IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

July 13, 2011 Session

AMERICAN BONDING COMPANY v. SANDRA VAUGHN

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County

No. 2010CV112 Robbie T. Beal, Judge

No. M2010-02464-COA-R3-CV - Filed September 2, 2011

This dispute involves a bail bond contract which the Appellant contends should be

invalidated due to illegality, lack of mutual consent and because she allegedly executed the

contract under duress. The trial court found the contract to be enforceable and entered a

$4,000.00 judgment against Appellant. Appellee appeals the trial court’s denial of its

application for counsel fees as provided for in the contract. We affirm in part, reverse in

part, and remand the case for further proceedings.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in Part

and Reversed in Part; Case Remanded

RICHARD H. DINKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G. CLEMENT,

JR. and ANDY D. BENNETT, JJ., joined.

Larry R. McElhaney, II, Nashville, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Sandra Vaughn.

Geoffrey Coston, Franklin, Tennessee, for the Appellee, American Bonding Company.

OPINION

I. Facts and Procedural History

On January 5, 2009, Kevin Vaughn, Sandra Vaughn’sson, was arrested in Williamson

County, Tennessee for driving under the influence, simple possession, and driving on a

revoked/suspended license. Following his arrest, Mr. Vaughn called the American Bonding

Company (“American Bonding”) to provide bonding services for him. Amir Karshenas,

owner of American Bonding, posted bond for Mr. Vaughn and subsequently transported Mr.

Vaughn to his mother’s home in Maury County. Mr. Vaughn, Mr. Karshenas, and Kali

Nolen, Mr. Karshenas’ assistant, arrived at Ms. Vaughn’s home between 10:00 p.m. and
midnight on January 5, 2009. Upon their arrival, Mr. Vaughn asked his mother to sign

American Bonding’s bond agreement as a “co-principal.” Ms. Vaughn signed the document

and provided a signed check, which Ms. Nolen filled out, to pay Mr. Vaughn’s bond

premium of $437.00. The Application for Bond stated, inter alia:

The Principal(s), jointly and severally,shall at all times indemnify and save the

company harmless from and against any and all claims, demands, liabilities,

costs, charges, legal fees, disbursements, and expenses of every kind and

nature, which the company shall at any time sustain or incur, as well as from

all orders, decrees, judgments, and adjudications involving the company by

reason or in consequence of having executed the bond(s) or undertaking(s)

described in the application.

Mr. Karshenas left a copy of the agreement with Ms. Vaughn for her records. On January

15, 2009, Mr. Vaughn forfeited his bond when he failed to appear for his third court date.

A Final Judgment relative to the bond forfeiture was entered in the amount of $4,000.00

against American Bonding as Mr. Vaughn’s surety.

American Bonding filed an action to enforce the Application for Bond in the General

Sessions Court of Williamson County against Ms. Vaughn. The court rendered a judgment

in favor of American Bonding, and Ms. Vaughn appealed to the Williamson County Circuit

Court. On the day the matter was set to be heard, Ms. Vaughn filed a Motion to Dismiss for

Improper Venue, or in the Alternative, Sworn Denial and Counter-Claim alleging that

American Bonding was “guilty of intentional and negligent misrepresentation, fraud, and

violations of the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act.” She further stated that she was

“awakened in the middle of the night while on serious medications with side effects and

tricked into signing the bonding agreement.”

The trial court denied Ms. Vaughn’s motion to dismiss and proceeded to the trial of

the case, at which Ms. Vaughn and Mr. Karshenas testified. In its oral ruling, the trial court

expressed displeasure with the business practices of Plaintiff, stating as follows:

The Court’s not pleased with the way the bond was made. I don’t know when

it became a policy of the bonding companies around here to remove a prisoner

of the Sheriff’s department in the hopes and the prayers of convincing

somebody to pay the fee. The manner in which this was done is even more

aggravating to the Court.

The Court does accept Ms. Vaughn’s statement that she doesn’t pick up the

phone for a reason. And then to have her son show up at the door - - at the

-2-
door of her home at 12:00 at night is inappropriate, perhaps illegal, to be

completely honest. But certainly inappropriate. I would certainly consider that

to be a startling event for Ms. Vaughn.

On top of that, nowhere in the paperwork does it say ultimately what the bond

amount was. I mean, I don’t mind the standard bond contract being used. But

at some point - - at some point, the person receiving the contract, signing off

on it as the co-principal should at least know how much the bond is they’re

signing off to indemnify for. And that wasn’t done. . . .

The court ultimately upheld the contract stating that it did not “accept the duress argument

by Ms. Vaughn” and further that “[t]here’s no direct evidence here that would cause the court

to believe that she was basically incompetent based upon her medication . . . .”

On October 22, 2010 the trial court entered a Final Order holding that Ms. Vaughn

was not acting under duress and was not incompetent when she signed the contract. The

court entered a judgment of $4,000.00 against Ms. Vaughn. The court did not award

attorney’s fees because “Amir Karshenas engaged in a sloppy procedure for the making of

the contract.”

Ms. Vaughn appeals and raises the following issues:

I. Whether venue is appropriate in Williamson County?

II. Whether the trial court erred in finding the contract between Ms. Vaughn and

American Bonding Company was valid when there was “no meeting of the

minds between he parties in mutual assent to the same terms”?

III. Whether the trial court erred in finding a valid contract where Ms. Vaughn

signed the document under duress?

IV. Alternatively, if there is an enforceable contract, whether American Bonding

Company is entitled only to the $437.00 already paid?

V. Doesthe public policy of Tennessee prohibit the enforcement of contractssuch

as these under these circumstances?

In addition, American Bonding raises an issue:

I. Whether the trial court erred in denying American Bonding Company’s

attorney’s fees when those fees were provided for in the contract?

-3-
II. Standard of Review

In a civil case heard without a jury, we review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo

upon the record accompanied by a presumption of correctness unless the preponderance of

the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Questions of law are subject to de novo

review with no presumption of correctness. Graham v. Caples, 325 S.W.3d 578, 581 (Tenn.

2010). The construction of a statute and its application to the facts are questions of law

which we review de novo without a presumption of correctness. Gautreaux v. Internal Med.

Educ. Found., Inc., 336 S.W.3d 526, 531 (Tenn. 2011).

III. Discussion

A. Venue

Ms. Vaughn first argues that the trial court erred when it refused to dismiss the case

for improper venue. American Bonding argues that venue was appropriate in Williamson

County because it posted Mr. Vaughn’s appearance bond in Williamson County and paid the

bond forfeiture in Williamson County. In the Final Order, the trial court stated the following

with regard to Ms. Vaughn’s motion to dismiss for improper venue:

Defendant made a preliminary Motion to Dismiss for improper venue. The

Court finds that the contract was performed in Williamson County, therefore

venue is appropriate. Additionally, the Court finds that Williamson County is

a convenient forum, and Defendant will suffer no prejudice from the

adjudication of this matter in Williamson County. Therefore, this motion is

denied.

Venue “is generally not a condition precedent to the court’s power, but relates instead

to the appropriateness of the location of the action.” Meighan v. U.S. Sprint Commc’n. Co.,

924 S.W.2d 632, 639 (Tenn. 1996). For purposes of determining venue, a cause of action

must first be categorized as local or transitory in nature. See TPC Facility Delivery Group,

LLC v. Lindsey, No. M2002-01909-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 193051, at *2 n.1 (Tenn. Ct.

App. Jan. 30, 2004). Transitory actions are those that could have arisen anywhere, thus, an

action based on contract is a transitory action. See Curtis v. Garrison, 364 S.W.2d 933

(Tenn. 1963); Nickell, Inc. v. Psillas, No. M2004-02975-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 1865018,

at *2 n.3 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (citing Five Star Express, Inc. v. Davis, 866 S.W.2d 944, 945

n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993)). Venue for an action based on a contract is governed by Tenn.

Code Ann. § 20-4-101:

-4-
In all civil actions of transitory nature, unless venue is otherwise expressly

provided for, the action may be brought in the county where the cause of

action arose or in the county where the defendant resides or is found.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-4-101(a) (2010).

The contract that is the subject of this action did not address venue, and American

Bonding did not bring the action in the county where Ms. Vaughn resides; therefore, we

focus our inquiry on “where the cause of action arose” pursuant Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-4-

101. The contract between Ms. Vaughn, Mr. Vaughn, and American Bonding required Mr.

1

Vaughn to “remain within the jurisdiction of the court until the case is finally determined and

the company relieved” and to “timely attend all court sessions as ordered by the Court and

maintain reasonable contact with the company to advise the company of all court

proceedings.” American Bonding’s cause of action arose when Mr. Vaughn forfeited his

bond by failing to appear in Williamson County for his third court appearance. Therefore,

2

the trial court did not err in finding venue in Williamson County was an appropriate venue

for trial.

B. Contract Formation

i. Illegality

Ms. Vaughn contends that the contract between herself and American Bonding is

illegal and thus invalid. In support of her contention, she cites the trial court’s statement that

the contract was “perhaps illegal” and she recites the general legal principle that illegal

contracts are not enforceable; however she fails to cite any authority, statutory or otherwise,

to further support her argument. While we agree with the trial court that the circumstances

and manner under which American Bonding secured the contract were troubling, we find no

legal support for Ms. Vaughn’s contention that the contract was illegal. Furthermore, we

have independently reviewed Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-101, et seq., the section of our code

The agreement Ms. Vaughn signed indicated that American Bonding’s “principal office” was in 1

Nashville, TN. 

The contract provided that American Bonding could pursue Ms. Vaughn for payment of the bond 2

forfeiture: 

The company may enforce its rights against any one or all of the Principal(s) as the

company, in its sole discretion, shall determine. The company shall not be required to

proceed first against any particular Principal(s) before being able to proceed against any

other Principal(s). 

-5-
governing bail bondsmen, and have not discerned any statutory basis upon which to conclude

the contract was illegal.

ii. Mutual Assent

Ms. Vaughn asserts that the contract is invalid because the total amount of the

bond—$4,000.00—was not specifically listed on the contract she signed and, as a

consequence “the parties did not have a meeting of the minds in mutual assent to the same

terms.” Considering the entire record, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial

court’s finding of mutual assent to the terms of the contract.

A contract must “result from a meeting of the minds of the parties in mutual assent

to the terms” and must “be of sufficient explicitness so that a court can perceive what are the

respective obligations of the parties.” Doe v. HCA Servs. of Tenn., Inc., 46 S.W.3d 191, 196

(Tenn. 2001) (citing Higgins v. Oil, Chem., and Atomic Workers Int’l Union, Local # 3-677,

811 S.W.2d 875, 879 (Tenn. 1991) (quoting Johnson v. Central Nat’l Ins. Co. Of Omaha,

356 S.W.2d 277, 281 (Tenn. 1962)); Jamestowne On Signal, Inc. v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan

Ass’n, 807 S.W.2d 559, 565 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)). “Indefiniteness regarding an essential

element of a contract ‘may prevent the creation of an enforceable contract.’” Id. (citing

Jamestowne On Signal, Inc., 807 S.W.2d at 565 (citation omitted). However, when

addressing the requirement of definite contractual terms, our Supreme Court has previously

stated, “‘[c]ertainty with respect to promises does not have to be apparent from the promise

itself, so long as the promise contains a reference to some document, transaction or other

extrinsic facts from which its meaning may be made clear.’” Id. (citing 1 Richard A. Lord,

Williston on Contracts, § 4:27, at 593 (4 ed. 1990).

th

Ms. Vaughn signed the Agreement, which stated that, as a co-principal, she would:

indemnify and save the company harmless from and against any and all claims,

demands, liabilities, costs, charges, legal fees, disbursements, and expenses of

every kind and nature, which the company shall at any time sustain or incur,

as well as from all orders, decrees, judgments, and adjudications involving the

company by reason or in consequence of having executed the bond(s) or

undertaking(s) described in the application.

Mr. Karshenas testified that he showed Ms. Vaughn the Booking Report which listed Mr.

Vaughn’s total bond amount of $4,000.00; however, Ms. Vaughn testified that she did not

understand that she would be potentially liable for $4,000.00. The trial court resolved the

conflicting testimony in favor of Mr. Karshenas, and we give this determination great

deference. See Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783–84 (Tenn. 1999) (noting

-6-
that trial courts see and hear the witnesses as they testify and are in the best position to assess

a witness’ demeanor and to make determinations of credibility). The trial court further noted:

The law in the case is that when this lady writes down that she’s the coprincipal and is going to indemnify the loss of a bonding company, it’s her

responsibility to know what that loss is. I mean, she’s the signatory. The

bonding company ultimately fulfilled their obligation to remove the man from

-- remove the man from custody.

The law is well-settled that, in the absence of fraud or mistake, a signatory to a

contract is forbidden from claiming that she is not bound by the contract because “she has

not read it, or is otherwise ignorant of, or unacquainted with its provisions.” General Am.

Life Ins. Co. v. Armstrong,185 S.W.2d 505, 506–07 (Tenn. 1945); see also Webber v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 49 S.W.3d 265, 274 (Tenn. 2001). In addition to the evidence

showing that Ms. Vaughn assented to the terms of the contract, there was no proof of fraud

or mistake in the execution of the contract. We agree with the trial court’s holding that Ms.

Vaughn was bound by the terms and conditions of the contract.

C. Duress

Ms. Vaughn argues that the contract is voidable because she signed the contract under

duress. When addressing Ms. Vaughn’s claims, the trial court stated, “I don’t accept the

duress argument by Ms. Vaughn. I don’t believe her free will was completely taken away

. . . .”

This Court has previously defined duress as follows:

“Duress” is an unlawful restraint, intimidation or compulsion of another to

such an extent and degree as to induce such other person to do or perform

some act which he is not legally bound to do, contrary to his will and

inclination. The alleged coercive event must be of such severity, either

threatened, impending or actually inflicted, so as to overcome the mind and

will of a person of ordinary firmness. To constitute duress, the danger must

not only exist, but must be shown to have actually operated upon the mind, and

to have constituted the controlling motive for the performance of the act

sought to be avoided.

Cummings Inc. v. Dorgan, 320 S.W.3d 316, 331–32 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Hardy v.

Harris, No. 01-A-01-9001-CH-00005, 1990 WL 61429, at *1–2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23,

2009)). The contracting parties’ ability to rely upon the defense of duress may be waived if

-7-
a party fails to promptly seek avoidance of the contract. See Crocker v. Schneider, 683

S.W.2d 335 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984) (finding that a party who chose to perform under a written

agreement for nearly two years was estopped from claiming economic duress to avoid the

agreement).

When testifying regarding her belief that she signed the contract under duress, Ms.

Vaughn stated as follows during cross-examination:

Q: And did [Mr. Karshenas] hold a gun to your head?

A: No. He used words.

Q: Words like - - like what kind of words did he use to force you into signing?

A: You know, you’re going - - he’s going to have to go back if you don’t give

us that - - you know, the 437. He’s just going to have to go back and, you

know, things like that.

Q: [Mr. Karshenas] said that he was going to take him back to jail if you didn’t

sign and pay; is that right?

A: Uh-huh.

Q: Is that the duress you’re talking about?

A: Yes.

Ms. Vaughn also testified that “my son is not a good person, and I was - - you know, I

wanted him to stay in there a while.” Mr. Karshenas acknowledged that his assistant, Ms.

Nolen, informed Ms. Vaughn that if she didn’t pay the bond premium of $437.00 that

American Bonding “had the right” to take Mr. Vaughn back to jail.

After reviewing the record, we find that the evidence does not preponderate against

the trial court’s finding that Ms. Vaughn failed to prove that she signed the contract under

duress. Statements from American Bonding that Mr. Vaughn would be taken back to jail if

Ms. Vaughn did not sign the contract did not rise to the level of intimidation or compulsion

sufficient to vitiate the contract, especially considering Ms. Vaughn’s testimony that she

“wanted her son to stay in [jail] for a while.” Moreover, even though Ms. Vaughn had a copy

of the bond agreement, she did not protest the validity of the contract until American

-8-
Bonding attempted to enforce the contract. We do not find that the trial court erred in finding

there was no duress and upholding the contract.

D. Public Policy

Ms. Vaughn asks us to void the contract as a matter of public policy, based on the

manner in which the contract was executed, which she characterizes as “threatening” and

“coercive.” She correctly notes the trial court expressed displeasure with the actions of Mr.

Karshenas. While we share the court’s concern, we do not believe that the conduct is so

egregious as to require this court to invalidate the contract as a matter of public policy.

Pursuant to the provisions of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125 et seq., the trial court retains

supervisory authority over the conduct of the bail bonding enterprise and those who

participate in it.

3

E. Attorney’s Fees

American Bonding contends that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to

award attorney’s fees pursuant to the terms of the contract. With respect to attorney’s fees,

the contract stated as follows:

The Principal(s) shall pay over, reimburse, and make good to the company any

and all sums and amounts of money required to meet any and every claim,

demand, liability, cost, expense,suit, order, decree, adjudication, fee, payment,

or legal fees (including but not limited to a reasonable attorney’s fee)

involving the company by reason of the execution of the bond(s) or

undertaking(s) described m [sic] the application and any other bond or

undertaking executed in behalf or at the request of the Principal(s) or any of

them and before the company shall be required to pay. The liability for legal

fees and disbursements includes all legal fees and disbursements that the

company may pay or incur, including but not limited to a proceeding in which

the company may assert or defend its right to collect or charge for any legal

fees and/or disbursements incurred in that or any other proceeding.

(emphasis added).

Tennessee law allows for parties to contract for the recovery of attorney’s fees as an

element of damages. See Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. v. Epperson, 284 S.W.3d

In this regard, we note that the trial court admonished Mr. Karshenas for his behavior and 3

cautioned him as follows: “Mr. Karshenas, don’t do this. I’ll revoke your ability to write bonds.”

-9-
303 (Tenn. 2009). In this case, the trial court did not have discretion to fail to consider the

provision of the contract awarding reasonable attorney’s fees to American Bonding. See

Hosier v. Crye-Leike Commercial, Inc., No. M2000-01182-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 799740,

at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 17, 2001) (finding that the trial court did not have discretion to

determine whether to award attorney’s fees when the contract provided that the prevailing

party was entitle to recover its reasonable attorney’s fees). Here, the contract provided for

the payment of attorney’s fees in cases where “the company may assert or defend its right to

collect” under the terms of the contract. While the court was justifiably concerned about the

conduct of Mr. Karshenas, it lacked the discretion to modify or fail to enforce the contract.

As a consequence, we reverse the trial court’s decision to deny American Bonding attorney’s

fees and remand the case to the trial court for determination of the amount of the attorney’s

fee to which American Bonding is contractually entitled. The determination of the amount

of reasonable attorney’s fees is within the trial court’s discretion. Albright v. Mercer, 945

S.W.2d 749 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); see also Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 8, Rule 1.5.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment awarding American

Binding $4,000.00. We reverse the denial of attorneys fees and remand the case for the trial

court to determine a reasonable fee as provided in the contract.

___________________________________

RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE

-10-