No. 01-251 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

 

2002 MT 236N 

WILLIAM D. BURTON and 

DEBRA A. BURTON, Husband and Wife, 

Plaintiffs and Respondents, 

v. 

LINDA DIANE ADAMS, 

a/k/a LINDA D. ADAMS, 

Defendant, Third Party Plaintiff, 

and Appellant. 

v. 

BURTON'S SATELLITE, INC. 

and JOHN DOES I and II, 

Third Party Defendants and Respondents. 

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eleventh Judicial District, 

In and for the County of Flathead, 

The Honorable Katherine R. Curtis, Judge presiding. 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Appellant: 

Linda D. Adams, Bigfork, Montana (pro se) 

For Respondents: 

William Burton, Bigfork, Montana (pro se); Judah M. Gersh, Viscomi, 

 Baraban & Gersh, Whitefish, Montana (Burton’s Satellite, Inc.); Shelly F. 

 Brander, Kaufman, Vidal & Hileman, Kalispell, Montana (Debra A. Burton) 

Submitted on Briefs: March 7, 2002 

 Decided: October 22, 2002 

Filed: 

__________________________________________ 

Clerk 
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Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1996 Internal Operating 

Rules, the following decision shall not be cited as precedent. The decision shall be filed as a public 

document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and shall be reported by case title, Supreme Court 

cause number, and result to the State Reporter Publishing Company and to West Group in the 

quarterly table of noncitable cases issued by this Court. 

¶2 Appellant Linda Adams (Adams) appeals an order of the Eleventh Judicial District Court, 

Flathead County. We affirm and remand to the District Court for proceedings consistent with this 

Opinion. 

¶3 We address the following issue on appeal: Were the District Court’s findings of fact 

supported by substantial evidence? We do not address the remaining issues presented by Adams 

because these issues were not preserved for appeal as discussed below. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶4 The instant action involves family relations who entered into a buy-sell land transaction, an 

employer/employee arrangement, a business venture, and made personal loans to each other, all of 

which resulted in controversies presented to the District Court. William Burton (William) and Debra 

Burton (Debra) entered into a buy-sell agreement to purchase property located immediately adjacent 

to the Pine Cone Kitchen in Bigfork from their cousin Adams in 1993. In addition, Adams, Debra 

and Caren Kastner, Adams’ sister, entered into a business venture in which the three people ran a 

gift shop known as Mallard Bay, Ltd. Co. According to the buy-sell, part of the purchase price of 

the land was to be paid in the form of rent credit towards space rental for Mallard Bay, as the store 

was located in Bigfork Plaza, a shopping mall owned by William and Debra. Bigfork Plaza is 
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located south of the property William and Debra agreed to purchase from Adams. During roughly 

the same time period, Adams worked for Burton’s Satellite, Inc. (Burton’s Satellite) a business 

owned and run by William. 

¶5 In 1996, William and Debra instituted this action to specifically enforce the buy-sell 

agreement, contending that Adams was obligated to convey the deed to them because they had 

conveyed the purchase price and credited the rent for Mallard Bay thereby fulfilling their 

requirements under the buy-sell. Adams answered William’s and Debra’s complaint and also 

instituted a third party complaint for wrongful discharge against Burton’s Satellite. During the 

pendency of the action, William and Debra separated. William proceeded pro se and Debra retained 

counsel. 

¶6 The District Court held a bench trial, heard testimony, and received evidence on the above 

controversies. The Court then issued its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Order which 

required Adams to specifically perform the buy-sell agreement and awarded damages and attorney 

fees and costs to William and Debra pursuant to the buy-sell. The District Court also found that 

Adams was not wrongfully discharged but rather was discharged due to an overall reduction in labor 

when the business performance of Burton’s Satellite declined. To the extent the rent credit for 

Mallard Bay was involved in the buy-sell, the District Court found in favor of William and Debra. 

Further, to the extent Adams alleged that payments from William and Debra on the buy-sell were 

instead repayments of personal loans from Adams to William or were salary payments from 

Burton’s Satellite, the Court also found in favor of William, Debra and Burton’s Satellite. Adams 

then filed this appeal. Debra and Burton’s Satellite responded with briefs but William did not. 

Further facts and procedure are discussed below. 
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶7 The standard of review of a district court's finding of fact is whether the finding is clearly 

erroneous. Espy v. Quinlan, 2000 MT 193, ¶ 14, 300 Mont. 441, ¶ 14, 4 P.3d 1212, ¶ 14. A finding 

is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the trial court misapprehended 

the effect of the evidence, or if this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that the district 

court made a mistake. Espy, ¶ 14. Determinations of credibility are best conducted by the trial court 

and must be granted great weight on appeal. Swain v. Battershell, 1999 MT 101, ¶ 39, 294 Mont. 

282, ¶ 39, 983 P.2d 873, ¶ 39. Finally, it is the duty of the trial court, not this Court, to resolve 

conflicts in the evidence. Tonack v. Montana Bank (1993), 258 Mont. 247, 251-52, 854 P.2d 326, 

329. We review a district court's findings to determine whether substantial evidence supports those 

findings, not contrary findings. Renner v. Nemitz, 2001 MT 202, ¶ 12, 306 Mont. 292, ¶ 12, 33 P.3d 

255, ¶ 12. 

 III. DISCUSSION

A. Issues Not Preserved for Appeal

¶8 In this case, Adams was represented by counsel at the trial court but proceeds pro se on the 

appeal. She frames and presents the following issues on appeal: 

1. Did the District Court err in allowing Respondents [William and Debra] to 

continue with proceedings when their first attorney resigned because he was unable 

to get them to cooperate with him? 

2. Did the District Court err in allowing Plaintiffs [William and Debra] to represent 

their corporation and themselves individually? 

3. Did the District Court err by not requiring Respondents [William, Debra, and 

Burton’s Satellite] to provide more definitive evidence in regard to their claim? 

4. Did the District Court err in not allowing deposition testimony entered in the 

record? 

5. Did the District Court err in granting Respondents [Debra] [partial] Summary 
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Judgment based on 1999 rules when contractual obligations were transacted in 1993 

and the suit was first filed in 1996? 

In addition, Adams posits numerous opened-ended questions in her brief, attempting to call into 

question both issues of fact and law that to her are apparently unresolved and that to her indicate an 

issue the trial court did not properly address. 

¶9 Debra asserts that Adams failed to preserve issues 1, 2, 4, and 5 for appeal. Debra also 

asserts that issue 3 does not require reversal because the District Court’s findings regarding Debra’s 

and William’s fulfillment of the buy-sell agreement are based on substantial evidence. Burton’s 

Satellite agrees that Adams did not properly preserve issues 1, 2, 4, and 5 for appeal. Further, 

Burton’s Satellite also asserts that the District Court’s findings regarding Adams’ wrongful 

discharge claim are also based on substantial evidence. 

¶10 We agree with Debra and with Burton’s Satellite that Adams failed to preserve four of her 

arguments for appeal. The general rule is that issues not raised before the trial court and new legal 

theories are not considered by this Court on appeal because it is unfair to fault the trial court on an 

issue it was never given an opportunity to consider. Renner, ¶ 15. Underlying this rule is the 

requirement that the issue be presented to the trial court in the first place in the form of an objection, 

motion or some other means of properly presenting the issue to the trial court for decision. When 

reviewing a case on appeal, this Court simply does not conduct a word for word analysis of every 

possible document in the record to determine if any errors or discrepancies exist. Rather, this Court 

only reviews the propriety of decisions presented to and made by the district courts. 

¶11 In making her arguments on appeal, Adams does not relate specific cites in the record to 

specific arguments, so it is impossible to discern if Adams even argues that she did preserve her 

claims. Adams also fails to fulfill the requirements of Rule 23(a)(4), M.R.App.P., in that none of her 
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arguments are supported by any legal authority. In any event, our review of the record indicates that 

Adams failed to preserve issues 1, 2, 4, and 5 for appeal. 

¶12 Regarding the first issue, our review of the record indicates that Adams stipulated to the 

withdrawal of counsel of William and Debra and made no motion to dismiss related to this 

withdrawal. Further, a party may represent themselves pro se. Section 37-61-416, MCA. 

Therefore, Adams failed to preserve this issue for appeal because she agreed to the withdrawal, 

made no motion to dismiss, and she cites no case law that indicates the procedure followed by the 

District Court was error. 

¶13 Regarding Adams’ second argument, Adams moved the court to require Burton’s Satellite to 

obtain proper corporate counsel as corporate legal action must be taken through an attorney. Weaver 

v. Graybill, Ostrem, Warner & Crotty (1990), 246 Mont. 175, 178, 803 P.2d 1089, 1091. Burton’s 

Satellite promptly obtained counsel. Because Adams prevailed, there is no issue to preserve for 

appeal. Adams’ brief indicates she might actually be asserting that the District Court was in error 

because Burton’s Satellite proceeded without counsel before her motion. Adams points out that 

Burton’s Satellite was proceeding with William improperly representing the business pro se until she 

moved the court to require proper corporate counsel and that while without counsel, Burton’s 

Satellite failed to respond to her requests for discovery. Consequently, Adams might be arguing that 

the District Court erred in failing to grant the motion for default judgment against Burton’s Satellite 

she submitted at the same time as the motion to require corporate counsel. Again, Adams fails to 

cite authority for this position. 

¶14 When considering default judgment, our policy favors a resolution on the merits. In re 

Marriage of Winckler, 2000 MT 116, ¶ 10, 299 Mont. 428, ¶ 10, 2 P.3d 229, ¶ 10. In this case, 
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Burton’s Satellite retained counsel and the District Court ultimately heard Adams’ wrongful 

discharge claim on its merits. Further, the court found that she failed to meet her burden in 

presenting her claim. Therefore, because Adams failed to preserve her argument for appeal, failed to 

cite authority and failed to demonstrate that the District Court erred by considering her case on its 

merits, we do not address this issue. 

¶15 Regarding the fourth issue, Adams asserts that the court erred by not admitting deposition 

testimony. However, she fails to indicate what deposition testimony was not admitted. At one point, 

she mentions an affidavit of Thomas Wynne, an accountant, regarding her damages from the alleged 

wrongful discharge. However, even if this should have been admitted, Adams failed to prove she 

was wrongfully discharged. Therefore, any error regarding evidence on damages would be 

harmless. 

¶16 Finally, Adams’ fifth issue fails because she does not meet her Rule 23(a)(4), M.R.App.P., 

burden to show if or what “1999 rules” would have required the District Court to apply any law 

differently to the facts of her case than the “1993 rules.” Further, she did not preserve this issue for 

appeal because she did not raise it below in response to Debra’s motion for summary judgment. 

¶17 Because Adams’ failed to demonstrate that she preserved these issues for appeal, failed to 

meet her Rule 23(a)(4) burden to cite authority and failed to show any prejudice from the District 

Court’s decisions regarding these issues, we affirm the District Court. 

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶18 The many opened-ended questions throughout Adams’ brief concern alleged discrepancies in 

the evidence regarding whether checks from William or Debra were not payments on the buy-sell, 

but were instead intended to pay back personal loans, were intended as salary payments for her work 
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at Burton’s Satellite, or were intended as payment for care of a mutual elderly relative. Debra and 

Burton’s Satellite interpreted Adams’ third issue to refer to these discrepancies and to present to this 

Court the issue of whether the District Court’s findings of fact were clearly erroneous. Further, 

Debra asserts that the court’s findings that she and William performed all their obligations under the 

buy-sell and fully paid the purchase price of the land were supported by substantial evidence. 

Burton’s Satellite asserts that the court’s finding that Adams was discharged from Burton’s Satellite 

because of a legitimate, overall reduction in force is supported by substantial evidence. 

¶19 Again, we agree that Adams’ third issue presents the question of whether the District Court’s 

findings are supported by substantial evidence and we agree that the District Court’s findings were 

properly supported. First, the order by the District Court addresses many of Adams’ contentions 

regarding discrepancies in the evidence so it is clear that the court was presented with conflicts in 

the evidence. It is the court’s role to address these conflicts. Swain, ¶ 39. 

¶20 Regarding the buy-sell agreement, the court based its findings that Adams was paid in full 

for the land on canceled checks, accounting records, and other documentation properly entered into 

evidence by Debra and William. Because Adams did not introduce separate records, this is the main 

information proving payments and properly serves as substantial evidence. Further, while Adams 

might disagree with the ultimate purpose of those payments, the court states that it did not find 

Adams credible. As mentioned, it is the province of the trial court to weigh a person’s credibility. 

Swain, ¶ 39. Based on expert testimony interpreting these records, the court also found that Adams 

was repaid the personal loans in addition to the contract payments. Due to a concession by William 

and Debra, the court also credited Mallard Bay with fifteen months rent rather than ten in order to 

account for the fact that Adams, her sister, and Debra were jointly responsible for the rent. Our 
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exhaustive and careful review of the record shows no substantial discrepancies with the Court’s 

findings. Therefore, the findings that Adams was paid in full for the buy-sell are supported by 

substantial evidence. 

¶21 Regarding the wrongful discharge claim, the court based its legitimate reduction in force 

finding on the fact that Burton’s Satellite went from 20 employees to 5 employees in 2 years, on the 

fact that the business tax returns for those two years showed corresponding decreases in income, and 

on the fact that William took over Adams’ job duties himself and did not replace Adams. Again, this 

undisputed evidence demonstrates that the court’s decision is based on substantial evidence. 

C. Costs and Attorney Fees

¶22 Finally, Debra requests that this Court award her the attorney fees and costs she incurred in 

responding to this appeal based on the provision in the buy-sell agreement allowing attorney fees to 

the prevailing party. We have previously held that an award of attorney fees based on contract 

applies to the appeal as well as the trial court proceedings. Eschenbacher v. Anderson, 2001 MT 

206, ¶ 51, 306 Mont. 321, ¶ 51, 34 P.3d 87, ¶ 51. Therefore, because Debra prevailed on appeal, she 

is entitled to fees on appeal. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

¶23 Because the District Court’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and Adams failed 

to preserve her remaining issues for appeal, we affirm and we also remand to the District Court for 

further proceedings consistent with this Opinion to determine Debra’s attorney fees and costs on 

appeal. 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON 
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We Concur: 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER 

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER 

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART 

/S/ JIM RICE