# Patent

## Title
Arrangement for synchronizing access points in WLAN using direct-sequence spread spectrum signaling

## Abstract

An arrangement for providing synchronization between a number of overlapping area access points within a wireless LAN utilizes an Ethernet cable connection to transmit synchronization signals from a centralized hub/switch to each of the access points connected to the cable. The synchronization signal takes the form of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) signal.

## Background
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
This application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/031,098, filed on Sep. 19, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/636,866, filed on Dec. 14, 2009, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,571,072, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/505,553 filed on Aug. 16, 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,656,855, which claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/796,177, filed Apr. 29, 2006, the contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
The present invention relates to an arrangement for synchronizing transmission between a plurality of access points (APs) in a wireless local area network (WLAN) and, more particularly, to an arrangement that utilizes direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) signaling.
BACKGROUND
A wireless local area network (WLAN) is generally implemented to provide local connectivity between a wired network and one or more mobile computing devices. In a typical wireless network, all of the computing devices within the network broadcast their information to one another using radio frequency (RF) communications. WLANs are based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, which designates a wireless-Ethernet specification using a variety of modulation techniques at frequencies in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz license-free frequency bands, although other bands might be used with the same basic framework.
The IEEE 802.11 standard (generally referred to as “Wireless Fidelity”, or Wi-Fi) enables wireless communications with throughput rates up to 54 Mbps. Wi-Fi is essentially a certification that a manufacturer's product is interoperable with the IEEE 802.11 standard. For example, equipment carrying the “Wi-Fi” logo is certified to be interoperable with other cards that operate in peer-to-peer mode, but Wi-Fi usually incorporates at least one access point, or edge device. Most access points have an integrated Ethernet controller to connect to an existing wired-Ethernet network. A Wi-Fi wireless transceiver connects users via the access point to the rest of the LAN. The majority of Wi-Fi wireless transceivers available are in Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card form, particularly for laptop, palmtop, and other portable computers. However, Wi-Fi transceivers can also be implemented through an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slot or Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) slot in a desktop computer, mini-PCI cards embedded in a laptop computer, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), or can be fully integrated within a handheld device.
Modern WLANs composed of more than one access point with overlapped cells require a frequency re-use pattern to minimize interference. However, available frequencies may be too few to allow for a sufficient amount of co-channel interference reduction. Recently, new quality-of-service (QoS) protocols allow for APs to share “time” as well as “frequency”. However, synchronization between APs is required for such time division multiplexing schemes. One prior art arrangement for providing synchronization between access points is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,917,804, issued to T. Takayama et al. on Jul. 12, 2005. In this case, one access point is defined as the “master” access point and periodically transmits a “master beacon” to all remaining access points in the WLAN. Such an arrangement, however requires each access point to be equipped with additional receiving and synchronization components.
A need remains, therefore, for an arrangement that allows for synchronization of access points with little additional overhead, while maintaining the reliability of a wired connection.
Other and further aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent during the course of the following discussion and by reference to the accompanying drawings.



DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary prior art wireless LAN arrangement including a plurality of overlapping coverage access points (APs);
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary prior art Power over Ethernet (PoE) arrangement for providing both data and low power signals from a power sourcing equipment (PSE) module to a powered device (PD) end station;
FIG. 3 contains a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, where the PoE Ethernet cable connection is used to provide direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) synchronization signals from a hub connection to an exemplary access point over a “spare” cable pair;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a power separation filter utilized to combine a power signal (I) and DS-SS sync signal (S) onto the same cable pair within a CAT5 Ethernet cable;
FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the present invention where the pair of cables carrying the data signal are also used to carry the synchronization signal;
FIG. 6 illustrates, in simplified block diagram form, a plurality of access points coupled to a single hub location via an Ethernet cable that supports the transmission of the same synchronization signal to each access point, thus allowing for frequency re-use in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary synchronization generator module for use in generating an exemplary DS-SS synchronization signal to be transmitted over the Ethernet cable; and
FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary demodulator for use in an AP to recover the various synchronization pulses from the propagating synchronization signal.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The need remaining in the prior art is addressed by the present disclosure, which relates to an arrangement for synchronizing transmission between a plurality of access points (APs) in a wireless local area network (WLAN) and, more particularly, to an arrangement that utilizes direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) signaling. The present disclosure is based on leveraging the communication capability provided by the emerging Power over Ethernet (PoE) technology to “piggyback” synchronization signals onto the power signals, thereby distributing the synchronization signals to each of the APs within the wireless LAN without requiring additional overhead, and allowing for greater frequency re-use between adjacent, overlapping cells.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a conventional prior art wireless LAN system 10 comprising a plurality of access points (APs) 12 coupled to a communication switch (or hub) 14 via a conventional Ethernet CAT5 cable 16. The radio frequency coverage for each AP 12 is illustrated as a shaded cell region 18, where the overlap between adjacent cells 18 is illustrated as cross-hatched areas 20. As mentioned above, an overlapping coverage condition may produce too much interference for some wireless devices in overlap regions 20, illustrated as wireless devices 22 in FIG. 1. That is, unless there is a frequency re-use plan, or a radio resource time-sharing arrangement within wireless LAN 10, devices 22 will experience transmission errors.
FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional prior art PoE arrangement that is utilized to provide power signal input over Ethernet cable 16 between a power sourcing equipment (PSE) module 30 and a powered device (PD) 32. While the intricacies of the power distribution are not germane to the subject matter of the present invention, an overall understanding of the PoE system is helpful. Referring to FIG. 2, Ethernet cable 16 comprises in this embodiment a CAT5 cable which includes four twisted pairs of copper signal paths. A first pair (designated 16-1) is used to provide data and power signals from PSE 30 to PD 32. A second pair (designated 16-2) is used to provide the return data signals from PD 32 to PSE 30. The remaining pairs (16-3 and 16-4) have previously been reserved as “spare” communication lines in the event of a failure of either primary pair. Alternatively, and particularly for high speed applications, cable pairs 16-3 and 16-4 may be used as a second data line. When implementing PoE, the power signal is transmitted over data pair 16-1, 16-2 (or “spare” pair 16-3, 16-4) in a “common mode” powering arrangement. If the spare pairs are used for powering, the individual wires in a pair are shorted together at both ends, allowing both conductors to share the current being supplied.
With this understanding of the capability of distributing low voltage power signals over Ethernet cable, the subject matter of the present invention may be explained as follows. Referring to FIG. 3, an exemplary wireless LAN synchronization arrangement for overlapping APs is illustrated as comprising a hub 14 and an exemplary AP 12 connected via Ethernet cable 16. For the sake of clarity, only a single AP 12 is shown in this view. In accordance with the present invention, hub 14 comprises a PSE 30, similar to the arrangement of FIG. 2. Hub 14 further comprises an Ethernet line driver 31 for supplying an input data signal (E) to pair 16-1 of cable 16, and an Ethernet line receiver 33 for recovering received data from cable pair 16-2 of CAT5 cable 16.
In accordance with the present invention, hub 14 further comprises a synchronization generator module 40 that is utilized to generate a direct-sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) synchronization signal S that is coupled through a first power separation filter 42 and transmitted to AP 12 over cable 16. It is to be understood that sync signal S may be generated and transmitted to AP 12 whether or not power I is also being transmitted to AP 12 via PoE over cable pair 16-3. Advantageously, the creation of a DS-SS signal for sync signal S allows for a relatively low power, broadband signal to be formed that will not interfere with the data also being transmitted over cable pair 16-1 (or with any power signal than may be present along cable pair 16-3).
At the receive side within AP 12, a second power separation filter 44 is used to separate sync signal S from any power signal I that may be present along pair 16-3. Synchronization signal S is thereafter applied as an input to a DS-SS synchronization demodulator 46 to recover the specific sync signal S, as identified below, that is used to maintain overall synchronization between the plurality of separate access points. The power signal I (if present) is then applied as an input to a power sinking device (PD) 32, as shown in FIG. 3.
In a preferred embodiment of the synchronizing method discussed herein and as particularly illustrated in FIG. 3, spare pairs 16-3, 16-4 of CAT5 cable 16 are employed to transmit the synchronization signals (and power signals) between hub 14 and a plurality of APs 12. In this case, first power-separation filter 42 is interposed between PSE 30, synchronization generator module 40, and CAT5 cable 16 at hub location 14. It is to be understood that if a plurality of CAT5 cables are associated with hub 14, a single power supply, power separation filter, and synchronizing generator can be shared among the plurality of cables to provide the desired synchronization signal.
The function of first power separation filter 42 is to prevent the high-frequency DS-SS sync signal S generated by module 40 from being attenuated by the low resistance of the power supply/powering sourcing device 30, thus more efficiently coupling the sync signal S onto spare cable pair 16-3. FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary arrangement of first power separation filter 42, sync generator module 40 and cable pairs 16-3 and 16-4. An LC circuit arrangement 43 is used to maintain separation between the DC power signals Idc) and the relatively high frequency sync signal S. In particular, as a result of its high-frequency content, sync signal S propagates through the cable, which behaves as a balanced transmission line, in a relatively unimpeded fashion. This minimizes coupling into the data pairs and eases compliance with FCC emissions rules. Second power separation filter 44 within each AP 12 is similar in form to first power separation filter 42 and functions to isolate sync signal S at the output thereof.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, as illustrated in FIG. 5, sync signal S is directly applied to cables pairs 16-1 and 16-2 in combination with data signal E. Since DS-SS sync signal S is noise-like and spread so that its power is distributed over a wide frequency range wide, there will be a minimal amount of interference with Ethernet data transmission (particularly the carrier-sense function). However, this alternative embodiment requires that the synchronization and data signals be combined before being fed to a line-coupling transformer at the hub. Additionally, a power signal I may also be transmitted over cable pair 16-1. As shown, power signal I is coupled through a center-tapped transformer 34 onto data pair 16-1 along with the DS-SS signal and the data signal. Upon reaching AP 12, the low voltage DC current I is returned via another center-tapped transformer 36, with the current passing through PD 32 as shown. The DS-SS sync signal S is removed from the Ethernet data signal E by DS-SS synchronization demodulator 46, in a manner similar to that discussed above in association with the embodiment of FIG. 3. Aside from small degradation of the Ethernet signal-to-noise ratio, this alternative architecture also complicates mid-span powering since the pair of cables must be broken to impress the synchronization signal via metallic (rather than common mode) current while retaining line balance. This is best accomplished by turning the mid-span powering tap into an Ethernet repeater.
FIG. 6 illustrates, in a simplified overview, the arrangement of the present invention where sync signal S as created within sync generator module 40 of hub 14 is thereafter transmitted along Ethernet cable 16 and received by each AP 12 connected to cable 16. As long as each AP 12 includes the same demodulator 46, each AP 12 will recover the same sync signal and be able to maintain synchronous communication within the wireless LAN formed by the plurality of APs 12. In particular, sync signal S is used to align the superframes (beacons) for each AP 12 in the network, allowing them to time-share the same frequency channel without causing interference. The synchronization also facilitates power saving within the wireless client devices and provides for improved hand-off of client devices between APs.
FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary synchronization generator module 40 formed in accordance with the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, a pair of independent pseudo noise (PN) sequences are utilized to form the DS-SS sync signal S. A first PN sequence, denoted PN-1, is used to generate a precision phase signal that is utilized as the “pilot” tone for the other sync signals. PN-1 may comprise either all 0's or all 1's for fast acquisition. A time mark signal TM that facilitates the ability to provide the superframe (beacon) timing among the APs (as mentioned above) and “time of day” (ToD) coding signal are combined within a multiplexer 50 and thereafter spread by a second PN sequence (PN-2), for example, as a real-time clock facility for AP 12, providing ranging, delay measurements and the like. Sequence PN-2 is of the same length as PN-1, but comprises an equal number of 0's and 1's. Alternatively, a longer PN sequence may be used for PN-2 so as to make the signal more noise-like.
As shown in FIG. 7, each of these PN sequences is applied as a separate input to a summer 54, where Ethernet data signal E is applied as a third input to summer 54. Summer 54 adds the synchronization information (pilot, ToD, TM) to the already-existing Ethernet data signal E (similar to adding white noise to a signal) and then transmits the signal via CAT5 cable 16 to the remote APs. It is to be understood that in various other embodiments, perhaps only PN-1 is utilized, or a combination of PN-1 and PN-2, or any other appropriate combination of one or more PN sequences that supply sync pulses to the plurality of separate APs. The resultant DS-SS sync signal S is generally in the form of a noise-like spectra, low enough to provide negligible crosstalk with the data and/or power signals propagating along cable 16.
FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary demodulator 46 used within each AP 12 to extract the various PN sequences from the received signal traveling along cable 16. As shown, the received signal is demodulated using the same baseband signal B and a relatively straightforward filtering arrangement is then used to separate the various PN sequences from the signal. Thus, as long as each AP 12 recovers the same sync pulses (pilot, TM, ToD), the various units will be able to provide time sharing of the frequency spectrum without the interference problems prevalent in the prior art.
While the present invention has been described in relation to a particular preferred embodiment, many variations, equivalents, modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Thus, the present invention is intended to be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A method comprising:
generating a direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal at a network hub from a combination of a baseband data signal and a plurality of pseudo noise sequences including timing information for providing synchronization;
coupling the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal onto an Ethernet cable, wherein the Ethernet cable couples the network hub to a plurality of wireless access points of a wireless local area network; and
transmitting the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal from the network hub to the plurality of wireless access points over the Ethernet cable.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of pseudo noise sequences includes a first pseudo noise sequence defining a precision phase signal, the precision phase signal utilized as a pilot tone to maintain synchronization between the plurality of wireless access points.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the plurality of pseudo noise sequences further includes a second pseudo noise sequence defining a time mark signal, the time mark signal utilized as a superframe/beacon synchronization signal between the plurality of wireless access points.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the plurality of pseudo noise sequences further includes a third pseudo noise sequence defining a time-of-day signal, the time-of-day signal usable within each access point of the plurality of wireless access points to provide a real-time clock signal.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
demodulating, at each wireless access point of the plurality of wireless access points, the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal; and
extracting the timing information therefrom.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal is generated using independent pseudo noise sequences.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting a data signal and the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal from the network hub to the plurality of wireless access points over the Ethernet cable.

8. A network hub device comprising:
a direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization generator configured to generate a direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal based on a baseband data signal and a plurality of pseudo noise sequences including timing information; and
a circuit coupled to the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization generator, wherein the circuit is configured to send the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal to a plurality of wireless access points of a wireless local area network via an Ethernet cable.

9. The network hub device of claim 8, further comprising an Ethernet line driver configured to send a data signal via the Ethernet cable to the plurality of wireless access points.

10. The network hub device of claim 8, wherein the circuit includes a power separation filter.

11. The network hub device of claim 8, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal is generated using independent pseudo noise sequences.

12. The network hub device of claim 8, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a precision phase signal, wherein the precision phase signal provides a pilot tone to maintain synchronization between the plurality of wireless access points.

13. The network hub device of claim 8, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a time mark signal, wherein the time mark signal provides a superframe/beacon synchronization signal between the plurality of access points.

14. The network hub device of claim 8, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a time-of-day signal, wherein the time-of-day signal is usable within each wireless access point of the plurality of wireless access points to provide a clock signal.

15. An access point device comprising:
a circuit configured to receive a signal from a network hub via an Ethernet cable, the signal including a direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a baseband data signal and a plurality of pseudo noise sequences;
a power sinking device coupled to the circuit; and
a direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization decoder coupled to the circuit, the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization decoder configured to decode the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal to determine timing information and to use the timing information to synchronize operation of the access point device with a second access point device coupled to the network hub.

16. The access point device of claim 15, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal is generated using independent pseudo noise sequences.

17. The access point device of claim 15, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a precision phase signal, wherein the precision phase signal provides a pilot tone to maintain synchronization of the access point device and the second access point device coupled to the network hub.

18. The access point device of claim 15, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a time mark signal, wherein the time mark signal is used to align superframes or beacons of the access point device with superframes or beacons of the second access point device coupled to the network hub.

19. The access point device of claim 15, wherein the direct sequence spread spectrum synchronization signal includes a time-of-day signal, wherein the time-of-day signal is used to provide a real-time clock signal.

20. The access point device of claim 15, further comprising an Ethernet line receiver operable to receive a data signal via the Ethernet cable.