J-S05043-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JOHN LLEWELLYN DAVIS, III 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 454 WDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 5, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-26-CR-0000451-2021

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED: MAY 11, 2023

John Llewellyn Davis, III, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered on his convictions for burglary, criminal trespass, criminal mischief, 

and theft by unlawful taking.1 Davis argues the convictions were against the 

weight of the evidence and the trial court improperly admitted evidence. We 

affirm.

The trial court accurately summarized the facts as follows:

The case involves an incident at the Yogi Bear Campground on 

November 7, 2020. An individual entered the laundry room at the 

Campground in the middle of the night, vandalized several lottery 

machines, a change machine[,] and a soap dispenser. The 

individual entered the laundry room[,] turned off the lights, and 

smashed a fake camera and then began to destroy the other 

machines. The individual was seen on an operating camera 

beating on the machines with bolt cutters[,] taking $27.00 from 

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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3502(a)(4), 3503(a)(1)(i), 3304(a)(5), and 3921, 

respectively.
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the lottery machines and causing $9,000.00 worth of damage to

the machines in the room.

The operating surveillance camera showed a man with a 

mustache, wearing a black ball cap, converse sneakers and a 

tattoo on his right hand doing the damage in the laundry room.

Two days prior to the incident at Yogi Bear, at a gas station near 

the campgrounds, another theft occurred. Two men went into the 

gas station, one began talking with the cashier and the other

began playing on the coin dozer machine. The man who began 

talking with the cashier identified himself as John Davis and was 

very friendly with her. After talking with the cashier, [Davis] went 

over to the game machine and began shaking it. The machine, 

when shaken, makes a sound like a car alarm[. T]he cashier told 

him to stop shaking the machine[. H]e did finally stop shaking the 

machine. While [Davis] distracted the cashier, the other man 

broke into the other game machine.

The cashier gave descriptions of the two men and identified 

[Davis] as one of the two men who were involved in the incident 

in the gas station. She testified that he had a tattoo on his right 

hand. The cashier reviewed the surveillance footage and testified

that it was a fair and accurate depiction of the events that 

occurred at the gas station on November 5, 2020. The cashier 

turned the surveillance video over to the State Police. [The video 

also contained images of a white Ford Fusion vehicle, which was 

registered to Davis’s father.]

Initially, the State Police were unable to determine the identity of 

the person on the surveillance video. The surveillance video from 

the two incidents were reviewed and shared with the operations

manager at Yogi Bear. She was able to identify the individual from 

the gas station video as the same individual observed damaging 

the machines in the laundry room by the tattoo on the back of his 

hand. [Davis] had been at the campground as the guest of another

person who was registered there. Video surveillance showed 

[Davis] entering the campground from the woods after being 

dropped off at the front gate of the campgrounds. The operations 

manager turned over all the video to the Trooper investigating the

case. 

Trial Court Opinion, filed June 7, 2022, at 2-3 (citations to trial transcript

omitted).
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The jury found Davis guilty of the aforementioned offenses. He was 

sentenced to 18 to 36 months’ incarceration. Davis filed a post-sentence 

motion, which was denied. This appeal followed.2

Davis raises the following two issues:

1. Whether the guilty verdicts were against the weight of the 

evidence; thus, warranting a new trial?

2. Whether the trial court committed an error of law in permitting 

the Commonwealth to present testimony regarding an alleged 

incident at another location for which [Davis] was not charged?

Davis’s Br. at 5.

Davis first argues the verdicts were against the weight of the evidence. 

Id. at 8. He contends that his father credibly testified he was at his father’s 

house on the night of November 6, 2020 – the night of the Yogi Bear 

Campground incident – and therefore could not have committed the crime.

Id. at 9. According to Davis, he is entitled to a new trial because “[t]he jury 

either ignored this testimony or gave it equal weight to the Commonwealth’s 

evidence in rendering its guilty verdicts and because of this occurring Davis 

was denied justice and a fair trial.” Id.

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2 While Davis’s post-sentence motion was pending, Davis filed a pro se notice 

of appeal on April 25, 2022. The court thereafter denied the post-sentence 

motion on June 7, 2022. We treat this appeal as filed as of the date of the 

denial of the post-sentence motion, and therefore it is timely and not 

premature. See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5) (stating “[a] notice of appeal filed after 

the announcement of a determination but before the entry of an appealable 

order shall be treated as filed after such entry and on the day thereof”).
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When reviewing a weight challenge on appeal, we do not determine 

ourselves whether the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. Rather, 

we review the trial court’s exercise of its discretion in determining, in the first 

instance, whether to sustain the challenge. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 192 

A.3d 1149, 1152-53 (Pa.Super. 2018). “To successfully challenge the weight 

of the evidence, a defendant must prove the evidence is so tenuous, vague 

and uncertain that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court.”

Commonwealth v. Windslowe, 158 A.3d 698, 712 (Pa.Super. 2017)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Further, “[t]he weight of the 

evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who is free to believe all, part, or 

none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses.” 

Commonwealth v. Champney, 832 A.2d 403, 408 (Pa. 2003) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Small, 741 A.2d 666, 672 (Pa. 1999)). “When the 

challenge to the weight of the evidence is predicated on the credibility of trial 

testimony, our review of the trial court’s decision is extremely limited.” 

Commonwealth v. Bowen, 55 A.3d 1254, 1262 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citation 

omitted). Usually, “unless the evidence is so unreliable and/or contradictory 

as to make any verdict based thereon pure conjecture, these types of claims 

are not cognizable on appellate review.” Id. (citation omitted).

Here, Davis’s father testified that at the time of the Yogi Bear 

Campground incident, Davis was living with him but “he came and went.” N.T., 

4/4/22-4/5/22, at 105. He stated that Davis came home in the evening of

November 6, 2020 and left the next morning on November 7, 2020. Id. at 
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107. He testified that he did not see Davis, but he knew he was there because

he “makes noises” and “is not the quietist.” Id. He also stated he was “pretty 

sure” that two troopers came to his house on November 7, 2020 to talk to 

him. Id.

The Commonwealth challenged Davis’s father’s testimony by offering 

rebuttal evidence. Trooper Seth Thomas Jarzynka testified that he spoke to 

Davis’s father on November 6, 2020 regarding the gas station incident 

because his vehicle was identified on the surveillance video. Id. at 115.

Davis’s father told him that Davis had borrowed his car and “was gone for the 

past few days[.]” Id. at 116. The father stated that Davis returned the car to 

him on November 5, 2020. Id. at 115.

Trooper Kalee Wietrzykowski testified that she spoke to Davis’s father 

on November 10, 2020, by telephone. Id. at 118. He related to her he last 

saw Davis about a week prior to that date, which was around November 3, 

2020. Id. at 118-19. She testified that the father said he had a white Ford 

Fusion and he occasionally let Davis drive it. Id. Trooper Wietrzykowski stated 

Davis’s father did not tell her that Davis was at his house on the evening of 

November 6, 2020. Id. at 120. She stated that she would have included such 

information in her report. Id.

The trial court found the verdicts were not against the weight of the 

evidence. By virtue of the verdicts, it is clear that the jury, as the fact-finder 

and sole judge of credibility, did not believe Davis’s father’s alibi testimony.

The jury was free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented in 
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judging the credibility of the witnesses, and presumably did not find Davis’s 

father to be credible. Champney, 832 A.2d at 408. The jury’s choice not to 

believe his testimony was purely within its discretion and will not be disturbed 

on appeal. Davis essentially asks this Court to reassess and reweigh the 

evidence presented at trial, which we will not do. Our review of the record 

indicates that the evidence supporting the jury verdicts was not tenuous, 

vague, or uncertain. Therefore, we discern no abuse of discretion in the trial 

court’s denial of Davis’s weight challenge.

Davis next argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence of the gas 

station incident that occurred two days before the instant crime at Yogi Bear 

Campground. Citing Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 404(b)(2), Davis concedes 

the use of such evidence to prove identity was permissible, but argues its 

prejudicial effect clearly outweighed its probative value. Davis’s Br. at 10.

Davis emphasizes that the “testimony and video evidence were regarding a 

theft crime similar to the one for which Davis was on trial and within days of 

the subject crime.” Id. According to Davis, “[t]he introduction of such 

evidence clearly would allow the jury to speculate that if Davis was a party to 

and committed that crime then he most likely committed the subject crime 

which is extremely prejudicial.” Id.

Before addressing the merits of this issue, we must determine whether 

Davis has preserved it. The Commonwealth argues the issue is waived

because Davis objected to evidence of the gas station incident only on the 

basis of relevance, and not prejudice. Commonwealth’s Br. at 10. We disagree. 
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A review of the record demonstrates that Davis’s counsel made the following 

objections immediately prior to the gas station surveillance video being 

played:

[Davis’s Counsel]: Your Honor, I am going to object on the basis 

of relevancy and the basis of Rule 404k [sic], Pennsylvania Rules 

of Evidence, and, also, I object on the lack of foundation for the 

surveillance and video unless [the witness] can testify about the 

equipment.

N.T. at 19. After the court ordered the Commonwealth to lay a foundation, the 

video was played for the jury. 

Although there is no subsection “k” under Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence

404, it is evident that Davis’s counsel lodged an objection under Rule 404. 

That Rule, discussed below, contains a non-exhaustive list of purposes, other 

than proving character, for which a person’s other crimes, wrongs, or acts 

may be admissible, but “only if the probative value of the evidence outweighs 

its potential for unfair prejudice.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). The Commonwealth, in 

fact, recognizes that Davis’s counsel’s objection “was premised on the 

surveillance video being evidence of a prior bad act not permissible under Rule 

404” and the reference to subsection “k” in the trial transcript was likely a 

typographical error. Commonwealth’s Br. at 10 n.3. We decline to find waiver. 

The admissibility of evidence is within the discretion of the trial court. 

Commonwealth v. Saez, 225 A.3d 169, 177 (Pa.Super. 2019). “An abuse of 

discretion occurs when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment 

exercised was either manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, 
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prejudice, bias, or ill will.” Commonwealth v. Rogers, 250 A.3d 1209, 1215 

(Pa. 2021).

Rule 404(b) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence bars admission of

evidence of prior bad acts to establish a person’s character and to prove that 

the person acted on a particular occasion in conformity with that character. 

Pa.R.E. 404(b)(1). However, evidence of prior bad acts is permissible for some 

other, proper purpose, such as to prove “motive, opportunity, intent, 

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of 

accident.” Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). In criminal cases, as previously stated, “this 

evidence is admissible only if the probative value of the evidence outweighs 

its potential for unfair prejudice.” Id.

The Commonwealth submitted Davis’s prior act at the gas station to 

establish his identity. One of the recognized exceptions to the rule prohibiting 

evidence of other crimes is where the evidence establishes “the identity of the 

perpetrator when the crimes are so similar that logically the same person has 

committed both acts.” Commonwealth v. Rush, 646 A.2d 557, 560 (Pa. 

1994); see Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2). To use Rule 404(b)(2) evidence to establish 

identity, the other crimes and the underlying crime must “share a method so 

distinctive and circumstances so nearly identical as to constitute the virtual 

signature of the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Weakley, 972 A.2d 1182, 

1189 (Pa.Super. 2009). What is required is “such a high correlation in the 

details of the crimes that proof that a person committed one of them makes 

it very unlikely that anyone else committed the others.” Id. (citation omitted).
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“To establish similarity, several factors to be considered are the elapsed time 

between the crimes, the geographical proximity of the crime scenes, and the 

manner in which the crimes were committed.” Rush, 646 A.2d at 561.

Here, the trial court found that the introduction of the video to establish

identification was more probative than prejudicial. Trial Ct. Op. at 5. It opined

that “[t]he introduction of the video was to establish the identity of an

individual who had identified himself with the same name as [Davis], had the 

same tattoo, and similar clothing as the individual who damaged the machines

at the campground.” Id.

We find no abuse of discretion. As noted above, Davis concedes that the 

Commonwealth’s use of the video to prove identity was permissible. As the

identity of the perpetrator was a threshold issue in this case, it was highly 

probative. The two incidents each involved thefts of lottery machines and

occurred within two days of each other and near to each other. N.T. at 72. 

The individual in the gas station video was wearing the same black baseball

hat and converse shoes as the individual in the Yogi Bear Campground 

incident. Id. at 71-72, 81. Further, the individual in both videos had the same 

build, same facial hair, and, most significantly, the same large tattoo on his

right hand. Id. at 72, 82.

The Commonwealth also emphasized in both its opening and closing 

statements that the gas station occurrence was not at issue in this case and 

Davis was not charged in that incident. Id. at 8, 139. Rather, it was only

introduced for identification purposes. Id. Moreover, Davis failed to request a 
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limiting instruction on this issue. See Pa.R.E. 404 cmt. (“When evidence is 

admitted for this purpose, the party against whom it is offered is entitled, 

upon request, to a limiting instruction”). We therefore agree with the trial 

court that the probative value of the evidence outweighed any alleged 

prejudice.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 5/11/2023