ORAU TEAM

Dose Reconstruction

Project for NIOSH

Oak Ridge Associated Universities I Dade Moeller I MJW Technical Services

Page 1 of 11

DOE Review Release 03/12/2010

Document Title:

Hanford Site – Introduction

Document Number: ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1

Revision: 04

Effective Date: 03/02/2010

Type of Document: TBD

Supersedes: Revision 03

Subject Expert(s): Fred Duncan and Edward D. Scalsky

Site Expert(s): N/A

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 03/01/2010

Fred Duncan, Document Owner

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 03/01/2010

Chris M. Tornes, Objective 1 Representative

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 03/01/2010

Scott R. Siebert, Objective 3 Representative

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 03/01/2010

James P. Griffin, Deputy Project Director

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 03/02/2010

James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

New Total Rewrite Revision Page Change

FOR DOCUMENTS MARKED AS A TOTAL REWRITE, REVISION, OR PAGE CHANGE, REPLACE THE PRIOR 

REVISION AND DISCARD / DESTROY ALL COPIES OF THE PRIOR REVISION.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 2 of 11

PUBLICATION RECORD

EFFECTIVE 

DATE

REVISION

NUMBER DESCRIPTION

11/07/2003 00 First approved issue. Initiated by Edward D. Scalsky.

01/09/2004 01 Approved issue of Revision 01. Revised to add page headers, 

correct editorials, acronyms and to change references to TBD to Site 

Profile where applicable. Initiated by Edward D. Scalsky.

08/30/2006 02 Revised as a result of biennial review. Approved issue of Revision 

02. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. Incorporates formal 

internal and NIOSH review comments. This revision results in no 

change to the assigned dose and no PER is required. Training 

required: As determined by the Task Manager. Initiated by Edward 

D. Scalsky.

05/23/2007 03 Approved Revision 03 initiated to add Attributions and Annotations

section. Constitutes a total rewrite of the document. No further 

changes occurred as a result of formal internal review. This revision 

results in no change to the assigned dose and no PER is required. 

Training required: As determined by the Task Manager. Initiated by 

Edward D. Scalsky.

03/02/2010 04 Revision initiated to incorporate changes due to revisions of the 

related Hanford technical basis documents. Updated references. 

Incorporates formal internal and NIOSH review comments. Training 

required: As determined by the Objective Manager. Initiated by Fred 

Duncan.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 3 of 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................

PAGE

4

1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................5

1.1.1 Purpose........................................................................................................................6

1.1.2 Scope...........................................................................................................................6

1.2 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................6

1.3 Attributions and Annotations .................................................................................................. 10

References ........................................................................................................................................11
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 4 of 11

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

DOE U. S. Department of Energy

EEOICPA Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000

FR Federal Register

IMBA Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis

MDA minimum detectable activity 

mi mile

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

No. Number

ORAUT Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team

PER Program Evaluation Report 

POC probability of causation

Pt part 

PUREX plutonium-uranium extraction

RATCHET Regional Atmospheric Transport Code for Hanford Emission Tracking

REDOX reduction oxidation

SEC Special Exposure Cohort

TBD technical basis document

U.S.C. United States Code

§ section or sections
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 5 of 11

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Technical basis documents and site profile documents are not official determinations made by the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) but are rather general working 

documents that provide historic background information and guidance to assist in the preparation of 

dose reconstructions at particular sites or categories of sites. They will be revised in the event 

additional relevant information is obtained about the affected site(s). These documents may be used 

to assist NIOSH staff in the completion of the individual work required for each dose reconstruction.

In this document the word “facility” is used as a general term for an area, building, or group of 

buildings that served a specific purpose at a site. It does not necessarily connote an “atomic weapons 

employer facility” or a “Department of Energy [DOE] facility” as defined in the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act [EEOICPA; 42 U.S.C. § 7384l(5) and (12)]. 

EEOICPA defines a DOE facility as “any building, structure, or premise, including the grounds upon 

which such building, structure, or premise is located ... in which operations are, or have been, 

conducted by, or on behalf of, the Department of Energy (except for buildings, structures, premises, 

grounds, or operations ... pertaining to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program)” [42 U.S.C. § 

7384l(12)]. Accordingly, except for the exclusion for the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program noted 

above, any facility that performs or performed DOE operations of any nature whatsoever is a DOE 

facility encompassed by EEOICPA.

For employees of DOE or its contractors with cancer, the DOE facility definition only determines 

eligibility for a dose reconstruction, which is a prerequisite to a compensation decision (except for

members of the Special Exposure Cohort). The compensation decision for cancer claimants is based 

on a section of the statute entitled “Exposure in the Performance of Duty.” That provision [42 U.S.C. § 

7384n(b)] says that an individual with cancer “shall be determined to have sustained that cancer in the 

performance of duty for purposes of the compensation program if, and only if, the cancer ... was at 

least as likely as not related to employment at the facility [where the employee worked], as 

determined in accordance with the POC [probability of causation1

The statute also includes a definition of a DOE facility that excludes “buildings, structures, premises, 

grounds, or operations covered by Executive Order No. 12344, dated February 1, 1982 (42 U.S.C. 

7158 note), pertaining to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program” [42 U.S.C. § 7384l(12)]. While this 

definition excludes Naval Nuclear Propulsion Facilities from being covered under the Act, the section 

of EEOICPA that deals with the compensation decision for covered employees with cancer [i.e., 42 

U.S.C. § 7384n(b), entitled “Exposure in the Performance of Duty”] does not contain such an 

exclusion. Therefore, the statute requires NIOSH to include all occupationally-derived radiation 

exposures at covered facilities in its dose reconstructions for employees at DOE facilities, including 

radiation exposures related to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. As a result, all internal and 

external occupational radiation exposures are considered valid for inclusion in a dose reconstruction. 

No efforts are made to determine the eligibility of any fraction of total measured exposure for inclusion 

in dose reconstruction. NIOSH, however, does not consider the following exposures to be 

occupationally derived (NIOSH 2007):

] guidelines established under 

subsection (c) ...” [42 U.S.C. § 7384n(b)]. Neither the statute nor the probability of causation 

guidelines (nor the dose reconstruction regulation, 42 C.F.R. Pt. 82) define “performance of duty” for 

DOE employees with a covered cancer or restrict the “duty” to nuclear weapons work (NIOSH 2007).

• Background radiation, including radiation from naturally occurring radon present in 

conventional structures

• Radiation from X-rays received in the diagnosis of injuries or illnesses or for therapeutic 

reasons

 1 The U.S. Department of Labor is ultimately responsible under the EEOICPA for determining the POC.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 6 of 11

1.1.1

The purpose of this Introduction is to provide a summary of the contents of the five TBDs that, along 

with this Introduction, constitute the Hanford Site Profile.

Purpose

1.1.2

The Site Profile is divided into this Introduction and five major TBDs: Site Description, Occupational 

Medical Dose, Occupational Environmental Dose, Occupational Internal Dose, and Occupational 

External Dosimetry. Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) petitions have been added or proposed for 

Hanford. Currently these are:

Scope

Classes Added to the SEC

• Employees of DOE, its predecessor agencies, or DOE contractors or subcontractors who were 

monitored or should have been monitored for internal radiological exposures while working at 

the Hanford Engineer Works in the 300 Area fuel fabrication and research facilities from 

October 1, 1943, through August 31, 1946; the 200 Area plutonium separation facilities from 

November 1, 1944, through August 31, 1946; or the 100 B, D, and F reactor areas from 

September 1, 1944, through August 31, 1946; for a number of workdays aggregating at least 

250 workdays or in combination with workdays within the parameters established for one or 

more other classes of employees in the SEC (72 FR 55214). 

• Employees of DOE, its predecessor agencies, and DOE contractors or subcontractors who 

worked from September 1, 1946, through December 31, 1961, in the 300 area, or January 1, 

1949, through December 31, 1968, in the 200 areas (East and West) at the Hanford Nuclear 

Reservation in Richland, Washington, for a number of workdays aggregating at least 250 

workdays occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with workdays 

within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC (73 

FR 37459).

• All employees of DOE, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors 

who worked at the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington, from October 1, 1943, to June 30, 

1972, for a number of workdays aggregating at least 250 workdays, occurring either solely 

under this employment or in combination with workdays within the parameters established for 

one or more other classes of employees included in the SEC (NIOSH 2009). 

Dose reconstruction guidance in this document for periods before July 1, 1972 is presented to provide 

a technical basis for partial dose reconstructions for nonpresumptive cancers not covered in the SEC 

class through June 30, 1972. NIOSH found that it was infeasible to reconstruct doses for 

inadequately monitored radionuclides such as polonium, thorium, and neptunium. Although NIOSH 

found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the proposed class, it intends 

to use any internal and external monitoring data that might become available for an individual claim 

(and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or procedures). 

Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at the Hanford Site during the period from 

October 1, 1943, through June 30, 1972, but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, can be 

performed using these data as appropriate.

1.2 DISCUSSION

This Hanford Site Profile provides supporting technical data to evaluate, with assumptions favorable 

to claimants, the total Hanford occupational radiation dose that can reasonably be associated with a 

worker’s radiation exposures. This dose results from exposure to external and internal radiation 

sources in Hanford facilities, to Hanford occupationally required diagnostic X-ray examinations, and to 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 7 of 11

onsite environmental releases. In addition, the Site Profile examines the dose that could have 

occurred while the worker was not monitored or dose that could have been missed. Over the years 

since operations at Hanford began, new and more reliable scientific methods and protection 

measures have been developed. The methods needed to account for these changes are identified in 

this Site Profile. 

This Site Profile can be a tool when performing dose reconstructions for Hanford workers. The 

Integrated Modules for BioAssay Analysis (IMBA) computer program is a tool useful for internal dose 

calculations. Information on measurement uncertainties is an integral component of the NIOSH 

approach. This document describes how to evaluate uncertainty associated with Hanford exposures 

and dosimetry records.

The Site Description TBD (ORAUT 2010e) briefly describes the facilities and processes used in the 

development of nuclear weapons and other programs at Hanford since the early 1940s. It also 

describes information for several radionuclides and the areas and facilities and periods during which 

they were used. 

Over time, there were more than 500 facilities on the 600-mi2 Hanford Site that contributed to the 

mission of producing plutonium, uranium, tritium, and other radionuclides that contributed not only to 

the weapons program but also to the space program and the medical profession. These facilities 

were used for radiation effects studies, nuclear physics research and development, criticality studies, 

calibrations, radiochemistry development, radiometallurgy, biochemistry, process equipment 

development, and many other applications.

Beginning in 1944, the Hanford Site operated nine production reactors to produce plutonium by the 

irradiation of metallic uranium fuel elements. In addition to the plutonium production, Hanford 

conducted experiments on other defense-related radionuclides such as the irradiation of thorium to 

produce 233U, depleted uranium to produce 240Pu, neptunium targets to produce 238Pu, and americium 

to produce medical-grade 238Pu.

In addition to the production reactors, there were seven testing, research, and demonstration reactors 

used for testing fuel elements and fuel configurations, measuring changes due to various types of fuel 

elements, measuring the thermal impact on fission cross-sections, studying reactor physics 

technology, performing long-term testing of reactor materials, producing medical radioisotopes, and 

researching power systems for use in space (ORAUT 2010e).

The reactor products had to be chemically separated for use in the weapons program. These 

chemical separations were done in the T- and B-Separations Canyons. The complex chemical and 

physical processes performed in these canyons separated uranium, plutonium, and fission products. 

Plutonium was separated from the uranium and fission products by a bismuth-phosphate precipitation 

batch process. Additional processing resulted in the desired final plutonium product. The chemical 

separations processes changed over the years from the bismuth-phosphate precipitation process to 

the reduction oxidation (REDOX) process to the plutonium-uranium extraction (PUREX) process. 

Both the REDOX and PUREX processes used organic solvent extraction processes. Each process 

improved the recovery of uranium, plutonium, and other radionuclides such as neptunium (ORAUT 

2010e).

In addition to the production and separations facilities, there were three facilities for fuel fabrication: 

the Uranium Metal Fuels Fabrication facility, the Uranium Metal Extrusion facility, and the Fuel 

Cladding facility. There were also two support facilities – the Uranium Storage and Oxide Burner 

facility and the Reactor Fuel Manufacturing Pilot Plant (ORAUT 2010e).
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 8 of 11

Waste handling facilities were present on the Site to handle the high- and low-level radioactive wastes 

that the various processes produced. The U-Plant was used for the recovery of uranium from highlevel liquid wastes from the B- and T-Plants. The U-Plant operated from 1952 until January 1958. 

Other facilities were built to support the separations processes for uranium, plutonium, neptunium, 

and tritium (ORAUT 2010e).

The Occupational Medical Dose TBD (ORAUT 2010d) provides information about the doses that 

individual workers received from annual chest X-rays required as a condition of employment. The 

frequency of required X-rays varied over time and as a function of the worker’s age. All workers 

received annual chest X-rays up through 1980. From 1981 through 1990, workers 45 years of age

and older received biennial X-rays, while workers 45 years of age and younger received an X-ray 

every 5 years. From 1990 to the present, X-rays have been given at the physician’s discretion. 

Records provided by the Site for individuals are used for dose reconstruction. 

Both the X-ray equipment and the techniques used for taking X-rays covered by this TBD have 

changed over the years. These factors have been taken into account in determining the dose that a 

worker would have received from the X-ray. Where there was doubt about the technique used, 

assumptions favorable to claimants were made to ensure that the worker’s dose would not be 

underestimated. The investigated parameters include the tube current and voltage, exposure time, 

filtration, source to skin distance, the view (posterior-anterior or lateral), and any other factor that 

could affect the dose received by the worker.

The doses to other exposed organs from chest X-rays have also been calculated. The calculated 

doses take into account the uncertainty associated with each of the parameters. Tables in ORAUT 

(2010d) list the doses received by the various organs in the body as a convenient reference for the 

dose reconstructors. 

The Occupational Environmental Dose TBD (ORAUT 2010a) applies to workers who were not 

monitored for external or internal radiation exposures. The environmental dose is the dose workers 

received when working on the Site but outside the buildings from inhalation of radioactive materials in 

the air, direct radiation from plumes, contact with particles on the skin, and direct exposure to 

radionuclides that could have become incorporated in the soil (ORAUT 2010a).

Exposure to these sources can result in an internal dose to the whole body or body organs from 

inhalation of radioactive materials, and it can result in a whole- or partial-body external dose from 

radionuclides deposited on the skin or submersion in the cloud of radioactive material. 

The radionuclide concentrations at Hanford are based on the source terms developed by others. 

Screening studies have demonstrated that 131I, 41Ar, 144Ce144Pr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 103Ru103Rh, 106Ru106Rh, 

90Sr, and 90Sr90Y contributed the greatest doses to site workers. ORAUT (2010a) discusses the 

solubilities of several of these radionuclides.

Intakes of radionuclides by workers at specific locations on the Site were calculated using the 

Regional Atmospheric Transport Code for Hanford Emission Tracking (RATCHET) computer program 

and a spreadsheet. Attachment A to ORAUT (2010a) lists these intake data along with source term 

data and submersion doses. 

The external dose to workers from the ambient radiation levels on the Site and from submersion in a 

cloud of radioactive material is presented along with the skin dose from 41Ar.

The Occupational Internal Dose TBD (ORAUT 2010b) discusses the internal dosimetry program at the 

Hanford Site and which radionuclides can or cannot be evaluated within the context of the two 

approved SECs and the proposed SEC. From the beginning of Hanford operations in 1943 until 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 9 of 11

1946, personnel monitoring was the responsibility of the Medical Department. At that time, there was 

no bioassay program to determine the internal dose that workers could have received. Therefore, 

assumptions favorable to claimants have been made to provide the dose reconstructors with the 

ability to determine a worker’s dose in this early period. Later, the bioassay program was developed 

and constantly improved over the years as technology progressed. Electronic databases were 

developed to maintain urinalysis records. These are discussed along with the various codes used to 

identify the specific analysis performed.

ORAUT (2010b) discusses the in vitro minimum detectable activities (MDAs), the analytical methods, 

and the reporting protocols for the radionuclides at Hanford. These parameters varied over the years 

for each of the evaluated radionuclides, which included plutonium, americium, curium, tritium, 

uranium, strontium, promethium, polonium, neptunium, and fission products. ORAUT (2010b)

discusses these issues in detail.

In addition, ORAUT (2010b) discusses the in vivo MDAs, the analytical methods, and the reporting 

protocols for the X- and gamma-ray-emitting radionuclides. The in vivo measurement equipment and 

techniques were developed in the late 1950s and have been in routine use at Hanford since 1960. 

Detailed discussions are presented for the use of the whole-body counter, the radionuclides for which 

it was used, the radionuclide-specific MDAs, and the reporting levels for the various periods during 

which these parameters changed. There are similar discussions of the in vivo chest counters, thyroid 

counters, and head counters. Detailed information is provided in a database to assist the dose 

reconstructors in interpreting data they might encounter in the worker’s records.

ORAUT (2010b) discusses information on the specific radionuclides in each of the facilities to which 

the workers could have been exposed. Information is provided for the periods when processes 

changed as a result of improvements in the processing systems.

Interferences that could have been encountered in the collection and analysis of bioassay samples 

are discussed, as are the uncertainties in the bioassay measurements. Information is presented for 

workers who could have been exposed, but for whom there are no confirmed intakes because of the 

detection capabilities or the sampling techniques used at the time or because there were missed 

samples. Methods for evaluating doses that could fall in this category are presented. Additional data 

are provided for the evaluation of the worst-case scenario and for unmonitored workers. Attachment 

C to ORAUT (2010b) contains the coworker analyses. 

The Occupational External Dosimetry TBD (ORAUT 2010c) discusses the program for measuring skin 

and whole-body doses to the workers. As with internal dosimetry, the methods for evaluating external 

doses to workers have evolved over the years as new techniques and equipment have been 

developed and as the concepts in radiation protection have changed. The dose reconstruction 

parameters, Hanford practices and policies, and dosimeter types and technology for measuring the 

dose from the different types of radiation are discussed in this TBD. Attention is given to the 

evaluation of doses measured from exposure to beta, gamma, and neutron radiation. Tables show 

test results for various dosimeters exposed to different exposure geometries and radiation energies. 

Attachments to ORAUT (2010c) include neutron and photon measurement data collection and 

analysis of Hanford once-through cooling production reactors, 200 Area Plutonium Facilities, 300 Area 

and Miscellaneous Research Facilities with potential neutron exposure, and coworker analyses. 

Sources of bias, workplace radiation field characteristics, responses of the different beta/gamma and 

neutron dosimeters in the workplace fields, and the adjustments to the recorded dose measured by 

these dosimeters during specific years are discussed in detail.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 10 of 11

There are sources of potential dose that could be missed because of the limitations of dosimetry 

systems and the methods of reporting low doses. These potentially missed doses are discussed as a 

function of facility location, dosimeter type, year, and energy range. 

1.3 ATTRIBUTIONS AND ANNOTATIONS

All information requiring identification was addressed in references in the reference section of this 

document.

Fred Duncan assumed responsibility as Document Owner for this document in September 2008. Mr. 

Duncan replaced Edward Scalsky when Mr. Scalsky’s employer declared a new corporate conflict of 

interest for the Hanford Site. Mr. Scalsky continues to participate on this document team in the 

appropriate role of Subject Expert in compliance with the NIOSH Conflict or Bias policy.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0006-1 Revision No. 04 Effective Date: 03/02/2010 Page 11 of 11

REFERENCES

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2007, Radiation Exposures Covered 

for Dose Reconstructions Under Part B of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act, OCAS-IG-003, Rev. 0, Office of Compensation Analysis and 

Support, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 5. 

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2009, Special Exposure Cohort, 

Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00152, Office of Compensation Analysis and Support, 

Cincinnati, Ohio

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010a, Hanford Site – Occupational 

Environmental Dose, ORAUT-TKBS-0006-4, Rev. 01, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January 7.

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010b, Hanford Site – Occupational Internal 

Dose, ORAUT-TKBS-0006-5, Rev. 03, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January 7. 

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010c, Hanford Site – Occupational External 

Dose, ORAUT-TKBS-0006-6, Rev. 03, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January 7. 

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010d, Hanford Site – Occupational Medical 

Dose, ORAUT-TKBS-0006-3, Rev. 02, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January 7. 

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010e, Hanford Site – Site Description, ORAUTTKBS-0006-2, Rev. 02, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, February 22.