SECOND DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

DOYLE and REESE, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

October 27, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A1082. ROSS v. THE STATE. D0-037C

DOYLE, Judge.

After a jury trial, Deandre Ross was found guilty of two counts of aggravated

assault

1

and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony

2

stemming from a drug transaction turned robbery. Ross filed a motion for new trial,

which he later amended. After a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, and this

appeal followed. . Ross argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury

that accomplice testimony must be supported by corroborating evidence pursuant to

OCGA § 24-14-8. For the reasons that follow, we reverse. 

1

 OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2).

2

 OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1). 
Viewed in favor of the verdict,

3

the record shows that Ross, Charles Holmes,

and Kelvin Dukes were indicted together based on a shooting that occurred during

an alleged attempted drug buy at the apartment of Myron Glenn.

4 Glenn testified that

an individual he knew only as “Kinfolk” set up large marijuana purchases at Glenn’s

apartment for which Glenn was paid a small fee. To facilitate this particular sale,

Glenn called Holmes and told him to bring over two pounds of marijuana to sell to

Kinfolk. Kinfolk later arrived at Glenn’s apartment with Dukes, but the two left to

obtain cash to buy the marijuana and to pick up Ross, who supposedly had eight

pounds of marijuana to sell to Kinfolk and Dukes along with the two pounds they

were going to buy from Holmes. 

When Holmes arrived at Glenn’s apartment, Glenn called Kinfolk to let him

know that the two pounds of marijuana had arrived. Kinfolk told Glenn that he had

3 See Huff v. State, 300 Ga. 807 (796 SE2d 688) (2017). See also Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

4Ross was charged with aggravated assault against Holmes and Glenn. Holmes

was charged with two counts of aggravated assault against Ross and Dukes, one

count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and possession

of marijuana with intent to distribute; he pleaded guilty immediately prior to trial to

the two possession charges. Holmestestified on behalf of the State in the instant case.

Dukes was charged with two counts of aggravated assault against Holmes and Glenn,

six counts of forgery, and two counts of possession of a firearm during the

commission of a felony, and he was found guilty on all counts. 

2
been held up waiting on another person, but that Dukes and Ross would be back over

to complete the transaction with Holmes. Glenn testified that Holmes was in the

kitchen, and Glenn looked out the window, where he saw Dukes and Ross pull up in

a black car. Dukes came up to the apartment to check and make sure everything was

okay, then went back down to the car, and Glenn sat on the couch in the living room.

Glenn was not anticipating that any of his family would be at home, but his stepson,

R. S., came in through the door, and Glenn closed R. S. in his bedroom before Dukes

and Ross returned. 

Glenn testified that Ross came back up to the apartment again, and then went

down to the car again, and Glenn double checked that his stepson’s door was closed.

Glenn testified that at this point, Ross “busted in the door with two revolvers in my

face and was like ‘Get down, get down, get down.”5 Glenn testified that Dukes also

entered the apartment, pulled out his gun, and walked toward Holmes in the kitchen.

Glenn got on the ground, Ross and Dukes switched positions so Ross went toward

the kitchen and Holmes, and Dukes came toward him. As Ross walked toward the

kitchen, Glenn heard him say “whoa, whoa, hey, hey,” and then gunfire erupted.

5 On the day of the incident, Glenn told police that Ross entered the apartment

with a single weapon. 

3
Glenn testified that when the gunfire subsided, he got up to look for R. S.,

Dukes jumped out of a window, and Ross staggered out the door of the apartment;

Holmes also exited through the apartment door, and Glenn ran down the steps past

Holmes to try and find R. S. Glenn testified that while he was looking for R. S., his

neighbors told him that Ross was trying to leave in the black car, so Glenn took the

car keys and pulled Ross from the car. Glenn also saw Dukes lying on the ground

motionless underneath the apartment window. Glenn denied owning a weapon but

admitted that he had nine millimeter ammunition in his home. Glenn was not shot

during the incident. 

Holmes testified that he regularly purchased marijuana for his own use from

Glenn, he denied ever selling marijuana, and he admitted he was present during the

time of the shooting to make a purchase along with another individual known to him

as “Glitter Piece.”6 Holmes testified that when he and Piece entered Glenn’s

apartment, Dukes was already there, sitting on the sofa, and Glenn was standing up;

Glenn’s stepson arrived and went straight to his bedroom. Holmes testified that he

went to the kitchen, and Ross entered the apartment, quickly looked around, and then

6 Holmes testified that his girlfriend, Tiffany Story, remained in Holmes’s

vehicle while Holmes and Piece went up to Glenn’s apartment. 

4
exited after saying something about going to the car to get the money. Holmes

testified that Ross quickly returned, looked around, and brandished a single, small

caliber revolver, telling Holmes to get on the floor. Holmes got to the floor, and Ross

turned to the living room; Holmes took the opportunity to take out his own Taurus

nine millimeter handgun and get up, but as he did so, Ross fired one shot at him

before Holmes shot Ross multiple times in the chest. While he was firing at Ross,

Holmes also heard gunfire coming from the living room, but he was not sure if it was

Glenn, Piece, or Dukes; he did not see Dukes with a weapon but did see Glenn with

one. Holmes saw Dukes go out the window, but he was not clear as to whether the

man was pushed, jumped, or fell after being shot. After sustaining gunshot wounds,

Holmes eventually made his way out of the apartment and ran down with Piece to his

car, which Story was driving; the trio left the complex and drove off. They went to

a gas station, where only Holmes remained and called police. After being asked how

he sustained his wounds, Holmes said that he was shot during an attempted robbery

as he walked down the street.

R. S. testified that when he arrived at the apartment, there was someone there

in addition to Glenn, who was in the kitchen. A few minutes later, R. S. heard yelling

5
and the words “get down” and then heard gunshots, at which point he jumped out of

his bedroom window. 

When police responded, Dukes waslying in the bushes underneath the window

from which he fell. Dukes suffered approximately ten gun shot wounds — eight to

his front and at least two in his back — and counterfeit money was found near and

in the bushes where he was found as well as in his pockets when he was taken to the

hospital for treatment. Ross suffered numerous gunshot wounds to the legs and one

to the head, but he was not shot in the chest. No residue test was performed on Dukes

or Ross; no fingerprints were discovered on the firearmsfrom the scene. Over $2,000

in legal U. S. currency was found in Holmes’s clothing at the hospital. 

Approximately eight ounces of marijuana was found at the scene. Blood was

found on the exterior landing, stairs, sidewalk, pavement, and inside the apartment;

the blood on the landing was matched to Ross, and blood from Dukes and Holmes

was discovered elsewhere as well as blood from an unknown individual. A firearms

expert testified that based on the nine-millimeter shell casings recovered from the

scene, two different makes of nine-millimeter handgun were fired during the

altercation. No 9-millimeter handguns were recovered from the scene, but two

weapons — a Ruger 22-caliber revolver and a Smith & Wesson 32-caliber revolver

6
were recovered and linked to the shooting; no projectiles from those weapons were

found on the scene except in the weapons themselves. The firearms expert also

testified that a 40-caliber weapon not found at the scene was used to fire at least one

9-millimeter casing recovered from the scene. A search of Ross’s vehicle uncovered

his wallet, Ross’s identification, counterfeit U.S. currency, and Dukes’s wallet. No

marijuana, weapons, or ammunition was discovered in Ross’s vehicle. Several 911

calls were presented to the jury, including one from a woman who said she was on the

phone with an individual named “D” when she heard gunshot wounds and was cut off

from the call, and one purportedly from Ross, stating that he was being shot. 

In its charge to the jury, the trial court stated that “[t]he testimony of a single

witness if believed is sufficient to establish a fact. Generally, there is no legal

requirement of corroboration of a witness, provided you find the evidence to be

sufficient.” It is undisputed that the trial court did not charge the jury that the

testimony of an accomplice must be corroborated by other evidence.7

7 See Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (2014), §

1.31.92 (charging the jury that accomplice testimony must be corroborated with

evidence, even slight, from some other source, that the determination of whether a

witness is an accomplice is a matter for the jury, and that the determination of

whether the evidence is sufficient to corroborate the accomplice is for the jury). 

7
In his sole enumeration of error on appeal, Ross argues that the trial court

committed plain error by failing to instruct the jury on the necessity of corroboration

of accomplice testimony asrequired byOCGA § 24-14-8. Ross contendsthat the only

testimony connecting himand Dukesto the alleged counts of aggravated assault came

fromGlenn and Holmes, both individuals who could have been considered by the jury

to be Ross’s and Dukes’s accomplices in the common criminal enterprise of the drug

sale at Glenn’s home.8

“[I]t is error for a trial court to refuse to give a requested instruction on

accomplice corroboration, [but because Ross] did not requestsuch a jury instruction,

reversal depends on whether he can meet the plain error test.”9 This test requires the

following:

8 See Selvidge v. State, 252 Ga. 243, 244-254 (2) (313 SE2d 84) (1984) (“In

cases [in which conspirators] have acted pursuant to a common criminal enterprise

and one or both are testifying against the other, the opportunity and motives for

perjury which present themselves are essentially the same as those in criminal

prosecutions involving the traditionalforms of accomplices, and the testimony should

be afforded the same measure of distrust.”).

9

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Lyman v. State, 301 Ga. 312, 316 (2)

(800 SE2d 333) (2017), quoting Hamm v. State, 294 Ga. 791, 795 (2) (756 SE2d 507)

(2014) (overruling prior cases that held it was not error for the trial court to refuse to

give the accomplice corroboration instruction if the State presents independent

corroborating evidence because sufficiency of the evidence is a distinct inquiry to the

necessity of the jury instruction to properly guide the jury). 

8
First, there must be an error or defect — some sort of deviation from a

legal rule — that has not been intentionally relinquished or abandoned,

i.e., affirmatively waived, by the appellant. Second, the legal error must

be clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute. Third, the

error must have affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the

ordinary case means he must demonstrate that it affected the outcome of

the trial court proceedings. Fourth and finally, if the above three prongs

are satisfied, the appellate court has the discretion to remedy the error

— discretion which ought to be exercised only if the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings. 

10

As an initial matter, there was some evidence from which the jury could

determine that Dukes and Ross were accomplices of Glenn and Holmes.

11 There was

no affirmative waiver of the accomplice corroboration requirement by Ross, and the

failure to give the charge in this case “was clear error not subject to reasonable

dispute.”12“The trial court’s instructions deviated from a legal rule . . . [in OCGA 24-

10

(Punctuation and emphasis omitted.) Lyman, 301 Ga. at 316-317 (2), quoting

Cheddersingh v. State, 290 Ga. 680, 683 (2) (724 SE2d 366) (2012). 

11 See, e.g, Lyman, 301 Ga. at 316-317 (2); Fisher v. State, 299 Ga. 478, 485

(2) (a) (788 SE2d 757) (2016); Selvidge, 252 Ga. at 244-254 (2).

12

Stanbury v. State, 299 Ga. 125, 129 (2) (786 SE2d 672) (2016). See also

Lyman, 301 Ga. at 317 (2), citing Hamm, 294 Ga. at 796 (2).

9
14-8,] which unequivocally require[s] corroboration of accomplice testimony in

felony cases. . . . Therefore, the first two prongs of the [plain error] test are met.”13

“The third prong of the . . . plain error test requires that the error must have

affected the appellant’s substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means he must

demonstrate that it affected the outcome of the trial court proceedings.”14 Ross argues

that if the proper jury instruction had been given, he would have been acquitted of

aggravated assault because the only evidence showing that he or Dukes brandished

or fired weapons was the testimonies of Glenn and Holmes. We agree. Holmes

admitted he fired on Ross using a 9-millimeter weapon and claimed Glenn was firing

at the other individuals; while Glenn denied having a weapon, he admitted to

possessing 9-millimeter ammunition and investigators discovered evidence of at least

two 9-millimeter weapons being used at the altercation. Neither Glenn nor Holmes

claimed that Ross or Dukes brandished 9-millimeter weapons, and no forensics,

testimony, or records linked either Dukes or Ross to the weapons outside of Glenn’s

and Holmes’s testimonies. Moreover, Ross and Dukes both sustained numerous

gunshot wounds each while Glenn was uninjured and Holmes was shot once; based

13

 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Stanbury, 299 Ga. at 130 (2).

14

 (Punctuation omitted.) Id., quoting Cheddersingh, 290 Ga. at 685 (2).

10
on analysis of the revolvers, it did not appear that either had been fired during the

altercation. Additionally, Glenn maintained he did not sell marijuana, which was at

odds with Holmes’s testimony. And while Glenn testified that no one else was

involved in the shooting aside from himself, Holmes, Dukes and Ross, Holmes

testified that his friend Piece was there and could also have fired a weapon. Holmes

also testified that Dukes was sitting on the sofa with Glenn when Holmes and Piece

arrived before Ross showed up alone, which description was contrary to Glenn’s

testimony that Dukes and Ross came in together after Holmes was already present.

Finally, although Holmes contended that he was there only to purchase a small

amount of marijuana, investigators found $2,000 in his personal effects at the

hospital. 

The State argues that the accomplice instruction was unnecessary because

assuming that both Glenn and Holmes were accomplices, when “more than one

accomplice testifies at trial, the testimony of one accomplice may be corroborated by

the testimony of the others.”15 While it is true that the testimony of more than one

15

 (Punctuation omitted.) Ramirez v. State, 294 Ga. 440, 442 (754 SE2d 325)

(2014) (addressing sufficiency of evidence based on the testimony of more than one

accomplice), citing Hanifa v. State, 269 Ga. 797, 808-809 (7) (505 SE2d 731) (1998)

(same). See also Clark v. State, 296 Ga. 543, 547 (1) (d) (769 SE2d 376) (2015)

(same). 

11
accomplice can serve as sufficient evidence of the commission of a crime, the cases

cited by the defense do not address the failure of the trial court to provide the

necessary instruction to the jury prior to its deliberations. In this instance, the trial

court’s instruction to the jury that the testimony of a single witness could support a

fact left open the possibility that the jury believed either Glenn’s testimony as Ross’s

accomplice or Holmes’s testimony, disbelieved the other witnesses’ testimony

entirely, and therefore, convicted him based solely on the testimony of one

accomplice.16 Moreover, because the only testimony connecting Ross to the

commission of aggravated assault against either Glenn or Holmes or to the possession

of firearms during the commission of felonies was the testimony of Glenn and

Holmes, it cannot be said that reversal is not required in this instance.

Judgmentreversed. Reese, J., concurs. Miller, P. J., concurs in judgment only.

16 See Fisher, 299 Ga. at 487-489 (2) (b); Stanbury, 299 Ga. at 130-131 (2);

Burns v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (1) (Case No. A17A0333; decided Jun. 27, 2017).

Compare with Lyman, 301 Ga. at 318-319 (2) (failure to give instruction was

harmless given multiple non-accomplice sources linking defendant to the crime);

Huff, 300 Ga. at 810-812 (2) (explaining that the trial court’s failure to instruct the

jury on accomplice corroboration was not plain error because the trial court also

failed to charge the jury that “the testimony of a single witness, if believed, is

generally sufficient to establish a fact”); Hamm, 294 Ga. at 796-798 (2) (failure to

instruct was harmless because two independent, non-accomplice sources linked the

defendant to the killing).

12