NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 12a1090n.06

No. 11-6195

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellee, )

) On Appeal from the United

v. ) States District Court for the

) Eastern District of Tennessee

ROCENDO RIVERA, )

)

Defendant-Appellant. )

Before: CLAY and WHITE, Circuit Judges; and HOOD, District Judge.*

Hood, District Judge. Defendant-Appellant Rocendo Rivera argues that no reasonable jury

could have concluded that he used or carried a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking

crime under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). He thus argues that the district court erred when it denied

his motions for judgment of acquittal as to Count Five of the indictment. We disagree. For the

reasons set forth below, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

BACKGROUND

In spring 2010, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Loudon County Sheriff’s Office

developed a confidential informant (C.I.) to investigate the drug trafficking activities of Omar

Rivera, who is Defendant’s brother. Agents paid the C.I. to make controlled cocaine and marijuana

purchases from Omar Rivera. During two of these controlled purchases, on July 8, 2010, and August

The Honorable Joseph M. Hood, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky,

*

sitting by designation.
4, 2010, Defendant delivered drugs to the C.I. on Omar Rivera’s behalf. This appeal concerns the

August 4, 2010 transaction. On that occasion, the C.I. called Omar Rivera and ordered an “eight

ball” of cocaine and a .25 caliber pistol. Officers observed Defendant get into the C.I.’s vehicle, at

which time he delivered to the C.I. approximately 3.5 grams of cocaine, an unloaded pistol, and a

bag with a magazine and loose bullets in exchange for four hundred dollars cash. 

Defendant was originally charged in a six-count indictment in the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. The only count that is relevant to this appeal is Count

Five of the indictment, which charged Defendant with using or carrying a firearm during and in

relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). At the close of the

government’s case-in-chief and at the close of all of the evidence, Defendant moved for a judgment

of acquittal on all counts under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, but the district

court denied both motions. The jury then convicted Defendant of Counts One, Two, Four and Five

of the indictment, and he was sentenced to seventy-five months’ imprisonment. 

Defendant filed this timely appeal from Count Five of the indictment, arguing that there was

insufficient evidence for the jury to convict him of using or carrying a firearm during and in relation

to a drug trafficking crime under § 924(c)(1)(A). He therefore argues that the district court erred

when it denied his motions for judgment of acquittal. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“This court reviews de novo a denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal.” United States

v. Ramirez, 635 F.3d 249, 255 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Solorio, 337 F.3d 580, 588

(6th Cir. 2003)). The denial should be affirmed “if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable

to the government, would allow a rational trier of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a

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reasonable doubt.” Solorio, 337 F.3d at 588 (quoting United States v. Harrod, 168 F.3d 887, 889–90

(6th Cir. 1999)). The standard is a great obstacle to overcome and presents the appellant in a

criminal case with a very heavy burden. United States v. Winkle, 477 F.3d 407, 413 (6th Cir. 2007);

United States v. Jackson, 473 F.3d 660, 669 (6th Cir. 2007). 

DISCUSSION

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) imposes a minimum five-yearterm of imprisonment upon a person

who “during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a

firearm.” Thus, to convict Defendant under § 924(c)(1)(A), the government had to prove two

elements: (1) that Defendant used or carried a firearm; (2) during and in relation to a drug trafficking

crime. United States v. Warwick, 167 F.3d 965, 971 (6th Cir. 1999). 

Because the United States only needed to prove that Defendant either used or carried a

firearm, it chose to focus its arguments both at trial and on appeal on a carriage theory. See United

States v. Layne, 192 F.3d 556, 569 (6th Cir. 1999) (“Where an indictment, such as the one in this

case, charges a defendant with both ‘using’ and ‘carrying’ a firearm under § 924(c)(1)(A), evidence

sufficient to support a conviction under either element will sustain a § 924 conviction.”) (citing Fair

v. United States, 157 F.3d 427, 430 (6th Cir. 1998). Because we agree that Defendant carried a

firearm during and in relation to his drug trafficking crime, an analysis of whether Defendant used

a firearm is unnecessary. United States v. Mauldin, 109 F.3d 1159, 1161 (6th Cir. 1997) (holding

that it was unnecessary to determine whether or not the defendant was using a firearm if the carry

prong is satisfied). 

A defendant carries a firearm under § 924(c)(1)(A) not only when he bears it on his person,

but also if he “knowingly possesses and conveys firearms in a vehicle, including in the locked glove

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compartment or trunk of a car, which [he] accompanies.” Muscarello v. United States, 524 U.S. 125,

126–27 (1998). “After Muscarello, this court concluded that, to constitute a ‘carrying’ offense, the

firearm need not be immediately available for use and that ‘the proper inquiry [in determining

whether a firearm is being ‘carried’] is physical transportation’ of the firearm.” United States v.

Combs, 369 F.3d 925, 933 (6th Cir. 2004) (alteration in original) (quoting Hilliard v. United States,

157 F.3d 444, 449 (6th Cir. 1998)); accord United States v. Robinson, 290 F.3d 853, 878 (6th Cir.

2004). Here, it is undisputed that Defendant brought the firearm to the drug transaction and

delivered the firearm and cocaine to the C.I. in exchange for cash. Although the firearm was

unloaded, we have held that a “weapon need not be operable or loaded to sustain a conviction under

§ 924(c)” for a carry offense. Robinson, 390 F.3d at 878. 

Of course, a finding that Defendant carried a firearm is not enough to subject him to the

punishment in § 924(c)(1)(A). Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 237 (1993). Rather, Defendant

also must have carried a firearm “during and in relation to” his drug trafficking crime. Id.; §

924(c)(1)(A). Defendant does not deny that the firearm was present during the drug trafficking

crime, nor could he. Both parties agree that Defendant concurrently exchanged both the firearm and

the cocaine for cash. 

Instead, Defendant argues that his carrying of the firearm cannot have been in relation to his

drug trafficking crime. The “in relation to” requirement is “expansive”; at a minimum, it means that

“the firearm must have some purpose or effect with respect to the drug trafficking crime.” Smith,

508 U.S. at 237–38. Specifically, “its presence or involvement cannot be the result of accident or

coincidence,” and its presence “at least must facilitate, or have the potential of facilitating, the drug

trafficking offense.” Id. at 238 (internal citation omitted). This court looks to the totality of the

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circumstances when deciding whether a firearm has been carried in relation to a drug transaction,

not the specific intentions of the defendant. Warwick, 167 F.3d at 971. 

In this case, the totality of the circumstances indicates that the firearm was not present by

mere accident or coincidence, but was carried to facilitate the drug transaction. An example of a

mere accident or coincidence can be found in United States v. Nance, 40 F. App’x 59 (6th Cir. 2002)

(unpublished). In Nance, the defendant was in the process of moving out of his apartment when he

was caught by the police engaging in a drug transaction, at which time the police found firearms in

the trunk alongside the rest of his belongings. Id. at 66. Contrarily in this case, the firearm’s

presence was the exact opposite of an accident or coincidence, because the C.I. specificallyrequested

to purchase a firearm and Defendant brought one to him. 

The fact that Defendant was carrying this particular firearm for sale and not necessarily for

his own protection does not preclude a finding that he carried the firearm to facilitate the drug

transaction. This court rejected this argument in Warwick, noting that just because a “gun is treated

momentarily as an item of commerce does not render it inert,” since “it can be converted

instantaneously from currency to cannon.” Warwick, 167 F.3d at 972 (quoting Smith, 508 U.S. at

240). At the very least, Defendant’s possession of the firearm’s components had the potential to

facilitate his drug trafficking offense, which is sufficient to satisfy the “in relation to” element of §

924(c)(1)(A). Id. (“Indeed the evidence indicates that these firearms at the very least had the

potential of facilitating Warwick’s drug trafficking offenses. The law requires no more.”).

This court has not previously had occasion to address the issue of whether the

contemporaneous sale of drugs and a firearm in exchange for money constitutes carrying a firearm

during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime under § 924(c)(1)(A), but the Fourth and Eleventh

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Circuits have answered that question affirmatively, albeit with slightly different reasoning. United

States v. Timmons, 283 F.3d 1246 (11th Cir. 2002); United States v. Lipford, 203 F.3d 259 (4th Cir.

2000). The Fourth Circuit based its decision on the notion that the offer to purchase firearms along

with drugs makes the sale more desirable to the seller, thus facilitating the transaction in its entirety. 

Lipford, 203 F.3d at 267. The court reasoned that: 

[A] drug purchaser can often “sweeten the pot,” offering to purchase not only drugs,

but other illegal goods as well. Where that other illegal good is a firearm, that gun’s

involvement in the transaction is not “spontaneous” or “co-incidental;” on the

contrary, the firearm facilitates the drug transaction, making it possible for the drug

buyer to get the drug seller to take the risks inherent in selling contraband.

Id. Alternatively, when the defendant in Timmons sold drugs and a firearm to an undercover officer

together in a shoebox, the Eleventh Circuit examined the purpose of § 924(c)(1)(A), which is

primarily “to combat the dangerous combination of drugs and guns.” Timmons, 283 F.3d at 1251. 

The court reasoned that “it would flout the purpose of the statute to hold anything but that the gun

was carried ‘during and in relation’ to the drug offense” since the firearm and drugs were contained

in the same box and sold simultaneously. Id. at 1252 (citing § 924(c)(1)(A)). Given the factual

similarity of those cases to this one and the consistencyof the conclusions with this court’s precedent

in Warwick, we agree with the compelling reasoning of the Fourth and Eleventh Circuits. Here,

given that the C.I. ordered a firearm and drugs, and Defendant dutifully delivered the firearm

components and drugs as requested, it would indeed flout the purpose of § 924(c)(1)(A) were we to

hold that the firearm did not facilitate the drug trafficking offense.

CONCLUSION

Because the district court did not commit error when it denied Defendant-Appellant Rocendo

Rivera’s motions for judgment of acquittal, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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