments and neither cited findings of abuse nor recommended a psychological evaluation. 

She also stresses that Bly described her as cooperative with daughter’s therapy and Dr. Hoffman 

did not opine that her behavior suggested a mental health issue warranting a psychological 

evaluation. 

Code § 20-124.2(D) expressly authorizes a court deciding custody or visitation to “order 

an independent mental health or psychological evaluation to assist the court in its determination 

of the best interests of the child.” “‘[I]n any child custody decision, the lodestar for the court is 

the best interest of the child,’ and the due process rights of the parents must be tempered by this 

guiding principle.” Haase v. Haase, 20 Va. App. 671, 681 (1995) (quoting Smith v. Pond, 5 

8 Code § 20-124.4 refers to mediation. We presume that mother intended to cite Code 

§ 20-124.2.
- 20 -

Va. App. 161, 163 (1987)). Thus, while “the legal rights of the parent should be respected in 

custody proceedings . . . [w]here the interest of the child demands it, the rights of the father and 

mother may be disregarded.” Forbes v. Haney, 204 Va. 712, 716 (1963).

Here, the court found that mother continued to engage in coaching and alienating 

behavior, ignoring the trial court’s rejection of her abuse claims in the original custody 

proceedings and the “non disparagement” clause in the original custody order. Mother persisted 

in her coaching behavior against the recommendation of CPS workers and refused to participate 

in Dr. Hoffman’s evaluation. Instead, mother repeatedly urged her daughter to claim that her 

father was abusing her, causing daughter great emotional distress and anxiety. Based on the 

record, the trial court reasonably required an independent evaluation of mother’s mental health 

before determining if continued unsupervised visitation was in daughter’s best interests. 

Daughter’s welfare is the “paramount concern” in a motion to amend custody and visitation.9

Brown, 30 Va. App. at 538 (“In deciding whether to modify a custody order, the trial court’s 

paramount concern must be the children’s best interests.”).

Moreover, as discussed above, a circuit court may award relief not specifically requested 

by a party when the fashioned relief is in the child’s best interests and the granted relief is 

consistent with the relief sought in the parties’ pleadings. Johnson v. Buzzard Island Shooting 

Club, Inc., 232 Va. 32, 36 (1986). Dr. Hoffman testified that a clinician could assist a parent 

who had resisted recommendations to modify their behavior by helping the parent understand 

how their actions or inactions negatively impacted the child. Despite daughter’s being 

9 Further, “[d]ue process requires only that . . . the opportunity for a hearing must be 

provided, not that the party must actually have a hearing on the merits.” D’Ambrosio, 45 

Va. App. at 339 (second alteration in original) (quoting Blinder, Robinson & Co. v. State Corp. 

Comm’n, 227 Va. 24, 28 (1984)). Here, mother filed a motion to reconsider after the trial court’s 

ruling and challenged the trial court’s order for a psychological evaluation. Accordingly, she 

was not deprived of her due process rights.
- 21 -

discharged from her pediatrician, school, and therapist, mother resisted or retaliated against, 

rather than complied with, the conditions imposed by her daughter’s providers, prompting those 

providers to discontinue daughter’s services.

We conclude that the relief awarded here—ordering mother to undergo psychological 

evaluation to assess her parenting skills—is consistent with the relief requested in father’s 

motion and with Dr. Hoffman’s recommendation that a therapist could assist a parent with 

coaching and alienating behaviors. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial 

court’s decision ordering mother to undergo such an evaluation.

IV. Discovery Violations – Admission and Exclusion of Expert Testimony and

 Continuance

Mother contends that the trial court erred by permitting 

father’s expert, Dr. Hoffman, to testify while hindering mother’s 

counsel the opportunity to conduct a complete and meaningful 

cross examination because of the failure of father’s counsel to 

provide any requested documents, videos etc. which were provided 

by the father to Dr. Hoffman and which were requested in 

discovery by mother’s counsel.

Stressing the duty to supplement discovery responses under Rule 4:1(e)(2), mother asserts that 

“Dr. Hoffman should not have been permitted to testify” because father did not supplement his 

discovery responses. She contends that, “[a]lternatively,” the trial court should have granted her 

a continuance so that she could review the information provided to Dr. Hoffman. 

A. Admission of Dr. Hoffman’s Testimony

The record demonstrates that mother did not ask the trial court to exclude Dr. Hoffman’s 

testimony based on alleged discovery violations. Instead, she asked only that the trial court 

continue the hearing so that she could have additional time to review father’s discovery 

responses. “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an 

objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause 
- 22 -

shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18. “The grounds for the 

objection must be stated with specificity.” Harper v. Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 231, 249 

(2023). “The prevailing purpose behind this rule is ‘to enable the trial court to prevent error, to 

cure alleged error with prompt and decisive instruction . . . .’” Id. (alteration in original)

(quoting McDuffie v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 170, 177 (2006)). To satisfy Rule 5A:18, the 

objection “must be both specific and timely—so that the trial judge would know the particular 

point being made in time to do something about it.” Id. (quoting Bethea v. Commonwealth, 297 

Va. 730, 743 (2019)).

As mother did not object timely to Dr. Hoffman’s testimony, she has waived her 

argument. She does not invoke any exceptions in Rule 5A:18, and we decline to apply them sua 

sponte. Williams v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 341, 347 (2010). Accordingly, we decline to 

consider her argument.

10

B. Denial of Continuance

We also find no merit in mother’s assertion that the trial court erred by refusing to 

continue the August 2022 hearing to allow her more time to review father’s discovery 

responses.11 She contends that she was entitled to a continuance because father failed to comply 

10 To the extent that mother asserts that the trial court erred by denying her motion to 

continue the hearing based on father’s alleged discovery violations, we address that issue below. 

Moreover, although mother’s motion to reconsider challenged the admission of Dr. Hoffman’s 

testimony, mother failed to obtain a ruling on that motion within 21 days, and therefore, there is 

no valid ruling for this Court to review. See Rule 1:1; Williams, 57 Va. App. at 347. Even 

assuming mother had obtained a ruling, her objection to the admission of an expert’s testimony 

in a post-hearing motion came too late. See Butler v. Stegmaier, 77 Va. App. 115, 125-26 (2023) 

(arguments regarding the admissibility of evidence are untimely if raised for the first time in 

post-verdict motion); Bitar v. Rahman, 272 Va. 130, 139 (2006) (same).

11

“The decision of whether to grant a continuance is committed to the discretion of the 

circuit court. We will reverse ‘a circuit court’s ruling on a motion for a continuance . . . only 

upon a showing of abuse of discretion and resulting prejudice to the movant.’” Shah v. Shah, 70 

Va. App. 588, 593 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Haugen v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of 

Soc. Servs., 274 Va. 27, 34 (2007)).
- 23 -

with the February 25, 2022 scheduling order that required him to identify his exhibits before the 

hearing.12 But when mother moved for a continuance, she did not assert that father had violated 

the scheduling order. When the trial court considered mother’s motion, it asked whether there 

was a scheduling order in place, and mother represented there was not. When the trial court 

denied mother’s motion for a continuance, it specifically cited the lack of a scheduling order. 

“A party may not approbate and reprobate by taking successive positions in the course of 

litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or mutually contradictory.” Cangiano v. 

LSH Bldg. Co., 271 Va. 171, 181 (2006). “The doctrine protects a basic tenet of fair play: No 

one should be permitted, in the language of the vernacular, to talk through both sides of his 

mouth.” W. Refin. Yorktown, Inc. v. Cnty. of York, 292 Va. 804, 826 (2016) (quoting Wooten v. 

Bank of Am., N.A., 290 Va. 306, 310 (2015)). “The approbate-reprobate doctrine is broader and 

more demanding than Rule 5A:18.” Alford v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 706, 709 (2010). 

Accordingly, mother has waived her argument that the trial court abused its discretion by 

denying her motion for a continuance.

C. Exclusion of Mother’s Experts

Mother asserts that the trial court erred by excluding her experts for two reasons. First, 

she contends that the trial court erred by precluding evidence from her experts, while 

“permitt[ing] Dr. Hoffman to testify without father responding in full regarding his expert, 

reasoning that counsel could have deposed Dr. Hoffman, that selected documents were in 

counsel’s possession, and no scheduling order was in place.” Second, while she does not dispute 

the trial court’s finding that she violated its orders compelling discovery, mother maintains that 

exclusion of her experts was an unduly severe sanction that “subverted [daughter’s] best interest”

12 The scheduling order entered on February 25, 2022, required the parties to exchange an 

exhibit and witness list 15 days before trial. 
- 24 -

by limiting the evidence needed “to make a sound decision.” Mother does not develop this 

argument further by identifying the excluded evidence that would have assisted the trial court in 

protecting daughter’s best interest.

We review a trial court’s “ruling on the admissibility of testimony, whether expert or lay, 

. . . for an abuse of . . . discretion.” Emerald Point, LLC v. Hawkins, 294 Va. 544, 553 (2017). 

Rule 4:12(b)(2) empowers a trial court to “sanction a party that ‘fails to obey an order to provide 

or permit discovery.’” Galloway v. Cnty. of Northampton, 299 Va. 558, 563 (2021). One 

available sanction “is to prohibit an offending party ‘from introducing designated matters in 

evidence,’ including by preventing the party’s witness from testifying.” Id. (quoting Rule 

4:12(b)(2)(B)) (other citations omitted).

When the trial court sanctioned mother, it stressed that it had ordered mother twice 

previously to correct the deficiencies in her discovery responses, even imposing monetary 

sanctions, but she had failed to do so. Based on mother’s “repeated” failures to correct those 

deficiencies, and with the hearing only four days away, the trial court concluded that precluding 

mother’s experts from testifying was an appropriate sanction.13 Based on mother’s repeated 

failures to comply with the trial court’s discovery orders, we find no abuse of discretion in the 

trial court’s sanction.14

13 The trial court denied father’s request to dismiss mother’s motion to amend custody 

and visitation based on her discovery violation. 

14 Moreover, mother never proffered the anticipated testimony of the excluded experts 

until she filed her motion to reconsider after the hearing. Even then, the proffer regarding her 

experts was limited to two of her three experts, Dr. Stephanie Wolf and Dr. John Lefkowits, the 

two experts she later identified as the only experts “prepared to testify at trial.” Without a timely 

proffer, the trial court was unable to assess whether the excluded testimony would have been 

relevant or even admissible. An appropriate proffer creates a record of “what the [evidence] 

would have been.” Holles v. Sunrise Terrace, Inc., 257 Va. 131, 135 (1999).
- 25 -

V. Continuance-Absent Witness

Mother argues that the trial court erred by denying her mid-trial motion for a continuance 

after one of her subpoenaed witnesses, Katara Blythe, failed to appear. She maintains that the 

trial court erred by declaring her unavailable to testify and admitting her deposition instead of 

continuing the hearing until Blythe’s appearance could be secured. 

Mother objected to the admission of the deposition transcript, asserting that father had 

failed to establish that Blythe was unavailable. She also suggested that, as she might not 

complete her case by the end of the second scheduled hearing day, she could subpoena Blythe 

“on another date.” The trial court stressed that no additional time for the hearing was available. 

Mother assigns error to the trial court’s refusal to continue the hearing to another date “when it 

was a fair inference that her attendance could be secured.” 

Mother asserts that Blythe’s “testimony [would have] contradicted [father]’s allegations 

that [mother]’s conduct caused [daughter] to be dismissed from [daycare].” Although mother 

argued below that Blythe’s appearance was “very necessary,” she never explained how Blythe’s 

absence prejudiced her. Nor did she proffer the testimony that Blythe would have given if the 

trial court had granted a continuance. 

An appropriate proffer creates a record of “what the [evidence] would have been.” 

Holles v. Sunrise Terrace, Inc., 257 Va. 131, 135 (1999). It is not sufficient that a party proffer 

“merely his theory of the case” rather than the substance of the excluded evidence. Tynes v. 

Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 17, 21 (2006). A proffer allows an appellate court to determine 

whether the exclusion of evidence prejudiced a party. Graham v. Cook, 278 Va. 233, 249 

(2009). In this regard, the proffer provides a complete record for review. Wyche v. 

Commonwealth, 218 Va. 839, 843 (1978). As mother failed to proffer Blythe’s testimony, we 

cannot determine whether she was prejudiced by the trial court’s denial of her motion for a 
- 26 -

continuance. Shah v. Shah, 70 Va. App. 588, 593 (2019). Accordingly, the record is insufficient 

for us to address her argument.

VI. Recusal

Mother contends that “[t]he trial court abused its discretion by denying [her] [m]otion for 

[r]ecusal on November 13, 2022.” The record demonstrates that mother sought the presiding 

judge’s recusal in her post-hearing motion filed on October 20, 2022. The trial court did not rule 

on the motion until November 14, 2022, beyond the 21-day deadline in Rule 1:1(a). 

“All final judgments, orders, and decrees, irrespective of terms of court, remain under the 

control of the trial court and may be modified, vacated, or suspended for twenty-one days after 

the date of entry, and no longer.” Rule 1:1(a). “Neither ‘the filing of post-trial or post-judgment 

motions, nor the trial court’s taking such motions under consideration, nor the pendency of such 

motions on the twenty-first day after final judgment is sufficient to toll or extend the running of 

the twenty-one day time period of Rule 1:1.’” Wells v. Shenandoah Valley Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 

56 Va. App. 208, 213 (2010) (quoting Super Fresh Foods Mkts. of Va., Inc. v. Ruffin, 263 Va. 

555, 560 (2002)). “The twenty-one-day period is only tolled after entry of a final order or 

judgment through entry of an order that ‘expressly modifies, vacates, or suspends the 

judgment.’” Id. (quoting Ruffin, 263 at 560). “Expiration of the twenty-one day time limitation 

[in Rule 1:1(a)] divests the trial court of jurisdiction.” Stokes v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 

388, 392 (2013) (quoting Ziats v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 133, 138 (2003)). “In 

determining whether a circuit court retains jurisdiction over a matter when it issues a ruling, the 

critical event is the circuit court’s entry of a written order.” Bailey v. Commonwealth, 73 

Va. App. 250, 261-62 (2021). It is well established that “a court speaks only through its written 

orders.” Id. at 262 (quoting Wagner v. Shird, 257 Va. 584, 588 (1999)) (internal quotation marks 

and citations omitted).
- 27 -

Accordingly, the trial court’s order on November 14, 2022, is void because it was entered 

in violation of Rule 1:1. See, e.g., Kosko v. Ramser, 299 Va. 684, 689 (2021); Ruffin, 263 Va. at 

563. As mother failed to obtain a valid ruling on her motion, there is nothing for this Court to 

review. See Minor v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 728, 738 (2016) (holding that we lacked 

jurisdiction to consider appeal because the trial court no longer had jurisdiction over the case 

when it considered defendant’s motion).

VII. Attorney Fees

“This Court reviews an award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion.” Koons v. 

Crane, 72 Va. App. 720, 742 (2021). Mother maintains that the trial court abused its discretion 

by awarding father attorney fees in the amount of $102,846.76. She asserts that the trial court 

awarded attorney fees based in part on father “prevail[ing] entirely on his request for 

modification.” Mother argues that no “prevailing party” standard applies to awards of attorney 

fees under Code §§ 20-79(b) and 20-99(6), the applicable statutes. She contends that, in 

determining the propriety of attorney fee awards, the trial court “must consider all the 

circumstances of the parties or the equities of the case.” 

Mother acknowledges that the trial court’s rationale for the award was based on 

consideration of the “equities in this case, to include assessing the procedural history of this case 

and most recently the issues that have . . . permeated the litigation to include discovery issues 

through multiple motions to compel and multiple issues with respect to the production of 

discovery.” Thus, she essentially concedes that the trial court did consider “all the circumstances 

of the parties or the equities of the case.” Nevertheless, mother maintains that, in addition to the 

time father devoted to resolving discovery disputes, the trial court should have considered that 

“father was compelled to respond to mother’s discovery request[] by court order” and that 

deficiencies in his responses persisted through August 9, 2022. Unlike mother’s discovery 
- 28 -

violations, however, the record contains no ruling by the trial court that father violated a court 

order compelling discovery. “[T]he key to a proper award of counsel fees [is] reasonableness 

under all of the circumstances revealed by the record.” Tyszcenko v. Donatelli, 53 Va. App. 209, 

223 (2008) (alterations in original) (quoting McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App. 272, 277 (1985)). 

Based on the record before us, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s award of 

attorney fees.15

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and 

remanded for further proceedings.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

15 Both father and mother request an award of attorney fees and costs incurred on appeal. 

“The decision of whether to award attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is discretionary.”

Koons, 72 Va. App. at 742 (quoting Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App. 529, 545 (2018)). “[I]n 

exercising our discretion to determine whether to award appellate attorney’s fees, we do not 

believe that the equities of this case justify such an award” of attorney fees to either party, and 

we deny both parties’ requests for attorney fees. Stark v. Dinarany, 73 Va. App. 733, 757 

(2021).