Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 1 of 11 A TTORNEY FOR A PPELLANT Zachary J. Stock Zachary J. Stock, Attorney at Law, P.C. Carmel, Indiana A TTORNEY S FOR A PPELLEE Theordore E. Rokita Attorney General of Indiana Ellen H. Meilaender Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana



### IN THE 

# COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Joshua D. Clark , Appellant

- Defendant,

v. 

### State of Indiana , Appellee

- Plaintiff

. April 25, 2023 Court of Appeals Case No. 22A

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- 2421 Appeal from the Hendricks Superior Court The Honorable Rhett M. Stuard, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 32D02

- 2105

- F4

- 27

Opinion by Judge Tavitas Judges Vaidik and Foley concur.
Tavitas , Judge .Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 2 of 11 

### Case Summary

[1] Joshua Clark appeals his conviction for child solicitation, a Level 4 felony. Clark argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his request for a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment. We disagree and, accordingly, affirm.


### Issue

[2] Clark raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying Clark’s request for a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment.


### Facts

[3] Predator Catcher s , Inc. (“PCI”) is a 501(c)(3) organi zation founded by Eric Schmutte. PCI’s mission is to “expos[e] men and women that are looking to engage in sexual activity with minors

. ” Tr. Vol. II p. 132. To expose , or “catch,” child predators, PCI uses images from adult volunteers to create decoy onl ine profiles and pose as minors online

. PCI then post s online videos of PCI confronting individuals who solicit sex from the decoy profiles

. PCI’s efforts have led to over three hundred “catches” and approximately ten convictions.

[4] On March 28, 2021, Clark , a thirty

- six

- year - old police officer with the Portland Police Department , messaged a PCI decoy profile named “Mackenzie , ” 1

1 The photos for “Mackenzie’s” profile were supplied by an adult PCI volunteer.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 3 of 11 which was operated by Schmutte on Skout, a social app. Over the next several weeks, Clark and “Mackenzie” communicated over text and several other social apps , including Kik and Snapchat

.
[5] In a text message sent on April 15, 2021, “Mac kenzie” informed Clark that she was age fourteen. 2 Clark responded, “If I don’t know[,] I can’t say anything . . . So delete that message.” Ex. Vol. IV p. 47. Clark then texted “Mackenzie,” “Your [sic] 18 right [.]” Id

. On several other occasions, “Mackenzie” informed Clark that she was age fourteen, a nd Clark instructed her to delete the message and say she was age eighteen.

[6] Over the course of their communications, Clark sent the following messages to “Mackenzie ”: “What do you wanna do to me[?]” ; “I want all of you ” ; “Damn I

wanna eat you ” ; “[L]et’s meet [and] see if we like each other [.] [W]ho knows[,] maybe just get a hotel room ” ; “Sit on me” ; “Make you c * m all over me ” ; “I’m trying to get with you ” ; and “Have to see you naked before I know you[’re] the best lol.” Id. at 60

- 61, 66, 81, 144, 146, 149 , 164

. When “Mackenzie” told Clark she was “ [a] bout to shower,” Clark responded, “I wanna see.” Id . at 128

. Clark also changed the settings for their Snapchat communications so that messages would disappear immediately after being viewed ; 3 referred to

2 It is unclear if “Mackenzie” also informed Clark of her age at an earlier time.
3 The ability to make photographs and message disappear after being viewed is a n inherent feature of the Snapchat app.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 4 of 11 Mackenzie as “hun” and “baby”; and requested that “Mackenzie” send photos of herself , including “a[n] old pic , ” multiple times

. Id. at 36, 60 , 66.

[7] Clark and “Mackenzie” arranged to meet at an Olive Garden in Avon on May 13, 2021. Clark texted “Mackenzie,” “Better not be cops waiting on me lol.” Id. at 110. When Clark arrived, Schmutte and several PCI volunteers confronted Clark and livestreamed th e encounter on Facebook

. Schmutte and the volunteers stated several times that Clark was free to leave, however, Clark chose to speak with them for several minutes in the Olive Garden parking lot

.
[8] One of the livestream’s viewers was Avon Police Department Detective Jacob Boggess , who viewed the livestream on his personal Facebook feed. Detective Boggess testified that he treated the livestream like “ a tip” and began his own investigation into Clark ’s communications with “Mackenzie

. ” Tr. Vol. II pp. 246

- 47. Detective Boggess contacted Schmutte, who provided his cell phone

a long with photos and videos of Clark’s communications with “Mackenzie

. ” Detective Boggess verified that Clark’s phone number w as the one that texted “Mackenzie” and that Clark drove to the Avon Olive Garden on May 13

. Detective Boggess also learned that Clark had researched online “the criminal code for child solicitation ” and whether Clark had “a warrant or reports to that effect.” Tr. Vol. III p. 8.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 5 of 11 [9] On May 25, 2021, the State charged Clark with child solicitation, a Level 4 felony

. 4 The trial court held a jury trial in July 2022.

[10] Schmutte testified that PCI’s decoy profiles never initiate communication with other indiv iduals on l ine and are never the first to propose a meeting

. Schmutte also testified to the following regarding PCI’s relationship with law enforcement : PCI is not affiliated with any police department and does not receive any training, advice, or assistance from law enforcement. PCI does not notify law enforcement until after PCI “catches” a person who has solicited sex from a decoy profile. PCI does not operate in jurisdictions where “the prosecutor in that coun ty does not want us doing it there.” Tr. Vol. II p. 138

. PCI receives all of its funding from private donations.

[11] Detective Boggess testified regarding his investigation into Clark. He further testified that PCI was “a civilian group” and not “ related [to] law enforcement in any way . . . .” and that he did not assist PCI in “catching” Clark. Id . at 245

.
[12] At the conclusion of the presentation of evidence, Clark requested a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment. The trial court found that there was insufficient evidence that PCI and Schmutte were agents of law enforcement and denied the request ed jury instruction

.

4 The State also charged Clark with one count of attempted child solicitation, a Level 5 felony. The State moved to dismiss this charge on June 8, 2022, and the trial court granted the motion the following day.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 6 of 11 [13] The jury found Clark guilty of child solicitation , a Level 4 felony . The trial court entered judgment of conviction and sentenced Clark to six years in the D epartment of Correction

. Clark now appeals.


### Discussion and Decision

[14] Clark argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his request for a jury instru ction on the defense of entrapment. Specifically, Clark argues that Schmutte and PCI were “apparent agent [s] ” of law enforcement. 5 Appellant’s Br. p. 7. We disagree.

[15] We review a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury instruction for an abuse of discretion. Hernandez v. State , 45 N.E.3d 373, 376 (Ind. 2015) . We consider : “‘(1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether there is evidence in t he record to support the giving of the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other instructions which are given.’” Id

. (quoting Guyton v. State , 771 N.E.2d 1141, 1144 (Ind. 2002) ).

“ A trial court may refuse a jury instruction only when ‘ [n]one of the facts ’ in the record would support the legal theory offered in the instruction. Humphrey v. Tuc k , 151 N.E.3d 1203, 1207 (Ind. 2020) (quoting Sims v. Huntington , 271 Ind. 368, 373, 393 N.E.2d 135, 139 (1979) )

.

5 Clark does not argue that any other type of agency relationship existed.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 7 of 11 [16] Th e defense of entrapment is defined by Indiana Code Section 35

- 41

- 3

- 9 (a) , which provides:

It is a defense that:
(1) the prohibited conduct of the person was the product of a law enforcement officer, or his agent , using persuasion or other means likely to c ause the person to engage in the conduct; and
(2) the person was not predisposed to commit the offense.
(Emphasis added).

[17] An agency relationship may be actual, implied, or apparent. See Menard, Inc. v. Dage

- MTI, Inc. , 726 N.E.2d 1206, 1210

- 11 (Ind. 2000) . As relevant here,

a pparent agency does not depend on the principal’s express or implied authorization for the agent to act on the principal’s behalf; rather, apparent
agency exists when “a principal’s manifestations induce a third party to reasonab ly believe there is a principal

- agent relationship.” Arrendale v. Am. Imaging & MRI, LLC , 183 N.E3d 1064, 1068 (Ind. 2022) ; see also Pepkowski v. Life of Ind. Ins. Co. , 535 N.E.2d 1164, 1167 (Ind. 1989) (“It is essential that there be some form of communi cation, direct or indirect, by the principal, which instills a reasonable belief in the mind of the third party .”)

. “ [ T ] he placing of the agent in a position to perform acts or make representations which appear reasonable to a third person is a sufficient manifestation to endow the agent with apparent authority. ” Gallant Ins. Co. v. Isaac , 751 N.E.2d 672 , 677 (Ind. 2001)

.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 8 of 11 [18] Clark directs us to no caselaw holding that our entrapment statute encompasses
ap parent agents of law enforcement

. We need not decide that issue, however, because we find that there are no facts in the record that would support an apparent agency relationship between Schmutte or PCI and law enforcement

.
[19] PCI is a private, civilian orga nization separate and apart from law enforcement. PCI receives no training, advice, or assistance from law enforcement , and receives all of its funding from private donations. PCI also does not notify law enforcement until after they “catch” someone , and here, Detective Boggess discovered PCI’s allegations against Clark by viewing the livest r eamed encounter on his own personal Facebook feed and only contacted Schmutte after PCI livestreamed the encounter

. Further, Detective Boggess treated th e livestream merely as “a tip” from which he launched his own, independent investigation into Clark

. Tr. Vol. II p. 246

- 47. Clark also concedes that there

was no “cooperation” between Schmutte or PCI and law enforcement. Reply p. 4.

[20] Clark argues that “[ b]y not doing anything to stop Schmutte and actively accepting his ‘help,’ the State of Indiana has placed him in a position to perform acts that appear to any reasonable person to endow him with the power of the [S]tate

. ” Appellant’s Br. p. 9

. Similarly , in Clark’s Reply Brief, Clark makes the reference that “Batman is not the apparent agent of Commissioner Gordon simply because the Commissioner puts up the Bat Signal. Batman is an apparent agent because everyone knows Commissioner Gord o n reaps theCourt of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 9 of 11 rewa rds for Batman’s efforts.” Reply p. 6. We disagree. 6 First, law enforcement lit no “Bat

- signal” calling Schmutte and PCI to action

. Rather, a s we have explained, law enforcement did not become involved until after PCI livestreamed its encounter with Clark. Moreover, l aw enforcement agencies routinely rely on the general public for tips, evidence, and other information , and t he mere collection of that information says nothing about whether the State has authorized an individual to act on its behalf. In addition, such an interpretation of our entrapment statute would seem to convert civilians into law enforcement agents only after the civilian’s efforts have been completed. Cf. Drake v. Maid

- Rite Co. , 681 N.E.2d 734, 738 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (holding that franchisee lacked apparent authority in selling restaurant when purchaser “offer[ed] no evidence of any communication or contact, direct or in direct, between herself and [franchisor] prior to purchasing the restaurant from [franchisee]”).

[21] Clark also relies on the fact that PCI does not operate in jurisdictions where law enforcement agencies do not wish them to operate

. PCI’s strategic decisions, however, are at most manifestations by PCI but are not manifestations by law enforcement and, therefore, cannot support a finding of apparent agency. See Pepkowski , 535 N.E.2d at 1167 (“Statements or manifestations made by the

6 Nor is it clear that Batman is an agent of Commissioner Gordon. See Joshuah Lisk, Note, Is Batman A State Actor? , 64 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 1419, 1440 (Spring 2014) (concluding, in the context of the Fourth Amendment, “[t]he government’s lack of knowledge and acquiesce[nce] to Batman’s actions is sufficient to create a separation between private conduct and official state action

. ”).Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 10 of 11 agent are not sufficient to create an apparent agency relat ionship.”). L aw enforcement’s discouragement of PCI operating in certain jurisdictions , meanwhile, manifests the opposite of an agency relationship. In short, the record simply contains no manif estations from Detective Boggess or any other law enforcement authority that suggests Schmutte or PCI were acting as agents of law enforcement.

[22] Even if an apparent agency relationship existed, however, Clark fails to demonstrate that he was not predispos ed to commit the offense. 7 We have explained that the critical question regarding predisposition “‘ is whether criminal intent [was] deliberately implanted in the mind of an innocent person[.]’” Ferge v. State , 764 N.E.2d 268, 271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Kats v. State , 559 N.E.2d 348, 353 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) ) (internal quotation marks omitted)

. That is not the case here.

[23] “Mac k enzie” informed Clark on several occasions that she was age fourteen , and Clark repeatedly instructed her to dele te the message and say that she was
age eighteen. Clark attempted to conceal his communications with “Mackenzie” by arranging for their Snapchat messages to disappear immediately after being viewed. Clark also repeatedly asked for pictures of “Mackenzie,” including “a[n] old pic ” of her, and , after Clark and

7 Clark’s argument on this issue consists of three sentences and is devoid of any citation to caselaw or other authority. See Ind. App. R. 46( A)(8)(a) (requiring that each argument be supported be “cogent reasoning” and “citations to the authorit ies, statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied on .”).Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A

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- 2421 | April 25, 2023 Page 11 of 11 “Mackenzie” arranged to meet at the Olive Garden, Clark texted , “Better not be cops waiting on me lol .” Ex. Vol. IV pp. 60, 110. Clark’s conduct suggests that he knew his communications with “Mackenzie” were illegal, yet he continued to engage with and solicit her

.
[24] We find that the evidence does not indicate that : 1) Schmutte or PCI were

a pparent agents of law enforcement ; and 2) Clark was not predisposed to commit child solicitation. Accordingly, the record contains no evidence to support a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion.


### Conclusion

[25] The trial court did not abuse i ts discretion by denying Clark’s request for a jury instruction on the defense of entrapment. Accordingly, we affirm.

[26] Affirmed. Vaidik, J., and Foley, J., concur

.