United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo. 2023-130

KEVIN F. LONG,

Petitioner

v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

Respondent

—————

Docket No. 16285-21L. Filed October 30, 2023.

—————

P owes federal income tax liabilities for the years 

2012–18. R filed a “Notice of Federal Tax Lien” (“NFTL”) 

covering P’s 2018 liability and sent to P a “Notice of Federal 

Tax Lien Filing and Your Right to a Hearing Under IRC 

6320”. P subsequently requested a collection due process 

(“CDP”) hearing with the Internal Revenue Service 

Independent Office of Appeals (“IRS Appeals”) to review 

the NFTL filing and requested as collection alternatives an 

offer-in-compromise (“OIC”) or an installment agreement 

(“IA”). 

During the CDP hearing P submitted an OIC which 

R determined to reject on the basis that P’s reasonable 

collection potential (“RCP”) exceeded the amount of P’s 

offer. R’s rejection of P’s OIC was thereafter reviewed by 

IRS Appeals as part of P’s CDP hearing. Although IRS 

Appeals calculated P’s RCP to be less than what R’s 

personnel had previously determined, IRS Appeals and P 

were unable to agree on the extent of P’s allowable 

expenses for court-ordered payments and therefore 

disagreed on P’s RCP. IRS Appeals accordingly sustained 

R’s rejection of P’s OIC and invited P to instead propose an 

IA. IRS Appeals did not give P a deadline to propose an IA, 

and it closed the case after not receiving a response in two 

days. When P responded to IRS Appeals one week later, he 

Served 10/30/23
2 

was informed by IRS Appeals that his CDP case had been 

closed. IRS Appeals thereafter issued to P a notice of 

determination sustaining the NFTL filing. P timely filed a 

petition for review in this Court. 

Held: IRS Appeals abused its discretion by abruptly 

ending P’s CDP hearing two days after it decided to sustain 

R’s rejection of P’s OIC and requested that P propose an IA. 

————— 

Gerard J. Levins, for petitioner.

Ian T. Rossi and Nina P. Ching, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

 GUSTAFSON, Judge: This is a collection due process (“CDP”) 

case brought pursuant to sections 6320(c)1 and 6330(d), in which 

petitioner, Kevin F. Long, asks this Court to review the determination 

by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) Independent Office of Appeals 

(“IRS Appeals”) to sustain the filing of a notice of federal tax lien 

(“NFTL”) with respect to his unpaid federal income tax liability for 2018. 

By joint motion of the parties, this case was submitted fully stipulated 

under Rule 122. The facts stated below are based on the pleadings and 

the parties’ stipulations, in which they stipulated the facts of the 

administrative CDP hearing and the documents generated during it to 

produce its record. We are therefore able to follow “the administrative 

record rule”, Murphy v. Commissioner, 469 F.3d 27, 31 (1st Cir. 2006), 

aff’g 125 T.C. 301 (2005), in our review in this case. For the reasons 

detailed below, we hold that IRS Appeals abused its discretion because 

it did not give Mr. Long a meaningful opportunity to propose an 

installment agreement (IA) to pay his outstanding liabilities, and we 

will remand the case to IRS Appeals for further consideration. 

1 Unless otherwise indicated, statutory references are to the Internal Revenue 

Code, Title 26 U.S.C., as in effect at the relevant times, regulation references are to 

the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 26 (Treas. Reg.), as in effect at the relevant 

times, and Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Dollar 

amounts are rounded. 

[*2]
3

[*3] FINDINGS OF FACT

When he timely filed his petition, Mr. Long resided in Maine.

Petitioner’s federal income tax liabilities

For 2012 through 2018 Mr. Long has unpaid federal income tax 

liabilities totaling $963,398. As of May 27, 2019, his liability for 2018—

the year at issue—was $133,357.89. 

Notice of federal tax lien

On June 20, 2019, the Commissioner filed an NFTL with the 

Registry of Deeds in Cambridge, Mass., covering Mr. Long’s unpaid 2018 

income tax liability. On June 27, 2019, the Commissioner sent to 

Mr. Long a “Notice of Federal Tax Lien Filing and Your Right to a 

Hearing under IRC 6320”. The notice advised Mr. Long of his right to 

request a CDP hearing with IRS Appeals by August 5, 2019, to review 

the NFTL filing and discuss collection alternatives.

Mr. Long timely submitted Form 12153, “Request for a Collection 

Due Process or Equivalent Hearing”. On the Form 12153, Mr. Long 

checked boxes indicating that he was requesting as a collection 

alternative an IA or an offer-in-compromise (“OIC”). Along with his CDP 

hearing request, Mr. Long submitted a completed Form 656, “Offer in 

Compromise”, based on doubt as to collectibility, by which he offered to 

settle his total outstanding income tax liability—$963,398—for $5,494.

As part of his OIC Mr. Long submitted Form 433–A, “Collection 

Information Statement for Wage Earners and Self-Employed 

Individuals”, detailing his monthly income and expenses as well as his 

present assets and liabilities for the purposes of calculating his 

reasonable collection potential (“RCP”). Mr. Long reported that he had 

a total monthly income of $33,924, consisting of $20,100 in wages and

$13,824 of net business income. Mr. Long further reported that he had 

total monthly living expenses of $33,936, including total court-ordered 

payments of $22,601 per month consisting of “Child Support” of $3,818, 

“Alimony” of $5,366, and a third item labeled “Court OrderedSeparation Agreement” of $13,416. Mr. Long further reported that he 

had $100 cash on hand and that he maintained a checking account with

a total balance of $5,214.

Mr. Long’s OIC was initially reviewed by IRS Offer Examiner 

Rose Ingrassia. Ms. Ingrassia reviewed Mr. Long’s financial information 
4

[*4] and determined that Mr. Long had monthly income of $33,869

(instead of the $33,924 that Mr. Long had reported on his Form 433–A)

and monthly expenses of $10,122 (instead of the $33,936 that Mr. Long 

had reported). Ms. Ingrassia determined Mr. Long’s net monthly income 

to be approximately $23,747. She also calculated Mr. Long’s available

equity in assets to be $27,397. Consequently, she rejected Mr. Long’s 

proposed OIC on the ground that the amount offered was less than his 

RCP, which she determined to be $2,517,225. In her computation 

Ms. Ingrassia apparently disallowed all of Mr. Long’s court-ordered 

expenses.

CDP hearing

Administration of Mr. Long’s CDP hearing was assigned to 

Settlement Officer Susan Bradford. Ms. Ingrassia forwarded Mr. Long’s 

OIC to Ms. Bradford to conduct the CDP hearing and to consider the 

collection alternatives that Mr. Long raised in his Form 12153. 

Thereafter, Mr. Long sent a letter to Ms. Bradford asserting that the 

offer specialist had overstated Mr. Long’s net monthly income by at least 

$22,601. He also attached a copy of a marital settlement agreement

between Mr. Long and his ex-wife which imposed financial obligations 

on Mr. Long. According to the settlement agreement, Mr. Long was 

ordered to make alimony payments of $1,248 per week and child support 

payments of $888 per week. Mr. Long’s bank statements also showed 

that he was paying $4,533 in monthly tuition for his children to attend 

private school. 

Ms. Bradford then separately considered Mr. Long’s OIC and on 

April 29, 2021, communicated to Mr. Long an initial determination that 

his RCP was $714,489 (not the $2,517,225 that Ms. Ingrassia had 

previously determined). Ms. Bradford’s initial calculation allowed the

private school tuition expenses and also allowed a portion of Mr. Long’s 

court-ordered alimony ($2,584) and child support obligations ($1,871).

However, Ms. Bradford indicated to Mr. Long that “[m]ore review may 

be needed” to allow the foregoing expenses. She requested a response by 

May 6, 2021.

On May 6, 2021, Mr. Long provided Ms. Bradford with a

spreadsheet containing a revised calculation of his RCP. According to 

the spreadsheet, Mr. Long revised his RCP to $511,929 (i.e., less than 

Ms. Bradford’s $714,489, but more than Mr. Long’s original offer of 

$5,494).
5

[*5] On May 11, 2021, Ms. Bradford prepared and sent to Mr. Long an

“Appeals Offer in Compromise Memorandum” (“OIC Memo”). The OIC 

Memo reflected that IRS Appeals had further recalculated Mr. Long’s 

RCP to be $594,709 (i.e., more than Mr. Long’s $511,929 but less than 

Ms. Bradford’s previous $714,489), having allowed several expenses in 

its calculation, including $4,455 for combined alimony and child support 

and $4,533 for private school tuition. However, the OIC Memo also 

indicated that IRS Appeals preferred a partial payment installment 

agreement (“PPIA”) as a collection alternative for Mr. Long and 

requested additional substantiation of certain expenses. 

On May 17, 2021, Mr. Long responded to the OIC Memo with 

additional information regarding his expenses and insisted that IRS 

Appeals had overestimated his business income each month. 

Ms. Bradford was out of the office teaching from May 10 through May 

21, and then out of the office on vacation from May 24 to May 31. On 

June 4, 2021, having not received a reply to his response of May 17, 

2021, Mr. Long sent a follow-up letter to Ms. Bradford requesting an 

update on the status of his OIC. 

Ms. Bradford promptly replied to Mr. Long on June 7, 2021, with 

another OIC Memo showing, among other things, that IRS Appeals had 

disallowed Mr. Long’s reported monthly expense for private school 

tuition and had recalculated his RCP to be greater than previously 

calculated—i.e., $1,078,114. The revised OIC Memo indicated, however,

that it was a “Draft”. In her cover letter to the revised OIC Memo

Ms. Bradford stated:

There is still a CDP Lien case open, so we can discuss another 

collection alternative, such as an Installment Agreement.

Let me know if you want to set up a time to discuss.

Ms. Bradford’s June 7 memo did not set a specific deadline for Mr. Long 

to “let me know”. 

Two days later, on June 9, 2021, Ms. Bradford prepared an

“Appeals Offer in Compromise Rejection Memorandum”. The following 

day, on June 10, 2021, Ms. Bradford noted in her case activity record

that there had been “[n]o contact from [Mr. Long] regarding setting up 

an IA based on the OIC rejection being sustained” and that she was 

“[c]losing case accordingly”.
6

[*6] On June 15, 2021 (i.e., one week after receiving Ms. Bradford’s 

“let me know” and her revised OIC Memo showing the disallowed 

private school tuition expense and an accordingly higher RCP), Mr. Long 

responded to Ms. Bradford, urging that calculation of his RCP should 

include the full amount of court-ordered alimony and child support that 

he initially reported. That same day, however, Ms. Bradford replied

“[t]he offer case has already been closed as a rejection” and that “[t]he 

CDP case has been written up to issue a Notice of Determination.”

Notice of determination

On that same day—June 15, 2021—IRS Appeals issued its 

“Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Actions under IRC 

Sections 6320 or 6330 of the Internal Revenue Code”, sustaining the 

NFTL. Specifically, the notice of determination stated in part that IRS 

Appeals was rejecting Mr. Long’s OIC and could not consider an IA as a 

collection alternative because there had been no response from Mr. Long 

as of June 10, 2021. The notice of determination, mailed June 28, 2021,

advised Mr. Long of his right to challenge the determination by filing a 

petition in the United States Tax Court.

Tax Court proceedings

On July 28, 2021, Mr. Long timely filed his petition with this 

Court seeking our review of IRS Appeals’ determination to deny him

collection alternatives and sustain the NFTL. The parties filed 

stipulations of fact and supporting exhibits, and they filed a Joint 

Motion for Leave to Submit Case Under Tax Court Rule 122, which we 

granted on July 5, 2022. They then filed briefs, in which the 

Commissioner contended we should sustain IRS Appeals’ 

determination, and Mr. Long contended that we should remand the case 

for further consideration by IRS Appeals.

OPINION

I. General legal principles

A. Collection due process procedures

When a taxpayer fails to pay any federal income tax liability 

within 10 days after notice and demand, section 6321 imposes a lien in 

favor of the United States on all the property of the delinquent taxpayer, 

and section 6323(f) authorizes the IRS to file notice of that lien. 

However, no later than five business days after filing an NFTL, the IRS 
7

[*7] must provide written notice of that filing to the taxpayer. § 6320(a). 

After receiving such notice, the taxpayer may request an administrative 

CDP hearing before IRS Appeals. § 6320(b)(1). At the CDP hearing, IRS 

Appeals must determine whether the collection action may proceed. In 

making that determination, the Appeals officer must consider several 

things specified in section 6330(c) (and made applicable to lien cases by 

section 6320(c)):

First, IRS Appeals must verify that the requirements of any 

applicable law and administrative procedure have been met by IRS 

personnel. § 6330(c)(3)(A). The attachment to the notice of 

determination sets forth Ms. Bradford’s compliance with these 

requirements, and Mr. Long makes no challenge as to the verification

requirement in his Petition. Consequently, no verification issues under 

section 6330(c)(1) are at issue, and we need not discuss this requirement 

further. 

Second, IRS Appeals must consider any issues raised by the 

taxpayer, including proposed collection alternatives. § 6330(c)(2)(A). 

This case focuses on this second requirement, which we will discuss 

below.

Third, IRS Appeals must determine “whether any proposed 

collection action balances the need for the efficient collection of taxes 

with the legitimate concern of the person that any collection action be 

no more intrusive than necessary.” § 6330(c)(3)(C). Mr. Long did not 

raise intrusiveness in his request for a CDP hearing, in his Petition, or 

in his briefing to this Court; therefore, no issues as to “balancing” under 

section 6330(c)(3)(C) are at issue, and we do not discuss this requirement 

further. 

Once IRS Appeals issues its determination, the taxpayer “may, 

within 30 days of a determination . . . , petition the Tax Court for review 

of such determination (and the Tax Court shall have jurisdiction with 

respect to such matter).” § 6330(d)(1). 

B. Tax Court Review

Where, as here, a taxpayer does not challenge his underlying tax 

liability, we review determinations of IRS Appeals for abuse of 

discretion. See Goza v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 176, 181–82 (2000). 

Applying that abuse-of-discretion standard, we decide whether IRS 

Appeals’ determination to sustain the NFTL was arbitrary, capricious, 

or without sound basis in fact or law. See Murphy v. Commissioner, 125 
8

[*8] T.C. 301, 320 (2005), aff’d, 469 F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2006). We do not 

substitute our judgment for that of IRS Appeals but consider “whether, 

in the course of making its determination, the Appeals Office complied 

with the legal requirements of an administrative hearing.” Charnas v. 

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2015-153, at *7. 

II. Analysis

As we noted above in Part I.A, IRS Appeals is required to consider 

at a CDP hearing any “relevant issue” raised by the taxpayer, including 

“the appropriateness of collection actions” and “offers of collection 

alternatives”. § 6330(c)(2)(A), (3)(B). For the reasons we now explain, we 

hold that IRS Appeals failed to adequately address the collection 

alternatives that Mr. Long raised in the CDP hearing and therefore

abused its discretion by prematurely closing his CDP hearing and 

issuing its notice of determination.

A. Conduct of the CDP hearing

Mr. Long contends that IRS Appeals abused its discretion because 

it ended his CDP hearing without providing him a meaningful 

opportunity to propose an IA. The relevant regulations do not provide a

period within which a CDP hearing must be concluded, but they do 

instruct the IRS to complete the hearing “as expeditiously as possible 

under the circumstances.” Treas. Reg. § 301.6320-1(e)(3), Q&A E-9. 

Nevertheless, “[t]he reasonableness of the appeals officer’s decision to 

terminate a CDP hearing must be determined in light of the entire 

context of the proceeding.” Murphy v. Commissioner, 469 F.3d at 32. 

Because CDP hearings are designed to be a forum for considering the 

taxpayer’s legitimate disagreement with collection actions, IRS Appeals 

must give “proper and fair consideration to [the] issues that [the 

taxpayer] raised.” Hamilton v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2022-21, 

at *7.

The context of this case reflects that IRS Appeals’ remarkably 

hasty termination of the CDP hearing was arbitrary and unreasonable 

and therefore constitutes an abuse of discretion. As the record reflects,

Mr. Long requested two collection alternatives in his Form 12153: an 

OIC (which he formally submitted on Form 656) and an IA. However, 

the correspondence in the CDP hearing between Mr. Long and IRS 

Appeals focused almost exclusively on Mr. Long’s OIC and the 

computation of his RCP, and under the facts and circumstances of this 

case, IRS Appeals and Mr. Long followed a clear pattern of responding 
9

[*9] between five and seven days after receiving communications from 

each other.

However, IRS Appeals’ communication of its “Draft” revised OIC 

Memo dated June 7, 2021, did not include a specific deadline within 

which Mr. Long should respond but rather made the casual and nonurgent request to “Let me know if you want to set up a time to discuss.”

We think that Mr. Long and his representative had no reason to suppose 

that an unmentioned 2-day deadline existed. Furthermore, IRS Appeals’ 

June 7 communication represented a significant crossroads in the CDP 

hearing for Mr. Long, because he needed to make a strategic decision 

either to continue pursuing his OIC or to instead propose an IA. 

Mr. Long’s decision to continue discussing his OIC and RCP was not 

unreasonable in its context, because IRS Appeals’ “Draft” revised OIC 

Memo disallowed a large monthly expense (private school tuition for his 

children) which had previously been allowed and further refused to 

allow the full amount of his court-ordered expenses for child support and 

alimony, which can be allowable expenses according to Internal Revenue 

Manual (“IRM”) 5.8.5.22.4 (Sept. 24, 2021).2 Mr. Long therefore had 

plausible arguments—even if not winning arguments—that his RCP 

was less than what IRS Appeals had determined it to be, and that 

accordingly he might still qualify for an OIC. Had Mr. Long instead 

chosen to propose an IA, he would have signaled to IRS Appeals that he 

was giving up on his pursuit of an OIC (a decision that he was 

apparently not ready to make).

However, despite IRS Appeals’ not communicating to Mr. Long 

any final (non-“Draft”) rejection of the possibility of an OIC nor any 

deadline within which to propose an IA, he was given only two days to 

make this significant decision. Under the facts and circumstances of this 

case, two days was not an adequate amount of time for Mr. Long to make 

this significant decision. He himself works as an employee in addition to 

running his own business, and he was communicating with IRS Appeals 

through an attorney with whom Mr. Long would have needed to consult

before responding to IRS Appeals’ revised OIC Memo. Furthermore, IRS 

Appeals’ revised OIC Memo stated that it was a “Draft”, thereby 

indicating that its determinations were not final and were potentially 

2 “We note that it ‘is a well-settled principle that the Internal Revenue Manual 

does not have the force of law, is not binding on the IRS, and confers no rights on 

taxpayers.’” Thompson v. Commissioner, 140 T.C. 173, 190 n.16 (2013) (quoting 

McGaughy v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-183, slip op. at 17). We cite its provisions 

to inform our analysis of whether IRS Appeals abused its discretion in following the 

relevant provisions of the IRM in making its determination. 
10

[*10] subject to further revision. In the absence of a stated deadline, 

Mr. Long’s taking one week to consult with his attorney about how to 

proceed and whether to continue discussing his RCP with IRS Appeals 

for the purposes of qualifying for an OIC or to instead abandon the OIC 

as a collection alternative and propose an IA was not unreasonable given 

the history of both his and IRS Appeals’ taking approximately one week 

to respond to communications. Accordingly, under the facts and 

circumstances of this case, it was unreasonable for IRS Appeals to close 

Mr. Long’s CDP hearing after not hearing back from him for two days 

after sending its revised OIC Memo and inviting him to discuss an IA.

The present situation is materially different from that in Shanley 

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-17. In that case we held that IRS 

Appeals did not abuse its discretion when it denied a taxpayer’s request 

for more time to submit requested financial information. IRS Appeals 

had set a 14-day deadline for the taxpayer to submit required 

information, but the taxpayer failed to meet that due date, and IRS 

Appeals issued its notice of determination sustaining collection. The 

IRS’s responsibility to collect taxes is a critically important government 

function; and where a taxpayer exercises his statutory right to interrupt 

that collection and receive the benefits of administrative review of it, 

IRS Appeals must be able to set reasonable deadlines. We do not even 

hold today that there are no circumstances in which an announced twoday deadline could be a proper exercise of IRS Appeals’ discretion. In 

this case, however, Mr. Long had demonstrated commitment to 

cooperating with IRS Appeals, and on multiple occasions he had 

promptly responded to IRS Appeals’ communications with requested 

information within the time that Appeals had given. The parties had 

clearly established a pattern of responding between five and seven days 

after receiving communications from each other, and Mr. Long had 

never failed to meet any deadline set by IRS Appeals for providing 

financial information and substantiation. IRS Appeals’ last 

communication before closing the CDP process set no deadline for 

response, stated that “we can still discuss another collection 

alternative”, and invited Mr. Long to “[l]et me know if you want to set 

up a time to discuss”. Mr. Long responded in seven days, but

unbeknownst to him, IRS Appeals had closed his case five days earlier. 

In the context of Mr. Long’s prompt and responsive communication, we 

conclude that IRS Appeals’ abrupt closure of the case was an abuse of 

its discretion.
11

[*11] B. The Commissioner’s arguments

The Commissioner counters that Mr. Long did not “propose an 

installment agreement during the CDP hearing”. He highlights that 

Mr. Long’s communications with IRS Appeals about collection 

alternatives during the CDP hearing focused solely on his proposed OIC

and that Mr. Long never submitted a written proposal for an IA. The 

record reflects, however, that Mr. Long did indeed indicate in his Form 

12153 that he was interested in either an IA or an OIC. Moreover, it 

might not be efficient for a taxpayer to pursue both an OIC and an IA 

simultaneously, since an OIC proposes to settle a taxpayer’s entire 

outstanding liability for less than the full amount whereas an IA 

generally pays the entire liability3 over time. Sometimes it may make 

sense for a taxpayer to make a specific proposal for an IA only after the 

parties have been unable to agree about an OIC. It is possible that a

taxpayer might make cynical use of this seriatim approach simply to 

stretch out the CDP process (but the record here shows no indication of 

such an abuse), and IRS Appeals could explicitly foreclose this 

approach—but it did not do so here.

The Commissioner cites Pough v. Commissioner, 135 T.C. 344 

(2010), for the proposition that “[t]he petitioner is expected to meet 

reasonable deadlines set by Appeals to submit requested information, 

and it is not an abuse of discretion to issue the determination if the 

petitioner fails to submit the requested items within the reasonable 

timeframe given by Appeals.” We agree with this proposition, but it does 

not apply to this case for two reasons. First, no “timeframe” was in fact 

“given by Appeals” for Mr. Long to propose an IA. Second, the two-day

window that IRS Appeals gave Mr. Long was not “reasonable”,

considering his need to evaluate, with his representative, IRS Appeals’ 

responses to his criticisms of its calculation of his RCP. As we have 

shown, IRS Appeals did not provide Mr. Long a meaningful opportunity 

to propose IA terms, as IRS Appeals decided to close the case just two 

days after providing Mr. Long a revised OIC Memo stating that it would 

no longer consider an OIC as a collection alternative. 

III. Conclusion

IRS Appeals abused its discretion by closing Mr. Long’s CDP 

hearing without providing him a meaningful opportunity to propose an 

3 A PPIA, unlike the more common IA, does involve an agreement to pay, over 

time, an amount less than the entire liability, i.e., a “partial payment”.
12

[*12] IA. The facts and circumstances of this case show that both Mr. 

Long and IRS Appeals routinely took about one week to respond to 

substantive communications from the other party. Furthermore, IRS 

Appeals’ revised OIC Memo to Mr. Long indicated that it was a draft. 

Mr. Long was therefore not unreasonable in assuming that he would 

have another week to respond. IRS Appeals’ decision to close Mr. Long’s 

CDP hearing and issue a notice of determination after receiving no 

response in two days was an arbitrary action with no sound basis in law 

or fact. Therefore, IRS Appeals abused its discretion by issuing a notice 

of determination without adequately addressing all collection 

alternatives that Mr. Long raised in his CDP hearing. 

To reflect the foregoing, 

An order will be issued remanding the case to IRS Appeals for 

further consideration.