2019 IL App (3d) 160537

Opinion filed February 20, 2019 

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

THIRD DISTRICT

2019 

In re MARRIAGE OF )

 ) 

LOUISE ZAMUDIO, f/k/a LOUISE OCHOA, ) 

 ) 

 Petitioner-Appellant, ) 

 ) 

and ) 

 ) 

FRANK OCHOA, JR., ) 

 ) 

Respondent-Appellee. )

Appeal from the Circuit Court

of the 14th Judicial Circuit, 

Whiteside County, Illinois. 

Appeal No. 3-16-0537 

Circuit No. 14-D-94 

Honorable John L. Hauptman, 

Judge, Presiding.

_____________________________________________________________________________

 JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justice O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Presiding Justice Schmidt dissented, with opinion. 

_____________________________________________________________________________

 OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiff, Louise Zamudio, formerly known as Louise Ochoa, and defendant, Frank 

Ochoa, Jr., were married in January 2000. The parties divorced in May 2016. At issue during the 

dissolution proceedings was whether Frank’s 48 months of permissive military service credit, 

which he earned prior to the marriage but purchased during the marriage with marital funds in 

order to enhance his State Retirement System Pension (pension), was marital property that 

should be considered when determining the marital portion of his pension. Ultimately, the trial 

court determined the enhancement itself was not marital property, but it found that Frank must 
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reimburse Louise for her marital share of the funds used to purchase the enhancement. Frank 

does not dispute that portion of the trial court’s ruling. 

¶ 2 Louise appeals, asserting the trial court’s judgment is reversible error. Specifically, she 

argues the permissive military service credit is marital property since the enhancement was 

purchased with marital assets. 

¶ 3 FACTS

¶ 4 The parties were married in January of 2000. In May 2014, Louise filed a petition for 

dissolution of marriage. In anticipation of the dissolution of their marriage, the parties mutually 

resolved all but two issues. The unresolved issues concerned the disposition of Frank’s pension, 

which began to accumulate prior to the marriage, and the amount and duration of maintenance. 

¶ 5 Frank engaged in active duty military service from 1974 to 1980, after which he entered 

the military reserves where he served until 2003. He began working for the Illinois State Police 

in August 1989. 

¶ 6 During the course of the parties’ marriage, Frank used marital assets to purchase 48 

months of permissive military service credit to enhance his pension. Specifically, in both 2004 

and 2008, he purchased 24 months of permissive credit for a total cost of $9,626.40. His 

eligibility for the permissive service credit derived from his active duty military service 

completed approximately 20 years prior to the marriage. Frank retired from the Illinois State 

Police on August 1, 2011, with 320 months of service, which included 263.50 months of regular 

service credit, 48 months of permissive service credit purchased during the parties’ marriage, 6 

months of unused/unpaid sick time, and 2.5 months of sick/vacation time he had also purchased.

Frank began receiving monthly annuity checks on or about August 1, 2011. He received 58 

checks during the marriage. The initial monthly annuity payment was $9,088.86, of which 
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$1,363.33 represented the increase attributable to the purchased credits. Without the additional 

credits, Frank's monthly annuity would have been $7,725.53. 

¶ 7 The parties agreed that Louise was entitled to 50% of the marital portion of Frank’s 

pension; however, they disagreed on how much of Frank’s pension was classified as marital. In 

that regard, both Frank and Louise submitted written arguments to the court. Frank asserted that 

Louise was entitled to reimbursement for contribution to the purchase of the permissive military 

service credit, but she was not entitled to any interest in that portion of his pension. In contrast, 

Louise argued that the pension account was marital property as was the enhancement created by 

purchasing the 48 months of permissive service credit with marital assets.

¶ 8 In April 2016, the trial court entered a written order, finding in pertinent part, “[t]hat 

because Frank acquired th[e] military permissive service to increase the number of months of 

service in order to enhance the benefit he would receive from his state pension during the term of 

the marriage, those months were earned during the marriage and should be included in the 

numerator of the fraction to determine the marital share of his pension.” 

¶ 9 Frank timely filed a motion to reconsider, arguing the trial court erred, as a matter of law, 

in finding the 48 months of permissive service credit to be marital property. He asserted the 

court’s judgment ignored the fact that the permissive service credit could not have been 

purchased without his active duty military service, which was completed long before the parties 

married. He further maintained that “the eligibility and the 48 months of military service were 

not transformed into marital property when [he] exercised his right to purchase the military time 

with marital funds during the marriage.” Rather, citing In re Marriage of Ramsey, 339 Ill. App. 

3d 752 (2003), he argued that the timing of the purchase and the use of marital funds merely 

created a right of reimbursement in the marital estate for its monetary contributions. 
4 

¶ 10 Ultimately, the trial court agreed with Frank. In its August 2016 order, the court found it 

had erred in its prior judgment by failing to apply Ramsey. The court acknowledged the 

enhancement was purchased during the term of the marriage, but it noted that the enhancement 

“was not ‘purely derivative’ of [Frank’s] right to receive his state pension because what was 

purchased to enhance the pension *** was military time earned prior to the marriage.” The court 

held “[t]hat in keeping with the holding in Ramsey, [Frank] should reimburse [Louise] for her 

marital share of these funds which [it] f[ound] to be in the amount of $4,813.20.” 

¶ 11 Louise appeals. 

¶ 12 ANALYSIS

¶ 13 On appeal, Louise maintains that the trial court erred in finding the 48 months of 

permissive service credit was not marital property. 

¶ 14 Generally, we review a trial court’s factual determination regarding whether an asset is 

marital property or not under the manifest weight of the evidence standard. In re Marriage of 

Peters, 326 Ill. App. 3d 364, 366 (2001). Here, however, the facts are not in dispute nor is the 

credibility of the witnesses at issue. Id. Instead, our only concern is to determine the legal effect 

of undisputed facts. Specifically, we must determine whether the permissive service credits 

purchased with marital assets during the term of the parties’ marriage in order to enhance 

Frank’s pension are marital property, even though the entitlement to the enhancement is not 

entirely derivative of Frank’s right to receive his pension. Accordingly, our review is de novo. 

Id.

¶ 15 Both parties seem to rely on Ramsey, 339 Ill. App. 3d 752. In that case, the parties were 

married from 1969 to 1989, throughout which time the husband was employed as a school 

teacher who participated in the Teachers’ Retirement System (TRS) of the State of Illinois 
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pension plan. Following the dissolution of their marriage, the trial court reserved jurisdiction to 

divide the husband’s pension. Id. at 754. In 2000, 11 years after the parties divorced, the husband 

took advantage of two early retirement incentives that were available to teachers with at least 20 

years of service by making two one-time payments to the TRS of $7397.46 and $6390.60. Id. at 

754-55. Following the husband’s retirement later that year, the wife filed a motion seeking a 

qualified Illinois domestic relations order (QULDRO) to divide the husband’s pension. Id. at 

755. The Massac County circuit court found that the husband’s nonmarital monetary 

contributions could not be severed from the rest of his pension, and thus, it included the portion 

of the pension attributable to the early retirement incentives purchased by the husband as part of 

the marital pension. Id. The husband appealed, asserting that the wife should not be entitled to 

any portion of his pension attributable to the early retirement incentives he purchased with 

nonmarital funds. Id. at 756. 

¶ 16 On appeal, the Fifth District acknowledged that the husband’s entitlement to the 

enhanced pension benefits flowed from both his right to receive pension benefits in the first 

place and from the lump-sum contributions he made following the dissolution of the parties’ 

marriage. Id. at 763. The court noted that the husband would not have been eligible for the 

enhancements no matter how much money he paid into TRS but for his contributions to the plan 

through teaching for 31 years—60% of which he worked during the marriage. Id. at 764. In other 

words, the court found that the husband’s entitlement to the enhanced benefit was not “purely 

derivative” of his right to receive his pension but, instead, resulted from both marital and 

nonmarital elements. Id. The court concluded that “the most rational and equitable way to do 

justice to both parties is to require [the wife] to pay her proportionate share of the contributions 

necessary for [the husband] to qualify for the enhancements.” Id. at 765. In conclusion, the court 
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found “that when an early retirement incentive enhances pension benefits, to the extent that such 

enhancements are derivative of the right to receive the pension as deferred compensation, the 

proportion of the enhancement that is marital property is exactly the same as the proportion of 

the pension as a whole that is marital.” Id. at 766. The court continued, “[i]n the unusual case 

where the entitlement to such enhancements is not purely derivative, however, that portion of the 

enhancement not derived from the right to receive the pension itself is the pensioner’s sole 

property.” Id. 

¶ 17 We find Ramsey instructive, although not dispositive of the issue at hand. A key 

difference between Ramsey and the instant case is that, unlike the annuitant in Ramsey, Frank 

began receiving his annuity payments during the marriage. It is undisputed that Frank received 

56 annuity payments during the marriage. This is not an insignificant factor. The Ramsey court 

was addressing the common problem of how to divide a pension benefit with an unknown future 

value. In other words, the question in Ramsey was one of valuation, not entitlement. The issue 

was how much of the pension check was subject to formulaic division, not whether a particular 

enhancement provision constituted marital or non-marital property. To the extent that Ramsey 

addressed the concept of entitlement to enhancement pension benefits, it did so as dicta. 

However, Ramsey remains instructive regarding the proper resolution of this matter. 

¶ 18 The fact that Frank had already been receiving an enhanced annuity benefit for 56 months 

during the marriage is significant for another reason. As the Ramsey court observed, “[i]f the 

pension enhancements are a separate and distinct benefit that came into existence after the 

dissolution, they are not a part of the pension check to be divided.” Id. at 757 (citing Hannan v. 

Hannan, 761 So.2d 700, 707 (La. App. 2000) (finding enhancements to a pension to be an asset 

acquired after the marriage ended and therefore not subject to division along with the rest of the 
7 

pension)). However, if the enhancement came into existence during the marriage, as in the 

instant matter, there is no simple solution. Instead, Ramsey suggests the court must look to 

whether the enhancement is derivative of the right to receive a pension in the first place or if the 

enhancement is non-derivative in the sense that the enhanced portion is directly and solely 

attributable to non-marital contributions and not subject to division. Ramsey, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 

763. Regarding the derivative nature of a pension enhancement provision, the Ramsey court 

cogently observed that “the right to receive an early retirement incentive package necessarily 

depends upon the right to receive the pension.” Id. Also, [t]he right to pension enhancements can 

have no existence independent of the right to receive a pension.” Id. In other words, to the extent 

that a pension benefit is a marital asset, any enhancement in value obtained during the marriage 

is also a marital asset subject to apportionment on an equitable basis. 

¶ 19 In this case, Frank maintains that his eligibility for the 48-month permissive service credit 

stemmed entirely from his years of active duty military service, which was completed 20 years 

prior to the parties’ marriage. However, Frank ignores the fact that his entitlement to the 

enhanced benefit is derivative of his entitlement to the pension in the first place. While it is 

undoubtedly true that, absent his military service, Frank would not have been entitled to purchase 

the permissive military service credit, it is equally true that that right to enhance the overall 

pension benefit accrued to his benefit as a result of his participation in the pension program, 

which provided the enhancement to member meeting the enhancement criteria.

¶ 20 In other words, Frank’s entitlement to the enhanced value of each pension payment flows 

both from his participation in the plan itself and the fact that the pension statute allows him to 

enhance the present value of his annuity by an amount calculated based upon his prior military 

service. Viewed another way, Frank’s entitlement to an enhanced annuity accrued while he 
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participated in the pension plan, and thus, a portion of that credit accrued during his marriage to 

Louise. The fact that the enhancement was calculated based on a number equal to the number of 

months Frank served in the armed forces did not mean that Frank acquired the asset at the time 

of his military service. Frank’s military service had no relationship to his pension benefit until he 

exercised the option of purchasing the 48-month of additional credits, which was done during the 

marriage and with the use of marital funds. 

¶ 21 The major problem with the dissent is that it views Frank’s four years of military service 

as non-marital property that cannot be equitably divided by the trial court. The fundamental error 

in this analysis is in viewing the military service as “property.” As we have previously noted, 

Frank’s years of military service were not property, but simply conditions precedent, which the 

Pension Code allowed Frank to use to enhance the current value of his pension. It was the current 

value of the annuity payments, acquired during the marriage, that constituted marital property 

subject to equitable division by the trial court. 

¶ 22 In sum, we find that the trial court erred in determining that the 48-month permissive 

service credit was nonmarital property. Thus, we reverse the trial court on that question and 

remand for an equitable distribution of the marital value of the defendant’s pension annuity. 

¶ 23 CONCLUSION

¶ 24 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Whiteside County is 

reversed and the matter is remanded for an equitable apportionment of the defendant’s pension. 

¶ 25 Reversed; cause remanded. 

¶ 26 PRESIDING JUSTICE SCHMIDT, dissenting:
9 

¶ 27 As far as I can tell, this is the first decision in the free world ordering a trial court to 

consider a 4-year period that occurred 20 years prior to the marriage, as though the parties were 

married during those 4 years, in order to calculate the marital portion of a pension. 

¶ 28 The issue before us is whether the trial court properly ruled that four years of military 

service completed by Frank years before his marriage to Louise should not be included in the 

numerator to determine Louise’s marital percentage of Frank’s pension. I am sure by now, 

having read the majority’s opinion, you understand that Frank purchased this with the use of 

marital funds. The trial court found that it was not marital property and ordered Frank to

reimburse Louise for one-half of the purchase price of the four-year military pension credit. This 

is a simple case. Frank enhanced a nonmarital asset with marital assets and, therefore, he must 

repay, and I believe has repaid, Louise for her share of those funds. The trial court got it exactly 

right. Frank’s 48 months of military credit are no more marital property than are the 11 years of 

credit he earned for his Illinois State Police service prior to the marriage. 

¶ 29 The majority finds the fact that Frank began receiving his annuity payments during the 

marriage as “[a] key difference between Ramsey and the instant case *** [and] is not an 

insignificant factor.” Supra ¶ 17. I submit the fact that Frank began receiving his annuity 

payments during the marriage is totally irrelevant to the issue of whether his premarital military 

service credits, albeit purchased during the marriage, are marital property. Let us not lose sight of 

the fact that Louise does gain a benefit from the four years of military credit as Frank’s pension 

is larger than it would have been without that credit. That is, as in Ramsey, pursuant to the trial 

court’s ruling, Louise is getting her marital portion of the enhanced pension. 

¶ 30 The majority notes, while trying to both distinguish and incorporate Ramsey, “if the 

enhancement came into existence during the marriage, as in the instant matter, there is no simple 
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solution.” (Emphasis in original.) Supra ¶ 18. Yes, there is! The trial court got it right. So, the 

majority then goes on to proclaim that “Ramsey suggests the court must look to whether the 

enhancement is derivative of the right to receive a pension in the first place or if the 

enhancement is non-derivative ***.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. First of all, under the majority’s 

analysis, every enhancement to a pension is derivative of the existence of the pension. One 

cannot enhance an asset that does not exist. The majority correctly observes, “to the extent that a 

pension is a marital asset, any enhancement in value obtained during the marriage is also a 

marital asset subject to apportionment on an equitable basis.” Supra ¶ 18. Louise received her 

share of the enhancement in value. Yet the majority simply ignores this. The majority wants to 

include the four years of military service as marital property in addition to giving her the marital 

portion of the enhanced value of the pension. That is, the majority gives Louise the same benefit 

she would have received had she and Frank been married while he served in the military. This

also gives Louise a larger slice of the entire unenhanced pension by, in essence, judicially adding 

four years to the marriage. 

¶ 31 The majority states, “However, Frank ignores the fact that his entitlement to the enhanced 

benefit is derivative of his entitlement to the pension in the first place.” (Emphasis in original.) 

Supra ¶ 19. “While it is undoubtedly true that, absent his military service, Frank would not have 

been entitled to purchase the permissive military service credit, it is equally true that that right to 

enhance the overall pension benefit accrued to his benefit as a result of his participation in the 

pension program, which provided the enhancement to member[s] meeting the enhancement 

criteria.” Id. Yes, if Frank did not have a pension, it could not be enhanced. Got that. Louise 

received her marital portion of the enhanced pension. That is a far cry from the majority’s novel 

and unsupported proposition that Frank’s four years of military credit is marital property. It 
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seems clear from the record that Frank could not have retired when he did absent his 11 years of 

Illinois State Police service prior to the marriage. Those years likewise enhanced his pension. 

Every year he served with the Illinois State Police enhanced his pension. Why not go for the gold 

and make those marital property, too? 

¶ 32 Again, to conclude, Frank enhanced a nonmarital asset with marital funds. That does not 

make those 48 months of service marital property. See 750 ILCS 5/503(a)(2) (West 2016) 

(“[P]roperty acquired in exchange for property acquired before the marriage” is considered 

nonmarital property.); id. at § 503(c)(1)(A) (Where nonmarital property is commingled with 

marital property, it retains its nonmarital status so long as it retains its identity.); In re Marriage 

of Henke, 313 Ill. App. 3d 159 (2000) (noting that the legislature amended section 503(c) of the 

Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act in 1983 in order to reject the presumption at 

the time that commingled property was always transmuted to marital property). Nonetheless, 

Louise did receive a benefit from the enhancement because she is receiving her marital portion 

of the total, enhanced pension. That is an equitable apportionment of Frank’s pension. Calling 

those 48 months that Frank served in the armed forces 20 years before the marriage marital 

property and increasing the marital portion of the entire pension is without precedent. That is, the 

48 months of military service should not be included in the numerator of the equation 

determining the marital portion of the pension. Neither the law, equity, nor common sense 

supports the majority’s decision. 

¶ 33 I would affirm the trial court.