[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 17-14404

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:15-cv-01462-JSM-AAS

BRANCH BANKING AND TRUST COMPANY, 

a North Carolina banking corporation, as successor-ininterest to Colonial Bank, successor by merger to Citrus 

and Chemical Bank, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

OSWALD P. CARREROU, 

individually, 

CRYSTAL CENTRE, LLC, 

a Florida limited liability company, 

DONALD K. STEPHENS, 

individually, 

BANK OF AMERICA, N.A., 

 Defendants - Appellants.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

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(May 8, 2018)

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Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and NEWSOM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

On behalf of himself and his wife, Oswald Carrerou appeals the district 

court’s final judgment of garnishment against his retirement accounts—assets that

would ordinarily be exempt from attachment under Florida law—based on his

failure to timely file a claim of exemption and a motion to dissolve a writ of 

garnishment pursuant to Fla. Stat. §§ 77.041, 77.07(2). On appeal, Carrerou argues

that the district court misinterpreted Florida’s garnishment statutes and that his

untimely filings resulted from “excusable neglect.” After careful review, we 

affirm.1

 

In federal court, the procedure on execution of a judgment “must accord 

with the procedure of the state where the court is located[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

69(a)(1). Florida law provides that once a judgment is rendered in its favor, an 

entity has a right to seek a writ of garnishment. See Fla. Stat. § 77.01. Certain 

property is exempt from attachment, including retirement accounts. See Fla. Stat. 

§§ 77.041(1); 222.21(2)(a). Importantly here, a Florida judgment creditor is 

required to send the judgment debtor two garnishment-related notices. First, the 

creditor must notify the debtor that if an exemption from garnishment applies, he

“must complete a form for claim of exemption and request for hearing”—and, in 

 1 “We review a district court's interpretation of a statute de novo.” Burlison v. McDonald's 

Corp., 455 F.3d 1242, 1245 (11th Cir. 2006).

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particular, the debtor “must” do so within 20 days after receipt of the notice or he

“may lose important rights.” Fla. Stat. § 77.041 (emphasis added). Second, the 

creditor must notify the debtor that he “must move to dissolve the writ of 

garnishment within 20 days” after the date on the certificate of service. Fla. Stat. § 

77.055 (emphasis added). As to the latter, failure to timely file the motion to 

dissolve “shall result in the striking of the motion as an unauthorized nullity by the 

court, and the proceedings shall be in a default posture as to the party involved.” 

Fla. Stat. § 77.07(2).

In this case, it is undisputed that the accounts at issue are retirement 

accounts that are exempt from attachment under Florida law. It is also undisputed 

that both the claim of exemption and the motion to dissolve were filed late—

approximately two months and one month, respectively. The district court denied 

the untimely filings and entered final judgment in garnishment in favor of the 

creditor, BB&T. 

On appeal, Carrerou contends that nothing in the statutory text states that an 

untimely filing will automatically cause a debtor to lose his exemption rights. 

Rather, he argues, the “may lose” and “default posture” language implies that the 

debtor will have an opportunity to correct the deficiency and cure the default. 

Florida courts, though, have considered Carrerou’s precise arguments and rejected 

them. See Zivitz v. Zivitz, 16 So. 3d 841 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (holding that the 

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untimely filing of an exemption claim prevented the debtor from receiving the 

benefit of the exemption and required a decision in favor of the garnishor). 

Carrerou criticizes Zivitz for failing to adequately consider Florida’s public 

policy favoring liberal interpretation of exemption statutes to prevent debtors from 

becoming public charges. But as the Zivitz court emphasized, under Florida law 

“[g]arnishment proceedings are statutory in nature and require strict adherence to 

the provisions of the statute.” Zivitz, 16 So. 3d at 847; see also Akerman Senterfitt 

& Eidson, P.A. v. Value Seafood, Inc., 121 So. 3d 83, 86 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013) (“It 

is fundamental that garnishment statutes must be strictly construed.”). Statutory 

language “should be given its plain and ordinary meaning,” Zivitz, 16 So. 3d at 

847, and here the statutes clearly state that the exemption claim and motion to 

dissolve “must” have been filed within the specified time periods. See Fla. Stat. §§ 

77.041, 77.055; see also Zivitz, 16 So. 3d at 846 (“[S]ection 77.041 repeatedly used 

the word ‘must’ when identifying the actions a garnishment defendant must 

proactively take to protect wages, money, or property from garnishment.”). As the 

Zivtiz court explained, when read in context, the “may lose important rights” 

language in Section 77.041 merely accounts for instances in which the debtor 

ultimately does not qualify for an exemption and thus never had “important rights” 

to lose. See Zivitz, 16 So. 3d at 847. It does not “negate the necessity for timely 

compliance with the statutory time frame.” Id. Therefore, here—as in Zivitz—by 

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failing to timely file the claim of exemption and motion to dissolve, Carrerou

forfeited his exemption claim and his opportunity to dissolve the writ as to the 

retirement accounts. 

Carrerou’s “excusable neglect” argument is also unpersuasive. Carrerou 

received proper notice of the statutory filing deadlines and his one- and two-month 

delays were significant, especially considering the relatively short time frame in 

which garnishment proceedings must occur under Florida law. Moreover, as the 

Zivitz court observed, permitting debtors to exceed the clearly stated statutory 

deadlines would not only “render meaningless the time requirements established in 

the statute for filing claims of exemptions” but would also “prolong garnishment 

proceedings and would go against the long-established principle that courts should 

avoid construing a statute in a manner that renders a portion of the statute 

meaningless.” Zivitz, 16 So. 3d at 847.

* * *

For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED. 

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