IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

November 16, 2011 Session

CASSANDRA LYNN RUDD 

v.

HOWARD THOMAS RUDD

Appeal from the Hardin County General Sessions Court

No. 6677 Daniel L. Smith, Judge

No. W2011-01007-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 22, 2011

This appeal concerns post-divorce parenting time. In the first appeal in this case, this Court

reviewed the trial court’s denial of any parenting time for the appellant father with his

daughter. This Court remanded the case for a hearing to determine whether parenting time

with the father would result in substantial harm to the parties’ daughter. On remand, the trial

court held a hearing in which the evidence consisted of the mother’s testimony on her

observations of the daughter’s reaction when the topic of the father arose. Based on this, the

trial court again denied both supervised and unsupervised visitation to the father, and

enjoined the father from contacting his daughter in any fashion. The father appeals. We find

the evidence insufficient to support complete denial of parenting time, vacate the trial court’s

order, and remand the case for further proceedings before a different trial judge.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court

is Affirmed in Part, Vacated in Part, and Remanded for Reassignment

and Further Proceedings.

HOLLY M. KIRBY, J. delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J.,

W.S., and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J., joined.

Curtis F. Hopper, Savannah, Tennessee for Defendant/Appellant Howard Thomas Rudd.

Terry L. Wood, Corinth Mississippi for Plaintiff/Appellee Cassandra Lynn Rudd.
OPINION

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW

Defendant/Appellant Howard Rudd (“Father”) and Plaintiff/Appellee Cassandra Rudd

(“Mother”) were married in 1991, had a son born in 1992 and a daughter (“Daughter”) born

in 1995, and their final decree of divorce was entered in 2009. This is the second appeal in

this case, and concerns only Father’s parenting time with Daughter.

1

The facts in this case are fully set forth in this Court’s Opinion in the first appeal. See Rudd

v. Rudd, No. W2009-00251-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4642582 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 9, 2009)

(hereinafter “Rudd I”). We need not repeat them here. In sum, in the parties’ divorce

proceedings, the trial court below found that an incident occurred in 2007, in which Father

inappropriately touched Daughter on top of her pajama bottoms between her legs and also

under her t-shirt. At the time, Daughter was thirteen years old.

2

Based on this factual finding, on January 9, 2009, the trial court entered a final decree and

parenting plan in which Father was denied any parenting time with Daughter. In addition,

Mother was permitted to move with the parties’ children to Texas. Father appealed.

In the first appeal, this Court held that, in order to completely deny visitation to a parent,

“there must be definite evidence that visitation would result in harm to the child.” The

appellate court went on to say:

Although not specifically stated by the trial court, but implied in its findings,

is a determination that visitation may be harmful to [Daughter]. However, the

law in Tennessee requires more than mere inferences to deny a parent time

with his children. . . . The trial court made no findings that Father would

“jeopardize” [Daughter] during visitation. However, even if the trial court had

determined that visitation with Father would harm [Daughter], it would not

end the required analysis. While the “paramount consideration” in crafting a

visitation plan is the welfare of the child, it is clear public policy of this state

that the non-custodial parent be awarded reasonable visitation in order to

The parties’ son has reached majority and he is not at issue in this appeal. 

1

Father was acquitted of criminal charges arising out of this incident, but in the divorce proceedings, after 2

assessing the credibility of the witnesses, the trial court below found that the incident of inappropriate

touching occurred. This factual finding was affirmed in the first appeal. See Rudd I, 2009 WL 4642582,

at *5.

-2-
maintain the parent-child relationship. The trial court may “restrict, suspend,

or terminate visitation rights” based upon “clear and definite evidence” that

visitation would harm the child. “But absent such a finding, the public policy

of this state is that the court shall ‘grant such rights of visitation as will enable

the child and non-custodial parent to maintain a parent-child relationship.’

Furthermore, it is incumbent on “persons seeking to restrict or eliminate

visitation,” in this case Mother, to “demonstrate that there is probable cause

that the child will be placed at risk if visitation is permitted.” “The Tennessee

Supreme Court requires this proof be ‘definite.’ ” This effectively creates a

presumption against severely limiting or denying visitation completely.

Consequently, the trial court must adopt the least restrictive visitation plan

“available or workable as a practical matter.”

Rudd I, 2009 WL 4642582, at *8 (citations omitted). The appellate court in Rudd I carefully

reviewed the record to determine whether it contained sufficient evidence to support a

finding that any form of visitation or contact with Father would harm Daughter. It found the

evidence insufficient:

We have reviewed the record and find that as it stands, it does not support a

finding by “clear and definite” evidence that complete denial of visitation is

the least restrictive plan available. . . . . Consequently, we must remand this

case to the trial court for it to receive additional evidence on the harm caused

to [Daughter] by visitation with Father. After receiving additional evidence,

the trial court is directed to make the required findings and to create the least

restrictive visitation plan as available and practical, bearing in mind that

[Daughter’s] welfare is of paramount consideration.

Id. at *9. Thus, on remand, the trial court was charged with the responsibility for crafting

the least restrictive visitation plan for Daughter, with the proviso that a complete denial of

visitation or conduct must be premised on clear and definite evidence.

On remand, the trial court conducted the required hearing on August 16, 2010. At this

hearing, the trial court heard testimony from both Mother and Father. There were no other

witnesses, and the only documentary evidence consisted of a letter that Father wrote to

Daughter and a computer screenshot from Facebook.

In her direct testimony, Mother was asked a number of questions related to Daughter’s

reaction to Father’s attempts to make contact with her, by sending her a gift and note in the

mail and sending her a Facebook “friend” request via computer, and about Daughter’s

reaction when Father traveled to Texas and visited the parties’ son for lunch at the son’s

-3-
school. Predictably, these questions were met with hearsay objections, to the extent that they

sought testimony on Daughter’s oral or written statements, and those objections were

sustained by the trial court. Mother was permitted to testify that Daughter rejected Father’s

overtures and was upset by them, and was also upset at Father’s unannounced trip to Texas

to see her brother. Mother said that when the topic of Father arises, Daughter gets upset and

angry and “does not want to discuss it.” Because of this, Mother stated, she avoids talking

with Daughter about Father.

In her testimony, Mother was asked about counseling for Daughter. Mother testified that,

in the three and a half years since the incident of alleged abuse by Father, Daughter made two

visits to a free counseling service recommended by Daughter’s school. After that, Daughter

indicated that she was not ready to talk to a counselor, and so she did not go back. Mother

stated that Daughter’s anger would be the only reason she would need counseling from the

events in her past. At no point does the record reflect that Daughter indicated to Mother a

desire to resume counseling. Mother also testified that Daughter has now chosen to be home

schooled in Texas, and indicated that the reason for Daughter’s request to be home schooled

was one that did not involve Father.

Father testified as well. Father said that if it were Daughter’s preference to not see him at

this point in her life, he would not want the Court to force his Daughter to visit him. He did

not believe that the decision was made by Daughter and did not think that she was capable

of making that sort of decision at her age. Father testified that he wanted to visit his daughter

and felt it was his right to visit her.

After receiving proposed findings of fact from the parties’ attorneys, on December 30, 2010,

the trial court entered a written order on the parenting plan with respect to Daughter. The

trial court found:

2. The daughter of the parties, [Daughter], who was the victim of child abuse

by Father, is still struggling emotionally with the effects of that abuse. In

particular [Mother] testified, and the Court finds that testimony credible, that

the daughter becomes upset and angry when Father is the subject of

conversation in her presence and also is upset and angry when Father attempts

communication with her by various means including Facebook. Father tried

to send a gift to [Daughter] which emotionally upset her, and she sent the gift

back.

3. [Daughter] has attempted counseling since the divorce but did not feel she

was ready for such counseling at that time. She has recently indicated to

-4-
Mother a desire to resume counseling in order to help her deal with the

emotional issues pertaining to the sexual abuse history with Father.

4. There is no testimony that Father had received any counseling concerning

the sexual abuse perpetrated on his daughter.

. . . .

8. The court is of the opinion and finds that any unsupervised visitation of

Father with [Daughter] would be harmful due to sexual abuse perpetrated by

Father on [Daughter], and it would be emotionally harmful to her. The court

finds that any supervised parenting time would be emotionally harmful to

[Daughter] at this time. The court further finds that communication between

Father and [Daughter] would be detrimental to her emotional welfare and

therefore Father shall not be permitted any forms of contact,such as telephone,

e-mail, Facebook or other similar internet social group contact, with

[Daughter] at this time. Mother is ordered to obtain counseling for [Daughter]

to help her deal with the emotional issues pertaining to the sexual abuse history

with Father. Should counseling result in recommendations for limited or

restricted contact between [Daughter] and Father, the court upon proper notice

and hearing will reconsider some type of contact between Father and

Daughter.

. . . .

12. Father shall have the parental rights of Tennessee Code Annotated 36-6-

110 as to [Daughter], expect and to the extent that they may be limited by the

ruling herein.

Thus, the trial court concluded from the evidence that any visitation,supervised or otherwise,

or any contact with Father would be harmful to Daughter. It granted Father no parenting time

and enjoined him from attempting to contact Daughter. Father now appeals.

ISSUES ON APPEAL AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

On appeal, Father contends that the trial court erred in denying him any parenting time with

Daughter, and in enjoining him from contacting her. Father also contends that the trial court

failed to carry out this Court’s order on remand as set forth in the Court’s opinion in Rudd

I. Finally, Father argues that the trial court based its decision to deny visitation on

inadmissible hearsay evidence.

Mother argues that the trial court did not err in continuing to deny any parenting time to

Father and in enjoining Father from contacting Daughter. Mother also argues that the

-5-
evidence Father alleges to be hearsay is admissible and was properly considered by the trial

court.

Because this case was tried before a trial judge sitting without a jury, we review the trial

court’s findings of fact de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness for the

findings of fact, unless the evidence preponderates against those findings. Tenn. R. App. P.

13(d). The weight, faith, and credit to be given to any witness’s testimony lies in the first

instance with the trier of fact, and the trial court’s credibility determination will be given

great weight by this Court. Whitaker v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1997).

ANALYSIS

We reiterate at the outset that the trial court’s factual finding, that the incident of sexual

abuse of Daughter by Father in fact occurred, was affirmed in the first appeal and is not at

issue in this second appeal. We also note that, in the hearing on remand, the trial court

credited Mother’s testimony, and the trial court’s decision on Mother’s credibility is not

raised as an issue on appeal. Therefore, in evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence in the

hearing on remand, to the extent that Mother’s testimony was admitted into evidence, we

accept it on appeal as credible.

In Rudd I, the Court discussed at some length the proof required for a trial court to eliminate

a parent’s visitation with his child:

“[T]he non-custodial parent’s visitation ‘may be limited, or eliminated, if there

is definite evidence that to permit ... the right would jeopardize the child, in

either a physical or moral sense.”[Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d at 82, 85

(Tenn. 2001)](quoting Weaver v. Weaver, 261 S.W.2d 145, 148 (Tenn. Ct.

App.1953)); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-301 (2009) and [Suttles v.

Suttles, 748 S.W.2d 427, 429 (Tenn. 1988)]. As this court has previously

stated:

Because of the legal and psychologicalsignificance of a parent’s

visitation rights, persons seeking to restrict or eliminate

visitation must demonstrate that there is probable cause that the

child will be placed at risk if visitation is permitted. The

Tennessee Supreme Court requires that this proof must be

“definite,” Suttles v. Suttles, 748 S.W.2d at 429, and Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-6-30[1] requires that the proof demonstrate that

visitation is “likely” to endanger the child's physical or

emotional health.” These evidentiary standards have effectively

-6-
created a presumption against severely circumscribing or

denying visitation to non-custodial parents. Such drastic

measures are only appropriate when arrangements less

detrimental to the parent-child relationship are not available or

workable as a practical matter.

Bueno v. Todd, No. W2005-02164-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2106006 at *6

(Tenn. Ct. App. [July 31,] 2006)(quoting Wix v. Wix, No. M2000-00230-

COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 219700 at *11(Tenn. Ct. App.[Mar. 7,] 2001)).

“[T]ermination of visitation, which has the practical effect of terminating the

parent-child relationship, must be supported by specific findingsthat visitation

by the non-custodial parent will result in physical, emotional, or moral harm

to the child.[”] In the Matter of Z.A.W., [No. W2005-01956-COA-R3-JV,]

2006 WL 1627180, at *5 [Tenn. Ct. App. June 12, 2006] (citing Eldridge, 42

S.W.3d at 85).

Accordingly, there is a specific process the trial court must follow when

limiting, suspending or terminating visitation. First, the trial court must make

a specific finding, based on definite evidence, that visitation would cause harm

to the child. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d at 85. After making this finding, the trial

court must then determine the least restrictive visitation plan as available and

practical. Bueno, 2006 WL 2106006, at *6. In determining the least

restrictive visitation plan, the trial court must make specific findings, based on

definite evidence, that any less restrictive visitation would be harmful to the

child. Id. The burden of proof on both the issue of harm and the least

restrictive visitation plan, is on the party seeking to restrict visitation. Id. In

making these determinations, the trial court must bear in mind that “it is the

public policy of the state of Tennessee that courts shall grant parenting time

with the non-custodial parent unless visitation will harm the child.” Kershaw

v. Kershaw, No. M2009-00151-COA-R3-CV [,2009 WL 4039262, at *3]

(Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 20, 2009) (emphasis added).

Rudd I, 2009 WL 4642582, at *7 (errors in original citations corrected in brackets). The

appellate court in Rudd I stated that Mother was required “to ‘demonstrate that there is

probable cause that the child will be placed at risk if visitation is permitted.’ ” Id. at *8

(quoting Bueno v. Todd, No. W2005-02164-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 2106006, at *6 (Tenn.

Ct. App. July 31, 2006)). It found expressly that the evidence in the appellate record, “as it

stands, . . . does not support a finding by ‘clear and definite’ evidence that complete denial

of visitation is the least restrictive plan available.” Rudd I, 2009 WL 4642582, at *9. The

appellate court’s directions to the trial court on remand were clear:

-7-
Upon rehearing, the trial court is directed to make specific findings, based on

clear and definite evidence that visitation would be harmful. The trial court

must then consider whether any visitation plan less restrictive than a complete

denial, is available in order to maintain the parent-child relationship, without

causing harm to [Daughter]. The trial court is to then develop the least

restrictive visitation plan available for [Daughter]. The trial court should

include the rights of the non-custodial parent as appropriate. The trial court

must keep in mind that while the welfare of the child is of paramount concern,

it is to adopt the least restrictive visitation plan available so as to foster the

parent-child relationship.

Id. at *9.

On remand, after conducting the mandated hearing, the trial court issued an order finding that

any type of visitation or contact between Father and Daughter would be “emotionally

harmful” to Daughter and “detrimental to her emotional welfare.” It required Mother to

obtain counseling for Daughter, and stated that if Daughter’s counseling resulted in

“recommendations for limited or restricted contact” between Father and Daughter, it would

reconsider. Thus, unlike the order appealed in Rudd I, on remand, the trial court made

express findings that any contact between Father and Daughter would be harmful.

Unfortunately, from our careful review of the record, this finding is in no way supported by

“clear and definite” evidence. The evidence in the record consists of the factual finding of

an incident in which Father inappropriately touched Daughter. This evidence was found in

the first appeal to be insufficient in and of itself to warrant a complete denial of parenting

time. In the hearing on remand, the only evidence added to the equation was Mother’s

testimony that Daughter rejected Father’s gift and note, as well as his Facebook friend

request, and that she becomes upset or angry when the topic of Father arises. That is the

totality of the evidence on which the trial court based its decision. Despite the fact that

Daughter was sixteen at the time of the hearing on remand, there was no testimony by

Daughter, no clear evidence in the record of Daughter’s thoughts or feelings about Father or

the prospect of any future relationship with Father, no opinion or recommendation by a

mental health professional, nothing that would amount to “clear and definite evidence” that

joint counseling for Father and Daughter, supervised visitation, written communication, or

other limited, controlled contact or efforts toward establishing contact would be emotionally

harmful to Daughter.

The requirement of clear and definite evidence to support a denial of any parenting time or

contact whatsoever is not a rote or mechanical requirement, a hoop for the trial court to jump

through. The stakes of an erroneous or unfounded decision are high. On one hand, if any

-8-
type of contact with Father would in fact be emotionally injurious to Daughter, then a court

order requiring such contact may have profound consequences to Daughter’s well-being. On

the other hand, eliminating any contact between Father and Daughter whatsoever “has the

practical effect of terminating the parent-child relationship,” and carries with it profound

consequences to both Father and Daughter.

The lack of clear and definite evidence in the record after remand presents this Court with

a dilemma. In any other type of case, we would simply hold that Mother, as the party seeking

extraordinary relief, did not meet her burden of proof, and did not rebut the presumption

against denying visitation to Father. See Rudd I, 2009 WL 4642582, at *7. However, given

the nature of the incident of inappropriate touching that occurred, Daughter’s age, the lack

of any counseling, joint or otherwise, for either Father or Daughter, the distance between

Daughter’s home and Father’s home, and the fact that Daughter is home-schooled, this Court

is in no position to order or implement a parenting plan for Father as to Daughter.

The prospect of remanding the case to the trial court below is dispiriting as well. The

directions on remand in Rudd I could not be more clear. Despite this, counsel for Mother

proffered evidence for the hearing that was weak indeed, patently insufficient to meet the

“clear and definite” standard. Despite this, the trial court accepted Mother’s evidence and

deemed it sufficient to justify a complete elimination of any contact between Father and

Daughter. There is no reason for this Court to believe that another remand to the trial judge

below would yield compliance with this Court’s directive in Rudd I.

This Court has held that “inferior courts must abide the orders, decrees and precedents of

higher courts.” Weston v. State, 60 S.W.3d 57, 59 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Irick, 906

S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tenn. 1995); Barger v. Brock, 535 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tenn. 1976)). When

a trial court receives a case that has been remanded, the trial court must strictly comply with

the appellate court's mandate, and typically lacks the power to deviate from the terms of the

appellate court’s mandate, absent either permission from the appellate court or extraordinary

circumstances. Silvey v. Silvey, No. E2003-00586-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 508481, at *3;

2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 167, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 16, 2004). “An appellate court may

. . . order reassignment of a case to a different judge in the exercise of the court’s inherent

power to administer the system of appeals and remand.” See 5 Am. Jur. 2d Appellate Review

§ 754 (2007). Some factors to be considered by an appellate court in deciding whether to

exercise its supervisory authority to reassign a case are: (1) whether on remand the trial

judge can be expected to follow the dictates of the appellate court; (2) whether reassignment

is advisable to maintain the appearance of justice; 3) whether reassignment risks undue waste

and duplication. Id. (citing United States v. Lyons, 472 F.3d 1055, 1071 (9th Cir. 2007)

(citing United States v. Peyton, 353 F.3d 1080, 1091 (9th Cir. 2003)). “In the rare case

where a judge has repeatedly adhered to an erroneous view after the error is called to his

-9-
attention . . . , reassignment to another judge may be advisable in order to avoid ‘an exercise

in futility in which the Court is merely marching up the hill only to march right down again.’

” Mahoney v. Loma Alta Prop. Owners Ass’n., Inc., No. 2100909, 2011 WL 5436274, at

*10 (Ala. Civ. App. Nov. 10, 2011) (quoting United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 452, 92

S.Ct. 589, 594 (1972) (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (internal citation omitted)). See also Bayer

v. Global Renaissance Arts, Inc., 898 So.2d 995, 996 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005) (“the trial

judge’s . . . resistance to follow[ing] this court’s prior mandate indicates an unwillingness to

follow our ruling in a fair and impartial manner,” so case reassigned to different trial judge.).

In the case at bar, it appears that the trial judge had difficulty putting his previous views and

findings aside and complying with the mandate on remand. We find as well that

reassignment to a different trial judge is advisable to preserve the appearance of justice.

Finally, reassigning this case to a different trial judge will not “entail ‘waste . . . out of

proportion to any gain in preserving the appearance of fairness.’ ” Mahoney, 2011 WL

5436274, at *10 (quoting United States v. White, 846 F.2d 678, 696 (11th Cir. 1988)).

Therefore, under the specific circumstances of this case, we find that reassignment to a

different trial judge is warranted and appropriate.

We affirm the trial court’s order insofar as it requires Mother to obtain counseling for

Daughter. The remainder of the trial court’s order is vacated, and the cause is remanded to

the presiding judge of the 24th Judicial District, with instructions to reassign this case to

another trial judge for a rehearing in compliance with Rudd I and this Opinion, and other

proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

CONCLUSION

The decision of the trial court is affirmed in part, vacated in part, and the cause is remanded

for reassignment and further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs on appeal are

assessed against Appellee Cassandra Lynn Rudd, for which execution may issue if necessary.

___________________________

HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE 

-10-