FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 JULY 18, 2011

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-11075 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 2:08-cv-00114-HGD

JOHN WOODRUFF,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

 versus

TRUSSVILLE, CITY OF, 

DON SIVLEY, 

ERIC ADAMS,

Defendants - Appellees.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Alabama

 ________________________

(July 18, 2011)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

John Woodruff, proceeding pro se, appeals the grant of summary judgment

in favor of defendants on Woodruff’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit. No reversible

error has been shown; we affirm. 

Woodruff raised claims of unlawful arrest, excessive force, and malicious

prosecution in violation of the Fourth Amendment against the City of Trussville,

Alabama and two police officers. He based his allegations on events stemming

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from a traffic stop. Woodruff alleged that Don Sivley, Chief of Police for the City,

pursued him on the interstate in an unmarked sport utility vehicle. Woodruff tried

to distance himself from the SUV by passing many cars. When Woodruff exited

the interstate, Officer Eric Adams (who had been contacted by Sivley about

Woodruff’s driving) attempted to pull Woodruff over. Woodruff eventually

stopped in the parking lot of a movie theater, where he was going to meet a friend. 

He alleged that Adams punched him in the face, pulled him from his car, threw

him to the pavement, causing him to strike his head, and handcuffed him without

telling him the nature of the charges for which he was under arrest. 

The officers charged Woodruff with many traffic violations, including

Woodruff also raised claims under state law. But on appeal, he abandons those claims. 1

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reckless driving, and with driving under the influence (DUI). Because of the DUI

charge, Woodruff was jailed for 22 hours in the municipal jail. He also submitted

to a blood test, which revealed no alcohol or drugs in his blood. The DUI charge

was dismissed; and after trial in municipal court and a later appeal in county

circuit court, Woodruff was cleared of all the other charges. 

The district court, through the magistrate judge, concluded that the officers 2

were entitled to qualified immunity on the unlawful arrest and malicious

prosecution claims because the facts demonstrated that the officers had arguable

probable cause to arrest Woodruff for reckless driving. The court also concluded

that Adams was entitled to summary judgment on the excessive force claim

because, even construing the facts in the light most favorable to Woodruff, Adams

used, at most, minimal force. Because Woodruff had not shown a constitutional

violation, the court concluded that the City could not be liable.

On appeal, Woodruff argues that the officers lacked probable cause to arrest

him for DUI and, thus, they were unentitled to qualified immunity. We review a

district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo; and we view the evidence and

all reasonable factual inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

The parties consented in writing to proceed before a magistrate judge. 2

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party. Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1136 (11th Cir. 2007).3

To show entitlement to qualified immunity, “the defendant government

official must prove that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary

authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred.” Jordan v. Doe, 38 F.3d

1559, 1565 (11th Cir. 1994) (internal quotations omitted). Discretionary authority

includes all acts of a governmental official that were (1) undertaken pursuant to

the performance of his duties and (2) within the scope of his authority. Id. at

1566. Here, making traffic stops and arrests clearly fell within the scope of

Sivley’s and Adams’s authority as police officers. The burden then shifts to the

plaintiff to show that (1) the facts, as alleged and viewed in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, establish a constitutional violation and (2) the

constitutional right violated clearly was established. Id. at 1565. 

“A warrantless arrest without probable cause violates the Fourth

Amendment and forms a basis for a section 1983 claim.” Ortega v. Christian, 85

F.3d 1521, 1525 (11th Cir. 1996). But even if an officer lacked actual probable

cause to arrest a person, he still can be entitled to qualified immunity if he had

arguable probable cause: “that is, whether reasonable officers in the same

In addition, we construe liberally pro se pleadings. Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 3

F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).

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circumstances and possessing the same knowledge as the Defendant[] could have

believed that probable cause existed to arrest.” Skop, 485 F.3d at 1137 (citation

and internal quotation omitted) (emphasis in original). To determine whether

arguable probable cause exists, courts must look at the totality of the

circumstances. Davis v. Williams, 451 F.3d 759, 763 (11th Cir. 2006). 

Here, the undisputed facts show that (1) in Sivley’s presence, Woodruff

sped, tailgated other drivers, flashed his headlights at them to get them to move,

and did not use his signal every time he passed other cars, all in an effort to

distance himself from the SUV he thought was following him; (2) after Woodruff

exited the interstate, Adams observed Woodruff operate his vehicle in violation of

traffic laws, including making improper lane changes; and (3) Woodruff failed to

pull over immediately when Adams turned on the lights of his police car and,

instead, pulled around another car in front of him that had stopped. Reasonable

officers with this knowledge could have believed that Woodruff drove recklessly;

so Sivley and Adams had arguable probable cause to arrest Woodruff for reckless

driving. See Ala. Code § 32-5A-190(a); Wood v. Kesler, 323 F.3d 872, 879 (11th

Cir. 2003) (explaining that a person may be guilty of reckless driving by “driving

negligently and at a speed or in a manner likely to endanger any person or

property”). 

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Woodruff focuses his arguments on the DUI charge, maintaining that the

officers fabricated this charge to cover up their unconstitutional acts. But an

officer’s “subjective reason for making the arrest need not be the criminal offense

as to which the known facts provide probable cause.” Devenpeck v. Alford, 125

S.Ct. 588, 594 (2004). That Sivley and Adams had arguable probable cause to

arrest Woodruff for any offense entitled them to qualified immunity. Durruthy v.

Pastor, 351 F.3d 1080, 1090 n.6 (11th Cir. 2003). And while Woodruff argues

that the district court erred in not considering the officers’ intent in granting

summary judgment, the qualified immunity analysis focuses on the government

official’s “objective reasonableness, regardless of his underlying intent or

motivation.” Rushing v. Parker, 599 F.3d 1263, 1266 (11th Cir. 2010).4

We also conclude that the district court concluded correctly that Adams did

not use excessive force in arresting Woodruff. “[T]he application of de minimis

force, without more, will not support” an excessive force claim and will not defeat

an officer’s qualified immunity. Nolin v. Isbell, 207 F.3d 1253, 1257-58 (11th

Woodruff complains that the district court improperly used the Ritalin pills that Adams 4

discovered in Woodruff’s car as a justification for probable cause for the DUI charge and that the

court failed to consider the affidavit of Christy Wilkins (who was waiting for Woodruff in the

theater parking lot when the events took place) that conflicted with the officers’ account of

events about what occurred in the parking lot. But these issues do not bear on the district court’s

determination that the officers had arguable probable cause to arrest Woodruff for reckless

driving based on conduct that occurred before the discovery of the Ritalin and the confrontation

in the parking lot.

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Cir. 2000). The kind of force alleged by Woodruff -- including Adams punching

Woodruff in the face, forcefully removing him from his car, and slamming him on

the ground -- even when construed in the light most favorable to Woodruff,

constituted only de minimis force. Id. at 1258 (concluding that only de minimis

force was used when officer grabbed the plaintiff, shoved him a few feet against a

vehicle, pushed his knee into plaintiff’s back, pushed plaintiff’s head against the

van, searched plaintiff’s groin area in an uncomfortable manner, and placed

plaintiff in handcuffs, all resulting in only minor bruising).

Woodruff characterizes his arrest and later criminal proceedings as a

“continuing seizure” amounting to malicious prosecution because he had to make

court appearances and was prevented from leaving the state. But, as the district

court noted, Woodruff’s arrest was supported by arguable probable cause; and a

“plaintiff’s arrest cannot serve as the predicate deprivation of liberty because it

occur[s] prior to the time of arraignment.” Kingsland v. City of Miami, 382 F.3d

1220, 12335 (11th Cir. 2004). Moreover, the normal conditions of pretrial release

do not constitute a “continuing seizure” unless there is some “significant, ongoing

deprivation of liberty, such as a restriction on the [plaintiff’s] right to travel

interstate.” Id. at 1236. Woodruff says that he could not leave the state because of

the conditions of his pretrial release; but this statement plainly is belied by the

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record. The City’s mandatory conditions of release stated that Woodruff could not

leave the state without the court’s permission. And Woodruff concedes that he

never asked the court for permission to leave the state.

We conclude that no constitutional violation occurred; and Sivley and

Adams were entitled to qualified immunity in their individual capacities. Because

Sivley and Adams committed no constitutional violation, Woodruff cannot show a

basis on which to establish municipal liability against the City. See Rooney v.

Watson, 101 F.3d 1378, 1381 n.3 (11th Cir. 1996). 

AFFIRMED.

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