NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 24a0251n.06

No. 23-3560

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

EVELIO RUIZ LAFITA,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE BOARD OF 

IMMIGRATION APPEALS 

OPINION

Before: COLE, CLAY, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which COLE, J., concurred. THAPAR, J. 

(pp. 20–25), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Evelio Ruiz Lafita, a native and citizen of Cuba, 

petitions this Court to review a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). This BIA 

decision affirmed an order of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), which denied Petitioner’s motion to 

reopen proceedings related to his Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) claim due to changed 

conditions in Cuba. In addition, the BIA denied Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand to present 

additional, new evidence to the IJ. On appeal, Ruiz Lafita argues that the BIA declined to consider 

key new evidence and did not meaningfully review his motion to remand. For the reasons set forth 

below, we GRANT Ruiz Lafita’s petition for review in part and REMAND to the BIA for further 

explanation.
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I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

Ruiz Lafita was admitted to the United States in 2000 as a lawful permanent resident. At 

the time, Ruiz Lafita was approximately 10 years old. While in Cuba, Ruiz Lafita’s parents served 

as founding members of the National Civil Union, which was a pro-democracy organization that 

“opposed the dictatorship of the Cuban Government through peaceful demonstrations.” Lafita

Fernandez Decl., A.R. 000110. According to the declarations of Ruiz Lafita and his mother, the 

family’s political activities caused the Cuban police to harass them frequently. Eventually, the 

harassment and danger caused Ruiz Lafita’s mother to apply for the visa lottery to the United 

States, and she received visa approval in the late 1990s. When the Cuban government discovered

the family’s immigration plans, “[t]he government sent a mover’s truck to [Ruiz Lafita’s] house,” 

labeling the family as “traitor[s] to the nation.” Id. at A.R. 000111. Ruiz Lafita then was forced 

to watch “fanatical supporters of the Cuban government” brutally beat his mother in the streets. 

Id. Ruiz Lafita and his mother fled Cuba shortly after, settling in Michigan in 2000.

Based on the events recounted in her declaration, Ruiz Lafita’s mother believes that “[i]f 

either Evelio or [her] were to land at the airport in Cuba, [they] would be detained immediately.” 

Id. at A.R. 000112. Ruiz Lafita also provided a declaration recalling these same events, explaining 

that “[he is] proud to call [himself] anti-Castro and a supporter of democracy and freedom.” Id. at

A.R. 000107. Based on his political beliefs, Ruiz Lafita stated that his deportation to Cuba would 

result in his torture and detainment by the Cuban government. 

Ruiz Lafita lived in Michigan throughout his teenage and young adult years. Eventually,

he dropped out of school and began to hang out with the wrong crowd. His subsequent choices 

ultimately led to a felony conviction; on December 20, 2012, Ruiz Lafita was convicted of armed 
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3

robbery, in violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.529, as well as possessing a firearm while 

committing a felony, in violation of Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b. These convictions resulted 

in the initiation of Ruiz Lafita’s removal proceedings, and he subsequently served nearly nine 

years in prison. During his incarceration, Ruiz Lafita completed a variety of lifestyle and education 

courses, as well as finished his GED. 

B. Procedural History

While Ruiz Lafita was serving his sentence, in 2014, the Department of Homeland Security

(“DHS”) initiated removal proceedings against Ruiz Lafita by serving him with a notice to appear 

(“NTA”) and charging him with removability under § 237 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 

8 U.S.C. § 1227. Section 237(a)(2)(A)(iii) provides for removal at any point after admission to 

the United States if the immigrant has been convicted of an aggravated felony or a crime of 

violence. On January 27, 2015, Ruiz Lafita appeared pro se and conceded all factual allegations 

in the NTA. Accordingly, the IJ sustained all charges of removability and designated Cuba as 

Ruiz Lafita’s country of removal. At this initial hearing, Ruiz Lafita represented that he intended 

to seek relief under the CAT.

However, at his subsequent hearing on March 24, 2015, Ruiz Lafita appeared again pro se, 

and explained that he could not gather the relevant materials and would no longer be seeking relief. 

Ruiz Lafita further declined the IJ’s offer of additional time to file, and his CAT application was 

thus deemed abandoned. Based on the conceded charges in the NTA, Ruiz Lafita was ordered 

removed to Cuba. After being released from prison on parole in November 2020, Ruiz Lafita was 

transferred to ICE detention while awaiting his removal. 

Days prior to Ruiz Lafita’s impending removal to Cuba, he finally secured an attorney. 

Represented by counsel this time, on February 22, 2021, Ruiz Lafita filed a motion for an 
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emergency stay and moved to reopen proceedings to apply for protection under CAT.1 Because 

this motion to reopen was filed more than 90 days after Ruiz Lafita was ordered removed in 2015, 

Ruiz Lafita was required to show that the country conditions in Cuba had changed in a manner 

that increased the likelihood that he would face torture once removed. See 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii). In this initial motion, Ruiz Lafita did not append any declarations or other 

evidence supporting his individualized fear of torture. He alleged that the motion’s shortcomings 

were attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, as he could not have a face-to-face meeting with his 

attorney and “did not feel able to write a declaration to support his [application].” Pet’r’s BIA Br., 

A.R. 000228–29. DHS opposed reopening. 

The IJ denied Ruiz Lafita’s motion to reopen on April 13, 2021, noting that the motion 

“focuse[d] almost exclusively on the alleged experiences of his parents as political dissidents in 

Cuba before coming to the United States—information that was available when [Ruiz Lafita] had 

the opportunity to file for relief in 2015.” Order of IJ, A.R. 000253–54. In addition, the IJ 

determined that there was not a material change in Cuba’s country conditions that would increase 

any threat of torture to Ruiz Lafita. The IJ concluded by noting that Ruiz Lafita failed to address 

any factors that mitigated his serious criminal history. 

In May 2021, Ruiz Lafita timely appealed the IJ’s holding to the BIA. He filed his BIA 

brief on July 6, 2021. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s denial of Ruiz Lafita’s motion to reopen, holding 

that Ruiz Lafita only pointed to a “mere continuation or incremental worsening of conditions that 

already existed in 2015.” BIA Order, A.R. 000004. The BIA further held that Ruiz Lafita failed 

to show how these purported changes in the United States’ relationship with Cuba tied to the 

1 The motion for an emergency stay was granted in March 2021, pending the resolution of 

Ruiz Lafita’s motion to reopen. After this motion for an emergency stay was granted, Ruiz Lafita

was released from ICE detention and placed on DHS supervision. 
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likelihood that he would be singled out for torture. In his appeal to the BIA, Ruiz Lafita also 

submitted unreviewed, new evidence of updated country conditions in Cuba, which the BIA 

construed as a motion to remand for the purpose of submitting additional evidence. The BIA 

similarly denied this motion to remand, holding that the additional evidence was merely 

cumulative of the evidence presented to the IJ and likewise did not show that the conditions in 

Cuba had materially changed since 2015.

This timely petition for review followed. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

Ruiz Lafita first appeals the IJ’s denial of his motion to reopen proceedings to seek CAT 

relief and the BIA’s subsequent affirmance. To protect the finality of immigration decisions, 

motions to reopen immigration proceedings are generally disfavored, and granting a motion to 

reopen is largely discretionary. See INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1988). This Court reviews 

the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen proceedings for abuse of discretion. Alizoti v. Gonzales, 

477 F.3d 448, 451 (6th Cir. 2007). Although generally motions to reopen must be filed within 90 

days after a final order of removal is entered, Ruiz Lafita brought his motion to reopen pursuant 

to an exception for motions “based on changed country conditions arising in the country of 

nationality or the country to which removal has been ordered.” Preçetaj v. Sessions, 907 F.3d 453, 

457 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(ii)). The evidence of changed country 

conditions must be material, previously unavailable, and not discovered or presented at the 

previous proceeding. Id.

In addition, Ruiz Lafita appeals the BIA’s denial of his motion to remand for the 

consideration of new evidence. “A motion to remand for the purpose of presenting additional 
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evidence must conform to the same standards as a motion to reopen and will only be granted if the 

evidence was previously unavailable and would likely change the result in the case.” Yousif v. 

Garland, No. 19-4084, 2024 WL 641044, at *6 (6th Cir. Feb. 15, 2024) (quoting Matter of L-AC-, 26 I & N Dec. 516, 526 (BIA 2015)). Accordingly, this Court similarly reviews the BIA’s 

denial of a motion to remand to consider new evidence for an abuse of discretion. Marqus v. Barr, 

968 F.3d 583, 592 (6th Cir. 2020). “The BIA abuses its discretion if its decision was made ‘without 

a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an 

impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination.’” Id. (quoting Ishac v. Barr, 775 F. App’x 

782, 789 (6th Cir. 2019)). The BIA also abuses its discretion when it does not consider the 

petitioner’s newly proffered evidence or neglects to “‘articulate’ the basis for its decision,” thus 

preventing “meaningful review by an appellate court.” Akrawi v. Garland, No. 19-3896, 2022 WL 

3681260, at *7 (6th Cir. Aug. 25, 2022) (quoting Marqus, 968 F.3d at 592).

B. Analysis

1. February 2021 Motion to Reopen Proceedings

To succeed on a time-barred motion to reopen, Ruiz Lafita must make out a prima facie 

case entitling him to relief under the CAT and show changed conditions within the designated 

removal country. Ruiz Lafita’s prima facie case under the CAT must illustrate a reasonable 

likelihood that he would face a particularized threat of torture from the Cuban government, or a 

threat of torture to which the Cuban government would acquiesce. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2); 

Marqus, 968 F.3d at 587. As for showing changed conditions within Cuba, Ruiz Lafita’s first 

opportunity to pursue CAT protection was in 2015 when he waived his opportunity to do so. 

To meet the exception to the 90-day time limit, Ruiz Lafita must therefore show that conditions in 

Cuba materially changed from 2015 to the 2021 filing of his time-barred motion to reopen.
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The BIA may deny a motion to reopen based on the following grounds: (1) “failure to 

establish a prima facie case for the relief sought”; (2) failure to introduce material evidence that 

was previously unavailable; or (3) “a determination that even if these requirements were satisfied, 

the movant would not be entitled to the discretionary grant of relief which he sought.” Ilic-Lee v. 

Mukasey, 507 F.3d 1044, 1049 (6th Cir. 2007). Importantly, in the BIA’s review of the IJ’s 

determination that Ruiz Lafita failed to make out a prima facie case for relief under the CAT, the 

BIA is limited to the arguments and evidence that Ruiz Lafita originally submitted to the IJ with 

his February 2021 motion. See Kaddoura v. Holder, 472 F. App’x 367, 373 (6th Cir. 2012) (noting 

that the BIA “is an appellate body whose function is to review, not to create, a record,” and it 

therefore does not consider new evidence on appeal (citing In re A-P-, 22 I & N Dec. 468, 476 

(BIA 1999))). This February 2021 evidence list was significantly limited compared to the new

July 2021 evidence that Ruiz Lafita attempted to submit at the appeal phase. In fact, the sparse

evidence submitted in February 2021 solely included a 2019 Cuba Human Rights Report, various 

secondary sources regarding former-President Trump’s policies on the United States’ relations 

with Cuba, an article about a United States spy in Havana, general policy directives regarding 

Cuba, and Ruiz Lafita’s criminal and correctional records. 

With its review cabined to the limited evidence that accompanied Ruiz Lafita’s February 

2021 motion to reopen, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in determining that Ruiz Lafita failed 

to show “how changes in United States-Cuba intergovernmental relations are material to his claim 

that he would be singled out for torture by the Cuban government.” BIA Opinion, A.R. 000004. 

Indeed, Ruiz Lafita did not submit a shred of evidence to support his claim that he was likely to 

face a particularized risk of torture. Cf. Jado v. Wilkinson, 847 F. App’x 278, 288 (6th Cir. 2021) 

(holding that, even assuming that the proffered evidence demonstrates the escalation of human 
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rights violations in a country, the petitioner had “not identified particular facts in the record 

evidence showing that it is more likely he will be tortured than in 2017”). Even assuming Ruiz 

Lafita successfully submitted evidence of changed country conditions in Cuba, there is no real 

dispute that his February 2021 motion lacked evidence specific to Ruiz Lafita’s fear of torture—

which is fatal to his motion to reopen. See, e.g., Cruz-Samayoa v. Holder, 607 F.3d 1145, 1156 

(6th Cir. 2010) (holding that, although petitioners submitted evidence of country conditions, the 

petitioners’ assertions related to their particularized threat of torture were “too generalized and too 

speculative to form the basis of relief”).

Regardless of Ruiz Lafita’s alleged struggles with timing in securing an attorney and the 

COVID-19 pandemic, his initial February 2021 filing was deficient. When solely faced with a 

Human Rights Report and various general articles about Trump’s stance on Cuba, the IJ did not 

err in finding that Ruiz Lafita did not show that Cuba’s changed country conditions would increase 

the likelihood that he would individually be targeted for torture. Cf. Trujillo Diaz v. Sessions, 880 

F.3d 244, 250 (6th Cir. 2018) (explaining that an applicant seeking to establish a likelihood of 

being individually targeted for torture “cannot rely on speculative conclusions or mere assertions 

of fear of possible persecution, but instead must offer reasonably specific information [and 

evidence] showing a real threat of individual [torture]” (citation omitted)); see also Jado, 847 F. 

App’x at 287 (“[Petitioner] offers no specific evidence demonstrating that the PMF would seek to 

single him out individually for torture.”). For these reasons, the BIA did not abuse its discretion 

in affirming the IJ’s holding regarding Ruiz Lafita’s motion to reopen.

2

 

2 The dissent mistakenly views this holding as inconsistent with our subsequent holding 

regarding Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand. Dissenting Op., at 24. However, where the record from 

February 2021 is completely devoid of any evidence establishing a particularized threat of torture, 

one sentence is sufficient to highlight this deficiency. Indeed, Ruiz Lafita himself admits that his 

original motion to reopen was deficient in this regard. The obvious lack of evidence, confirmed 
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2. July 2021 Motion to Remand

Perhaps noting the shortcomings in his initial February 2021 motion to reopen, Ruiz Lafita

primarily challenges the BIA’s denial of his motion to remand for the IJ to consider the new 

evidence submitted with his July 2021 BIA appeal. “The relevant test for deciding a motion to 

remand for consideration of new evidence is whether the evidence is material and was previously 

unavailable.” Marqus, 968 F.3d at 592 (applying 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1), the motion-to-reopen 

provision, to a motion to remand). In his July 6, 2021 appeal to the BIA, Ruiz Lafita claimed that 

he was submitting new, material evidence that was unavailable in 2015 to support his motion to 

reopen, as well as new, material evidence that was unavailable to support his February 2021 motion 

to reopen. 

The dissent erroneously contends that the BIA’s discussion of Ruiz Lafita’s motion to 

remand is “entirely applicable” to his motion to reopen. Dissenting Op., at 23. Although the 

applicable standards for a motion to reopen and a motion to remand have significant overlap, the 

analyses are nonetheless separate. The BIA could not consider any of Ruiz Lafita’s newly 

submitted evidence in its review of the February 2021 motion to reopen. See Kaddoura, 472 F. 

App’x at 373 (noting that the BIA does not consider new evidence on appeal); Abdulahad v. 

Garland, 99 F.4th 275, 285 (2024) (same). Accordingly, the BIA had to meaningfully analyze

both the IJ’s February 2021 motion to reopen determination and, separately, Ruiz Lafita’s newly 

submitted July 2021 evidence in support of his motion to remand. While the dissent poses the 

question, “why require two separate, presumably identical explanations for the same issue?”, the 

answer is simple: these explanations should not be identical, as each explanation relies on a 

by Ruiz Lafita’s own admissions on appeal, easily distinguishes our analysis from that of the next 

section regarding Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand, where Ruiz Lafita submitted hundreds of pages 

of new evidence that the BIA failed to meaningfully analyze.
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completely different set of evidence. Cf. Ishac, 775 F. App’x at 789 (affirming BIA’s CAT 

protection decision because petitioner’s 2017 State Department Reports were “never presented to 

the IJ and [could not] constitute a basis for reversing the IJ’s decision,” while reversing BIA’s 

motion to remand decision for its cursory analysis of the newly presented evidence); Welson v. 

Sessions, 744 F. App’x 249, 258–59 (6th Cir. 2018) (affirming BIA’s denials of petitioner’s 

numerous motions to reopen or remand where the BIA provided thorough analysis for each new 

set of evidence). 

Listing this new evidence in his BIA appeal, Ruiz Lafita pointed to: (1) the declarations 

of Ruiz Lafita and his mother, detailing the past torture they were forced to endure in Cuba and 

Ruiz Lafita’s current particularized fears of torture; (2) various “new reports showing changes in 

the country conditions in Cuba”; and (3) “evidence of how the Cuban Government has used the 

COVID-19 crisis to institute increasingly violent and repressive measures to shutdown free speech 

and to step up arrests, imprisonment[,] and torture of political dissidents.” Pet’r’s BIA Br., A.R. 

000234–35. Related to the newly proffered declarations, Ruiz Lafita argued that these “detailed 

descriptions of the brutality [that he and his mother] received in Cuba, coupled with [Ruiz Lafita’s] 

evidence that he will enter Cuba as a marked man by the state, establishes that he is entitled to 

CAT protection.” Id. at A.R. 000238. Ruiz Lafita contended that these declarations were 

unavailable to support his initial motion to reopen before the IJ due to the unique circumstances 

of being incarcerated during COVID-19, which prevented him from being able to effectively 

communicate with his lawyer. 

In addition to highlighting his new and previously unavailable evidence, Ruiz Lafita also 

argued that the IJ erred by ruling that Ruiz Lafita did not address “why he is deserving of a 

discretionary grant given his serious criminal history.” Id. at A.R. 000243. Contrary to the IJ’s 
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representations, Ruiz Lafita submitted proof that he demonstrated positive character development 

while serving his sentence by completing multiple rehabilitation and educational programs. Ruiz 

Lafita represented to the BIA that this documentation was, through no fault of his own, “separated 

from his I-589 application and motion to Reopen[,] which [was] not surprising given the minimal 

staffing at the Detroit Immigration Court.” Id. at A.R. 000229. Because Respondent does not 

dispute that this evidence was not considered by or available to the IJ, this Court can also consider 

Ruiz Lafita’s achievement certificates as “new” evidence that was previously unavailable through 

no fault of Ruiz Lafita’s.

Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand argued that the unconsidered mitigation evidence, coupled 

with the new declarations and new evidence of changed country conditions, would result in the IJ 

reaching a different result and granting his motion to reopen. The BIA disposed of Ruiz Lafita’s 

new evidence in four sentences:

[Ruiz Lafita] has submitted updated country conditions on appeal, which we 

construe as a motion to remand. “A motion to remand for the purpose of presenting 

additional evidence must conform to the same standards as a motion to reopen and 

will only be granted if the evidence was previously unavailable and would likely 

change the result in the case.” The evidence submitted by [Ruiz Lafita] shows that 

the Cuban government has continued its widespread human rights violations, 

committed similar human rights abuses in 2015, and is cumulative of evidence 

presented before the Immigration Judge. (Motion to Accept Attachments at 1-87) 

. . . We will, therefore, deny the motion to remand because [Ruiz Lafita] has not 

met his burden to show that the newly submitted evidence is likely to change the 

result reached below.

BIA Order, A.R. 000004 (internal citations omitted). The first two sentences merely explain the 

legal standard applicable to a motion to remand; the final sentence is a legal conclusion. This 

Court is therefore left to review and evaluate a single sentence: “The evidence submitted by [Ruiz 

Lafita] shows that the Cuban government has continued its widespread human rights violations, 

committed similar human rights abuses in 2015, and is cumulative of evidence presented before 

the Immigration Judge.” Id. Notably absent from this short analysis is any mention of Ruiz 
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Lafita’s newly submitted declarations, any acknowledgment of the evidence that the IJ did not 

consider related to Ruiz Lafita’s character, or any specific evaluation of the newly submitted 

reports and articles.3

Although we acknowledge that the BIA has broad discretion to deny Ruiz Lafita’s motion 

to remand, it must articulate, at a minimum, “why it determined that [Ruiz Lafita’s] evidence is 

not compelling” to allow for meaningful review by an appellate court. Marqus, 968 F.3d at 592

(quoting Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 459). “Cursory, summary, or conclusory statements are 

inadequate.” Id. (quoting Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 626 (6th Cir. 2004)). Under these 

standards, where the BIA has cursorily denied a motion to reopen or a motion to remand, we have 

“remanded the case to the BIA to articulate a basis for its denial that would enable meaningful 

review by this [C]ourt.” Id. at 593.

For example, in Marqus v. Barr, this Court remanded the following BIA analysis and 

holding—that closely parallels the superficial depth of reasoning in the instant case—for additional 

explanation: 

The respondent requests a remand of the record to the Immigration Judge for 

consideration of previously unavailable evidence. . . . We generally do not consider 

new evidence submitted for the first time on appeal; rather, we review the record 

before the Immigration Judge. Even construing the additional evidence as a motion 

to remand, the respondent has not shown that the new evidence would likely change 

the outcome of his case. Although the new evidence he presents on appeal might 

help with his argument that Iraqi Christians or deportees without identification

documents are at risk of detention and torture, the new evidence is insufficient to 

meet his burden of proof to establish his claim for deferral of removal. The 

respondent has also not presented evidence that addresses the adverse credibility 

3

In addition, rather than cite generally to Ruiz Lafita’s motion to accept attachments, the 

BIA should have cited to the newly submitted exhibits themselves. The referenced motion attaches 

only certain inadvertently omitted exhibits—a limited portion of Ruiz Lafita’s newly submitted 

evidence. The BIA’s vague citation therefore indicates that the BIA did not at all consider the 

latter 100 pages of Ruiz Lafita’s purported evidence for purposes of his motion to remand, which 

does contain previously unavailable evidence that differs from his original filing with the IJ. 
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finding. Therefore, the respondent has not demonstrated that a remand is 

warranted.

Marqus v. Barr Admin. Record, Case No. 18-1452, A.R. 000007 (internal citations omitted). After 

underscoring that “the BIA did not even name the new evidence—let alone analyze why each piece 

of new evidence was either immaterial or previously unavailable,” the Court in Marqus

“remand[ed] to the BIA either to explain or to change its position on the new evidence.” Marqus, 

968 F.3d at 592, 93. 

The Marqus Court also cataloged similar cases in which the Sixth Circuit reversed for 

additional explanation where the BIA merely devoted a couple of sentences or a lone paragraph to 

the petitioner’s motion to remand. See, e.g., Ishac, 775 F. App’x at 793 (remanding for additional 

explanation where the BIA “fail[ed] to address the 2017 State Department Reports submitted, for 

the first time, in support of Ishac’s motion to remand”); Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 458–60 (remanding 

for additional explanation where the BIA’s analysis could be “constrained to two sentences,” and 

where the BIA “cursorily stated that the evidence did not reflect a material change in country 

conditions”); Hanna v. Mukasey, 290 F. App'x 867, 872–73 (6th Cir. 2008) (remanding for 

additional explanation where the BIA’s decision was conclusory and contained within one 

paragraph). Using these prior cases as a guide, the BIA in Ruiz Lafita’s appeal has provided even 

less of an explanation, warranting remand. Not only could its reasoning be constrained to one 

sentence with generally applicable conclusions that could apply to any motion to remand, but the 

BIA did not mention a single piece of Ruiz Lafita’s newly submitted evidence.

To provide a contrasting example of what this Court has found constituted adequate review

of a motion to remand, in Jado v. Wilkinson, the Court noted that the BIA “identified and addressed 

the key exhibits supporting the motion, describing why it did not find the submitted evidence 

persuasive.” 847 F. App’x at 284. Indeed, the Jado Court carefully distinguished Marqus and 
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similar cases, explaining that the BIA, “[a]cross multiple paragraphs,” identified “various items of 

record evidence but explained why their contentions were not persuasive.” Id. at 288. Specifically, 

the BIA “address[ed] the conclusions in the State Department’s Human Rights and Religious 

Freedom Reports,” “analyzed all six of Jado’s expert declarations,” and “addressed why the 2019 

U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom Report and 2019 State Department Travel 

Advisory for Iraq did not save Jado’s motion.” Id. Overall, the “discussion of the evidence, and 

any new facts raised, was much more detailed than what is described in Marqus.” Id.

In stark contrast, the BIA’s one-sentence disposal of Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand is a 

far cry from the level of detail that has previously satisfied this Court. Cf. Akrawi, 2022 WL 

3681260, at *8 (distinguishing Marqus v. Barr by explaining that “the BIA named the 2017 reports 

and explained that the reports did not show a ‘remarkable shift’ in the threat of harm that Christians 

face in Iraq as compared to previous reports”); Abdulahad v. Barr, 838 F. App’x 126, 135, n.2 (6th 

Cir. 2020) (holding the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying motion to remand where it 

explained that the newly submitted country conditions reports were cumulative and detailed 

exactly why and how the specific reports were cumulative); Petros v. Garland, No. 21-3826, 2023 

WL 3035217, at *7 (6th Cir. Apr. 21, 2023) (holding the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying 

motion to remand where it specifically cited to each piece of new evidence and explained why the 

evidence was cumulative over multiple paragraphs). In this case, the BIA failed to address the 

new evidence or state why the evidence is or is not material to Ruiz Lafita’s circumstances. 

Accordingly, the BIA “has not articulated a basis to allow for meaningful review by this Court.” 

Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 459. The BIA merely stated that the evidence was cumulative of evidence 

presented before the IJ, that the evidence simply showed Cuba engaging in continued human rights 

violations, and, in a conclusory fashion, that Ruiz Lafita did not meet his burden to show that the 
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new evidence is likely to change the result below. In doing so, the BIA does not explain what 

makes the new evidence duplicative of the original record, nor does it provide any real explanation 

for disposing of Ruiz Lafita’s newly submitted evidence. 

Taking each piece of new evidence in turn, the newly presented declarations are clearly not 

“cumulative,” and the IJ specifically noted that Ruiz Lafita had not submitted affidavits or 

evidence to support his alleged facts related to a particularized threat of torture.4 But the BIA 

nonetheless omits any mention of this additional evidence that the IJ signposted was clearly 

material to Ruiz Lafita’s sought-after relief. Contrary to the Respondent’s arguments that these 

two affidavits do not show a material worsening in Cuba’s conditions since 2015 (which is 

reasoning that the BIA did not articulate), the evidence certainly bears upon a separate, imperative 

portion of Ruiz Lafita’s argument—that he will face torture for his political opinions upon his 

removal to Cuba. Not only was the BIA wrong to say that the affidavits were merely cumulative 

of that which had been previously submitted, but the non-duplicative affidavits squarely addressed 

one of the IJ’s primary reasons for denying Ruiz Lafita’s claims for relief—namely, that Ruiz 

Lafita “provided no affidavits or other evidence to support the specific facts alleged in his I-589.” 

IJ Order, A.R. 000254. The BIA does not explain why this evidence is immaterial.

Further, the BIA also omits any mention of the submitted evidence of the “positive 

equities” in the case. Once again, this evidence is not “cumulative,” and it addresses a specific 

aspect of Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand that the IJ found lacking. Respondent argues that this 

assertion of error is “not before the Court for review,” because the BIA “did not affirm the decision 

4 To the dissent’s point, the BIA need not rely upon or mention “every single exhibit in its 

analysis” upon remand. Jado, 847 F. App’x at 289. But where the BIA’s reasoning and analysis 

is so sparse that we cannot determine whether the BIA abused its discretion in denying Ruiz 

Lafita’s motion, it is within our authority to reference the specific evidence that the BIA failed to 

examine.
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on this basis.” Resp. Br., ECF No. 16, 29. However, even though this Court may not affirm the 

BIA’s holding on a basis that was not articulated by the agency, this Court can undisputedly 

determine that the BIA’s analysis was inadequate by highlighting what the BIA’s analysis lacks. 

See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196 (1947) (noting that appellate courts may not 

substitute a more proper or adequate basis to uphold administrative action); Makdesion v. Garland, 

No. 22-3436, 2023 WL 2972548, at *2 (6th Cir. Apr. 17, 2023) (reversing BIA discretionary

decision and noting “we may not assume that the Boad considered factors that it failed to mention 

in its opinion” (citation omitted)). The BIA does not explain why remedying one of the 

deficiencies below—that the IJ spent an entire paragraph emphasizing—would not change the 

outcome of the motion to reopen, particularly where granting a motion to reopen is a largely 

discretionary matter. 

Finally and importantly, the BIA did not engage with the new articles and reports that Ruiz 

Lafita submitted on appeal to show changed country conditions. “Though it need not ‘write an 

exegesis on every contention,’ the BIA must ‘consider the issues raised, and announce its decision 

in terms sufficient to enable a reviewing court to perceive that it has heard and thought and not 

merely reacted.’” Trujillo Diaz, 880 F.3d at 255 (quoting Scorteanu v. INS, 339 F.3d 407, 412 

(6th Cir. 2003)); see also Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 458 (“Although we do not require the Board’s 

opinion to mention every piece of evidence . . . it is nevertheless compelled to analyze and explain 

the basis on which it decides against a petitioner.” (citation omitted)). Indeed, “[o]ur cases demand 

that the BIA undertake a ‘real analysis’ of [the petitioner’s new evidence], ‘address the conclusions 

in’ these documents, and explain ‘why’ they are or are not material to a particular applicant’s 

circumstances.” Yousif, 2024 WL 641044, at *8 (Stranch, J., concurring in part and dissenting in 

part) (citing Marqus, 968 F.3d at 593).
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In its brief paragraph related to Ruiz Lafita’s motion to remand, the BIA fails to discuss 

any report, article, or resource, summarily designating the 200+ pages of exhibits as “cumulative”

or as a mere continuation of poor conditions in Cuba. This generally applicable explanation is 

insufficient, as any of the top countries from which refugees are fleeing have engaged in 

“continued civil rights violations” for many years, and such a finding does not necessarily preclude 

a finding of changed country conditions. Cf. Ishac, 775 F. App’x at 788 (remanding to BIA where, 

although Iraq has consistently engaged in continued civil rights violations, petitioner submitted 

new evidence that there existed a heightened persecution of Chaldean Christians); Mandebvu v. 

Holder, 755 F.3d 417, 428 (6th Cir. 2014) (noting that even incremental change is sufficient for 

the changed country conditions exception). Our precedent accordingly demands more from the 

BIA. The BIA’s broad stroke conclusions do not indicate that it has carefully considered—or even 

read—the evidence. To provide one example of many, Ruiz Lafita provided a Freedom House 

Report on Cuba that was previously unavailable for inclusion in his February 2021 motion.5 This 

report scores Cuba a 0/4 in every category related to political pluralism and participation, and 

states that “[p]olitical dissent is a punishable offense, and dissidents are systematically harassed, 

detained, physically assaulted and imprisoned for minor infractions.” Freedom in the World 

Report, A.R. 000130. Another example of relevant evidence is contained within the previously 

unavailable Cuba 2020 Human Rights Report.6 This newly submitted report promulgated by the 

State Department describes the Cuban government’s unprecedented use of the COVID-19 

5 This Report was published on March 3, 2021, approximately 10 days after Ruiz Lafita

filed his initial motion to reopen.

6 This Report was published on March 30, 2021, over a month after Ruiz Lafita filed his 

initial motion to reopen.
No. 23-3560, Ruiz Lafita v. Garland

18

pandemic “to target government critics.” 7 Cuba 2020 Human Rights Report, A.R. 000026; cf. 

Dieng v. Holder, 698 F.3d 866, 872 (6th Cir. 2012) (“State Department reports are generally the 

best gauge of conditions on foreign countries.”). For example, one member of the Patriotic Union 

of Cuba was arrested for lowering her mask to smoke a cigarette on the street and was pretextually 

sentenced to 18 months in prison. Of course, this information was previously unavailable in both 

the 2015 and the 2019 Human Rights Reports that contained no mention of COVID-19, as the 

pandemic had yet to occur. 

We do not underscore this evidence to opine on the merits of Ruiz Lafita’s motion remand

or indicate whether the motion should be granted—instead, it is important to illustrate that the BIA 

did not meaningfully consider Ruiz Lafita’s new evidence for purposes of his motion to remand. 

Indeed, in providing the required additional analysis and reasoning, the BIA may or may not reach 

the same conclusion. But the BIA’s inadequate explanation here is nonetheless imperative to 

correct, as its reasoning is so sparse that this Court cannot provide the meaningful review that Ruiz 

Lafita deserves. Cf. Preçetaj, 907 F.3d at 459 (“[S]imply because the Board may reach the same 

result upon remand (and of course, it may not) does not render the Board’s action ‘harmless.’”).8 

Regardless of what result the BIA ultimately reaches, it is imperative that the BIA—at the very 

least—articulate the rationale for its decision and specifically evaluate Ruiz Lafita’s newly 

submitted evidence, allowing for meaningful review by this Court. Id.

“Without a real analysis by the BIA of why [Ruiz Lafita’s] evidence is immaterial, we 

cannot at this stage determine whether the BIA abused its discretion in denying remand.” Marqus, 

7 Similarly, the Human Rights Watch Organization also reported that “the [Cuban] 

government has used COVID-19 related movement restrictions as an excuse to suppress protests.” 

World Report 2021, A.R. 000124. This report is also newly attached to Ruiz Lafita’s appeal.

8 Further, during oral argument, the government conceded that it forfeited any arguments 

regarding harmless error. 
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968 F.3d at 593. In the BIA’s meager paragraph devoted to Petitioner’s motion to remand, the 

BIA did not “[hear] and [think through]” Ruiz Lafita’s newly submitted evidence, but rather 

“merely reacted” and failed to provide this Court with a meaningful analysis to review. Trujillo 

Diaz, 880 F.3d at 255. And where the BIA fails to specifically address Ruiz Lafita’s new evidence, 

this Court should “remand to the BIA either to explain or to change its position on the new 

evidence.” Marqus, 968 F.3d at 593; see also Ishac, 775 F. App’x at 793 (deeming the BIA’s 

analysis as insufficient and remanding where petitioner’s newly submitted evidence was merely 

regarded as “cumulative”). 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we DENY in part and GRANT in part the petition for 

review and REMAND to the BIA for reconsideration and further explanation consistent with this 

opinion.
No. 23-3560, Ruiz Lafita v. Garland

20

THAPAR, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Every year, the BIA reviews tens of thousands of 

immigration appeals. Its expertise enables it to navigate the challenge of working through a heavy 

caseload while giving each petitioner the attention his case merits. In turn, we review its decisions 

deferentially. Because the BIA didn’t abuse its discretion here, I respectfully dissent. 

I.

Evelio Ruiz Lafita and his mother became lawful permanent residents of the United States 

in 2000. Unfortunately, Ruiz Lafita squandered an opportunity to benefit himself or his new 

country. Instead, he dropped out of school and turned to crime. In 2012, he used a sawed-off 

shotgun to commit an armed robbery. After he was convicted, the United States initiated removal 

proceedings. Ruiz Lafita conceded his removability but sought relief under the Convention 

Against Torture. He ultimately decided to abandon his application, admitting he lacked the 

necessary evidence. When the IJ offered additional time to gather evidence, Ruiz Lafita declined. 

Nine years and one prison sentence later, Ruiz Lafita moved to reopen proceedings and reapply 

for CAT relief. IJ denied the motion, and Ruiz Lafita appealed. Before the BIA, Ruiz Lafita

presented new evidence, which the BIA construed as a separate motion to remand. The BIA denied 

both motions. 

II.

To warrant remand, Ruiz Lafita needed to (1) present new evidence of a material change 

in country conditions, (2) show that the evidence establishes a prima facie case for relief, and 

(3) demonstrate entitlement to the discretionary relief. INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 (1992). 

The BIA concluded that Ruiz Lafita failed to clear the first hurdle, since his evidence revealed 

only that Cuba’s human rights abuses have occurred since 2015. Because Ruiz Lafita failed the 

first criterion for relief, the BIA didn’t need to address the latter two. We must affirm if we can 
No. 23-3560, Ruiz Lafita v. Garland

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“perceive” that the BIA considered Ruiz Lafita’s evidence and had a rational basis for denying the 

motion. Scorteanu v. INS, 339 F.3d 407, 412 (6th Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). We don’t require 

an “exegesis” on the issues. Id. The BIA exceeded that low bar. 

To see why, consider the new evidence Ruiz Lafita presented in his motion. Ruiz Lafita

offered the 2015 Human Rights Report, 2020 Human Rights Report, a 2020 report on religious 

freedom, a 2021 human trafficking report, and a 2021 travel Cuba advisory. As the BIA correctly 

noted, those reports confirm that conditions in Cuba were poor when Ruiz Lafita’s initial petition 

was denied in 2015 and that they merely continue to be poor. For instance, the 2020 Human Rights 

Report says that police “continued” to use detentions to prevent political activity. CAR 28. There 

were also “recurring reports” that Cuban security forces committed violence against political 

dissidents, paralleling the 2015 report that government forces “physically assaulted human 

rights . . . advocates . . . both during detention and imprisonment.” CAR 22; CAR 61. True, the 

2020 report contains one confirmed instance of the Cuban government killing an unarmed 

dissident, whereas the 2015 report contained no confirmed killings. Pet’r Br. 22. But even if one 

reported governmental killing qualified as materially worsened conditions (it doesn’t), Ruiz Lafita

misreads the evidence. Although the 2015 Report didn’t identify any confirmed killings, it 

concluded that government agents likely caused the deaths of two political opponents. CAR 61 

(“[T]he evidence strongly suggested that agents of the state caused the car crash.”). So the report 

shows only that Cuba has a long history of targeting political opponents and continues to do so 

today. Indeed, as the BIA recognized, the Cuban government “committed similar rights abuses in 

2015” and “has continued its widespread human rights violations” today. CAR 4. Cuba’s abuses 

are nothing new. That dooms Ruiz Lafita’s claim.
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22

Ruiz Lafita also offers evidence that U.S.-Cuba relations improved in 2015 but since 

worsened. He points out that President Obama “thawed” the formerly frigid relationship with 

Cuba: the United States reopened embassies, removed Cuba from the list of State Sponsors of 

Terrorism, lifted trade and travel restrictions, and attempted to normalize relations. Pet’r Br. 26; 

CAR 460–63, 472–84. But this evidence merely reflects different administrations’ diplomatic 

approaches to Cuba—not a change in Cuba itself. And even if it did demonstrate the Cuban 

government’s improvement, the evidence still wouldn’t help Ruiz Lafita. The relevant reference 

point for identifying a change in country conditions is the date of the hearing on Ruiz Lafita’s 

initial motion: March 24, 2015. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). So 

Ruiz Lafita would need to show conditions were good some time before March 24, 2015. Then, 

if they worsened in subsequent years, he might have an argument for a “change” in conditions. 

Unfortunately for Ruiz Lafita, the “thaw” in relations didn’t substantially begin until May 2015, 

after the government had already denied his petition. His evidence is thus too little, too late. 

Because we can perceive a rational basis for the BIA’s conclusion that conditions in Cuba 

haven’t worsened since Ruiz Lafita’s first denial, his petition should be denied. 

III.

The majority’s contrary arguments fail. First, the majority applies the wrong standard of 

review. Specifically, it cherry picks various pieces of Ruiz Lafita’s evidence and faults the BIA 

for not explicitly addressing them, ignoring the deference we owe the BIA’s decision. Take, for 

example, its citation to the 2020 Human Rights Report discussing Cuba’s use of the COVID-19 

pandemic to crack down on political opponents. Although it’s possible the BIA could have relied 

on this evidence to grant Ruiz Lafita’s motion, that’s not the proper question. The majority 

acknowledges as much, disclaiming any suggestion that Ruiz Lafita’s motion “should be granted” 
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based on this evidence. Majority Op. 18. The BIA wasn’t required to specifically address the 

COVID-19 pandemic, or any of the pieces of evidence the majority discusses. Zhang v. Mukasey,

543 F.3d 851, 854–55 (6th Cir. 2008). Nor are we allowed to assume, as the majority did, that the 

BIA didn’t consider evidence simply because it didn't mention it. Cf. id. In deciding that the 

unconsidered evidence is material, the majority incorrectly supplants its own judgment for the 

BIA’s. 

Nor does Marqus help the majority. There, the petitioner filed a motion to remand based 

on changed country conditions. The BIA spent only one paragraph—and only one sentence of 

analysis—considering whether petitioner’s new evidence showed changed country conditions. As

we held, that single conclusory sentence was insufficient to enable appellate review. Marqus v. 

Barr, 968 F.3d 583, 593 (6th Cir. 2020). 

By contrast, the BIA here spent more time analyzing country conditions—indeed, its whole 

opinion concerned that issue. That’s because, unlike in Marqus, Ruiz Lafita moved to remand and 

to reopen. Both motions require the same showing: material worsening in country conditions. 

The BIA’s analysis of the one is thus entirely applicable to the other. Ruiz Lafita recognized as 

much; his brief didn’t differentiate between the two motions and instead marshalled both old and 

new evidence together. That’s only logical. Why require two separate, presumably identical 

explanations for the same issue? Courts shouldn’t foist such a time-wasting redundancy onto the 

BIA.1 

1 The majority essentially imposes opinion-writing requirements on the BIA. But that’s 

not our place. As discussed above, the BIA’s explanation rationally disposes of Ruiz Lafita’s old 

and new evidence. First, it found that the old evidence didn’t show changed country conditions. 

Then, it determined the new evidence didn’t move the needle. Courts frequently use one 

explanation to address multiple issues. The BIA didn’t err by doing so here. 
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Once properly framed, it’s clear the BIA opinion satisfies Marqus. The majority opinion 

tacitly concedes as much. It agrees the BIA’s reasoning on the motion to reopen was sufficient. 

But the BIA’s changed-country-conditions analysis is just as thorough as other aspects that the 

majority found sufficient. For instance, the BIA spends just one sentence concluding that Ruiz 

Lafita hasn’t shown a particularized threat of torture. And the BIA doesn’t discuss any specific 

piece of evidence, or lack thereof, on that issue. Yet the majority correctly concludes the BIA’s 

analysis on that point is sufficient. So the BIA’s conclusion that conditions in Cuba haven’t 

worsened—reached after multiple paragraphs of analysis—is sufficient as well. The majority can’t

have it both ways. 

IV.

One final note about what evidence we can review. The majority criticizes the BIA’s 

failure to address the declarations from Ruiz Lafita and his mother or his achievement certificates 

from prison. But those pieces of evidence weren’t relevant to the basis of the BIA’s decision. So 

it didn’t have to consider them. To see why, take each in turn. 

First, the majority holds the BIA abused its discretion when it concluded that Ruiz Lafita’s 

and his mother’s declarations were cumulative. But those declarations go to Ruiz Lafita’s 

particularized threat of torture. And the BIA never reached that element of his motion for remand, 

since the BIA concluded there was no change in country conditions. Our review is limited to the 

BIA’s grounds for denying relief, so we can only focus on whether there was evidence of changed 

country conditions. Daneshvar v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 615, 626 (6th Cir. 2004). And declarations 

that discuss conditions in Cuba from before 2015 can’t show that conditions have worsened in 

2021. Even the majority opinion agrees. As does Ruiz Lafita’s attorney, who admitted during 

oral argument that the declarations aren’t relevant to the BIA’s denial of his motion to remand. 
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Oral Arg. 5:55 – 6:07 (Q: “The affidavits and character evidence aren’t relevant to the motion to 

remand, right, you have to get through the gateway first of changed country conditions?” A: “That 

is correct.”). Thus, the BIA didn’t abuse its discretion in ignoring irrelevant evidence.

The same is true of Ruiz Lafita’s achievement certificates from prison. That evidence 

speaks to Ruiz Lafita’s entitlement to discretionary relief. INS v. Doherty, 502 U.S. 314, 323 

(1992). But again, the BIA didn’t deny Ruiz Lafita on discretionary grounds. So that evidence 

isn’t relevant to our review. See also Zhang v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d at 855 (“The Board owed no 

duty to rehearse the rest of her evidence for sake of completeness.”). And it can’t be the basis for 

reversal. 

In sum, if Ruiz Lafita hasn’t shown a change in country conditions, no other piece of 

evidence about mitigating factors or risk of torture can entitle him to relief. These pieces of 

evidence can’t help him show changed conditions. So it’s not our job to review them.

* * *

The BIA properly concluded that Ruiz Lafita failed to show a material worsening of 

country conditions. Because imposing rigorous opinion-writing requirements on BIA decisions 

conflicts with our deferential review, I would deny Ruiz Lafita’s petition.