1The Honorable Roger L. Wollman succeeded the Honorable Pasco M.

Bowman as Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit

at the end of the day on April 23, 1999.

2The Honorable John R. Tunheim, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota, sitting by designation.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 98-1450

___________

Rosemary Dodd, *

*

Appellant, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Eastern District of Missorui

Marvin Runyon, Secretary, *

United States Postal Service, *

*

Appellee. *

___________

Submitted: January 14, 1999

Filed: June 2, 1999 

___________

Before WOLLMAN1, FLOYD R. GIBSON, Circuit Judges, and TUNHEIM,2 District

Judge

___________

TUNHEIM, District Judge.
3The Honorable Carol E. Jackson, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

–2–

Rosemary Dodd appeals from the district court’s3 order granting judgment as

a matter of law in favor of appellee Marvin Runyon, Postmaster General of the United

States Postal Service (“the Postal Service”), on her claims of sex and age

discrimination in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.

§§ 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”), the Age Discrimination and Employment Act of 1967

(“the ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq., and the Missouri Human Rights Act

(“MHRA”), Mo. Rev. Stat. § 213.010. We affirm.

I.

Dodd, a part-time employee of the Wellsville, Missouri Post Office filed this

action pro se in the Eastern District of Missouri on February 22, 1994. In 1995 she

retained counsel to represent her in bringing her claims. The case came to focus on

a promotion Dodd alleged she was denied based on her sex and age, in violation of

Title VII, the ADEA, and the MHRA. On March 4, 1996, the district court granted

summary judgment in favor of the Postal Service. Specifically, the court found that

Dodd had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination because she had no

seniority in the “carrier craft” and therefore was not qualified for the promotion.

Dodd appealed.

On May 23, 1997, we reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment

and remanded for further proceedings. See Dodd v. Runyon, 114 F.3d 726 (8th Cir.

1997) (“Dodd I”). We held, after reviewing the record on appeal, that there was a

genuine factual dispute whether the Wellsville post office had hired Dodd as a carrier,

and thus, whether she was qualified for the promotion she sought. Id. at 730. We

further held that Dodd had presented sufficient evidence to create a genuine dispute

of material fact as to whether the Postal Service’s proffered reason for denying Dodd
–3–

the promotion – her lack of seniority in the carrier craft – was a pretext for intentional

discrimination. We stated as follows:

Given the conflicting messages the Postal Service sent regarding Dodd’s

craft assignment, a reasonable jury could infer that the Postal Service in

Wellsville administered its seniority system in an irregular and arbitrary

manner as a pretext for intentional discrimination. One could

reasonably infer that it is irregular and arbitrary to tell an employee she

is a carrier or a clerk/carrier, pay her dues to the [National Association

of Letter Carriers], complete paperwork describing her as a carrier, a

clerk, and a clerk/carrier, assign her work performed by both clerks and

carriers, and then deny her a promotion on the grounds that she is not a

carrier. It follows that a reasonable jury could find that the Postal

Service promoted a younger man not because of the operation of a bona

fide seniority system, but because of an intent to discriminate based on

sex or age.

Id. at 730-31. We noted, however, in remanding the case to the district court, that

Dodd had not raised properly the question of whether the Postal Service discriminated

against her when it assigned her to the clerk craft, assuming that it did so when she

was first hired. See id. at 731.

Following remand, the court bifurcated the case. Dodd’s sex discrimination

claim was tried to a jury. Thereafter, the court heard additional evidence on her age

claim. 

At trial, Dodd testified that she began working at the Wellsville post office in

1978. The Wellsville office was small, employing only six to eight people. Dodd

was the first woman to work in the office. According to Dodd, George Lipscomb, the

Wellsville postmaster who hired her, told her that she was being hired to carry mail.

Dodd’s first assignment was to carry mail during times – in particular, Saturdays –

when the regular carriers were not working. She then was assigned both clerking and

carrying duties, as were some of the other employees who worked with her. 
4

Indeed, some male employees in the Wellsville office had similar impressions

about their designation; for example, two male employees testified that they thought

they were hired as “clerk carriers.” 

5Dodd’s original Form 50 was missing from her personnel file. She contends

that John Dodson, a later postmaster, designated her as a clerk on her Form 50s and

other records to ensure that she would not get a later promotion in the carrier craft.

–4–

Dodd insists that she was hired as a part-time “substitute carrier and clerk” or

“clerk carrier.” While the term “clerk carrier” apparently was used frequently in

Wellsville,4 the Postal Service does not consider “clerk-carrier” to be an official

position or “craft,” and the human relations specialists in St. Louis did not recognize

it. Dodd’s “Form 50s" (Notification of Personnel Action), which record her

appointment, state that she was a “Distribution and Window Clerk.”5 A few other

documents used in her personnel file, however, such as her 1983 Duty Assignment

Notice/Confirmation of Assignment form, identified Dodd as a clerk carrier or

substitute clerk carrier. Dodd’s belief that she was a carrier is further supported by

her membership and participation in the National Association of Letter Carriers,

which she joined in 1980, rather than in the American Postal Workers Union, which

represents postal employees other than carriers. 

The Wellsville post office has two mail routes: “City Route 1,” serviced by a

full-time carrier, and the “auxiliary route,” serviced by a part-time carrier who also

assists in sorting mail. Curtis Peery was the Route 1 carrier in Wellsville at the time

Dodd was hired. From 1982 through 1990, Robert Bastean was the auxiliary route

carrier. 

John Dodson, who replaced Lipscomb as Wellsville’s postmaster, hired Paul

Johnson in 1987. Johnson was hired to do the same job that Dodd had originally

performed – carrying mail on Saturdays. However, he was classified as an entry level

carrier, rather than as some type of clerk. 
6The code on Johnson’s time card was different, indicating to Oliver that he

was a carrier. Oliver further testified that when either Dodd or Johnson would

perform duties outside of their own craft, they would submit “utility” time cards,

which were a different color.

7Dodd likewise was not aware of the contents of her personnel file – including

her classification as a clerk on the Form 50s – until the promotion issue arose in 1989.

–5–

When Bastean announced his retirement in 1989, Dodd sought his auxiliary

route position. By that time, Robert Oliver had replaced Dodson as postmaster.

Oliver questioned whether Dodd was eligible for the position because he thought she

was classified as a clerk. Oliver testified that he knew Dodd was a clerk because, in

his view, the code on the time cards she submitted indicated that she was a member

of the clerk craft, rather than the carrier craft.6 He stated that he never reviewed

Dodd’s personnel file to confirm that she indeed was a clerk, and he did not rely on

any paperwork in the file in determining her designation.7

He informed Dodd that she might not be eligible and that he would have to

check with John Dryden, a regional, “training” postmaster. Oliver talked to Dryden

and to Sheryl Dolde, a postal employee in the St. Louis office with significant

experience in Postal Service personnel matters. Dolde told Oliver that he could not

promote Dodd. Dolde testified at trial that she remembered Oliver’s call regarding

the auxiliary route promotion:

He stated that he had a vacancy in his office; and that he had a clerk that

he wanted to put into the position. But what I found out is that it was a

carrier position. He told me it was a carrier position. I said, “Definitely

Not.”

Dolde further stated that Oliver could not promote Dodd to the carrier position

because that would be “changing crafts . . . [a]nd you have to go by the guidelines,
8Dolde testified that she works with Postal Service personnel and the unions

representing post office employees in implementing the various labor agreements that

govern many aspects of the workplace. The joint collective bargaining agreement in

place at the time – which is national in scope – set forth the rules and other terms

regarding crafts, seniority, and promotions. For example, the agreement provides that

a craft employee meeting the qualifications for another position within the craft shall

be given first priority for the position. According to Dolde, this and the other

guidelines she interprets to instruct managers on personnel decisions do not vary by

region or locality. 

9Oliver also testified that he did not believe that he had the option of classifying

the auxiliary route position as a clerk position.

10Oliver testified that Evans was to perform the same type of duties that Dodd

was hired to perform twelve years earlier. He classified Evans as a carrier, rather than

a “clerk carrier,” because Postal Service personnel in St. Louis had informed him that

he had to choose between the clerk or carrier designations, and Evans’ duties were

to be primarily carrier duties. 

–6–

and we can’t change crafts.”8 Dolde also testified, on cross-examination, that a

postmaster could not change an employee’s craft without the employee’s knowledge.9

After Oliver completed his inquiries, he told Dodd that she could not have

Bastean’s position because she was classified as a clerk. He gave the position to

Johnson instead because he was classified as a carrier. Thereafter, Oliver offered

Johnson’s carrier position to Dodd. Dodd declined because changing crafts would

mean that she would begin in the carrier craft with no seniority and because she had

filed a claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and did not want

to compromise it. Oliver then hired Paul Evans, making him next in line for the

auxiliary route position, which Johnson left in 1994.10 

On January 15, 1998, at the conclusion of the evidence, the district court

granted judgment as a matter of law in favor of the Postal Service on Dodd’s sex

discrimination claim, concluding that Dodd has offered no evidence that would
–7–

suggest the decision maker who failed to promote her (Oliver) acted with

discriminatory animus. The court reasoned that this holding was not in conflict with

our previous determination because it was based on the evidence adduced at trial and

because, even if there existed a potential fact dispute with regard to pretext, no

reasonable jury could infer that Dodd’s gender actually was the motivating factor in

Oliver’s denial of her promotion. On the contrary, Oliver simply acted according to

the seniority rules that applied to Dodd, who he believed was classified as a member

of the clerk craft, not the carrier craft. The court went on to state that the younger

males who were promoted were not so classified, that Dodd has not shown that she

was eligible for promotion in the carrier craft, and that there is nothing else in the

record that suggests Oliver acted with a discriminatory motive. Finally, the court

noted that the confusion surrounding Dodd’s classification and her expectations do

not establish that she was treated differently than similarly situated males, nor that her

gender was a motivating factor in the denial of her promotion. 

The next day, the court heard evidence on Dodd’s age discrimination claim.

For similar reasons, the court concluded that Dodd had failed to meet her burden of

proof as a matter of law, and granted judgment in favor of the Postal Service at the

conclusion of Dodd’s evidence. This appeal followed. 

II.

We review de novo the district court’s decision to grant judgment as a matter

of law. Schulz v. Long, 44. F.3d 643, 647 (8th Cir. 1995). “Judgment as a matter of

law is appropriate only when the nonmoving party fails to present enough evidence

to permit a reasonable jury to decide in [her] favor.” Gardner v. Buerger, 82 F.3d

248, 251 (8th Cir. 1996). We must give the nonmoving party the benefit of all

reasonable inferences, and we look at the evidence in the light most favorable to her.

Id. “The evidence must point unswervingly to only one reasonable conclusion.” Id.
–8–

(quoting Johnson v. Cowell Steel Structures, Inc., 991 F.2d 474, 478 (8th Cir. 1993)).

As we stated in our previous opinion, the familiar burden-shifting analysis set

forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 801-04 (1973), applies to

Dodd’s claims. See Dodd I, 114 F.3d at 730. We held, given the record before us at

the time, that Dodd had adduced sufficient evidence to raise a fact question with

regard to whether she was qualified for the position of auxiliary carrier, and hence,

could establish a prima facie case of discrimination. See id. We also held that after

the Postal Service had come forward with a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

choosing to promote a younger male rather than Dodd, she had adduced sufficient

evidence to call into question whether this proffered reason – seniority in the carrier

craft – was pretextual. See id. at 730-31. At that stage of the proceedings, those fact

disputes apparent in the record were sufficient to preclude summary judgment. See

id;see also Ryther v. KARE 11, 108 F.3d 832, 837 (8th Cir.) (en banc) (stating that the

elements of the prima facie case of discrimination combined with evidence of pretext

may permit a jury to find for the plaintiff), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 2510 (1997). 

Now, however, with the benefit of a fully developed trial record, we agree with

the district court that, viewing all the evidence adduced at trial in the light most

favorable to Dodd, no reasonable jury could infer that Oliver denied Dodd the

promotion because of her sex or age. At trial, Dodd produced no evidence

demonstrating that Oliver’s reason for denying her the promotion – his understanding

that she was a clerk and confirmation by postal officials outside of Wellsville that he

could not promote her because she was not a member of the carrier craft – was

pretextual. Likewise, Dodd failed to satisfy her ultimate burden of adducing

sufficient evidence at trial to create an inference that discriminatory animus was a

motivating factor in Oliver’s decision to deny her the promotion. Cf. Ryther, 108

F.3d at 837-38 (indicating that, in an employment discrimination case, the plaintiff

always must be able to persuade the jury that the employment decision was based

upon intentional discrimination).
11The district court excluded some evidence of Dodson’s alleged discriminatory

attitude and conduct. For the limited purpose of determining whether judgment as a

matter of law was appropriate, we will consider this evidence. As we note below,

however, this exclusion does not constitute a reversible abuse of discretion.

–9–

Dodd adduced evidence that the employment practices in Wellsville office,

including the distribution of work and the classifications of employees, did not

always conform with the Postal Service’s stringent guidelines, to which larger offices

substantially adhered. Dodd also offered evidence that Wellsville office personnel

may have misclassified her as a clerk when she was hired and thereafter, while

correctly classifying younger male employees. Furthermore, she offered some

evidence of the discriminatory attitudes of Lipscomb and Dodson.11

Yet Oliver, not Lipscomb or Dodson, was the decision maker at the time Dodd

sought the promotion to auxiliary carrier. He inherited the postmaster position in the

Wellsville office in 1988, well after Dodd had been classified (perhaps

inappropriately) on certain documents as a member of the clerk craft and Johnson had

been classified as a carrier. Moreover, he considered whether to promote Dodd to the

auxiliary route position, but questioned whether she was qualified because he

assumed she was a clerk. He then checked with postal officials outside the Wellsville

office who informed him that he could not promote her because she was not classified

as a carrier. Dolde confirmed Oliver’s account of his attempts to resolve the issue,

testifying that she had informed Oliver that he could not promote Dodd because of

her classification as a clerk. The guidelines Dolde followed in instructing Oliver

were national in scope and could not be altered by local offices. 

This uncontroverted evidence precludes any reasonable inference that Oliver’s

decision to promote Johnson instead of Dodd was motivated, in whole or in part, by

discriminatory animus. Oliver simply thought, based on Dodd’s time cards, that

Dodd was a clerk, and he then acted on the instructions of outside postal personnel
12Also, as we held in Dodd I, 114 F.3d at 731, the issue of whether Wellsville

or other postal officials discriminated against Dodd when they assigned her to the

clerk craft at the time she was hired has not been raised properly, and therefore is not

before the Court. 

–10–

in determining that he could not promote her. Dodd’s contention that Dodson, acting

with discriminatory intent, altered documentation in her personnel file to ensure that

she would not receive the auxiliary route promotion cannot salvage her claims.

Oliver testified that he did not recall reviewing her personnel file and did not rely on

any information set forth therein in determining whether she was qualified for the

promotion.12 He simply assumed that she was a clerk, without attempting to verify

this conclusion, and then followed the directives of Postal Service personnel not

promote her. Thus, despite the confusion over Dodd’s classification in the Wellsville

office, the allegedly discriminatory attitudes of previous postmasters, and Dodd’s

expectations, she offered no evidence tending to show that the proffered reasons for

denying her the promotion were pretextual, or from which a fact finder could

reasonably infer her denial was the product of intentional discrimination.

Contrary to Dodd’s contentions, the district court’s holding is consistent with

our previous decision. Again, that decision was based on our review of a less

developed record at the summary judgment stage of the litigation. We were able to

glean from that record a possible fact dispute with regard to pretext, based on Dodd’s

evidence that the seniority system in Wellsville had been administered in an irregular

and arbitrary manner. Similarly, at that time, we were unable to rule out a

discriminatory motive. Following the parties’ presentation of the evidence at trial,

the circumstances surrounding Oliver’s denial of Dodd’s promotion became more

clear. It is now uncontroverted that, despite any irregularity in Wellsville’s

classification scheme, Oliver’s decision was premised exclusively on his

understanding of Dodd’s classification and the instructions he received from Postal
13We also reject Dodd’s challenges to various evidentiary rulings below.

Specifically, Dodd contends that the district court should not have excluded certain

evidence relating to Dodson’s discriminatory animus and certain newspaper articles,

and that the court should have excluded various documents within Dodd’s personnel

file. We need not decide whether these rulings were erroneous because they were

harmless. Even if the court had allowed the excluded evidence and had not

considered the various documents to which Dodd objects, Dodd still could not have

sustained her burden of establishing intentional discrimination. Thus, we will not

disturb the lower court’s judgment on these grounds. See Hoselton v. Metz Baking

Co., 48 F.3d 1056, 1059 (8th Cir. 1995) (stating that this Court will not disturb an

evidentiary ruling unless there is a clear and prejudicial abuse of discretion). 

–11–

Service officials. We therefore find that the district court correctly concluded that

Dodd had not presented submissible sex and age discrimination claims.13

Dodd has demonstrated that the Wellsville office’s administration of

employees’ craft classifications was unorthodox and sloppy, and that this poor

administration may have led to an unfair result. Indeed, given the confusion in

Wellsville and evidence tending to show that Dodd should have been classified as a

carrier, Oliver and the Postal Service may have concluded mistakenly that she was a

clerk. However, poor administration and even erroneous decisions cannot constitute

sex or age discrimination, when, as here, a reasonable fact finder could not infer a

discriminatory motive. Cf. Gray v. University of Arkansas, 883 F.2d 1394, 1401 (8th

Cir. 1989) (“An employer's articulated reason for terminating a member of a protected

class need not be a sound business reason, or even a fair one. . . . The only relevant

inquiry is whether the decision was based on gender.”). Thus, the Postal Service is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Dodd’s discrimination claims.
–12–

III.

For the reasons enumerated above, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

A true copy.

 ATTEST:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.