NO. 12-15-00167-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

SIDNEY C. LYNCH, 

APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE

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APPEAL FROM THE 7TH

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Sidney C. Lynch appeals his conviction for theft. In two issues, he challenges the 

sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction and the trial court’s inclusion of a 

presumption instruction in the jury charge. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

The State charged Appellant with theft of a truck belonging to Debra Graham, to which 

he pleaded “not guilty.” Graham and her husband, James Everhardt, testified that they owned a 

2002 Dodge truck. Graham testified that she was the truck’s registered owner. One day, Bryon 

Bragg contacted them about borrowing the truck. Everhardt and Graham agreed to loan the truck 

to Bragg. Everhardt believed that Bragg needed the truck to help his roommate, Stephen Pardue, 

pick up tires for Pardue’s car. Bragg testified that he allowed Pardue to borrow the truck.

Pardue testified that he borrowed the truck to visit his daughter, but he stopped to visit his 

friend, Jessica. When he prepared to leave Jessica’s house, the truck would not start. He 

testified that Everhardt told him to leave the truck there. Jacob Mayne, who was also visiting 

Jessica, testified that the truck was “sputtering” when Pardue arrived and that Pardue wanted to 

get rid of the truck. Mayne told Pardue that Samuel Jones could help him repair, sell, or replace 

the truck. Mayne then contacted Jones by telephone. 
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Jones testified that he and Appellant are coworkers at “The Farm,” a salvage business. 

He explained that they purchase vehicles and sell the parts to salvage yards. He testified that 

Mayne contacted him about the truck and said he wanted to sell it. Mayne and Appellant then 

discussed a purchase price. Kelly Sonntag, Jessica’s neighbor, testified that he saw two men 

retrieve the truck, but that Appellant was not one of them. According to Jones, however, he and 

Appellant retrieved the truck. Jones testified that he later paid Mayne for the purchase with 

money from Appellant.

Laurie Atkins testified that she was present when Appellant took the truck. Appellant 

told Atkins that he needed someone with a valid driver’s license to sign a release. She spoke to 

Mayne on the telephone, who said to sign the release. When she signed her name, she noticed 

that the document said “bill of sale.” She expressed concern about signing a bill of sale, but 

Appellant told her not to worry about it. Atkins contacted Everhardt when she later learned that 

the truck had been stolen. 

Detective Larry Swinford of the Smith County Sheriff’s Department testified that he went 

to The Farm to investigate, but could not locate the truck. He spoke with Appellant, who 

admitted purchasing the truck and obtaining a record of the purchase. He initially told Swinford 

that the truck had been demolished and the pieces sold to a business in Longview. When 

Swinford told Appellant that he would check the Longview business’s records, Appellant 

changed his story and said he knew nothing about what happened to the truck. 

Graham and Everhardt both testified that the truck was never located. Everhardt testified 

that he and Graham purchased the truck for $4,800. Graham testified that she purchased the 

truck for $5,300 about a year before the theft and that the truck was running and in very good 

condition when Bragg borrowed it. She submitted a claim to her insurance provider and received 

just under $4,000 for the loss. In Graham’s opinion, the truck was worth over $5,000. Swinford 

testified that, based on the truck’s vehicle identification number, its trade-in value ranged from 

$2,500 to $6,000.
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The jury found Appellant “guilty” of theft of property in an amount more than $1,500 but 

less than $20,000. Appellant pleaded “true” to an enhancement allegation, and the jury assessed 

punishment of imprisonment for ten years.1

LEGAL SUFFICIENCY

In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to support his 

conviction because of conflicting evidence regarding value and identity of the perpetrator. 

Standard of Review

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we determine whether, considering all 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, the jury was rationally justified in finding 

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). 

The jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given their testimony. 

Id. We give deference to the jury’s responsibility to fairly resolve evidentiary conflicts, weigh 

the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Hooper v. State, 

214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct 

evidence in establishing the accused’s guilt. Id. 

Value

A person commits an offense if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to 

deprive the owner of the property. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2015). The 

value of property is (1) its fair market value at the time and place of the offense, or (2) if the fair 

market value cannot be ascertained, the cost of replacing the property within a reasonable time 

after the theft. Id. § 31.08(a). A property owner is competent to testify as to the value of his or 

her own property. Sullivan v. State, 701 S.W.2d 905, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The owner 

may offer an opinion or estimate of value in general and commonly understood terms. Id. at 

909. Such testimony constitutes an offer of the witness’s best knowledge of the property’s value

and is sufficient evidence for the trier of fact to make a determination as to value based on the 

witness’s credibility. Id. This is true even without a specific statement as to “market value” or 

“replacement value.” Id. When the State seeks to establish the value of property through the 

testimony of someone other than the owner, the nonowner must be qualified regarding 

 

1 Although the charged offense is a state jail felony, Appellant was punished for a third degree felony 

because he has a prior conviction that contains an affirmative deadly weapon finding. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

ANN. art. 42.12 § 3g(a)(2) (West Supp. 2015); see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.35(c)(2)(B) (West Supp.2015).
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knowledge of the property’s value and must testify explicitly as to fair market value or 

replacement value. Id.

The jury heard Detective Swinford testify that the truck’s value ranged from $2,500 to 

$6,000. Everhardt, one of the truck’s owners, testified that the truck cost $4,800. The jury also 

heard Graham, the truck’s registered owner, testify that she purchased the truck for $5,300, her 

insurance provider paid just under $4,000 for the loss of the truck, and she believed the truck’s 

value exceeded $5,000. These witnesses’ testimony supports the State’s allegations of theft in an 

amount more than $1,500 but less than $20,000. See id. at 908-09. The jury was entitled to 

choose which testimony to accept and the State was not required to prove an exact value. See

Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13; see also Sowders v. State, 693 S.W.2d 448, 450 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1985) (State need only prove value of stolen property falls within the alleged value range). 

Accordingly, the jury could reasonably conclude that the truck’s value was more than $1,500 but 

less than $20,000, as alleged in the indictment. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see also

Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.2

Identity 

The state must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the accused is the person who 

committed the crime charged. Smith v. State, 56 S.W.3d 739, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d). Identity may be proved through direct or circumstantial evidence and 

inferences. Id. An appellate court gives great weight to a witness’s positive identification of a 

defendant. See Haywood v. State, 507 S.W.2d 756, 758 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974).

The jury heard conflicting evidence regarding the identity of the two men who hauled off 

the truck. Sonntag testified that Appellant was not one of those two men. Jones and Atkins 

testified that Appellant was one of the two men who hauled off the truck. Additionally, 

Appellant told Detective Swinford he purchased the truck, and he gave conflicting stories as to 

what happened to the truck. The State also admitted a copy of the bill of sale into evidence, 

which identified Appellant as the “purchaser” of the truck. Any conflict in the testimony or 

question of identity is to be resolved by the jury. Hicks v. State, 508 S.W.2d 400, 402 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1974). Accordingly, the jury was free to reject Sonntag’s testimony and accept the 

testimony of other witnesses who identified Appellant as the perpetrator. See Hooper, 214 

 

2 On the date of the offense, theft was a state jail felony when the value alleged was $1,500 or more but less 

than $20,000. See Act of May 29, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 1234, § 21, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 3301, 3310 

(amended 2015) (current version at TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(e)(4)(A) (West Supp. 2015)).
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S.W.3d at 13; see also Hicks, 508 S.W.2d at 402; Haywood, 507 S.W.2d at 758. Viewing the 

evidence in light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, we conclude that the jury could find, 

beyond a reasonable doubt, that Appellant committed felony theft of $1,500 or more but less 

than $20,000. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see also TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 31.03(a), 

31.08(a). We overrule Appellant’s first issue.

JURY CHARGE

In his second issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s inclusion in the jury charge of 

an instruction regarding the presumption of knowledge that property received has been 

previously stolen enumerated in section 31.03(c)(6)(B) of the Texas Penal Code.3

Facts

The State submitted a proposed jury instruction on the presumption found in section 

31.03(c)(6)(B). Defense counsel stated that he expected the trial court to include the instruction 

because it fell under section 31.03 and because the evidence included testimony throughout the 

trial regarding the topics of presumption, title, bill of sale, and certificate of authority. He 

expressed the belief that the presumption needed to be addressed in the charge, and he deferred 

to the trial court’s decision on what to include in the charge. Without objection from the 

defense, the trial court included the State’s requested instructions in its jury charge.

Analysis

The record indicates that Appellant agreed to submit a charge that contained an 

instruction on the section 31.03 presumption. Under the doctrine of invited error, a species of 

estoppel, a party who affirmatively seeks action by the trial court, cannot later complain that the 

action was erroneous. Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “The rule 

of invited error in jury charges is one of long standing[.]” Id. Having agreed to submission of

 

3 Section 31.03(c)(6)(B) states, in pertinent part, that 

an actor engaged in the business of obtaining abandoned or wrecked motor vehicles or parts of an 

abandoned or wrecked motor vehicle for resale, disposal, scrap, repair, rebuilding, demolition, or 

other form of salvage is presumed to know on receipt by the actor of stolen property that the 

property has been previously stolen from another if the actor knowingly or recklessly . . . fails on 

receipt of a motor vehicle to obtain a certificate of authority, sales receipt, or transfer document as 

required by Chapter 683, Transportation Code, or a certificate of title showing that the motor 

vehicle is not subject to a lien or that all recorded liens on the motor vehicle have been released[.]

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(c)(6)(B) (West Supp. 2015).
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the instructions, Appellant cannot now complain that the trial court erred by submitting the 

instruction to the jury. See id.; see also Landers v. State, No. 07–10–0130–CR, 2011 WL 

1496154, at *2 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 19, 2011, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication) (appellant acquiesed in trial court’s decision to disallow expert testimony and could 

not complain on appeal about something to which he agreed). Accordingly, we overrule 

Appellant’s second issue. 

DISPOSITION

Having overruled Appellant’s two issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

GREG NEELEY

Justice

Opinion delivered June 30, 2016.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

JUNE 30, 2016

NO. 12-15-00167-CR

SIDNEY C. LYNCH,

Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

Appeal from the 7th District Court 

of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 007-0443-15)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court 

below for observance.

Greg Neeley, Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.