United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 15-2078

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

Daniel Nok Musa

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul

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 Submitted: May 16, 2016

 Filed: July 28, 2016

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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, COLLOTON and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

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KELLY, Circuit Judge. 

Daniel Nok Musa pleaded guilty, without a written plea agreement, to 14

counts of failing to pay to the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) the full amount of his

employees’ tax withholdings, in violation of 26 U.S.C. § 7202. The district court

sentenced Musa to 51 months’ imprisonment on all 14 counts, to be served
concurrently. Musa appeals, challenging the court’s application of a four-level

leadership enhancement under USSG § 3B1.1(a). Because we find that the district

court did not make the required findings for this enhancement, we remand to the

district court. 

I.

Musa was the owner and president of a home health care service. Beginning

in the first quarter of 2006 and continuing through September 2009, Musa failed to

forward all of the federal income taxes and FICA taxes withheld from his employees’

paychecks to the I.R.S. Instead, he spent the money. As the I.R.S. attempted to

collect the unpaid taxes, Musa changed the name of his home health care service and

placed various properties and businesses in the names of his wife and three children.

In calculating Musa’s advisory sentencing guidelines, the probation office

recommended Musa be given a four-level enhancement for his role in the offense. 

See USSG § 3B1.1. The probation officer recommended the adjustment because: 

Musa controlled and exercised complete decision making authority over

the six businesses he created over an extended (11 year) period of time. 

His conduct involved a degree of authority as he moved from one

business to another in order to evade taxes. Further, investigative

materials indicate that Musa created false documents to make it appear

that at least one business, LLPCA[,] had been run by his daughter. 

Musa objected that this was a one-person offense and that being in control of various

entities did not elevate his role into that of a leader or organizer. The probation office

responded that the four-level role enhancement was warranted because the offense

involved criminal activity that was “otherwise extensive,” “Musa controlled and

exercised complete decision making authority over the six businesses he created” and

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his “conduct involved a degree of authority as he moved fromone businessto another

in order to evade taxes.” 

At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Musa’s objection,

stating:

I find that regardless of whether there were others involved in this

criminal activity, there isthe ‘or was otherwise extensive’ provision, and

I think this was clearly extensive, thissituation. Mr. Musa had authority

over six businesses [over] an 11-year extended period of time. He

certainly had authority because he moved from one business to another

in order to evade taxes, created false documents. 

The district court then imposed the four-level enhancement. 

II.

On appeal, Musa contends the district court erred in imposing a four-level

leadership-role enhancement because the court failed to identify any other participant

whose activities Musa directed. We review a district court’s factual findings

regarding whether a leadership enhancement is warranted for clear error and its legal

conclusions de novo. United States v. Adetiloye, 716 F.3d 1030, 1037 (8th Cir.

2013). It is the government’s burden to prove a leadership enhancement applies by

a preponderance of the evidence. Id.

Sentencing Guideline § 3B1.1(a) allows a four-level increase in a defendant’s

offense level “[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a criminal activity that

involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” In order for the

leadership enhancement to apply, the government must prove two elements. First, the

government must prove the defendant organized or led at least one other participant

in the criminal activity. USSG § 3B1.1 cmt. n.2; see also United States v. Adejumo,

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772 F.3d 513, 532 (8th Cir.2014) (noting that “[w]e have always required evidence

that the defendant directed or procured the aid of underlings” (quoting United States

v. Irlmeier, 750 F.3d 759, 764 (8th Cir. 2014)). Second, the government must prove

the criminal activity involved at least five participants or was “otherwise extensive.” 

USSG § 3B1.1(a); see also United States v. Vasquez-Rubio, 296 F.3d 726, 729 (8th

Cir. 2002). “A ‘participant’ is a person who is criminally responsible for the

commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.” USSG § 3B1.1 cmt.

n.1; see also Vasquez-Rubio, 296 F.3d at 729. “A person who is not criminally

responsible for the commission of the offense (e.g., an undercover law enforcement

officer) is not a participant.” USSG § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1. 

The government asserts the district court implicitly found that Musa’s family

members were “participants” by adopting the information contained in the

Presentence Report (PSR). Although we generallyconstrue the terms “organizer” and

“leader” broadly, see United States v. Bolden, 596 F.3d 976, 983 (8th Cir. 2010), in

order for a defendant to be an organizer or leader, there must be some evidence that

he directed at least one other participant. United States v. Rodriguez-Ramos, 663

F.3d 356, 365 (8th Cir. 2011). Here, the court specifically stated that the

enhancement applied “regardless of whether there were others involved in this

criminal activity.” There was no discussion regarding the necessary elements of the

enhancement during the sentencing hearing. The only facts cited by the district court

concerned Musa’s control over different business entities, not other people. Finally,

both the PSR and the government’s position on sentencing suggested the

enhancement could apply based on Musa’s criminal activity simply being “otherwise

extensive,” without addressing whether Musa directed or organized someone else.

On this record, we cannot say that the district court made the required finding

that Musa organized or led at least one other participant in the criminal scheme to

justify the four-level enhancement. Accordingly, we remand the case to provide the

district court the opportunity to clarify whether Musa organized or led at least one

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other participant, and to identify what evidence in this record supports that finding.

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If the record fails to support such a finding, the district court should proceed

accordingly. 

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge, concurring.

The district court found that appellant Daniel Musa was an organizer or leader

of criminal activity that was “otherwise extensive.” See USSG § 3B1.1(a). I concur

in the opinion of the court remanding for clarification because it holds only that the

district court did not make an adequate finding about whether Musa organized or led

another participant in the criminal activity. See id., comment. (n.2). The government

argues on appeal that the adjustment was appropriate because the district court

adopted facts in the presentence report establishing that Musa’s wife and children

were participants in criminal activity organized or led by Musa. The court’s opinion

does not address the sufficiency of this evidence; it holds only that the district court

did not make the required finding that Musa organized or led another participant. The

government also argues that the judgment could be affirmed on the alternative ground

that Musa’s criminal activity involved atleast five criminallyresponsible participants. 

The district court made no finding on this issue, and the opinion does not address it. 

Ante, at 5 n.1. The opinion also does not address whether the record would support

an upward departure or variance from the advisory guideline range if Musa did not

organize or lead another participant. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1); USSG § 3B1.1,

comment. (n.2). On these understandings, I concur.

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Because we are remanding for clarification of whether the government showed

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Musa organized or led at least one other participant—a necessary element for a

leadership enhancement—we do not address whether the government showed that the

criminal activity “involved five or more participants or was otherwise extensive.” 

USSG § 3B1.1(a). 

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