SEC Petition Evaluation Report 

Petition SEC-00208 

Report Rev #: 0 Report Submittal Date: November 19, 2012 

Subject Expert(s): Jason Davis 

Site Expert(s): N/A 

Petitioner Administrative Summary 

Petition Under Evaluation 

Petition # Petition 

Type 

Petition A 

Receipt Date DOE/AWE Facility Name 

SEC-00208 83.14 October 25, 2012 Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition 

All Atomic Weapons Employees who worked at the King Avenue facility owned by Battelle 

Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio, during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this 

employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more 

other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Related Petition Summary Information 

SEC Petition Tracking #(s) Petition Type DOE/AWE Facility Name Petition Status 

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Related Evaluation Report Information 

Report Title DOE/AWE Facility Name 

N/A N/A 

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Jason Davis ORAU Peer Review Completed By: Michael Kubiak 

Peer Review Completed By: [Signature on File] 

Timothy Taulbee 

11/19/2012 

Date 

SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By: [Signature on File] 

J. W. Neton 

11/19/2012 

Date 

SEC Evaluation Approved By: [Signature on File] 

Stuart L. Hinnefeld 

11/19/2012 

Date 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00208, 

Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

This evaluation report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 

addresses a class of employees proposed for addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) per the 

Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 

§ 7384 et seq. (EEOICPA) and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees 

as Members of the Special Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act of 2000. 

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition 

All Atomic Weapons Employees who worked at the King Avenue facility owned by Battelle 

Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio, during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this 

employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more 

other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction Findings 

NIOSH lacks sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring data, air monitoring 

information, and/or process and radiological source term information to allow it to estimate with 

sufficient accuracy the potential internal exposures to uranium, thorium, their progeny, and mixed 

fission products to which the proposed class may have been subjected. NIOSH finds that it is not 

applicable to reconstruct occupational medical dose for Battelle Laboratories - King Avenue workers 

because medical X-ray procedures were performed at an off-site, non-EEOICPA-covered facility. 

The NIOSH dose reconstruction feasibility findings are based on the following: 

•	 Principal sources of internal radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

uranium and thorium, including the progeny of these radionuclides, used in laboratory-scale and 

pilot-plant-scale research activities. Potential for internal exposure through inhalation and 

ingestion of these materials during sample preparation and processing would have been significant 

if adequate exposure prevention protocols were not in place. Documentation verifying the use of 

such protocols is not currently available to NIOSH. 

•	 NIOSH has identified limited personnel internal monitoring data for select individuals for the 

years 1955-1956. The data are not comprehensive and there is no evidence to indicate these data 

are representative of the most highly-exposed workers at the King Avenue facilities, or to indicate 

that the available sample results are representative of all workers. Without additional personnel 

radiation monitoring data representing the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, 

NIOSH has insufficient information to appropriately characterize radioactive material intakes 

during Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue operations. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

•	 NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate unmonitored internal exposures for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

workers during the period of Atomic Weapons Employer operations from April 16, 1943 through 

June 30, 1956. 

•	 Principal sources of external radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

uranium and thorium, including the progeny of these radionuclides, used in laboratory-scale and 

pilot-plant-scale research activities. 

•	 NIOSH has located some documentation on quantities of radiological materials shipped to Battelle 

Laboratories – King Avenue for processing or testing. Available records indicate that a wide 

variety of material forms, including uranium ore and metal, and monazite ore were used for 

research and pilot plant projects at the site. Materials and experimental activities involved 

uranium and decay chain radionuclides being chemically separated and re-concentrated so that 

they were often out of the equilibrium state; the degree of disequilibrium is generally unknown to 

NIOSH. It is unknown if and how this material may have been stored on site. 

•	 NIOSH has located 199 external dosimetry records for the year 1951, as compared to only a single 

record for 1950. External monitoring records available to NIOSH increase each year after 1951 to 

2195 records in 1956 and 3317 records in 1957. NIOSH has determined that it may be feasible to 

reconstruct monitored external doses during the period from January 1, 1951 through June 30, 

1956. 

•	 NIOSH has indications that, in 1949, medical X-ray examinations were performed at an off-site 

university hospital. NIOSH has determined that it is not applicable to reconstruct occupational 

medical dose for Battelle Laboratories - King Avenue workers during the period from April 16, 

1943 through June 30, 1956 because medical X-ray procedures were performed at an off-site, nonEEOICPA-covered facility. 

•	 Pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH determined that there is insufficient information to 

either: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which radiation 

doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred under plausible circumstances by any 

member of the class; or (2) estimate the radiation doses of members of the class more precisely 

than a maximum dose estimate. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, 

but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

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Health Endangerment Determination 

The NIOSH evaluation did not identify any evidence supplied by the petitioners or from other 

resources that would establish that the class was exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely 

to have involved exceptionally high-level exposures, such as nuclear criticality incidents or other 

events involving similarly high levels of exposures. However, the evidence reviewed in this 

evaluation indicates that some workers in the class may have accumulated radiation exposures through 

intakes of uranium, thorium, and mixed fission products as well as from direct exposure to radioactive 

materials. Therefore, 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3)(ii) requires NIOSH to specify that health may have 

been endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for this class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 

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Table of Contents 

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00208, Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue ................................. 3
 

1.0 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................... 9
 

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 9
 

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis .............................................................. 10
 

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class ......................................................... 10
 

4.1 Operations Description..................................................................................................... 10
 

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations ................................................................ 14
 

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations .................................................... 15
 

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations ................................................ 19
 

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations ................................................... 21
 

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class .............................................. 21
 

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed ................................................................... 21
 

5.2 Previous Dose Reconstructions ........................................................................................ 22
 

5.3 Worker Interviews ............................................................................................................ 22
 

5.4 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................. 23
 

5.5 External Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................ 23
 

5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data............................................................................................. 24
 

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data ....................................................................................... 25
 

6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class ...................................................... 26
 

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures ................................................................... 26
 

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures .................................................................. 28
 

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility ................................................................ 29
 

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00208 ........................................................ 30
 

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00208 ................................................... 30
 

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00208 ...................................................................... 31
 

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class .......................................................................................... 31
 

11.0 References ................................................................................................................................. 33
 

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis................................................................................................... 39
 

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Figures 

4-1: Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue Site Map ............................................................................. 11
 

5-1: No. of Film Badges Issued Per Year at Battelle Laboratories – King Ave. ................................... 24
 

Tables 

4-1: Battelle Materials Inventory Data .................................................................................................. 16
 

4-2: Battelle Materials Receipts and Shipments .................................................................................... 17
 

5-1: No. of Battelle Labs – King Ave. Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule ......... 22
 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00208
 

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the ORAU Team Lead Technical Evaluator: Jason 

Davis, Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The rationales for all conclusions in this document are 

explained in the associated text. 

1.0 Purpose and Scope 

This report evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing doses for employees who worked at a specific 

facility during a specified time. It provides information and analysis germane to considering a petition 

for adding a class of employees to the Congressionally-created SEC. 

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH, with the exception of the employee whose dose reconstruction could not be completed, and 

whose claim consequently led to this petition evaluation. The finding in this report is not the final 

determination as to whether or not the proposed class will be added to the SEC. This report will be 

considered by the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (the Board) and by the Secretary 

of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Secretary of HHS will make final decisions concerning 

whether or not to add one or more classes to the SEC in response to the petition addressed by this 

report. 

This evaluation, in which NIOSH provides its findings both on the feasibility of estimating radiation 

doses of members of this class with sufficient accuracy and on health endangerment, was conducted in 

accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14. 

2.0 Introduction 

Both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 require NIOSH to evaluate qualified petitions requesting that the 

Department of Health and Human Services add a class of employees to the SEC. The evaluation is 

intended to provide a fair, science-based determination of whether it is feasible to estimate, with 

sufficient accuracy, the radiation doses of the proposed class of employees through NIOSH dose 

reconstructions.1 

NIOSH is required to document its evaluation in a report, and to do so, relies upon both its own dose 

reconstruction expertise as well as technical support from its contractor, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities (ORAU). Once completed, NIOSH provides the report to both the petitioners and the 

Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health. The Board will consider the NIOSH evaluation 

report, together with the petition, comments of the petitioner(s) and such other information as the 

Board considers appropriate, to make recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on whether or not to 

add one or more classes of employees to the SEC. Once NIOSH has received and considered the 

advice of the Board, the Director of NIOSH will propose a decision on behalf of HHS. The Secretary 

1

 NIOSH dose reconstructions under EEOICPA are performed using the methods promulgated under 42 C.F.R. pt. 82 and 

the detailed implementation guidelines available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. 

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of HHS will make the final decision, taking into account the NIOSH evaluation, the advice of the 

Board, and the proposed decision issued by NIOSH. As part of this final decision process, the 

petitioner(s) may seek a review of certain types of final decisions issued by the Secretary of HHS.2 

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis 

The NIOSH-proposed class includes all Atomic Weapons Employees who worked at the King Avenue 

facility owned by Battelle Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio, during the period from April 16, 1943 

through June 30, 1956, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring 

either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters 

established for one or more other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

During this period, employees at this facility were involved in atomic energy research and 

development (R&D) activities including: processing and machining of enriched, natural, and depleted 

uranium and thorium for fuel element fabrication and other uses; radiotracer studies; radiochemical 

analyses; and powder metallurgy studies (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

The evaluation responds to Petition SEC-00208 which was submitted by an EEOICPA claimant 

whose dose reconstruction could not be completed by NIOSH due to a lack of sufficient dosimetryrelated information. NIOSH’s determination that it is unable to complete a dose reconstruction for an 

EEOICPA claimant is a qualified basis for submitting an SEC petition pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 

83.9(b). 

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class 

The following subsections summarize the radiological operations at Battelle Laboratories - King 

Avenue from January 1, 1943 through June 30, 1956 and the information available to NIOSH to 

characterize particular processes and radioactive source materials. Using available sources, NIOSH 

has attempted to gather process and source descriptions, information regarding the identity and 

quantities of radionuclides of concern, and information describing processes through which the 

radiation exposures of concern may have occurred and the physical environment in which they may 

have occurred. The information included within this evaluation report is meant only to be a summary 

of the available information. 

4.1 Operations Description 

Battelle Laboratories - King Avenue is located in Columbus, Ohio. Battelle operated two separate 

facilities in the Columbus, Ohio area. The King Avenue site consists of nine affected buildings, 

located within the city of Columbus. The 58.3-acre plot (see Figure 4-1), accommodating 21 

buildings, is bordered by King Avenue to the north, Battelle Boulevard and Perry Street to the east, 

Third Avenue to the south, and the Olentangy River to the west (Environmental Report, 1996). 

Although Battelle performed research throughout the campus, it used only nine buildings to perform 

most of its nuclear weapons-related work. NIOSH has been unable to gather enough data to quantify 

2 See 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 for a full description of the procedures summarized here. Additional internal procedures are 

available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. 

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the total number of workers at the site during the period under evaluation. It is known that 110 

employees worked under contract W-7405-ENG-92 as of January 31, 1948 (Progress Report, 1948a) 

and 172 employees worked on the projects under that contract as of January 31, 1949 (Progress 

Report, 1949). 

Source: Battelle History, 1999 

Figure 4-1: Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue Site Map 

Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI) began its period of government service in 1942 by performing work 

for the Office of Scientific Research and Development under contract OEMsr-85 (Radiological 

Assessment, 1988). 

On April 16, 1943, BMI, acting through what is now its Columbus Operations (BCO), entered into 

Contract Number W-7405-ENG-92 with the Manhattan Engineer District to perform atomic energy 

research and development (R&D) activities (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). The initial emphasis of 

Contract W-7405-ENG-92 was the fabrication, rolling, forging, and extrusion of uranium metal (Trip 

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Report, 1943; Trip Report, 1947a). Small sections of uranium and cold-rolled Ames thorium were 

tested for thermal conductivity. In addition, thorium samples were annealed and acid-dipped to 

investigate the possibility of removing oxide scales resulting from heat treatment and fabrication of 

thorium metals (Tuballoy, 1945). Small amounts of high-purity thorium were prepared at BMI prior 

to 1951 by the thermal decomposition of crude thorium tetraiodide metal from Ames. In addition, 

samples of Ames thorium were forged at BMI before being sent to Westinghouse for rolling into 

metal bars (Thorium Metallurgy, 1951). 

BMI conducted an investigation to obtain data on the roll-separating forces to be expected when 

uranium is rolled under various conditions. The effects of the initial metal structure, the reduction 

rate, and the heating method on the roll load were determined by rolling round bars and flat strips at 

temperatures between 250o and 800o C. Cast-uranium bar stock and gamma-extruded uranium rods 

1-5/8 inches in diameter by 8 inches in length were used in this process; they were rolled in an 

open-pass mill originally designed for rolling steel (Uranium Rolling, 1952). 

Interest in alloying uranium to improve the corrosion resistance and dimensional stability of fuel 

elements and slugs prompted a study of the binary systems of uranium with zirconium, chromium, 

columbium, vanadium, and molybdenum. Data collected as part of this study included the diffusion 

properties, mechanical properties, and conclusions about the possibility of using the alloys as fuel 

cladding (Uranium Alloys, 1952). A similar study investigated the possibility of vapor-depositing 

coatings of chromium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, and zirconium onto uranium fuel rods to 

improve the corrosion resistance over traditional aluminum-clad rods (Uranium Coatings, 1953). 

Thorium-uranium alloys were also investigated with the objective of improving corrosion resistance 

and irradiation stability by means of alloying as well as control of processing variables. Thoriumuranium alloys (formed by the addition of molybdenum, niobium, or zirconium) were specifically 

investigated; the additions were made with the goal of strengthening the thorium matrix and 

stabilizing the gamma uranium phase. Studies were conducted of binary thorium-uranium alloys 

as-cast, hot-rolled, and cold-reduced to determine the variation of structure with fabrication (Progress 

Report, 1959). 

Small-batch studies were conducted to investigate the influence of melting atmosphere during the 

re-casting of electrolytic thorium powders (Trip Report, 1955). In order to test the creep properties of 

thorium, material from Ames Billet A-388 was hot-rolled at 1450o F to 1/8-inch by 7-inch slabs. The 

slabs were pickled to remove oxidation scale and cold-rolled to 0.080-inches thick. The thorium sheet 

was then surface-ground to 0.060 ± 0.005 inch by removing 0.010 inches from each of the two faces. 

The test specimens were machined to a 3-inch reduced section with 1-1/4-inch radius (Thorium Creep, 

1953). 

At the request of the AEC’s New York Operations Office, Battelle furnished technical assistance in 

the rolling operation and in the metallographic examination of the finished bars. Previously-supplied 

rod had been made by forging Ames billets into square bars and rolling these bars into round rods. 

The same facilities were not readily available; so, given the urgency of the request, the rods were 

rolled directly from the billets in the rolling mill normally used to fabricate uranium rods. The rolling 

was done by the Simonds Saw and Steel Co. at Lockport, New York on August 16, 1951. Thorium 

rods, 1-7/16 inch in diameter, were rolled from Ames castings and re-melted thorium chips (Thorium 

Rolling, 1951). 

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Other activities conducted under this contract included investigations into general thorium metallurgy 

(Alloys, 1958; Thorium Properties, 1952), and the development of radioactive tracers for industrial 

process control (Progress Report, 1960). 

In September 1946, Contract Number W-38-094-ENG-27 was initiated. The research program was 

carried out in three stages: 

1.	 During the first stage, an appraisal was made of the possibilities of separating uranium from 

various sources via beneficiation, pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy, or hydrometallurgy. This 

stage lasted approximately five months (Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 5). 

2.	 From March 1947 to December 1947, work focused on methods for leaching uranium from 

phosphate rocks and then recovering uranium from the leach solutions. 

3.	 The final stage aimed to extract uranium from phosphate ores, while retaining the phosphate itself 

as a recoverable product (Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 5). From October 1, 1949 to May 31, 

1950, a limited investigation was undertaken on methods of recovering uranium from North 

Dakota lignite via acid and carbonate leaching (Uranium Recovery, 1950). 

Contract Number AT-30-GEN-202 was implemented in September 1947. Work on this project was 

an expansion and continuation of work initiated under Contract W-38-094-ENG-27. Whereas the 

previous contract focused on the recovery of uranium from phosphate ores, this research focused on 

the ability to recover uranium from Chattanooga shale deposits (Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 20). 

The objective of this project was to develop a practical process for recovering uranium from domestic 

low-grade shales with uranium contents of between 0.005 and 0.009 percent. Batches of up to 20 

pounds were processed by roasting and sulfuric acid leaching (Uranium Recovery, 1948). 

Temperature, particle size, sulfuric acid concentration, pulp density, and leaching time were each 

varied to determine the optimum process for mineral extraction while attempting to retain the solid 

kerogen in the shale for later conversion into oil and gasoline (Quarterly Report, 1949). A similar 

study was conducted under Contract AT(49-1)-641. Work on this project appears to have concluded 

with the publication of a final report on January 14, 1954 (Uranium Recovery, 1954). 

The purpose of Contract AT-30-1-GEN-258 was to improve on the Monticello leach process for ore 

extraction. The processes used at the time for treating western carnotite ores were developed to give 

the maximum recovery of vanadium. In order to establish the conditions required for maximum 

uranium recovery, research was conducted on the roasting and leaching of ore samples. To that end, 

5-7 pound batches of carnotite ore were processed while changing one variable in the process at a time 

to quantify the effects of these subtle changes (Carnotite, 1948). This project was declared complete 

on June 30, 1949, following which the remaining inventory and equipment was transferred to the 

projects under Contract W-7405-ENG-92 (Field Trip, 1949). 

In October 1947, it was noted that monazite-processing methods available at the time focused on the 

recovery of rare earth metals and were not satisfactory for the recovery of uranium and thorium from 

the ore sands. With this in mind, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) established a research 

project under Contract Number AT-30-1-GEN-228 to discover the most suitable method for mineral 

recovery from monazite (Recovery, 1948). The AEC gave Battelle the assignment of developing a 

process for the extraction of both uranium and thorium from monazite sands. In addition, Battelle was 

expected to preserve the rare earth materials from the sands in a form that would be marketable to 

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other industries (Monazite, 1949). Research on the project commenced in January 1948 with two 

50-pound samples of monazite provided by the AEC. The samples were one each of Indian and 

Brazilian ores. The Indian ore contained 6.56% thoria (ThO2) and 0.23% U3O8; the Brazilian ore 

contained 3.08% thoria and 0.47 U3O8 (Recovery, 1948; Monazite, 1949). 

Sands were treated with caustic soda and nitric acid to dissolve the minerals. From this point, 

experiments were carried out using various organic solvents to remove the metals from solution. 

Initial studies were conducted using five-pound batches with plans in place to expand the operation to 

a pilot-scale plant with 100-pound batch-processing capabilities. After the initial steps of handling the 

dry source materials, the processed material was conducted as a closed-liquid system with little 

potential for exposure to airborne materials (Trip Report, 1949, pdf p. 4). By July 1, 1950, the 

laboratory-scale extraction of minerals from monazite was ready for pilot-plant testing (Thorium 

Development, 1950). 

The original contract was modified on August 14, 1951 to allow Battelle to develop their solvent 

extraction process up through pilot scale. The pilot plant, constructed at the King Avenue facility, had 

a capacity to produce four pounds of thorium per hour using three 10-stage mixer-settlers for the 

extraction, scrubbing, and stripping operation (Thorium Status, 1951). The contract was terminated 

by the AEC on May 31, 1952 and small-scale research for the purpose of closing out the project was 

conducted until August 31, 1952. Following contract termination, the pilot plant used for the project 

was dismantled, crated, and shipped to Fernald, Ohio (Termination, 1952). 

The nature of the research being performed at Battelle made it mandatory that a remote-handling 

facility be built. Thus, in 1955, Battelle expanded the existing nuclear facilities by building the first 

privately-owned nuclear research center in the world. This facility, the Nuclear Sciences Area, 

located at the north end of the West Jefferson site, included a research reactor, critical assembly 

facility, hot cells, and later a plutonium laboratory (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

Until 1988, BCO performed nuclear materials R&D work at these privately-owned facilities for the 

Manhattan Engineer District and its successor agencies (the AEC, the Energy Research and 

Development Agency [ERDA], and the Department of Energy [DOE]). BCO also performed 

commercial nuclear operations and work for other Federal agencies, such as the Department of 

Defense (U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Navy) and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency 

Administration (NASA) (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations 

The potential for external radiation dose existed in the nine buildings described in Section 4.4. Based 

on the site operations outlined in Section 4.1, sources of exposure included beta, gamma, and neutron 

radiation emitted from a variety of research and development studies, as well as pilot-plant-scale 

metallurgical and mineral extraction activities using carnotite ores, pitchblende ore, monazite sands, 

and oil shales (Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 33; Field Trip, 1949; Progress Report, 1948b; 

Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 20). Creation and encapsulation of Sr-90 and Co-60 sources was also 

performed in the radiochemistry laboratories (Monitoring Records, 1951-1952a). 

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The primary sources of internal radiation exposure at the site were uranium, thorium, uranium and 

thorium progeny, and fission products generated during R&D studies, as well as pilot-plant-scale 

metallurgical and mineral extraction activities using carnotite ores, pitchblende ore, monazite sands, 

and oil shales (Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 33; Field Trip, 1949; Progress Report, 1948b; 

Phosphate Studies, 1948, pdf p. 20). Creation and encapsulation of Sr-90 and Co-60 sources was 

performed in the radiochemistry laboratories (Monitoring Records, 1951-1952a). Small quantities 

(less than 1 curie) of fission products were counted in the gamma-counting laboratory (Procedures 

Manual, 1962). Quantities of materials handled by Battelle are given in Tables 4-1 and 4-2. 

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations 

Per the DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security, the time period associated with Atomic Weapons 

Employer (AWE) operations at the Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue site is from 1943-1986 with 

no specific dates identified (DOE, 2012). Although radiological operations were conducted prior to 

this date, operations under an AEC contract are known to have commenced on April 16, 1943 

(Decommissioning Plan, 2003). NIOSH has not located an indication of a specific operational end 

date. Lacking definitive information, December 31, 1986 is currently assumed to be the end of 

covered AWE operations. 

NIOSH is currently in the process of continuing data capture activities in support of Site Profile 

development for both Battelle’s King Avenue and West Jefferson sites. As described later in Section 

5 of this report, NIOSH’s earliest indication to date of a bioassay monitoring program at the King 

Avenue site is in July 1956. Although data collection is continuing to better define the scope of the 

Battelle monitoring programs, NIOSH has determined that the remaining data sources are not likely to 

yield adequate bioassay monitoring data earlier than July 1956 for the King Avenue site. NIOSH is 

continuing to evaluate the available internal monitoring data beginning in July 1956 and their impact 

on post-June 1956 dose reconstruction feasibility determinations. Because the continuing data 

resource assessment affects only post-June 1956, NIOSH has determined that it is appropriate to 

present in this report its evaluation of the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956. NIOSH 

is continuing its data capture and Site Profile development efforts to support sufficiently accurate dose 

reconstruction for the periods after June 30, 1956. 

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Table 4-1: Battelle Materials Inventory Data 

Dates 

Uranium (kg) Enriched Uranium (kg) 

Beginning Receipts Removals Ending Beginning Receipts Removals Ending Beginning 

12/31/46­

12/31/47 (a) 253.8 106.121 155.421 204.5 0 0.24083 0.24083 0 29.200 

1/1/48­

11/30/48 (a) 204.500 1,604.2 318.9 1,360.6 0 4.725 4.725 0 460.1 

1/1/50­

7/31/50 (b) 1,595 310 101 1,771 0.28 0.98 1.26 0 262 

1/1/51­

4/30/51 (c) 1,657 346 12 1,967 0.095 0.068 0.089 0.074 252 

(a) Source: Inventories, 1947-48 (b) Source: Inventories, 1950 (c) Source: Inventories, 1951 

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Table 4-2: Battelle Materials Receipts and Shipments 

Approximate 

Date Material Quantity Shipped From 

Shipped 

To SRDB Ref ID 

2/11/43 

U metal 

66.6 lb 

Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

Battelle 

Memorial 

82369 

2/16/43 77 lb 

2/17/43 128.1 lb 

2/18/43 218 lb 

2/20/43 70.3 lb 

2/24/43 121 lb 

3/2/43 68.4 lb 

3/5/43 158.6 lb 

3/8/43 126.0 lb 

3/8/43 153.0 lb 

3/9/43 205.0 lb 

3/10/43 83.6 lb 

3/12/43 163.6 lb 

3/16/43 350 lb 

3/17/43 262 lb 

3/22/43 152.2 lb 

3/22/43 U metal scrap 182 lb Battelle 

Memorial 

Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

3/24/43 

U metal 

168.7 lb 

Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

Battelle 

Memorial 

3/26/43 173.1 lb 

3/31/43 157.5 lb 

4/1/43 189.9 lb 

4/5/43 147.9 lb 

4/13/43 U metal scrap 224 lb Battelle 

Memorial 

Metallurgical 

5/4/43 182.5 lb Laboratory 

5/12/43 

U metal 

177.0 lb Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

Battelle 

Memorial 5/17/43 96.6 lb 

6/18/43 382.7 lb 

11/10/43 Uranium 15.54 lb 

Clinton 

Engineer 

Works 

Battelle 

Memorial 78304 

7/29/44 U metal 158.62 Metallurgical 

Laboratory 

Battelle 

Memorial 82384 

10/31/47 U metal tubes 20 ea. Unknown Battelle 

Memorial 66919 

12/22/47 U metal rods 200 lb Hanford Battelle 

Memorial 66923 

1/31/48 Monazite Sand 2.7 kg Mallinckrodt Battelle 

Memorial 

85873, pdf pp. 3, 19 

16858, pdf p. 16 

4/9/48 

Uranium 

dicarbide 1,000 g Battelle 

Memorial 

DOE 

Schenectady 

Office 88146 Uranium 

monocarbide 500 g 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Table 4-2: Battelle Materials Receipts and Shipments 

Approximate 

Date Material Quantity Shipped From 

Shipped 

To SRDB Ref ID 

4/22/48 Th metal bars 909.95 lb Battelle 

Memorial 

Westinghouse 

Electric 95617 

5/17/48 Th metal 300 lb Ames Battelle 

Memorial 88051 

5/25/48 Th scrap 150 kg Battelle 

Memorial Ames 88049 

7/20/48 U metal rods 1,000 lb Hanford Battelle 

Memorial 66922 

10/--/48 U metal rod 1x 8in. 

rod 

Battelle 

Memorial MIT 30748 

6/2/49 Th 200 Lb Ames Battelle 

Memorial 95628 

10/19/49 Natural U 500 lb Hanford Battelle 

Memorial 66949 

8/30/50 Natural U 500 lb Hanford Battelle 

Memorial 66953 

6/30/51 

Th 1 kg Battelle 

Memorial ORNL 

101788 

U 130 g 

Th 28 kg ORNL Battelle 

Memorial 

8/31/51 

Th 52 kg Battelle 

Memorial ORNL U 291 g 

Th 29 kg ORNL Battelle 

Memorial 

3/19/51 Uranium 

carbide 10 kg Battelle Memorial 

Air Force 

Material 

Command (Oak 

Ridge) 

66956 

1/10/52 Th Nitrate 200 lb Middlesex Battelle 

Memorial 86958 

02/--/53 Th scrap 470 kg Battelle 

Memorial 

National Lead 

of Ohio 31429 

10/11/1954 Th oxide 50 lb National Lead 

of Ohio 

Battelle 

Memorial 31484 

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4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations 

During the 1940s, from 1952 through 1958, and periodically during the 1960s and 1970s, scientists 

developed encapsulation techniques for highly-enriched uranium (HEU) in the old administration 

building (Building A). Building 1 contained a foundry and metal fabrication shop in its large open 

bay, and scientists and engineers also worked there to improve the recovery of uranium from ores and 

milling byproducts (Traveler’s Guide, 2002). 

Buildings 2 through 7 and 10 through 13 were not constructed until the mid-1950s (Phosphate 

Studies, 1948, pdf p. 47). The AEC funded the majority of the research that occurred in Building 2, 

where technicians electroplated reactor fuel destined for the Hanford Reservation and heat-treated 

slugs of uranium and thorium alloys. Building 3 housed research in uranium and beryllium. The 

radiochemistry and metallurgical laboratories were in Building 4. Buildings 5 and 9 contained tall 

open bays with large machine shops for grinding and shaping uranium, thorium, and beryllium. 

Analytical chemists worked for the AEC, DOE, and Navy in Buildings 6 and 7 (Traveler’s Guide, 

2002). 

More details about the operations conducted in each building are presented below. 

•	 Building A (Corporate Office Building): A steel, concrete, and brick U-shaped structure 

completed in 1929 (Battelle Story, 1986). The west wing and north end contain three floors plus 

basement and attic levels. The east wing contains four floors plus a basement level. Building A 

contained the main library, a small auditorium, a creep laboratory (for high-temperature 

deformation testing), a non-destructive testing laboratory including radiography with small 

radioactive sources, general offices, and document storage. Access to the building was controlled 

(Battelle History, date unknown). Operations in this building included the encapsulation of highly 

enriched uranium for advance test reactor fuel elements. (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). The 

principal operation in Building A was a thorium solvent extraction pilot plant (Resurvey, 1977). 

Some metallurgical studies of uranium were also carried on in this building (Battelle History, date 

unknown). 

•	 Building 1 (Foundry): A four-story concrete, steel, and brick structure that is connected to 

Building 4 on the east and Building 11 on the north. Building 1 contains ore laboratories, 

miscellaneous laboratories, offices, and a foundry occasionally used for processing natural or 

depleted uranium or natural thorium (Battelle History, date unknown). Uranium ore processing 

and ore beneficiation studies were performed in this facility in support of feed material processing 

centers operated by other AEC contractors. A foundry and melting, cutting, and grinding facilities 

are located within this building. (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

•	 Building 2 (Metalworking Building): Building 2 is a two-story, steel-frame structure with a 

basement and equipment rooms under the east end of the structure. Building 2 was used for AEC 

research, including the electroplating of Hanford reactor slugs, heat treatment and fabrication of 

uranium and thorium alloys, rolling studies, alloy development, and fuel element fabrication. 

(Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

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•	 Building 3 (Materials Building): A two-story, steel-frame structure with a basement. Laboratories 

and offices were located on all three floors. This building housed powder metallurgy, melting, 

metallographic, and ceramics research facilities using enriched, natural, and depleted uranium as 

well as thorium (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

•	 Building 4 (Radiochemistry Laboratory): A two-story, steel-framed structure with a ground-floor 

basement and a partial sub-basement. Building 4 contained a radiochemistry laboratory and an 

encapsulation facility for highly-enriched uranium (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). Activities in 

this building consisted of preparing, handling, and storing radiological specimens for use in 

radioanalytical, metallurgical, and non-destructive examination, as well as irradiation capsule 

fabrication operations. At the Radioisotope Laboratory in Building 4, the doors from the corridor 

into the medium- and high-level laboratories were locked from the outside at all times. Access 

was otherwise through the locker room, which itself was entered through the office area 

(Procedures Manual, 1962). These doors were used only for transporting casks and heavy 

equipment in and out of the laboratory. Permission of the laboratory supervisor was required 

before the doors could be used. 

•	 Building 5 (Machine Shop): A three-story, steel-frame structure with laboratories and offices 

located on all three floors. The machine shop produced substantial work for AEC/ERDA/DOE 

programs. Work in this area involved machining, grinding, and milling operations on depleted, 

natural, and enriched uranium as well as thorium (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

•	 Buildings 6 and 7 (Chemistry Buildings): Analytical chemistry activities in support of the 

DOE/Navy program took place in these buildings. Work in these areas involved alloy studies, 

corrosion research, and chemical and instrumental analyses of uranium and thorium samples 

(Decommissioning Plan, 2003). Building 7 was also used for the packaging of radiological and 

mixed waste containing licensed byproduct material. At the Gamma (Co-60 irradiation) Facility 

in Building 6, permission for non-staff members to enter the facility had to be obtained from the 

facility staff (Procedures Manual, 1962). This facility was kept locked overnight, on holidays, and 

on weekends to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering. 

•	 Building 9 (Mechanical Engineering Building): Research programs were conducted in here for 

AEC/ERDA/DOE involving natural and depleted uranium (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). 

NIOSH has determined that the site-specific and claimant-specific data available for the time period of 

this evaluation are insufficient to allow NIOSH to characterize worker movements across the Battelle 

Laboratories – King Avenue site. NIOSH is therefore unable to define individual worker exposure 

scenarios based on specific work locations within the Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue site during 

the period under evaluation. 

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4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations 

NIOSH has determined that the site-specific and claimant-specific data available for Battelle 

Laboratories – King Avenue for the time period under evaluation are insufficient to allow NIOSH to 

determine that any specific work group was not potentially exposed to radioactive material releases or 

possible subsequent contamination. 

NIOSH has insufficient information associating job titles and/or job assignments with specific 

radiological operations or conditions. Without such information, NIOSH is unable to define potential 

radiation exposure conditions based on worker job descriptions. 

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class 

The primary data used for determining internal exposures are derived from personal monitoring data, 

such as urinalyses, fecal samples, and whole-body counting results. If these are unavailable, the air 

monitoring data from breathing zone and general area monitoring are used to estimate the potential 

internal exposure. If personal monitoring and breathing zone area monitoring are unavailable, internal 

exposures can sometimes be estimated using more general area monitoring, process information, and 

information characterizing and quantifying the source term. 

This same hierarchy is used for determining the external exposures to the cancer site. Personal 

monitoring data from film badges or thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are the primary data used 

to determine such external exposures. If there are no personal monitoring data, exposure rate surveys, 

process knowledge, and source term modeling can sometimes be used to reconstruct the potential 

exposure. 

A more detailed discussion of the information required for dose reconstruction can be found in 

OCAS-IG-001, External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline, and OCAS-IG-002, Internal 

Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline. These documents are available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/ocasdose.html. 

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed 

As a standard practice, NIOSH completed an extensive database and Internet search for information 

regarding Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue. The database search included the DOE Legacy 

Management Considered Sites database, the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information 

(OSTI) database, the Energy Citations database, and the Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval 

System. In addition to general Internet searches, the NIOSH Internet search included OSTI OpenNet 

Advanced searches, OSTI Information Bridge Fielded searches, Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

(NRC) Agency-wide Documents Access and Management (ADAMS) web searches, the DOE Office 

of Human Radiation Experiments website, and the DOE-National Nuclear Security AdministrationNevada Site Office-search. Attachment One contains a summary of Battelle Laboratories – King 

Avenue documents. The summary specifically identifies data capture details and general descriptions 

of the documents retrieved. 

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In addition to the database and Internet searches listed above, NIOSH identified and reviewed 

numerous data sources to determine information relevant to determining the feasibility of dose 

reconstruction for the class of employees under evaluation. This included determining the availability 

of information on personal monitoring, area monitoring, industrial processes, and radiation source 

materials. The following subsections summarize the data sources identified and reviewed by NIOSH. 

5.2 Previous Dose Reconstructions 

NIOSH reviewed its NIOSH DCAS Claims Tracking System (referred to as NOCTS) to locate 

EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to the petition 

evaluation. Table 5-1 summarizes the results of this review. (NOCTS data available as of October 

15, 2012) 

Table 5-1: No. of Battelle Labs – King Ave. Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule 

Description Totals 

Total number of claims submitted for dose reconstruction 62 

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees who worked during the period under 

evaluation (April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956). 25 

Number of dose reconstructions completed for energy employees who worked during the period 

under evaluation (i.e., the number of such claims completed by NIOSH and submitted to the 

Department of Labor for final approval). 19 

Number of claims for which internal dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 0 

Number of claims for which external dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 6 

NIOSH reviewed each claim to determine whether internal and/or external personal monitoring 

records could be obtained for the employee. The dose reconstruction claimant computer-assisted 

telephone interviews (CATIs) provided some information regarding work locations, hours worked, 

and hazards encountered. The interviews also identified conditions for which there would have been 

potential for either internal or external exposures. As noted in Table 5-1, NIOSH has not received 

internal monitoring data from Battelle Laboratories for any claimants for the time period under 

evaluation. 

5.3 Worker Interviews 

NIOSH has reviewed the CATIs conducted for claims filed with NIOSH for energy employees who 

worked at the Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue site during the period under evaluation. These 

interviews did not indicate any potential sources for additional monitoring or process data. 

Based on the extensive data capture efforts performed to date for the Battelle Laboratories sites in 

Columbus, Ohio, NIOSH determined that additional worker interviews would neither change the 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

NIOSH feasibility determination nor allow NIOSH to limit the class to specific locations or work 

groups. Therefore, no additional interviews were pursued. 

5.4 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data 

NIOSH has not located any bioassay results for the time period prior to 1955. NIOSH has located a 

single uranium bioassay result for 1955 (Monitoring Records, 1955-1978) and 68 results for 1956 

(Monitoring Records, 1955-1978; Monitoring Records, 1954-1960; Monitoring Records, 1953-1963; 

Monitoring Records, 1955-1988; Urinalysis Results, 1956). The urinalysis samples appear to have 

been assayed for uranium by gross alpha counting (Monitoring Records, 1955-1978). In 1956, 

Battelle began submitting urine samples to the Ohio State University Toxicology Department for 

uranium analysis. Shortly after, Battelle switched to submitting samples to Nuclear Science and 

Engineering Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for analysis. At this time, the program required 

employees to submit urine samples at six-month intervals unless an incident evaluation suggested the 

need for more frequent sampling. Depending on the work processes, urine samples were analyzed for 

the presence of uranium or counted for gross beta (Battelle Bioassay, 1957). 

NIOSH has found indications of respirator use during BMI operations (Uranium Rolling, 1952); 

however, NIOSH has not found sufficient information to fully understand the scope of the BMI 

respiratory protection protocols used during the period under evaluation, or the extent of any 

organized respiratory protection program in place at the site. 

No thorium bioassay records have been located, nor has any other information been identified 

regarding personnel monitoring for internal radiation exposure for the period April 16, 1943 through 

June 30, 1956. To date, documentation available to NIOSH does not provide any indication that a 

routine bioassay monitoring program existed at the Battelle Laboratories during the 1943 through June 

1956 time period. 

The NOCTS database was reviewed for claimants whose work history included Battelle Laboratories 

– King Avenue during part or all of the covered period (1943 through 1956). A total of 25 claimants 

were identified. The files for all 25 claimants were thoroughly reviewed and limited instances of 

internal monitoring data were found. This is consistent with the above determination that insufficient 

monitoring existed and that only very limited internal monitoring data are available to NIOSH prior to 

July 1, 1956. 

5.5 External Personnel Monitoring Data 

To date, NIOSH has been unable to locate any Battelle programmatic documentation specifying which 

King Avenue site workers should have been monitored for external radiation exposure and on what 

frequency monitoring devices should have been exchanged. The earliest date for a film badge that has 

been found in the available records is February 14, 1951 (Monitoring Records, 1951-1952b). 

Beginning at that time, NIOSH has access to external monitoring data records that include gamma, 

beta, and neutron exposures. Badges appear to have been worn thereafter throughout the period of 

operation. Figure 5-1 shows the growth in the number of personal dosimeters issued starting in 1950. 

NIOSH has located 199 external dosimetry records for the year 1951, as compared to only a single 

record for 1950. External monitoring records available to NIOSH increase each year after 1951 to 

2195 records in 1956 and 3317 records in 1957. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

0 

500 

1000 

1500 

2000 

2500 

3000 

3500 

Number of Badges Issued 

Figure 5-1: No. of Film Badges Issued Per Year at Battelle Laboratories – King Ave. 

The NOCTS database was reviewed for claimants whose work history included Battelle Laboratories 

– King Avenue during part or all of the evaluation period (1943 through 1956). A total of 25 

claimants were identified. The files for these 25 claimants were thoroughly reviewed and limited 

external monitoring data were found. This is consistent with the above determination that insufficient 

monitoring existed and that only very limited external monitoring data are available to NIOSH until 

after 1950. 

5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data 

NIOSH has been unable to locate any information indicating that a routine workplace monitoring 

program was in place at Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue during the period under evaluation. A 

report from an AEC visit on July 24, 1946 remarked that the Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue site 

possessed no radiation survey equipment and was in no way equipped to work with highly-radioactive 

materials (Trip Report, 1946). As of an AEC visit on December 15, 1947, Battelle had not yet 

acquired any survey instrumentation. A representative from the Technical Section of the AEC 

provided recommendations for which types of equipment would be suitable and performed a survey of 

a single lab and uranium/thorium locker store room. Survey measurements yielding 11 data points 

were taken with a beta-gamma survey meter and with an alpha ionization chamber survey meter. The 

highest readings were on the order of tens of mr/hr, indicating an observable exposure potential (Trip 

Report, 1947b). 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

On June 8, 1951, Rooms 422, 423, and 424 (all in Building 4) were monitored for radioactivity using 

a beta-gamma survey meter and by taking contamination smears. A total of 77 smears and 21 

gamma-beta measurements were taken in the three buildings. Several of the smear tests from each 

room exceeded the 150 counts per minute (cpm) tolerance limit in place at that time (Survey, 1951). 

Documentation suggests that air sampling equipment was provided to Battelle by the AEC Health and 

Safety Division in 1949, along with direction to conduct air sampling whenever thorium extraction 

procedures were active (Trip Report, 1949, pdf p. 4). However, NIOSH has been unable to locate any 

indication that a routine air sampling program was in place. NIOSH found a single breathing-zone air 

sample result taken on March 7, 1957 during the rolling of thorium in Building 3 with a result of 

9x10-11 

μCi/ml (Thorium Result, 1957). 

A set of 48 air samples and nine dust samples have been located for the year 1950. The dust samples 

were taken from a single room in Building 1 area in which pitchblende ore was being processed. 

These samples were analyzed by scintillation counting, with the highest result of 13 cpm being 

observed in samples taken during dry-grinding of the ore (Analysis Results, 1950, pdf p. 112). Some 

air samples were acquired in Building 3, but the sampling locations for the majority of the samples 

were not recorded. Specific tasks being undertaken at the time of sampling are noted on the sampling 

log sheets. Four of the 48 samples were analyzed via scintillation counting and the remaining 44 were 

analyzed by fluorimetry, with the highest result of 11 cpm being observed during wet-sawing of metal 

samples (Analysis Results, 1950, pdf pp. 113-118). 

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data 

Minimal information has been located on quantities of uranium or thorium maintained on site, but it is 

inferred from research reports that a wide variety of forms of uranium-bearing materials (uranium ore 

and metal, pitchblende, and uranium dioxide) and thorium were used for research and pilot plant 

projects. Materials and experimental activities involved uranium, thorium, and decay chain 

radionuclides being chemically separated and re-concentrated so that they were often out of the 

equilibrium state; the degree of disequilibrium is generally unknown to NIOSH. 

A total of 150 samples made up of cast-uranium bars and gamma-extruded uranium rods with 

dimensions of 1-5/8 inches in diameter by 8 inches in length were used in support of the rolling 

studies performed under Contract W-7405-ENG-92 (Uranium Rolling, 1952). Quantities of materials 

handled by Battelle during other processes are provided in Tables 4-1 and 4-2. 

The above materials and forms were sources of potential exposure at the site. It is clear from the 

available research reports that Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue worked with uranium and 

thorium; however, the documentation does not provide sufficient information on specific 

radionuclides, quantities, or forms of the source materials used at any given time during the period 

under evaluation. NIOSH is unable to make reasonable assumptions about source terms, 

concentrations, or radiological equilibrium conditions at the Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

facility. 

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6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class 

42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) states that HHS will consider a NIOSH determination that there was insufficient 

information to complete a dose reconstruction, as indicated in this present case, to be sufficient, 

without further consideration, to conclude that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of radiation 

doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. 

In the case of a petition submitted to NIOSH under 42 C.F.R. § 83.9(b), NIOSH has already 

determined that a dose reconstruction cannot be completed for an employee at the DOE or AWE 

facility. This determination by NIOSH provides the basis for the petition by the affected claimant. 

Per § 83.14(a), the NIOSH-proposed class defines those employees who, based on completed 

research, are similarly affected and for whom, as a class, dose reconstruction is similarly not feasible. 

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility for 

whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction is similarly infeasible, but for whom additional 

research and analysis is required. If so identified, NIOSH would address this second class in a 

separate SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the claim currently under evaluation (see 

Section 10). This would allow NIOSH, the Board, and HHS to complete, without delay, their 

consideration of the class that includes a claimant for whom NIOSH has already determined a dose 

reconstruction cannot be completed, and whose only possible remedy under EEOICPA is the addition 

of a class of employees to the SEC. 

This section of the report summarizes research findings by which NIOSH determined that it lacked 

sufficient information to complete the relevant dose reconstruction and on which basis it has defined 

the class of employees for which dose reconstruction is not feasible. NIOSH’s determination relies on 

the same statutory and regulatory criteria that govern consideration of all SEC petitions. 

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures 

NIOSH has evaluated the available personnel and workplace monitoring data and source term 

information and has determined that there are insufficient data for estimating internal exposures, as 

described below. 

As discussed in Section 5.4, NIOSH has identified limited urinalysis results analyzed for uranium 

during the operating period, but has not found documentation that describes the sampling or analysis 

protocols used with that set of bioassay data. The earliest urinalysis mentioned in records found by 

NIOSH regards samples submitted in 1955 and 1956; these samples were assayed only for uranium 

and the results were given in milligrams. It is unclear who performed these initial urine analyses 

(Urinalysis Results, 1958; Urinalysis Results, 1959). NIOSH has found no indication that workers 

were monitored for intakes of thorium during the period under evaluation. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

It is not known on what general basis workers were selected for bioassay. Based on the dosimetry 

records available to NIOSH, claimant statements, and Battelle site documents, it appears that King 

Avenue workers in at least the following categories were included in the urinalysis program: 

•	 Workers in the Building 4 Radioisotope Laboratory complex, and in the radiotracer laboratories in 

Buildings A and 1. Office personnel in Buildings A, 1, and 4 appear to have been included in the 

urinalysis program. 

•	 Workers in areas of Buildings 2, 3, and 5 where uranium and other radioactive materials were 

handled 

•	 Workers in Building 6 laboratories (except the Gamma Laboratory), but possibly only for specific 

projects 

These limited internal personnel monitoring data are for select individuals, and there is no evidence to 

indicate these data are representative of the most highly-exposed workers at the King Avenue facility; 

nor is there a way to verify that the available sample results are representative of all workers. 

As mentioned in Section 5.6, NIOSH has not located any information documenting or describing a 

regular workplace monitoring program. Documentation suggests that air sampling equipment was 

provided to Battelle by the AEC Health and Safety Division along with direction to conduct air 

sampling whenever thorium extraction procedures were active (Trip Report, 1949, pdf p. 4). 

However, NIOSH has been unable to locate any indication of compliance with these 

recommendations. 

NIOSH has located some documentation as to quantities of radiological materials shipped to Battelle 

Laboratories for processing or testing, as detailed in Section 4.2. It is clear from reports that Battelle 

Laboratories worked with uranium and thorium. As mentioned in Section 5.7, it is inferred from 

research reports that various forms of uranium-bearing materials were used in the site’s research. 

NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate potential internal exposures to uranium, thorium, and their progeny during a 

period of AWE operations from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956. Consequently, NIOSH finds 

that it is not feasible to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, internal exposures to uranium, thorium, and 

their progeny and resulting doses for the class of employees covered by this evaluation. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct internal radiation doses for the 

period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, NIOSH intends to use any internal monitoring data 

that may become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH 

dose reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, 

but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures 

This evaluation responds to a petition based on NIOSH determining that internal radiation exposures 

to uranium, thorium, and their progeny could not be reconstructed for a dose reconstruction referred to 

NIOSH by the Department of Labor (DOL). As noted above, HHS will consider this determination to 

be sufficient without further consideration to determine that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of 

radiation doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. Consequently, it is not 

necessary for NIOSH to fully evaluate the feasibility of reconstructing external radiation exposures for 

the class of workers covered by this report. 

NIOSH has evaluated the available personnel and workplace monitoring data and source term 

information and has determined that there are data insufficiencies for estimating external exposures, as 

described below. 

As indicated in Section 5.5, NIOSH has not located any indication of external personnel exposure 

monitoring for the period from April 16, 1943 through February 13, 1951. No records of any program 

for personnel monitoring, or data that would be associated with such a program, have been located for 

the period beginning with the start of AWE operations through February 13, 1951. NIOSH has 

located 199 external dosimetry records for the year 1951 (beginning on February 14), as compared to 

only a single record for 1950. External monitoring records available to NIOSH increase each year 

after 1951 to 2195 records in 1956 and 3317 records in 1957. NIOSH has determined that it may be 

feasible to reconstruct monitored external doses during the period from February 14, 1951 through 

June 30, 1956. 

As stated in Section 5.6, NIOSH has not located any information documenting or describing a routine 

workplace monitoring program. No records of any routine monitoring or area survey program have 

been located for the period under evaluation. 

As stated in Section 5.7, NIOSH has located some documentation on quantities of radiological 

materials shipped to Battelle Laboratories for processing or testing. It is clear from reports that 

Battelle Laboratories worked with uranium and thorium and that various forms of uranium-bearing 

materials were used in the site’s research. It is unknown if and how this material may have been 

stored on site. 

The earliest date for a film badge that has been found in the available records is February 14, 1951. 

Beginning at that time, NIOSH has access to external monitoring data records that include gamma, 

beta, and neutron exposures, but NIOSH cannot verify that the available data are complete for the 

period under evaluation, or that the appropriate workers were indeed monitored. Badges appear to 

have been worn thereafter throughout the period of operation. 

At many AWE facilities, physical examinations were required as a condition of employment, 

sometimes including medical screening X-rays. Per 42 C.F.R. pt. 81, NIOSH includes in its dose 

reconstructions external doses received from medical X-rays if they were a condition of employment 

and performed at the AWE site in question or at another covered facility. Medical X-rays 

administered off site at a non-covered facility are not included in dose reconstructions (ORAUTOTIB-0079). 

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An Army Corps of Engineers memo from September 1943 suggested that physical and laboratory 

examinations of the workers on the project did not seem necessary due to the limited exposure 

potential (Trip Report, 1943). Prior to a site visit on June 3, 1949 by a clinical medical advisor to the 

AEC, Battelle had no preventative medical program for radiation workers. At that time, direction was 

given to initiate a preventative medical program that paralleled the Laboratory’s beryllium screening 

program. This directed program consisted of a pre-placement physical examination that included a 

blood count, urinalysis, and chest X-ray. Also required were urinalyses and complete blood counts 

every six months. An annual and termination examination would include urinalysis and blood counts 

as well as a repeat chest X-ray. It was specified in the documentation that the X-ray and biological 

specimens were to be taken at the nearby University Hospital (Trip Report, 1949, pdf p. 3). NIOSH 

finds that it is not applicable to reconstruct occupational medical dose for Battelle Laboratories - King 

Avenue workers because medical X-ray procedures were performed at an off-site, non-EEOICPAcovered facility. 

NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate potential external exposures to uranium, thorium, and their progeny during a 

period of AWE operations from April 16, 1943 through February 13, 1951. Consequently, NIOSH 

finds that it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy external exposures to uranium, thorium, 

and their progeny and resulting doses for a portion of the class of employees covered by this 

evaluation. NIOSH has determined that it may be feasible to reconstruct monitored external doses 

during the period from February 14, 1951 through June 30, 1956. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct external radiation doses for 

the period from April 16, 1943 through February 13, 1951, NIOSH intends to use any external 

monitoring data that may become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using 

existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals 

employed at Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue during the period from April 16, 1943 through 

February 13, 1951, but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these 

data as appropriate. 

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility 

As presented in Section 4.3, operations under an AEC contract at the King Avenue site are known to 

have commenced on April 16, 1943 (Decommissioning Plan, 2003). NIOSH is in the process of 

continuing data capture activities in support of Site Profile development for both Battelle’s King 

Avenue and West Jefferson sites; but NIOSH has determined that the remaining data sources are not 

likely to yield adequate internal monitoring data earlier than July 1956 for the King Avenue site. 

NIOSH is continuing to evaluate the available internal monitoring data beginning in July 1956 and 

their impact on post-June 1956 dose reconstruction feasibility determinations. NIOSH therefore 

recommends that the class definition include the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956. 

29 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

As stated in Section 4.4, documentation available to NIOSH does not indicate any definite boundaries 

between radiological and non-radiological areas at Battelle Laboratories for the period under 

evaluation. NIOSH is therefore unable to define individual worker exposure scenarios based on 

specific work locations. NIOSH recommends that the class definition include all areas of the Battelle 

Laboratories – King Avenue site during the specified time period. 

As stated in Section 4.5, it is not possible to determine that any specific work group was not 

potentially exposed to radioactive material releases or possible subsequent contamination. Given the 

lack of information regarding job descriptions or associations between job titles and/or job 

assignments with specific radiological conditions, NIOSH recommends that the class include all 

Atomic Weapons Employees at the site. 

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00208 

This report evaluates the feasibility for completing dose reconstructions for employees at Battelle 

Laboratories – King Avenue from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956. NIOSH determined that 

members of this class may have received radiation exposures from uranium, thorium, and their 

progeny. NIOSH lacks sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring data, sufficient 

air monitoring information, or sufficient process and radiological source information that would allow 

it to estimate the potential internal exposures during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 

1956 which the proposed class may have incurred. 

NIOSH has documented herein that it cannot complete the dose reconstruction related to this petition. 

The basis of this finding demonstrates that NIOSH does not have access to sufficient information to 

estimate either the maximum radiation dose incurred by any member of the class or to estimate such 

radiation doses more precisely than a maximum dose estimate. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue during the period from April 16, 1943 through June 30, 1956, 

but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00208 

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) and § 83.13(c)(3). Pursuant to these requirements, if 

it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH 

must determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered 

the health of members of the class. The regulations require NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

30 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

required to specify that health was endangered for those workers who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 

NIOSH has determined that members of the class were not exposed to radiation during a discrete 

incident likely to have involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear 

criticality incidents. However, the evidence reviewed in this evaluation indicates that some workers in 

the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures through intakes of uranium, thorium, and 

their progeny, and from direct exposure to radioactive materials. Consequently, NIOSH is specifying 

that health was endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who were employed for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for this 

class or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other 

classes of employees in the SEC. 

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00208 

The evaluation defines a single class of employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses 

with sufficient accuracy. This class includes all Atomic Weapons Employees who worked at the King 

Avenue facility owned by Battelle Laboratories in Columbus, Ohio, during the period from April 16, 

1943 through June 30, 1956, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring 

either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters 

established for one or more other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class 

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility, 

similar to the class defined in Section 9.0, for whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction may not 

be feasible, and for whom additional research and analyses are required. Because a second class is 

identified, it requires additional research and analyses. Such a class will be addressed in a separate 

SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the current claim. At this time, NIOSH has not 

identified a second similar class of employees at Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue, for whom dose 

reconstruction may not be feasible. 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

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32 of 47
 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

11.0 References 

42 C.F.R. pt. 81, Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Causation Under the Energy 

Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule, Federal 

Register/Vol. 67, No. 85/Thursday, p 22,296; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 19391 

42 C.F.R. pt. 82, Methods for Radiation Dose Reconstruction Under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 

19392 

42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as Members of the Special 

Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 

2000; Final Rule; May 28, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 22001 

42 U.S.C. §§ 7384-7385 [EEOICPA], Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation 

Program Act of 2000; as amended; DCAS website 

Alloys, 1958, Constitution of Uranium and Thorium Alloys, F. A. Rough and A. A. Bauer; Battelle 

Memorial Institute; June 2, 1958; SRDB Ref ID: 101308 

Analysis Results, 1950, Analysis Results for Battelle Memorial Institute Personnel [Names redacted], 

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, New York Operations Office, Medical Division; various dates in 

1950; SRDB Ref ID: 11452, pdf pp. 112-118 

Battelle Bioassay, 1957, Brief Resume of Bioassay Experience at Battelle To Date, D. Pelease; 

Battelle Laboratories; September 19, 1957; SRDB Ref ID: 95608 

Battelle History, date unknown, Battelle Columbus Division Site Function and Description, U.S. 

Department of Energy Legacy Management; date unknown, but from context, no earlier than 1977; 

SRDB Ref ID: 66989 

Battelle History, 1999, Historical Document: Battelle Columbus Laboratories, U.S. Department of 

Energy, Office of Environmental Management; web page last updated November 9, 1999; 

http://web.em.doe.gov/bemr96/bacl.html; SRDB Ref ID: 26142 

Battelle Story, 1986, The Battelle Story: Science in the Service of Mankind, G. A. W. Boehm and A. 

Groner; Battelle Press, 1986; SRDB Ref ID: 25762, pdf p. 23 

Carnotite, 1948, Notes on Conference at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, October 21 and 

22, 1948 – Re: Carnotite Ore Research Program, memo to The Files from R. Owen (AEC – Oak 

Ridge); October 29, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 104514 

Conversion Factors, 1951, Conversion Factors for “Other” Readings on Film Badge Reports, R. S. 

Landauer, Jr. and Co.; from context, no earlier than August 13, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 95910 

33 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Corrosion, 1953, Corrosion of Uranium-Zirconium Alloys in Water at Temperatures up to 100 C; H. 

A. Pray and W. E. Berry; BMI-893; Battelle Memorial Institute; December 16, 1953; SRDB Ref ID: 

120447 

Decommissioning Plan, 2003, Decommissioning Plan, Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus 

Operations, C. Jensen, Battelle Memorial Institute; DD-93-19, Rev. 4; SRDB Ref ID: 26141 

DOE, 2012, Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue Site Description, U.S. Department of Energy, Office 

of Health, Safety and Security; accessed October 23, 2012; http://www.hss.doe.gov/healthsafety/fwsp/ 

advocacy/faclist/showfacility.cfm 

Environmental Report, 1996, BCLDP Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 1995 on 

Radiological and Nonradiological Parameters, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Safety, Health and 

Environmental Support; June 28, 1996; SRDB Ref ID: 100442 

Field Trip, 1949, Field Trip Report – July 5 to 8, Inclusive, J. D. Maren; SRDB Ref ID: 66947 

Film Response, 1951, The Response of Sensitive 552 Dupont Film to Beta Radiation, E. Strom, et al; 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California; LA-1284; August 13, 1951; SRDB 

Ref ID: 976 

Inventories, 1947-48, Inventories if Normal and Product Materials, Battelle Memorial Institute; 

various dates in 1947 and 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 95637 

Inventories, 1950, Source and Fissionable Materials Inventory and Material Balance Reports, 

Battelle Memorial Institute; various dates in 1950; SRDB Ref ID: 95616 

Inventories, 1951, Source and Fissionable Materials Inventory and Material Balance Reports, 

Battelle Memorial Institute; various dates in 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 95611 

Monazite, 1949, Monazite, memo from W. E. Kelley (AEC NYOO) to J. K. Gustafson (Manager, 

Raw Materials Operations, Washington); January 26, 1949; SRDB Ref ID: 66924 

Monitoring Records, 1951-1952a, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Battelle 

Memorial Institute; various dates from 1951 to 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 108608 

Monitoring Records, 1951-1952b, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Battelle 

Memorial Institute; various dates from 1951 to 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 108616 

Monitoring Records, 1953-1963, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Lab results 

read by Battelle Memorial Institute; various dates from 1953 to 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 108575 

Monitoring Records, 1954-1960, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Lab results 

read by Nuclear Science and Engineering Corporation for Battelle Memorial Institute personnel; 

various dates from 1954 to 1960; SRDB Ref ID: 108582 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Monitoring Records, 1955-1978, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Current 

Occupational Radiation Exposure sheets with results read by R. S. Landauer Jr. & Co. for Battelle 

Memorial Institute personnel; various dates from 1955 to 1978; SRDB Ref ID: 108466 

Monitoring Records, 1955-1988, Personnel Monitoring Records for [Name redacted], Lab results; 

Battelle Memorial Institute; various dates from 1955 to 1988; SRDB Ref ID: 108485 

Phosphate Studies, 1948, Phosphate Studies at the Battelle Memorial Institute, A. J. Beyer; Battelle 

Memorial Institute; November 19, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 10755 

Procedures Manual, 1962, Procedures Manual for Battelle’s Radioisotope, Gamma, and Hot-Cell 

Laboratories, D. N. Sunderman and R. F. Dickerson; Battelle Memorial Institute; February 20, 1962; 

SRDB Ref ID: 28614 

Procedures Manual, 1965, Procedures Manual for Battelle’s Radioisotope, Gamma, and Hot-Cell 

Laboratories, Rev. 3, D. N. Sunderman and J. E. Gates; Battelle Memorial Institute; November 24, 

1965; SRDB Ref ID: 28714 

Progress Report, 1948a, Progress Report for the Month of January, 1948 – Contract No. W-7405-eng92, H. W. Russell, et al; Battelle Memorial Institute; February 1, 1949; SRDB Ref ID: 95908 

Progress Report, 1948b, Progress Report for the Month of January, 1948 – Contract No. AT 30-1-

Gen-228, A. E. Bearse; Battelle Memorial Institute; January 31, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 95770 

Progress Report, 1949, Progress Report for the Month of January, 1949 – Contract No. W-7405-eng92, H. W. Russell, et al; Battelle Memorial Institute; February 1, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 95862 

Progress Report, 1959, Progress Relating to Civilian Applications During March, 1959; R. W. 

Dayton and C. R. Tipton; Battelle Memorial Institute; April 1, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 26180 

Progress Report, 1960, Progress Relating to Civilian Applications During January, 1960, R. W. 

Dayton and C. R. Tipton; Battelle Memorial Institute; February 1, 1960; SRDB Ref ID: 26209 

Quarterly Report, 1949, Quarterly Report for the Period December 15, 1948 to March 15, 1949, 

Battelle Memorial Institute for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; March 15, 1949; SRDB Ref ID: 

79546 

Radiological Assessment, 1988, Cursory Radiological Assessment, Battelle Columbus Laboratory 

Decommissioning and Decontamination Project, Radiological Survey Group, Argonne National 

Laboratory; ANL-ESH-TS-88-102; October 1988; SRDB Ref ID: 25760 

Recovery, 1948, Topical Report: Contract No. AT 30-1-Gen-228: Recovery of Thorium and Uranium 

from Monazite Sands, A. E. Bearse, et al; Battelle Memorial Institute; August 13, 1948; SRDB Ref 

ID: 96004 

35 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Resurvey, 1977, Radiological Resurvey of BCD Facilities Involved with Manhattan Engineering 

District Projects, Battelle Columbus Division, Battelle Memorial Institute; August 8, 1977; SRDB 

Ref ID: 66974 

Survey, 1951, Health Physics Survey of Rooms 422, 423, and 424; memorandum to A. E. Bearse from 

R. L. Belcher; Battelle Memorial Institute; June 8, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 95529 

Termination, 1952, Proposed Termination of Thorium Project, letter from B. D. Thomas (acting 

Director, Battelle Labs) to S. N. Brown (AEC); May 23, 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 95767 

Thorium Creep, 1953, The Creep Properties of Thorium; A. D. Schwope, L. L. Marsh, F. R. Shober; 

BMI-866; Battelle Memorial Institute; September 11, 1953; SRDB Ref ID: 120451 

Thorium Development, 1950, Thorium Development and Procurement Program, memo from W. E. 

Kelley (AEC NYOO) W. J. Williams (Director of Production, Washington); April 19, 1950; SRDB 

Ref ID: 10903, pdf p. 30 

Thorium Metallurgy, 1951, Interim Report on Metallurgy of Thorium and Thorium Alloys, Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory; December 7, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 27338 

Thorium Result, 1957, Thorium Air Contamination, memorandum to B. E. White from C. L. Salander; 

Battelle Memorial Institute; March 14, 1957; SRDB Ref ID: 96030 

Thorium Rolling, 1951, The Rolling of Thorium Rod, H. A. Saller, et al; Battelle Memorial Institute; 

December 19, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 95994 

Thorium Properties, 1952, Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Thorium, A. D. Schwope, et 

al; Battelle Memorial Institute; November 18, 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 95997 

Thorium Status, 1951, Status of Thorium Semi-Works Plant Project, memo from W. E. Kelley (AEC 

NYOO) to R. W. Cook (Director of Production, Washington); November [illegible], 1951; SRDB Ref 

ID: 10903, pdf p. 38 

Thorium Technology, 1951, The Technology of Thorium, L. L. Marsh and J. R. Keeler; BMI-76; 

Battelle Memorial Institute; July 18, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 79559 

Traveler’s Guide, 2002, The Traveler’s Guide to Nuclear Weapons: A Journey Through America’s 

Cold War Battlefields, J. M. Maroncelli and T. L. Karpin; Historical Odysseys Publishers; 2002; 

SRDB Ref ID: 44825 

Trip Report, 1943, Report on Visit to Battelle Memorial Institute – 9 September 43, memorandum to 

Dr. S. L Warren (Manhattan District – Rochester) from Capt. J. L. Ferry (U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers); September 11, 1943; SRDB Ref ID: 10761 

36 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Trip Report, 1946, Report on Visit to Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 24 July 1946, 

memorandum to Col. W. D. Fleming (Chief, Medical Division) from W. R. Clarkson (Medical Corps, 

Army Service Forces, United States Engineer Office); August 2, 1946; SRDB Ref ID: 104525 

Trip Report, 1947a, Report on Visit to Battelle Memorial Institute, memorandum to W. E. Kelley 

(AEC – Madison Square) from R. V. Randall (AEC Medical Corps); April 21, 1947; SRDB Ref ID: 

104522 

Trip Report, 1947b, Trip Report of Radiation Survey at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Ohio, 

memorandum to A. D. Dahl (AEC Instrument Branch) from R. L. Morgan (AEC Technical Section); 

December 15, 1947; SRDB Ref ID: 8611 

Trip Report, 1949, Report on Visit to Battelle Memorial Institute, memorandum to File from I. R. 

Tabershaw, M.D., Clinical Advisor; June 10, 1949; SRDB Ref ID: 8953, pdf p. 3 

Trip Report, 1955, Trip Report: Battelle Memorial Institute, February 7-8, 1955; memorandum to file 

from R. R. Herries; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Explosives Dept., Atomic Energy Division; 

February 15, 1955; SRDB Ref ID: 40264 

Tuballoy, 1945, Progress Report on Metallurgy of Tuballoy to University of Chicago to Battelle 

Memorial Institute; CT-2700; Battelle Memorial Institute; February 1, 1945; SRDB Ref ID: 26268 

Uranium Alloys, 1952, Alloys of Uranium with Zirconium, Chromium, Columbian Vanadium, and 

Molybdenum, H. A. Saller and F. A. Rough; BMI-752; Battelle Memorial Institute; June 19, 1952; 

SRDB Ref ID: 120445 

Uranium Cladding, 1954, The Roll Cladding of Uranium with Aluminum; H. A. Saller S. J. Paprocki, 

J. F. Delaney; BMI-934; Battelle Memorial Institute; August 3, 1954; SRDB Ref ID: 120448 

Uranium Coatings, 1953, Protection of Uranium: Vapor-Deposited Coatings, I. E. Campbell, E. M. 

Sherwood, C. F. Powell, R. P. Jones; BMI-887; Battelle Memorial Institute; November 24, 1953; 

SRDB Ref ID: 26262 

Uranium Recovery, 1948, Recovery of Uranium from Shales, A. A. Bearse, et al; Battelle Memorial 

Institute; BMI-JDS-141; Sept 15, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 119482 

Uranium Recovery, 1950, Recovery of Uranium from North Dakota Lignites, R. A. Ewing, et al; 

Battelle Memorial Institute; BMI-237; July 31, 1950; SRDB Ref ID: 119481 

Uranium Recovery, 1954, The Recovery of Uranium from Chattanooga Shales, R. Q. Wilson, et al; 

BMI-274; January 14, 1954; SRDB Ref ID: 119470 

Uranium Rolling, 1952, The Rolling of Uranium, H. A. Saller, J. R. Keeler, R. J. Donley; BMI-800; 

Battelle Memorial Institute; December 30, 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 120446 

37 of 47 
95541 

SEC-00208 11-19-12 Battelle – King Ave. 

Urinalysis Results, 1956, Uranium Urinalysis Results for [Names Redacted], samples read by Clayton 

S. Smith, Ph.D., M.D., Consulting Chemist and Toxicologist; various dates in 1956; SRDB Ref ID: 

Urinalysis Results, 1958, Uranium Urinalysis Results for [Names Redacted], samples read by Nuclear 

Science and Engineering Corporation; June 26, 1958; SRDB Ref ID: 34412 

Urinalysis Results, 1959, Uranium Urinalysis Results for [Names Redacted], samples read by Nuclear 

Science and Engineering Corporation; September 14, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 34415 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

Primary Site / Company Name: Battelle Laboratories - King Avenue AWE 1943-1986; BE 1943-1961; DOE 1986-2000 (remediation); Residual Radiation 2001 - March 1, 2011 Alternate Site Names: Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL) Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI) Physical Size of the Site: King Avenue site comprises approximately 6 acres. Site Population: Historical documents list the population at 7,000 to 10,000 employees. 

Air sample analyses, analyses reports on uranium, area and film badge reports, radiological procedures, building identification, environmental monitoring reports, in-vivo count data, license application renewal, list of individuals on uranium bioassay, monthly reports, personnel subject to chronic neutron exposure, procedures and operations for the processing of special nuclear materials, quarterly environmental TLD results, radiation surveys, radiological incidents, shipment documentation, source and fissionable materials inventory, thorium operations and x-ray survey. Additional documents (Research papers from 1949-1983, Project files from the Radiation Safety Office, Environmental reports 1970-present) were identified by the site and negotiations are underway to allow for a site visit to review and capture relevant data.

 O

State Contacted: Ohio Department of Health Environmental report. 02

Argonne National Laboratory - East Work performed for the Metallurgical Laboratory and thorium in urine 

and feces samples. 

04

Curtiss-Wright Operations report and shipment records. 05Department of Labor / Paragon Radiological survey plan for property declared excess. 12DOE Environmental Management Consolidated Business Center 

List of National Lead of Ohio subcontractors. 07

DOE Germantown FUSRAP consideration, preliminary investigation, site history and 

description reports, studies and hazards of phosphate, and a trip report. 

06

DOE Legacy Management Access control of visitors, neutron surveillance for buildings JN-1, 2, 

and 4, assumptions associated with data input for CINDY calculations, decommissioning project internal dosimetry technical basis document, radiation safety manual, bioassay program procedures, special nuclear materials license 34-6854-5 and SNM-7 amendments, counting and sample preparation, external dosimetry program, film badge records, and plutonium procedures manual. 

07

Page 39 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

DOE Legacy Management - Grand Junction Office Actinide screen data for radionuclides contained in strippable paint, 

quality assurance, analysis of sludge from decontamination process, area progress report, characterization of the JN-1 hot cell waste drums, classification of nuclear materials in the 327 building, contract numbers and identifying symbols, decontamination work plan information, radiological condition of the plutonium laboratory, historical information, SNM data, shipment information, material balance reports, monthly reports, pre-characterization of King Avenue, radiological incidents, and trip reports. 

08

DOE Legacy Management - Morgantown Decontamination and decommissioning report, dosimetry files, material 

accountability, and a survey of processing methods for the production of thorium metal from monazite sand and thorium nitrate. 

12

DOE Legacy Management - MoundView (Fernald Holdings, includes Fernald Legal Database) 

Thorium production, bioassays information, incineration of radioactive solid wastes report, major thorium campaigns, material inventory, production, radiological incidents, radiological procedures, radiological surveys, radiological work planning, and a trip report. 

05

Federal Records Center (FRC) - San Bruno Summaries of fuels and materials development programs, 

environmental sampling plan, quarterly reports, and studies of metabolism. 

08

Hagley Museum and Library Trip report, index to reactor fuel data sheets, and new fuel element 

development information. 

10

Hanford Internal dosimetry programs for tritium exposure - minimum 

requirements, semiannual report of the Atomic Energy Commission, Hanford experience with thorium, Hanford Laboratories operation monthly activities report, monthly accountability report, accounting control of source and fissionable materials, and a weekly activities report. 

07

Interlibrary Loan Mechanical testing hot cell, decontamination of plutonium facility, 

neutron radiography of nuclear fuels, and thorium production. 

11

Internet - Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Machining, grinding, and handling magnesium-thorium alloys, 

evaluation of thorium and uranium compounds as thermal breeder fuels, proposed final environmental statement, effect of nuclear radiation on electronic components, and uranium alloy metallurgy. 

05

Internet - DOE Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data Resource (CEDR) 

No relevant data identified. 09

Internet - DOE Environmental Management Linking Legacies: Wastes. 10

40 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

Internet - DOE Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System (DDRS) 

Hanford Laboratories operation monthly activities report. 10

Internet - DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites Summary Report 1954 - 1959 AEC Research and Development Report. 10

Internet - DOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) - Nevada Site Office 

No relevant data identified. 09

Internet - DOE Oak Ridge National Laboratory Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project quarterly progress report, 

investigation of ThF4-fused salt solutions for homogeneous breeder reactors, Metallurgy Division semiannual progress report, Operations Division monthly report, physics of solids institute quarterly progress report, and solvent extraction recovery of uranium from metal waste. 

03

Internet - DOE OpenNet Monthly status and progress report. 12Internet - DOE OSTI Fuels for research and test reactors, hazards summary report, and an 

interim report on metallurgy of thorium. 

03

Internet - DOE OSTI Energy Citations Post irradiation examination and evaluation of a fuel assembly, progress 

report on metallurgy of tuballoy, overview of U.S. decommissioning experience, progress report, and irradiation qualification testing of SNAP 10A components. 

03

Internet - DOE OSTI Information Bridge Annual report of waste generation, characterization of transuraniumcontaminated solid wastes residues, constitution of uranium and 

thorium alloys, decommissioning of hot cells, grain refinement of uranium by alloying, heat source component development program quarterly report, irradiation of snap system actuator and position sensor assemblies in a vacuum-nuclear environment, irradiation of snap system electrical devices in a high-temperature vacuum environment, list of radioisotope customers with summary of radioisotope shipments, readiness assessment for the shipment of TRU waste, safety evaluation report for the termination of special nuclear materials license SNM0007, decommissioning management plan, site environmental report, stabilizing effects of oxide additions to uranium oxide, summary of the environmental dose models used at DOE nuclear sites, survey of refractory uranium compounds, and a trip report. 

10

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

Internet - Google Annual report of waste generation and pollution prevention progress, 

site history, special nuclear materials license SNM-7, decommissioning plan, DOE occupational radiation exposure, environmental report for termination of the NRC license, final status survey report, hot-hardness survey of the zirconium-uranium system, measuring and reporting of effluents fuel processing and fabrication facilities, NRC inspection report, possession of materials in excess of license limits, radiological impact caused by emissions of radionuclides into air, remote handled transuranic waste inventory, site descriptions, residual radioactivity evaluations for individual facilities, site environmental report, trip report, use of wire saw for radiological decontamination and decommissioning, waste characterization inspection report, and waste transportation. 

03

Internet - Health Physics Journal No relevant data identified. 09Internet - Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 

No relevant data identified. 09

Internet - National Academies Press (NAP) No relevant data identified. 09

Internet - NIOSH Report on residual radioactive and beryllium contamination at atomic 

weapons employer facilities and beryllium vendor facilities. 

01

Internet - NRC Agencywide Document Access and Management (ADAMS) 

Columbus closure project characterization and final status survey 

report, environmental restoration wastes, license requirements measuring and reporting of effluents fuel processing and fabrication facilities, safety evaluation for license amendment 37 to special nuclear materials license SNM-00007, status of decommissioning program, groundwater sampling, and a work plan spent fuel pool. 

06

Internet - USACE/FUSRAP No relevant data identified. 09

Internet - US Transuranium and Uranium Registries No relevant data identified. 09

Landauer Client (site) List Battelle items identified on listing. OLos Alamos National Laboratory Accelerator health physics characterization report of DOE laboratories. 02

Mesa State College Tritium and its effects in the environment. 11

Mound Museum Plutonium shipments. 02

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - Atlanta 

Contract negotiation information, estimated expenditure for thorium production and research, rolling thorium hazards, request for deuterium oxide, progress report of the Special Materials Division, report on 

research and development, trip report, and shipment information. 

05

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - College Park 

Material balance, report on thorium project, ORAU Team related personal notes, program on refining of thorium, request for thorium metal, return of thorium scrap to Ames, Iowa, and thorium fabrication. 

08

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - Kansas City 

Information on facility decontamination history. 03

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 

AEC uranium fire experience, fast-neutron and gamma spectrum and dose in beryllium oxide, General Electric Company - rolling mill report, neutron-flux measurements in a flat plate fuel element, quarterly progress report, effects of neutron radiation, effects of rolling on the crystallography and metallography of uranium, and a trip report. 

12

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Assemblies for thermal and fast flux irradiation of fuels, 

decontamination of plutonium facility, environmental report, hazards summary report, measuring the release of short-lived fission gases during capsule irradiations, operation and experimental use of the Battelle Research Reactor, operation and maintenance of an in-pile gascooled loop at the Battelle Research Reactor, and radiography using californium-252 neutron sources. 

07

Nevada Test Site Records Center Material License SNM-7. 07New York State Archive Information on contracts. 03

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Non-Public Holdings Environmental report, License SNM-7 amendment, radiographic 

operations at King Avenue Laboratories, radiation protection program, and transport of low level rad waste material. 

09

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Public Document Room License SNM-7 information, site environmental report, material balance 

report, physical security plan, airborne release, decommissioning project, material balance report, and radiological status. 

09

Oak Ridge Library for Dose Reconstruction Radioactive solid waste storage and disposal, operations division 

monthly report, and consolidated UF6 release studies. 

04

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report on the direct micro determination of uranium using a modified 

fluorophotometer, The Battelle Story, studies on large-batch melting of uranium, and the Amchitka radiobiological program final report. 

05

Oak Ridge Operations, Records Holding Task Group Battelle report on thorium separation, special nuclear material ledger, 

trip report, production report, and a shipment security survey. 

04

Oak Ridge Reading Room Report on thorium project, preliminary investigation of thorium sludge 

samples, rolling of thorium metal, and a monthly material accountability report. 

04

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-1: Data capture Synopsis for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured 

Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) Air monitoring program information, aerial radiological survey, data on 

zirconium-uranium alloys, techniques for rolling uranium metal, report on personnel neutron-dosimetry systems, hazards summary report for 2­mega watt operation of the Battelle Research Reactor, progress report, survey of irradiation facilities, sampling and testing procedures for special products, trip report, and technical reports. 

03

ORAU Building verification surveys. 10

ORAU Team Radiological incident, air survey report, radiological practices, bioassay 

results, medical X-ray dose, Landauer Minimum Detectable Activity, operations with uranium, and a report on iridium-238 PUO-2 compatibility. 

12

ORAU Vault Individual dosimetry data. 11

Pantex Dosimeter badging. 05

S. Cohen & Associates (SC&A) Materials Testing Reactor progress report and inventory and 

manufacturing statements. 

06

SAIC Personnel exposure summary. 09

Savannah River Site Thorium canning and de-canning program, dosimetry visitors’ cards, 

metallurgy section monthly report, monthly progress report, trip report, radiation survey log sheets, and thorium and U-233 inventory data. 

03

Southern Illinois University Nuclear fuels and materials development and a transcript of the fiftysixth meeting of the ABRWH board. 10

United Nuclear Corporation (Westinghouse), Hematite, MO 

Shipping and production documentation. 04

Unknown Air sample data, radiation exposure report, environmental report, 

investigations regarding former thorium sites, monthly status and progress reports, special irradiation program, and recycled uranium receipts and shipments. 

04

West Valley Shipping Pu containers to Hanford. 11

TOTAL 

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SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-2: Databases Searched for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases 

NOTE: Database search terms employed for each of the databases listed below are 

available in the Excel file called “Battelle – King Avenue Rev 00 (83.14), 10-29-12” 

Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) https://www.dtic.mil/ COMPLETED 09/29/2011 

See Note above 

DOE CEDR https://www.orau.gov/cedr COMPLETED 09/29/2011 

See Note above 

DOE Hanford DDRS http://www2.hanford.gov/declass/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites http://www.lm.doe.gov/considered_Sites/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

DOE NNSA - Nevada Site Office www.nv.doe.gov/main/search.htm COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

DOE OpenNet http://www.osti.gov/opennet/advancedsearch.jsp COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

DOE OSTI Energy Citations http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

DOE OSTI Information Bridge http://www.osti.gov/bridge/advancedsearch.jsp COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

Google http://www.google.com COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

HP Journal http://journals.lww.com/health-physics/pages/default.aspx COMPLETED 09/29/2011 

See Note above 

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh COMPLETED 09/29/2011 

See Note above 

45 of 47 
SEC-00208 11-19-12 

Table A1-2: Databases Searched for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases 

National Academies Press http://www.nap.edu/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

NRC ADAMS Reading Room http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams/web-based.html COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

USACE/FUSRAP http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/fusrap/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

U.S. Transuranium & Uranium Registries http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/ COMPLETED 09/06/2011 

See Note above 

Table A1-3: DTIC Documents Requested for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Document Number Document Title 

NA Nuclear Radiation Effects Projects 09

NA Ref ID: 109946 

Machining, Grinding, and Handling Magnesium-Thorium Alloys 09

BMI-1568 Ref ID: 102252 

Evaluation of Thorium and Thorium-Uranium Compounds as Thermal Breeder Fuels 

09

BMI-1300 Ref ID: 101308 

Constitution of Uranium and Thorium Alloys 09

NA Ref ID: 102253 

The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Electronic Components 09

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Table A1-4: OSTI Documents Requested for Battelle Laboratories – King Avenue 

Document Number Document Title 

ORISE-97-1468 Verification survey of Building KA-1, Battelle Memorial Institute, 

Columbus, Ohio. Final report 

11

06-1137 Independent Verification Survey Summary and Results for the 

Columbus Closure Project, West Jefferson North Site, Revision 1, West Jefferson, Ohio 

11

04-1601 Verification Survey of Building JN-2 Battelle/Columbus 

Operation/West Jefferson Site 

11

BMI-274 Ref ID: 119470 

The Recovery of Uranium from Chattanooga Shales. Final Report for November 15, 1952 to January 14, 1954 

10

BMI-720 Ref ID: 95995 

A Study of Thorium-Base Alloys 11

BMI-JDS-227 Ref ID: 05852 

Recovery of Thorium and Uranium from Monazite Sands. Progress Report for the Month of February 1950 

11

BMI-JDS-169(Sect. I): Ref ID: 95813 

Recovery of Thorium and Uranium from Monazite Sands. Section I of Quarterly Report for November 15, 1948 to February 15, 1949 

11

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