NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 07-4255

___________

BI XIA CHEN,

 Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

 

____________________________________

On Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

(Agency No. A77-297-056)

Immigration Judge: Honorable Eugene Pugliese

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

August 1, 2008

Before: AMBRO, FISHER and JORDAN, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: August 17, 2012)

___________

OPINION

___________

PER CURIAM

Petitioner Bi Xia Chen seeks review of a final order by the Board of Immigration 

Appeals (ABIA@). For the reasons that follow, we will deny Chen=s petition.
2

I. 

Chen is a citizen of China and a native of China=s Fujian Province. In June 2000, 

after conceding removability, she filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, 

and protection under the Convention Against Torture (ACAT@), claiming that she had been 

the victim of a forced abortion in China. After a hearing in April 2001, the IJ found Chen 

incredible, denied her application, and ordered her removal. On appeal, the BIA affirmed 

the IJ=s decision. Chen did not file a petition for review and did not depart the United 

States as ordered. She remained in the United States, had a child in June 2002, married a 

fellow Chinese citizen in April 2005, and had a second child in September 2005. 

Background

Chen filed a motion with the IJ in July 2006 seeking to file a successive asylum 

application or, in the alternative, to reopen her immigration proceedings based upon the 

births of her two United States citizen children. On August 25, 2006, the IJ dismissed the 

motion for lack of jurisdiction. 

Chen filed the same motion with the BIA and also appealed the IJ=s decision. The 

BIA denied Chen=s motion, affirmed the IJ=s decision, and dismissed her appeal. 

This petition for review followed.

II. 

We have jurisdiction over the petition for review pursuant to INA ' 242 [8 U.S.C. 

' 1252]. We review the BIA=s findings of fact for substantial evidence. 

Analysis

See INA 

' 242(b)(4)(B) [8 U.S.C. ' 1252(b)(4)(B)]. We review legal determinations de novo, 
3

subject to the principles of deference articulated in Chevron v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 

467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984). See Briseno-Flores v. Att=y Gen., 492 F.3d 226, 228 (3d Cir. 

2007). We review the BIA=s decision to deny Chen=s motion to reopen for abuse of 

discretion.1

 See Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556, 562 (3d Cir. 2004). We give the BIA=s 

decision Abroad deference,@ see Ezeagwuna v. Ashcroft, 325 F.3d 396, 409 (3d Cir. 

2003), and will uphold it unless it was Aarbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.@ Tipu v. 

INS

A.

, 20 F.3d 580, 582 (3d Cir. 1994). 

Generally, an individual may apply for asylum only once, and must do so within 

one year of arriving in the United States. See

Chen argues that INA ' 208 permits an applicant to file a second or successive 

asylum application based upon changed personal circumstances, such as the birth of 

United States citizen children. She contends that such a successive asylum application 

may be filed at any time after entry of a final removal order, without meeting the 

requirements that generally apply to motions to reopen immigration proceedings. 

INA '' 208(a)(2)(B), (C) [8 U.S.C. 

'' 1158(a)(2)(B), (C)]. However, the INA permits an exception Aif the alien 

demonstrates . . . the existence of changed circumstances which materially affect that 

applicant=s eligibility for asylum. . . .@ INA ' 208(a)(2)(D) [8 U.S.C. ' 1158(a)(2)(D)]. 

See

 

 1 Chen does not dispute the BIA=s affirmance of the IJ=s decision dismissing her 

motion for lack of jurisdiction. We therefore need not address the issue because it is 

waived. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 610 n.1 (3d Cir. 2005).
4

INA ' 240(c)(7) [8 U.S.C. ' 1229a(c)(7)] (generally permitting one motion to reopen, to 

be filed within ninety days of the final removal order, unless the motion is based upon 

changed country conditions); 8 C.F.R. ' 1003.2(c)(2) (same). 

Consistent with its precedent, the BIA rejected Chen=s proposed approach. See, 

e.g., In re: C-W-LWe accept the BIA=s approach. As we held in 

, 24 I&N Dec. 346, 351 (BIA 2007). The BIA concluded that, in order 

to read the provisions concerning successive asylum applications in harmony with the 

provisions concerning motions to reopen without rendering any portion of either statute 

superfluous, ASection 208(a)(2)(D) of the Act does not provide an independent basis for 

filing a late motion to reopen to apply for asylum without the showing of changed country 

conditions required by section 240(c)(7)(C) of the Act.@ BIA Decision at 2.

Liu v. Att=y Gen., 555 F.3d 145, 150 

(3d Cir. 2009), Awe defer to the BIA=s construction of the INA . . . that after completion of 

removal proceedings an alien must file an asylum application in conjunction with a 

motion to reopen and must meet the time and numerical limitations on motions to 

reopen.@ See also, e.g., Yuen Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143, 151 (2d Cir. 2008) 

(A[C]hanged personal circumstances are insufficient to excuse an alien from the 

procedural requirements of a motion to reopen.@). Chen is subject to a final removal order

and missed the ninety-day deadline for filing a motion to reopen. See INA 

' 240(c)(7)(C)(iii) [8 U.S.C. ' 1229a(c)(7)(C)(iii)]. Accordingly, the BIA appropriately 

rejected Chen=s motion to file a successive asylum application based solely upon changed 
5

personal circumstances without also meeting the requirements for filing an untimely 

motion to reopen. See Liu

B.

, 555 F.3d at 150; INA _ 240(c)(7)(C)(ii) [8 U.S.C. 

' 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii)]. 

Because she alternatively captioned her filing as a motion to reopen her removal 

proceedings, the BIA appropriately considered whether Chen successfully met the 

requirements for a motion to reopen. See Zheng v. Att=y Gen., 549 F.3d 260, 267-68 (3d 

Cir. 2008). To prevail on her otherwise untimely motion to reopen, Chen was required to 

show Achanged circumstances arising in the country of nationality@ through evidence that 

Ais material and was not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the 

previous hearing,@ which was held before the IJ in April 2001. See

The BIA considered whether Chen=s evidence supported a claim that conditions 

had materially changed for families returning to China with multiple children born 

outside of China.

8 C.F.R. 

' 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). 

2

 

 2 In her motion, Chen did not argue materially changed country conditions. Instead, 

she relied exclusively on her changed personal circumstances and argued that she should 

be entitled to reopening of her proceedings based upon an Aimplicit changed personal 

circumstances exception@ to the time limitation for reopening, and upon equitable tolling. 

We find no error in the BIA=s decision to reject both of these arguments. See BIA 

Decision at 2.

 As evidence in support of her motion, Chen provided the following: 

(1) a March 1995 INS profile entitled AFamily Planning Policy and Practice in the 
6

People=s Republic of China@; (2) a 2005 article entitled AHong Kong Pregnant woman 

Almost Had Forcible Abortion While Visiting Hunan Province@; (3) a 2003 

AAnnouncement of the Fall family Planning Campaign@ issued by Jieshi Township; and 

(4) two affidavits, dated may 2004 and January 2005, by demographer John Aird. See

The BIA adequately considered Chen=s proffered evidence and concluded that it 

was insufficient to establish the necessary material change in the Fujian province coercive 

population control policy since Chen=s last hearing in 2001. 

A.R. 37. 

Cf., Zheng, 549 F.3d at 268-

69. Citing its precedent, the BIA concluded that the majority of Chen=s supporting 

evidence, most particularly the Aird affidavits, had been previously considered and 

rejected as insufficient to demonstrate changed country conditions. See, e.g., Matter of JW-S-, 24 I&N Dec. 185, 191-92 (BIA 2007); Matter of C-CAfter a careful review of the record, we conclude that substantial evidence 

supports the BIA=s finding that Chen=s documentary evidence did not establish materially 

changed circumstances warranting reopening of her case.

, 23 I&N Dec. 899, 901-02 

(BIA 2006). The BIA did not find Chen=s remaining evidence persuasive, and therefore 

concluded that she did not meet the standard for reopening.

3

 

 3 In her motion, Chen relied upon our decision in Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556 (3d 

Cir. 2004), wherein we found that reopening was warranted based upon the alien=s 

personal change in circumstances (i.e., the birth of one child and a verified second 

pregnancy) and documented evidence, including the Aird affidavit, which was sufficient 

to establish prima facie eligibility for asylum. However, as the BIA correctly concluded, 

 Given the date of the 1995 
7

INS profile, this document clearly could have been discovered or presented at the 

previous hearing in April 2001. See 8 C.F.R. _ 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). The 2003 family 

planning document and the 2005 news article concern provinces other than Fujian 

Province (specifically, Hunan Province and Jieshi Township in Guangdong Province). 

Moreover, we fail to see that they contain any information sufficiently convincing to 

overcome the BIA=s conclusion, based upon recent State Department Reports, that the 

Chinese government does not have a national policy of requiring forced sterilization of a 

parent returning with children born outside of China. See Matter of J-W-S-, 24 I&N Dec. 

at 191. Finally, the value of the Aird affidavits repeatedly has been called into serious 

question both by this Court and by the BIA. See Zheng, 549 F.3d at 267 n.4 (AWe have 

rejected Aird=s position, as has the BIA.@ (citations omitted)).4

 

see BIA Decision at 2, n.1, Guo is distinguishable because the applicant timely filed a 

motion to reopen, and therefore was not limited by the Achanged country conditions@

exception set forth in 8 C.F.R. ' 1003.2(c)(3)(ii). 

 

 4 See also Liu v. Att=y Gen., 555 F.3d 145, 149-50 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting the BIA=s 

finding in J-W-S- that Athe Chinese government does not have a national policy of 

requiring forced sterilization of a parent who returns with a second child born outside of 

China.@); Yu v. Att=y Gen., 513 F.3d 346, 349 (3d Cir. 2008) (upholding the BIA=s 

conclusion that asylum applicants= claim relying upon the Aird affidavit was undermined 

by information in recent State Department Reports, which constitute substantial 

evidence); Matter of J-W-S-, 24 I&N at 189-90 (BIA 2007) (AWe therefore find that the 

evidence of record [primarily, two Aird affidavits] does not demonstrate that the Chinese 

Government has a national policy of requiring forced sterilization of parents who return 

with a second child born outside of China.@); In re C-C-, 23 I&N Dec. at 902-03 

(concluding, inter alia, that Athe affidavit . . . contains no evidence that returnees have 

been sterilized@ and that the 2005 State Department Report contradicts and is more 

persuasive than the Aird affidavit)
8

In her appellate brief, Chen attempts to bolster her claim by relying upon 

information in a 2005 State Department Country Report. That report does not appear in 

the administrative record; accordingly, we may not consider it.5

 See INA ' 242(b)(4)(A) 

[8 U.S.C. ' 1252(b)(4)(A)]; Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314, 331 (3d Cir. 2004) (AIt is 

a salutary principle of administrative law review that the reviewing court act upon a 

closed record.@). We note, however, that we have previously upheld the BIA=s conclusion 

that the 2005 State Department Report contradicts the Aird affidavit and sets forth 

substantial evidence that may undermine a petitioner=s asylum claim based upon coercive 

family planning practices in China. See, e.g., Yu, 513 F.3d at 348-49; see also In re: C-CBased upon the meager supporting evidence that Chen supplied, we cannot 

conclude that the BIA abused its discretion in denying the motion to reopen.

, 23 I&N Dec. at 902 (AWe also note that the latest documents on country conditions 

issued by the State Department [in 2005] conflict with the views of Dr. Aird.@).

6

 

 5 While we have specifically called upon the BIA to consider current country 

information where possible so that our Court may avoid review of administrative records 

Aso out-of-date as to verge on meaningless,@ we have not adopted the approach of 

considering new state department country reports if they were not considered by the BIA 

in the first instance. See Berishaj, 378 F.3d at 329-30.

 6 We note that the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has upheld a BIA decision 

denying a motion to reopen supported by substantially stronger evidence of relevant 

country conditions than Chen presented here, including government documents issued by 

Fujian Province concerning enforcement of its family planning policies. See Shao v. 

Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 170-71 (2d Cir. 2008)
9

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we will deny the petition for review.