Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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### MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D) , this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

A PPELLANT P

RO S E Brian Vukadinovich W heatfield , Indiana A TTORNEY S FOR A PPELLEE K ALLIE L OLKEMA Shawn C. Swope Cassandra J. Neal Swope Law Offices, LLC Dyer , Indiana



### I N T H E 

# COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Brian Vukadinovich , Appellant /Cross

-

Appellee/Plaintiff

,

v.


### Kallie Lolkema and Donald Webb , 1 Appellee s/Cross

Appellants/Defendants

. August 27, 2020 Court of Appeals Ca se No. 1 9A

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- 2353 Appeal from the LaPorte Superior Court The Honorable Michael S. Bergerson , Judge Trial Co urt Cause No. 46D03

- 1611

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- 1809

1 Webb does not participate in this appeal. However, pursuant to Indiana Appellate Rule 17(A) , a party below is a party on appeal.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Bradford , Chief Judge
. 

# Case Summary

[1] Brian Vukadinovich initiated the underlying lawsuit after his vehicle was rear

ended by a vehicle being driven by Kallie Lolkema. Following trial, th e jury found in favor of Lolkema. Vukadinovic h raises numerous contentions on appeal. On cross

- appeal, Lolkema contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying her request for attorney’s fees. We affirm.



# Facts and Procedural History

[2] On August 14, 2016, Lolkema rear

- ended Vukadinovich’s vehicle while Vukadinovich was stopped at a traffic light. Lolkema, who was driving a vehicle owned by Donald Webb, was in the process of stopping at the time of the contact and was moving at a speed o f approximately “[t]wo to three miles per hour.” Tr. Vol. III p. 129. The contact caused minor damage to Vukadinovich’s vehicle, leaving a small dent in the rear bumper. 2 Vukadinovich subsequently fixed the dent by pushing it out with his hand.

[3] On November 10, 2016, Vukadinovich filed suit, claiming to have been injured by the accident . Vukadinovich filed a motion for default judgment, which was

2 The responding officer also noted seeing a scratch on the bumper, but Vukadinovich could not remember whether the scratch was there prior to the acc ident.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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granted with respect to both Lolkema and Webb on March 23, 2017. The default judgment against Lolkem a was vacated on July 11, 2017. 3 Lolkema’s counsel subsequently tendered a qualified settlement offer, which was rejected by Vukadinovich. The matter proceed ed to trial on June 24

– 25, 2019, after which the jury found for Lolkema and Webb. The trial cou rt denied Vukadinovich’s subsequent motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and to correct error following a hearing. The trial court also denied Lolkema’s request for attorney’s fees.



# Discussion and Decision
I. Direct

- Appeal Issues

[4] Vukadinovich raises numerous contentions on direct appeal which we restate as whether (A) the trial court and opposing counsel demonstrated bias or committed reversible error during voir dire ; (B) the trial court abused its discretion with regard to the admission/excl usion of certain evidence; (C) the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury; (D) the jury committed misconduct; (E) the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict; and (F) the trial court abused its discretion in denying Vukadi novich’s motion to correct

error.

3 The default judgment against Webb remained in effect.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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### A. Voir Dire

[5] Vukadinovich contends that the trial court and opposing counsel committed reversible error by allegedly making visible gestures or audible comments during his questioning of prospective jurors during voir dir e . Vukadinovich
claims that these alleged gestures and comments, together with the trial court’s failure to formally admonish opposing counsel from making such gestures or comments, demonstrates bias by the trial court. Vukadinovich, the trial court, and opposing counsel discussed the alleged gestures and comments outside of the presence of the jury. Vukadinovich alleged that both the trial court and opposing counsel made improper audible comments during his questioning of prospective jurors. The record , however, does not support Vukadinovich’s claim that either the trial court or opposing counsel made any improper audible comments. Both the trial court and opposing counsel flatly denied making any such comments and the transcript supports their denials

.

[6] As for the alleged gestures, Vukadinovich has failed to describe the alleged gestures in his appellate brief and the record contains no description of the alleged gestures. The trial court acknowledged making some kind of gesture in response to a genera l question asked by Vukadinovich, indicating that it “thought that generally [Vukadinovich] invited that response. That’s how I took it.” Tr. Vol. II p. 72. The trial court apologized for making the gesture and indicated that it would refrain from making any further gestures. Opposing counsel denied making any gestures and the record contains no proof that opposing counsel made any gestures. Vukadinovich has failed to prove that thisCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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nondescript alleged gesture by the trial court indicated bias or const ituted reversible error.

[7] As for the trial court’s failure to formally admonish opposing counsel from making any gestures or comments while Vukadinovich was questioning the prospective jurors, the record does not support Vukadinovich’s assertion that the t rial court inappropriately protected opposing counsel. When Vukadinovich requested the formal admonishment, the following exchange occurred:

MR. VUKADINOVICH:

... Because he made a physical and verbal comment and that ’ s inappropriate and he needs to be to ld not to do that anymore.

THE COURT: I think he understands.

MR. VUKADINOVICH: Does he?

THE COURT: I believe he does.

MR. VUKADINOVICH: Can he say that or do you have to speak for him?

THE COURT: [Opposing counsel] ?
[OPPOSING COUNSEL]: I ’ m well awar e of the rules, Your Honor. And I did not say anything nor would I nor did I. Actually that ’ s not true, I believe there was one point w here I repeated a question during voir dire, because Mr. Vukadinovich didn ’ t hear from Juror 4085 on the right hand side, because heCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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was proceeding along the lines of asking him, or following up on the wrong question.
Tr. Vol. II p. 76. The exchange confirms that opposing counsel understood that he was not to make any improper comments or gestures while Vukadinovich

wa s speaking to the jury. The only comment he made was to repeat a question from a prospective juror when Vukadinovich apparently did not hear it. Vukadinovich has failed to establish bias or reversible error with regard to the alleged comments and/or gest ures. 4



### B. Admission/Exclusion of Evidence

[8] Vukadinovich contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting certain evidence and in excluding other evidence at trial.
Generally, the admission or exclusion of evidence is a determination entrus ted to the discretion of the trial court. Zemco Mfg., Inc. v. Pecoraro , 703 N.E.2d 1064, 1069 (Ind. C t. App. 1998) , trans. denied

. We will reverse a trial court ’ s decision only for an abuse of discretion, that is, when the trial court ’ s decision is clearly erroneous and against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. Erroneously excluded evidence requires reversal only if the error relates to a material matter or substantially affects the rights of the parties. Id. Further, any error in the admission of evidence is harmless if the

4 We are unpersuaded by Vukadinovich’s claim that the trial court demonstrated bias by giving an allegedly untruthful answer when Vukadinovich asked whether there wa s a security camera in the courtroom. The trial court indicated that there was not. Vukadinovich asserts on appeal that this statement was false and that there was a security camera in the courtroom on the day of trial. Vukadinovich, however, has failed to provide any proof that there was a security camera in the courtroom, merely pointing to a local rule that provides that if there is a security camera in the courtroom, the recordings from the camera are confidential unless a court order provides otherw ise.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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same or similar evidence is submitted without objection. Homehealth, Inc. v. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co. , 600 N.E.2d 970, 974 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), reh’g denied

. R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co. v. N. Texas Steel Co. , 752 N.E.2d 112, 126

– 27 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)

.


### 1. Admitted Evidence

[9] Vukadinovich claims that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting an estimate for repairs to his vehicle, asserting that the estimate was not relevant to trial because he had not included a claim for damages to his vehicle in his request for damages. Vukadi novich, however, detailed damage to his vehicle that he attributed to the acc ident on both direct and cross

- examination, including testimony regarding a spring “somewhere on the car.” Tr. Vol. III p. 28. Vukadinovich testified that he took the vehicle to an auto

- repair shop to get an estimate on the cost of fixing the spring. The estimate at issue shows that the spring was located on the front of the vehicle, nowhere near the other claimed damage on the rear bumper. It also detailed other related damage , none of which Vukadinovich attributed to the acc ident.

[10] Lolkema argues that the trial court acted within its discretion in admitting the estimate because it rebutted Vukadinovich’s assertion that the damage to the spring was caused by the acc ident. “Re buttal evidence is that which tends to explain, contradict, or disprove an adversary ’ s evidence.” White v. White , 655 N.E.2d 523, 529 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995)

. “ The scope of rebuttal and the order of evidence are matters left to the discretion of the trial court. ” Reed v. Bethel , 2Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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N.E.3d 98, 111 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014)

. We agree with Lolkema that the estimate was relevant as it rebutted Vukadinovich’s testimony. The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in admitting the est imate at trial. 5



### 2. Excluded Evidence
i. The Indiana Driver’s Manual

[11] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding his copy of the Indiana Driver’s Manual from evidence. He claims that it was relevant to his claim for damages in that it warns against distracted driving; gives tips for avoiding accidents, including avoiding following too close ly behind another vehicle; and provides that if an individual is involved in an accident, the individual should call for help before moving the vehicle. Evidence Rule 401 provides that evidence is relevant if “(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.” The incident occurred when Lolkema rear - ended Vukadinovich’s vehicle while he was stopped at a stop light. While Vukadinovich asserted that he believed Lolkema was following too closely, he indicated that he believed that she had been doing so “miles back.” Tr. Vol. II p. 200. Further, Vukadinovich does not allege that Lolkema moved or drove her vehicle before being told it was appropriate to do

5 To the extent that Vukadinovich argues on appeal that Lolkema failed to provide a sufficient foundation for the estimate, Vukadinovich did not object on this ground at trial and has therefore waived the claim on appeal. See Malone v. State , 700 N.E.2d 780, 784 (Ind. 1998) (providing that a party waives appellate review if the party objects on one ground at trial a nd seek reversal on appeal using a different ground).Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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so by the responding officer. Vukadinovich fails to explain how the portions of the Indiana Driver’s Manual that he cites are relevant to his c laim that he was injured when his vehicle was rear

- ended at the stoplight by the vehicle being driven by Lolkema. The trial court, therefore, did not abuse its discretion in excluding Vukadinovich’s copy of the Indiana Driver’s Manual from evidence.



### ii . After

- Visit Summary

[12] Vukadinovich also claims that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding an after

- visit summary ( “ the AVS”) that was given to him after he visited the emergency room following the acc ident. Lolkema objected to the AVS on the foundational grounds. The trial court sustained Lolkema’s objection but allowed Vukadinovich to testify about his condition following the acc ident and his treatment in the emergency room. Vukadinovich asserts that the AVS should have been admitted becau se it was a medical record. While medical records may be admissible when a proper foundation is made, Vukadinovich failed to provide a proper foundation for the AVS or establish that it qualified as a medical record. Given the complete lack of foundation offered by Vukadinovich, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard.


### iii. Payment Demands by Bill Collectors

[13] Vukadinovich also claims that the trial court abused its discretion in excluding

“ evidence of payment demands f r om bill collectors for medical billings that were sent to Vukadinovich several times over that would have demonstrated to the jury Vukadinovich’s emotional and mental distress f r om having to deal withCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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the constant demands for payment. ” Appellant’s Br. p. 27. Review of the record reveals that the trial court admitted numerous bills and collection demands from alleged bill collectors. The trial court merely excluded a few duplicative offerings. Given that the excluded documents were duplicates of other admitted documents, the exclusion of these documents was, at most, harmless error. See Spaulding v. Harris , 914 N.E.2d 820, 830 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (providing that the where the excluded evidence is merely cumulative of other evidence, its exclusion is harmless error). As s uch, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard.



### iv. Cross

- Examination on Categorization of Brake Failure

[14] Prior to trial, Lolkema’s counsel filed an affidavit with the trial court stating that Webb’s insurance company had ag reed that if the default were vacated, it would waive its reservations of right for notice and cooperation and coverage would apply. In this affidavit, counsel categorized the brake failure that resulted in Lolkema’s failure to stop as “catastrophic.” Ap pellant’s App. Vol. II p. 189. While testifying, Lolkema categorized the brake issue as a “hiccup” rather than a “catastrophic” failure. Tr. Vol. III p. 131. Vukadinovich attempted to cross

- examine Lolkema about why her categorization differed from her counsel’s prior categorization after she indicated that she would not categorize the brake failure as “catastrophic.” Lolkema objected, arguing that any attack on her counsel, including an allegation that counsel was being untruthful when he made the prio r characterization, was covered by a motion in liminie. The trial court reviewed the applicable motion in liminie, agreed,Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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and sustained Lolkema’s objection. Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not allow him to cross

- examine Lolkema on the inconsistency between her counsel’s categorization of the failure and her testimony. Vukadinovich, however, has failed to establish that Lolkema could have provided any further insight to the characterization used by her counsel at a prior stage of the trial or that the use of different characterizations impacted his substantial rights in any way.

[15] Regardless of how the failure was characterized, there was evidence of brake failure presented at trial. Lolkema argues that “ the choice of adje ctives, which appears t o be Vukadinovich’s main source of discontent, has n o probative value ” as the evidence clearly demonstrates that brake failure occurred. Appellee’s Br. p. 21. We agree. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regard.



### v. Cross

-

Examination Regarding Contributory Fault

[16] At trial, Vukadinovich attempted to cross

- examine Lolkema regarding her counsel’s contentions that she would assert contributory fault as an affirmative defense at trial. In doing so, the following excha nge occurred:

MR. VUKADINOVICH: Okay, now your lawyer, your lawyer, now your lawyer said, when he asked you, well, why didn ’ t, why did you wait for you hired me and then, and then your lawyer said, because we conducted discovery and therefore, we got info rmation that, that Donald Webb is somehow at fault here, so what information is that, [Lolkema] ?

MR. SWOPE: Objection, that ’ s privileged.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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MR. VUKADINOVICH: No, it ’ s not privileged.

MR. SWOPE: Unless I get to put him on the stand and tell everything about why I did that and I will, I will make an offer of proof right now as to everything I know.

THE COURT: Well, we don ’ t have to get there, because you don ’ t have to

-- she does not have to disclose what she and her lawyer, uh, discussed or information that she obtained from her attorney as potential work product or anything else.

MR. VUKADINOVICH: I fully understand that.

THE COURT: Okay, what, what ’ s the nature of your question?

MR. VUKADINOVICH: Well, we ’ re certainly entitled to, to the proof that since they ’ re going to maintain and have maintained that, that they assert that it was Webb ’ s fault here after they did discovery. I ’ m asking, I ’ m not asking about any discussions between her and her lawyer, I ’ m asking what that discovery was? What ’ s the evidence? What evidence is there that it was Webb ’ s fault, because he said that that ’ s the reason they put Webb on their defense.

THE COURT: Well, there ’ s a police report that says, that she said it in her own testimony as well as to the police at the day that the, the brakes failed.

MR. VUKADINOVICH: But the, but the police stepped up and the police didn ’ t say this.

MR. SWOPE: Can I ask you a question? Can we, appro -- this is the problem.

MR. VUKADINOVICH: But did the police

--Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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THE COURT: Hold on a second.

MR. VUKADINOVICH:

-- the police report doesn ’ t say that Donald Webb was at fault in this accident?

THE COURT: N o

. MR. VUKADINOVICH: She says that.

THE COURT: It ’ s up to

-- it ’ s up to the Jury to decide w hat percenta ge to apportion to the Defendants. End of story. Move
on.
Tr. Vol. III pp. 201

– 02. This exchange demonstrates that Vukadinovich was attempting to question Lolkema about privileged work product, i.e. , documents that counsel relied on to craft trial strat egy.

[17] Indiana Trial Rule 26(B)(3) defines the work

- product privilege. It

provides that a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable and prepared in
a nticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party ’ s representative only upon a showing that the party seeking discovery: 1) has a substantial need for the materials in the preparation of his case; and 2) is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means.

Brown v. Katz , 868 N.E.2d 1159, 1166 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007)

. Vukadinovich indicated that he wished to know what evidence Lolkema’s counsel relied on in raising an affirmative defense of contributory fault. Vukadinovich, however, has failed to show that he had a substantial need for any of the requested information or that he could not otherwise obtain the materials. As the trialCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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court pointed out, the evidence of brake failure, which Lolkema’s counsel relied upon in arguing contributory fault, was known to all parties at a ll stages of this case, beginning with Lolkema’s claim of brake failure in the police report. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining Lolkema’s objection to this line of questioning. 

### C. Jury Instructions

[18] Vukadinovich takes issue with t he manner in which the trial court instructed the jury, referring to it as an “injudicious train wreck.” Appellant’s Br. p. 33.
The manner of instructing a jury is left to the trial court ’ s discretion. Kimbrough v. Anderson , 55 N.E.3d 325, 339 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) , trans. denied

. We consider whether: (1) the instruction correctly states the law; (2) the record cont ains evidence to support the instruction; and (3) the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by the other instructions that are given. Id. An instruction is properly rejected if it could mislead or confuse the jury. Miller v. Ryan , 706 N.E.2d 244, 248 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) , trans. denied

. To dete rmine whether sufficient evidence exists to support an instruction given by the trial court, we look only at the evidence most favorable to the appellee and any reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom. Foddrill v. Crane , 894 N.E.2d 10 70, 1078 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) , trans. denied

. When a jury is given an incorrect instruction, we will not reverse the judgment unless the party seeking a new trial shows a reasonable probability that its substantial rights were adversely affected. Kimbrou gh , 55 N.E.3d at 339

.

Burdick v. Romano , 148 N.E.3d 335, 340 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020)

.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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### 1. Attack on the Trial Court ’s Competence

[19] Vukadinovich first argues that the trial court “woefully failed” to perform its duties competently. Appellant’s Br. p. 34. In raising this argument, Vukadinovich makes a series of inflammatory and personal attacks on the trial court. Lolke ma asserts that the tenor of Vukadinovich’s argument mirrors his behavior at trial where his “shouting, interruptions, [and] attacks on everyone in the court room who disagreed with him” caused him difficulty and apparent confusion. Appellee’s Br. p. 23. Without commenting on the tenor of Vukadinovich’s argument on appeal, we conclude that Vukadinovich has failed to provide any proof that the trial court did not perform its duties competently or that the alleged incompetence adversely affected his substan tial rights.


### 2. Proposed Instruction #2

[20] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to give his proposed jury instruction #2, which reads as follows:
At all relevant times when the events in this case happened, there were in full force and effect Indiana statutes that provided in part as follows:

Ind. Code Sec. 9 21 5 1.
A p erson may not drive a vehicl e on a highway at a speed g r eater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions , having regard to the actual a nd potential hazards then existing. Speed shall be r es tricted as necessary to avoid colliding with a person, vehicle, or other conveyance on, near, or entering a highway in compliance with legal requirements and with the duty of all persons to use due car e.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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I. C. Sec. 9 21 5 4

The d ri ver of e ach vehicle shall, consistent with section l [IC 9 21 5 1] of this chapter, d ri ve at an appr o priate reduced speed as follows:

... (1) When approaching and crossing an intersection or railway grade crossing.

Indiana C ode Tit l e 9. Motor Vehicles Sec. 9

- 21

- 8

- l4 A person who drives a motor vehicle may not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard for the speed of both vehicles, the time interval between vehicles, and the cond ition of the highway. If you decide from the greater weight of th e evidence that Kalli e N. Lolkema violated any of these Indiana Codes, and that the violation was not excused, then you must decide that Defendant Kallie N. Lolk e ma was negligent.
Appellant’ s App. Vol. III p. 73 (brackets in original)

.

[21] In arguing that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give Vukadinovich’s tendered instruction, Lolkema stated the following:

The accident did not occur while Lolkema was allegedly follo wing too closely or speeding

— it occurred miles later while Vukadinovich was stopped at a stoplight and Lolkema rolled into him at 2

- 3 mph.
Further, Vukadinovich testified that he did not know whatCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Lolkema’s speed was before the accident. This evidence, combined with Lolkema’s testimony that “I was [also] coming t o a gradual stop

... [going] two to three miles an hour” that the brakes “hiccupped as I was trying t o gradually st o p” and the cars met with an impact that caused “an indentation o n t he bumper” that Vukadinovich himself “pushed out” d o not support a jury instruction for following too closely o r speeding. As there existed no evidence that Lolkema was following too closely o r s peeding at the time o f the occurrence, there was n o legal or factual basis to give the instruction

. Appellant’s Br. p. 24 (internal record cites omitted). We agree with Lolkema and accordingly conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to give Vukadinovich’s proposed instruction.



### 3. P roposed Instruction #6

[22] Vukadinovich also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by giving final instruction #15 rather than his proposed instruction #6. Proposed instruction #6 reads: “An injury is ‘foreseeable’ when a person should realize
th at her act or failure to act might cause that injury.” Appellant’s App. Vol. III p. 74. Final instruction #15 reads: “An injury and/or Property damage are ‘foreseeable’ when a person should realize that his or her act or failure to act might cause that injury and/or property damage.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 55. Because the substance of Vukadinovich’s proposed instruction was included in and covered by final instruction #15, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regar d. See Smith v. State , 981 N.E.2d 1262, 1269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (providing that the trial court did not abuse itsCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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discretion in refusing to use a tendered instruction because the substance of the instruction was covered by other instructions given by the court).


### 4. Proposed Instruction #8

[23] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to gi ve his proposed jury instruction #8, which reads:

The law reco g ni zes two kinds of damages when a person is harmed due to negligence. The first a re “special damages ” for the economic losses suf

f er e d by plaintiff as a r es ult of defendant’s negligence, such as wage loss and medical expenses. The second are “general damages” for the human loss resulting from defendant’s negligence such as pain, disability, suf f ering or disfigurement. Your verdict should include money for both the economic or “special damages ” and the human loss or “general damages” p rov en by the greater weight of the evidence to have resulted f r om defendant’s negligence.
Appellant’s App. Vol. III p. 75.

[24] While the trial court did not give the proposed instruction, it did instr uct the jury at length as to damages and what damages were recoverable, if proven, by Vukadinovich. Specifically, final instruction #23A, which was read to the jury, covered the types of damages available, instructing the jury as follows:
If you decide fr om the greater weight of the evidence that a Defendant is liable to the Plaintiff, then you must decide the amount of money that will fairly compensate the Plaintiff.
In deciding the amount of money you will award, you may consider the nature and extent o f the injury and the effect of the injury on the Plaintiff

’ s ability to function as a w hole person;Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Two, the physical pain and mental suffering of the Plaintiff as a result of the, of his injuries; And three, the reasonable value of necessary medical car e, treatment, and medic

-- and services Plaintiff was provided as a result of the injury.
Tr. Vol. IV pp. 90

– 91. The instructions given covered the substance of the proposed instruction. As such, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discret ion by refusing to give the proposed instruction. See Smith , 981 N.E.2d at
1269

.


### 5. Final Instruction #18

[25] Vukadinov ich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in giving final instruction #18, which reads as follows:
It is the duty of the court to give you instructions on all phases of the case. Thus, the fact that the court gives you instructions on damages is not to be taken by you as any intimation by the court that the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages or that defendants are liable for such damages. Moreover, the attorneys for the defendants have the right to discuss damages in their closing argume nt and such discussion is not to be taken by you as an admission that the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages or that the defendants are liable. You are to consider the question of damages only if you have decided that a defendant was negligent and that such negligence was the cause of plaintiff’s damages.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 58. Vukadinovich challenges this instruction by asserting that it “unfairly implied” that only Lolkema’s attorneys had the right to argue damages during closing argume nt. Appellant’s Br. p. 38. While we do not read the instruction as implying that only Lolkema’s attorneys could discuss damages during closing argument, we conclude that even if one did read the instruction in such a way, any error in giving the instruct ion was, at most, harmless.

[26] The record reveals that Vukadinovich was permitted to, and in fact did, argue damages during his closing argument. Vukadinovich has failed to prove that there was a reasonable probability that his substantial rights were adve rsely affected by the giving of this instruction. Any error in giving the instruction, therefore , does not warrant reversal. S ee Burdick , 148 N.E.3d at 340

.


### 6. Final Instruction #24/ Verdict Form A

[27] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abuse d its discretion in giving final instruction #24 to the jury and by providing the jury with verdict form A. Final instruction #24 reads as follows:
If Brian Vukadinovich is entitled to recover damages from Kallie Lolkema, or Donald Webb, or both, and if so, the amount of those damages, you must apportion the fault of Kallie Lolkema and Donald Webb on a percentage basis. Do this as follows: First, if Kallie Lolkema or Donald Webb are not at fault for causing damages, return your verdict for Kallie Lolkem a and Donald Webb and against Brian Vukadinovich and deliberate no further. (Use Verdict Form A)Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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If Kallie Lolkema or Donald Webb are at fault for causing damages, you must decide Kallie Lolkema ’s , Kallie Lolke m a or Donald Webb and Donald Webb ’ s, percent ages of fault that caused the plaintiff

’ s damages. These percentages must total 100 percent. Do not apportion fault to any other person or entity. (Use Verdict Form B ) If you decide that Brian Vukadinovich ’ s [sic] is entitled to recover damages from Kallie Lolke m a or Donald Webb, then: (1) Decide the total amount of Brian Vukadinovich ’ s damages, if any. Do not consider fault when you decide this amount. (2) Multiply the total damages by each Defendants ’ percentage of fault. (3) Return your verdict for Brian Vukadinovich and against each Defendant in the amount of the product of that multiplication. (Use Verdict Form B ). I will give you verdict forms that will help guide you through this process.
Appellant’s App. Vo l. II p. 88. Verdict form A reads as follows:
VERDICT FORM A, FOR BOTH DEFENDANTS We, the Jury, decide that the Defendants, Kallie Lolke m a and Donald Webb were not at fault for causing damages, and therefore decide in favor of the Defendants, Kallie Lolk e m a and Donald Webb and against the Plaintiff, Brian Vukadinovich.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 89. Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused its discretion in providing the instruction and form A to the jury because it “confusingly implied that the liability issue was ‘all or nothing.’” Appellant’sCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Br. p. 39. Vukadinovich fails to recognize, however, that the jury was instructed to only use verdict form A if they found for the defendants. The trial court also provided verdict form B to the jury, w hich reads as follows:
VERDICT FROM [sic] B, FOR THE PLAINTIFF
We, the Jury, assign the following percentage of fault:

Kallie Lolkema _______________% Donald Webb _______________% Total 100%
(The fault percentages listed in the blanks must tot al 100%)
We decide that the total amount of damages the Plaintiff, Brian Vukadinovich, is entitled to recover, without considering the fault percentages, is $_______________. (Enter this amount below as Total Damages)

We therefore calculate the Plaintiff’ s Verdict Amount as follows:
Total damages: $_______________ Kallie Lolkema’s percentage of fault ______________% Plaintiff’s verdict against Kallie Lolkema $_____________ Total damages: $_______________ Donald Webb’s percentage of fault

__ ___________% Plaintiff’s verdict against Donald Webb $_______________
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 90. Again, the trial court instructed the jury to use verdict form B if they found for Vukadinovich. When read together, we cannot agree that the instructio n and verdict forms imply that liability was “all orCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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none.” The instruction clearly informs the jury that they could find for either the defendants or Vukadinovich and instructs them as to which verdict form is appropriate for each potential finding. Vuk adinovich has failed to prove that the trial court abused its discretion by giving final instruction #24 and the verdict forms to the jury.



### 7. Final Instruction #2

[28] Vukadinovich also argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to give f inal instruction 2, which reads as follows: “ Do not base your verdict on sympathy, bias or prejudice. ” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 42. In its order denying Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error, the trial court acknowledged that it had inadvertently fa iled to give the instruction, noting:
The failure to give the missing instruction was inadvertent; but the substance of said missing instruction was covered in multiple other preliminary and final instructions which required the jury to base their verdict soley [sic] on the evidence admitted and the instructions as to the law. Any error was harmless.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 36 n.1. After reviewing all of the trial court’s instructions to the jury, we agree with the trial court that the substance of final instruction #2 was covered by the other instructions as the jury was instructed to base its verdict solely on the evidence. As such, the trial court’s inadvertent failure to give final instruction #2 was harmless and did not affect Vukadinovich’s su bstantial rights. See Smith , 981 N.E.2d at 1269

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### 8. Final Reading

[29] Vukadinovich argues that the trial court abused i ts discretion by erroneously reading the final jury instructions. In support of this argument, Vukadinovich relies on the fact that the trial court noticed just prior to the reading of the final instructions that final instruction #23A had inadvertently b een left out of the instructions that the trial court was going to read to the court. The record reveals, however, that prior to instructing the jury, the trial court noticed that final instruction #23A was not initially included in its set of instruction s. The trial court added final instruction #23A to its set of instructions and included it in its final instructions to the jury. Vukadinovich has failed to show how the trial court’s actions in this regard affected his substantial rights. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regard.



### D. Jury Misconduct

[30] Vukadinovich alleged jury misconduct in his motion to correct error, arguing that he learned of the alleged misconduct after a friend approached the jury foreman after the conclusion of trial and spoke with him about the jury’s verdict. With respect to post

- trial tes timony from a juror regarding the workings of the jury, Indiana Evidence Rule 606(b)(1) provides as follows:
Prohibited Testimony or Other Evidence

. During an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify about any statement made or incident that occurred during the jury ’ s deliberations; the effect of anything on that juror ’ s or another juror ’ s vote; or any juror ’ s mental processes concerning the verdict or indictment. The court may not receive a juror ’ s affidavit or evidence of a juror ’ s statement on these matters.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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[31] In alleging jury misconduct, Vukadinovich does not rely on an affidavit from any member of the jury . Instead, he relies on the affidavit of his friend, Carole Wockner, who, following the conclusion of trial, questioned the jury foreman about the jury’s verdict. Wockner averred that
Secondly, the jury foreman told me that the jury could not find agains t Ms. Lolkema because she was ‘young,’ and that they considered her attorney fees for her defense as punishment enough. He also stated that insurance was considered by the jury as sufficient means t o compensate Mr. Vukadinovich; hence Ms. Lolkema should n ot have to bear those costs.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 156. For her part, Lolkema asserts that Wockner’s affidavit, including the above

- quoted portion, contained inadmissible hearsay.

[32] Hearsay is defined as “a statement that: (1) is not made by the de clarant while testifying at the trial or hearing; and (2) is offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Evid. R. 801(c)

. Wockner’s affidavit contained statements attrib uted to a declarant, i.e. , the jury foreman, that were allegedly made after trial but were introduced in support of Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error to prove the truth of the matter asserted. These statements were hearsay. Hearsay statements are no t sufficient to prove a claim alleged in a motion to correct error. See Lemont v. State , 168 Ind. App. 486, 491, 344 N.E.2d 88, 91 (1976) (providing that an affidavit containing hearsay regarding a post

trial out of court statement by a declarant is insufficient to support a motion to correct error). As such, Wockner’s affidavit was not sufficient to supportCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Vukadinovich ’s claim of jury misconduct. Vukadinovich had failed to present any admissible evidence supporting his claim of jury misconduct. 

### E. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Jury Verdict

[33] Vukadinovich also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to suppo rt the jury’s verdict. “ ‘ Upon appellate review the standard by which the sufficiency of the evidence is measured is that such evidence must have the fitness to induce conviction; it must be adequate to support a conclusion in the mind of reasonable person s.” West v. J. Greg Allen Builder, Inc. , 92 N.E.3d 634, 643 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (quoting Beaman v. Hedrick , 146 Ind. App. 404, 405, 255 N.E.2d 828, 829 (1970) )

. “ We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess th e credibility of witnesses, but consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment. ” Fowle r v. Perry , 830 N.E.2d 97, 102 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)

. Further,
[w] e define the clearly erroneous standard based upon whether the party is appealing a negative judgment or an adverse judgment. Garling v. Ind. Dep ’ t Of Natural Res. , 766 N.E.2d 409, 411 (Ind

. Ct. App. 2002) , trans. denied

. Where, as here, the party who had the burden of proof at trial appeals, he appeals from a negative judgmen t and will prevail only if he establishes that the judgment is contrary to law. Todd Heller, Inc. v. Ind. Dep ’ t of Transp. , 819 N.E.2d 140, 146 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), reh ’ g denied , trans. denied

. A judgment is contrary to law when the evidence is without conflict and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence lead to only one conclusion, but the trial court reached a different conclusion. Id.

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[34] Vukadinovich appeals from a negative judgment, i.e. , the denial of his motion
to correct error. He argues that the evidence clearly established Lolkema’s fault
and liability. While this may be true, Vukadinovich fails to point to any evidence, other than his own self

- serving testimony, establishing that he suffered any damages as a result of the acc ident. In denying Vukadinovich’s post

- trial challenge to the suffi ciency of the evidence to support the jury’s verdict, the trial court found
Pure and simple, [Vukadinovich] failed to meet his burden of proof. The jury was well within its charge to find that [Vukadinovich] failed to present any credible evidence that he was either injured or that the medical bills were related to the accident. [Vukadinovich] failed to call any medical expert or treating physician(s) and thus relied upon his own credibility, or lack thereof, to support his claims.
Appellant’s App. Vol. I I p. 37. Based on our review of the record, we agree with the trial court that the only evidence of Vukadinovich’s alleged injuries was his own self

- serving testimony.

[35] Vukadinovich introduced medical bills into evidence. However, he failed to introduce any evidence connecting these medical bills to the accident apart from his own self

- serving testimony that the bills were connected to the

acc ident. The jury, acting as the trier

- of

- fact, was not required to believe Vukadinovich’s testimony regarding his alleged injuries. See Thompson v. State , 804 N.E.2d 1146, 1149 (Ind. 2004) (“ As a general rule, factfinders are not required to believe a witness ’ s testimony even when it is uncontradicted. ”);Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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Kelsie v. State , 265 Ind. 363, 367, 354 N.E.2d 219, 222 (1976) (“ It is the province of the jury to determine the credib ility of witnesses and to determine whether it will believe all, none, or any part of a witness ’ s testimony [.]”); Buckland v. Reed , 629 N.E.2d 1241, 1245 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“ The mere fact that an injured party is of the opinion that he or she is entitled to be more amply compensated for injuries sustained does not support the proposition that the injured party is enti tled to greater damages as a matter of law. ”). Vukadinovich failed to prove that he was entitled to damages as a result of the acc ident.



### F. Denial of Motion to Correct Error

[36] Vukadinovich last contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to correct error. “ In general, we review a trial court ’ s ruling on a motion to correct error for an abuse of discretion. ” City of Indianapolis v. Hicks , 932 N.E.2d 227, 230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) , trans. denied

. However, to the extent the issues raised are purely questions of law, our review is de novo. Id.

[37] In arguing that the trial court should have granted his motion to correct error, Vukadinovich asserts that
Trial courts should not be in the business of protecting corrupt insurance companies as [the trial court] did in protecting the interes ts of [Webb’s insurance company], which has a demonstrated history of corruption [ 6 ]

... Courts should be in the

6 Nothing in the record even suggests that the trial court acted in a manner aimed at protecting Webb’s insurance company and we are not swayed by Vukadinovich’s inflammatory and unsubstantiated allega tion that said insurance company has a “demonstrated history of corruption.”Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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business o f protecting and enforcing the f un damental rights of litigants to have their day in court in an honest proceeding. A trial where the judge makes inappropriate gestures w hile the plaintif f is conducting voir dire is tantamount to making a mockery of the proceedings and is not a fair trial. A trial where the judge takes it upon himself to mysteriously remove final jury instructions on the sly breeds contempt for the principles of f un dam e ntal fairness to a fair trial to which Vukadinovich was entitled t o , but didn’t get.

... Fundamental fairness dictates that Vukadinovich r eceives a trial where the opposing counsel and judge are not making gestures to the jury while he is addressing the jury, and fundamental fa irn ess dictates that Vukadinovich receives a trial where the judge is not mysteriously removing jury instructions. Because of the aforementioned events that took place in Vukadinovich’s trial, justice was not administered as there was no remedy effected by due course of law completely and without denial. This Court should now administer justice in this matter.
Appella nt’s Br. pp. 53

– 54. Having concluded that Vukadinovich has failed to prove that the trial court demonstrated bias or committed reversible error with regard to the alleged gesture s and did not abuse its discretion in instructing the jury, we conclude that the trial court likewise did not abuse its discretion in denying Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error on either of these grounds.



## II. Cross

- Appeal Issue

[38] On cross

- appeal, Lolkema contends that the trial court erred in refusing her request for attorney’s fees pursuant to Indiana Code section 34

- 50

- 1

- 6

. Indiana Code section 34

- 50

- 1

- 6(a) provides that

If:Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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the court shall award attorney ’ s fees, costs, and expenses to the offeror upon the offeror ’ s motion.
( E mphasis added ) . An award of attorney’s fees awarded under this section “may not total more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).” Ind. Code § 34

- 50

- 1

- 6(b)

. A qualified settlement offer must:
(1) be in writing; (2) be signed by the offeror or the offeror ’ s attorney of record; (3) be designated on its face as a qualified settlement offer; (4) be delivered to each recipient or recipient ’ s attorney of record: (A) by registered or certified mail; or (B) by any method that verifies the date of receipt; (5) set forth the complete terms of the settlement proposed by the offeror to the recipient in sufficient detail to allow the recipient to decide whether to accept or reject it; (6) include the name and address of the offeror and the offeror ’ s attorney of record, if any; and (7) expressly revoke all prior qualified settlement offers made by the offeror to the recipient.
Ind. Code § 34

- 50

- 1

- 4

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[39] The record reveals that Lolkema made a qualified settlement offer to Vukadinovich on September 6, 2017. The offer, which w as signed by Lolkema’s counsel, mailed via certified mail and received by Vukadinovich, read as follows:

Pursuant to IC 34

- 50

- 1, et seq. the Defendant hereby makes a qualified settlement offer in the amount of $1.00 (one dollar) in the above captioned case . All other offers of settlement are hereby revoked. The settlement will resolve all claims and causes of action. Payment will be made within 60 days of acceptance. Your acceptance must be in writing and received within 30 days of service of this offer . After 30 days, the offer is hereby withdrawn without further notice, and we will proceed to verdict.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 105. It is undisputed that Vukadinovich rejected the
settlement offer and that the final judgment is less favorable to him than the terms of the qualified settlement offer . However, Lolkema’s attorney’s address is not clearly visible on the copies of the qualified settlement offer included in the record. Lolkema’s counsel testified at the hearing on Vukadinovich’s motion to correct error that the offer was sent on his firm’s letterhead but did not testify that the letterhead contained his firm’s address. 7 Because the record lacks proof that the qualified settlement offer received by Vukadinovich

7 A subsequent qualified settlement offer was sent to Vukadinovich on May 15, 2019, which included Lolkema’s counsel’s address. However, the record does not contain proof of rec eipt of this letter by Vukadinovich.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 1 9 A

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contained Lolkema’s counsel’ s address as required by Indiana Code section 34

- 50

- 1

- 4(6) , we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Lolkema’s request for attorney’s fees.

[40] The judgment of the trial court is a ffirmed.

V aidik, J., and May, J., concur.