1Mother’s daughter from a previous marriage also lived with Mother and Father during their marriage, but her

living arrangements are not at issue in the present custody dispute. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

January 9, 2002 Session

MICHAEL WAYNE HOLEMAN v. DONNA RENE HOLEMAN

Appeal from the General Sessions Court for White County

No. CV 2491 Steven C. Douglas, Judge

No. M2001-00622-COA-R3-CV - Filed October 24, 2002

After the trial court granted the parties a divorce, awarded them joint custody of their minor child,

and granted primary physical custody of Child to Mother for the school year, Father filed a motion

to reconsider the custody arrangement. The trial court denied the motion and Father appeals. We

affirm the decision of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the General Sessions Court

Affirmed and Remanded

PATRICIA J.COTTRELL,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H.CANTRELL,P.J.,M.S.,

and DON R. ASH, SP. J., joined.

Henry D. Fincher, Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Michael Wayne Holeman.

Allison M. Barker, Crossville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Donna Rene Holeman.

OPINION

I. Facts

Michael Wayne Holeman (“Father”) and Donna Rene Holeman (“Mother”) were married on

January 17, 1991, and lived in White County throughout their marriage. One child (“Child”) was

born during the marriage on July 25, 1992.1 The parties separated in June of 1999, about one month

prior to Child’s seventh (7th) birthday. 

Father filed a complaint on June 18, 1999, seeking a divorce on the grounds of adultery,

irreconcilable differences, and inappropriate marital conduct. Father also sought custody of Child.

Mother answered and counterclaimed. 
2

Father filed a motion asking the trial court to allow Child, eight years old at the time, to testify during the

hearing. The trial court denied the motion, determining that it was not in the best interests of Child to testify at the

hearing. 

3

Adultery as a ground for the divorce was not disputed. Mother conceded adultery with Dr. Flint, although she

asserted that that relatioship began well after Mother and Father were separated and after divorce proceedings were

instituted. 

-2-

After the separation, Father moved in with his parents, a teacher and a semi-retired insurance

agent, in a three bedroom home located in White County. Mother and Child continued to reside in

the marital home in White County after the separation. Mother and Father did not get along well,

and there were a number of disagreements, arguments, instances of name calling and cursing, and

two of these incidents resulted in Mother seeking a protective order, and after the last she sought an

assault warrant against Father. Father asserts these actions by Mother were frivolous and taken to

gain some advantage in this litigation.

Mother is a registered nurse, and after the parties’ separation she began working for Dr. Flint.

She and her doctor employer began a romantic relationship four or five months before the divorce

hearing and she testified at the hearing that they intended to get married. After the altercation

between Mother and Father in October, 2000, Mother and Child moved into the Putnam County

home of Dr. Flint.

The trial of the matter started on September 27, 2000, but was continued after the original

judge recused himself. Ultimately, the trial was held on December 1, 2000. At trial, the parties each

offered evidence attempting to show that his or her home was the best location for the custodial

placement of Child. The trial court heard testimony from Mother and Father as well as: (1) Doug

Downs, minister of the Cumberland Heights Church and licensed guidance counselor in Tennessee,

who testified regarding his relationship with Mother and Father and his observations of Child’s

relationship with each parent; (2) Child’s second grade teacher, whose classroom was next to that

of Father’s mother, who testified that although both parents were involved in Child’s education,

Father volunteered more in the classroom than Mother; (3) two nurses that worked with Mother, who

testified that she was a good parent; (4) Father’s parents, who testified that while either parent was

fit to raise the child, Father was the better parent in their opinion; and (5) Mother’s mother, who

testified that in her opinion Mother was the better parent.2

The trial court granted a divorce to Father on the grounds of adultery committed by the

Mother,3 approved the division of the marital property as stipulated by the parties, and awarded joint

custody of Child to the parties and split primary residential custody based on the school year, stating

in its final order:

The Court finds that it is in the best interests of the minor child that the parties be

entitled to joint custody of the parties’ minor child, . . . . [Wife] shall have primary

physical custody over [Child] during the school year, conditioned upon her not

residing out of wedlock with Dr. Flint, or any other member of the opposite sex that
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is not a member of her family. [Father] shall be entitled to primary physical custody

of [Child] during the summer months. Neither party shall have overnight guests of

the opposite sex in the presence of the minor child.

The court went on to award visitation to Father every Wednesday night (to allow Child to

attend Church), Friday evening until Sunday evening on the first weekend of the month, and

Saturday noon until Sunday noon on the second, third, and fifth weekend of each month during the

school year as well as all in-service days. Mother was awarded the same visitation while the child

resided with Father during the summer. The trial court awarded each parent two weeks of

uninterrupted visitation in the summer and divided holidays.

In findings from the bench at the close of the trial, approximately two months before the final

order was entered, the court awarded Father a divorce on the stipulated ground of adultery. In

addition, the court found,

I am going to award joint custody to the parents. I am going to give the mom primary

physical custody, conditioned on her moving back to her parents residence, or

another residence of her choice, unless, she and the doctor should choose to marry.

But. She will not be allowed to be living at the doctor’s home without the benefit

of marriage. . . . You will move out ma’am, until such time as you get married.

Apparently taking the trial court’s admonition to heart, Mother and Dr. Flint were married

on December 15, 2000. After the entry of the trial court’s final order on January 30, 2001, Father

filed a motion to reconsider the trial court’s ruling based on Mother’s intervening bigamous marriage

on December 15, 2000. Father argued in his motion to reconsider that Mother’s marriage to Dr. Flint

was bigamous because she was not divorced from Father until the court entered its final order and

that this was another example of Mother flaunting the law and putting her wishes above the interests

of Child. The trial court considered the motion on January 29, 2001 and after hearing arguments,

denied the motion and determined that Father:

has failed to prove facts sufficient to support a change in the minor child’s residential

schedule from the schedule announced by this court on December 1, 2000, and set

forth in the Final Decree . . . .

Father filed a timely notice of appeal, presenting the following issues for our review: (1)

whether the trial court erred in finding that primary physical custody of Child should be with Mother;

(2) whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow Child to testify on the issue of his custodial
4

Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in its refusal to allow Child to testify. Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-6-107(7) places the decision of whether to hear the preference of a minor child regarding custody within the trial

court’s discretion. See also Gilliam v. Gilliam, 776 S.W.2d 81, 88 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988) (explaining that “the trial court

has wide discretion in determining whether it should take the testimony of a minor child, and once this decision has been

made his discretion will be reviewed only for gross abuse”); Hall v. Hall, 489 S.W.2d 37 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1972). The

record herein reflects no abuse of discretion by the trial court in this regard. 

-4-

preference;4 and (3) whether the trial court erred by failing to change its final ruling despite Mother’s

remarriage on December 15, 2000. 

II. Standards for Custody Arrangements

In a suit for divorce, courts are authorized to award the care, custody, and control of any

minor children to either parent, to both parents in a joint or shared custody arrangement, or to some

other suitable person, as the welfare and interest of the children require. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-

101(a)(1). In making custody decisions, courts have “the widest discretion to order a custody

arrangement that is in the best interest of the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2). A court’s

determination regarding custody must be made upon the basis of the best interest of the child. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-106(a).

Thus, by statute as well as case law, the welfare and best interest of the children are the

paramount concern in custody determinations, and the goal of any custody decision is to place the

child in an environment that will best serve his needs. Parker v. Parker, 986 S.W.2d 557, 562

(Tenn. 1999); Lentz v. Lentz, 717 S.W.2d 876, 877 (Tenn. 1986); Luke v. Luke, 651 S.W.2d 219, 221

(Tenn. 1983). The General Assembly has found that “[t]he best interests of the child are served by

a parenting arrangement that best maintains a child’s emotional growth, health and stability, and

physical care.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-401(a). The aim of a custodial arrangement is to promote

the child’s welfare by creating an environment that promotes a nurturing relationship with each

parent. Aaby v. Strange, 924 S.W.2d 623, 629 (Tenn. 1996). Both the legislature and the courts

have recognized the importance of stability and consistency in a child’s life and, therefore, in child

custody arrangements. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-401(a)(1); Aaby, 924 S.W.2d at 627. 

Where, as here, both parents seek custody, the child’s best interest is to be determined by

using an analysis of the comparative fitness of each parent in light of the particular circumstances

of the case. Parker, 986 S.W.2d at 562 (citing In re Parsons, 914 S.W.2d 889, 893 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1995)); Ruyle v. Ruyle, 928 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d

626, 630 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983); Bah v. Bah, 668 S.W.2d 663, 665-66 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1983). The

comparative fitness analysis recognizes that no parent, as no person, is perfect, that each parent has

strengths and weaknesses, and that each may contribute differently to the child’s development. Earls

v. Earls, 42 S.W.3d 877, 885 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000); Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 630. Custody decisions

are not intended to either reward or punish parents. Earls, 42 S.W.3d at 885; Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d

at 630. 
-5-

In the case before us, the trial court awarded both parents joint custody. While in sole

custody arrangements the custodial parent has the sole and exclusive prerogative to make major life

decisions regarding the child, Rust v. Rust, 864 S.W.2d 52, 55 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993), joint custody

arrangements necessarily imply a “sharing of parental responsibility for decisions regarding care,

abode, education, health, and other matters of general welfare of the child.” Shepherd v. Metcalf,

794 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tenn. 1990);Hoefler v. Hoefler, No. M1998-00966-COA-R3-CV, 2001 Tenn.

App. LEXIS 225, at * 7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 5, 2001) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).

Even though a joint custody arrangement is ordered, it is still necessary for the court to

determine where the child will reside. That decision is customarily made by determining which

parent will have primary physical custody and by determining the amount of visitation the other

parent will have. Under the legislature’s new terminology, the courts determine a residential

schedule, which designates the primary residential parent and designates in which parent’s home the

child will reside on given days during the year. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-402(5). In the case before

us, the trial court essentially determined that the child would reside with his mother during the school

year and with his father during the summer. Each parent was given liberal visitation during the time

the child was residing with the other parent.

Thus, the trial court awarded joint custody, divided primary residential custody based on the

school year, and gave liberal visitation to the non-residential parent. The trial court made several

general statements from the bench prior to announcing the rulings orally, stating in part:

The testimony basically showed that these two parties do not have a good

relationship with each other. There was not much testimony directed to either one

of them as being unfit parents. It is clear to the Court that both of these parties love

[Child]. And. Care for [Child]. And. Want what is best for [Child]. It is not

possible for me to put him in both of your homes, full time. . . .

Father’s objection is to the determination that child’s best interests were served by residing

primarily with Mother during the school year, thereby giving Mother “the majority” of residential

placement. Before the trial court, Father took the position that primary residential custody during

the week should remain with one parent during the school year, and he does not take a different

position on appeal. He asks that he be given primary custody of Child.

III. Best Interests and Comparative Fitness

The determination of the children’s best interest must turn on the particular facts of each

case. Akins v. Akins, 805 S.W.2d 377, 378 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990) (citing Holloway v. Bradley, 190

Tenn. 565, 570-72, 230 S.W.2d 1003, 1006 (1950)). “There are literally thousands of things that

must be taken into consideration in the lives of young children, and these factors must be reviewed

on a comparative approach.” Bah, 668 S.W.2d at 666. When called upon to order a custody
5

 Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 (Supp. 1999) states:

In a suit for annulment, divorce, separate maintenance, or in any other proceeding requiring

the court to make a custody determination regarding a minor child, such determination shall be made

upon the basis of the best interest of the child. The court shall consider all relevant factors including

the following where applicable:

(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and child;

(2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care,

education and other necessary care and the degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver;

(3) The importance of continuity in the child's life and the length of time the child has lived

in a stable, satisfactory environment; provided, that where there is a finding, under § 36-6-106(8), of

child abuse, as defined in § 39-15-401 or § 39-15-402, or child sexual abuse, as defined in § 37-1-602,

by one (1) parent, and that a non-perpetrating parent has relocated in order to flee the perpetrating

parent, that such relocation shall not weigh against an award of custody;

(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(6) The home, school and community record of the child;

(7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older. The court may

hear the preference of a younger child upon request. The preferences of older children should

normally be given greater weight than those of younger children;

(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or to any other

person; provided, that where there are allegations that one (1) parent has committed child abuse, [as

defined in § 39-15-401 or § 39-15-402], or child sexual abuse, [as defined in § 37-1-602], against a

family member, the court shall consider all evidence relevant to the physical and emotional safety of

the child, and determine, by a clear preponderance of the evidence, whether such abuse has occurred.

The court shall include in its decision a written finding of all evidence, and all findings of facts

connected thereto. In addition, the court shall, where appropriate, refer any issues of abuse to the

juvenile court for further proceedings;

(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents the home of

a parent and such person's interactions with the child.

(10) Each parent's past and potential for future performance of parenting responsibilities,

including the willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and

continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent, consistent with the best

interest of the child.

6

See Parker, 986 S.W.2d at 562 (listing factors to be considered).

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arrangement, a court must consider many factors, some of which are set out in statute,5 and some of

which have been developed through case law.6

Because the determination of where a child’s best interest lies is the result of the

consideration of a number of factors in the context of a specific factual situation, Adelsperger v.

Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), it is particularly fact-driven. Rogero v.

Pitt, 759 S.W.2d 109, 112 (Tenn. 1988). Trial courts must exercise broad discretion in child custody

matters. Parker, 986 S.W.2d at 563. Such decisions often hinge on the trial court’s assessment of

the demeanor and credibility of the parents and other witnesses. Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d at 485.

Consequently, appellate courts are reluctant to second-guess a trial court’s determination regarding

custody and visitation. Nelson v. Nelson, 66 S.W.3d 896, 901 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); Rutherford
-7-

v. Rutherford, 971 S.W.2d 955, 956 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 631).

Accordingly, this court will decline to disturb the custody decision of the trial court herein unless

that decision is based on a material error of law or the evidence preponderates against it.

Adelsperger, 970 S.W.2d at 485. 

We have reviewed the evidence presented in this case. Our first observation is that the

evidence fully supports the court’s comment that the parents do not have a good relationship with

each other. After their separation, Mother and Father had a number of disputes which degenerated

into name calling and worse. The parties differed on their recollections and interpretations of these

interactions. Mother sought protective orders twice, which were dismissed. She took out an assault

warrant against Father, and asserts it was Father’s behavior during the incident leading to the warrant

which convinced her to leave the marital home and move in with the doctor because she was

frightened. Suffice it to say that neither parent was a particularly good role model for Child in their

dealings with each other. The record also supports the trial court’s finding regarding each parent’s

love and care for their son. Neither parent was shown to be unfit. 

The testimony at trial revealed that both parents were fit, although both parties

acknowledged making parenting decisions that may not have been in the best interest of Child. The

testimony further established that Child had a strong relationship with his half-sister who resided

with Mother, and that Mother had done nothing to discourage Child’s relationship with his paternal

grandparents. Although the parents disagreed and presented conflicting evidence regarding each’s

involvement in Child’s education, including who signed more homework, the trial court resolved

these differences. Each was shown to be involved in Child’s education. At the time of trial, Child

had been living primarily with Mother during the school week and was doing well in school. Child

had been attending the same school where his paternal grandmother taught, and the trial court

ordered that Child remain in that school. The evidence showed that Father was more active in

Child’s religious upbringing. Father’s father was a church elder, and Father had become active in

church and in Child’s church activities. The trial court’s custody and visitation arrangement

accommodated Child’s church activities. 

Father argues that Mother abused legal processes to gain an advantage over Father in the

divorce and custody dispute. The trial court heard testimony on these issues and was able to judge

the credibility of the witnesses. Although the trial court made no specific finding of fact regarding

the protective orders and assault warrant, we can infer that the trial court determined that, whatever

the real circumstances, they did not weigh in favor of or against either party.

Father also argues that Mother interfered with his telephone visitation with Child and

otherwise acted to undermine Father’s relationship with Child. Again, the parties’ interpretations

of various incidents differ, but the evidence establishes that both parents made derogatory remarks

about and to the other in the presence of Child. The trial court made no specific finding of fact

regarding either parent’s ability to encourage a good relationship between Child and the other parent.

We infer that the trial court found that, comparatively, neither parent was considerably better or

considerably worse than the other in this regard. 
7

This court has not been asked to rule on the issue of whether Mother’s marriage to Dr. Flint was valid and,

according to the record, neither was the trial court. We note, however, that entry of a judgment is generally necessary

(continued...)

-8-

Father’s final argument comes down to his assertions that Mother is less fit than he is because

of her relationship with Dr. Flint, which began after the parties’ separation. A parent’s sexual

infidelity does not disqualify that parent from receiving custody of his or her child. Varley v. Varley,

934 S.W.2d 659, 666-67 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). When such activities, however, involve neglect of

or other harm to the child, such adverse impact on the child is a valid consideration in determining

the child’s best interest. Id.; Mimms v. Mimms, 780 S.W.2d 739, 745 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). In the

case before us, Mother not only became involved in an affair with another man while the divorce

proceedings were pending, she chose to move in with her paramour, taking Child with her, after the

initial date for the hearing which was postponed, but before the final hearing. Although we do not

condone Mother’s decision, that situation does not per se require a determination that Father is

comparatively more fit than Mother to provide Child with the care he needs. There is no evidence

in the record that Child was harmed by these temporary living arrangements. See In re Parsons, 914

S.W.2d 889 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Mother’s relationship with Dr. Flint, and more particularly its

effect on Child’s welfare, is one of the many factors the trial court may consider in determining

comparative fitness and the child’s best interests. Nelson, 66 S.W.3d at 902; Varley, 934 S.W.2d

at 666-67. 

The trial court heard testimony from both Mother and Father, as well as a host of other

witnesses and fashioned a custody arrangement designed to serve Child’s best interest. The trial

judge is in a far better position than this court to observe the demeanor of the witnesses and resolve

the issues in the case that are based on the truthfulness of the witnesses. McCaleb v. Saturn Corp.,

910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); Lee v. Lee, 66 S.W.3d 837, 851 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001)

(rehearing denied Oct. 29, 2001); Whitacker v. Whitacker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1997). 

Trial courts necessarily have broad discretion to fashion custody and visitation arrangements

in light of the unique circumstances of each case. A trial court’s determination on those issues

should be set aside only when it “falls outside the spectrum of rulings that might reasonably result

from an application of the correct legal standards to the evidence found in the record.” Eldridge v.

Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001). The evidence herein does not preponderate against the

trial court’s determination that Child’s best interests were furthered by an award of joint custody,

division of primary residential custody on the basis of the school year, designation of Mother as

primary residential custodian for the school year, and the award of liberal visitation.

IV. Motion to Alter or Amend

Father sought an amendment of the court’s final order, asking the court the award primary

custody to him because Mother had, prior to the entry of the final order herein, married Dr. Flint.

Father argued this marriage was bigamous7 and, consequently, showed Mother’s disregard for the
7

(...continued)

before it becomes effective, Tenn. R. Civ. P. 58.02, unless the court otherwise directs. In some circumstances, divorces

have been determined to be effective before entry of the final decree, or the deficiency has been remedied. Vessels v.

Vessels, 530 S.W.2d 71 (Tenn. 1975); McCown v. Quillin, 48 Tenn. App. 162, 344 S.W.2d 576 (1960); Daniel v. Daniel,

No. 02A01-9606-CH-00135, 1998 Tenn. App. LEXIS 106 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 12, 1998) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11

application filed); Miller v. Prentice-Miller, No. 01-A-01-9505-CH-00225, 1995 Tenn. App. LEXIS 711 (Tenn. Ct. App.

Nov. 1, 1995) (no Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed).

-9-

law and resulted in continuation of the living arrangement prohibited by the court. The trial court

declined to amend the custody arrangement previously ordered. We affirm that decision. The trial

court could have concluded that Mother’s marriage resulted from her desire to comply with that

court’s earlier order rather than a disregard for legal processes. In any event, nothing in the record

leads to the conclusion that Mother’s marriage harmed or affected Child as opposed to the alternative

of moving elsewhere with Mother. 

V. Conclusion

After a thorough review of the record, we affirm the trial court’s judgment fashioning an

appropriate custody arrangement. The costs of the appeal are taxed to Father, Michael Wayne

Holeman, for which execution may issue if necessary. 

___________________________________ 

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE