**EXHIBIT        31.1  CERTIFICATIONS**

|   | 2.                  Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue                  statement                  of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to                  make the                  statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such                  statements                  were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by                  this                  report; |
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|   | 3.                  Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial                  information included in this report, fairly present in all material                  respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash                  flows of                  the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this                  report; |
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|   | 4.                  The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for                  establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures                  (as                  defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal                  control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules                  13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and                  have: |
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|   | 5.                  The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on                  our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting,                  to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s                  Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent                  functions): |
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