DOE Review 08/20/2014

Division of Compensation Analysis and 

Support

Document Number: Battelle-TBD-6000 

Appendix J

Effective Date: 10/07/2014

Revision No. 0

Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked 

Uranium Metals

Appendix J – Joslyn

Page 1 of 10

Document Owner: David Allen

Approval: Signature on file Date: _10/07/2014_____ Supersedes: None

 J.W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

 

RECORD OF ISSUE/REVISIONS

ISSUE 

AUTHORIZATION 

DATE

8/08/2014

EFFECTIVE 

DATE

10/07/2014

REV. 

NO. 

0

DESCRIPTION

Appendix to Battelle-TBD-6000 

describing the use of the TBD for 

claims at Joslyn
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J.1 Introduction

This document serves as an appendix to Battelle-TBD-6000, Site Profiles for Atomic 

Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium Metals. This appendix describes the results 

of document research specific to this site. Where specific information is lacking, 

research into similar facilities described in the body of this Site Profile is used.

J.2 Site Description

Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Company, also known as Joslyn Stainless Steel 

Company, Fort Wayne Steel Corporation, and Slater Steel, performed tempering, hot 

rolling, quenching, straightening, cooling, grinding, waste burning, and abrasive cutting 

of natural uranium billets into metal rods for use in Hanford site nuclear reactors (ORAU 

2012). Joslyn Manufacturing was instrumental in developing the procedures for rolling 

uranium metal rods. These activities were conducted in support of the Manhattan 

Engineer District (MED) from March 1, 1943 through December 31, 1952.

J.2.1 Site Activities

Uranium Processing

Considerable early work at Joslyn Manufacturing was for the purpose of determining the 

best procedures for rolling and machining natural uranium rods. Natural uranium billets 

were received by rail, unloaded by an overhead crane onto carts, and stored in a storage 

area. The billets were taken, as needed, from the storage area to the tempering area, preheated in one of eight small natural-gas-atmosphere electric furnaces to a specified 

temperature, and moved to the rolling mills (an 18-inch roughing stand, 12-inch 

intermediate mill, and a 9-inch finishing mill were used) where passes occurred. Time 

was allowed for the rolls to cool between passes in order to prevent the metal from 

exceeding a specified temperature (ORAU 2012, pg. 18).

The grinding process was carried out in two widely separated parts of a large shed. The 

first operation consisted of grinding uranium rods. This process was carried out in 1943 

and 1944 in a small shed constructed inside a larger shed. The fumes and dust from this 

smaller shed were vented into the atmosphere of the larger shed. The second operation 

was a rough cut on the uranium rods inside of the smaller shed. The rods were cropped 

and moved to the threading area, where they were milled and machined to contract 

specifications (ORAU 2012, pg. 18).

Production scale rolling of uranium billets was conducted in 1944 during three periods; 

60,122 pounds between May 9-11; 5,900 pounds on June 2, and 64,725 pounds between 

June 22-24 (ORAU 2012). Production scale rolling was also conducted in 1947 on 

August 5th and 6th involving 10 tons of uranium billets. Additional campaigns occurred 

from February through June in 1948 involving approximately 290 tons of uranium billets

(ORAU 2012). It is unclear if all of this material was actually rolled at Joslyn 

Manufacturing; documents indicated that rolling activities also occurred at the Simonds 

Saw and Steel Company. Additional rolling and machining of uranium metal is listed in 

tables J.5 and J.6 at the end of this Appendix.
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Thorium Processing

Two distinct thorium processing activities occurred at Joslyn Manufacturing. On June 

21, 1946 an MED monthly report describes the straightening and centerless grinding of 

six thorium rods (ORAU 2012). These rods were straightened and centerless ground cold 

on a Medart straightening machine. Following straightening, the rods were cleaned up by 

centerless grinding. 

A January 21, 1947 MED report describes the centerless grinding of five extruded 

thorium rods. The rods were extruded at Revere Copper and Brass and then sent to

Joslyn Manufacturing. 

An August 11, 1947 memo discusses possible thorium rolling at Joslyn Manufacturing; 

however the memo goes on to state that Joslyn would not be viable for the thorium 

rolling work. 

J.2.2 Special Exposure Cohort

The Secretary of Health and Human Services designated a Special Exposure Cohort 

(SEC) for Joslyn on March 6, 2013. On March 27, 2014, the Secretary designating an 

additional SEC that extended the designated period for Joslyn. SEC-00200 now 

designates all employees that worked for Joslyn at the Fort Wayne covered facility 

between March 1, 1943 and July 31, 1948.

NIOSH has concluded that it is not feasible to reconstruct internal radiation doses with 

sufficient accuracy for the period from March 1, 1943 through July 31, 1948 at Joslyn 

Manufacturing Company (ORAU 2012, ORAU 2014).

Any available personal monitoring data should be used to reconstruct an individual’s 

exposure at Joslyn Manufacturing during this time period. However, unmonitored 

internal exposures during this time period cannot be reconstructed. 

J.2.3 Production Rate 

The exposure to the uranium metal was not a continuous exposure over the course of the 

year. Specific data exists for the number of uranium work days at Joslyn. Tables J.5 and 

J.6 at the end of this Appendix lists the data for uranium rolling days and uranium 

machining days, respectively. The number of days for each type of work is tallied in 

table J.1. Estimates of exposure to rolling or machining were combined with the specific 

number of days each was performed to arrive at an annual exposure estimate. For many 

of the work days, both types of work were performed but individual workers would not 

perform both types of work simultaneously. For those days, the estimate will use the 

higher exposure type of work (machining or rolling) to estimate the dose.
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Table J.1 – Uranium Working Days

Year

Work Days

Rolling 

Only

Machining 

Only

Rolling + 

Machining Workdays

Non-rolling 

/ machining 

workdays

1943a1 16 1 208 190

1944 27 10 6 250 207

1945 0 0 54 250 196

1946 0 1 32 250 217

1947 0 0 12 250 238

1-7/1948 0 8 67 146 71

8-12/1948 10 0 0 104 94

1949 2 0 0 250 248

1950 8 3 0 250 239

1951 1 1 0 250 248

1952 3 1 0 250 246

a Work started in March of 1943

J.3 Occupational Medical Dose

No detailed information regarding occupational medical dose was found in any of the site 

research or telephone interviews. Information to be used in dose reconstructions, for 

which no specific information is available, is provided in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAU 

2011), the technical information bulletin covering diagnostic x-ray procedures. This 

estimate will assume each employee received one AP chest x-ray each year of the 

covered period which includes 1943 through 1952.

J.4 Occupational Internal Dose

There are no bioassay data for employees at Joslyn Manufacturing. Internal doses from 

inhalation during uranium metal work are estimated using the data from the Technical 

Basis Document: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium 

Metals(DCAS 2011) for employment after July 31, 1948. Values listed in Table 7.8 of 

TBD-6000 are provided on a calendar day basis. In order to account for the intermittent 

work at Joslyn, these values were adjusted to a work day basis and combined with the 

number of work days listed in tables J-1. For rolling days, Table 7.8 rolling values were 

used and for machining days, Table 7.8 machining values were used. Machining values 

are higher so that value was used for days when both operations occurred.

For days when no uranium work occurred, inhalation of resuspended uranium 

contamination is still possible. To account for this, the contamination level was first 

calculated by assuming the airborne activity was depositing on horizontal surfaces for 

720 hours (thirty 24 hour days) in accordance with the procedure in TBD-6000. This 

contamination was then assumed to resuspend with a resuspension rate of 1x10-5 m

-1

to 

arrive at the airborne concentration from resuspension. The resuspended air 
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concentration was assumed to be present every work day but is inherently accounted for 

in the estimate during uranium work days.

The total inhaled activity from rolling, machining and resuspension was summed and 

divided by 365 days to arrive at an activity per calendar day value. The value varied by 

year due to variable uranium operations. The results are contained in table J.2.

Ingestion intakes were calculated in a manner similar to inhalation but using Table 7.9 of 

TBD-6000 instead of Table 7.8. Ingestion is proportional to contamination level and it is 

assumed those levels do not change between days of uranium work. Therefore, the 

operational ingestion values were also assigned for non-uranium work days. The 

ingestion intakes for Joslyn are included in table J.2.

Internal dose derived from both the inhalation and ingestion intakes are applied in IREP 

as a lognormal distribution with a GSD of 5. Because of the chemical and physical forms 

of uranium used at the site, only Type M or S solubility should be evaluated.

Table J.2 - Daily Uranium Intake Rates

Year Inhalation 

(dpm/day)

Ingestion 

(dpm/day)

Aug. to Dec. 1948 3445 858

1949 1066 892

1950 2235 885

1951 1034 818

1952 1235 816

Thorium

Extruded thorium rods were ground on a centerless grinder on two occasions at Joslyn

Manufacturing during 1946 and 1947. Although the centerless grinding operations could 

have created respirable particles, the work was performed wet for cooling purposes. 

Furthermore, as these operations were in the period that NIOSH finds it is not feasible to 

reconstruct internal exposures adequately, no internal dose is assigned from thorium 

operations. 

J.5 Occupational External Dose

Uranium

Joslyn shaped billets of uranium into rods. TBD-6000 Table 6.1 contains dose rates from 

various shapes of uranium metal. The highest dose rates from any billets or rods listed in 
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the table are for long billets. Therefore, long billet dose rates were used for this dose 

estimate. 

The photon dose rate at 1 foot from a long billet is 0.703 mrem/hr. Workers are assumed 

to be exposed to this dose rate for 10 hours on each day uranium metal was worked. On 

days with no uranium work, the estimated contamination levels from section J.4 were 

combined with the photon dose conversion factors from table 3.9 of TBD-6000. 

The beta dose from uranium metal was estimated by multiplying the photon dose rate by 

a factor of 10 in accordance with TBD-6000. This was applied for each day of uranium 

metal work. For days without any uranium metal work, the estimated contamination 

level from section J.4 was multiplied by the beta dose rate conversion factor in Table 3.9 

of TBD-6000.

An operator’s hands and forearms may be considerable closer to the uranium metal than 

the rest of the body. Therefore a separate estimate for the hands and forearms of an 

operator is calculated using the contact dose rates of a uranium slab (TBD-6000 pg. 36) 

and the standard assumptions in TBD-6000 for Operators. This dose is included in table 

J.3.

The annual doses from both contamination and handling metal were prorated as 

applicable and summed in table J.3. These doses are applied in IREP as a lognormal 

distribution with a GSD of 5.

Table J.3 – Annual External Dose from Uranium

Year Photon (mrem/yr) Skin Whole Body 

(mrem/yr)

Skin Hands and 

Forearms (mrem/yr)

1943 134 2014 21449

1944 311 3839 50266

1945 388 4569 62873

1946 241 3175 38805

1947 94 1782 14738

1948 604 6626 98400

1949 24 1118 3278

1950 87 1716 13592

1951 23 1037 3278

1952 37 1170 5570

Penetrating doses should be assigned using the appropriate Deep Dose Equivalent Organ 

Dose Correction Factor found in the External Dose Reconstruction Implementation 

Guideline (NIOSH 2007). Non-penetrating dose should be assigned in accordance with 

the requirements contained in the Technical Information Bulletin: Interpretation of 

Dosimetry Data for Assignment of Shallow Dose (ORAU 2005).
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Thorium

Joslyn did some very limited work with thorium metal. A total of 11 thorium metal rods 

were straightened and/or ground on two separate occasions (6 rods the first time and 5 

rods the second time) in 1946 and 1947. There are indications that 14 uranium rods 

could be ground in 8 hours (Echo 1943, Simmons 1943) so it is likely the total grinding

time for these 11 rods was less than a day. However, as a conservative estimate, the work 

will be assumed to take 5 work days (ORAU 2012, pg. 46) which is divided evenly

between 1946 and 1947.

For external dose rates from thorium work, a computer program MCNP6 was used to 

model a thorium rod. The 6 rods for the first campaign were ground from 1.53 inch 

diameter to 1.4 inch (plus or minus 0.025 inches) diameter. The 5 rods from the second 

campaign were 1 and 7/8 inches in diameter and 50 inches long. The larger rods from the 

second campaign were used for the computer modeling of the thorium metal dose rates.

As another degree of bounding this estimate, the thorium metal was assumed to consist of 

thorium-232 in equilibrium with its decay products. This degree of equilibrium would 

take more than 20 years to achieve after the thorium ore was chemically separated and 

processed into metal.

The photon and beta dose rates at 1 foot and contact (1 cm) were determined. These dose 

rates were used to model the operator dose using the same assumptions as the uranium 

dose models in TBD-6000. These dose rates were applied for 2.5 days for 1946 and 

another 2.5 days for 1947. Both the photon and beta annual doses were calculated and 

included in table J.4. These doses are applied in IREP as a lognormal distribution with a 

GSD of 5. 

Table J.4 – Annual External Dose from Thorium

Year

Photon 

(mrem/yr)

Skin Whole Body 

(mrem/yr)

Skin Hands and 

Forearms (mrem/yr)

1946 52 16 120

1947 52 16 120

J.6 Residual Contamination

Residual contamination potentially existed between operations with uranium at Joslyn. 

However, surveys showed the potential was low and so no residual contamination period 

was designated after 1952. The periods between operations is accounted for in a 

favorable manner in sections J.4 and J.5. 
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J.7 References

DCAS 2011, Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle-TBD-6000, Technical Basis 

Document: Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers That Worked Uranium Metals, 

Rev 1, June 17, 2011, SRDB Reference ID 101251.

DOE website, DOE Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security, EEOICPA web 

site. https://hsspublic.energy.gov/search/facility/findfacility.aspx

Echo 1943, Experimental Centerless Grinding of 14 Extruded Rods at Joslyn 

Manufacturing Company, Fort Wayne, Indiana, correspondence to A. B. Greninger; 

Andrew Van Echo, Metallurgical Laboratory; September 7, 1943; SRDB 11036, PDF pp. 

85-86.

NIOSH (2007) External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline, Rev 3, OCASIG-001, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Compensation 

Analysis and Support, Cincinnati, Ohio, SRDB Reference ID 38864.

ORAU 2005, ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), ORAUT-OTIB-0017, 

Technical Information Bulletin: Interpretation of Dosimetry Data for Assignment of 

Shallow Dose, Rev 01, October 11, 2005, SRDB Reference ID 19434.

ORAU 2011, ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), ORAUT-OTIB-0006, 

Technical Information Bulletin: Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related 

Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures, Rev 04, June 20, 2011, SRDB Reference ID 98147.

ORAU 2012, ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), SEC Petition 

Evaluation Report for SEC-00200 Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Company, 

December 3, 2012.

ORAU 2014, ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), SEC Petition 

Evaluation Report Addendum for SEC-00200 Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply 

Company, January 14, 2012.

Simmons 1943, Centerless Grinding Operations at Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply 

Company, Fort Wayne, Indiana, November 29 – December 16, 1943, correspondence to 

A. B. Greninger; J. M. Simmons; December 31, 1943; SRDB 11036, PDF pp. 69-72.
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Table J-5 – Uranium Rolling Days at Joslyn

Time Period # of Rolling Days Reference (SRDB Ref. ID)

3/13/1943 1 82362

6/29/1943 1 11036 p42, 33190 p66, and 

33190 p244

Jan 3-14, 1944 1 11036 p53

May 3-6, 1944 4 11036 p216

May 9-June 24, 1944 7 33190 p67

June 1-5, 1944 5 17594 p4

June 19-20, 1944 2 118502 p2

7-Dec-44 1 118144 p4

December 11-28, 1944 13 34028 p 42

March-May, 1945 54 31145 p196

Unknown date, 1946 ~10-20 90948 p8

October 28,1946 ~1-2 93775 p6

November, 1946 ~5-10 31145 p16

January, 1947 ~5-10 90948 p2

August5-6, 1947 2 37411 p44, 126764 p5, 37374 

p43, 16511 pp3 and 5, and 

37390 p44

January 28-March 4, 1948 16 37587 p54, 36762 p 35, 36762 

p38, 37586 p35, 129759 p9, 

85872 p2, 11996 p129 and 

37587 p23

April 3 - 5, 1948 3 16288 p5

May, 1948 26 59249 p7, 129474, and 11036 

pdf p 19

June 4-18, 1948 15 16509, 129748 p10, and 11036 

p177

July 9-11, 1948 3 118155 p2

July 27-30, 1948 4 115156 p2

1947-1950 ~10 days 112574 p25 (see also 116843)

05/26/1949 - 05/27/1949 2 116843

February and July, 1950 2 36889 p109 and 36834 p131

04/26/1950 - 04/27/1950 2 116844

08/10/1950 - 08/11/1950 2 120484

8/4/1950 1 118159

5-Sep-50 1 28071 p2

10/24/1951 1 11036 pdf p. 23

01/08/1952 - 01/09/1952 2 9664

1/16/1952 1 9664
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Table J-6 – Uranium Machining Days at Joslyn

Time Period # of Rolling Days Reference (SRDB Ref. ID)

6/29/1943 1 11036 p42, 33190 p66, and 

33190 p244

9/7/1943 1 11036 p85

Nov. 29 – Dec 15, 1943 15 11036 pp59; 69; and 222-223

Unknown date, 1944 1 33190 p74

Jan 3-14, 1944 12 11036 p53

1/7/1944 1 11036 p135

February 23-26, 1944 4 11036 p130

May 3-6, 1944 4 11036 p216

June 1-5, 1944 5 17594 p4

March-May, 1945 54 31145 p196

Unknown date, 1946 ~10-20 90948 p8

May, 1946 1 80171 p3

October 28,1946 1-2 93775 p6

November, 1946 ~5-10 31145 p16

January, 1947 ~5-10 90948 p2

August5-6, 1947 2 37411 p44, 126764 p5, 37374 

p43, 16511 pp3 and 5, and 

37390 p44

January 28-March 4, 1948 16 37587 p54, 36762 p 35, 36762 

p38, 37586 p35, 129759 p9, 

85872 p2, 11996 p129 and 

37587 p23

April 3 - 5, 1948 3 16288 p5

April 10-17, 1948 8 37591 p164

May, 1948 26 59249 p7, 129474, and 11036 

pdf p 19

June 4-18, 1948 15 16509, 129748 p10, and 11036 

p177

July 9-11, 1948 3 118155 p2

July 27-30, 1948 4 115156 p2

8/5/1950 1 11036 p15

Aug 10-11, 1950 2 120484

24-Aug-51 1 11036 p23

7/16/1952 1 91923 p2

3/13/1943 1 82362

6/29/1943 1 11036 p42, 33190 p66, and 

33190 p244