NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 18a0205n.06
Case No. 17-2188
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

SANDRA PLETOS; MITCHELL PLETOS, Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.
MAKOWER ABATTE GUERRA WEGNER VOLLMER, PLLC, et al., Defendants-Appellees. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; GU Y and DONALD, Circuit Judges. BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. In 2005, Plaintiffs -Appellants Sandra and Mitchell Pletos ceased payi ng their homeowners association fees. When the association recorded liens on their property for the unpaid amounts, the Pletoses brought a fifteen-count lawsuit against it in state court. After the association successfully counterclaimed, and the Pletoses’ case was dismissed, the Pletoses still refused to pay the judgment or any continuing fees. This action represents their latest attempt to evade payment, thirteen years after their first missed installment and six after thei r initial suit. As such, the district court dismissed the case as to certain defendants, and granted summary judgment to others. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s order in full.Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

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I. The Pletoses own a portion of “Lake in th e Woods,” a plotted subdivision in the Township of Shelby, Macomb County, Michigan. By virtue of that ownership, the Pletoses are members of the Lake in the Woods Associatio n, Incorporated (“LWA”), a Michigan nonprofit corporation homeowners associa tion. From 2005 to 2012, the Pletoses failed to pay annual and special assessments set forth in the LWA governing documents. In 2012, LWA recorded liens against the Pletoses’ pr operty for $1,295.53 and $6,271.74. See Pletos v. Lake in the Woods
Homeowners Ass’n , No. 319087, 2015 WL 1650803, *1 (Mich. Ct. App. Apr. 14, 2015). The Pletoses then brought a fifteen-c ount suit in Macomb County Circ uit Court allegi ng violation of LWA bylaws, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and for slander of title, among others. Id. LWA responded by retaining John Finkelman a nd his law firm, Makower Abbate Guerra Wegner Vollmer, PPLC (the “Makower Defendant s”) to file a counter claim seeking unpaid assessments, interest, late charges, and fees. Id. LWA is governed by: (1) its Articles of Incor poration, (2) the Declar ation of Easements, Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions for La ke in the Woods Subdivision (“DECCR”) and (3) its Bylaws. Under Article III, Sections 1 a nd 3 of the Bylaws, lot owners must pay general dues and special assessments on a yearly basis. (RE 8-3, Page ID #399-401.) Section 8 also provides that dues and assessments that are not paid within 30 days will be subject to interest and late charges. ( Id. at PageID #427-429.) Article IV of the DECCR obligates lot owners to pay annual general assessments and special a ssessments for capital improvements. ( Id. at PageID #402.) Article IV also provides that “[a]ll annual and special as sessments, whether general or related to the Lake Lots, together with interest, costs, and reasonable attorneys’ fees, shall fromCase No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 3 - date of assessment be a charge and a conti nuing lien upon the Lot against which each such assessment is made.” ( Id. ) Considering the governing documents, the Macomb County Circuit Court granted summary disposition in LWA’s favor, both as to the Pletoses’ complaint and LWA’s counterclaim. Pletos , 2015 WL 1650803 at *4. In sum, the court found that LWA followed the DECCR and its Bylaws and did not breach its c ovenant with the Pletoses—who failed to prove that any delinquent assessments were in error. Id. The court also found that LWA was not a debt collector, eliminating any FDCPA claims. Id. at *5. After an evidentiary hearing, the court awarded LWA $20,553.64, as well as any additional legal fees that LWA incurred in attempting to collect the judgment. Id. at *6. The Pletoses appealed and the court granted a stay conditioned on posting of a $25,000 bond. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed. Pletos , 2015 WL 1650803 at *1. The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal. Pletos v. Lake in the Woods Homeowners Ass’n, 499 Mich. 881, 876 N.W.2d 522 (Mich. 2016). Still, the Pletoses refused to pay either the judgment entered against them or continuing fees. Before and after the Michigan Supr eme Court’s decision, various at-issue communications occurred: Mrs. Pletos requested documents from LWA to review; Defendant Finkelman corresponded with the Pletoses’ counsel regarding how to respond to Mrs. Pletos; the Pletoses’ attorney chastised Defendant Finkelman for failing to instruct LWA to communicate with Mrs. Pletos directly; Defendant Finkelman responded to Mrs. Pletos’s document request; LWA sent the Pletoses an invoice for the fees du e, as well as the judgment entered; the Pletoses responded and objected to LWA’s in ternal procedures, reiterating ma ny of the allegations in the Pletoses’ original complaint; the Makower De fendants corresponded with the Pletoses’ counselCase No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 4 - regarding payment of the judgmen t and the calculation of the same; Defendant Finkelman sent the Pletoses’ counsel a letter indicating the outstanding amount; Defendant Finkelman contacted CNA Surety—the Pletoses’ appeal bond provider; and CNA Surety declined to pay the appeal bond directly to LWA. At that point, Defenda nt Finkelman moved for judgment against CNA Surety for the bond, which the state court grante d. The Pletoses moved for reconsideration, which the court denied. Before the state court’s judgment against C NA Surety, the Pletoses filed this action against Roger Papa, Giovan Agazzi, Danny Landa, Kati Azia, and Mike Desjardines—LWA Board members (the “LWA De fendants”)—and the Makower Defendants alleging FDCPA, Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Practices Act, Mi chigan Regulation of Collection Practices Act violations, as well as seeking an accounting and inj unctive relief preventi ng further collection activity. The district court partially granted the Makower Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and the LWA Defendants’ Motion for Su mmary Judgment finding: (1) the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred all the Pletoses’ claims; (2) the FDCPA claims were either barred by the statute of limitations or failed to state a claim; (3) the RICO claims we re not sufficiently pleaded; and (4) the majority of the Pletoses’ claims were barred by res judicata or collateral estoppel. After dismissing or granting summary j udgment on all federal claims, th e district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction of the remaini ng state law claims. It also summarily denied the Pletoses’ motion to supplement their complain t to add communications allegedly violative of the FDCPA.
II. We first review de novo the dist rict court’s application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See Hall v. Callahan , 727 F.3d 450, 453 (6th Cir. 2013). We also review de novo a districtCase No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 5 - court’s decision to grant a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment. See Sutherland v. Michigan Dep’t of Treasury , 344 F.3d 603, 611 (6th Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). We then review the district court’s denial of the Pletoses’ motion to suppl ement for abuse of discretion. Spies v. Voinovich , 48 F. App’x 520, 527 (6th Cir. 2002).
III. The Pletoses’ first argument—that the district court improperly applied the RookerFeldman doctrine—is largely dispositive to their appeal. Rooker-Feldman is a combination of abstention and res judicata

. See, e.g. , Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp. , 544 U.S. 280, 283-84 (2005) (citing Dist. Columbia Ct. of Appeals v. Feldman , 460 U.S. 462, 476 (1983), and Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co. , 263 U.S. 413, 415-16 (1923)). Under the doctrine, the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdic tion precludes lower federal cour ts from engaging in appellate review of state court proceedings. Id. “The Rooker-Feldman doctrine . . . is confined to cases . . . brought by state-court losers complaining of in juries caused by state-co urt judgments rendered before the district court proceed ings commenced and inviting distri ct court review and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. , 544 U.S. at 284. Thus, Rooker-Feldman deprives a lower court of jurisdiction only wh en the cause of the plaintiff’s complaints is the state judgment itself. McCormick v. Braverman , 451 F.3d 382, 393 (6th Cir. 2006) . To determine whether Rooker-Feldman applies, we must look to the “source of the injury the plain tiff alleges in the federal complaint” and determine if the injury is the state court itself, or another source—such as a third party’s actions. Id. at 393. However, if the third pa rty’s actions “are the product of a state court judgment, then a plain tiff’s challenge to those actions are in fact a challenge to the judgment itself.” Id. at 394.Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 6 - The district court found that all the actions complained of were the product of the state court judgment and that the Pletoses’ arguments ot herwise were attempts to relitigate issues already decided by the stat e courts. The Pletoses, however, argue that the injuries they allege were caused not by the state court judgment, but by the actions of various LWA members seeking to collect on that judgment and continue to collect LWA -related fees. An examination of their claims proves otherwise. First, the Pletoses argue that their FDCPA claims are against new parties and in response to new alleged debts. But the “new parties” ar e simply LWA members for their conduct in that capacity and relate to the assessments of LW A debts. The alleged debts include amounts incurred prior to this suit—and which the state court already determined were valid—as well as fees sustained in the attempt to assess and colle ct those amounts. While some amounts alleged fall outside of those addressed in state court, they flow from the very same conduct and, as addressed below, the Pletoses’ attacks are identical to those lodged in stat e court. While FDCPA claims often involve allegati ons of misconduct in underlying st ate-court litigation, and prior litigation does not itself trigger Rooker-Feldman , the Pletoses’ claim seeks to invalidate both the right to assess, and the manner in which LWA a ssessed and collected, fees . And the state court has already ruled on each. Even claims agains t “third parties”—the Makower Defendants—are a direct result of the state court judgment. Next, in their RICO claim, the Pletoses agai n argue that the homeow ners association dues were unsubstantiated, that the liens were not va lid, and that the LWA members were improperly elected or appointed, thereby elim inating their ability to assess th e fees and obtain the liens. All of these arguments were disposed of at the stat e level. Likewise, the Pletoses’ fraud claimsCase No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 7 - allege that the debt is unsubsta ntiated and that the LW A Defendants have no le gal right to collect the debt. The state court square ly denied this very argument. Similarly, the Pletoses’ abuse of process clai ms allege, essentially, that the previous litigation was fraudulent a nd vexatious. This very claim belies the Pletoses’ c ontention that the defendants here are different and that th e difference negates application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. The Pletoses could not sue LWA me mbers for abusing the litigation process when those members were not personally party to that suit. Any clai ms would thus be necessarily brought against LWA. Instead, this claim illustrate s that the parties are largely the same and the Pletoses seek to circumvent or obviate the result of their litig ation against LWA. While this Circuit has found that Rooker-Feldman did not preclude such abuse of process claims when the injury flowed from independent abuse rather than the state court judgment itself, here, the claims are related to the state litigation. See Todd v. Weltman, Weinberg & Reis Co. , 434 F.3d 432, 436-37 (6th Cir. 2006)

. And if LWA’s counterclaim was ve xatious, frivolous, or otherwise abusive, the Pletoses could have moved to dism iss the counterclaim thr oughout that litigation. The Pletoses’ claim for an accounting seeks only to determine the “rights and responsibilities of the partie s based on facts surrounding the alleged account statement and unsubstantiated billing notices from 2013 through 2016.” (RE. 1, PageID #27.) Again, the state court has determined what the rights and responsib ilities of the parties are, finding that the Pletoses owed LWA $20,553.64 for the previously unpaid dues. The state court found the fees properly assessed and reaffirmed LWA’s right to do so. We cannot disturb that finding. Though the Pletoses purportedly seek to challenge later-years’ missed paym ents, their reasoning is nearly identical.Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 8 - Finally, the Pletoses’ claim for injunctive relief is equally foreclose d. It not only asks that we order LWA not to enforce its judgment agai nst the Pletos, but that we re-determine what LWA is owed. This is nothing more than an attempt to avoid paying the homeowners association fees that the state court already determined they mu st—this time for a longer period of delinquency, as well as on a prospective basis. The nature of each of the Pletoses’ claims shows that they stem from the state court litigation. “A court cannot determ ine the source of the injury ‘wit hout reference to the plaintiff’s request for relief.’” Berry v. Schmitt , 688 F.3d 290, 299 (6th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). Here, virtually all of the Pletoses’ requested relief se eks to negate LWA’s ability to assess or collect homeowners association fees, either by attacki ng LWA’s right to do so or their collection methods. Thus, with slight nuances, the Pletoses effectively seek to appe al the state court order finding that homeowners association fees were properly assessed. Under Rooker-Feldman , the district court properly found that it lacked jurisdiction to review that decision. As do we.
IV. The only conceivable claims that might not be barred by Rooker-Feldman are the FDCPA claims in which the Pletoses allege that various defendants atte mpted to collect debt from them, whether related to the judgment entere d or otherwise. We have previously declined to apply Rooker-Feldman over arguably similar claims. See Brown v. First Nationwide Mortg. Corp. , 206 F. App’x 436, 439–40 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding jurisdiction because the injury resulted from the actions of various people involved in th e mortgage foreclosure proceedings before the state judgement was entered). But this is a di fferent case. The Pletoses’ FDCPA claims are nonetheless caused by st ate court judgment. See Durham v. Haslam , 528 F. App’x 559, 563 (6th Cir. 2013); (RE. 1, PageID #7.)Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 9 - Even if we were to assess those claims on the merits, the district court’s opinion adequately addressed them, providing numerous grounds for dismissal. First, the majority of the alleged violations fall outside th e one-year statute of limitations. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(d). Second, the communications with CNA Surety are barred by collateral es toppel, as the state court already ruled on the contention that the Ma kower Defendants were not permitted to contact the company. Third, the remaining communicatio ns that are not barred by the statute of limitations do not, as alleged, violate the FDCPA. The district court fully explained why each innocuous communication was not violative of the FDCPA. (RE 42, PageID #1504-07.)
V. The Pletoses lastly claim that the district c ourt abused its discreti on when it denied their Motion for Leave to File a Supplemental Complaint, instanter . Generally, the district court “has discretion to deny a motion to amend a complain t after an answer has been filed . . .” Rose v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. , 203 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir. 2000). That said, “when a district court is presented with a motion to supplement unde r Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d) it must at the very least issue a ruling on that motion.” Spies , 48 F. App’x at 527. Though the district court entered a ruling, it did not specifically state a basis for its decision. See Rose , 48 F. App’x at 527. Still, we will not find that the district court abused its discretion. The Pletoses’ motion was filed almost a year after their initial pl eading, eight months afte r their first amended complaint, and one day before oral argum ent was scheduled on Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion to Dismiss. See Wade v. Knoxville Utilities Bd. , 259 F.3d 452, 459 (6th Cir. 2001) (affirming denial of leave to amend, in part, because it was sought a yearand-a-half after filing of complaint). While not filed post-judgment here, the district court found—and we agree—that that the state court had entered judgment on the issues of this caseCase No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 10 - years before. Given the prospect of future unne cessary delay, the district court was within its discretion when it denied the motion. See, e.g. , Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. , 401 U.S. 321, 330 (1971) (explaining that it was not an abuse of discretion to deny reopening a case because the motion to reopen to submit add itional proof was untimely) (citations omitted); Patrick v. CitiMortgage, Inc. , 676 F. App’x 573, 575 (6th Cir. 2017); In re Wade , 969 F.2d 241, 250 (7th Cir. 1992) (“The district judge here exer cised his discretion to exclude an extraneous matter to be included in already omnifarious litig ation. This was not an abuse of discretion.”). Moreover, abuse of discretion by denyi ng a motion to supplement amounts only to harmless error when the proposed amendment would not survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.
See Rose , 203 F.3d at 421. Although not explicitly stated by the district court, the Pletoses’ proposed additions would not save it from dismissa l. The allegations the Pletoses wished to supplement simply built on the claims being dismissed under Rooker-Feldman , and for failure to state a claim and collateral estoppel. Allowing th e Pletoses to so supplement would have been futile.
VI. The district court correctly found that Rooker-Feldman applied to the entirety of the Pletoses’ claims. While purporte dly brought under partially differe nt statutes, against arguably different parties, in a different forum, the grav amen of the Pletoses’ claims is the same: an attempt to avoid paying homeowne rs association fees. The state court already determined that they must, and we cannot and do not revisit that ruling. Though the claims are barred by Rooker-Feldman , the district court provided additional reasoning as to why each claim fails—including failure to state a claim, the statute of limitations,Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 11 - res judicata , and collateral estoppel. Even were we to find jurisdiction, we would adopt the reasoning of the district court and its conclusions and deny the Pletoses’ appeal. We AFFIRM.Case No. 17-2188, Pletos v. Makower Abatte Gue rra Wegner Vollmer, PLLC, et al.

- 12 - RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circu it Judge, concurring. I respectfully disagree with the majority’s application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine to allegations of defendants’ conduct occurring after the issu ance of the state-court judgment ag ainst plaintiffs. Although richly interspersed with insinu ations that the state-court judgment was unjust, the amended complaint alleges that the methods defendants used to collect the state- court judgment violated the FDCPA. Allegations of unlawful post-judgment conduct include d attempts to collect a debt in excess of the judgment, refusal to verify that debt, and violation of statutes governing whom a debt collector may contact and how. The majority acknowledges this, but conclude s that plaintiffs’ alleged injuries are “nonetheless caused by the state court judgment.” In fact, plaintiffs’ injury stems not from the state-court judgment, but from the attempts to colle ct on it. A jury could, in theory, find for such a plaintiff without undermining the state-court judgment. The ava ilability of statutory damages under the FDCPA is proof of this. I am concerned that the majority’s analysis could be used to insulate any judgment-collection activity—howev er brazenly unlawful—from the FDCPA or other laws, whenever Rooker-Feldman prevents us from reviewi ng the underlying state-court judgment and injuries caused by that judgment. I concur in the result, however, because the majority adequately sets forth alternative grounds for disposing of plainti ffs’ FDCPA claims. I would rely on those grounds exclusively in affirming the district court on this issue.