[Cite as Hawes v. Downing Health Technologies, L.L.C., 2022-Ohio-1677.]

COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

SHANE HAWES, :

Plaintiff-Appellee, :

No. 110920

v. :

DOWNING HEALTH TECHNOLOGIES

L.L.C., ET AL., :

Defendants-Appellees, :

[Appeal by Michael Shaut, :

Defendant-Appellant.] :

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;

 VACATED IN PART; AND REMANDED

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: May 19, 2022

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas

Case No. CV-16-857599

Appearances:

Morganstern MacAdams & DeVito Co., L.P.A., and 

Christopher M. DeVito, for appellee Shane Hawes. 

Cohen Rosenthal & Kramer LLP, Ellen M. Kramer, and 

Joshua R. Cohen, for appellant. 
FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, J.:

Appellant Michael Shaut (“Shaut”) appeals the decision of the Cuyahoga 

County Court of Common Pleas entering judgment against him and awarding 

compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney fees to appellee Shane 

Hawes (“Hawes”) following a bench trial. After a thorough review of the facts and 

applicable law, we affirm in part, reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand to the 

trial court.

I. Factual and Procedural History

This case arose from Hawes’s investment in and former employment 

with a company known as Downing Health Technologies, LLC f.k.a. Downing Digital 

Healthcare Group, LLC n.k.a. 3SI (“Downing Health”). 

Defendant Downing Partners, LLC (“Downing Partners”) owns a 

majority interest and operates Downing Health and a pooled investment fund of 

affiliated companies through defendant Downing Investments, LLC (“Downing 

Investments”). Downing Investments’ general manager is defendant David Wagner 

(“Wagner”). Downing Investments, through its ownership and the control of 

Wagner, owns and operates other business entities known as Downing Partners, 

Downing Health n.k.a. 3SI, and the “portfolio companies” of defendant Surgical 

Safety Solutions, LLC (“SSS”) and defendant IVC Healthcom, LLC (“IVC”). 

SSS is a portfolio company that has been merged into 3SI and/or is 

controlled and operated by 3SI or the other parent corporations known as Downing 

Investments and its general partner Downing Partners through Wagner. IVC is a 
portfolio company that has been merged into 3SI and/or is controlled by the other 

parent corporate entities Downing Partners and Downing Investments through 

Wagner.1

Shaut was president of Downing Investments and had invested 

$500,000 into the business. Shaut also had ownership, directly or indirectly, and 

management responsibility with respect to the other related Downing entities, 

including Downing Health. Defendant Marc Lawrence (“Lawrence”) was the 

president and chief operating officer of Downing Health and had ownership, directly 

or indirectly, and management responsibility at the other related Downing entities. 

Wagner is the majority owner, chairman, and general manager of Downing 

Investments. 

In 2014, Hawes was seeking a new employment opportunity and was 

contacted by a recruiter, Peter Boyle (“Boyle”), who put him in touch with Lawrence, 

who at the time was running a division of Downing Partners. Hawes spoke several 

times with both Boyle and Lawrence and eventually had a face-to-face meeting with 

Lawrence. 

Lawrence presented him with a summary of the organization known as 

Downing Health. The document consisted of a slide deck that provided information 

about the organization for Hawes as both an employee and an investor. 

1 The six corporate defendants named in this matter, known as Downing Health, 

Downing Partners, Downing Investments, 3SI, SSS, and IVC, may be referred to as 

“corporate defendants.”
After reviewing the slide deck, Hawes spoke with Boyle and some 

friends who worked in venture capital to get their thoughts on the opportunity. 

Hawes conveyed to Boyle that he was having second thoughts about being an 

employee and investor in the company. His concerns were the compensation, which 

was lower than he felt comfortable with, and the fact that he was required to make a 

$250,000 investment in the company. Hawes was aware that the company was a 

“start-up,” which made him nervous because start-ups often fail and carry greater 

risks than an established company. 

The venture capitalists with whom Hawes had spoken did not help him 

to feel any more comfortable with investing the money because they told him they 

had not heard of such an arrangement. One of these venture capitalists was Hawes’s 

friend, Joe Renson (“Renson”), who was the chief executive officer of a venture 

capital firm. Hawes sent Renson some of the documents he had received regarding 

Downing Health and asked him to review it. Renson advised Hawes against making 

the investment and working for Downing Health.

Boyle suggested that he speak with someone else at the company, 

namely Shaut. Hawes was familiar with Shaut’s name from reviewing the Downing 

Health organizational chart. 

Shaut and Hawes met at a Starbucks for approximately 45 minutes. 

The two did not discuss the business operations of the company or any employment 

matters, such as salary or bonuses. Instead, the discussion was focused on the

strategy and legitimacy of the company and the opportunity to “really make some 
serious money.” Hawes found Shaut to be very honest and upbeat about where the 

organization was going. 

Prior to Hawes’s hiring, Downing Health had failed to make payroll at

least once. Shaut did not reveal this information to Hawes at their meeting.

Ultimately, Hawes decided to move forward with Downing Health, 

and in October 2014, he signed a two-year employment offer letter with Downing 

Digital Healthcare Group, LLC, which later became known as Downing Health 

Technologies, LLC, to serve as vice president of business development. Downing 

Health has since merged and is now known as 3SI, which is controlled or owned by 

Downing Investments and its general partner, Downing Partners. In addition, 3SI 

is now a combination of other Downing portfolio entities known as SSS and IVR.

Regarding his responsibilities, Hawes’s employment agreement 

provided as follows: 

Your responsibilities may vary from time-to-time, but will be consistent 

with the following outline of your general responsibilities: Achieve 

assigned sales budgets for all portfolio businesses. Develop and 

implement a business plan for the region to include sales support from 

the portfolio businesses, channel development and key account 

strategies including IDN/GPO contracting. Establish business activities 

with channel partners to include[:] sales support, monthly forecasting, 

and quarterly business reviews. Manage a 30, 60, 90 day rolling 

forecast.

Section 3 of the employment agreement addressed Hawes’s 

compensation and stated:

Your base compensation will be two hundred twenty-five thousand 

dollars ($225,000.) per annum. Additionally, you will participate in 

the commission plan. Variable compensation is fifty thousand dollars 
($50,000) per annum at your assigned budget. Stretch compensation 

up to an additional twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) per annum 

exceeding budget.

Hawes was further entitled to certain benefits under the contract, 

which stated that “[t]he cost of [his] health benefits (PPO Health plan and Dental 

plan) will be covered 100% by [Downing Health] during the first year of 

employment.” 

Hawes also signed an investment document titled “Series C Preferred 

Units & Warrant Purchase Agreement” agreeing to invest $250,000 in Downing

Health for 23,474 units of the company valued at $10.65 per unit. Hawes’s wife 

signed this agreement as well because she and Hawes jointly purchased the interest 

in the company.

Hawes testified that, prior to making the investment, he had read the 

“Downing Health Private Offering Memorandum,” which reinforced this message of 

inherent risk, as it explicitly indicated that Downing Health might not be able to 

raise all the money needed to implement its business plan — which Hawes 

recognized would jeopardize his investment and his employment with the company. 

Within a “couple of days” of beginning his job at Downing Health, 

Hawes discovered that Downing Health was “fundamentally different than what had

been represented” and was in fact a “sham.” Hawes’s first four paychecks were late, 

with some being as late as five months. There were several other gaps in pay during 

2015, and Hawes’s last paycheck covered the period of July 1 through July 15, 2015, 
although Hawes was employed at the company until August 2015. Hawes was never 

provided with a W-2 tax form for his 2014 compensation.

Hawes later learned that Lawrence and other employees were owed 

back pay from 2014 and 2015. An email was sent to all employees regarding a 

payroll recovery plan and explained when employees would receive the back pay for 

2014 and 2015. This plan was never implemented. 

There were also problems with the medical insurance and premiums 

not being paid by the company. Hawes and his family lost their health benefits 

multiple times. Hawes paid his own January 2015 deductible and requested 

reimbursement but received none. Hawes additionally paid $8,008 in COBRA 

benefits for August and September 2015.

In April 2015, Hawes told Lawrence that he would not recommend 

investors for Downing Health because it was not a valid company. Hawes thought 

he might be terminated, but instead, Lawrence demoted him.

At the same time that Hawes’s position was demoted, Downing Digital 

Healthcare Group, LLC underwent a name change to Downing Health Technologies, 

LLC. Hawes entered into a new employment agreement in May 2015 reflecting the 

company name change and his “title change with a little bit of a territory change,” 

with “everything [else]” staying “the same.” Hawes dealt exclusively with Lawrence 

in negotiating the contract, and Shaut was not involved. At the time he signed the 

second employment agreement, Hawes was interviewing with other employers 
trying to find a new job. Hawes signed the agreement to stay with the company 

because he could still get paid when the company brought on new investors. 

On August 25, 2015, Hawes sent an email to various employees of the 

corporate defendants, including Shaut, memorializing the issues that had been 

occurring since November 2014 regarding employees being paid incorrectly. 

Downing employees generally only got paid when a new employee was hired, and 

the new employee made a $250,000 investment in the company.

At the end of the email, Hawes asked for his $250,000 investment 

back and to be paid in full for the work he had performed up until that point; he 

further asked for his W-2 tax form for tax year 2014, which he had never received. 

He set a deadline for payment and receipt of the W-2 tax form of August 28, 2015. 

Hawes did not receive his requested money and tax form and instead 

received an email the following day advising him that the decision had been made 

on August 21, 2015 to terminate his employment. Hawes began a new job thereafter 

that paid an annual salary of $175,000. 

Hawes filed a complaint against Shaut, Lawrence, Wagner, and the 

corporate defendants. The amended complaint alleged claims for breach of 

employment contract, violation of the Prompt Pay Act, fraudulent inducement 

(employment contract), breach of investment contract, fraudulent inducement 

(investment contract), conspiracy, violation of Blue Sky laws, conversion, and 

breach of fiduciary duty.
During the pendency of the litigation, all of the corporate defendants 

went out of business. In addition, Wagner and Lawrence filed for personal 

bankruptcy and the claims against them were stayed. Shaut was the only defendant 

that remained at the time of trial.

Shaut moved for summary judgment on the claims against him. 

Hawes opposed the motion and cross-moved for summary judgment on all of his 

claims. The trial court granted Hawes summary judgment against the corporate 

defendants, who had not responded to his motion. The court further granted 

summary judgment to Shaut on Hawes’s claims for breach of employment contract, 

breach of investment contract, and conversion.

The matter proceeded to a bench trial on the remaining claims where 

both Hawes and Shaut testified. No other witnesses were offered for either side. In 

lieu of closing arguments, the trial court ordered the parties to submit proposed 

findings of fact and conclusions of law. The trial court then held a virtual hearing to 

allow the parties to further argue their proposed findings of fact and conclusions of 

law. 

The trial court subsequently issued its own findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. The trial court found in favor of Hawes on each of his claims 

against Shaut and awarded damages as follows:

Plaintiff submitted compelling proof that he had sustained significant 

economic damages. The following enumerates the different categories 

of damages: loss of the initial $250,000 investment; back salary not 

paid in the amount of $45,362; back COBRA payments while an 

employee in the amount of $8,008; personal payment of healthcare 
premiums for three months in the amount of $12,012; unpaid personal 

time off never reimbursed in the amount of $5,114; federal taxes paid 

by Hawes (but owed by the corporation) in the amount of $4,656; and 

the remainder of the 2-year contract for salary from September 2015 

through October 31, 2016, in the amount of $262,500. (Tr. 181-183). 

Thus, Hawes’ total compensatory damages as enumerated above total 

$587,652.00. (Tr. 183). This amount does not include any interest,

costs, exemplary damages or attorneys’ fees.

* * *

In accordance with the damage calculations discussed in paragraph 49 

of the Findings of Fact above, the Court awards damages in the amount 

of $587,652.00 to Hawes against Shaut, jointly and severally with all 

the Downing Corporate Defendants. The Court further adopts Hawes’ 

calculation of past pre-judgment interest at the current statutory rate 

of 4% on $587,652.00, which is $23,506.08 per year and $64.40 per 

day. From October 31, 2016, through April 30, 2020, the past-due 

interest amount is $82,271.28, for a total amount of $669,923.28. The 

Court further awards punitive damages in the amount of 

$1,000,000.00 on the fraud and breach of fiduciary duty claims, which 

provide for exemplary damages. The Court hereby enters judgment 

accordingly against Shaut and all the Downing Corporate Defendants, 

jointly and severally, in the total amount of $1,669,923.28, plus future 

postjudgment interest on that amounts [sic] at the statutory rate of 4% 

or $73.42 per diem until paid in full.

The trial court further found that Hawes was entitled to reasonable 

attorney fees. The parties filed briefs and the court held a hearing on the attorney 

fees issue. Following the hearing, the court awarded attorney fees as follows:

The court found, after having reviewed the affidavit of plaintiff’s trial 

counsel Christopher Devito, the affidavit of the expert attorney Paul 

Grieco, the relevant case law, and the factors spelled out in 

Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a), that based upon the considerations of a customary 

hourly rate in the local legal community for comparable legal services, 

the experience and ability of plaintiff[’]s counsel Christopher Devito, 

the time expended (i.e, over 270 hours of itemized attorney time) and 

results obtained, the complexity of the case, and the contingent fee 

agreement, an upwards adjustment of the lodestar on attorney 

Christopher Devito’s hourly rate of $750.00 per hour is reasonable and 
necessary. Accordingly, the court grants Hawes’ application for 

attorneys’ fees in the contingency fee amount of 45% of the 

$1,699,923.28 damages determined by the court, for a total of 

$764,965.44 in attorneys’ fees, plus litigation expenses of $2,700.36.

Shaut then filed the instant appeal,

2 raising nine assignments of error 

for our review:

1. The trial court abused its discretion in awarding $764,965.44 in 

attorney’s fees to the Appellee.

2. The trial court abused its discretion in awarding $1,000,000 in 

punitive damages to the Appellee.

3. The trial court erred in holding that the Appellant breached a de facto 

fiduciary duty allegedly owed to the Appellee.

4. The trial court erred in failing to hold that the Appellee waived his 

claim against the Appellant for fraudulently inducing his consent to the 

contested employment agreement.

5. The trial court erred by failing to offset the Appellee’s recovery under 

his employment agreement by the amount he earned from other 

employers during the unfulfilled term of the contract.

6. The trial court erred in permitting the Appellee to recover on 

unilateral claims based on an investment that he and his wife owned 

jointly.

7. The trial court erred in failing to hold that the intra-corporate 

conspiracy doctrine barred the Appellee’s claim against the Appellant 

for conspiracy.

8. The trial court erred by failing to make any finding on the disputed 

issue of fraudulent intent.

9. The trial court erred in simultaneously awarding the Appellee 

recovery under both R.C. 1707.41 and R.C. 1707.43.

2 Shaut’s appeal challenges the trial court’s decision on all of Hawes’s claims except 

for violation of the Prompt Pay Act, R.C. 4113.15.
II. Law and Analysis

A. Irregularities in the Court’s Findings of Fact

Preliminarily, Shaut argues that there were certain irregularities in 

the trial court’s treatment of the evidence that worked to his detriment. Specifically, 

Shaut cites incorrect references to page numbers in the trial transcript and exhibits 

from trial. Shaut further asserts that the trial court relied upon the deposition 

testimony of Wagner and Lawrence, which were not offered at trial.

App.R. 12 outlines the parameters of the appellate court’s exercise of 

its reviewing powers and provides that a court of appeals is not required to consider 

errors that were not separately assigned and argued, as required by App.R. 16(A). 

Hungler v. Cincinnati, 25 Ohio St.3d 338, 341, 496 N.E.2d 912 (1986). “‘[E]rrors 

not specifically pointed out in the record and separately argued by brief may be 

disregarded.’” State v. Mock, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108837, 2020-Ohio-3667, 

¶ 33, quoting State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 70930, 1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 

3006, 12 (July 10, 1997), citing C. Miller Chevrolet v. Willoughby Hills, 38 Ohio 

St.2d 298, 313 N.E.2d 400 (1974).

Shaut did not separately assign his argument regarding the court’s 

findings as error. It is evident from the court’s journal entry that the trial court did 

rely on the depositions of Wagner and Lawrence, which were not offered as exhibits 

during the trial. In stating that it was appropriate to consider such items, the trial 

court appeared to conflate the concepts of “evidence in the record” and “evidence at 

trial.” “In rendering judgment after a bench trial, a trial court considers the evidence 
adduced from the witness stand, the exhibits admitted during trial, and 

stipulations.” Kidane v. Gezahegn, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-892, 2015-Ohio2662, ¶ 20, citing Midstate Educators Credit Union, Inc. v. Werner, 175 Ohio 

App.3d 288, 2008-Ohio-641, 886 N.E.2d 893, ¶ 35 (10th Dist.). Other evidence that 

is in the record but not admitted at trial may not be considered. Hoaglin Holdings 

v. Goliath Mtge., Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 83657, 2004-Ohio-3473, ¶ 15. 

Hawes takes the same position as the trial court, erroneously asserting 

that the court could consider all of the evidence in the record. While Shaut now 

argues that the trial court was not permitted to rely upon depositions that had not 

been admitted as evidence, during the trial, his counsel (who is also his counsel of 

record in this appeal) posited that the depositions were part of the record and 

erroneously agreed that they could be considered as part of the evidence in the trial:

[Hawes’s Counsel]: Objection.

[Hawes]: I’m sorry?

[Hawes’s Counsel]: For the record, we’ve submitted the depositions 

and gave notice of them. So they’re in the record. Mr. Wagner, Mr. 

Lawrence. So they’re in the record.

The Court: Right.

[Shaut’s Counsel]: Yeah. But they don’t testify about this.

The Court: But their depositions are part of the record, so they are 

actually evidence to be considered.

[Shaut’s Counsel]: I agree, your Honor, but they don’t address this 

subject.

(Emphasis added.)
The depositions of Wagner and Lawrence were not admitted, or even 

offered, at trial and should not have been considered by the trial court in rendering 

its decision. Consequently, in evaluating any of Shaut’s assignments of error that 

ask us to examine the evidence presented with regard to a claim, we must consider 

only whether the actual admitted evidence was sufficient to meet Hawes’s burden of 

proof without relying upon the depositions cited by the trial court. If the trial court 

considered evidence not admitted at trial, we must determine whether the trial court 

could have made the same decision without the evidence not admitted at trial. See 

Secy. of Veterans Affairs v. Leonhardt, 2015-Ohio-931, 29 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 33 (3d Dist.); 

Maldonado v. Maldonado, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2003CA00329, 2004-Ohio-3648, 

¶ 30.

With the above in mind, we now turn to Shaut’s assignments of error. 

For ease of discussion, we will address some of the assignments of error out of order.

B. Fiduciary Duty owed to Hawes

In his third assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court erred 

in holding that he breached a de facto fiduciary duty allegedly owed to Hawes. 

Specifically, Shaut contends that the trial court erroneously determined that Shaut 

owed Hawes a de facto fiduciary duty, requiring him to make specified disclosures 

about Downing Health when the two met prior to Hawes joining the company.

While not specifically stated by Shaut, he is essentially arguing that the 

trial court’s determination that he breached his fiduciary duty to Hawes was against 

the manifest weight of the evidence. When reviewing the manifest weight of the 
evidence, the reviewing court “‘weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, 

considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts 

in the evidence, [the trier of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest 

miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed and a new trial 

ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), 

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). 

The standard set forth in Thompkins has been held to apply in civil cases. Eastley 

v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 17.

With regard to its finding that a de facto fiduciary duty existed, the 

trial court stated as follows:

In this case, the prospective employer and the prospective investment 

into Downing Health created a de facto fiduciary relationship with 

Hawes because both parties understood that a special trust or 

confidence has been reposed in the other. Specifically, Hawes was 

solicited by Shaut, a Board Member and Senior Management Director 

for fundraising, to become an employee and invest $250,000 into 

Downing Health because of its policy for senior level management to 

have “skin in the game.” Hawes was meeting with Shaut because he was

represented as the individual at Downing Health (above its president 

Lawrence) that knew the most about the company and could explain the 

investment and viability of employment and $250,000 investment (P. 

Ex. 8). Based upon this mutual understanding, a fiduciary relationship

was created and Shaut was obligated to be truthful. 

A fiduciary relationship is one in which “special confidence and trust 

is reposed in the integrity and fidelity of another and there is a resulting position of 

superiority or influence, acquired by virtue of this special trust.” Stone v. Davis, 66 

Ohio St.2d 74, 419 N.E.2d 1094 (1981); Haluka v. Baker, 66 Ohio App. 308, 34 

N.E.2d 68 (9th Dist.1941); Tool Steel Prods. Sales Corp. v. XTEK, Inc., 2d Dist. 
Hamilton No. C-910533, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 333 (Jan. 29, 1993). A de facto 

fiduciary relationship may arise from an informal confidential relationship. 

Prudential Ins. Co. v. Eslick, 586 F.Supp. 763 (S.D.Ohio 1984); Walters v. First 

Natl. Bank of Newark, 69 Ohio St.2d 677, 433 N.E.2d 608 (1982).

“‘A confidential relationship exists whenever trust and confidence is 

placed in the integrity and fidelity of another.’” Golub v. Golub, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 97603, 2012-Ohio-2509, ¶ 33, quoting Ament v. Reassure Am. Life Ins. Co., 180 

Ohio App.3d 440, 2009-Ohio-36, 905 N.E.2d 1246, ¶ 39 (8th Dist.). ““‘The 

determination concerning what constitutes a confidential (fiduciary) relationship is 

a question of fact dependent upon the circumstances in each case * * *.’”” Ryerson 

v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100547, 2014-Ohio-3233, ¶ 19, quoting Ciszewski 

v. Kolaczewski, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26508, 2013-Ohio-1765, ¶ 10, quoting 

Indermill v. United Sav., 5 Ohio App.3d 243, 245, 451 N.E.2d 538 (9th Dist.1982).

The Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that a fiduciary duty may 

arise from an informal relationship only if both parties understand that a special 

trust or confidence has been reposed. Stancik v. Deutsche Natl. Bank, 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 102019, 2015-Ohio-2517, ¶ 49-50, citing Stone at 78. 

In the instant matter, Shaut and Hawes were negotiating an armslength commercial transaction. There was no evidence presented to indicate that 

the parties stood in a position of special confidence to each other or that Shaut

exerted a position of superiority of influence over Hawes. See Landskroner v. 

Landskroner, 154 Ohio App.3d 471, 2003-Ohio-5077, 797 N.E.2d 1002, ¶ 32 (8th 
Dist.); Blon v. Bank One, 35 Ohio St.3d 98, 519 N.E.2d 363 (1988); Warren v. Percy 

Wilson Mtge. & Fin. Corp., 15 Ohio App.3d 48, 472 N.E.2d 364 (1st Dist.1984) (no 

fiduciary status arising from advice given in routine business relationship between 

debtor and creditor).

Moreover, courts have required complete dependence by the inferior 

party in order to recognize the de facto status. Cook v. Kudlacz, 2012-Ohio-2999, 

974 N.E.2d 706, ¶ 79 (7th Dist.), citing Casey v. Reidy, 180 Ohio App.3d 615, 2009-

Ohio-415, 906 N.E.2d 1139, ¶ 33-36 (7th Dist.). There was no evidence presented 

that Shaut had any knowledge that Hawes was relying upon him as a fiduciary in 

deciding to invest in the company. More importantly, Hawes did not present 

evidence demonstrating that he depended completely on Shaut. Hawes testified 

that he was uncertain about the investment and joining the company, and Boyle 

suggested that he speak with Shaut. 

At the time of Hawes and Shaut’s conversation, Hawes had worked in 

the healthcare industry for a number of years and had held executive positions 

within the industry. He testified that he had had meaningful business experience, 

knew how to read financial documents, and knew what questions to ask about 

prospective investments. While Shaut was at the meeting to answer Hawes’s 

questions, his ultimate purpose was to sell Hawes on the company. Finally, Hawes 

testified that he also consulted his wife and some venture capital friends, including 

Renson, who advised him not to invest in the company. 
Upon weighing the evidence and making all reasonable inferences, we 

find that the trial court’s determination that Shaut owed a fiduciary duty to Hawes 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, Hawes’s breach-offiduciary-duty claim must fail, and the judgment of the trial court on this claim is

reversed. Shaut’s third assignment of error is sustained.

C. Waiver-of-Fraudulent-Inducement (Employment-Contract) Claim

In his fourth assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court 

erred in failing to hold that Hawes waived his claim against Shaut for fraudulently 

inducing his consent to the contested employment agreement. Shaut contends that 

Hawes waived his right to recover on his claim for fraudulent inducement with 

regard to the employment contract because Hawes remained employed after 

learning of the fraud.

In its analysis of Shaut’s argument that Hawes waived his claim 

regarding fraudulent inducement of the employment contract, the court held:

The Court finds and concludes to the contrary. In one of the cases cited 

by Shaut, Ziegler v. Findlay Industries, 380 F.Supp.2d 909 (N.D.Ohio 

2005), the court indeed explained the Ohio rule that “the performance 

of an executory contract after knowledge of facts making it voidable on 

the ground of fraud in its procurement, is a waiver of any right of action

for damages for the fraud.” Id. at 911 (internal citations omitted). But 

the court quickly added: “unless to stop performance would be 

impracticable.” Id. (emphasis added).

Hawes’ testimony, including his demeanor on the witness stand, 

painted a scenario of what can fairly be described as desperation, in 

which Hawes, having already shelled out a quarter of a million dollars 

for the privilege of securing a job, continued to work with the hope of 

having at least some income and continued health insurance benefits 

to support and care for his family. In this context, the trial testimony 

leads this Court to conclude that the “continued performance result[ed] 
from the parties’ [or at the very least Hawes’s] efforts to remedy the 

alleged fraud.” Globe Metallurgical v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 953 

F.Supp. 876, 882-883 (S.D.Ohio 1994). In light of this, the Court, like 

the Southern District of Ohio in Globe Metallurgical, finds that there 

are “valid policy reasons” for not applying the general rule to the facts 

of this case. Id. at 883.

Shaut argues that the impracticability found by the trial court does not 

rise to the same level of impracticability found by other courts, which often was the 

result of danger or impossibility of performance. He contends that impracticability 

is based upon an objective standard and does not turn on the particular person’s 

capacity to act. Shaut notes that Hawes learned of the fraud within several days of 

starting at the company yet continued to work there for ten months. Shaut

maintains that Hawes’s personal feelings of desperation did not constitute 

impracticability.

Shaut additionally argues that Hawes waived his fraudulentinducement claim by knowingly entering into the second employment contract. The 

trial court disregarded this argument because Shaut did not provide any Ohio 

authority in support.

In Ohio, one who performs a contract after learning of fraud in its 

inducement ratifies the contract and may not subsequently disaffirm it. Baltimore

& Ohio R.R. Co. v. Jolly Bros. & Co., 71 Ohio St. 92, 128, 72 N.E. 888 (1904). 

Moreover, “the performance of an executory contract after knowledge of facts 

making it voidable on the ground of fraud in its procurement, is a waiver of any right 
of action for damages for the fraud,” unless to stop performance would be 

impracticable. Id.

In Jolly Bros., the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad hired Jolly Brothers as 

excavators to remove a large amount of earth. Jolly Brothers claimed Baltimore & 

Ohio fraudulently described the material to be removed as easily excavated, dry 

sand. A few weeks after transporting its workers and equipment to the site and 

commencing work, Jolly Brothers learned the majority of the material to be removed 

was mud and quicksand, which were much costlier to excavate. Jolly Brothers

threatened to quit, but after a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employee promised to 

increase their compensation, they continued to work. The railroad subsequently 

failed to honor that promise, and the excavators sued for fraudulent inducement. 

The Supreme Court of Ohio explained:

Here the facts were known within a week or two after the 

commencement of the work, and the plaintiffs could not go on with the 

work, accept payment at the prices stipulated in the contract, and then, 

when it proved a losing venture, quit and sue for damages on the 

ground that their loss was caused not by themselves in electing to go on 

with the work but by the false representations of the defendant.

Id.

Like the workers in Jolly Brothers, Hawes testified that he learned of 

the fraud soon after beginning to work for Downing Health — in fact, within merely 

“a couple of days.” Yet he continued to work and even signed a second employment 

agreement containing the same terms when he was demoted to a different position. 

Hawes argues, and the trial court agreed, that it was “impracticable” for him to quit 
working there because he was trying to remedy the claimed fraud. The trial court 

determined that he continued working out of “desperation.” 

We cannot find that Hawes’s “desperation” and desire to remedy the 

fraud constituted impracticability as that term has been used in this context. Like 

the workers in Jolly Brothers, Hawes could not accept the financial conditions under 

which he was working, even signing a subsequent employment agreement, and 

when it proved to be a losing venture, quit and sue for damages on the ground that 

his loss was caused by the fraud on the part of Shaut and the corporate defendants 

and not by Hawes’s continued employment at Downing Health. 

We therefore find that Hawes waived his claim for fraudulent 

inducement with regard to the employment contract by continuing to perform the 

contract and even signing a subsequent contract with the same terms all the while 

being fully aware of the claimed fraud by Shaut and the company. Shaut’s fourth 

assignment of error is sustained, and the judgment of the trial court finding in favor 

of Hawes on his fraudulent inducement of the employment-contract claim is 

reversed. Hawes is not entitled to damages related to his claim for fraudulent 

inducement of the employment contract.

D. Failure to Offset Other Income

Shaut’s fifth assignment of error argues that the trial court erred by 

failing to offset Hawes’s recovery under his employment agreement by the amount 

he earned from other employers during the unfulfilled term of the contract. 
The trial court awarded Hawes $262,500 for the unexpired term of 

the contract at the time he left Downing Health. During this time, Hawes testified 

that he had worked for other companies, earning an annual salary of $175,000. 

Shaut argues that the court erred in failing to reduce the damages awarded on the 

unexpired contract by the other amounts earned from subsequent employers during 

the same time period and allowed Hawes to obtain double recovery.

Because we determined that Hawes waived his fraudulent inducement 

of the employment-agreement claim, Hawes cannot recover for this claim, and we 

need not address whether the trial court was required to offset his damages by the 

amount of compensation Hawes earned from other employment during the 

unexpired term of the employment agreement. Shaut’s fifth assignment of error is 

overruled.

E. Intracorporate-Conspiracy Doctrine

Shaut’s seventh assignment of error argues that the trial court erred 

in failing to hold that the intracorporate-conspiracy doctrine barred Hawes’s claim 

against Shaut for conspiracy. Shaut asserts this doctrine holds that a corporation 

cannot conspire with its own agents or employees.

Civil conspiracy is a tort where ‘“a malicious combination of two or 

more persons to injure another in person or property, in a way not competent for 

one alone, resulting in actual damages.’” Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 

464, 475, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998), quoting Kenty v. Transamerica Premium Ins. Co., 

72 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 650 N.E.2d 863 (1995). However, when all the alleged 
coconspirators are members of the same corporate entity, there are not two separate 

“people” to form a conspiracy. See Bays v. Canty, 330 Fed.Appx. 594 (6th 

Cir.2009); Ohio Vestibular & Balance Ctrs., Inc. v. Wheeler, 2013-Ohio-4417, 999 

N.E.2d 241, ¶ 28-30 (6th Dist.), citing Kerr v. Hurd, 694 F.Supp.2d 817, 834 

(S.D.Ohio 2010), explaining that a corporation cannot conspire with its own agents 

or employees; see also Hometown Health Plan v. Aultman Health Found., 

Tuscarawas C.P. No. 2006 CV 06 0350, 2009 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 550, 36 (Apr. 15, 

2009) (Because a corporation and its wholly owned subsidiary have a unity of 

purpose or a common design, a corporation cannot generally be deemed to have 

conspired with its wholly owned subsidiary, or its officers and agents.).

The trial court determined that Shaut was part of a malicious 

combination with two other individuals and the corporate defendants but did not 

address the applicability of the intracorporate-conspiracy doctrine. Shaut contends 

that the corporate defendants were interrelated companies, and that he, Lawrence, 

and Wagner each worked under the Downing name and therefore belonged to the 

same corporate family.

Hawes asserts that there was no testimony or evidence that all of the 

corporate defendants were interrelated businesses or in the same corporate family 

of companies. He contends that simply because some of the entities have “Downing” 

in their name does not mean that they are the same legal entity.

We agree that there was insufficient evidence presented at trial 

outlining the relationships between the corporate defendants. Consequently, we 
find that Shaut failed to demonstrate that all of the corporate defendants, Wagner, 

Lawrence, and Shaut were part of the same corporate family. Thus, the trial court 

did not err in declining to find that the intracorporate-conspiracy doctrine barred 

Hawes’s claim for civil conspiracy. Shaut’s seventh assignment of error is overruled.

F. Failure to Make Findings Regarding Fraudulent Intent

In his eighth assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court 

erred by failing to make any findings on the disputed issue of fraudulent intent. We 

note that Shaut is not arguing that the decision finding in favor of Hawes on the 

fraudulent-inducement claims was against the manifest weight of the evidence, but 

simply asserts that the court failed to make a finding regarding the same. 

Paragraph 8 of the “Conclusions of Law” section of the trial court’s 

journal entry states as follows: “These material representations were made by Shaut 

with his knowledge of their falsity and intent to mislead Hawes into becoming an 

employee and investing $250,000 into Downing Health.” While this statement is 

under the “Conclusions of Law” section, it is very clearly a finding of fact that the 

statements were made by Shaut with the intent to mislead Hawes. Thus, the court 

did make a finding relating to Shaut’s fraudulent intent, and Shaut’s eighth 

assignment of error is overruled. 

G. Recovery Under Both R.C. 1707.41 and 1707.43

Shaut’s ninth assignment of error argues that the trial court erred in 

simultaneously awarding Hawes recovery under both R.C. 1707.41 and 1707.43. 
Shaut contends that Hawes was required to elect under which statute he would 

pursue his claims.

Shaut is correct that a plaintiff must make an election with regard to 

claims brought under R.C. 1707.41 and 1707.43. However, the election pertains 

solely to the remedy sought — damages under R.C. 1707.41 or recission under R.C. 

1707.43. See, e.g., Federated Mgt. Co. v. Coopers & Lybrand, 10th Dist. Franklin 

No. 03AP-204, 2004-Ohio-4785, ¶ 11. As noted by Hawes, he abandoned any action 

for recission and elected to solely pursue damages. The trial court, however, 

analyzed Hawes’s claims under both statutory sections and determined that Hawes 

was entitled to judgment on both. This was not correct because a plaintiff is required 

to elect which remedy he or she is pursuing and may only recover under one section. 

Here, Hawes elected to pursue damages and waived any remedy of recission and 

consequently could not recover under R.C. 1707.43. See Ohio Bur. of Workers’

Comp. v. MDL Active Duration Fund, LTD., 476 F.Supp.2d 809, 820 (S.D.Ohio 

2007), citing Byrley v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 94 Ohio App.3d 1, 20, 640 N.E.2d 

187 (6th Dist.1994). 

Accordingly, the trial court erred by granting judgment and awarding 

damages under both statutory sections. By seeking damages rather than recission, 

Hawes elected to proceed under R.C. 1707.41 and abandoned his claim under R.C. 

1707.43. Shaut’s ninth assignment of error is sustained, and the court’s judgment 

in favor of Hawes on his claim under R.C. 1707.43 is vacated. The court’s judgment 

in favor of Hawes on his claim under R.C. 1707.41 remains. 
H. Allowing Hawes to Recover on Unilateral Claims Jointly Owned by 

Hawes and His Wife

In his sixth assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court erred 

in permitting Hawes to recover on unilateral claims based on an investment that he 

and his wife owned jointly. Shaut asserts that Hawes should not have been 

permitted to sue and recover individually when Hawes and his wife owned the 

investment jointly. 

In its journal entry, the trial court determined that Shaut had waived 

this argument and specifically had waived the defense of failure to join a party under 

Civ.R. 19 or 19.1. While the court stated that Shaut did raise the affirmative defense 

of failure to name all necessary parties, the defense was simply a cursory statement 

and did not identify the specific parties that needed to be joined. The court further 

noted that Shaut did not argue the defense in his motion for summary judgment and 

held that its assertion in his trial brief was untimely.

The court further noted that Civ.R. 12(H) permits a party to raise the 

defense of failure to join an “indispensable” party even at the trial on the merits. The 

court held, however, that Shaut only raised the “necessary” party defense at trial but 

never argued that Hawes’s wife was “indispensable.” 

“A court may determine that a party is necessary for the just and 

complete adjudication of an action and a necessary party may be forced 

to join the action as an indispensable party under Civ.R. 19(B). If a trial 

court determines that a party is indispensable to the action, that the 

party is subject to service of process, and that the nonjoinder issue has 

not been waived, then the court has no discretion under Civ.R. 19(A) 

and (B) and the party must be joined or the case dismissed.” State, ex 

rel. Gill v. Winters (1990), 68 Ohio App.3d 497, 589 N.E.2d 68.
Ownbey v. Professional Realty Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82468, 2003-Ohio4949, ¶ 12.

Shaut did not move to add Hawes’s wife as a party, nor did he move to 

dismiss the claims to which he asserts she should have been a party. At trial, Hawes 

was questioned as to whether his wife had signed the security, but no further 

argument was made to the court regarding this issue. 

We therefore find that the trial court properly determined that Shaut 

waived the issue of joinder. Shaut’s sixth assignment of error is overruled.

I. Award of Punitive Damages

In his second assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court 

abused its discretion in awarding $1,000,000 in punitive damages to Hawes.

Under Ohio law, an award of punitive damages is available only upon 

a finding of actual malice. Wills v. Kolis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93900, 2010-Ohio4351, ¶ 47-48, citing Berge v. Columbus Community Cable Access, 136 Ohio App.3d 

281, 316, 736 N.E.2d 517 (10th Dist.1999). The “actual malice” necessary for 

purposes of an award of punitive damages has been defined as “‘(1) that state of mind 

under which a person’s conduct is characterized by hatred, ill will or a spirit of 

revenge, or (2) a conscious disregard for the rights and safety of other persons that 

has a great probability of causing substantial harm.’” Berge, quoting Preston v. 

Murty, 32 Ohio St.3d 334, 512 N.E.2d 1174 (1987), syllabus.

A plaintiff bears the burden of establishing entitlement to punitive 

damages by clear and convincing evidence. Kelley v. Sullivan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 
No. 106189, 2018-Ohio-1410, ¶ 13, citing Whetstone v. Binner, 146 Ohio St.3d 395, 

2016-Ohio-1006, 57 N.E.3d 1111, ¶ 20. The decision whether to award punitive 

damages is within the trial court’s discretion and, absent an abuse of discretion, the 

court’s ruling will be upheld. Kemp v. Kemp, 161 Ohio App.3d 671, 2005-Ohio-3120, 

831 N.E.2d 1038, ¶ 73 (5th Dist.).

In its journal entry, the court stated that it further “award[ed] 

punitive damages in the amount of $1,000,000.00 on the fraud and breach of 

fiduciary duty claims, which provide for exemplary damages.” However, the court 

made no finding of actual malice or whether Hawes had presented clear and 

convincing evidence to support a punitive damage award.

Hawes contends that the following factual finding by the court 

supports the award of punitive damages:

Shaut admitted during cross-examination that a fair characterization 

of Downing is that it was a Ponzi scheme. (Tr. 339). However, he 

claimed he did not become aware of that until his deposition in this 

matter on July 26, 2016. (Tr. 340). Further, Shaut admitted that by the 

second day of trial, January 14, 2020, he “was in agreement” with 

Hawes’ attorney that “Wagner is a fraud” and personally lied to Shaut 

regarding Downing. (Tr. 368).

Hawes further points to instances where the trial court stated that 

Shaut was not credible. Finally, Hawes argues that the trial court properly found

that Hawes had established all of the required elements for his breach-of-fiduciaryduty claims and civil-conspiracy claims, which included a finding of malice by Shaut. 

We do not believe the above findings cited by Hawes are sufficient to 

support an award of punitive damages. First, we have already reversed the court’s 
judgment on Hawes’s breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim. Nevertheless, actual malice 

is not an element of either a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim or a civil-conspiracy 

claim. While an element of civil conspiracy is “a malicious combination,” the malice 

referenced is not actual malice. Rather, 

“[t]he ‘malice’ in ‘malicious combination’ is legal or implied malice, 

‘which the law infers from or imputes to certain acts,’ and is defined as 

‘that state of mind under which a person does a wrongful act purposely, 

without a reasonable or lawful excuse, to the injury of another.’ See 

Pickle v. Swinehart (1960), 170 Ohio St. 441, 443, 166 N.E.2d 22 

(defining ‘malice’ for purposes of ‘malicious prosecution’). This 

‘malice,’ then, would be inferred from or imputed to a common design 

by two or more persons to cause harm to another by means of an 

underlying tort, and need not be proven separately or expressly.”

Click v. Unknown Exr. or Admr. (Estate of Click), 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 05CA38, 

2007-Ohio-3029, ¶ 21, quoting Gosden v. Louis, 116 Ohio App.3d 195, 219-220, 687 

N.E.2d 481 (9th Dist.1996); see also Youngstown Osteopathic Hosp. Assn. v. 

Pathways Ctr. For Geriatric Psychiatry, Inc., 280 B.R. 400, 416 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 

2002) (noting that implied malice in the context of civil conspiracy does not rise to 

the level of actual malice).

Accordingly, we find that Hawes did not present clear and convincing 

evidence that Shaut acted with actual malice, and the trial court abused its discretion 

in awarding punitive damages in this matter. Shaut’s second assignment of error is 

sustained, and the award of punitive damages of $1,000,000 is vacated.

J. Award of Attorney Fees

In his first assignment of error, Shaut argues that the trial court 

abused its discretion in awarding $764,965.44 in attorney fees to Hawes. Shaut 
argues that the amount of attorney fees was not reasonable and that Hawes did not 

sufficiently prove the lodestar used by the court.

“The Supreme Court of Ohio, as well as this court, has held that 

attorney fees are recoverable as part of compensatory damages only when punitive 

damages have been awarded.” Danial v. Lancaster, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92462, 

2009-Ohio-3599, ¶ 18, citing Davis v. Tunison, 168 Ohio St. 471, 477, 155 N.E.2d 

904 (1959); Wilson v. Harvey, 164 Ohio App.3d 278, 290, 2005-Ohio-5722, 842 

N.E.2d 83 (8th Dist.).

In Digital & Analog Design Corp. v. N. Supply Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 657, 

590 N.E.2d 737 (1992), the court further provided that “the requirement that a party 

pay attorney fees * * * is a punitive (and thus equitable) remedy that flows from a 

jury finding of [actual] malice and the award of punitive damages. * * * Without a 

finding of [actual] malice and the award of punitive damages, plaintiff cannot justify 

the award of attorney fees, unless there is a basis for sanctions under Civ.R. 11.” Id. 

at 662.

Because we determined that the award of punitive damages was

improper, there can be no award of attorney fees. We need not address Shaut’s 

arguments regarding the reasonableness of fees or the method of computation. 

Shaut’s first assignment of error is sustained, and the award of attorney fees is 

vacated.
III. Conclusion

The trial court did not err in (1) declining to offset Hawes’s recovery 

by the amount he earned from other employers; (2) allowing Hawes to recover on 

the investment that was jointly owned by himself and his wife; and (3) declining to 

apply the intracorporate-conspiracy doctrine. In addition, the trial court did make 

a finding on the issue of fraudulent intent and thus did not err on this issue. Shaut’s 

fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth assignments of error are overruled.

The trial court did err in finding that Shaut owed a de facto fiduciary 

duty to Hawes, and the court’s judgment in favor of Hawes on the breach-offiduciary-duty claim was against the manifest weight of the evidence. The court 

further erred in (1) finding that Hawes had not waived his claim for fraudulent 

inducement with regard to the employment contract by continuing to work for 

Downing Health and signing a subsequent agreement under the same terms; (2)

awarding Hawes relief under R.C. 1707.43 when he elected to proceed under R.C. 

1707.41; and (3) awarding punitive damages and attorney fees. 

Shaut’s first, second, third, fourth, and ninth assignments of error are 

sustained, and the damages awarded to Hawes for his claims for breach of fiduciary 

duty, fraudulent inducement of the employment agreement, and his claim under 

R.C. 1707.43, plus the punitive damages, and the award of attorney fees are hereby 

vacated.

It is not clear from the trial court’s journal entry what damages were 

awarded for each claim. Accordingly, this matter is remanded to the trial court to 
clarify the proper damages for the judgments that remain in favor of Hawes in 

accordance with this decision, to wit: his claim under the Prompt Pay Act, his claim 

under R.C. 1707.41, his claim for fraudulent inducement of the investment contract, 

and his claim for civil conspiracy.

We emphasize that this matter is not being remanded for a new trial 

on any of the claims or further findings by the trial court. The remand is solely for a 

new ruling clarifying the damages awarded on the remaining four claims, as set forth 

above. 

Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, vacated in part, and 

remanded.

Costs of the appeal are to be shared evenly between the parties pursuant to 

App.R. 24. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment 

into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, JUDGE

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, A.J., and

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR