II

106TH CONGRESS

1ST SESSION S. 1675

To provide for school dropout prevention, and for other purposes.

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

SEPTEMBER 30, 1999

Mr. BINGAMAN (for himself and Mr. REID) introduced the following bill; which

was read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education,

Labor, and Pensions

A BILL

To provide for school dropout prevention, and for other

purposes.

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘National Dropout Pre5 vention Act of 1999’’.

6 TITLE I—DROPOUT PREVENTION

7 SEC. 101. DROPOUT PREVENTION.

8 Part C of title V of the Elementary and Secondary

9 Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7261 et seq.) is amend10 ed to read as follows:
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1 ‘‘PART C—ASSISTANCE TO ADDRESS SCHOOL

2 DROPOUT PROBLEMS

3 ‘‘Subpart 1—Coordinated National Strategy

4 ‘‘SEC. 5311. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

5 ‘‘(a) NATIONAL PRIORITY.—It shall be a national pri6 ority, for the 5-year period beginning on the date of enact7 ment of the National Dropout Prevention Act of 1999, to

8 lower the school dropout rate, and increase school comple9 tion, for middle school and secondary school students in

10 accordance with Federal law. As part of this priority, all

11 Federal agencies that carry out activities that serve stu12 dents at risk of dropping out of school or that are intended

13 to help address the school dropout problem shall make

14 school dropout prevention a top priority in the agencies’

15 funding priorities during the 5-year period.

16 ‘‘(b) ENHANCED DATA COLLECTION.—The Secretary

17 shall collect systematic data on the participation of dif18 ferent racial and ethnic groups (including migrant and

19 limited English proficient students) in all Federal pro20 grams.

21 ‘‘SEC. 5312. NATIONAL SCHOOL DROPOUT PREVENTION

22 STRATEGY.

23 ‘‘(a) PLAN.—The Director shall develop, implement,

24 and monitor an interagency plan (in this section referred

25 to as the ‘plan’) to assess the coordination, use of re26 sources, and availability of funding under Federal law that
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1 can be used to address school dropout prevention, or mid2 dle school or secondary school reentry. The plan shall be

3 completed and transmitted to the Secretary and Congress

4 not later than 180 days after the first Director is ap5 pointed.

6 ‘‘(b) COORDINATION.—The plan shall address inter7 and intra-agency program coordination issues at the Fed8 eral level with respect to school dropout prevention and

9 middle school and secondary school reentry, assess the tar10 geting of existing Federal services to students who are

11 most at risk of dropping out of school, and the cost-effec12 tiveness of various programs and approaches used to ad13 dress school dropout prevention.

14 ‘‘(c) AVAILABLE RESOURCES.—The plan shall also

15 describe the ways in which State and local agencies can

16 implement effective school dropout prevention programs

17 using funds from a variety of Federal programs, including

18 the programs under title I of this Act and the School-to19 Work Opportunities Act of 1994.

20 ‘‘(d) SCOPE.—The plan will address all Federal pro21 grams with school dropout prevention or school reentry

22 elements or objectives, programs under title I of this Act,

23 the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994, part B of

24 title IV of the Job Training Partnership Act, subtitle C
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1 of title I of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, and

2 other programs.

3 ‘‘SEC. 5313. NATIONAL CLEARINGHOUSE.

4 ‘‘Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment

5 of the National Dropout Prevention Act of 1999, the Di6 rector shall establish a national clearinghouse on effective

7 school dropout prevention, intervention and reentry pro8 grams. The clearinghouse shall be established through a

9 competitive grant or contract awarded to an organization

10 with a demonstrated capacity to provide technical assist11 ance and disseminate information in the area of school

12 dropout prevention, intervention, and reentry programs.

13 The clearinghouse shall—

14 ‘‘(1) collect and disseminate to educators, par15 ents, and policymakers information on research, ef16 fective programs, best practices, and available Fed17 eral resources with respect to school dropout preven18 tion, intervention, and reentry programs, including

19 dissemination by an electronically accessible data20 base, a worldwide Web site, and a national journal;

21 and

22 ‘‘(2) provide technical assistance regarding se23 curing resources with respect to, and designing and

24 implementing, effective and comprehensive school
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1 dropout prevention, intervention, and reentry pro2 grams.

3 ‘‘SEC. 5314. NATIONAL RECOGNITION PROGRAM.

4 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall carry out a

5 national recognition program that recognizes schools that

6 have made extraordinary progress in lowering school drop7 out rates under which a public middle school or secondary

8 school from each State will be recognized. The Director

9 shall use uniform national guidelines that are developed

10 by the Director for the recognition program and shall rec11 ognize schools from nominations submitted by State edu12 cational agencies.

13 ‘‘(b) ELIGIBLE SCHOOLS.—The Director may recog14 nize any public middle school or secondary school (includ15 ing a charter school) that has implemented comprehensive

16 reforms regarding the lowering of school dropout rates for

17 all students at that school.

18 ‘‘(c) SUPPORT.—The Director may make monetary

19 awards to schools recognized under this section, in

20 amounts determined by the Director. Amounts received

21 under this section shall be used for dissemination activities

22 within the school district or nationally.
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1 ‘‘Subpart 2—National School Dropout Prevention

2 Initiative

3 ‘‘SEC. 5321. FINDINGS.

4 ‘‘Congress finds that, in order to lower dropout rates

5 and raise academic achievement levels, improved and rede6 signed schools must—

7 ‘‘(1) challenge all children to attain their high8 est academic potential; and

9 ‘‘(2) ensure that all students have substantial

10 and ongoing opportunities to—

11 ‘‘(A) achieve high levels of academic and

12 technical skills;

13 ‘‘(B) prepare for college and careers;

14 ‘‘(C) learn by doing;

15 ‘‘(D) work with teachers in small schools

16 within schools;

17 ‘‘(E) receive ongoing support from adult

18 mentors;

19 ‘‘(F) access a wide variety of information

20 about careers and postsecondary education and

21 training;

22 ‘‘(G) use technology to enhance and moti23 vate learning; and

24 ‘‘(H) benefit from strong links among mid25 dle schools, secondary schools, and postsec26 ondary institutions.
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1 ‘‘SEC. 5322. PROGRAM AUTHORIZED.

2 ‘‘(a) ALLOTMENTS TO STATES.—

3 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—From the sum made avail4 able under section 5332(b) for a fiscal year the Sec5 retary shall make an allotment to each State in an

6 amount that bears the same relation to the sum as

7 the amount the State received under title I for the

8 preceding fiscal year bears to the amount received

9 by all States under such title for the preceding fiscal

10 year.

11 ‘‘(2) DEFINITION OF STATE.—In this subpart,

12 the term ‘State’ means each of the several States of

13 the United States, the District of Columbia, the

14 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the United States

15 Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Com16 monwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Re17 public of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States

18 of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau.

19 ‘‘(b) GRANTS.—From amounts made available to a

20 State under subsection (a), the State educational agency

21 may award grants to public middle schools or secondary

22 schools, that have school dropout rates which are in the

highest 1 23 ⁄3 of all school dropout rates in the State, to en24 able the schools to pay only the startup and implementa25 tion costs of effective, sustainable, coordinated, and whole
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1 school dropout prevention programs that involve activities

2 such as—

3 ‘‘(1) professional development;

4 ‘‘(2) obtaining curricular materials;

5 ‘‘(3) release time for professional staff;

6 ‘‘(4) planning and research;

7 ‘‘(5) remedial education;

8 ‘‘(6) reduction in pupil-to-teacher ratios;

9 ‘‘(7) efforts to meet State student achievement

10 standards; and

11 ‘‘(8) counseling for at-risk students.

12 ‘‘(c) INTENT OF CONGRESS.—It is the intent of Con13 gress that the activities started or implemented under sub14 section (a) shall be continued with funding provided under

15 part A of title I.

16 ‘‘(d) AMOUNT.—

17 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection (d)

18 and except as provided in paragraph (2), a grant

19 under this subpart shall be awarded—

20 ‘‘(A) in the first year that a school receives

21 a grant payment under this subpart, in an

22 amount that is not less than $50,000 and not

23 more than $100,000, based on factors such

24 as—

25 ‘‘(i) school size;
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1 ‘‘(ii) costs of the model being imple2 mented; and

3 ‘‘(iii) local cost factors such as poverty

4 rates;

5 ‘‘(B) in the second such year, in an

6 amount that is not less than 75 percent of the

7 amount the school received under this subpart

8 in the first such year;

9 ‘‘(C) in the third year, in an amount that

10 is not less than 50 percent of the amount the

11 school received under this subpart in the first

12 such year; and

13 ‘‘(D) in each succeeding year in an amount

14 that is not less than 30 percent of the amount

15 the school received under this subpart in the

16 first such year.

17 ‘‘(2) INCREASES.—The Director shall increase

18 the amount awarded to a school under this subpart

19 by 10 percent if the school creates smaller learning

20 communities within the school and the creation is

21 certified by the State educational agency.

22 ‘‘(e) DURATION.—A grant under this subpart shall

23 be awarded for a period of 3 years, and may be continued

24 for a period of 2 additional years if the State educational

25 agency determines, based on the annual reports described
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1 in section 5328(a), that significant progress has been

2 made in lowering the school dropout rate for students par3 ticipating in the program assisted under this subpart com4 pared to students at similar schools who are not partici5 pating in the program.

6 ‘‘SEC. 5323. STRATEGIES AND ALLOWABLE MODELS.

7 ‘‘(a) STRATEGIES.—Each school receiving a grant

8 under this subpart shall implement research-based, sus9 tainable, and widely replicated, strategies for school drop10 out prevention and reentry that address the needs of an

11 entire school population rather than a subset of students.

12 The strategies may include—

13 ‘‘(1) specific strategies for targeted purposes;

14 and

15 ‘‘(2) approaches such as breaking larger schools

16 down into smaller learning communities and other

17 comprehensive reform approaches, creating alter18 native school programs, developing clear linkages to

19 career skills and employment, and addressing spe20 cific gatekeeper hurdles that often limit student re21 tention and academic success.

22 ‘‘(b) ALLOWABLE MODELS.—The Director shall an23 nually establish and publish in the Federal Register the

24 principles, criteria, models, and other parameters regard25 ing the types of effective, proven program models that are
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1 allowed to be used under this subpart, based on existing

2 research.

3 ‘‘(c) CAPACITY BUILDING.—

4 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director, through a

5 contract with a non-Federal entity, shall conduct a

6 capacity building and design initiative in order to in7 crease the types of proven strategies for dropout

8 prevention on a schoolwide level.

9 ‘‘(2) NUMBER AND DURATION.—

10 ‘‘(A) NUMBER.—The Director shall award

11 not more than 5 contracts under this sub12 section.

13 ‘‘(B) DURATION.—The Director shall

14 award a contract under this section for a period

15 of not more than 5 years.

16 ‘‘(d) SUPPORT FOR EXISTING REFORM NET17 WORKS.—

18 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director shall provide

19 appropriate support to eligible entities to enable the

20 eligible entities to provide training, materials, devel21 opment, and staff assistance to schools assisted

22 under this subpart.

23 ‘‘(2) DEFINITION OF ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—The

24 term ‘eligible entity’ means an entity that, prior to
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1 the date of enactment of the National Dropout Pre2 vention Act of 1999—

3 ‘‘(A) provided training, technical assist4 ance, and materials to 100 or more elementary

5 schools or secondary schools; and

6 ‘‘(B) developed and published a specific

7 educational program or design for use by the

8 schools.

9 ‘‘SEC. 5324. SELECTION OF SCHOOLS.

10 ‘‘(a) SCHOOL APPLICATION.—

11 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Each school desiring a

12 grant under this subpart shall submit an application

13 to the State educational agency at such time, in

14 such manner, and accompanied by such information

15 as the State educational agency may require.

16 ‘‘(2) CONTENTS.—Each application submitted

17 under paragraph (1) shall—

18 ‘‘(A) contain a certification from the local

19 educational agency serving the school that—

20 ‘‘(i) the school has the highest number

21 or rates of school dropouts in the age

22 group served by the local educational agen23 cy;

24 ‘‘(ii) the local educational agency is

25 committed to providing ongoing oper-
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1 ational support, for the school’s com2 prehensive reform plan to address the

3 problem of school dropouts, for a period of

4 5 years; and

5 ‘‘(iii) the local educational agency will

6 support the plan, including—

7 ‘‘(I) release time for teacher

8 training;

9 ‘‘(II) efforts to coordinate activi10 ties for feeder schools; and

11 ‘‘(III) encouraging other schools

12 served by the local educational agency

13 to participate in the plan;

14 ‘‘(B) demonstrate that the faculty and ad15 ministration of the school have agreed to apply

16 for assistance under this subpart, and provide

17 evidence of the school’s willingness and ability

18 to use the funds under this subpart, including

19 providing an assurance of the support of 80

20 percent or more of the professional staff at the

21 school;

22 ‘‘(C) describe the instructional strategies

23 to be implemented, how the strategies will serve

24 all students, and the effectiveness of the strate25 gies;
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1 ‘‘(D) describe a budget and timeline for

2 implementing the strategies;

3 ‘‘(E) contain evidence of interaction with

4 an eligible entity described in section

5 5323(d)(2);

6 ‘‘(F) contain evidence of coordination with

7 existing resources;

8 ‘‘(G) provide an assurance that funds pro9 vided under this subpart will supplement and

10 not supplant other Federal, State, and local

11 funds;

12 ‘‘(H) describe how the activities to be as13 sisted conform with an allowable model de14 scribed in section 5323(b); and

15 ‘‘(I) demonstrate that the school and local

16 educational agency have agreed to conduct a

17 schoolwide program under 1114.

18 ‘‘(b) STATE AGENCY REVIEW AND AWARD.—The

19 State educational agency shall review applications and

20 award grants to schools under subsection (a) according to

21 a review by a panel of experts on school dropout preven22 tion.

23 ‘‘(c) CRITERIA.—The Director shall establish clear

24 and specific selection criteria for awarding grants to

25 schools under this subpart. Such criteria shall be based
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1 on school dropout rates and other relevant factors for

2 State educational agencies to use in determining the num3 ber of grants to award and the type of schools to be award4 ed grants.

5 ‘‘(d) ELIGIBILITY.—A school is eligible to receive a

6 grant under this subpart if the school is—

7 ‘‘(1) a public school (including a public alter8 native school)—

9 ‘‘(A) that is eligible to receive assistance

10 under part A of title I, including a comprehen11 sive secondary school, a vocational or technical

12 secondary school, and a charter school; and

13 ‘‘(B)(i) that serves students 50 percent or

14 more of whom are low-income individuals; or

15 ‘‘(ii) with respect to which the feeder

16 schools that provide the majority of the incom17 ing students to the school serve students 50

18 percent or more of whom are low-income indi19 viduals; or

20 ‘‘(2) participating in a schoolwide program

21 under section 1114 during the grant period.

22 ‘‘(e) COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS.—A school

23 that receives a grant under this subpart may use the grant

24 funds to secure necessary services from a community25 based organization, including private sector entities, if—
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1 ‘‘(1) the school approves the use;

2 ‘‘(2) the funds are used to provide school drop3 out prevention and reentry activities related to

4 schoolwide efforts; and

5 ‘‘(3) the community-based organization has

6 demonstrated the organization’s ability to provide ef7 fective services as described in section 107(a) of the

8 Job Training Partnership Act, or section 122 of the

9 Workforce Investment Act of 1998.

10 ‘‘(f) COORDINATION.—Each school that receives a

11 grant under this subpart shall coordinate the activities as12 sisted under this subpart with other Federal programs,

13 such as programs assisted under chapter 1 of subpart 2

14 of part A of title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965

15 and the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994.

16 ‘‘SEC. 5325. DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES.

17 ‘‘Each school that receives a grant under this subpart

18 shall provide information and technical assistance to other

19 schools within the school district, including presentations,

20 document-sharing, and joint staff development.

21 ‘‘SEC. 5326. PROGRESS INCENTIVES.

22 ‘‘Notwithstanding any other provision of law, each

23 local educational agency that receives funds under title I

24 shall use such funding to provide assistance to schools

25 served by the agency that have not made progress toward
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1 lowering school dropout rates after receiving assistance

2 under this subpart for 2 fiscal years.

3 ‘‘SEC. 5327. SCHOOL DROPOUT RATE CALCULATION.

4 ‘‘For purposes of calculating a school dropout rate

5 under this subpart, a school shall use—

6 ‘‘(1) the annual event school dropout rate for

7 students leaving a school in a single year determined

8 in accordance with the National Center for Edu9 cation Statistics’ Common Core of Data, if available;

10 or

11 ‘‘(2) in other cases, a standard method for cal12 culating the school dropout rate as determined by

13 the State educational agency.

14 ‘‘SEC. 5328. REPORTING AND ACCOUNTABILITY.

15 ‘‘(a) REPORTING.—In order to receive funding under

16 this subpart for a fiscal year after the first fiscal year a

17 school receives funding under this subpart, the school shall

18 provide, on an annual basis, to the Director a report re19 garding the status of the implementation of activities

20 funded under this subpart, the disaggregated outcome

21 data for students at schools assisted under this subpart

22 such as dropout rates, and certification of progress from

23 the eligible entity whose strategies the school is imple24 menting.
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1 ‘‘(b) ACCOUNTABILITY.—On the basis of the reports

2 submitted under subsection (a), the Director shall evaluate

3 the effect of the activities assisted under this subpart on

4 school dropout prevention compared to a control group.

5 ‘‘SEC. 5329. PROHIBITION ON TRACKING.

6 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—A school shall be ineligible to re7 ceive funding under this subpart for a fiscal year, if the

8 school—

9 ‘‘(1) has in place a general education track;

10 ‘‘(2) provides courses with significantly dif11 ferent material and requirements to students at the

12 same grade level; or

13 ‘‘(3) fails to encourage all students to take a

14 core curriculum of courses.

15 ‘‘(b) REGULATIONS.—The Secretary shall promul16 gate regulations implementing subsection (a).

17 ‘‘Subpart 3—Definitions; Authorization of

18 Appropriations

19 ‘‘SEC. 5331. DEFINITIONS.

20 ‘‘In this Act:

21 ‘‘(1) DIRECTOR.—The term ‘Director’ means

22 the Director of the Office of Dropout Prevention and

23 Program Completion established under section 220

24 of the General Education Provisions Act.
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1 ‘‘(2) LOW-INCOME.—The term ‘low-income’,

2 used with respect to an individual, means an indi3 vidual determined to be low-income in accordance

4 with measures described in section 1113(a)(5).

5 ‘‘(3) SCHOOL DROPOUT.—The term ‘school

6 dropout’ has the meaning given the term in section

7 4(17) of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of

8 1994.

9 ‘‘SEC. 5332. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

10 ‘‘(a) SUBPART 1.—There are authorized to be appro11 priated to carry out subpart 1, $5,000,000 for fiscal year

12 2000 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the

13 4 succeeding fiscal years.

14 ‘‘(b) SUBPART 2.—There are authorized to be appro15 priated to carry out subpart 2, $145,000,000 for fiscal

16 year 2000 and such sums as may be necessary for each

17 of the 4 succeeding fiscal years, of which—

18 ‘‘(1) $125,000,000 shall be available to carry

19 out section 5322; and

20 ‘‘(2) $20,000,000 shall be available to carry out

21 section 5323.’’.

22 SEC. 102. OFFICE OF DROPOUT PREVENTION AND PRO23 GRAM COMPLETION.

24 Title II of the Department of Education Organization

25 Act (20 U.S.C. 3411) is amended—
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1 (1) by redesignating section 216 (as added by

2 Public Law 103–227) as section 218; and

3 (2) by adding at the end the following:

4 ‘‘OFFICE OF DROPOUT PREVENTION AND PROGRAM

5 COMPLETION

6 ‘‘SEC. 220. (a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There shall be in

7 the Department of Education an Office of Dropout Pre8 vention and Program Completion (hereafter in this section

9 referred to as the ‘Office’), to be administered by the Di10 rector of the Office of Dropout Prevention and Program

11 Completion. The Director of the Office shall report di12 rectly to the Secretary and shall perform such additional

13 functions as the Secretary may prescribe.

14 ‘‘(b) DUTIES.—The Director of the Office of Dropout

15 Prevention and Program Completion (hereafter in this

16 section referred to as the ‘Director’), through the Office,

17 shall—

18 ‘‘(1) help coordinate Federal, State, and local

19 efforts to lower school dropout rates and increase

20 program completion by middle school, secondary

21 school, and college students;

22 ‘‘(2) recommend Federal policies, objectives,

23 and priorities to lower school dropout rates and in24 crease program completion;
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1 ‘‘(3) oversee the implementation of subpart 2 of

2 part C of title V of the Elementary and Secondary

3 Education Act of 1965;

4 ‘‘(4) develop and implement the National

5 School Dropout Prevention Strategy under section

6 5312 of the Elementary and Secondary Education

7 Act of 1965;

8 ‘‘(5) annually prepare and submit to Congress

9 and the Secretary a national report describing ef10 forts and recommended actions regarding school

11 dropout prevention and program completion;

12 ‘‘(6) recommend action to the Secretary and the

13 President, as appropriate, regarding school dropout

14 prevention and program completion; and

15 ‘‘(7) consult with and assist State and local

16 governments regarding school dropout prevention

17 and program completion.

18 ‘‘(c) SCOPE OF DUTIES.—The scope of the Director’s

19 duties under subsection (b) shall include examination of

20 all Federal and non-Federal efforts related to—

21 ‘‘(1) promoting program completion for children

22 attending middle school or secondary school;

23 ‘‘(2) programs to obtain a secondary school di24 ploma or its recognized equivalent (including general
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1 equivalency diploma (GED) programs), or college

2 degree programs; and

3 ‘‘(3) reentry programs for individuals aged 12

4 to 24 who are out of school.

5 ‘‘(d) DETAILING.—In carrying out the Director’s du6 ties under this section, the Director may request the head

7 of any Federal department or agency to detail personnel

8 who are engaged in school dropout prevention activities

9 to another Federal department or agency in order to im10 plement the National School Dropout Prevention Strat11 egy.’’.

12 TITLE II—STATE

13 RESPONSIBILITIES

14 SEC. 201. STATE RESPONSIBILITIES.

15 Title XIV of the Elementary and Secondary Edu16 cation Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended

17 by adding at the end the following:

18 ‘‘PART I—DROPOUT PREVENTION

19 ‘‘SEC. 14851. DROPOUT PREVENTION.

20 ‘‘In order to receive any assistance under this Act,

21 a State educational agency shall comply with the following

22 provisions regarding school dropouts:

23 ‘‘(1) UNIFORM DATA COLLECTION.—Within 1

24 year after the date of enactment of the National

25 Dropout Prevention Act of 1999, a State educational
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1 agency shall report to the Secretary and statewide,

2 all school district and school data regarding school

3 dropout rates in the State, and demographic break4 downs, according to procedures that conform with

5 the National Center for Education Statistics’ Com6 mon Core of Data.

7 ‘‘(2) ATTENDANCE-NEUTRAL FUNDING POLI8 CIES.—Within 2 years after the date of enactment

9 of the National Dropout Prevention Act of 1999, a

10 State educational agency shall develop and imple11 ment education funding formula policies for public

12 schools that provide appropriate incentives to retain

13 students in school throughout the school year, such

14 as—

15 ‘‘(A) a student count methodology that

16 does not determine annual budgets based on at17 tendance on a single day early in the academic

18 year; and

19 ‘‘(B) specific incentives for retaining en20 rolled students throughout each year.

21 ‘‘(3) SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION POLICIES.—

22 Within 2 years after the date of enactment of the

23 National Dropout Prevention Act of 1999, a State

24 educational agency shall develop uniform, long-term

25 suspension and expulsion policies for serious infrac-
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1 tions resulting in more than 10 days of exclusion

2 from school per academic year so that similar viola3 tions result in similar penalties.’’.

Æ