FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

AUGUST 27, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-15953

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket Nos. 

06-01084-CV-ORL-19-JGG

05-09477-BK-JAF

In Re: JAMES L. PARIS, 

Debtor. 

__________________________________________________________________ 

JAMES L. PARIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(August 27, 2007)
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Before BIRCH, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

James Paris, a debtor in a case filed under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy

Code, appeals the grant of summary judgment against him in favor of the Internal

Revenue Service in an adversary proceeding he brought to determine the

dischargability of trust fund recovery penalties that had been assessed against him

under § 6672 of the Internal Revenue Code. Those penalties were assessed against

him as responsible person who willfully failed to pay employment taxes owed by

his business.

I. 

Paris was the owner, president, and registered agent of James L. Paris

Financial Service, Inc. Paris had the authority to hire and fire employees, open

business accounts, and direct payment of corporate bills. Paris hired Carmen Paris,

his brother, to be the corporation’s vice-president and accountant, a capacity in

which Carmen served until he was terminated in 2002. Carmen was an authorized

bank signatory for the corporation and signed its quarterly federal tax returns for

the periods ending in March 2000, June 2000, December 2000, March 2001, June

2001, and September 2001. Paris alleged that Carmen embezzled money from the

corporation and stole company records, and, that as a result of Carmen’s misdeeds,
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Paris was not aware of the payroll tax deficiencies until Agent Rican, of the IRS,

contacted him on June 8, 2002, shortly after Carmen’s dismissal from the

corporation. Paris admitted that, after learning of the tax deficiencies in June 2002,

he paid various expenses, such as payroll, rent, supplies, and utilities instead of

paying the tax deficiencies. The IRS assessed trust fund recovery penalties against

Paris, pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6672, for payroll taxes that were withheld from the

wages of the employees of the corporation, and not paid to the IRS from June 2000

through December 2002. 

Paris filed motions to compel disclosure of the actual name and location of

Agent Rican and to compel Agent Lawson, the current IRS agent on the case, and

Carmen to attend depositions. The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the motions. 

At the hearing Paris conceded that he was a responsible person under § 6672,

argued that there was a question of fact as to whether he “willfully” violated the

statute, and stated that he needed Agent Rican’s deposition to establish that Paris

was not aware that the payroll taxes were not being paid. The bankruptcy court

denied the motions to compel and granted summary judgment in favor of the IRS

on the issues of liability and dischargability. The court found that Paris willfully

violated the statute as a matter of law because on June 8, 2002 he became aware of

the outstanding tax liability and thereafter wrote numerous checks to other
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creditors. The court made this finding despite Paris’ assertion that his payments to

other creditors represented an effort to keep the corporation going so that he could

eventually pay the taxes. Paris appealed and the district court affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s order in its entirety.

II.

On appeal to this Court, Paris first contends that the bankruptcy court erred

by not allowing him to complete discovery before it granted summary judgment.

He argues that, because he was unable to depose the relevant witnesses, he could

not discover critical evidence that would have satisfied his burden to show that he

did not act willfully. Next, Paris argues that the only evidence that the IRS offered

regarding his liability were records prepared by Carmen, the embezzler. Those

records, according to Paris, overstated the tax liability because Carmen had

concocted the records to cover up his embezzlement by inflating the amounts he

had supposedly paid to the IRS, when in reality he pocketed the money. Paris

asserts that the bankruptcy court should have allowed him to depose Carmen to

determine the true extent of the unpaid employment taxes. Additionally, Paris

argues that, if he had been able to complete discovery, he would have been able to

ascertain why the fraud continued for so long without the IRS collecting money

from Carmen.
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We review, as the second level of appellate review of a bankruptcy court,

“questions concerning the scope or opportunity for discovery for an abuse of

discretion.” In re Piper Aircraft Corp., 362 F.3d 736, 738 (11th Cir. 2004)

(internal quotation and citation omitted). 

The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by denying Paris’s

discovery requests because his proposed inquiries were not relevant to the

determination of his tax liability under the relevant statute and would not have

changed the outcome of the summary judgment determination. The discovery

sought by Paris could not have yielded any evidence relevant to his liability for the

tax debt or the dischargability of the debt, the two issues before the bankruptcy

court on summary judgment. The only evidence relevant to these questions

concerned events after June 8, 2002, because it is undisputed that Paris learned of

the tax liability on that date. Any testimony from Agent Rican, Agent Lawson, or

Carmen concerning Paris’ knowledge of the corporation’s failure to satisfy its

payroll tax obligations before June 8, 2002 is irrelevant to the IRS’ theory of

liability in this case, which hinges on Paris’ conduct after he learned of the debt on

June 8, 2002. None of the questions Paris suggests he would have asked if given

the opportunity to depose Agent Rican, Agent Lawson, or Carmen, respond to the

IRS’ theory of liability. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
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discretion by denying Paris the discovery he requested.

III. 

Paris next contends that summary judgement was improper because he did

not willfully violate § 6672. He argues that lawsuit he filed against Carmen in

state court, now an asset of the bankruptcy estate, demonstrates that Carmen

embezzled the funds that should have been paid to the IRS and that Paris did not

know that the taxes were not being paid. Paris also asserts that the IRS conceded

that he did not know about the tax liability until June 8, 2002. He argues that his

only connection to the unpaid tax liability was signing two delinquent tax returns

after he regained control of the corporation. Paris additionally argues that, had he

done what the IRS asked, he would have been guilty of securities fraud under 18

U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1348, & 1346. Finally, Paris suggests that the bankruptcy court

did not fully consider those statutory provisions or the fact that all of the

corporation’s funds were encumbered.

We review de novo a district court’s order affirming a bankruptcy court’s

grant of summary judgment. In re Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc., 484 F.3d 1299, 1302

(11th Cir. 2007). “Like a district court, a bankruptcy court may only grant

summary judgment where there is no genuine issue of material fact.” In re Optical

Technologies, Inc., 246 F.3d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).
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Section 6672 provides:

Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over

any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax, or

truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in

any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof,

shall . . . be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax

evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over.

26 U.S.C. § 6672(a). Paris concedes, and the record amply supports, the position

of the IRS that he is a “responsible person” within the meaning of § 6672(a). 

Therefore, our resolution of this issue turns on whether Paris “willfully” violated

the statute. 

We have found that the willfulness requirement of § 6672 is satisfied “if the

responsible person has knowledge of payments to other creditors after he becomes

aware of the failure to remit the withheld taxes.” Thosteson v. United States, 331

F.3d 1294, 1300 (11th Cir. 2003). There is no requirement that willfulness of the

responsible person include a fraudulent or other bad motive. Id. In Thosteson the

responsible party did not learn until much later that, due to the actions of another

party, the corporation had “substantial overdue payroll tax liabilities.” Id. at 1298. 

However, once he learned of the delinquency, he continued to write checks to other

creditors because he felt that, if the business was successful, then the taxes could

be repaid. Id. We concluded that such behavior constituted a willful violation of

§ 6672(a), explaining that:
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Even if a “responsible” person is unaware that withholding taxes have

gone unpaid in past quarters, a responsible person who becomes aware

that taxes have gone unpaid in past quarters in which he was also a

responsible person, is under a duty to use all “unencumbered funds”

available to the corporation to pay those back taxes. This duty extends

not only to funds available to the corporation at the time the

responsible person becomes aware but also to any unencumbered

funds acquired thereafter. If the responsible person fails to use such

unencumbered funds to satisfy the past unpaid liability, he is deemed

personally liable for the taxes that went unpaid in the past while he

was responsible. The responsible person deemed liable for the unpaid

liability of past tax quarters is considered to have “willfully” failed to

pay over the taxes for those past quarters, even though he was

unaware at that time that the taxes were going unpaid. 

Id. at 1300–01 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).

In light of our decision in Thosteson, summary judgment was entirely

appropriate in this case. Paris concedes that after June 8, 2002 he was aware of the

unpaid tax liability. In his response to the IRS’ request for admissions, Paris also

admitted that he wrote checks, drawn on the corporation’s bank account, to other

creditors after he learned of the tax debt. He wrote these checks to cover various

corporate expenses, including payroll, rent, supplies, utilities, and legal bills. Paris

also signed quarterly tax returns for the periods ending in March and June of 2002. 

Under Thosteson these actions effectively transformed Paris from a responsible

person who was not personally liable into a willful violator of the statute. It may

have been Paris’ sincere belief that continuing to operate the corporation would

eventually allow him to repay the unpaid taxes, just as that may have been the
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sincere belief of the responsible person in Thosteson. Nevertheless, it is clear as a

matter of law that Paris “willfully” violated § 6672, just as we held Thosteson did. 

No facts that are material to the § 6672 issue are in dispute.

We need not reach Paris’ argument that the corporation’s funds were

encumbered by operation of the securities laws because he made payments to other

creditors with money that was presumably unencumbered. Any payment to

creditors other than the IRS, once Paris was aware of the unpaid tax liability,

constituted a willful violation of the § 6672. Id. Even assuming that some of the

corporation’s funds could not be paid to any creditor, including the IRS, without

running afoul of the securities laws, Paris’ argument that the corporation “had no

unencumbered funds” after June 2002 is not supported by the record. Paris chose

to pay other creditors of the corporation instead of the IRS. Unless Paris’ position

is that paying other creditors also violated securities laws, which it apparently is

not, his argument that he had no unencumbered funds is without merit.

AFFIRMED.