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Filed 3/4/22 P. v. Brunson CA3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Amador)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

BRIAN REED BRUNSON et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

C084075

(Super. Ct. Nos. 

15CR2344601, 

15CR2344602)

A gathering of three acquaintances devolved into a robbery, beating and 

kidnapping. Myron Hughes planned to rent a room from defendant Brian Reed Brunson; 

defendant Lewis Angel Rhodes was another prospective tenant. After an evening of 

drinking and drugs, an altercation ensued with Brunson and Rhodes overpowering 

Hughes. The duo put Hughes in a car intending to dump his body somewhere, but had 

second thoughts and instead took him to the hospital. The defendants later claimed 

Hughes tried to rob them. A jury found defendants guilty of torture, kidnapping, robbery, 

assault with a deadly weapon, dissuading a witness, criminal threats, false imprisonment, 
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sale of methamphetamine, and possession of methamphetamine. Defendants appeal,

contending evidentiary and sentencing error.

We will direct the trial court to strike or modify various components of 

defendants’ sentences and correct an apparent clerical error in the abstracts of judgment 

regarding defendants’ indeterminate sentences, as further discussed herein. The case is 

remanded for the trial court to consider whether to strike defendants’ prior serious felony 

convictions for purposes of enhancement under section 667, and to exercise its discretion 

in deciding which terms to stay pursuant to section 654. The judgments are otherwise 

affirmed.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

An information charged defendants with 10 felonies: count I, attempted 

premeditated murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 187, subd. (a));1 count II, torture (§ 206); count 

III, kidnapping (§ 207, subd. (a)); count IV, first degree robbery (§ 211); count V, assault 

with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)); count VI, dissuading a witness by force or 

threat (§ 136.1, subd. (c)(1)); count VII, criminal threats (§ 422, subd. (a)); count VIII,

false imprisonment by violence (§ 236); count IX, sale or transportation of 

methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379, subd. (a)); and count X, possession for 

sale of methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11378).

All the counts, with the exception of counts V, IX and X, alleged personal use of a 

deadly weapon, a knife (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)), and with the exception of counts IX and 

X, personal infliction of great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). All the counts, with 

the exception of counts IX and X, alleged defendants committed a hate crime in concert. 

(§ 422.75, subd. (b).) The information also alleged defendants had suffered a strike 

conviction and a prior serious felony conviction. (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(j), 1170.12, subd. 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
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(b), 667, subd. (a).) In addition, the information alleged Rhodes had served four prior 

prison terms. (§ 667.5, subd. (b).) In connection with counts IX and X, the information 

alleged Rhodes had a prior drug sale conviction. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.2, subd. 

(c).)

Defendants entered pleas of not guilty. Evidence of the following facts was 

adduced at trial. 

Setting the Stage

Hughes met Rhodes when they were both in prison in the 1990s. The day after 

Hughes’ release, in April 2015, he got together with Rhodes and they bought beer. They 

met up with Brunson and drove in his truck to buy drugs.

When they arrived at the purchase site, Brunson gave Rhodes money and Rhodes 

left and returned with methamphetamine. They also purchased a scale and pipes. 

Brunson weighed the methamphetamine and gave some to Rhodes. Rhodes gave some to 

Hughes and two other friends. After going to Rhodes’ place to get syringes, Brunson 

invited Rhodes and Hughes back to his place to look at rooms they were planning to rent.

After they arrived, Brunson left and said he would return with some women. He 

returned with a woman, some beer, and some brandy. Hughes and the woman went 

outside to smoke. Brunson went outside and talked to Hughes, then returned inside and 

began rapping with Rhodes.

Later, Brunson and Rhodes sat on the couch whispering. Brunson suddenly 

became hostile towards Hughes. The trio had been drinking and using 

methamphetamine.

The Altercation

Around 1:30 a.m., another man and woman came to the house. Brunson asked 

them to take the first woman home and they left with her. Rhodes told Brunson that the 
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woman who had just left was not the same person who had come to the house earlier. 

Brunson said she was and they began to argue. 

Hughes went toward the bathroom, but Brunson said, “Wait a minute. Hold up. 

We going to get to the bottom of this.” Angrily, Brunson told Hughes to empty his 

pockets. Hughes did so. Brunson told Hughes to take off his clothes. Hughes again 

complied.

Brunson suspected Hughes was a police officer because Hughes’ key chain had a 

star that resembled a badge. Hughes denied being a cop and Brunson accused him of 

trying to set him up. Brunson called Hughes a “fucking nigger.” Hughes is AfricanAmerican; Brunson and Rhodes are White. Rhodes took Hughes’ money and broke his 

cell phone. Brunson continued to shout racial insults.

Rhodes grabbed a knife and stabbed Hughes in the back. Hughes turned and 

swung at Rhodes. Brunson punched Hughes in the head and Brunson and Rhodes 

jumped on Hughes. Hughes fled to the kitchen with both Brunson and Rhodes in pursuit,

kicking and hitting Hughes. Brunson grabbed a second knife and held Hughes by the 

throat. Rhodes tried to put something that was red and black and “looked like a rope” 

around Hughes’ neck.

Hughes resisted and Brunson stabbed him in the back and side. Hughes bit 

Brunson in the chest. They fell and Rhodes kicked Hughes in the head. Brunson climbed 

on top of Hughes and held a knife to his neck. Rhodes then sprayed something on 

Hughes and tried to set him on fire.

The Aftermath

Hughes testified he remained pinned down for two to three hours. Brunson then 

forced Hughes to wipe up his blood with cleaning supplies and a towel. Brunson and 

Rhodes discussed how to “get rid of this nigger.” Brunson then told Hughes to get 

dressed and tied Hughes’ wrists together behind his back with a belt.
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Hughes begged to be taken home. Rhodes replied, “Don’t worry about it. You’re 

not going to make it home.” Brunson hit Hughes in the face, breaking his nose. Brunson 

told Hughes that if he died, Brunson would bury him in the backyard and urinate on him. 

Brunson told Hughes “You ain’t going to make it out of here.”

Rhodes asked Brunson what they should tell the police. Brunson said, “I’ll tell 

them this fuckin’ nigger tried to rob me.” Rhodes agreed to this stratagem.

Rhodes and Brunson decided to record a statement by Hughes, holding up a 

recording device and telling him to admit he tried to rob them. Fearing for his life, 

Hughes complied. Hughes stated he robbed them because he was an addict. A recording 

of the statement was played for the jury. Defendants took items and wiped them on 

Hughes’ hands to make it appear he had handled them.

Brunson did not want Hughes to die in his house, so Brunson and Rhodes dragged

him outside and put him in Brunson’s truck. Witnesses saw the truck leave around 4:00 

in the morning.

Brunson told Rhodes to drive to a location where they could dump Hughes’ body. 

However, as they drove, Brunson began to worry that the woman who had been at his 

house would tell police Hughes had been there, and they would be arrested. Rhodes told 

Brunson they should say Hughes attempted to rob them, since they had his confession on 

tape.

Brunson told Rhodes to drive to the hospital. When the truck stopped, Brunson 

told Hughes, “This is your lucky day, nigger. You better keep your fuckin’ mouth shut.”

At the Hospital

Rhodes told the emergency room clerk that someone tried to rob them. Brunson 

told the clerk he had been stabbed and another person in the car had been injured.
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The clerk informed a nurse, who went out to the car. The nurse saw Hughes 

standing between defendants, his wrists bound by a belt and his pants down to his ankles. 

Hughes shuffled into the hospital and was placed in a wheelchair.

Hughes’ nose was bleeding and appeared broken. He also bled from chest wounds 

and his face was scratched. Hughes’ clothes were covered in blood. He told the nurse, “I 

didn’t try to rob them,” and “I thought they were going to kill me.” Hughes said he had 

been pretending to be dead in the truck.

Hughes stood up and a bag filled with a white substance fell out of his lap. 

Hughes said, “We were doing meth.” A second bag containing a crystalline substance 

was found under Hughes’ leg. Residue on Hughes’ neck and shoulder appeared to be 

methamphetamine.

The treating physician stated Hughes suffered multiple stab wounds. The wounds 

on his neck and chest could have been life-threatening. The physician observed stab 

wounds to Hughes’ neck and under his chin and contusions to his head, neck, chest, and 

extremities. Hughes’ nose was broken. Hughes’ blood alcohol level was .07 percent but

his toxicology test was negative for drugs.

Officers arrested Brunson and Rhodes outside the hospital that morning. Rhodes’ 

shirt was bloody and Brunson’s pants were bloody. Brunson had $235.25 in cash and an 

ID in Hughes’ name in his pocket.

Search of Brunson’s Residence

Officers searched Brunson’s residence and found blood on concrete outside the 

house, inside the front door, and between the living room and dining room. They found 

two knives, a dog shock collar, and a black leather belt. On a table near the couch, the 

officers found a “sound board,” which ultimately yielded an audio file of voices arguing. 

The file was played to the jury.
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On the dining room table, officers found a digital scale and loose 

methamphetamine. Nearby they found additional methamphetamine and plastic baggies. 

Another 8.2 grams of methamphetamine were strewn across the entryway, next to a 

broken methamphetamine pipe. In total, officers retrieved 14.8 grams of 

methamphetamine from the residence. The baggies found on Hughes at the hospital 

yielded 24 grams of methamphetamine.

In the opinion of a sheriff’s department expert, the quantity of drugs, the scale, and 

the packaging materials were evidence the methamphetamine was possessed for sale. 

When they were arrested, both Rhodes and Brunson had methamphetamine in their 

blood.

Officers also found blood in Brunson’s truck, on the tarps covering the rear seat,

and on the rear floorboard. Blood was also smeared on the passenger side door. There 

was blood on the dog collar, which a DNA test revealed matched Hughes’ DNA profile. 

The blood on the shock device contained a mixture of DNA, some belonging to Hughes. 

Brunson was excluded as a possible donor, but Rhodes was not. The blood on the knives 

also matched Hughes’ DNA profile.

Hughes’ Mental Health

Hughes testified he has been diagnosed with schizoaffective bipolar type two and 

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He takes several psychiatric medications and has 

been hospitalized frequently under Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.

Hughes suffers from auditory hallucinations and suicidal depression, which are 

controlled by the medications. Since he becomes aggressive and hostile if he doesn’t 

take his medications, he is careful to take them. Hughes told the doctors who had 

previously treated him that he heard voices telling him to kill people; he also heard voices 

telling him to harm himself.
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Hughes testified he drank vodka and smoked methamphetamine the day of the 

incident. However, Hughes stated he was not intoxicated or delusional that day and that 

he had taken his medications. According to Hughes, his memory of events was 

“absolutely clear.”

Hughes spent time in prison for robbery in 1981 and 1984. In 1994 he spent time 

in prison for false imprisonment and misdemeanor battery.

Defense Case

Brunson

Brunson presented testimony of a friend, an African-American, who has known 

him for over 10 years. The friend stated he did not believe Brunson was prejudiced 

against African-Americans.

Rhodes

Sheriff’s deputy Ronald Milton testified that in 2015 he took Hughes into custody 

for mental evaluation three times.

In February 2015, a liquor store security guard reported Hughes was involved in a 

fight. Deputy Milton found Hughes angry, irrational, and hostile to the paramedics who 

treated him. Hughes tried to attack a bystander who made a comment. After Milton 

handcuffed Hughes, Hughes called an African-American sheriff’s deputy “the N word 

and stated he wanted to beat him up.”

A few weeks before this incident, Hughes’ father called 911. Hughes had a knife 

and was threatening to kill his father. When Deputy Milton and other officers arrived at 

the residence, Hughes was agitated and aggressive. He refused to come outside, instead 

running upstairs, locking himself in a room, and yelling that he wanted the police to shoot 

him.
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Another incident took place shortly afterwards, again at Hughes’ parents’ house. 

Deputy Milton found Hughes agitated and calmed him down before taking him in for a 

72-hour detention. Hughes was not charged in connection with any of these incidents.

Dr. Charles Schaffer, a forensic psychiatrist, reviewed Hughes’ medical records 

and police reports. Hughes had a chronic diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, which 

combines a mood bipolar disorder and a thought disorder. Symptoms include delusions, 

hallucinations, bizarre thoughts, and severe thought disorganization. The records also 

revealed Hughes suffered from PTSD, which has symptoms including nightmares, 

flashbacks, and anxiety triggered by his surroundings. Both conditions can impact an 

individual’s ability to recall events.

Dr. Schaffer’s review of the medical records revealed Hughes had not taken his 

medications while an out-patient. Hughes appeared to be under the influence when he 

was hospitalized. Dr. Schaffer also testified methamphetamine use increases the 

aggressive and violent tendencies associated with schizoaffective disorder.

Dr. Elmer Gurmai, a psychiatrist at Sierra Vista Hospital, testified Hughes was 

admitted to the facility twice in February 2015. Hughes told Dr. Gurmai he heard voices 

and thought he would become violent if he felt threatened. Hughes returned to the 

hospital in April 2015 and was released April 20. Upon his release, Hughes was 

prescribed Ivega and Prozac.

Verdict and Sentencing

The jury found defendants not guilty on count I, attempted premeditated murder. 

The jury found defendants guilty on the nine remaining counts. The jury also found true 

the deadly weapon allegations on counts II and VIII and the infliction of great bodily 

injury allegation on count V. Defendants admitted the prior conviction allegations, and 

Rhodes admitted the prior prison term allegations.
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The trial court denied Brunson’s Romero motion to dismiss his prior strike 

conviction.2 The court sentenced Brunson to a determinate term of 34 years and eight

months: 16 years on count III, kidnapping (eight years doubled for the strike); a 

consecutive term of two years eight months on count IV, robbery (one-third the midterm 

of four years, doubled for the strike); a consecutive term of three years on count V, 

assault with a deadly weapon (one-third the midterm of three years, doubled for the 

strike, plus one year for the great bodily injury allegation); a consecutive term of six 

years on count VI, dissuading a witness (the midterm of three years, doubled for the 

strike); 16 months on count VII, criminal threats (one-third the midterm of two years, 

doubled for the strike), stayed under section 654; 16 months on count VIII, false 

imprisonment (one-third the midterm of two years, doubled for the strike), plus four 

months for the deadly weapon enhancement (one-third of one year), all stayed under 

section 654; a consecutive term of two years on count IX, sale of methamphetamine (onethird the midterm of three years, doubled for the strike); and 16 months on count X, 

possession for sale of methamphetamine (one-third the midterm of two years, doubled for 

the strike), stayed under section 654. The court imposed an additional five years for the 

prior serious felony conviction. (§ 667, subd. (a).)3

The court also sentenced Brunson to an indeterminate term of 20 years to life on 

count II, torture (seven years to life, doubled for the strike), though, more appropriately, 

2 People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.

3 We note that “ ‘The one-third-the-midterm rule of section 1170.1, subdivision (a), 

only applies to a consecutive sentence, not to a sentence stayed under section 654.’ 

(People v. Cantrell (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1161, 1164.) To effectuate section 654, the 

trial court must impose a full term and stay execution of that term. (People v. Alford

(2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1463, 1469-1472.)” (People v. Relkin (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 

1188, 1197-1198.) We will order the trial court on remand to modify the judgment 

accordingly.
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the sentence should have been expressed as 14 years to life plus one year for the deadly 

weapon allegation and five years for the prior felony conviction.

The trial court denied Rhodes’ Romero motion and sentenced him to a determinate 

term of 40 years eight months based on the same sentences as Brunson on counts III

through X, plus one year for each of three prior prison terms and another three years for a 

prior drug conviction. (§ 667.5, subd. (b); Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.2, subd. (c).) 

Like Brunson, Rhodes was sentenced to an indeterminate term of 20 years to life on 

count II, torture.

Defendants filed timely notices of appeal.

DISCUSSION

I

Exclusion of Evidence

Defendants argue the trial court infringed upon their constitutional right to present 

a full defense by unreasonably restricting the evidence. They fault the trial court for 

curtailing the testimony of both Dr. Gurmai and Deputy Milton, who testified regarding 

Hughes’ mental issues and propensity for violence.

Background

Prior to trial, Brunson’s counsel subpoenaed Hughes’ psychiatric medical records 

from Sierra Vista Hospital. The trial court ordered the records sealed pending further 

action. At the conclusion of Hughes’ direct examination, counsel for both defendants 

moved to view the records.

The trial court reviewed the records in camera and found some relevant to

Hughes’ credibility. The court ordered them turned over to defense counsel and the 

prosecution. The court granted defense counsels’ motion to continue the trial for two 

months to allow counsel to further prepare their defense in light of the records.
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When trial resumed, defendants’ counsel incorporated the records into their crossexamination of Hughes. Hughes testified he experienced hallucinations and thoughts of 

suicide and acknowledged multiple involuntary hospitalizations. He also testified he 

becomes hostile and aggressive if he fails to take his prescribed medications. In addition, 

Hughes admitted his altercations with the police stemming from arguments with his 

father, including an incident in which they pulled knives on each other.

Defense counsel elicited testimony from Deputy Milton regarding Hughes’ three 

involuntary hospitalizations stemming from his violent behavior. Dr. Schaffer explained 

Hughes’ diagnoses of schizoaffective disorder and PTSD and their side effects. Dr. 

Schaffer testified Hughes failed to take his medication and had been violent with his 

father. Dr. Gurmai testified Hughes admitted hearing voices and thinking he would 

become violent when threatened.

Outside the jury’s presence, the trial court stated it allowed Deputy Milton to 

testify about Hughes’ aggressive behavior under Evidence Code section 1103, 

subdivision (a)(1). The trial court believed the audio recording recovered from the scene 

raised “a specter of self-defense.” Rhodes’ counsel argued that the defense “should have 

been given wider rein to further explore Mr. Hughes’ antisocial conduct, even if it may 

have been cumulative, based on the fact that our clients are looking at very serious 

consequences if convicted.”

Prior to Dr. Gurmai’s testimony, Rhodes’ counsel sought to introduce evidence 

that, on July 10, 2015, months after the incident, in an emergency room Hughes stated 

“that he was hearing voices telling him to hurt himself and others, and he stated that the 

voices were sometimes present and sometimes not, and then more recently they were 

louder.” Hughes had also told Dr. Gurmai that he was “thinking about making the police 

kill him, totally unrelated to the April incident.”

Rhodes’ counsel argued: “Mr. Hughes apparently told somebody -- I’m thinking 

it’s Dr. Gurmai -- that . . . Mr. Hughes was thinking about making the police kill him, 
13

totally unrelated to the April incident. But I would offer it as -- I think he said basically 

he’s not necessarily a violent person. I’m not sure if I asked him.” The trial court 

disagreed: “I don’t believe that’s relevant information. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . There’s been 

adequate testimony that he’s suicidal. There was also testimony from the officer this 

morning [Milton] that he was saying he wanted them to come in and shoot him.” 

Rhodes’ counsel also sought to establish that Hughes returned to Sierra Vista about two 

months after the incident. The trial court responded: “I don’t think that’s relevant.

[¶]. . . [¶] . . . Not at all.”

Prior to his trial testimony, Dr. Gurmai stated that Hughes had been admitted to 

Sierra Vista Hospital six times, twice in February 2015. He reviewed a report he had 

written in July 2015 in which he stated that in February 2015 Hughes told him that “[h]e 

was thinking about making the police kill me.” However, Dr. Gurmai could not recall 

Hughes having made the statement.

The court declined to allow Hughes’ statement to be introduced.

Discussion

Defendants contend the issue of Hughes’ mental health and propensity for 

violence formed a significant part of their defense, which challenged Hughes’ ability to 

perceive reality. The court’s limitations on the testimony by Dr. Gurmai and Deputy 

Milton denied defendants’ constitutional right to present a full defense.

A trial court’s exclusion of evidence vital to a defendant’s defense constitutes a 

denial of a fair trial in violation of due process. However, a defendant does not have a 

constitutional right to present all relevant evidence in his favor. (People v. Babbitt (1988) 

45 Cal.3d 660, 684.) The trial court possesses the discretion to admit or exclude evidence 

offered for impeachment. If the excluded evidence would not have significantly altered 

the impression of the witness’s credibility, constitutional guarantees do not limit this 
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discretion. (People v. Contreras (2013) 58 Cal.4th 123, 152; People v. Rodriguez (1999) 

20 Cal.4th 1, 9.) 

Under Evidence Code section 352, the court may exclude evidence if its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will necessitate 

undue consumption of time or create a danger of undue prejudice by confusing or 

misleading the jury. We review a trial court’s Evidence Code section 352 determination 

under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (People v. Avila (2014) 59 Cal.4th 

496, 515.) We will not reverse unless the trial court exercised its discretion in an 

arbitrary, capricious, or absurd manner resulting in a miscarriage of justice. (People v. 

Hovarter (2008) 44 Cal.4th 983, 1004.) 

Defendants contend the excluded evidence was not cumulative but “directly 

impeached Hughes’s credibility in a manner that could not otherwise be shown through 

other evidence. Hughes’s credibility was central to the entire prosecution case and thus a 

major point of attack for the defense, specifically related to Hughes’s ability to perceive 

reality and his potential for aggressiveness.”

We disagree. Defendants argue the court improperly excluded evidence that 

Hughes continued to suffer from mental health problems, which would have clarified 

some of the conflicting statements he made during trial regarding his violent outbursts 

and behavior when he failed to take his medication. However, Dr. Schaffer testified 

Hughes was diagnosed with chronic schizoaffective disorder. He also described those 

suffering from the disorder as experiencing hallucinations and memory problems. The 

proposed evidence was cumulative of Dr. Schaffer’s testimony.

Defendants also fault the trial court for limiting Deputy Milton’s testimony about 

Hughes’ prior incidents of psychosis-related violence. However, defendants admit the 

record does not set forth the “precise nature of the additional evidence that was 

excluded,” since counsel did not specify the additional evidence to be presented. Even 

without this specificity as to the evidence excluded, we find no error. Deputy Milton 
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testified as to Hughes’ aggressive behavior on three occasions, including his angry, 

irrational, and hostile conduct at the liquor store, Hughes’ threatening to kill his father 

and yelling that he wanted the police to shoot him, and another incident at the house 

which ended in a 72-hour detention. Deputy Milton’s testimony detailed these incidents, 

none of which led to criminal charges.

The trial court’s exclusion of evidence it found cumulative was not an abuse of 

discretion and did not deprive defendants of their right to present a defense.

II

Convictions for Kidnapping and Dissuading a Witness

Defendants argue the trial court violated section 654 in imposing separate 

punishments on count III for kidnapping and count VI for dissuading a witness, arguing 

defendants committed both offenses with the same objective to cover up their crimes 

against Hughes.

Section 654 provides in relevant part: “An act or omission that is punishable in 

different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that 

provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or 

omission be punished under more than one provision.” 

Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and gives rise to more than one 

act under section 654 depends on the intent and objective of the defendant. If the 

offenses were pursuant to one objective, the defendant may only be punished for one 

offense. However, if the defendant had multiple objectives, independent of and not just 

incidental to each other, the court may sentence the defendant for each violation, even 

though the violations share common acts or were part of an otherwise indivisible course 

of conduct. (People v. Rodriguez (2009) 47 Cal.4th 501, 507; People v. Jones (2002) 

103 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1143.) 
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Whether a single course of conduct is divisible into different offenses based on 

separate objectives is a question of fact for the trial court. We uphold the trial court’s 

findings on appeal if supported by substantial evidence. We review the trial court’s 

determination in the light most favorable to the judgment and presume the existence of 

every fact the trial could reasonably deduce from the evidence. (People v. Vang (2010) 

184 Cal.App.4th 912, 915-916; People v. Jones, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 1143.) 

Our review of the evidence supports the trial court’s sentencing defendants on 

both charges. Hughes testified defendants beat and stabbed him until he was unable to 

walk. Brunson said he did not want Hughes to die in his house. Defendants dragged 

Hughes outside, wrapped him in a blanket, and put him in Brunson’s truck. Brunson said 

he knew a place where they could dump Hughes and he wouldn’t be found for several 

days. However, as the defendants drove, Brunson had second thoughts, concerned the 

woman present that night might tie them to Hughes’ death. Defendants decided to drop 

Hughes at a hospital and claim he had tried to rob them. When defendants and Hughes 

arrived at the hospital, Brunson told Hughes he was lucky and had better keep his mouth 

shut, a threat he subsequently repeated. Hughes told a nurse he thought defendants were 

going to kill him.

Based on the evidence at trial, the trial court could conclude defendants beat 

Hughes, put him in the car, and drove off to kill him. Defendants kidnapped Hughes 

intending to drive him to an isolated area and kill him. Subsequently, defendants 

rethought their plan and instead dropped him at the hospital. In the process, Brunson 

threatened Hughes to keep him from revealing what happened. Although the events 

happened in a sequence, defendants harbored two distinct criminal objectives in 

committing the kidnapping and the dissuasion of Hughes. (People v. Tom (2018) 

22 Cal.App.5th 250, 261.) 

We find People v. Nichols (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1651, instructive. The 

defendant in Nichols was convicted of kidnapping in the process of a robbery and 
17

attempting to dissuade a witness. The defendant and accomplices kidnapped a truck 

driver and made off with his truck loaded with cargo. During the ordeal, the defendant 

threatened the driver with death if he told anyone. (Id. at p. 1654.) On appeal, the court 

found substantial evidence of two discrete objectives. The first was kidnapping with the 

intent to hijack the truck and make off with its contents. The second was to avoid 

detection and retribution by intimidating the driver. (Id. at p. 1657.) 

In the present case, defendants kidnapped Hughes to get him out of the house and 

dispose of him. Brunson then threatened and intimidated Hughes to escape punishment 

for their actions. Defendants argue Nichols is distinguishable because the defendant in 

that case committed a crime with an intrinsic benefit separate from the cover-up. “Here, 

by contrast, there was no value in the kidnapping beyond the same cover up that the 

dissuasion also furthered.” However, “value” is not the test. The objective of the 

kidnapping was to dispose of Hughes; the objective of dissuasion was to avoid 

punishment. We find no error.

III

Sentences for Assault with a Deadly Weapon and Torture

Defendants also contend their sentences on count V for assault with a deadly 

weapon and count II for torture violated section 654. Defendants argue the prosecution 

did not distinguish the injuries inflicted with the knife from other injuries associated with 

the torture count. The People agree.

Background

The prosecutor described the conduct underlying the torture count: severe beating 

and stabbing of Hughes by Brunson and Rhodes, and the use of the dog collar and shock 

device. The prosecutorstated: “There seems to be no other explanation for doing these 

types of things other than just having a sadistic purpose.”
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The prosecutor described the assault with a deadly weapon charge: “The 

defendant did an act with a deadly weapon other than a firearm -- in this case, a knife --

each of them -- they acted willfully, and when the defendant acted, he was aware of the 

facts that would lead a reasonable person to realize the act, by its nature, would directly 

and probably result in application of force. So in other words, it’s reasonable that a 

person would have the knife, stab someone in the body, it’s going to cause force to 

someone.” The deadly weapon enhancement, which was alleged as to torture, was based 

on the use of the knives.

Discussion

Both defendants and the People cite People v. Mejia (2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 1036. 

In Mejia, the appellate court determined a defendant could not be punished separately for 

torture and spousal abuse when the acts underlying the spousal abuse were intertwined 

with the torture charge. (Id. at pp. 1043-1046.) Torture requires the infliction of great 

bodily injury with intent to cause cruel or extreme pain and suffering. (Id. at p. 1044;

§ 206.) The court concluded: “Accordingly, although a defendant may be convicted of 

both torture and any or all of the underlying acts [citation], section 654 precludes 

imposition of unstayed sentences for both torture and any of the underlying assaultive 

offenses upon which the prosecution relies to prove the element.” (Mejia, at pp. 1044-

1045.) Therefore, the imposition of the unstayed sentences on those counts violated 

section 654, “because all of the acts of spousal and infliction of corporal injury on a 

spouse were included among the acts underlying the torture count and were essential to 

satisfying an element of that offense.” (Mejia, at p. 1046.) In contrast, the court found 

section 654 did not preclude separate punishment for torture and criminal threat, because 

torture requires infliction of pain and suffering, while criminal threats are based on 

emotionally terrorizing a victim. (Mejia, at p. 1047.)
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The parties agree the assault with a deadly weapon charge was based on 

defendants’ stabbing Hughes with knives, as the prosecutor argued at trial. The 

prosecutor also referenced the stabbing of Hughes as the central event supporting the 

torture charge. As the People acknowledge, “[a]s in Mejia, the prosecutor relied on the 

underlying assaultive offenses to help establish the torture offense, and she did not 

distinguish among the various injuries in support of the torture charge. The only 

unanimity instruction the jury received was in connection with the false imprisonment 

charge (count 8). Nor did the evidence suggest any objective for the knife assaults other 

than ‘to cause cruel or extreme pain and suffering for the purpose of revenge, extortion, 

persuasion, or for any sadistic purpose.’ . . . Thus, the People are forced to concede that 

[defendants] cannot be punished separately for their convictions on torture and assault 

with a deadly weapon.”

Defendants were sentenced to 14 years to life for torture on count II and three 

years for assault with a deadly weapon on count V. Under section 654, at the time of 

sentencing, the longest of the two sentences had to be imposed, the sentence for assault 

had to be stayed. Under section 654, as amended by Assembly Bill No. 518 (2021-2022 

Reg. Sess.), enacted after sentencing (see discussion, post, at pp. 24-25) the trial court has 

the discretion to impose punishment for either torture or assault with a deadly weapon. 

We will therefore remand for the court to exercise its discretion and modify the sentence 

accordingly. As noted earlier, the one-third-the-midterm rule of section 1170.1, 

subdivision (a), only applies to a consecutive sentence, not a sentence stayed under 

section 654 and thus a full-term sentence must be imposed and stayed. (See People v. 

Cantrell, supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 1164.)
20

IV

Correctionsto Abstract of Judgment

Each defendant was sentenced to seven years to life in prison for torture (count II), 

doubled to fourteen years to life based on a prior strike. Sentencing enhancements of one 

year (deadly weapon) and five years (prior serious felony) were added for each. 

Defendants contend the abstract of judgment is confusing; the term on count II reflected 

in box No. 6c differs from the term indicated by checking box No. 5 and, in any event, 

incorrectly includes the six years of enhancements. The parties agree that box No. 6 

should reflect the base term, doubled for the strike prior, excluding enhancements. We 

agree and the court should be guided by this principle on remand. 

V

Prior Drug Conviction Enhancement 

Rhodes argues that the consecutive three-year term in conjunction with count IX

under Health and Safety Code section 11370.2 must be stricken because the trial court 

never made a finding on the allegation before imposing the enhancement. The People 

agree the enhancement should be stricken, but on different grounds and the case must be 

remanded because the trial court failed to impose a sentence on one of the four prior 

prison term allegations.

Background

The information alleged Rhodes had a prior strike conviction and a serious prior 

felony conviction, both based on a 1991 conviction for assault with a deadly weapon. 

(§§ 667, subds. (b)-(j), 1170.12, 667, subd. (a)(1).) The information also alleged Rhodes 

served prison terms for four felony convictions (§ 667.5, subd. (b)): (1) in 2002 for 

assault with a deadly weapon; (2) in 1996 for violation of Health and Safety Code section 

11377, subdivision (a); (3) in 1993 for violation of Health and Safety Code section 

11379, subdivision (a); and (4) in 1991 for assault with a deadly weapon. The 1993 drug 
21

conviction was also alleged as a separate sentencing enhancement under Health and 

Safety Code section 11370.2, subdivision (c), with respect to counts IX and X.

Rhodes admitted the strike conviction, the previous serious felony conviction, and 

the four prior prison term allegations. The trial court accepted the admissions.

The court doubled Rhodes’ terms on each count for the strike prior and imposed 

an additional five years on both Rhodes’ determinate and indeterminate terms for the 

prior serious felony conviction; imposed three 1-year terms for the prior prison term 

enhancements; and an additional three-year term for the prior drug conviction. As to the 

latter, the court stated: “The Court also found true the prior drug conviction and pursuant 

to Health and Safety Code Section 11370.2[, subdivision] (c) the Court is going to 

sentence you to the consecutive term of three years.”

Discussion

Rhodes argues that although he admitted his 1993 drug conviction that served as 

the basis for the three-year enhancement, the trial court never expressly found the 

allegation true before imposing the enhancement and therefore the enhancement was 

unauthorized. Rhodes states: “The record unequivocally shows the trial court did not 

enter a true finding on that enhancement, nor did [Rhodes] admit the truth of that 

enhancement, only the fact of the prior conviction.”

In support, Rhodes cites In re Candelario (1970) 3 Cal.3d 702, 706 (Candelario). 

In Candelario, the defendant entered a plea of not guilty to sale of heroin, but admitted 

the prior felony conviction of possession of marijuana. The record of the sentencing 

hearing and the abstract of judgment stated only that the defendant was convicted of the 

substantive offense, but neither contained a finding on the prior conviction. 

Subsequently, the trial court filed an amended abstract of judgment to which the prior 

conviction was added. (Id. at pp. 704-706.)
22

The Supreme Court concluded the addition was improper: “It is clear that since 

petitioner admitted the prior conviction, the trier of fact need not have made an 

independent determination of its validity. [Citations.] Admission of the prior offense, 

however, does not thereby relieve the court of its responsibility to pronounce judgment 

finding petitioner guilty of the substantive offense with a prior conviction, and to have 

such judgment entered into the official records of the court. [¶] Reference to the prior 

conviction must be included in the pronouncement of judgment for if the record is silent 

in that regard, the absence of evidence to the contrary, it may be inferred that the 

omission was an act of leniency by the trial court. In such circumstances the silence 

operates as a finding that the prior conviction was not true.” (Candelario, supra, 

3 Cal.3d at p. 706.) 

The People argue the trial court sentenced Rhodes to the three-year enhancement 

after finding true the prior drug conviction for the purposes of Health and Safety Code 

section 11370.2. Because the court explicitly referred to the prior conviction, its failure 

to make an express finding cannot be interpreted as leniency. We agree. “In 

pronouncing judgment, the trial judge must make it clear the defendant is sentenced as 

one whose prior conviction has been admitted or found true.” (People v. Mesa (1975) 14 

Cal.3d 466, 472.) 

The People contend the enhancement must be stricken on another basis. Effective 

January 1, 2018, Health and Safety Code section 11370.2 was amended to provide a 

three-year enhancement only if a defendant has a prior conviction under Health and 

Safety Code section 11380. (Health & Saf. Code, § 11370.2, subds. (a)-(c); Stats. 2017, 

ch. 677, § 1.) We agree. Under In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, the amended applies 

retroactively. Therefore, the three-year enhancement based on Rhodes’ 1993 conviction 

for violating Health and Safety code section 11379 must be stricken. 
23

VI

Prior Prison Term Allegations

For purposes of section 667.5, subdivision (b), Rhodes admitted to four prior 

prison terms he served for assault (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), drug possession (§ 11377, subd. 

(a)), drug sale and transportation (§ 11379, subd. (a)), and assault (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)). 

At sentencing the court imposed only three 1-year terms, not four. The People note the 

record does not explain the discrepancy. The probation report recommended three 

consecutive one-year terms for the section 667.5, subdivision (b) enhancement, but notes 

that all four prior prison term allegations were found true. Because the trial court did not 

impose or strike one of the four prison term enhancements, the People contend the case 

should be remanded for further proceedings in that regard. (People v. Bradley (1998) 

64 Cal.App.4th 386, 392-395.)

However, the sentencing landscape has changed in the interim. Section 667.5, 

subdivision (b), formerly provided in relevant part that “where the new offense is any 

felony for which a prison sentence or a sentence of imprisonment in a county jail . . . is 

imposed or is not suspended, in addition and consecutive to any other sentence therefor, 

the court shall impose a one-year term for each prior separate prison term . . . for any 

felony . . . .” Senate Bill No. 136 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.), signed by the Governor on 

October 8, 2019, amended this provision to substitute “a sexually violent offense as 

defined in subdivision (b) of Section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code” in place 

of “any felony.” This amendment was effective January 1, 2020. (Stats. 2019, ch. 590, 

§ 1.) None of Rhodes’ prior prison terms was served for an offense listed in the 

definition of a “sexually violent offense” in Welfare and Institutions Code section 6600, 

subdivision (b).

We assume, absent a clear indication to the contrary, that the Legislature intended 

an “amended statute to apply to all defendants whose judgments are not yet final on the 

statute’s operative date.” (People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th 314, 323; In re Estrada, 
24

supra, 63 Cal.2d at pp. 742-748; People v. Lopez (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 337, 341-342.) 

Rhodes’ judgment is not final on appeal and therefore he benefits from Senate Bill 

No. 136. (Lopez, at p. 342.) The trial court’s sentences imposed under former section 

667.5 must be stricken.

VII

Supplemental Briefing

The sentencing laws applicable to defendants’ cases changed considerably as a 

result of legislation enacted following their convictions. The changes were addressed in 

two rounds of supplemental briefing. 

In January 2017, the trial court imposed on defendants a then-mandatory 

consecutive term of five years for the prior serious felony convictions under section 667, 

subdivision (a), to the determinate term and a separate five-year term to the indeterminate 

term. Section 667, subdivision (a)(1), provides for a five-year enhancement for a prior 

serious felony conviction. Under prior law, the trial court had no discretion to strike an 

enhancement proposed under the statute. Former section 1385, subdivision (b) stated: 

“This section does not authorize a judge to strike any prior conviction of a serious felony 

for purposes of enhancement of a sentence under Section 667.” In September 2018, the 

law changed, ending the limitation on sentencing discretion by removing subdivision (b), 

effective January 1, 2019. (See Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1, 2.)

In a first round of supplemental briefing, defendants requested remand for the trial 

court to exercise its discretion to dismiss one or both of the five-year enhancements under 

amended section 667, subdivision (a). 

The second round of supplemental briefing concerns changes to section 654. 

Under the language of section 654 in effect at the time of defendants’ sentencing, an act 

or omission punishable in different ways by different laws had to be punished under the 

law providing for the longest possible term of imprisonment. Assembly Bill No. 518 
25

(2021-2022 Reg. Sess.), passed after the sentencing, removed the mandate and gave trial 

courts the discretion to impose punishment under any provision, a change that could 

potentially result in lesser punishment. (See Stats. 2021, ch. 441, § 1.) Defendants argue 

remand is also required as to permit the court to exercise its discretion under section 654 

as amended. 

The People acknowledge these amendments apply retroactively to defendants’ 

cases, but argue no remand is necessary because the record reveals the trial court would 

not have exercised the discretion conferred by either amendment.

Remand for resentencing is not required if the record shows a trial court clearly 

indicated at the original sentencing it would not have stricken the enhancement even if it 

possessed the discretion. “The trial court need not have specifically stated at sentencing 

it would not strike the enhancement if it had the discretion to do so. Rather we review 

the trial court’s statements and sentencing decisions to infer what its intent would have 

been.” (People v. Jones (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 267, 273.)

There is reason to suspect the trial court would not exercise the discretion granted 

by the statutory changes. The trial court denied both defendants’ Romero motions, which 

would have reduced their kidnapping convictions from 16 years to eight years. The court 

imposed the upper term on the kidnapping count and ran all sentences consecutively. 

The court commented critically on Brunson’s expression of remorse, called his actions 

sadistic, and likewise called the actions of Rhodes in slashing a vulnerable and 

defenseless victim vicious and sadistic, recounted defendants’ criminal histories, and 

gave them aggravated terms. 

However, the Legislature’s actions during the course of this appeal greatly 

changed the sentencing rules in this case. Nothing in the trial court's imposition of the 

sentence demonstrates what it would do with the newly afforded discretion under 

Assembly Bill No. 518 and Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.). We conclude 

the trial court must be afforded the opportunity to exercise this sentencing discretion. 
26

(See People v. McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 420, 425; People v. Garcia (2018)

28 Cal.App.5th 961, 973-974.)

DISPOSITION

The judgments are modified as follows:

(1) The three-year enhancement to Rhodes’ sentence based on his 1993 

conviction for violating Health and Safety Code section 11379; and the one-year 

enhancements imposed on Rhodes for prior prison terms under section 667.5, subdivision 

(b) are stricken. 

(2) The case is remanded for the trial court to consider whether to strike 

defendants’ prior serious felony convictions for purposes of enhancement under section 

667, and to exercise its discretion in deciding which terms to stay pursuant to section 654 

(as amended by Stats. 2021, ch. 441, § 1). In resentencing under section 654, the trial 

court must impose a full term and stay execution of that term. The one-third-the-midterm 

rule of section 1170.1, subdivision (a) does not apply. (See People v. Cantrell, supra,

175 Cal.App.4th at p. 1164.)

(3) The trial court is directed to prepare amended abstracts of judgment to 

reflect the modifications, and send a copy of the amended abstracts to the Department of 

Corrections and Rehabilitation

The judgments are otherwise affirmed. 

 /s/

RAYE, P. J.

We concur:

 /s/

HULL, J.

 /s/

DUARTE, J.