Nos. 12-15-00068-CR & 

12-15-00069-CR 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 

12TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT TYLER 

ANDREW PJ WHITAKER, 

APPELLANT 

v. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

APPELLEE 

APPELLEE'S BRIEF 

FROM THE 420TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT 

NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS 

THE HONORABLE EDWIN A. KLEIN, PRESIDING 

TRIAL CAUSE NUMBERS F1421007 AND F1521497 

ACCEPTED

12-15-00068-CR

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS

TYLER, TEXAS

9/17/2015 4:14:55 PM

Pam Estes

CLERK

 FILED IN 12th COURT OF APPEALS TYLER, TEXAS 9/17/2015 4:14:55 PM PAM ESTES Clerk
Oral argument is requested, 

but only if Appellant is also 

requesting oral argument. 

Respectfully submitted, 

KEVIN BELANGER 

Assistant District Attorney 

Nacogdoches County, Texas 

State Bar No. 24094534 

101 W. Main St., Ste. 250 

Nacogdoches, Texas 75961 

Phone:(936)560-7766 

FAX: (936) 560-6036 

11 
IDENTITY OF PARTIES & COUNSEL 

Appellant. ............................................................ ANDREW PJ WIDT AKER 

Winfred A. Simmons, II 

APPELLATE COUNSEL 

Appellee ............................................................... TfIE STATE OF TEXAS 

Kevin Belanger 

Assistant District Attorney 

APPELLATE COUNSEL 

Cristin Lane 

Assistant District Attorney 

TRIAL COUNSEL 

Andrew Jones 

Assistant District Attorney 

TRIAL CO-COUNSEL 

l1l 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL .......................................................... .iii 

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... iv 

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ..................................................................................... v 

STATEMENT OF TIIB CASE ................................................................................. 1 

ISSUES PRESENTED .............................................................................................. 3 

STATEMENT OF FACTS ........................................................................................ 3 

SlJMMARY OF TIIE STATE'S ARGUMENT ....................................................... 5 

STATE'S RESPONSE TO APPELLANT'S ARGUMENT ..................................... 6 

PRA YER .................................................................................................................. 15 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ................................................................................ 16 

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIAN"CE ...................................................................... 17 

IV 
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES 

STATUTES PAGE 

TEX. PENAL CODE (2015) 

Sec. 6.03 .............................................................................................................. 11 

Sec. 8.02(a) ............................................................................... 13 

Sec. 31.07 ................................................................................. 10 

RULES 

TEX. R. APP. P. (2011) 

R. 38 ...................................................................................................................... 1 

FEDERAL CASES PAGE 

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) ................................................ 9 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ..................................... 12 

STATE CASES PAGE 

Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) ....................... 7,8 

Barnes v. State, 876 S.W.2d 316 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) .......................... 9 

Banks v. State, 530 S.W.2d 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975) ........................... 14 

Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1988,pet. refd) 

............................................................................................................................... 9 

Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .................................... 9 

Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) ................................ 10 

v 
STATE CASES (CON'T) PAGE 

Kingv. State, 29 S.W.3d 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) .................................. 9, 10 

Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) ................................ 10 

McQueen v. State, 781 S.W.2d 600 {Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .................. 11 

Okonkwo v. State 398 S.W.3d 689 {Tex. Crim App. 2013) .................. 12, 13 

Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57 {Tex. Cr. App. 1998) .......................... 5, 6, 7, 8 

Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776 (Tex. Crim App. 2010) ......................... .12 

Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948 {Tex. Crim. App. 1992) ........................ 12 

Williams v. State, 692 S.W.2d 671 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) ............................... 9 

VI 
Nos. 12-15-00068-CR & 

12-15-00069-CR 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE 

12TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT TYLER 

ANDREW PJ WHITAKER, 

APPELLANT 

v. 

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

APPELLEE 

APPELLEE'S BRIEF 

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS: 

COMES NOW, Appellee, the State of Texas, by and through the 

undersigned Assistant District Attorney, and respectfully submits this brief in 

response to Appellant, Andrew PJ Whitaker, pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38, urging 

the Court to overrule Appellant's alleged point of error and affirm the judgment 

and sentence of the trial court in the above-numbered cause. 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE 

On June 20, 2014, Andrew PJ Whitaker was indicted in cause number 

F1421007 in a one count indictment for a State Jail Felony offense of 

I 
Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle committed on or about June 3, 2015. (F1421007, 1 

C.R. 6). On February 6, 2015, Andrew PJ Whitaker was indicted in cause number 

F1521497 in a one count indictment for a Class A Misdemeanor offense of 

Evading Arrest committed on or about June 6, 2015. (F1521497, 1 C.R. 6). This 

offense was further aggravated by the fact that Appellant used a vehicle in the 

commission of the offense, and had previously been convicted of the felony 

offense of Robbery. Ibid. 

Appellant entered his plea of not guilty to in both cases on February 24, 

2015. (3 R.R. 9:19-22). On February 24, 2015, a jury found Appellant guilty in 

cause numbers F1421007 and F1521497; Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle 

and Evading Arrest, respectively. (3 R.R. 116: 1-8). The offenses for which 

Appellant was found guilty were alleged to have occurred on or about June 3 and 6 

of2015. (Fl421007, 1 C.R. 6; F1521497, 1 C.R. 6). 

On February 25, 2015, the jury assessed Appellant's punishment at 2 years 

confinement in a State Jail Facility in cause number F1421007, and 13 years 

confinement to be served in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in cause 

number F1521497. (5 R.R. 28:7-20). Appellant's Notice of Appeal was filed on 

February 26, 2015 with the district clerk's office. (F1421007 1 C.R. 36; F1521497 

1C.R.25). 

2 
ISSUES PRESENTED 

Appellant presents four issues to be addressed by this Court: 

1) Whether the defendant was deprived of a fair trial when the defense of 

mistake of fact was raised by the evidence, but was not submitted to the 

jury as part of the charge, and its absence was not objected to, 

2) Whether the evidence of unauthorized use of a vehicle was sufficient for 

the trier of fact to find the defendant guilty, 

3) Whether the failure of defense counsel to request an instruction on 

mistake of fact or to object to its absence constituted ineffective 

assistance of counsel, and 

4) Whether the defendant was sufficiently harmed by failure to prove venue 

to require a new trial. 

STATEMENT OF FACTS 

On February 24, 2015, testimony and evidence were presented in the trial 

court. Such evidence established that Jesus Barrios Quezada lived in Nacogdoches 

County and owned a 2002 Dodge truck. (3 R.R. 16:16-17:7). On June 3, 2014, 

Guadalupe Barrios Quezada, Jesus' sister, arrived at Jesus' home and noticed that 

the Dodge truck was missing. (3 R.R. 11:11-12:8). She phoned Jesus about the 

missing vehicle, then called 911. (3 R.R. 12:9-23). Mr. Barrios Quezada did not 

give Appellant, Andrew PJ Whitaker, permission to use his truck. (3 R.R. 18:17-

3 
19:4). 

On June 6, 2014, at approximately 4:00 A.M., Deputy Austin McDonald 

was working patrol. (3 R.R. 28:24-29:3). Deputy McDonald noticed a tan Dodge 

truck commit a traffic offense. (3 R.R. 29:9-13). Deputy McDonald then 

attempted to stop the vehicle, which fled down highway 59. (ST. Ex. 1; 3 R.R. 32-

21 ). During the pursuit, Deputy McDonald ran the plates on the Dodge truck, and 

dispatch reported back that it was a stolen vehicle. (3 R.R. 33:21-34:4). After a 

lengthy pursuit, the truck became stuck in a median on highway 59, and the 

suspect driving the vehicle fled into the nearby woods. (3 R.R. 36:21-24). Deputy 

McDonald then caught up to and apprehended the suspect, who turned out to be 

Andrew PJ Whitaker. (3 R.R. 37:5-22). 

At the conclusion of the State's case-in-chief, the State rested. (3 R.R. 67:2-

3). The defense then called Appellant Andrew PJ Whitaker to the stand. (3 R.R. 

73: 13-14 ). Appellant stated that he borrowed the truck in exchange for 10 dollars 

from a man named "Runny". (3 R.R. 77:8-23, 75:24-76:6). The defense then 

rested. (3 R.R. 90:25). After closing remarks, the jury deliberated. (3 R.R. 112:2-

115:10). The jury returned a guilty verdict as to cause numbers F1421007 and 

f 1521497. (4 R.R. 4:14-21). 

The punishment phase of the trial followed the guilt/innocence phase. (8 

R.R. 7:24). Testimony was elicited and evidence was admitted remarking as to 

4 
Appellant's past and character. (4 R.R. 5:17-13:16). Again, the jury deliberated, 

returning a sentence of 2 years confinement on cause F 1421007 and 13 years 

confinement on cause Fl521497. (4 R.R. 28:7-20). The sentence in cause 

Fl421007 was to be served in state jail, and the sentence in cause Fl521497 was to 

be served in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice-Institutional Division with 

each count to run concurrently with one another. Ibid. 

SUMMARY OF THE STATE'S ARGUMENT 

Appellant is not entitled to have his conviction overturned by this Court. 

Appellant's first argument is that the trial court has a sua sponte duty to instruct the 

jury on unrequested defense issues. Such an argument is without merit - case law 

is clear on this point. Posey v. State, 966 S. W.2d 57 {Tex. Cr. App. 1998). 

Appellant's second argument, that the evidence of unauthorized use of a motor 

vehicle was not sufficient for the jury to return a verdict of guilt, is also without 

merit. A rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of 

Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Appellant's 

third argument is that Appellant's trial counsel's failure to request a jury 

instruction on mistake of fact or to object to its absence constituted ineffective 

assistance of counsel. This argument is also without merit. Trial counsel's failure 

to request the instruction and object to its absence was a strategic decision by 

counsel, and there is no reason to believe that but for the different instruction, the 

5 
result of the trial would be different. Finally, Appellant also argues that he 

requires a new trial as the State did not prove venue when it did not elicit evidence 

that the crime occurred in Texas - only that the crime occurred in Nacogdoches 

County - and that Appellant was substantially harmed as a result of this error. 

This argument has no merit - the State proved that the offense occurred in 

Nacogdoches County, and therefore proved venue through circumstantial evidence. 

Furthermore, any possibility of harm to Appellant would be a legal fiction. 

Accordingly, Appellant's conviction and sentence should be upheld. 

STATE'S RESPONSE TO APPELLANT'S ARGUMENT 

A. The trial court does not have a sua sponte duty to instruct the jury on an 

unrequested mistake of fact issue. 

It is not disputed that when Appellant testified at trial, in doing so he raised 

the defense of mistake of fact to the jury. The State further does not dispute that 

Appellant's defense was "obvious, he believed he had consent of the owner to 

possess the vehicle". The State further agrees with Appellant's concession that the 

Posey court has held that omission of mistake of fact from a jury charge does not 

deny the Appellant a fair trial. Id. at 71. However, Appellant's assertion that 

Posey must be distinguished because the defendant did not testify on his own 

behalf at trial in that case is disingenuous, as evidence of mistake of fact was 

6 
submitted to the jury in Posey in the defense' case in chief, even if the defendant 

himself did not testify. 

In Posey, the defendant was stopped in a Jaguar by a deputy, and the deputy 

noticed that the car was not registered in the defendant's name. Posey at 58. The 

deputy noticed that the inside door panel of the driver's side of the 

Jaguar was pulled back and the alarm system was cut. Ibid. The defendant told 

the deputy that a man named "Chuck" had given him permission to use the vehicle, 

and inside the glove compartment of the Jaguar were some repair bills with the 

name "Chuck" written on them. Ibid. The owner was in fact a woman named 

Wanda Thomas, who did not give anybody permission to use her vehicle, which 

she had parked at Hobby Airport on November 4, 1993. Ibid. Though the 

defendant did not testify at trial, he did produce two witnesses. Ibid. The 

witnesses stated that they saw a man named Charles Yates give the keys to the 

Jaguar to the defendant on November 7, 1993. Ibid. This testimony was not 

contradicted by any evidence from the State other than impeachment evidence and 

cross-examination. Id. at 59. The state argued in closing that the defense' 

arguments were not worthy of belief. Ibid. There was no mistake of fact 

instruction in the jury charge - the defendant did not request it, nor did he object to 

its absence at trial. Ibid. 

7 
The court in Posey upheld the verdict at trial, on the basis that the harm 

analysis of Almanza v. State does not apply until the court finds an error in the jury 

charge. Id at 61, citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1984 ). The Almanza court set out a framework for analysis on appeal to preserved 

and unpreserved errors in a jury charge based on its interpretation of Article 36.19 

of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See Almanza at 171-74. Because 

Almanza and Article 36.19 are solely concerned with the harm analysis, neither is 

instructive on whether an error actually occurred. See Posey at 60. "Therefore, the 

question boils down to whether Article 36.14 imposes a duty on trial courts to sua 

sponte instruct the jury on defensive issues, or whether article 36.14 permits a 

defendant to complain for the first time on appeal about the omission of 

unrequested defensive issues in the charge." Id at 60-61. The Posey court found 

that the plain language of 36.14 makes clear that a defendant must object to the 

charge to preserve error, and that the trial court does not have a duty to instruct a 

jury sua sponte on defensive issues. See Posey at 61-62. Therefore, as there was 

no error, the harm analysis under 36.19 and the Almanza court did not apply. Id at 

62. 

This case and Posey are functionally identical. The distinction Appellant 

attempts to make is irrelevant - even though the defendant in Posey did not testify, 

evidence was submitted to the jury, and argued at closing, that the defendant was 

8 
mistaken in his belief that he had permission from the lawful owner to use the 

vehicle. The state, as it did in the instant case, argued that the defense case did not 

hold water. Because the charge to the jury was not objected to at trial, and because 

the trial court does not have a duty to sua sponte instruct the jury on defensive 

issues, no error occurred, and the Almanza harm analysis does not apply. 

B. The evidence of Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle was legally sufficient for 

the jury to return a guilty verdict. 

a. The Legal Sufficiency Standard of Review 

The relevant question in a legal sufficiency review is not whether there is 

any evidence to support a conviction, but whether there is sufficient evidence for a 

rational trier of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 

443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Kingv. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2000). In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence under the criminal 

standard, all the evidence should be viewed in the light most favorable to the 

judgment in order to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found 

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. 

at 319; Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). 

The trier of fact, in this case the jury, is the exclusive judge of the credibility 

of witnesses and of the weight to be given their testimony. Barnes v. State, 876 

S.W.2d 316, 321 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Williams v. State, 692 S.W.2d 671, 676 

9 
(Tex. Crim. App. 1984). The jury is entitled to draw reasonable inferences from 

the evidence. Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587, 588-89 (Tex. App.-Corpus 

Christi 1988,pet. refd). Moreover, reconciliation of any conflict in the evidence 

is within the exclusive province of the jury. Losada v. State, 721 S.W.2d 305, 309 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Although this Court's analysis should properly consider 

all the evidence presented at trial, it should not re-weigh the evidence and 

substitute its judgment for that of the jury. King, 29 S.W.3d at 562. 

The legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the 

offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge, which is a charge that 

accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, and does not 

unnecessarily increase the State's burden. Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 253 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001). 

b. Application of the Law to the Facts of this Case 

There was legally sufficient evidence for a rational trier of fact to find every 

essential element proved beyond a reasonable doubt and that Appellant committed 

the offense of Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle. A person commits the offense of 

Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle ifhe 1) intentionally or knowingly 2) operates 

another's boat, airplane, or motor-propelled vehicle 3) without the effective 

consent of the owner. TEX. PENAL CODE §31.07 (2015). 

As for the culpable mental states, Texas law defines them as follows: 

10 
A person acts intentionally ... with regard to the nature of his conduct 

or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or 

desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. 

A person acts knowingly ... with respect to the nature of his conduct 

or to the circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of 

the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts 

knowingly ... with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware 

that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result. 

TEX. PENAL CODE §6.03 (2015). 

In the instant case, it is not in dispute that Appellant operated another's motorpropelled vehicle without the effective consent of the owner-what is in dispute is 

whether or not he did so knowingly. In this regard, the opinion in McQueen v. 

State is instructive. McQueen v. State, 781 S. W.2d 600 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001 ). 

The McQueen court held that Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle encompassed two 

"conduct elements" which make the overall conduct criminal - that the defendant 

intentionally or knowingly operated a motor vehicle, knowing that such operation 

was without the effective consent of the owner. McQueen at 604. 

In the instant case, as in McQueen, Mr. Quezada's testimony that he did not 

give Appellant permission to use his vehicle proved, from a sufficiency standpoint, 

that Appellant knew that he did not have Mr. Quezada's permission. As to the 

affirmative defense of mistake of fact, that Appellant had "Runny"' s permission to 

use the vehicle and that he believed that "Runny" owned the vehicle, the finder of 

fact was free to reject this evidence. 

11 
C. Appellant's Counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a mistake 

of fact instruction or object to its absence. 

The relevant question in an ineffective assistance of counsel argument is first 

whether in light of all the circumstances, the acts or omissions of trial counsel were 

so outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance as to implicate the 

adversarial nature of the proceeding. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690 

(1984). "Defensive issues frequently 'depend upon trial strategy and tactics"', and 

therefore the failure to request or object to the lack of any possibly available 

defensive instruction is not necessarily objectively unreasonable . Okonkwo v. 

State 398 S.W.3d 689, 397(Tex. Crim App. 2013), citing Tolbert v. State, 306 

S.W.3d 776, 779-82 (Tex. Crim App. 2010). "Just because a competent defense 

attorney recognizes that a particular defense might be available to a particular 

offense, he or she could also decide it would be inappropriate to propound such a 

defense in a given case." Vasquez v. State, 830 S.W.2d 948, 950 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1992). 

Trial counsel's conduct in the instant case certainly falls within the scope of 

providing a competent defense, and the Okonkwo decision is particularly 

instructive. In Okonkwo, the Appellant was charged with forgery of money. 

Okonkwo at 692. The Appellant's defense was that he did not know that the 

money was counterfeit, and his trial counsel did not request, nor object to the 

12 
absence of a mistake of fact instruction in the jury charge. However, the Okonkwo 

Court on appeal found that trial counsel's actions were objectively reasonable, 

given that a mistake of fact instruction could have arguably mislead the jury into 

decreasing the state's burden of proof. Id at 696. 

"the instructions on the forgery elements required the State to prove beyond 

a reasonable doubt that appellant actually knew the bills were forged. By 

comparison, had counsel pursued an instruction on mistake of fact to address 

his second alternative theory, the jury would have also had to decide whether 

that belief was reasonable. See TEX. PENAL CODE§ 8.02(a). This would have 

been problematic for appellant because the instruction would have decreased 

the State's burden of proof by permitting the jury to convict him if it 

concluded that his mistake was unreasonable, even if it found that the belief 

was honest. Therefore, counsel was not objectively unreasonable in failing 

to request an instruction that may have caused the jury to convict him based 

on a lessened burden of proof." 

Id at 696. 

Counsel's strategy in the instant case could easily have followed the same 

line of logic as the Okonkwo court - had counsel successfully requested a mistake 

of fact defense be included in the jury charge, the jury might have been misled that 

the State's burden of proof was not to prove that Appellant knew that he did not 

have the permission of the rightful owner to operate the motor vehicle, but instead 

that Appellant's belief that he had consent to use the motor vehicle was objectively 

unreasonable. Therefore, as Appellant's counsel at trial acted to protect his client 

from a lowered burden of proof, it cannot be said that trial counsel's strategy 

rendered his performance ineffective. 

13 
D. The State successfully proved that the crime occurred within the state of 

Texas through circumstantial evidence. 

Appellant's argument that the State did not properly prove venue is without 

merit. The evidence established that Mr. Barrios Quezada lived in 

Nacogdoches County, and kept his 2002 Dodge truck at his home there. (3 

R.R. 16: 16-17 :7). Deputy McDonald also testified that he was on patrol on 

Highway 7 in Nacogdoches County when he first attempted to pull Appellant 

over. (3 R.R. 29:3-8). 

Appellant states in his motion, and the State agrees, that venue need only be 

proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Banks v. State, 530 S.W.2d 940, 

943 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975). Though there is no direct evidence that 

Nacogdoches County is in the State of Texas, there is circumstantial evidence 

given that there is no other Nacogdoches County in the entire United States of 

America or the State of Texas. This circumstantial evidence was never 

contradicted by counsel at trial or on appeal, and certainly meets the standard of 

preponderance of evidence to prove venue. 

Furthermore, Appellant cannot articulate any actual harm that was suffered 

at a result of the State's failure to prove that venue was proper in Nacogdoches 

County. Appellant raises the spectre of forum shopping within the state of 

Texas, however this argument is without merit, as again, there is only one 

14 
Nacogdoches County in the State of Texas and the entire United States of 

America. 

PRAYER 

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, the undersigned counsel for 

the State of Texas respectfully requests and prays that this Honorable Court 

overrule Appellant's Point of Error and affirm the judgment and sentence of the 

420th Judicial District Court of Nacogdoches County, Texas. 

Respectfully submitted, 

KEVIN BELANGER 

Assistant District Attorney 

Nacogdoches County, Texas 

State Bar No. 24094534 

101 W. Main St., Ste. 250 

Nacogdoches, TX 75961 

Phone: (936) 560-7766 

FAX: (936) 560-6036 

15 
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

A true copy of the State's briefhas been served via FAX/certified mail/hand 

delivery to counsel for Appellant, Winfred A. Simmons II, on this, the 17th day of 

September, 2015. 

~ Kevin Belanger 

16 
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE 

Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4, I hereby certify that this 

brief contains 3,436 words-excluding the caption, identity of parties, table of 

contents, index of authorities, signature, proof of service, certification, and 

certificate of compliance. This is a computer-generated document created in 

Microsoft Word, using 14-point typeface for all text. In making this certificate of 

compliance, I am relying on the word count provided by the software used to 

prepare the document. 

'Ke\lil; Belanger 

17