Filed 11/8/22 Timmons v. City of Aliso Viejo CA4/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

AMANDA TIMMONS,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

CITY OF ALISO VIEJO,

 Defendant and Respondent.

 G060627

 (Super. Ct. No. 30-2019-01059119)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Orange County, Charles 

Margines, Judge. Reversed.

Raymond Ghermezian, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Kutak Rock, Edwin J. Richards, Kevin J. Grochow, for Defendant and 

Respondent.

* * *
2

A public entity may be liable for a dangerous condition of public property 

that creates a substantial (nontrivial) risk of injury. (Gov. Code, § 835 et seq.)1“In 

determining whether a given walkway defect is trivial as a matter of law, the court should 

not rely solely upon the size of the defect . . . .” (Huckey v. City of Temecula (2019) 37 

Cal.App.5th 1092, 1105 (Huckey).) “The court should consider other circumstances

which might have rendered the defect a dangerous condition . . . .” (Ibid.)

Amanda Timmons tripped and fell as she walked from a city street onto a 

sidewalk. A concrete gutter was over one inch lower than the asphalt street; the asphalt

was broken and jagged.

Timmons sued the City of Aliso Viejo (the City) alleging a dangerous 

condition of public property and vicarious liability. (§§ 835, 815.2.) The City filed a 

motion for summary judgment arguing there was not a dangerous condition as a matter of 

law, and it did not have sufficient notice. The trial court granted the motion.

On appeal, we think reasonable jurors might disagree as to whether the 

condition was dangerous and whether the City had notice. That is, we find triable issues 

of material fact. Thus, we reverse the trial court’s order granting the City’s motion.

I

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In May 2018, Timmons was walking on a street during her lunch break. As 

she attempted to step from the street onto the sidewalk, Timmons tripped where the gutter 

meets the street and fell into the curb. The concrete gutter was about one to two inches 

lower than the asphalt street, which was jagged and broken.

Timmons filed a complaint against the City alleging: 1) a dangerous 

condition of public property; and 2) vicarious liability for wrongful acts or omissions by 

1

Further undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.
3

public entity employees. (§§ 835 et seq., 815.2.)

The City filed a motion for summary judgment with transcripts, discovery 

responses, photographs, declarations, and a statement of material facts. Timmons filed an 

opposition with transcripts, photographs, an expert declaration, evidentiary objections, a 

response to the City’s statement of facts, and her own statement of facts. The City filed a 

reply with evidentiary objections, and responses to Timmons’ statement of facts (the 

pleadings will be reviewed in the discussion section of this opinion).

After a hearing, the trial court issued an order ruling on the evidentiary 

objections and granting the motion. The court found the City “has established the lack of

notice of the condition of the area where [Timmons] was injured. Thus, even if the

height differential, asphalt rubble, and the other factors relied on by [Timmons] combined

to create a dangerous condition, if [the City] lacked notice thereof, the existence of the

dangerous condition fails to provide grounds for liability.”

II

DISCUSSION

In the motion for summary judgment, the City argued there was not a 

dangerous condition as a matter of law, and there was no evidence it had sufficient notice

of the condition of the street where the slip and fall accident occurred. We disagree.

Summary judgment “provide[s] courts with a mechanism to cut through the 

parties’ pleadings in order to determine whether, despite their allegations, trial is in fact 

necessary to resolve their dispute.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 

826, 844.) The moving party has the initial burden to make a prima facie showing that no 

triable issue of material fact exists. If met, the party opposing the motion has the burden 

of showing the existence of disputed facts. (Id. at p. 843.)

We review the trial court’s decision de novo. (Johnson v. City of Loma 

Linda (2000) 24 Cal.4th 61, 65, 67-68.) “In determining if the papers show that there is 
4

no triable issue as to any material fact, the court shall consider all of the evidence set 

forth in the papers, . . . and all inferences reasonably deducible from the evidence, . . . 

summary judgment shall not be granted by the court based on inferences reasonably 

deducible from the evidence if contradicted by other inferences or evidence that raise a 

triable issue as to any material fact.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)

In this discussion we will: A) review relevant legal principles,

B) summarize the moving papers, and C) analyze the law as applied to the facts.

A. Relevant Legal Principles (Dangerous Condition and Notice)

“Except as provided by statute, a public entity is liable for injury caused by 

a dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff establishes that the property was in a 

dangerous condition at the time of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by 

the dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable 

risk of the kind of injury which was incurred, and either: [¶] (a) A negligent or wrongful 

act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment 

created the dangerous condition; or [¶] (b) The public entity had actual or constructive 

notice of the dangerous condition . . . a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken 

measures to protect against the dangerous condition.” (§ 835, subd. (a) & (b).)

A “‘dangerous condition’” is defined as “a condition of property that 

creates a substantial (as distinguished from a minor, trivial or insignificant) risk of injury 

when such property or adjacent property is used with due care in a manner in which it is 

reasonably foreseeable that it will be used.” (§ 830, subd. (a).)

“A dangerous condition exists when public property ‘is physically 

damaged, deteriorated, or defective in such a way as to foreseeably endanger those using 

the property itself,’ or possesses physical characteristics in its design, location, features 

or relationship to its surroundings that endanger users.” (Cerna v. City of Oakland

(2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1340, 1347-1348 (Cerna), italics added.) “The existence of a 
5

dangerous condition is ordinarily a question of fact but ‘can be decided as a matter of law 

if reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion.’” (Id. at p. 1347.)

“A condition is not a dangerous condition within the meaning of this 

chapter if the trial or appellate court, viewing the evidence most favorably to the plaintiff, 

determines as a matter of law that the risk created by the condition was of such a minor, 

trivial or insignificant nature in view of the surrounding circumstances that no reasonable 

person would conclude that the condition created a substantial risk of injury when such 

property or adjacent property was used with due care in a manner in which it was 

reasonably foreseeable that it would be used.” (§ 830.2, italics added.)

“This principle, referred to as the ‘trivial defect doctrine’ . . . is not an 

affirmative defense, but ‘an aspect of duty that a plaintiff must plead and prove.’

[Citations.] That is so because a property owner’s duty of care ‘does not require the 

repair of minor or trivial defects.’” (Nunez v. City of Redondo Beach (2022) 81 

Cal.App.5th 749, 757 [“‘persons who maintain walkways, whether public or private, are 

not required to maintain them in an absolutely perfect condition’”].)

“In determining whether a given walkway defect is trivial as a matter of 

law, the court should not rely solely upon the size of the defect—in this case, on the 

depth or height of the walkway depression or elevation—although the defect’s size ‘may 

be one of the most relevant factors’ to the court’s decision. [Citation.] The court should 

consider other circumstances which might have rendered the defect a dangerous 

condition at the time of the accident. [Citation.] [¶] These other circumstances or 

factors include whether there were any broken pieces or jagged edges in the area of the 

defect . . . . [Citation.] In sum, ‘[a] court should decide whether a defect may be 

dangerous only after considering all of the circumstances surrounding the accident that 

might make the defect more dangerous than its size alone would suggest.’” (Huckey v. 

City of Temecula (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 1092, 1105, second italics added.)

“A public entity had actual notice of a dangerous condition . . . if it had 
6

actual knowledge of the existence of the condition and knew or should have known of its 

dangerous character.” (§ 835.2, subd. (a).) “A public entity had constructive notice . . . 

only if the plaintiff establishes that the condition had existed for such a period of time and 

was of such an obvious nature that the public entity, in the exercise of due care, should 

have discovered the condition and its dangerous character.” (§ 835.2, subd. (b).)

B. The Moving Papers

We will now summarize the admitted evidence from: 1) the City’s motion 

for summary judgment, 2) Timmons’ response, and 3) the City’s reply.

2

1. The City’s Motion for Summary Judgment

The City argued in the motion for summary judgment there was not a 

dangerous condition as a matter of law, and the City did not have sufficient notice.

In support, the City filed a separate statement that included the following

undisputed facts: Timmons alleges she fell because of a defective area in the street; 

Timmons walked across the street and alleges she was about to step onto a curb when she 

stepped on a large dip where the asphalt road meets the concrete gutter; this occurred at 

about 12:45 p.m., when the weather was sunny and dry; there is no crosswalk where 

Timmons crossed the street; there was no pedestrian or vehicle traffic that would have 

blocked Timmons’ view of the subject area; Timmons had walked in the area before; a 

witness had previously noticed the condition of the street, but did not consider it to be 

dangerous; the subject location was constructed in 1987; between the construction date 

and the date of the incident (2018) there were no reported falls; no lawsuit had ever been 

2 We are not summarizing or considering in our analysis any evidence excluded by the 

trial court in its evidentiary rulings. Given our disposition on the merits (reversing the 

trial court’s granting of the City’s MSJ), it is not necessary for us to consider Timmons’ 

further challenges on appeal to the trial court’s evidentiary rulings.
7

filed against the City alleging a dangerous condition related to the height differential 

specifically, or the condition of the street generally; and the City’s staff averred there had 

been routine maintenance and inspections of the area since at least May 2014, but the 

City had never identified the street’s condition as dangerous.

2. Timmons’ Response to the Motion for Summary Judgment

Timmons argued in her response there were triable issues of material fact

regarding whether the condition was dangerous.

In support, Timmons’ filed a separate statement that included the following 

undisputed facts: Timmons was 53 years old on the day of the incident; Timmons was 

walking back to work at the time of the incident; Timmons was wearing sunglasses and 

Skechers shoes; Timmons was alone; Timmons was crossing the street and was not on 

her phone or reading anything; Timmons stepped into the area where the asphalt connects 

with the gutter; Timmons’ left ankle twisted and she went down forward on her knees 

which contacted with the curb; and a witness had noticed a dip in the asphalt.

Timmons disputed the following facts in the City’s separate statement: 

Timmons did not use an available ramp (Timmons maintained it was foreseeable that 

pedestrians will take a shorter path across the street); the subject condition is the height 

differential between the asphalt street and the concrete gutter, which is between 1.25 

inches and 1.5 inches (Timmons and a witness estimated the height differential to be 

from one to two inches; and Timmons also maintained the subject condition included 30 

to 50 pieces of broken asphalt at the location where she fell).

In her deposition testimony, Timmons testified on the day she fell, “I 

noticed there’s cracks in the asphalt. There’s—there’s cracks in the gutter. There’s . . .

little pieces of crumbled black asphalt in that vicinity. That’s what I noticed.” Timmons 

was asked, “And when you say the little crumbles, there were actually crumbles that were 

broken away from the asphalt?” Timmons responded, “That’s what it looked like.” 
8

Timmons estimated there were from 30 to 50 small pieces of broken asphalt.

Timmons was asked, “where were those broken pieces of asphalt in relation 

to where you fell?” She responded, “Around that whole area.” When asked, “were there 

any of those broken-off pieces of asphalt under where you believed your foot stepped 

when you twisted your ankle?” Timmons responded, “I think there could have been. I’m 

not for sure.” Timmons was asked, “Were there any of those broken pieces of asphalt in 

the gutter right where your knees ended up on the curb?” She responded, “Possibly, 

yeah.” When asked, “Do you remember though?” Timmons said, “Yeah, it’s - - I can 

only say that I did see them. I can’t really give you really much, you know, specifics on 

all of that at the time.”

Timmons included with the response the declaration of Eris J. Barillas, a 

forensic analyst. In the admitted portion of Barillas’ declaration, she stated, “Industry 

standards recognize the inherent unsafe nature of unlevel walking surfaces. ASTM 

[(American Society for Testing and Materials)] F1637-13, a nationally recognized safety 

standard for the design, construction, and maintenance of reasonably foreseeable 

pedestrian walkways, states ‘Changes in levels greater than 1⁄2 in. shall be transitioned by 

means of a ramp or stairway that complies with applicable building codes, regulations,

standards, or ordinances, or all of these.’”

Barillas averred, “Low lying height differentials often go unnoticed by 

pedestrians and are likely to pose a significant fall hazard. The physical act of walking is 

largely an automatic human process wherein it does not require conscious thinking at the 

forefront of the mind to ambulate. . . . Rather, pedestrians will typically scan the ground 

area in front of them as they continue to walk forward and observe the other areas of their 

surrounding environment. As such, the presence of unexpected hazards, such as vertical 

height differentials, single steps, depressions, holes, etc., are often unperceived, and go 

unnoticed by pedestrians operating in a reasonably safe manner. . . .”

Quoting from a portion of an engineering book (also admitted into 
9

evidence), Barillas stated, “‘People do not always monitor the detailed condition of the 

floor or surface they are walking on. The normal line of sight is about 15° below 

horizontal relative to the eyes. Most of the time people do not walk around looking down 

at their feet. As a result, even small changes in surface elevation are not always seen. 

People have a natural expectation when walking along typical pedestrian walkway areas, 

such as sidewalks, parking lots, etc., that the walking surfaces will be ‘stable, planar, 

flush, and even to the extent possible . . . .’”

The admitted engineering treatise stated, “Most everyone has caught the toe 

of their shoe on a protruding or irregular surface of a floor, carpet, or sidewalk. In 

tripping, the motion of the foot is interrupted during a step. If the interruption of motion 

is sufficient, a fall will result.” The treatise continued: “Not all tripping incidents result

in falls, and not all falls lead to serious injury. Surrounding conditions contribute to the 

severity of tripping incidents.” (Italics added.)

3. The City’s Reply to Timmons’ Response 

The City argued in the reply brief that Timmons did not establish 

aggravating factors in order to establish a dangerous condition of public property.

The City disputed the following facts in Timmons’ statement: Timmons 

had not previously walked the route she walked (the City maintained she testified she had 

walked in the area at least twice); Timmons fell because of a large dip in the asphalt (the 

City maintained the photographs did not reflect a large dip); there were 30 to 50 pieces of 

broken asphalt on the ground where Timmons fell (the City maintained that photographs 

taken three weeks later did not reveal any debris at the location and the percipient witness 

did not see any debris); Timmons estimated the dip to be two inches (the City maintained 

the height differential was 1.25 to 1.5 inches); and the percipient witness estimated a twoinch dip between the asphalt and the gutter (the City maintained the witness estimated the 

height differential to be “probably about an inch or two”).
10

C. Application and Analysis

The elements to establish a dangerous condition of public property are: the 

property was in a dangerous condition at the time of the injury; the dangerous condition 

created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury alleged; the dangerous 

condition proximately caused the injury; and either a public employee created the 

dangerous condition, or the public entity had notice of the dangerous condition for a long 

enough time to have taken corrective measures. (See § 835.)

In the summary judgment motion, the City’s burden was to make a prima 

facie showing that no triable issues of material fact exist, and it was “entitled to a 

judgment as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).) Reviewing the 

moving papers de novo, we consider the evidence and “all inferences reasonably 

deducible from the evidence.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c).)

Here, we need analyze only whether: 1) there was a dangerous condition of 

public property at the time of the injury as a matter of law, and 2) whether there was 

evidence the City had sufficient notice in order to take corrective measures. (See 

Canales v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 1262, 1268 [“a summary 

judgment motion is directed to the issues framed by the pleadings”].)3

1. Dangerous Condition of Public Property

The City included photographs within the motion for summary judgment, 

which were taken some time after the injury. The City contended the photographs

demonstrate a height differential of between 1.25 to 1.5 inches between the concrete 

gutter and the asphalt street. The City argued this height differential constitutes a trivial 

3

On appeal, the City argues: “The trial court decided this case solely on the issue of 

notice, so whether the alleged condition was dangerous is moot.” (Boldfacing and 

capitalization omitted.) The City is mistaken. “The trial court’s stated reasons for 

granting summary judgment are not binding because we review its ruling not its 

rationale.” (Canales v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1268.)
11

(not dangerous) condition as a matter of law. (See, e.g., Nunez v. City of Redondo Beach

(2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 749, 753-754 [height differential of “just under three-quarters of 

an inch” between adjoining sidewalk slabs was a trivial defect as a matter of law].)

However, whether a defect is trivial as a matter of law cannot be decided 

based solely on only one factor such as the size of the defect. (See Caloroso v. Hathaway

(2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 922, 927, fn. omitted [“The decision whether the defect is 

dangerous as a matter of law does not rest solely on the size of the crack in the walkway, 

since a tape measure alone cannot be used to determine whether the defect was trivial”].)

Indeed, Timmons disputed that the height differential was between 1.25 and 

1.5 inches at the time of the injury. In deposition testimony, Timmons and the percipient 

witness both estimated the height differential to be up to two inches. In the trial court, 

the City argued Timmons had not measured the area; however, in a motion for summary 

judgment, we must resolve all evidentiary conflicts against the City. (See McCabe v. 

American Honda Motor Corp. (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 1111, 1119 [in a motion for 

summary judgment, courts may not make credibility determinations or weigh the 

evidence, and all evidentiary conflicts are to be resolved against the moving party].)

Additionally, based on the photographs, the asphalt street appears to be 

broken and jagged around the alleged defect (the uneven area where the street meets the 

concrete gutter). Timmons also testified there were from 30 to 50 pieces of broken 

asphalt rubble in the area at the time of her injury. (See Huckey, supra, 37 Cal.App.5th 

at p. 1105 [“The court should consider other circumstances which might have rendered 

the defect a dangerous condition at the time of the accident. [¶] These other 

circumstances or factors include whether there were any broken pieces or jagged edges in 

the area of the defect”]; see also Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1347-1348 [“A 

dangerous condition exists when public property ‘is physically damaged, deteriorated, or 
12

defective in such a way as to foreseeably endanger those using the property itself’”].)4

The precise size of the height differential between the asphalt street and the 

concrete gutter, and the purported presence of pieces of broken asphalt in the area at the 

time of the accident are disputed material facts. Moreover, we find reasonable jurors 

might disagree as to whether the City’s street posed a substantial risk of an injury to a 

person exercising due care. (See Cerna, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1347 [“The 

existence of a dangerous condition is ordinarily a question of fact but ‘can be decided as a 

matter of law if reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion’”].)

In the trial court, relying primarily on case law regarding uneven concrete 

sidewalk slabs, the City argued the alleged dangerous condition in this case was trivial as 

a matter of law. We find these published opinions to be distinguishable.

For instance, in Huckey, plaintiff alleged he tripped and fell because “[a]

concrete panel was ‘lifted’ in the sidewalk.” (Huckey, supra, 37 Cal.App.5th at p. 1196.) 

The plaintiff sued defendant city alleging a dangerous condition of public property and 

negligence. (Id. at p. 1098.) The Court of Appeal affirmed the granting of a summary 

judgment motion. (Id. at p. 1101.) The court held a three quarters of an inch height 

differential between two sidewalk slabs was not a tripping hazard where there was no 

evidence of any broken pieces or jagged edges in the area where the plaintiff had fallen. 

(Id. at p. 1108.) Further, “the height differential would have been in plain sight.” (Id. at 

pp. 1109-1110.) The court reasoned: “To be sure, the height differential posed some risk 

4

In the trial court, the City argued Timmons “specifically testified that the asphalt pieces 

did not cause her to fall.” This is a mischaracterization of her testimony. When asked, 

“were there any of those broken-off pieces of asphalt under where you believed your foot 

stepped when you twisted your ankle?” Timmons responded, “I think there could have 

been. I’m not for sure.” In any event, this argument was irrelevant as it goes the separate 

element of causation. (See Cole v. Town of Los Gatos (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 749, 768 

[“The status of a condition as ‘dangerous’ for purposes of the statutory definition does 

not depend on whether the plaintiff or other persons were actually exercising due care but 

on whether the condition of the property posed a substantial risk of injury to persons who 

were exercising due care”].)
13

of injury. Construed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the record supports a 

reasonable inference that height differentials higher than one-half inch pose a trip 

hazard to pedestrians. But to constitute a dangerous condition, the height differential, 

and the area surrounding it, must have posed ‘a substantial (as distinguished from a 

minor, trivial or insignificant) risk of injury’ when “used with due care in a manner in 

which it is reasonably foreseeable that it will be used.’” (Id. at pp. 1110-1111, second 

italics added, fn. omitted.)

The height differential in Huckey was less than one inch; in this case, the 

height differential was between one and two inches. The height differential in Huckey

involved the difference in height between two adjoining concrete sidewalk slabs; in this 

case, the height differential involved the difference in height between an asphalt street 

and an adjoining concrete gutter. The surrounding area in Huckey had no jagged edges or 

broken pieces; in this case, the surrounding area had jagged edges and broken pieces. In 

Huckey, the height differential was found to be in plain sight; in this this case, the height 

differential was also arguably in plain sight. But unlike Huckey, there were other 

circumstances present (the jagged and broken asphalt). Further, unlike Huckey, the 

evidence in this case included expert testimony that: “Low lying height differentials 

often go unnoticed by pedestrians and are likely to pose a significant fall hazard.” Also 

in this case, Timmons apparently tripped and fell as she walked from a higher level street 

to a lower level gutter, rather than the situation in Huckey where the plaintiff apparently 

tripped and fell while walking from a lower level concrete slab to a higher level concrete 

slab, with no other unusual circumstances present.

Given the expert evidence about a pedestrian’s ordinary line of sight, and 

the aggravating factors of the broken asphalt and jagged edges, we find reasonable minds 

may disagree as to whether a misalignment of one to two inches between a concrete 

gutter and an asphalt street is reasonably within the “plain sight” of a pedestrian who 

encounters the lower level concrete gutter while walking from a higher level asphalt 
14

street in order to reach a sidewalk. (See Wills v. J.J. Newberry Co. (1941) 43 Cal.App.2d 

595, 601-602 [whether a “dangerous condition was in plain sight” sufficient for a plaintiff 

to have seen it and avoided it is a question “of fact for the jury”].)

Based on all of the evidence, the surrounding circumstances, and the 

differences between this case and Huckey (and other similar cases involving uneven 

sidewalk slabs), we cannot say that the City established a trivial or nondangerous 

condition as a matter of law. (Compare Rodriguez v. City of Los Angeles (1963) 215 

Cal.App.2d 463, 468 [where one sidewalk slab was approximately one inch higher than 

another, the appellate court held “the defect was not a minor defect as a matter of law 

and, therefore, the question as to whether it was a dangerous or defective condition . . . 

was properly submitted to the jury for determination”].)

In short, we find a triable issue of material fact as to whether the condition 

of the City’s street was dangerous.

2. Actual or Constructive Notice

We now turn to the second element at issue in this case: whether there was 

evidence in the record that the City had actual or constructive notice sufficient to “protect 

against the dangerous condition.” (§ 835, subd. (b).) “‘Protect against’ includes 

repairing, remedying or correcting a dangerous condition, providing safeguards against a 

dangerous condition, or warning of a dangerous condition.” (§ 830, subd. (b).)

“The law is settled that a municipality in the absence of actual knowledge 

or actual notice of a dangerous condition existing in its street, is presumed to have 

constructive notice thereof where such condition has existed for an unreasonable length 

of time, and that it is a question of fact . . . to determine whether the dangerous condition 

in the public street has existed for a sufficient length of time to constitute constructive 

notice, and also whether a reasonable time to remedy the condition has existed.” 

(Rowland v. City of Pomona (1947) 82 Cal.App.2d 622, 625-626, italics added.)
15

In a trial regarding an alleged dangerous condition of public property, the 

jury is instructed as to the element of notice: “[Name of plaintiff] must prove that [name 

of defendant] had notice of the dangerous condition before the incident occurred. To 

prove that there was notice, [name of plaintiff] must prove: [¶] [That [name of 

defendant] knew of the condition and knew or should have known that it was dangerous. 

A public entity knows of a dangerous condition if an employee knows of the condition 

and reasonably should have informed the entity about it.] [¶] [or] [¶] [That the 

condition had existed for enough time before the incident and was so obvious that the 

[name of defendant] reasonably should have discovered the condition and known that it 

was dangerous.]” (CACI No. 1103, italics added.)

Here, the evidence reasonably shows the City knew about the condition of 

its street (it had routinely inspected the area for at least four years prior to the accident), 

but the City did not regard the condition to be dangerous. Indeed, the City stated the 

“height differential was never identified as a potential trip hazard or flagged for repair.” 

Although there were no prior injuries reported to the City, based on all the admitted 

evidence (the photographs, the City’s employees’ declarations, and the expert opinion),

we believe reasonable jurors could find the City had actual notice of the dangerous 

condition. That is, a jury could find that the City “knew of the condition” of its street, 

and further that the City “knew or should have known that it was dangerous.” (See CACI 

No. 1103; see also 19 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations (3d ed.1999 rev.) § 54:176, p.

336 [“The effect of actual knowledge of an unlawful obstruction in a street, which might 

occasion injury to persons lawfully in the street, is not lessened because the municipality 

may not have known that the obstruction was in fact dangerous”].)

Because the statutory element of notice is written in the disjunctive (actual 

or constructive notice), and we have determined that a jury could find the City had actual 

notice of the condition of its street, it is not necessary for us to consider the issue of 

constructive notice. (§ 835.2, subds. (a) & (b).) But in any event, the photographs appear 
16

to show the height differential and the surrounding conditions did not recently or 

suddenly appear; rather, the arguably dangerous condition appears to have been present 

over some substantial period of time. Consequently, we think jurors could also 

reasonable deduce “the condition had existed for such a period of time and was of such 

an obvious nature that the public entity [the City], in the exercise of due care, should have 

discovered the condition and its dangerous character.” (See § 835.2, subd. (b).)

Relying on Martinez v. City of Beverly Hills (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 508

(Martinez), the City argues notice of a dangerous condition can be adjudicated by a court 

as a matter of law. While that legal proposition may be true under some circumstances, 

the circumstances in Martinez are not applicable here.

In Martinez, plaintiff was walking in an alley and tripped and fell because 

of a “divot” that was about 1.75 inches deep and had been there for about two years. 

(Martinez, supra, 71 Cal.App.5th at p. 515.) The defendant city “had not inspected the 

alley behind this block” for at least seven years. (Id. at p. 515.) The trial court granted 

the city’s motion for summary judgment, in part, because the city argued it had no notice. 

(Id. at pp. 516-517.) At issue on appeal was whether defendant should have been on 

notice: “Such an imperfection may likely have created a triable issue of fact as to 

whether it was obvious enough to be discovered had it been located on a sidewalk. But 

does the same analysis apply to an alley? We conclude that the answer is ‘no.’” 

(Id. at pp. 513-514.) The Court of Appeal held: “Because alleys, unlike sidewalks, are 

designed and primarily used for purposes other than walking, and because the cost to 

municipalities of inspecting alleys with the same vigilance as inspecting sidewalks would 

be astronomical . . . , we hold that what is an obvious defect in the condition of an alley is 

not the same as for a sidewalk. Because reasonable minds can reach only one 

conclusion—namely, that the less-than-two-inch deep divot in the asphalt abutting a 

drainage vein in the alley is not an obvious defect—we affirm the trial court’s grant of 

summary judgment in this case.” (Id. at pp. 513-514, second italics added.)
17

Here, the facts are readily distinguishable. The alleged defect is located 

where a street meets a gutter, rather in an alley (or on a sidewalk). Further, we have 

concluded there was evidence the City had actual notice, and reasonable minds may 

differ as to whether the defect was dangerous. Thus, Martinez does not alter our analysis.

In sum, we hold that whether there was a dangerous condition cannot be 

determined as a matter of law, and whether the City had sufficient notice of the 

dangerous condition is a disputed issue of material fact. Therefore, we reverse the ruling 

of the trial court, which granted the City’s motion for summary judgment.5

III

DISPOSITION

The trial court’s order granting the City’s summary judgment motion is 

reversed in its entirety. The City is ordered to pay Timmons’ costs on appeal.

MOORE, ACTING P. J.

I CONCUR:

SANCHEZ, J.

5

The parties appear to agree that a reversal as to the first cause of action (a dangerous 

condition of public property) also necessitates a reversal as to the second cause of action 

(vicarious liability for public entity employees), because both causes of action are based 

on the same incident and therefore involve the same underlying factual issues.
1

GOETHALS, J., dissenting:

I dissent. Government Code6section 835 provides that “Except as provided 

by statute, a public entity is liable for injury caused by a dangerous condition of its 

property if the plaintiff establishes that the property was in a dangerous condition at the 

time of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the dangerous condition, 

that the dangerous condition created a reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury 

which was incurred, and that either: [¶] (a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an 

employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment created the dangerous 

condition; or [¶] (b) The public entity had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous 

condition . . . a sufficient time prior to the injury to have taken measures to protest against 

the dangerous condition.” (§ 835, subd. (a) & (b).)

In reversing the trial court’s grant of the City of Aliso Viejo’s (the City) 

motion for summary judgment, my colleagues conclude “reasonable jurors could find the 

City had actual notice of the dangerous condition” at the accident scene before plaintiff 

Amanda Timmons fell. I respectfully disagree.

It appears the following facts are uncontested: (1) Timmons had walked in 

the area where she fell on prior occasions; (2) the weather on the day of the accident was 

sunny and dry; (3) the City had received no reports of anyone falling at that location 

before the date of Timmons’s accident; (4) there had been no prior claims made or 

lawsuits filed related to any prior accident at that location; and (5) there had been no prior 

reports regarding the existence of any sort of dangerous condition of public property at 

that location. Moreover, the City offered evidence that, through a private contractor, it 

had performed regular inspections of its streets and sidewalks for some years prior to the 

accident. Although the record regarding the nature and extent of those inspections could 

6

All statutory references are to this code.
2

have been more robust, it seems they generated no reports of any dangerous condition at 

the accident scene.

Based on this record, the trial court granted the City’s motion for summary 

judgment after it determined Timmons had failed to satisfy the Government Code’s 

notice requirement. After analyzing the issue de novo, as we must, I reach the same 

conclusion. 

“A public entity had actual notice of a dangerous condition . . . if it had 

actual knowledge of the existence of the condition and knew or should have known of its 

dangerous character.” (§ 835.2, subd. (a).) Even if Timmons raised a triable issue of 

material fact as to the presence of a dangerous condition at the scene of her accident, I 

believe she failed as a matter of law to raise such an issue with respect to notice. I would 

therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling.

GOETHALS, J.