[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-15078

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency No. A206-454-240

JUAN JUAN-FELIPE, 

 Petitioner,

 versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

 Respondent.

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________

(July 16, 2020)

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 1 of 8
2

In this immigration case, Juan Juan-Felipe, a native and citizen of Guatemala,

applied for relief from removal from the United States on the ground that he had 

been and likely would be persecuted in Guatemala due to his “membership in a 

particular social group.” See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1)(A), 1101(a)(42)(A). The 

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) determined that he was not eligible for 

asylum or withholding of removal because his proposed social group—young males 

targeted for their age and sex who expressly oppose gang practices and values and 

who wish to protect their family members against such practices—was not viable 

based on BIA precedent. Juan-Felipe now petitions this Court for review, arguing 

that his proposed group should qualify because young males in Guatemala are 

targeted due to the immutable characteristic of their sex. 

We review the BIA’s decision as the final agency judgment and “do not 

consider issues that were not reached by the BIA.” Gonzalez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 820 

F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016). We review factual findings under the substantialevidence test. Id. Legal questions, including whether a proposed social group 

qualifies as a “particular social group” within the meaning of the INA, are reviewed 

de novo, with appropriate deference to the BIA’s reasonable interpretation of the 

INA. Id. at 403–04. 

The government has the discretion to grant asylum if the applicant establishes 

that he is a “refugee.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). A “refugee” is someone who is 

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 2 of 8
3

unable or unwilling to return to his country of nationality “because of persecution or 

a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, 

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1101(a)(42)(A) (emphasis added). Similarly, an applicant for withholding of 

removal must establish that his “life or freedom would be threatened in th[e] country 

[of removal] because of [his] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (emphasis added). 

Because Congress did not speak to what constitutes a “particular social group” 

under the INA, we have deferred to the BIA’s reasonable formulation of that term. 

Gonzalez, 820 F.3d at 404. A “particular social group,” in the BIA’s formulation, 

has three defining characteristics: (1) immutability; (2) particularity; and (3) and

social distinction. See id. Immutability means the group shares a common 

characteristic that is either immutable or fundamental to its members’ individual 

identities or consciences. Castillo-Arias v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d 1190, 1196–

97 (11th Cir. 2006). Particularity means the group must “be discrete and have 

definable boundaries—it must not be amorphous, overbroad, diffuse, or subjective.” 

Gonzalez, 820 F.3d at 404 (quotation marks omitted). Finally, the proposed group 

must be “socially distinct within the society in question.” Id. (quotation marks 

omitted). Importantly, “[t]he risk of persecution alone does not create a particular 

social group within the meaning of the INA.” Castillo-Arias, 446 F.3d at 1198.

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 3 of 8
4

In concluding that Juan-Felipe’s proposed social group was not a “particular 

social group” entitled to protection under the INA, the BIA relied on two of its 

precedents, Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 579, 588 (BIA 2008), and Matter of 

A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 316, 335 (A.G. 2018). 

In Matter of S-E-G-, the BIA rejected the proposed social group of 

“Salvadoran youths who have resisted gang recruitment.” See 24 I. & N. Dec. at

582–83. In particular, the BIA concluded that the proposed group did not satisfy the 

“particularity” or “social distinction” standards. See id. at 584–88 (using the term 

“social visibility”). The BIA explained that the group lacked particularity because 

it was a “potentially large and diffuse segment of society,” there was no “unifying 

relationship or characteristic to narrow this diverse and disconnected group,” and 

“the motivation of gang members in recruiting and targeting young males could arise 

from motivations quite apart from any perception that the males in question were 

members of a class.” Id. at 585 (quotation marks omitted). The group also lacked 

social distinction, according to the BIA, because there was no evidence “to indicate 

that Salvadoran youth who are recruited by gangs but refuse to join (or their family 

members) would be ‘perceived as a group’ by society, or that these individuals suffer 

from a higher incidence of crime than the rest of the population.” Id. at 587. The 

BIA further noted that the risk of harm from gangs was not limited to young males 

who have resisted gang recruitment, “but affects all segments of the population,” 

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 4 of 8
5

particularly those who resist the gang for any reason. Id. Accordingly, the BIA held 

that “that the proposed group, which consists of young Salvadorans who have been 

subject to recruitment efforts by criminal gangs, but who have refused to join for 

personal, religious, or moral reasons, fails the ‘social visibility’ test and does not 

qualify as a particular social group.” Id. at 588. 

In Matter of A-B-, the Attorney General added that “[s]ocial groups defined 

by their vulnerability to private criminal activity likely lack the particularity required 

. . . , given that broad swaths of society may be susceptible to victimization.” 27 I. 

& N. Dec. at 335. The Attorney General noted that “[v]ictims of gang violence often 

come from all segments of society, and they possess no distinguishing characteristic 

or concrete trait that would readily identify them as members of such a group.” Id.

Here, we agree with the BIA that Juan-Felipe is not a member of a “particular 

social group” that is cognizable under the INA. Members of Juan-Felipe’s proposed 

group may share common, largely immutable characteristics, namely being young 

and male. But “sharing a common, immutable characteristic is a necessary, but not 

sufficient, condition to qualify as a particular social group under BIA precedent.” 

Gonzalez, 820 F.3d at 405. And for the reasons explained by the BIA in the similar 

case of Matter of S-E-G-, Juan-Felipe’s proposed social group—young males 

targeted for their age and sex who expressly oppose gang practices and values and 

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 5 of 8
6

who wish to protect their family members against such practices—fails the 

“particularity” and “social distinction” tests.

The proposed group lacks particularity because its members make up a 

“potentially large and diffuse segment of society.” Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 

at 585. Juan-Felipe attempts to limit the scope of the group by narrowing it to young 

males who expressly oppose gang practices and values and who wish to protect their 

family members against such practices. These proffered limiting factors remain 

amorphous and subjective, however. And as the BIA noted in Matter of S-E-G-, 

“the motivation of gang members in recruiting and targeting young males could arise 

from motivations quite apart from any perception that the males in question were 

members of a class.” Id.; see Matter of A-B-, 27 I. & N. Dec. at 335 (“Social groups 

defined by their vulnerability to private criminal activity likely lack the particularity 

required . . . , given that broad swaths of society may be susceptible to 

victimization.”). For instance, the Daily Mail article Juan-Felipe submitted 

indicated that minors were recruited because gangs thought they would get 

preferential police treatment if caught.

Nor does the proposed group meet the standard of “social distinction.” The 

putative members do not share a characteristic that would “generally be recognizable 

by others in the community.” Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 586–87 (noting 

that although the applicants were victims of harassment, beatings, and threats from 

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 6 of 8
7

gangs, “[t]here is little in the background evidence of record to indicate that 

Salvadoran youth who are recruited by gangs but refuse to join (or their family 

members) would be ‘perceived as a group’ by society, or that these individuals suffer 

from a higher incidence of crime than the rest of the population”); see also Matter 

of E–A–G–, 24 I. & N. Dec. 591, 594 (BIA 2007) (“Persons who resist joining gangs 

have not been shown to be part of a socially visible group within Honduran society

. . . .”). Juan-Felipe’s testimony and evidence did not show that young males

opposing gang practices, wishing to protect their family from such, were somehow 

distinguished in Guatemalan society or were any more vulnerable to persecution by 

gangs than anyone else. As the BIA has explained, “victims of gang violence come 

from all segments of society, and it is difficult to conclude that any ‘group,’ as 

actually perceived by the criminal gangs, is much narrower than the general 

population of [Guatemala].” Matter of S-E-G-, 24 I. & N. Dec at 588. There is no 

evidence to show that members of the proposed social group are in “substantially 

different position from anyone who has crossed the gang, or who is perceived to be 

a threat to the gang’s interests.” Id. at 587. 

In sum, the BIA did not err in concluding that Juan-Felipe’s proposed social 

group was not cognizable as it was not defined with particularity or distinguished 

within Guatemalan society.

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 7 of 8
8

Juan-Felipe also challenges the immigration judge’s findings that he failed to 

establish either past persecution or a reasonable fear of future persecution. But the 

BIA did not address these issues and denied Juan-Felipe’s application for asylum 

and withholding of removal solely on the basis of the lack of a cognizable particular 

social group. Because the BIA did not reach these issues, we do not consider them. 

See Gonzalez, 820 F.3d at 403 (“We do not consider issues that were not reached by 

the BIA.”). Finally, Juan-Felipe has abandoned any argument as to the BIA’s denial 

of relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture by failing to raise and 

argue that issue in his briefing. See Chen v. U.S Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1228, 1229 n.1 

(11th Cir. 2006) (issues not raised on appeal are abandoned).

For these reasons, we deny Juan-Felipe’s petition for review.

PETITION DENIED.

Case: 19-15078 Date Filed: 07/16/2020 Page: 8 of 8