## United States Court of Appeals **For the Eighth Circuit**

___________________________
No. 19

- 2706

___________________________ Gary Luis; Caryl Luis; Gary A. Mentz; Michael J. Vitse; Merri L. Vitse, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated

Plaintiffs - Appellants

v.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC

Defendant - Appellee

____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the District of Minnesota

____________
Submitted: October 22, 2020 Filed: December 28, 2020

____________ Before BENTON, SHEPHERD, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

____________
BENTON, Circuit Judge

.

Gary Luis, Caryl Luis, Gary A. Mentz, Michael J. Vitse, and Merri L. Vitse are former clients of RBC Capital Marke ts, LLC

. Through RBC, the clients invested in reverse convertible notes (RCNs)

. The clients , individually and for a purported class, sued RBC for breach of contract . The clients alleged that RBC breached its
duties to comply with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) rules and
to know the clients’ investment profiles

. RBC moved for summary judgment,- 2

- asserting that the plain language of the Client Account Agreement did not create
either duty. The district court 1 granted summary judgment to RBC. The clients appeal . Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms.

I.

The Agreement governs the relationship between RBC and each client

. Each
client received the Agreement and agreed to abide by its terms

. See Luis v. RBC Capital Markets, LLC , 401 F. Supp. 3d 817, 823 (D. Minn. 2019)

.

The Agreement lists the terms each client agrees to. T he terms “I” and “me”
refer to the client. An introductory paragraph and Paragraph 16 describe the laws and regulations for transactions in the clients’ RBC accounts :

In consideration of [RBC] continuing to or now and hereafter opening

an account or accounts (collectively, the “ Account ” ) for the purchase and sale of securities and commodities for me, or in my n ame, I agree that all transactions with respect to any such Account shall be subject to the following terms

. . . .

16. APPLICABLE LAW AND REGULATIONS

All transactions in my Account shall be subject to all applicable laws and the rules and regulations of all federal, state and self

- regulatory agencies, including, but not limited to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., ( “ NYSE ” ), FINRA, the Board of Governors of the Federal Res erve System, and the constitution, rules, and customs of the exchange or market (and the related clearing facility or entity) where executed, as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time.

Id.

1 The Honorable Susan Richard Nelson, United States District Judge for the District of Minnesota.- 3

- When opening a new account with RBC , each client completes a Client
Account Information form

. RBC uses it to collect each client ’ s basic financial information. Clients provide their age, occupation, investment experience, years investing, estimated tax bracket, annual income

, net worth, and investment objective, among other things. A client may describe their investment objective as “preservation of principal/income,” “balanced/conservative growth,” “growth,” “aggressive growth,” or “speculation.” Id. The clients here did not describe their investment objectives as aggressive or speculative. RBC’ s internal guidelines require its brokers to “ look through this ‘ Client Account Information, ’ in addition to other information gleaned through the broker ’ s own investigation, and determine
whether RCNs are ‘ suitable ’ for a client under RBC’ s internal rules

. . . .” Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis in original)

.

RBC purchased RCNs on behalf of the clients. RCNs are “ a complex

‘ structured financial product, ’ t hat combine the consistent interest rate payments of
a bond with the inherent riskiness of a stock.” Id. at 820

. “[W]hen an investor buys an RCN, they are not buying a traditional bond

— they are betting that a reference
stock (or basket of stocks) will stay at a certain price level, and are then receiv ing
above

- market ‘ interest rate payments ’ in exchange for taking one side of that bet.”
Id. (emphasis in original). Because of a substantial risk of loss of the principal, RCNs are “perhaps the riskiest ” structured financial product available to retail
investors. Id.

FINRA

, a self

- regulatory organization created u nder the Securities and Exchange Act

, regulates the financial industry with approval by the Securities and Exchange Commission

. See Bank of Am. v. UMB Fin. Servs., Inc. , 618 F.3d 906, 909 (8th Cir. 2010)

, citing 15 U.S.C. § 78s . FINRA issues guidance on industry practices such as the sale and management of structured products like RCNs

.- 4

- FINRA has the authority to “ pass rules with the force of law .” Luis , 401 F. Supp.
3d at 821

. FINRA’s issued guidance are called Notices to Members (NTMs)

. 2

FINRA Rule 2111(a), the suitability rule, sets brokers ’ obligations in making
transactions or investments for a client :

A member [RBC] or an associated person must have a reasonable basis to believe that a recommended transaction or investment strategy i nvolving a security or securities is suitable for the customer, based on the information obtained through the reasonable diligence of the member or associated person to ascertain the customer ’ s investment profile. A customer ’ s investment profile includes, but is not limited to, the customer ’ s age, other investments, financial situation and needs, tax status, investment objectives, investment experience, investment time horizon, liquidity needs, risk tolerance, and any other information the customer may dis close to the member or associated person in connection with such recommendation.

FINRA ’ s NTMs detail th e suitability rule. NTM 05- 59 gives guidance on
brokers ’ “obligations when selling structured products

. ” FINRA, Notice to
Members 05- 59

. It says that brokers “should consider whether purchases of some or all structured products should be limited to investors that have accounts that have been approved for options trading. ” Id. For investors not approved for options trading , brokers “ should develo p other comparable procedures designed to ensure that structured products are only sold to persons for whom the risk of such products is appropriate. ” Id. Suitability for structured products “must be determined on an
investor

- by

- investor basis, with refe rence to the specific facts and circumstances of
each investor. ” Id. To accomplish this, the brokers must “supervise and maintain a supervisory control system ” and “ train associated persons. ” Id.

NTM 10

- 09 repeats the substance of NTM 05- 59 and applies it to RCNs. FINRA, Notice to Members 10

- 09

. NTM 12

- 03 requires “heightened supervision”

2 FINRA Rules and NTMs are available on FINRA’s website, https://www.finra.org

.- 5

- of complex products like RCNs, including that brokers “should have formal written procedures to ensure that their registered representatives do not recommend a compl ex product to a retail investor before it has been thoroughly vetted. ” FINRA,
Notice to Members 12

- 03

.

FINRA enforce s its rules through administrative proceedings and arbitration

. See FINRA Rule 8310 (giving FINRA the authority to impose sanctions on broker

members for violations of FINRA rules); FINRA Rule 12200 (giving a client the authority to compel arbitration for disputes between the client and the broker

member). In 2015, after investigating the sale of RCNs to clients, FINRA entered
into a consent decree with RBC. B etween 2008 and 2012, RBC approved “approximately 364 [RCN] transactions in approximately 218 customer accounts”
that were unsuitable for those customers under RBC ’ s internal guidel ines on suitability. Luis , 401 F. Supp. 3d at 824 (citation omitted)

. RBC paid a $1,000,000 fine to FINRA and $433,898.10 in restitution to harmed clients

. Id.

In an earlier case against RBC , the clients asserted claims of common law fraud, fraudulent concealment, violations of the Minnesota Securities Act, common law negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract. See Luis v. RBC Capital Markets, LLC , 2016 WL 6022909, at *2 (D . Minn. 2016) . The clients ’ claims centered around the allegation that “RBC engaged in a series of actions designed to hide the true risk of [RCNs] from investors, while pushing them on individuals who had expressly indicated an unwillingness to partake in options trading. ” Id. The district court dismissed the clients ’ claims because they were precluded by the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998. See id. at * 7.

T he clients again sued RBC for breach of contract, alleging that RBC failed to comply with FINRA rules and guidance by not following internal guidelines on RCNs and by pushing RCNs on ineligible clients. Luis , 401 F. Supp. 3d at 827.
The y argued that Paragraph 16 of the Agreement created a contractual duty that RBC comply with FINRA rules. The clients also argued that the Agreement and Client Account Information form together created an implied duty that RBC “know your- 6

- customer.” The district court granted summary judgment to RBC

, ruling that the Agreement did not create a duty that RBC comply with FINRA rules and that the
clients did not have a cause of action to enforce them

. Id. at 832.

This court reviews de novo the district court ’ s grant of summary judgment. Torgerson v. City of Rochester , 643 F.3d 1031, 10 42 (8th Cir. 2011) (en banc)

. Summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.

, quoting Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56

.

II.

Th is dispute is governed by Minnesota law. This court must “predict how the Minnesota Supreme Court would resolve the issue.” Harleysville Ins. Co. v. Physical Distribution Servs., Inc. , 716 F.3d 451, 457 (8th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). To do so , this court follows the “fundamental principles of Minnesota
law.” Id. at 459. This court must give unambiguous words their “plain, ordinary, and popular meaning,” read contract provisions “in context with all other relevant provisions,” and use “common sense” in interpreting language. Id.

, quoting Gen eral Cas. Co. of Wisconsin v. Wozniak Travel, Inc. , 762 N.W.2d 572, 575 (Minn. 2009) ; Mutual Serv. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Wilson Twp. , 603 N.W.2d 151, 153 (Minn. Ct. App. 1999) ; and West Bend Mut. Ins. Co. v. Armstrong , 419 N.W.2d 848, 850 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988)

.

The clients and RBC agree that the Agreement is unambiguous. See Enervations, Inc. v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. , 380 F.3d 1066, 1069 (8th Cir. 2004) (“ Under Minnesota law, the interpretation of an unambiguous contract is

a question of law and is reviewed de novo on appeal. ”) (citation omitted). Cf. Staffing Specifix, Inc. v. TempWorks Mgmt. Servs., Inc. , 913 N.W.2d 687, 692 (Minn. 2018) (“ A contract ’ s terms are not ambiguous simply because the parties ’ interpretations differ. ”). “When the language is clear and unambiguous, [this c ourt]
enforce [s] the agreement of the parties as expressed in the language of the- 7

- contract.” Storms, Inc. v. Mathy Const. Co. , 883 N.W.2d 772, 776 (Minn. 2016) (citation omitted)

. For unambiguous contract language

, this court “ should not rewrite, modify, or limit its effect by a strained construction.” Residential Funding Co., LLC v. Terrace Mortg. Co. , 725 F.3d 910, 916 (8th Cir. 2013)

, quoting Travertine Corp. v. Lexington

– Silverwood

, 683 N.W.2d 267, 271 (Minn. 2004) (en banc)

.

In t he Agreement

, clients “agree” that a ll transactions in the ir accounts “ shall be subject to” FINRA rules. Luis , 401 F. Supp. 3d at 823

. According to the clients,
the unambiguous plain language of the Agreement creates two contractual duties

. First, the clients argue that the “I agree” and “subject to” language should be interpreted to create a contractual duty that RBC comply with FINRA rules . Second,
th e clients argue that the Agreement and Client Account Information form together implicitly create the duty that RBC “know your customer.”

A.

The clients argue that the Agreement ’ s unambiguous plain language creates a contractual duty that RBC comply with FINRA rules. The Agreement states : “I agree that . . . [a]ll transactions in my Account shall be subject to all applicable laws and the rules and regulations of all federal, state and self

- regulatory agencies, including . . . FINRA . . . .” Id. From t his language, the clients argue that RBC had a duty and breached it by not having adequate procedures for selling RCNs and by selling them to ineligible clients.

1.

The “subject to” language in Paragraph 16 does not create a contractual duty. Rather, it is an acknowledgment by the clients that RBC will comply with FINRA
rules

.- 8

- Courts examin ing similar language reach the same conclusion. In the Burgmeier case , a contract between Burgmeier and a Farm Credit Bank stated that Burgmeier ’s stock purchased in connection with a mortgage was “held by [ the Bank] as collateral security for the payment of said loan, subject to all the provisions of the
Farm Credit Act of 1971. ” Burgmeier v. Farm Credit Bank of St. Pa ul , 499 N.W.2d
43 , 45 (Minn. Ct. App. 1993) (emphasis added). Like the client here, Burgmeier argued that this language created a contractual duty that the Bank comply with the
Act

, and supported a breach of contract action. Id. at 47.

The Minnesota Court of Appeals rejected Burgmeier ’s argument. According to the court, the unambiguous language

— the mortgage was “subject to” the Act

— was “insufficient to create rights or obligations in the parties, and cannot support a breach of contract action.” Id

. ; Nelson v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. , 899 F.3d 475,
479 , 48 0–81 (8th Cir. 2018) ( adopting and quoting Burgmeier ’s holding ) ; Palmer v.
Illinois Farmers Ins. Co. , 666 F.3d 1081, 1086 (8th Cir. 2012) (same). See Prod uction Credit Ass ’ n of Worthington v. Van Iperen , 396 N.W.2d 35, 36 (Minn. Ct. App. 1986) ( refusing to incorporate the Farm Credit Act into a contract that stated
the loan was “governed by” the Act). See generally Bureau of Engraving, Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co. , 5 F.3d 1175, 1176 (8th Cir. 1993) (stating that the “ decisions of the Minnesota intermediate appellate court are not binding on [this court]

, ‘ but they are persuasive authority, and we must follow them when they are the best evidence ’ of
Minnesota law .”), quoting Garnac Grain Co. v. Blackley , 932 F.2d 1563, 1570 (8th Cir. 1991)

.

The Second Circuit ’ s unpublished opinion in Gurfein analyzed similar language and reached the same conclusion as Minnesota law

. Gurfein v. Ameritrade, Inc. , 312 F ed . Ap px. 410 (2d Cir. 2009). Gurfein ’s contract with its
broker Ameritrade stated :

In consideration of Ameritrade handling options transactio ns for my account, I am aware of and agree as follows:

. . . All my option transactions are subject to the rules and regulations of the Options- 9

- Clearing Corporation, the Chicago Board Options Exchange or the appropriate options exchange, and [ FINRA’s prede cessor ].

Id

. at 413 ( second emphasis added ).

Examining this “unambiguous language,” the court determined that the provision “ memorialize[d] only Gurfein ’ s acknowledgment that her trades are subject to applicable rules and regulations. ” Id

. The “subject to” language was a notice provision, putting “Gurfein on notice that her electronic trades are governed by various entities’ regulatory rules. ” Id. This language did not, however,

“ incorpo rate into the contract the rules and regulations of those outside regulatory
bodies . Nor does it impose any contractual obligations on Ameritrade. ” Id.

Rejecting the clients’ factual distinction s between this case and Gurfein

, t he district court properly relied on Gurfein to conclude that “there is no indication in this provision that the broker, RBC, is agreeing to do anything on the client’s behalf.”
Luis

, 401 F. Supp. 3d at 83 0–3 1 (“Although Gurfein is an unpublished opinion, the Second Circuit’s reasoning has proved persuasive” to courts in subsequent decisions.), citing Hauptman v. Interactive Brokers, LLC , 2018 WL 4278345, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) ; Lanier v. BATS Exch., Inc. , 105 F. Supp. 3d 353, 367 n.6 (S.D.N.Y. 2015), aff ’d on other grounds

, 838 F.3d 139 (2d Cir. 2016) ; Appert v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter, Inc. , 2009 WL 3764120, at *4 (N.D. Ill. 2009) (distinguishing, at *4 n.2, the case the clients’ rely on

— Komanoff v. Mabon, Nugent
& Co. , 884 F. Supp. 848 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) ), aff’d

, 673 F.3d 609 (7th Cir. 2012) ; and Knights of Columbus Council 3152 v. KFS BD, Inc. , 791 N.W.2d 317, 324 –26 ( Neb. 2010)

.

The clients , conversely, invoke Interactive Brokers LLC v. Saroop , 969 F.3d 438 (4th Cir. 2020) . There, the contract between a broker and investors stated : “A ll
transactions are subject to rules and policies of relevant markets and clearinghouses, and applicable laws and regulations.” Id

. at 444 (emphasis added) . Those “rules”
included FINRA rules. Id

. The investors asserted multiple causes of action with- 10

- FINRA’s arbitration panel, including one for breach of contract, seeking to recover
losses from the broker. Id. at 441.

The arbitration panel granted an award to the investors , but did not specify
which cause of action supported the broker’s liability

. Id. The district court vacated the award, reasoning that “ the arbitrators had based the Broker ’ s liability to the Investors on FINRA Rule 4210, which was ‘ a manifest disregard of the law because the law is clear that there is no private right of action to enforce FINRA rules. ’” Id.
at 442

, quoting I nteractive Brokers LLC v. Saroop , 2018 WL 6683047, at *8 (E.D. Va. 2018), vacated and remanded

, 969 F.3d 438 . On appeal, the Fourth Cir cuit disagreed

. According to the court, the contract provision “could well be read as incorporating the FINRA rules, making a violation of the rules a breach of the parties ’ contracts.” Id

. at 444.

The Fourth Circuit ’ s holding is not persuasive here. See Jaben v. United
States , 333 F.2d 535, 538 (8th Cir. 1964), aff ’d

, 381 U.S. 214 (1965) (stating that this court may choose not to defer to another circuit ’s holding where there are “impelling and cogent reasons” to not follow that case). The Fourth Circuit interpreted the contract in the context of an arbitration award. That court was confined to the deferential “manifest disregard of the law” standard : even an “erroneous interpretation of [an] agreement” does not co nstitute a ground to vacate
an arbitration award. Interactive Brokers , 969 F.3d at 44 4

. Qualifying its reading that the contract incorporated FINRA rules, the court stated that the contract “could
well be read ” this way, which was “at the very least, an arguable interpretation

. . . .” Id

. That opinion stands only for the proposition that the arbitration panel ’ s reading of the contract as incorporating FINRA rules was not a manifest disregard of the
law

. The Interactive Brokers case does not contradict Burgmeier or Gurfein

. Regardless, Burgmeier and Gurfein accurately predict how the Minnesota Supreme Court would interpret the “subject to” language.- 11

- 2.

In addition to the “subject to” language in Paragraph 16 , t his court must

“ construe a contract as a whole and attempt to harmonize all of its clauses. ” Storms

, 883 N.W.2d at 776 . Paragraph 16 must be read in conjunction with the key phrase “I agree” in the introductory paragraph

.

T he “I agree” phrase puts the introductory paragraph and Paragraph 16 in the first person, from the client’s perspective. This signals that the client is making an acknowledgment of the terms and conditions in the Agreement’s following paragraphs. The language does not signal that RBC is creating or accepting a contractual duty. See Gurfein , 312 F ed . Appx

. at 413 (“ This section, drafted in the first person, memorializes only Gurfein ’ s acknowledgment that her trades are subject to applicable rules and regulations. ”).

The clients counter by quoting other paragraphs in the Agreement that they claim are acknowledgments

. They assert that if Paragraph 16 were an acknowledgment, it would use phrases like “I understand” or “I represent, warrant
and covenant.” See

, e.g. , Client Account Agreement at 5 (stating: “I understand that RBC WM may in its sole discretion prohibit or restrict trading of securities or substitution of securities in any of my Accounts

. ”). The clients do not cite any authority suggesting that acknowledgments can be described only with their preferred language.

B.

The clients argue that the Agreement and t he Client Account Information form together create a contractual duty that RBC know its customers ’ needs, risk tolerance, and investment objectives. The clients claim that RBC breached its duty

to “know your customer” by failing to adequately collect and use the information in
the Client Account Information forms.- 12

- The plain language of the Agreement does not create a duty that RBC “know

your customer.” The clients agree that no express language in the Agreement says RBC has this duty. Instead, they assert that this duty is implied, from the Agreement ’s language th at RBC collects client information so that it can better serve
clients

, and from the Client Account Information form ’s collection of clients ’ investment objective s

.

T he clients ask this court to rewrite unambiguous language and add a new provision to th e Agreement . Minnesota law “does not permit [this court] to entertain [the clients ’] strained reading of the contract. ” Terrace Mortg. , 725 F.3d at 916 (Minnesota law does not permit courts to “rewrite, modify, or limit [a contract ’ s] effect by a strained construction ”). T his court will not create a duty to “know your
customer” not supported by the unambiguous text

. See In re Stevenson Assocs.,
Inc. , 777 F.2d 415, 421 (8th Cir. 1985) (stating that “courts cannot remake contracts
or i mply provisions through judicial interpretation. ”), citing Telex Corp. v. Data Prod. Corp. , 135 N.W.2d 681, 687 ( Minn. 1965)

.

The clients invoke a district court’s rejection of a broker’s assertion that a “know your customer” provision was definitional , n ot a contractual duty. Royal
All iance Assocs., Inc. v. Mora , 2016 WL 926907 (N.D. Cal. 2016) . There, former clients alleged, among other things, that the broker breached its contract with them

. Id. at *1. A FINRA arbitration panel found for the clients, but provided no reasoning. Id. at *4.

The broker moved to vacate the award, arguing that the panel based it on a “know your customer” provision and that the contract had no such provision

. Id. The district court denied the motion, ruling that the panel’s decision was not “completely irrational” and did not “manifestly disregard the law .” Id. at *5. T he contract, in “clear language,” expressly stated the “know your customer” rule and required the broker to comply with it. Id. at *6. The provision was not merely “definitions of terms used throughout” the contract, as asserted by the broker. Id.- 13

- T he Royal Alliance case is inapposite. The Agreement here does not unambiguously state the “know your customer” rule or that RBC will comply with
it.

A ny duty that RBC know its customers is based in FINRA Rules, not the Agreement. See FINRA Rule 2090 (the rule, titled “Know Your Customer,” states:

“ Every member shall use reasonable diligence, in regard to the opening and maintenance of every account, t o know (and retain) the essential facts concerning every customer and concerning the authority of each person acting on behalf of such

customer. ”)

. As discussed, RBC does not have the contractual duty to comply with
FINRA rules. RBC did not breach a cont ractual duty to know its customers.

* * * * * * *

The judgment is affirmed.

______________________________