COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

JAMES HELTON,

 Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

 Appellee.

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No. 08-13-00288-CR

Appeal from the

120th District Court

of El Paso County, Texas

(TC# 20110D03238)

O P I N I O N

Appellant James Helton was convicted of evading arrest or detention by use of a motor 

vehicle and sentenced to ten years’ confinement. On appeal, Appellant contends that the trial 

court abused its discretion in denying his motion for mistrial, that the evidence is insufficient to 

support his conviction, and that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

On the evening of July 13, 2011, El Paso Police Officers Martin Sanchez and Jesus Gomez

were patrolling in their marked patrol car when they observed a white vehicle with a defective tail 

light fail to timely signal its intent to turn and fail to completely stop at a stop sign. The officers 

attempted to initiate a traffic stop, but the driver would not stop.

A video recording of the officers’ efforts to initiate the traffic stop was introduced into 

evidence. The video shows a white car signaling a turn but failing to stop completely at a stop
2

sign. The left brake light of the vehicle also fails to fully illuminate. The video shows the 

officers activating the patrol car’s siren no less than five times without avail. During the pursuit, 

the vehicle fails to stop at a red traffic signal, but rather proceeds through the intersection by 

driving out of the traffic lanes onto the shoulder and around the stopped traffic. The vehicle fails 

to stop at two additional red traffic signals, and when it comes to another intersection completely

blocked by stopped traffic, the vehicle runs over the curb, travels through a convenience store 

parking lot, and exits onto Interstate 10.

After Officers Sanchez and Gomez had pursued the vehicle for approximately eight 

minutes, Officer Nicholas Chavez joined the pursuit and positioned his marked patrol car, with 

lights and siren activated, in front of the white car, which was now traveling in the center lane of 

Interstate 10. The vehicle then pulled into the left lane, and although Officer Chavez drove within 

a few feet of the passenger-side door of the vehicle for approximately twenty-five seconds, the 

driver did not stop. Officer Chavez testified that he was tasked with confirming who was driving 

the vehicle. He explained that the windows of the vehicle were not tinted and he was able to 

clearly view the interior of the vehicle as he pulled his patrol car up to it. Officer Chavez stated 

that he attempted to get Appellant’s attention during the pursuit, in part by shining his patrol car’s 

spotlight on Appellant’s dashboard, but Appellant refused to look at him and continued staring 

straight ahead.

The vehicle proceeded to pass and travel ahead of Officer Chavez’s patrol car, continuing

down the Interstate highway with both marked patrol cars in pursuit. Approximately six minutes 

later, the vehicle crashes, and an adult male jumps out and attempts to flee on foot across traffic on

Interstate 10, but is apprehended. The video recording shows only one person fleeing from the 
3

crashed white vehicle. That person is clearly identifiable in the video as he is apprehended while 

attempting to climb over the Interstate 10 median barrier.

During trial, the three officers identified Appellant as the sole occupant of the vehicle they 

had attempted to stop. Officers Gomez and Chavez testified that they observed Appellant driving 

the vehicle, and Officers Sanchez and Gomez testified that they never lost sight of Appellant’s 

vehicle. Officer Gomez testified that during the 17-18 mile pursuit he confirmed that Appellant 

had an outstanding arrest warrant.

DISCUSSION

Motion for Mistrial

In Issue One, Appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his

motion for mistrial based on speculative testimony by Officer Chavez.

In his interrogation by the State, Officer Chavez stated that when he had attempted to get 

Appellant’s attention during the pursuit by shining his patrol car’s spotlight on Appellant’s 

dashboard, Appellant refused to look at him and continued looking straight ahead. The State then 

asked Officer Chavez, “Was there any way [Appellant] could have missed you?” Officer Chavez 

responded, “No, ma’am.” Counsel for Appellant immediately objected based on speculation, and 

the trial court sustained the objection. Counsel asked for a jury instruction, and the trial court 

instructed the jury to “disregard the last question and answer.” Counsel then moved for a mistrial, 

which the trial court denied. Appellant contends that he was irrevocably prejudiced by the 

speculative testimony by Officer Chavez and that the instruction to disregard was ineffective. We 

disagree.

Standard of Review
4

A mistrial is an appropriate remedy in “extreme circumstances” for a narrow class of 

highly prejudicial and incurable errors. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex.Crim.App.

2009). We review the denial of a mistrial for an abuse of discretion. Id. We must uphold the 

ruling if it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. In determining whether a trial 

court abused its discretion by denying a mistrial, we balance three factors: (1) the severity of the 

misconduct (the magnitude of the prejudicial effect); (2) the effectiveness of the curative measures 

taken; and (3) the certainty of conviction or the punishment assessed absent the misconduct. 

Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004); Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259 

(Tex.Crim.App. 1998).

Analysis

As an initial matter, we note that immediately after the trial court denied Appellant’s 

motion for mistrial, the State then asked Officer Chavez whether he believed he was visible to 

Appellant, and he answered: “Yes. It was daylight and there was no possible way he could not 

see the police car.” Counsel for Appellant again objected based on speculation, which the trial 

court again sustained. And, the trial court, upon request, instructed the jury to disregard “the last 

part of that answer.” This time, however, Appellant did not request a mistrial.

In order to preserve error for appellate review, a defendant must pursue his complaint to the 

point of obtaining an adverse ruling. Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 69 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). 

When the trial court sustains the defendant’s objection, the defendant must request an instruction 

to disregard if such an instruction would cure the error, and, if that request is granted, he must 

move for a mistrial. Id. at 70; Cook v. State, 858 S.W.2d 467, 473 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993). Even 

if an instruction to disregard would not cure the error, the defendant still must request a mistrial. 
5

Young, 137 S.W.3d at 70. “It is well settled that when appellant has been given all the relief he 

requested at trial, there is nothing to complain of on appeal.” Cook, 858 S.W.2d at 473. Thus, 

Appellant cannot complain on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to grant 

mistrial based on Officer Chavez’s additional testimony that “there was no possible way he could 

not see the police car.”

Accordingly, in addressing the propriety of the trial court’s refusal to grant a mistrial, we 

limit our consideration to Officer Chavez’s single denial that there was no way Appellant could 

have missed him. Further, because the trial court sustained the objection, we will assume the 

testimony involved improper speculation. 

Appellant argues that he was “irrevocably prejudiced” because “the testimony placed 

before the jury was rank speculation that went to the heart of the case, that is, whether Appellant 

was aware that he was being chased by the police[.]” Appellant points out that Officer Chavez’s 

credibility was at issue since he had elsewhere testified that Appellant’s vehicle was dark-colored

with untinted windows, while the other officers testified that the vehicle was white1and were 

uncertain whether the windows were in fact tinted.

Appellant is correct that Officer Chavez’s assertion that Appellant must have seen him

directly contradicted a central defensive theme throughout trial that Appellant was not aware he 

was being pursued. We do note, however, that Chavez’s response to the question was a simple 

“no” without any elaboration, and the State did not directly attempt to elicit similar speculation. 

Further, the State’s indictment charged Appellant with fleeing from Officer Gomez and not from 

Officer Chavez, which mitigates any prejudicial effect to some extent. In final argument, 

however, the State referred to Officer Chavez’s testimony that Appellant was looking at him as he 

 

1 The video clearly shows that the vehicle being pursued was white.
6

drove beside the vehicle, which at least indirectly implicated Chavez’s speculation that Appellant 

must have seen him. In any event, the jury viewed the 20-minute video of the pursuit, and the

video clearly demonstrated Appellant was aware he was being pursued by Officers Sanchez and 

Gomez well before Officer Chavez joined in the pursuit, as evidenced by his driving the vehicle

through multiple red lights, driving around a stopped vehicle at one intersection, and jumping the 

curb at another, all in an attempt to evade arrest.

Appellant next summarily argues that because the speculative testimony was tied to 

whether he was aware that he was being pursued, the trial court’s curative instruction was 

ineffective. A trial court is required to grant a motion for a mistrial, however, only when the 

improper question is “clearly prejudicial to the defendant and is of such character as to suggest the 

impossibility of withdrawing the impression produced on the minds of the jurors.” Simpson v. 

State, 119 S.W.3d 262, 272 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003) (quoting Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2000)). The Court of Criminal Appeals has instructed that ordinarily, “a prompt 

instruction to disregard will cure error associated with an improper question and answer[.]” 

Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Further, on appeal, we generally 

presume the jury follows the trial court’s instructions in the manner presented. Thrift v. State, 176 

S.W.3d 221, 224 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005).

Prejudice is incurable only when the objectionable material is clearly calculated to inflame 

the minds of the jury or is of such a damaging character as to suggest it would be impossible to 

remove the harmful impression from the jurors’ minds. See Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (citations omitted); Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 567 (Tex.Crim.App.

1999). Because of the remedy’s extreme nature, a mistrial “should be granted only when residual 
7

prejudice remains after objections are sustained and curative instructions given.” Barnett v. State,

161 S.W.3d 128, 134 (Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2005), aff’d, 189 S.W.3d 272 (Tex.Crim.App.

2006); see also Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884–85.

We conclude that the objectionable question and answer were not so prejudicial or 

damning as to evade cure by the trial court’s instruction to disregard or to overcome the 

presumption that the jury followed the trial court’s instruction. The question and answer were but 

a small part of the evidence, and there was independent evidence demonstrating that Appellant was 

aware he was being pursued. Further, Officer Chavez’s answer was a simple “no” without 

elaboration, and the objection and instruction to disregard were immediate. Although the 

testimony was directly relevant to one of Appellant’s defensive theories, we conclude the prompt 

instruction to disregard was sufficient to cure any prejudice arising from the question and answer.

Appellant does not present any argument regarding the certainty of his conviction, the third 

factor we must consider. We observe, however, the strength of the evidence which supports 

Appellant’s conviction. This evidence included a start-to-finish, 20-minute video recording of 

the officers’ attempts to stop Appellant as he drove through intersections and red lights, around 

other cars and over a curb, all in an attempt to avoid arrest, indicating Appellant’s awareness of the 

pursuit. The video shows that the emergency lights on the patrol cars were activated and that the 

sirens were clearly audible. All three officers identified Appellant as the sole occupant and driver 

of the vehicle. Moreover, the video clearly depicts Appellant as the individual who exited the

vehicle and attempted to flee across the Interstate after the vehicle crashed.

While Officer Chavez’s speculation that Appellant must have seen him was relevant to a 

central defensive theory, the testimony was minimal and made without elaboration, and there was 
8

other evidence contrary to the defensive theory. Further, any error was not so prejudicial that it 

could not be cured by the trial court’s instruction to disregard, and the evidence of Appellant’s 

guilt was strong. Weighing all three relevant factors, we conclude the trial court’s ruling falls

within the zone of reasonable disagreement, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying Appellant’s motion for mistrial. See Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77. Issue One is 

overruled.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In Issue Two, Appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. 

In particular, Appellant argues the State failed to present any direct evidence he perpetrated the 

crime, but utilized instead circumstantial identification evidence that “did not sufficiently place 

Appellant behind the wheel of the suspect vehicle.” We disagree.

Standard of Review

In conducting our legal sufficiency review, we view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences 

therefrom, a rational juror could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a 

reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011) (citing Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)); Brooks v. State, 323 

S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). We recognize that “our role is not to become a 

thirteenth juror. This Court may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the record evidence 

and thereby substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder.” Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 

638 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) (quoting Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex.Crim.App.

1999)). Rather, we defer to the responsibility of the trier-of-fact to fairly resolve conflicts in 
9

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate 

facts. Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. 

This same standard applies equally to circumstantial and direct evidence. Id.; Laster v. 

State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517–18 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009). We determine only whether the necessary 

inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when 

viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16–17 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2007). Each fact is not required to point directly and independently to the guilt 

of the accused, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient 

to support the conviction. Id. at 13 (citing Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex.Crim.App.

1993)). Circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Guevara v. State, 152 

S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).

“Our role on appeal is restricted to guarding against the rare occurrence when a factfinder 

does not act rationally[.]” Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517; see Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638. We will 

uphold the verdict unless a rational fact finder must have had reasonable doubt as to any essential 

element. Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 517–18.

Analysis

A person commits the offense of evading arrest or detention “if he intentionally flees from 

a person he knows is a peace officer ... attempting lawfully to ... detain him.” TEX.PENAL CODE 

ANN. § 38.04(a) (West Supp. 2014). The offense is a third degree felony “if the actor uses a 

vehicle ... while the actor is in flight[.]” Id. at § 38.04(b)(2)(A). We measure the sufficiency of 

the evidence by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge.2 

 

2 A hypothetically correct jury charge accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not 

unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and 
10

Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009) (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 

234, 240 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997)). Under a hypothetically-correct jury charge in the present case, 

the State was required to prove that Appellant, using a motor vehicle, intentionally fled from 

Officer Jesus Gomez, whom Appellant knew to be a peace officer, while Gomez was lawfully 

attempting to detain Appellant.

Appellant’s sufficiency argument focuses on identity. Identification of the defendant as 

the person who committed the offense charged is an element of the offense the State must prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Rushing v. State, No. 08–05–00365–CR, 2007 WL 2405797, at *3 

(Tex.App. – El Paso Aug. 23, 2007, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication) (citing Miller v. 

State, 667 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984)); see McCullen v. State, 372 S.W.2d 693, 695 

(Tex.Crim.App. 1963) (the burden is on the State in any criminal prosecution to prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the accused committed the criminal act charged). Important to the present 

case, the identity of a perpetrator may be proven by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Earls 

v. State, 707 S.W.2d 82, 85 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986); Tilford v. State, No. 08–09–00154–CR, 2011 

WL 3273543, at *2 (Tex.App. – El Paso July 29, 2011, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication); 

Rushing, 2007 WL 2405797, at *3. We conclude that both the direct and circumstantial evidence 

presented in this case was sufficient to support a finding that Appellant was the individual “behind 

the wheel of the suspect vehicle.” 

The jury heard Officer Chavez testify that during the pursuit, he used the computer in his 

patrol car to retrieve an image of Appellant and then pulled his marked patrol car close to the 

 

adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Villarreal, 286 S.W.3d at 327. The 

law, as authorized by the indictment, means the statutory elements of the charged offense as modified by the charging 

instrument. See Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).
11

vehicle being pursued and saw Appellant driving the vehicle. This was direct evidence 

identifying Appellant as the perpetrator. See Aguilar v. State, 468 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex.Crim.App.

1971) (eyewitness testimony alone may be sufficient to support a guilty verdict); Davis v. State, 

177 S.W.3d 355, 359 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (“It is well established that a 

conviction may be based on the testimony of a single eyewitness.”). Further, both the testimonial 

and video evidence showed that no one else was in the vehicle with Appellant, that the officers 

never lost sight of the vehicle, and that Appellant was the only person who emerged from the 

crashed vehicle after the pursuit. This was circumstantial evidence that Appellant was the 

perpetrator. The jury could have reasonably inferred from the evidence that Appellant was the 

driver of the motor vehicle being pursued, and we defer to the jury’s conclusion.

Appellant argues that because Officer Chavez misidentified the vehicle as “dark-colored” 

when it was actually white, he thus “misidentified the perpetrator.” Officer Chavez’s testimony 

as to the color of the vehicle, however, did not destroy the probative value of his testimony that 

Appellant was driving the vehicle. It was simply relevant to his credibility. And, the credibility 

to be given Officer Chavez – as well as the resolution of any conflicting evidence regarding the 

color of the vehicle, whether the windows were tinted, and whether the vehicle from which 

Appellant emerged was the same vehicle that had originally been pursued – was solely within the 

province of the jury. Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638; Curry, 30 S.W.3d at 406 (any conflict in 

testimony was for the jury to resolve).

Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude the evidence was legally 

sufficient to permit a rational jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant was the driver 
12

of the vehicle being pursued and committed the offense of evading arrest or detention while using 

a motor vehicle. Issue Two is overruled.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In Issue Three, Appellant asserts his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate 

and pursue an insanity defense. The record shows that Appellant’s first defense counsel, Carole 

Powell of the El Paso County Public Defender’s Office, represented Appellant at the outset of his 

case and filed a notice of intent to employ an insanity defense “based on [Appellant’s] history of 

mental illness.” Powell subsequently filed a verified motion for continuance on July 22, 2013, 

citing her inability to be present for trial beginning on August 9, 2013. Nothing in the record 

indicates that the trial court ruled on the motion.

Powell’s colleagues, Robert Riley and Rafael Morales, represented Appellant at trial but 

did not pursue an insanity defense. After Appellant was convicted, Riley filed a motion seeking a 

new trial in the interest of justice and stating therein that the State was in agreement with the 

motion “as there is new evidence.” The record does not reveal that the trial court ruled on the 

motion, and it was thus overruled by operation of law. TEX.R.APP.P. 21.8(c). Riley thereafter 

filed a motion to withdraw as counsel based on an unidentified conflict of interest, and asked that 

the Public Defender and all her assistants be released as counsel of record.

Appellant supplemented the record on appeal with sealed mental health records. The 

supplemental record includes the trial court’s order that Appellant be examined for competency to 

stand trial, and two examination reports, each of which concluded that Appellant was competent to 

stand trial in this case.

3

 

3 Appellant sought to compel the District Clerk to supplement the record on appeal by including a competency 

examination report prepared in 2011 for use in another case. Noting that an appellant is not permitted to supplement 
13

Appellant now argues on appeal that he was insane at the time of the offense. He

complains that his two trial counsel should have investigated an insanity defense and were

ineffective for failing to provide Appellant the opportunity to present an insanity defense during 

the guilt-innocence phase of trial and for mitigation purposes during punishment.

Standard of Review and Need for a Developed Record

In order to sustain a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, the record must 

demonstrate that: (1) the trial counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of 

reasonableness; and (2) the defendant was thereby prejudiced by the trial counsel’s deficient 

performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688-89, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2065, 80 L.Ed.2d 

674 (1984). It is the defendant's burden to “prove by a preponderance of the evidence that 

counsel’s representation fell below the standard of prevailing professional norms, and that there is 

a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s deficiency the result of the trial would have been 

different.” McFarland v. State, 928 S.W.2d 482, 500 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996).

Review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential, and we must make every effort to 

eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight. Wood v. State, 4 S.W.3d 85, 87 (Tex.App. – Fort 

Worth 1999, pet. ref’d) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065). In addition, 

“[a]llegations of ineffective assistance of counsel must be firmly founded in the record because the 

reviewing court may not speculate about counsel’s trial strategy.” Wood, 4 S.W.3d at 87 (citing 

Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994)).

 

the appellate record with documents and evidence filed in another case which were not before the trial court or jury in 

the instant case, we denied Appellant’s motion to compel. Appellant has purportedly recited in his supplemental 

brief, in whole or in part, the report prepared for use in the other case. Because the report is not a part of the record on 

appeal, we wholly disregard it.
14

In part because of the need to ascertain trial counsel’s strategy, courts have long recognized 

that the record on direct appeal is generally insufficient to show that counsel’s performance was 

deficient under Strickland; consequently, ineffective assistance claims are usually best addressed 

by a post-conviction writ of habeas corpus. Lopez v. State, 80 S.W.3d 624, 630 (Tex.App. – Fort 

Worth 2002), aff’d, 108 S.W.3d 293 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003) (citing Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 

808, 813–14 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999)).

In the majority of instances, the record on direct appeal is “simply undeveloped” and 

cannot adequately reflect the failings of trial counsel or “explain any trial strategy” upon which 

counsel’s decisions may have been based. Id.; see also Kennedy v. State, 402 S.W.3d 796, 799 

(Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2013, pet ref’d), cert. denied, 135 S.Ct. 752 (2014) (“If counsel’s reasons 

for his conduct do not appear in the record and there is at least the possibility that the conduct could 

have been grounded in legitimate trial strategy, we will defer to counsel’s decisions and deny relief 

on an ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal.”); Hines v. State, 144 S.W.3d 90, 93 (Tex.App. 

– Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (“When the record is silent as to possible trial strategies undertaken by 

defense counsel, we will not speculate on the reasons for those strategies.”).

In the rare case, we may address and dispose of the claim on direct appeal if counsel’s 

ineffectiveness is apparent from the record. Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 808, 813 

(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). This is a difficult burden as the record must demonstrate that counsel’s 

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness as a matter of law, and that no 

reasonable trial strategy could justify trial counsel’s acts or omissions, regardless of his or her 

subjective reasoning. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. at 2066; Lopez v. State, 343 

S.W.3d 137, 143 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011).
15

Analysis

Appellant first claims the performance of his trial counsel was deficient because counsel 

should have investigated an insanity defense. The record shows that Appellant’s initial counsel 

filed a notice of intent to employ an insanity defense based on his history of mental illness.4 The 

record is silent, however, concerning whether, and to what extent, Appellant’s trial counsel 

investigated a possible insanity defense. We cannot assume that because the record is silent as to 

an attorney’s investigation of the insanity defense, he or she made no such investigation or that the 

investigation that was made was deficient. This was the lesson in Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 

53 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). There, the appellant complained of his trial counsel’s failure to pursue 

an insanity defense because of incomplete investigation, which he asserted was warranted due to a 

psychological report and testimony showing that appellant had consumed a large amount of beer 

and sniffed paint on the day of the offense. Id. at 57. Appellant, however, did not proffer any 

facts showing that trial counsel failed to thoroughly investigate an insanity defense. Id. 

Admitting that “this is often a difficult thing to do on direct appeal,” the Court of Criminal Appeals 

nonetheless overruled appellant’s ineffective assistance claim because they could not “assume that 

because a record is silent as to the depth of an attorney’s investigation of the insanity defense, he 

made no such investigation.” Id. Likewise, we cannot assume on a silent record that Appellant’s 

trial counsel failed to make any investigation into a possible insanity defense or that any 

investigation made was deficient.

 

4 Appellant also notes that his initial counsel designated an “Enrique Reyes, Phd.” as an expert witness, and 

subpoenaed hospital records. Appellant claims these indicate an ongoing investigation of his insanity defense by his 

initial counsel. The designation and subpoenas, however, do not show what the expert was to testify about or the 

purpose or content of the subpoenaed medical records.
16

Likewise, Appellant cannot show that because his trial counsel did not pursue an insanity 

defense at trial, their performance was deficient or that he thereby suffered prejudice. The 

affirmative defense of insanity may not be submitted to the jury unless evidence is admitted 

supporting the defense. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 8.01, 2.04(c) (West 2011). The 

defendant has the burden to establish the defense by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at § 

2.04(d). To establish legal insanity, the defendant must show that, at the time of the charged 

conduct, he suffered from a severe mental disease or defect which resulted in his not knowing that 

his conduct was wrong. Id. at § 8.01(a).

Appellant has not carried his burden to prove that representation by his trial counsel fell 

below an objective standard of reasonableness, because there is no evidence in the record showing

that Appellant committed the charged offense because he suffered from a mental disease or defect 

such that he did not know that his conduct was wrong. The only evidence in the record on this 

issue are two psychological reports concluding that Appellant was competent to stand trial. Thus, 

the record before us does not show Appellant’s counsel could have pursued or obtained the 

submission of an insanity defense at trial.

Even if we were to conclude that trial counsels’ performance was deficient, we do not find 

a reasonable probability that but for counsels’ deficiency the result of the trial would have been 

different. When insanity is alleged, the focus is on the mental state of the defendant at the time 

the crime is committed. Nelson v. State, 149 S.W.3d 206, 211–12 (Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2004, 

no pet.). Mere evidence of a mental disease alone is not sufficient to establish legal insanity; 

instead, the defendant must be mentally ill to the point that he did not know his conduct was 

wrong. Plough v. State, 725 S.W.2d 494, 500 (Tex.App. – Corpus Christi 1987, no pet.). Here, 
17

Appellant has pointed to nothing in the record that establishes insanity, much less that he was 

insane at the time of the offense. See Nutter v. State, 93 S.W.3d 130, 132 (Tex.App. – Houston 

[14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (finding that although appellant had a history of extensive psychological 

problems, that evidence alone was insufficient to establish legal insanity at the time of the offense). 

When there is no evidence that an appellant was insane at the time of the offense, a counsel’s 

failure to pursue such a defense cannot prejudice the defense. See Brown v. State, 129 S.W.3d 

762, 767 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.); Conrad v. State, 77 S.W.3d 424, 426–27 

(Tex.App. – Fort Worth 2002, pet. ref’d) (cases holding counsel’s failure to pursue an insanity 

defense did not prejudice the defense when despite history of mental illness, there was no evidence 

showing appellant’s insanity at the time of the offense). Accordingly, we reject Appellant’s claim 

of ineffective assistance of counsel. Issue Three is overruled.

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

STEVEN L. HUGHES, Justice

August 19, 2015

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Hughes, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)