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Dose Reconstruction

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DOE Review Release 10/28/2011

Document Title:

Pinellas Plant – Occupational Medical Dose

Document Number: ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 

Revision: 01

Effective Date: 10/13/2011

Type of Document: TBD

Supersedes: Revision 00 PC-1 

Subject Expert(s): Elyse M. Thomas and Brian P. Gleckler

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 10/11/2011

Brian P. Gleckler, Document Owner

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 10/12/2011

John M. Byrne, Objective 1 Manager

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 10/11/2011

Edward F. Maher, Objective 3 Manager

Concurrence: Vickie S. Short Signature on File for Concurrence Date: 10/12/2011

Kate Kimpan, Project Director

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 10/13/2011

James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

New Total Rewrite Revision Page Change

FOR DOCUMENTS MARKED AS A TOTAL REWRITE, REVISION, OR PAGE CHANGE, REPLACE THE PRIOR 

REVISION AND DISCARD / DESTROY ALL COPIES OF THE PRIOR REVISION.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 2 of 31

PUBLICATION RECORD

EFFECTIVE 

DATE

REVISION 

NUMBER DESCRIPTION

05/06/2005 00 New technical basis document for the Pinellas Plant – Occupational 

Medical Dose. First approved issue. Initiated by Mark D. Notich.

07/04/2006 00 PC-1 Page change revision to incorporate introductory language from 

NIOSH on pages 5 and 6 in Section 3.0. Deletes the uterus as an 

analogue/surrogate organ in Table 3.3.3-1 on page 13 in Section 

3.3.3 as per Task 5 comment. No changes occurred as a result of 

formal internal review. Incorporates NIOSH formal and DOL review 

comments. No sections were deleted. This revision results in a 

reduction in assigned dose and no PER is required. Training 

required: As determined by the Task Manager. Initiated by Paul J. 

Demopoulos.

Approval:

Signature on File 05/25/2006

Paul J. Demopoulos, TBD Team Leader

Signature on File 05/25/2006

John M. Byrne, Task 3 Manager

Signature on File 05/25/2006

Edward F. Maher, Task 5 Manager

Signature on File 06/20/2006

Kate Kimpan, Project Director

Signature on File 07/04/2006

James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

10/13/2011 01 Revised to address comments from Sanford Cohen & Associates as 

identified in SCA-TR-TASK1-0015. Added skin doses for all 

projections. Includes editorial changes. Incorporates formal internal 

and NIOSH review comments. Constitutes a total rewrite of the 

document. Training required: As determined by the Objective 

Manager. Initiated by Brian P. Gleckler.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 3 of 31

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...............................................................................................................5

3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................7

3.1.1 Purpose........................................................................................................................8

3.1.2 Scope...........................................................................................................................8

3.1.3 Overview ......................................................................................................................8

3.2 Examination Frequencies.........................................................................................................9

3.3 Equipment and Techniques.................................................................................................... 10

3.3.1 Photofluorography, 1957 through 1959.......................................................................10

3.3.2 Chest Radiography, 1960 through 1971 .....................................................................10

3.3.3 Chest Radiography, 1972 through 1987 .....................................................................10

3.3.4 Chest Radiography, 1988 through 1997 .....................................................................11

3.3.5 Abd/KUB Examinations, 1969 through 1971...............................................................11

3.3.6 Abd/KUB Examinations, 1972 through 1974...............................................................11

3.3.7 Lumbar Spine Examinations, 1969 through 1971 .......................................................12

3.3.8 Lumbar Spine Examinations, 1972 through 1974 .......................................................12

3.3.9 Summary of Technical Parameters.............................................................................12

3.4 Organ Dose Calculations ....................................................................................................... 13

3.5 Uncertainty.............................................................................................................................14

3.6 Attributions and Annotations .................................................................................................. 14

References ........................................................................................................................................15

Glossary ............................................................................................................................................17

ATTACHMENT A, ORGAN DOSE TABLES ......................................................................................19

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

3-1 Medical X-ray equipment used at the Pinellas Plant............................................................... 10

3-2 Summary of technical parameters for X-ray projections ......................................................... 13

A-1 Organ dose equivalents for chest projections for all periods................................................... 20

A-2 Organ dose equivalents for Abd/KUB examinations............................................................... 21

A-3 Organ dose equivalents for lumbar spine projections for all periods....................................... 22

A-4 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents for chest projections, 1957 through 1971 ...... 23

A-5 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents for chest projections, 1972 through 1987 ...... 25

A-6 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents for chest projections, 1988 through 1997 ...... 26

A-7 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents for Abd/KUB projections, 1969 through 

1974.......................................................................................................................................28
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A-8 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents for lumbar spine projections, 1969 

through 1974..........................................................................................................................30
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Abd/KUB abdomen or KUB

AEC U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

AP anterior-posterior

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

cGy centigray

cm centimeter

DCF dose conversion factor

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

DOL U.S. Department of Labor

EEOICPA Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000

ENSD entrance skin dose

EXSD exit skin dose

FDA Food and Drug Administration

GE General Electric Company

GEND GE Neutron Devices

GENDD GE Neutron Devices Department

GEPP GE Pinellas Plant

GEXF GE X-Ray Division-Florida

Gy gray

HVL half-value layer

ICRP International Commission of Radiological Protection

in. inch

IREP Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program

KUB kidneys, ureters, bladder

kVp kilovolts-peak 

LAT lateral

m meter

mA milliampere

mAs milliampere-second

mGy milligray

mm millimeter

mR milliRoentgen

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

OBL oblique

PA posterior-anterior

PFG photofluorography

POC probability of causation
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 6 of 31

R Roentgen

RAO right anterior oblique

RSD remote skin dose

SID source-to-image distance

SRDB Ref ID Site Research Database Reference Identification (number)

SSD source-to-skin distance

TBD technical basis document

U.S.C. United States Code

§ section or sections 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 7 of 31

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Technical basis documents and site profile documents are not official determinations made by the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) but are rather general working 

documents that provide historic background information and guidance to assist in the preparation of 

dose reconstructions at particular sites or categories of sites. They will be revised in the event 

additional relevant information is obtained about the affected site(s). These documents may be used 

to assist NIOSH staff in the completion of the individual work required for each dose reconstruction.

In this document the word “facility” is used as a general term for an area, building, or group of 

buildings that served a specific purpose at a site. It does not necessarily connote an “atomic weapons 

employer facility” or a “Department of Energy [DOE] facility” as defined in the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act [EEOICPA; 42 U.S.C. § 7384l(5) and (12)]. 

EEOICPA defines a DOE facility as “any building, structure, or premise, including the grounds upon 

which such building, structure, or premise is located ... in which operations are, or have been, 

conducted by, or on behalf of, the Department of Energy (except for buildings, structures, premises, 

grounds, or operations ... pertaining to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program)” [42 U.S.C. § 

7384l(12)]. Accordingly, except for the exclusion for the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program noted 

above, any facility that performs or performed DOE operations of any nature whatsoever is a DOE 

facility encompassed by EEOICPA.

For employees of DOE or its contractors with cancer, the DOE facility definition only determines 

eligibility for a dose reconstruction, which is a prerequisite to a compensation decision (except for 

members of the Special Exposure Cohort). The compensation decision for cancer claimants is based 

on a section of the statute entitled “Exposure in the Performance of Duty.” That provision [42 U.S.C. § 

7384n(b)] says that an individual with cancer “shall be determined to have sustained that cancer in the 

performance of duty for purposes of the compensation program if, and only if, the cancer ... was at 

least as likely as not related to employment at the facility [where the employee worked], as 

determined in accordance with the POC [probability of causation1

] guidelines established under 

subsection (c) ...” [42 U.S.C. § 7384n(b)]. Neither the statute nor the probability of causation 

guidelines (nor the dose reconstruction regulation, 42 C.F.R. Pt. 82) define “performance of duty” for 

DOE employees with a covered cancer or restrict the “duty” to nuclear weapons work (NIOSH 2010).

The statute also includes a definition of a DOE facility that excludes “buildings, structures, premises, 

grounds, or operations covered by Executive Order No. 12344, dated February 1, 1982 (42 U.S.C. 

7158 note), pertaining to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program” [42 U.S.C. § 7384l(12)]. While this 

definition excludes Naval Nuclear Propulsion Facilities from being covered under the Act, the section 

of EEOICPA that deals with the compensation decision for covered employees with cancer [i.e., 42 

U.S.C. § 7384n(b), entitled “Exposure in the Performance of Duty”] does not contain such an 

exclusion. Therefore, the statute requires NIOSH to include all occupationally-derived radiation 

exposures at covered facilities in its dose reconstructions for employees at DOE facilities, including 

radiation exposures related to the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. As a result, all internal and 

external occupational radiation exposures are considered valid for inclusion in a dose reconstruction. 

No efforts are made to determine the eligibility of any fraction of total measured exposure for inclusion 

in dose reconstruction. NIOSH, however, does not consider the following exposures to be 

occupationally derived (NIOSH 2010):

• Background radiation, including radiation from naturally occurring radon present in 

conventional structures

• Radiation from X-rays received in the diagnosis of injuries or illnesses or for therapeutic 

reasons

 

1 The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is ultimately responsible under the EEOICPA for determining the POC.
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3.1.1 Purpose

This technical basis document (TBD) provides the basis for assessing occupational medical doses at 

the Pinellas Plant. The information in this TBD can be used in dose reconstructions for the EEOICPA.

3.1.2 Scope

This document provides supporting technical data to evaluate the total occupational radiation dose 

that can reasonably be associated with a Pinellas Plant worker’s radiation exposure. Occupational 

medical doses result from X-ray procedures that were performed on energy employees for 

occupational health screening and as a condition of employment. Under the EEOICPA program, 

doses from occupational medical X-ray procedures that were performed on energy employees for 

occupational health screening and as a condition of employment must be included in the EEOICPA 

dose reconstructions. The doses from those X-ray procedures were not measured, considered, or 

included as part of the employees’ occupational doses that are reported by the site. Therefore, the 

worker’s doses from those X-ray procedures are estimated based on the best available information, 

which is documented in this TBD and, when available, a worker’s occupational medical records.

The Pinellas Plant operations contractors required preemployment and routine medical examinations 

as part of their occupational health and safety programs. The preemployment examinations and 

some of the periodic medical examinations typically required X-ray screening examinations. At the 

Pinellas Plant, the screening X-ray procedures typically included posterior-anterior (PA) and 

infrequent lateral (LAT) chest X-rays. For some years, these medical examinations might have 

included X-rays of the abdomen or lumbar spine. At the Pinellas Plant, the terms “Abdomen X-ray” 

and “KUB X-ray” were synonymous and the records use them interchangeably. (KUB indicates 

“kidneys, ureters, bladder”). Therefore, this TBD refers to these procedures as “Abd/KUB X-rays.” 

For this site, the Abd/KUB X-rays and the lumbar spine X-rays are considered to be screening X-rays 

because they were performed on so many Pinellas Plant workers.

A wide variety of other X-ray procedures (e.g., cervical spine, dorsal spine, hand, ankle, foot, sinuses, 

wrist, etc.) were performed on Pinellas Plant workers. These X-rays are not known to have been 

performed for screening. The available information, including general medical literature, indicates that 

these X-ray procedures were performed solely for diagnostic purposes. Therefore, the doses 

associated with these X-ray procedures are not included in dose reconstruction under EEOICPA.

X-ray equipment and the techniques that were used for taking X-rays changed over the years that are 

covered by this TBD. This analysis took these factors into account in estimating the dose a worker 

would have received from each type of X-ray exposure that might have been received. The 

considered parameters include the tube current and voltage, exposure time, filtration, source-to-skin 

distance (SSD), the projection [PA, anterior-posterior (AP), or LAT], and any other factor that could 

affect the dose that was received by the worker.

Doses are calculated to exposed organs from the X-ray procedures. The calculated doses take into 

account the uncertainty that is associated with some of the parameters that are mentioned above. 

Tables in Attachment A list these doses for convenient reference for dose reconstruction.

3.1.3 Overview

The Pinellas Plant records reflect that it has been known by several names throughout its history. 

Those names include the 908 Plant, Pinellas Peninsula Plant, General Electric Company (GE) X-Ray 

Division-Florida (GEXF), GE Neutron Devices Department (GENDD), GE Neutron Devices (GEND), 

GE Pinellas Plant (GEPP), and the Pinellas Plant. This document refers to the Pinellas Plant or 

simply Pinellas throughout.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 9 of 31

GE built and operated the Pinellas Plant for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from its initial 

startup in January 1957 until June 1992. In June 1992, Martin Marietta Specialty Components 

(MMSC) took over as the management and operating contractor for the Pinellas Plant. In 1994, 

Lockheed merged with Martin Marietta, and the management and operating contractor for the Pinellas 

Plant was renamed Lockheed Martin Specialty Components (LMSC). The Pinellas Plant completed 

its war reserve fabrication of neutron generators at the end of September 1994 and began the 

transition from a defense mission to an environmental management mission. That transition included 

a number of decontamination and decommissioning activities that allowed the Plant to be turned over 

for commercial uses. LMSC continued as the management and operating contractor until 

decontamination and decommissioning activities ended in 1997 (ORAUT 2011a).

The Pinellas Plant was built to manufacture neutron generators, a principal component in nuclear 

weapons. The neutron generators consisted of a miniaturized linear ion accelerator assembled with 

pulsed electric power supplies. The ion accelerator, or neutron tube, required ultraclean, highvacuum technology; hermetic seals between glass, ceramic, glass-ceramic, and metal materials; and 

high-voltage generation and measurement technology. The Plant manufactured only neutron 

generators for its first 10 years of operation. It later manufactured other products including neutron 

detectors, radioisotopic thermoelectric generators, high-vacuum switch tubes, specialty capacitors, 

and specialty batteries (Weaver 1990). As part of its program to promote commercial uses of the site, 

DOE sold most of the Pinellas Plant to the Pinellas County Industry Council in March 1995 and leased 

back a portion through September 1997 to complete safe shutdown and transition activities (LMSC 

1996).

3.2 EXAMINATION FREQUENCIES

The energy employee’s medical X-ray file contains information about the X-rays that were taken 

including the numbers and types of projections and the frequencies at which they occurred. A review 

of the submitted claim file records for the Pinellas Plant workers indicated that throughout the Plant’s 

history PA chest X-rays were administered on an up-to-annual basis with infrequent LAT or oblique 

(OBL) chest X-rays.

The submitted medical records also show that it was relatively common for an energy employee to 

have received a lumbar spine X-ray, an Abd/KUB X-ray, or both, along with the chest X-rays, 

especially between 1969 and 1974. Specifically, one of the most common combinations of X-ray 

examinations during the years from 1969 through 1974 included an AP Abd/KUB, LAT lumbar spine, 

and PA chest X-rays. A former nurse at Pinellas, who took many of the X-rays of the energy 

employees, stated in a 2007 interview that she did not recall taking any Abd/KUB X-rays and that she 

recalled only a few lumbar spine X-rays (Gleckler 2007). However, a December 1972 report from the 

Pinellas County Health Department indicated that Abd/KUB X-rays and “lateral lumbar radiographs” 

were being performed as frequently as the chest X-rays (McCall 1973). Because of this report, and 

because the Abd/KUB and lumbar spine X-rays appear so often in the energy employee records for 

1969 through 1974, dose reconstructors should assume that these X-rays were performed for 

screening and include the dose in dose reconstruction under EEOICPA. Exceptions should be made 

(i.e., not including the dose) when the energy employee’s records clearly indicate that the X-rays were 

performed for individual diagnostic reasons or for work-related injuries. For best estimate cases and 

in accordance with the recommendations in ORAUT-PROC-0061, Occupational Medical X-Ray Dose 

Reconstruction for DOE Sites (ORAUT 2010), the dose from Abd/KUB or lumbar spine X-rays should 

only be included when they were performed in conjunction with a chest X-ray.

Dose should be assigned based on individual X-ray examinations that are recorded in the submitted 

medical records. When no X-ray examination records are available for an individual, the dose 

reconstructor should assume that an annual PA chest X-ray was administered. This is in accordance 

with the recommendations in ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from Occupational Medical X-
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 10 of 31

Ray Procedures (ORAUT 2011b). Unless otherwise indicated in the energy employee’s medical 

records, LAT chest projections should be assumed to be left LAT, and OBL chest projections should 

be assumed to be right anterior OBL (RAO).

3.3 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

A summary description of the medical X-ray equipment that was used at the Pinellas plant is included 

in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1. Medical X-ray equipment that was used at the Pinellas Plant. 

Period Equipment

1957–1959 Photofluorography (PFG). No information available. 

1960–1971 Conventional radiography. No information available.

1972–1987a GE Model 11CK-1

1988–1997b GE DXS-650, single phase, 2 pulse, 200 mA, 125 kVp, automated collimator, AFP 14XL 

automatic film processor

a. McCall (1973).

b. Jones (1988).

3.3.1 Photofluorography, 1957 through 1959

Chest photofluorography (PFG), which resulted in much greater doses per chest examination than 

conventional 14- by 17-inch film, was used throughout the AEC complex until the 1960s. PFG used a 

smaller film (4 by 5 in.), a smaller source-to-image distance (SID) of 42 in., and both a higher kVp and 

a several-fold higher exposure in mAs (ORAUT 2011b).

No evidence was found that indicates that PFG was used at the Pinellas Plant after reviewing 

submitted claim file records. This is consistent with information that was provided by a former Pinellas 

Plant nurse who was employed at the site between 1958 and 1986 (Gleckler 2007). The former nurse 

indicated that PFG X-rays were never performed at the Pinellas Plant (Gleckler 2007). However, a 

2005 program evaluation report, OCAS-PER-004, indicates that there was at least one occasion 

where PFG was recorded in one energy employee’s files (NIOSH 2005). Therefore, the use of PFG

should be assumed to ensure conservative dose reconstructions from X-ray examinations during the 

period from 1957 through 1959 (NIOSH 2005).

Because no historical information about site-specific parameters for PFG at Pinellas has been found, 

the default PFG doses from Table A-7 in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) should be used in dose 

reconstruction. They are reproduced in Table A-1 for convenience.

3.3.2 Chest Radiography, 1960 through 1971

The X-ray machine information and techniques used before 1972 at Pinellas are not available. 

Therefore, the incident air kerma values for the PA, LAT, and OBL chest projections for years before

1972 are from ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). Incident air kerma of 0.2 cGy for the PA chest Xrays and 0.5 cGy for the LAT and OBL chest X-rays were used in the organ dose calculations. All Xray procedures from this time period are assumed to be poorly collimated, and organ doses 

determined accordingly per ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). Organ doses from all chest X-rays 

for all periods are in Table A-1.

3.3.3 Chest Radiography, 1972 through 1987

The X-ray machine information for 1972 through 1987 is available from the following surveys: 

• One survey conducted by the Pinellas County Health Department in 1972 (McCall 1973), and 
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• Several surveys conducted by the Pinellas health physics department from 1975-1984 

(Holliday 1975–1984). 

All of these surveys contain half-value layer (HVL) measurements and measured X-ray exposure 

output values that are typically reported in units of R/mA-min at 12 in. When these measurements 

were normalized to units of mR/mAs at an SSD of 155 cm for a PA chest X-ray, the highest value for 

this period was1.66 mR/mAs at 155 cm. This value, multiplied by 20 mAs for a PA chest X-ray (Name 

Redacted 1984), yielded about 32 mR at the skin of a reference worker. The incident air kerma for 

the LAT and OBL chest projections was estimated by assuming it was 2.5 times that of the PA chest 

(ORAUT 2011b). The HVL was reported to be 3.2 mm Al and rounded up to 3.5 mm Al for the dose 

calculations (McCall 1973).

3.3.4 Chest Radiography, 1988 through 1997

The X-ray machine information for 1988 through 1997 is available from surveys that were conducted 

by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1988 and 1992 (Halvorsen 1988; Collins 1992). The 

HVL was reported to be 3.1 mm Al at 90 kVp in the 1988 survey (Halvorsen 1988), which was 

rounded up to 3.5 mm Al for the dose calculations, because the kVp used for chests in 1992 was at 

least 97 kVp (Collins, 1992). 

3.3.5 Abd/KUB Examinations, 1969 through 1971

Abd/KUB X-rays are included in many claim file records; therefore, they might have been performed 

as part of the routine or periodic physicals at the Pinellas Plant. Other than from 1969 through 1974, 

Abd/KUB X-rays do not appear to have been a frequent examination based on the review of 

numerous energy employee medical records. Typically, an AP Abd/KUB projection was administered 

in conjunction with a LAT lumbar spine projection.

The organ doses from the AP Abd/KUB examinations for 1969 through 1971 are based on measured 

data that were reported in Table VII of Lincoln and Gupton (1958) – including the HVL of 2.0 mm Al; 

ovary, testes, and skin doses; and a derived incident air kerma of 818 mR for the AP Abd/KUB – 

because no information is available about the X-ray machine at Pinellas before 1972 (Section 3.3.2). 

The organ doses are also based on information in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) for the X-ray 

beam location in relation to organs for the AP lumbar spine (a very similarly positioned examination to 

the AP Abd/KUB examination). However, the dose conversion factors (DCFs) from International 

Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 34 (ICRP 1982) for the abdomen rather 

than lumbar spine were used. Because Publication 34 does not list a DCF for the breast from this 

examination, the dose to the breast from the Abd/KUB projection was determined using the method in 

ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) for determining dose to the breast from the AP lumbar spine.

Organ doses from the Abd/KUB examinations for all periods are in Table A-2.

3.3.6 Abd/KUB Examinations, 1972 through 1974

For 1972 through 1974, the incident air kerma value at the SSD for the Abd/KUB X-ray was calculated 

from the measured 4 mR/mAs value at 1 m (Name Redacted 1984) multiplied by the 100 mAs 

technique factor as listed in Table 3-2 (Section 3.3.9) and corrected for the thickness of the abdomen 

of 23 cm, tabletop-to-film distance of 5 cm, and an SID of 102 cm. This resulted in an incident air 

kerma of about 750 mR. The HVL on this machine was reported to be 3.2 mm Al at 85 kVp (McCall 

1973). Therefore, at the 70 kVp used for the Abd/KUB examination (Name Redacted 1984), the HVL 

was assumed to be around 2.8 mm Al, which was rounded up to 3.0 mm Al HVL for the dose 

calculations. As mentioned previously for the Abd/KUB examinations for 1969 through 1971, the 

organ doses were based on information in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) for the X-ray beam 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 12 of 31

location in relation to organs for the AP lumbar spine (a very similarly positioned examination to the 

AP Abd/KUB examination). However, the DCFs from ICRP Publication 34 (ICRP 1982) for the 

abdomen rather than lumbar spine were used. Because Publication 34 does not list a DCF for the 

breast for this examination, the dose to the breast from the Abd/KUB examination was determined 

using the method in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 for determining dose to the breast from the AP lumbar spine

examination. 

3.3.7 Lumbar Spine Examinations, 1969 through 1971

Lumbar spine examinations appear in the medical records throughout Pinellas Plant operations. 

However, other than during 1969 through 1974, it does not appear to have been a frequent 

examination based on the review of numerous energy employee medical records. A LAT lumbar 

spine projection was typically administered in conjunction with an AP Abd/KUB projection. It has 

already been mentioned that the AP Abd/KUB and the AP lumbar spine projections were positioned 

very similarly. Because of the common occurrence in the claim files of the AP Abd/KUB and LAT 

lumbar spine projections from 1969 through 1974, dose reconstructors should only include dose from 

these two projections as screening during this period. At other times, the Abd/KUB and lumbar spine 

examinations were probably not performed for screening, and they are therefore ineligible for 

inclusion in total dose under EEOICPA.

Because no information is available about the X-ray equipment that was used at Pinellas before 1972, 

the lumbar spine X-ray doses are from ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). The doses are 

reproduced in Table A-3 for convenience.

3.3.8 Lumbar Spine Examinations, 1972 through 1974

The incident air kerma value at the SSD for the AP Lumbar spine projection for 1972 through 1974 

was calculated from the measured 5.0 mR/mAs value at 1 m (Name Redacted 1984) multiplied by the 

100 mAs technique factor as listed in Table 3-2 (Section 3.3.9) and corrected for the thickness of the 

abdomen of 23 cm, tabletop-to-film distance of 5 cm, and an SID of 102 cm. This resulted in an 

incident air kerma value of 940 mR. The measured HVL in 1972 was 3.2 at 85 kVp (McCall 1973), 

which was rounded to 3.5 mm Al for the 90 kVp that was reportedly used for this projection (Name 

Redacted 1984).

The incident air kerma value at the SSD for the LAT lumbar spine projection for 1972 through 1974 

was calculated from the measured 7.0 mR/mAs value at 1 m (Name Redacted 1984) multiplied by the 

70 mAs technique factor (Name Redacted 1984) as listed in Table 3-2 (Section 3.3.9) and corrected 

for the thickness of the abdomen of 23 cm, tabletop-to-film distance of 5 cm, and an SID of 102 cm. 

This resulted in an incident air kerma value of 1,235 mR. The measured HVL in 1972 was 3.2 at 85 

kVp (McCall 1973), which is equivalent to 3.0 mm Al for the 80 kVp that was reportedly used for this 

projection (Name Redacted 1984). Note that different HVLs are used to determine organ doses from 

the AP and LAT lumbar spine projections, because of different kVp values used for each of these two 

projections.

Except for the breast, doses were determined using the DCFs for the lumbar spine from ICRP 

Publication 34 (ICRP 1982). Because Publication 34 does not list a DCF for the breast for this 

examination, the dose to the breast from the AP and LAT lumbar spine examinations was determined 

using the method in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) for determining dose to the breast from the 

lumbar spine projections. Organ doses from the lumbar spine X-rays are in Table A-3.

3.3.9 Summary of Technical Parameters

A summary of the technical parameters for all X-ray projections and periods is presented in Table 3-2.
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Table 3-2. Summary of technical parameters for X-ray projections. 

Date

X-ray

projection kVp mAs

mR/mAs

at SSD HVL

Incident air 

kerma (mR)

1957–1959 PFG chest -- -- -- 2.5a 2,270a,b

1960–1971 PA chest -- -- -- 2.5a 200a

LAT chest -- -- -- 2.5a 500a

1972–1987 PA chest 90c 20c 1.6d 3.5d 32d

LAT chest -- -- -- 3.5 80

1988–1997 PA chest 97e 6.6e -- 3.5e,f 16.3e

1969–1971 KUB -- -- -- 2.0a 818g

AP lumbar -- -- -- 2.0a 1,440a

LAT lumbar -- -- -- 2.0a 3,790a

1972–1974 KUB 70c 100c 7.5c 3.0d 750

AP lumbar 90c 100c 9.4c 3.5d 940

LAT lumbar 80c 70c 17.6c 3.0d 1,235

a. From ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). 

b. Stereo views.

c. Name Redacted 1984.

d. Based on McCall 1973.

e. Collins 1992.

f. Based on Halvorsen 1988.

g. Based on Table VII Lincoln and Gupton (1958).

3.4 ORGAN DOSE CALCULATIONS

ICRP Publication 34 (ICRP 1982) provides tables of average absorbed dose (in mGy) in selected 

organs for selected X-ray projections at 1 Gy entrance kerma (i.e., entrance air kerma without 

backscatter, more recently referred to as incident air kerma) and for selected beam qualities (i.e., 

various HVLs). These organ DCFs are used for converting incident air kerma to organ dose for all 

organs except skin. Selection of DCFs for organs that are not listed in Publication 34 but are 

specified in the Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program (IREP) was made according to the scheme 

in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). Skin doses were calculated according to the method in that 

document. 

Because site-specific information was not found for PFG and radiographic equipment at Pinellas 

before 1972, organ doses for this period came from ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). Organ 

doses for 1972 and after were based on actual measurements of the X-ray machine at Pinellas. The 

HVLs assumed for dose reconstruction are listed in Table 3-2.

Since at least 1972, the collimator with positive beam limitation was checked and found adequate in 

annual surveys from about 1972 though 1985 that were verified by a FDA survey in 1992. However, 

poor collimation was assumed before about 1970 in accordance with ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 

2011b). This means that for before 1972 at Pinellas, because nothing is known about the X-ray 

equipment before then, some organs should be considered to be in the primary beam that would not 

normally be if the beam were properly collimated. ICRP Publication 34 (ICRP 1982) does not provide 

DCFs for the breast from lumbar spine or Abd/KUB projections because the DCFs are “small” in 

comparison with other organs. Therefore, the breast dose for these projections was estimated using 

the method in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 for breast dose from the lumbar spine examination.

The resultant organ doses for all projections and all years are in Tables A-1 through A-3. Skin dose 

guidance and skin dose equivalents in rem for all projections and periods are in Tables A-4 and A-8. 

The doses are shown in units of dose equivalent or rem with an assumed radiation weighting factor of 

1 for X-rays.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 14 of 31

3.5 UNCERTAINTY

ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) lists the major sources of uncertainty in X-ray output intensity 

and subsequent effect on dose to the worker. The five sources of uncertainty are: 

1. X-ray beam measurement error (±2%), 

2. Variation in peak kilovoltage (±9%), 

3. Variation in X-ray beam current (±5%), 

4. Variation in exposure time (±25%), and

5. Variation in SSD as a result of worker size (±10%). 

The 10% uncertainty in output intensity as a result of worker size was based on an inverse square 

correction of output intensity changes from differences of standard chest thickness of ±7.5 cm.

These uncertainties are assumed to be random; therefore, the combined statistical uncertainty was 

calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of all the uncertainties, which is ±28.9%. 

Rounding this up to ±30% provides an adequate and suitably conservative indication of uncertainty. 

Therefore, for a derived dose equivalent to an individual organ, a total combined standard uncertainty 

of ±30% can be assumed. Dose reconstructors should therefore input the organ dose equivalent as 

the mean of a normal distribution with a standard uncertainty of ±30%.

3.6 ATTRIBUTIONS AND ANNOTATIONS

All information requiring identification was addressed via references integrated into the reference 

section of this document. 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 15 of 31

REFERENCES

[Name Redacted ], 1984, “Medical X-rays at Pinellas”. [SRDB Ref ID 13215, p. 5-6]

Collins, B. B., 1992, untitled letter to M. Stone (General Electric Company), U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Atlanta, Georgia, March 9. [SRDB Ref 

ID: 14710]

Gleckler, B. P., 2007, “Technical Basis Document (TBD), Pinellas Plant – Occupational Medical 

Dose,” documented communication with Name Redacted, (former Pinellas Plant worker), Oak 

Ridge Associated Universities Team, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, November 13. [SRDB Ref ID: 

37343]

Halvorsen, Janis, V., 1988, untitled letter to D. Ingle (General Electric Company), U.S. Department of 

Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Orlando, Florida, February 5. 

[SRDB Ref ID: 13215, p. 108]

Holliday, J. N., 1975–1984, collection of letters, reports, and handwritten notes on surveys of medical 

X-ray unit, General Electric Company, St. Petersburg, Florida. [SRDB Ref ID: 14713]

ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection), 1982, Protection of the Patient in 

Diagnostic Radiology, Publication 34, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. 

Jones, R. F., 1988, “PMS Data Record - Generator I,” October 3. [SRDB Ref ID: 13215, p. 82]

Jones, R. F., 1989, “PMS Data Record - Generator I,” April 11. [SRDB Ref ID: 13215, p. 87]

Lincoln, T. A., and E. D. Gupton, 1958, "Radiation Doses in Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures,” 

Radiology, volume 71, pp. 208–215. [SRDB Ref ID: 11099]

LMSC (Lockheed Martin Specialty Components), 1996, Pinellas Plant Annual Site Environmental 

Report for Calendar Year 1995, MMSC-EM-96010, Lockheed Martin Specialty Components, 

Largo, Florida, May. [SRDB Ref ID: 23003]

McCall, G. R., 1973, “Report of Radiation Protection Survey at General Electric Co., Bryan Dairy 

Road, Pinellas Co., Fla., December 15, 1972,” attachment to untitled letter to J. N. Holliday 

(General Electric Company), Pinellas County Health Department, St. Petersburg, Florida, 

January 4. [SRDB Ref ID: 13215, p. 60]

NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements), 1989, Medical X-Ray, Electron 

Beam and Gamma-Ray Protection for Energies Up To 50 MeV, Report 102, Bethesda, 

Maryland. [SRDB Ref ID: 32467]

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2005, Application of Photofluorography 

at the Pinellas Plant, OCAS-PER-004, Rev. 0, Office of Compensation Analysis and Support, 

Cincinnati, Ohio, February 15.

NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2010, Radiation Exposures Covered 

for Dose Reconstructions Under Part B of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act, DCAS-IG-003, Rev. 01, Division of Compensation Analysis and 

Support, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 5.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 16 of 31

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2010, Occupational Medical X-Ray Dose 

Reconstruction for DOE Sites, ORAUT-PROC-0061, Rev. 03, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, March 3.

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2011b, Dose Reconstruction from Occupational 

Medical X-Ray Procedures, ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Rev. 04, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, June 20.

ORAUT (Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team), 2011a, Pinellas Plant – Site Description, ORAUTTKBS-0029-2, Rev. 02, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, April 1.

Weaver, A. S., 1990, External Dosimetry, HP03, Rev. 4.0, General Electric Company, St. Petersburg, 

Florida, May 30. [SRDB Ref ID: 12989, p. 2]
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 17 of 31

GLOSSARY

absorbed dose

Amount of energy (ergs or joules) deposited in a substance by ionizing radiation per unit mass 

(grams or kilograms) of the substance and measured in units of rads or grays.

ampere (A)

International System unit of electrical current equal to 1 coulomb per second.

dose equivalent

In units of rem or sievert, product of absorbed dose in tissue multiplied by a weighting factor 

and sometimes by other modifying factors to account for the potential for a biological effect 

from the absorbed dose.

exposure

(1) In general, the act of being exposed to ionizing radiation. (2) Measure of the ionization 

produced by X- and gamma-ray photons in air in units of roentgens.

film

(1) In the context of external dosimetry, radiation-sensitive photographic film in a light-tight 

wrapping. (2) X-ray film.

filtration

The process of filtering an X-ray beam, usually with millimeter thicknesses of aluminum 

material between the X-ray source and the film that preferentially absorbs photons from the 

beam. Usually measured in equivalent millimeters of aluminum. See half-value layer. 

gray (Gy)

International System unit of absorbed radiation dose, which is the amount of energy from any 

type of ionizing radiation deposited in any medium; 1 Gy equals 1 joule per kilogram or 

100 rads.

half-value layer (HVL)

Thickness of a specified substance, usually specified in equivalent millimeters of aluminum, 

which, when introduced in the path of a given beam of radiation, reduces the kerma rate by 

one-half. See filtration. 

kerma

Measure in units of absorbed dose (usually grays but sometimes rads) of the energy released 

by radiation from a given amount of a substance. Kerma is the sum of the initial kinetic 

energies of all the charged ionizing particles liberated by uncharged ionizing particles 

(neutrons and photons) per unit mass of a specified material. Free-in-air kerma refers to the 

amount of radiation at a location before adjustment for any external shielding from structures 

or terrain. The word derives from kinetic energy released per unit mass.

rad

Traditional unit for expressing absorbed radiation dose, which is the amount of energy from 

any type of ionizing radiation deposited in any medium. A dose of 1 rad is equivalent to the 

absorption of 100 ergs per gram (0.01 joules per kilogram) of absorbing tissue. The rad has

been replaced by the gray in the International System of Units (100 rads = 1 gray). The word 

derives from radiation absorbed dose.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 18 of 31

radiography

The process of producing images on film (or other media) with radiation.

roentgen (R, sometimes r)

Unit of photon (gamma or X-ray) exposure for which the resultant ionization liberates a positive 

or negative charge equal to 2.58 × 10-4 coulombs per kilogram (or 1 electrostatic unit of 

electricity per cubic centimeter) of dry air at 0°C and standard atmospheric pressure. An 

exposure of 1 R is approximately equivalent to an absorbed dose of 1 rad in soft tissue for 

higher energy photons (generally greater than 100 kiloelectron-volts).

rem

Traditional unit of radiation dose equivalent that indicates the biological damage caused by 

radiation equivalent to that caused by 1 rad of high-penetration X-rays multiplied by a quality 

factor. The sievert is the International System unit; 1 rem equals 0.01 sievert. The word 

derives from roentgen equivalent in man; rem is also the plural.

sievert (Sv)

International System unit for dose equivalent, which indicates the biological damage caused 

by radiation. The unit is the radiation value in gray (equal to 1 joule per kilogram) multiplied by 

a weighting factor for the type of radiation and a weighting factor for the tissue; 1 Sv equals 

100 rem.

source-to-image distance (SID)

Distance from the X-ray machine target (anode) to the plane of the image receptor (film). This 

distance is standardized for typical radiographic procedures. Chest X-rays, for example, are 

performed at a 72-inch SID.

source-to-skin distance (SSD)

Distance from the X-ray machine target (anode) to the skin of the person being X-rayed. This 

distance varies with the size of the person being radiographed.

technique

Combination of X-ray machine settings (technique factors) used to produce radiographs, which 

consists of the kilovoltage, tube current (milliamperes), and exposure time (seconds). The last 

two parameters are often multiplied to yield the electric charge that has crossed the X-ray tube 

during the exposure in units of milliampere-seconds. Any combination of time and tube 

current that produces a given product in milliampere-seconds produces the same exposure for 

a fixed peak kilovoltage. Also called technic.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 19 of 31

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

A-1 Organ dose equivalents for chest projections for all periods................................................... 20

A-2 Organ dose equivalents for abdomen/KUB examinations....................................................... 21

A-3 Organ dose equivalents for lumbar spine projections for all periods....................................... 22

A-4 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents from chest projections, 1957 through 

1971.......................................................................................................................................23

A-5 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents from chest projections, 1972 through 

1987.......................................................................................................................................25

A-6 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents from chest projections, 1988 through 

1997.......................................................................................................................................26

A-7 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents from abdomen/KUB projections, 1969 

through 1974..........................................................................................................................28

A-8 Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents from lumbar spine projections, 1969 

through 1974..........................................................................................................................30

This attachment refers to entrance skin dose as ENSD, exit skin dose as EXSD, and remote skin 

dose as RSD. 

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 1 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 20 of 31

Table A-1. Organ dose equivalents (rem) for chest projections for all periods. 

Organ Projection

PFG,

1957–1959a

14- by 17-in.,

1960–1971b

14- by 17-in.,

1972–1987

14- by 17-in.,

1988–1997

Thyroid PA 3.94E–01 3.48E–02 1.98E–03 1.01E–03

LAT/OBL --c 6.85E–02 1.21E–02 6.16E–03

Eye/brain PA 7.25E–02 6.40E–03 1.98E–03 1.01E–03

LAT/OBL -- 6.85E–02 1.21E–02 6.16E–03

Ovaries PA 2.50E–02 2.50E–02 1.02E–04 5.22E–05

LAT/OBL -- 1.30E–02 1.28E–04 6.53E–05

Urinary bladder/prostate PA 2.50E–02 2.50E–02 1.02E–04 5.22E–05

LAT/OBL -- 1.30E–02 1.28E–04 6.53E–05

Colon/rectum PA 2.50E–02 2.50E–02 1.02E–04 5.22E–05

LAT/OBL -- 1.30E–02 1.28E–04 6.53E–05

Testes PA 5.00E–03 5.00E–03 3.20E–07 1.63E–07

LAT/OBL -- 2.50E–03 8.00E–06 4.08E–06

Lungs (male) PA 9.50E–01 8.38E–02 1.81E–02 9.21E–03

LAT/OBL -- 9.65E–02 2.21E–02 1.13E–02

Lungs (female) PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Thymus PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Esophagus PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Stomach PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Bone surface PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Liver/gall bladder/spleen PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Remainder organs PA 1.02E+00 9.02E–02 1.95E–02 9.94E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.10E–01 2.48E–02 1.26E–02

Breast PA 1.11E–01 9.80E–03 2.91E–03 1.48E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.28E–01 2.53E–02 1.29E–02

Uterus PA 2.50E–02 2.50E–02 9.60E–05 4.89E–05

LAT/OBL -- 1.30E–02 1.12E–04 5.71E–05

Bone marrow (male) PA 2.09E–01 1.84E–02 4.67E–03 2.38E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.85E–02 4.88E–03 2.49E–03

Bone marrow (female) PA 1.95E–01 1.72E–02 4.51E–03 2.30E–03

LAT/OBL -- 1.45E–02 3.84E–03 1.96E–03

Entrance skind PA 3.06E+00 2.70E–01 4.48E–02 2.28E–02

LAT/OBL -- 6.75E–01 1.12E–01 5.71E–02

a. Doses for PFG are from ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b) and assumed to be stereo views. 

b. Doses before 1972 are based on values in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). 

c. -- = not applicable.

d. ENSD is determined by multiplying the incident air kerma by the backscatter factors of 1.35 and 1.4 for HVL of 

2.5 and 3.5 mm Al, respectively, from NCRP Report 102 (NCRP 1989, Table B-8). Skin doses for all areas of 

skin are provided in Table A-4 through A-6.

ATTACHMENT A

Page 1 of 4 

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 2 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 21 of 31

Table A-2. Organ dose equivalents (rem) for 

Abd/KUB projections. 

Organ

AP

Abd/KUB, 

1969–1971a

AP

Abd/KUB, 

1972–1974

Thyroid 8.18E–06 7.50E–06

Eye/brain 8.18E–06 7.50E–06

Ovaries 2.90E–01b 2.23E–01

Urinary bladder/prostate 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Colon/rectum 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Testes 4.40E–02b 1.88E–02

Lungs male 7.28E–03 1.28E–02

Lungs female 7.28E–03 1.28E–02

Thymus 7.28E–03 1.28E–02

Esophagus 7.28E–03 1.28E–02

Stomach 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Bone surfaces 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Liver/gall bladder/spleen 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Remainder 1.40E–01 2.23E–01

Breast 2.25E–03c 5.21E–04c

Uterus 1.87E–01 2.84E–01

Bone marrow male 2.05E–02 4.13E–02

Bone marrow female 2.05E–02 4.13E–02

Entrance skin 1.080E+00b 1.043E+00

a. From Lincoln and Gupton (1958, Table VII) and ORAUTOTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). 

b. Ovary, testes, and entrance skin doses are measured values 

from Lincoln and Gupton (1958, Table VII). 

c. ICRP 34 does not have a DCF for dose to the breast from an 

AP abdomen projection. The dose to the breast was 

determined according to the method described in ORAUTOTIB-0006 for dose to the breast from the lumbar spine 

examinations.

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 3 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 22 of 31

Table A-3. Organ dose equivalents (rem) for lumbar spine projections for all 

periods. 

Organ

AP lumbar 

spine

projection, 

1969–1971a

LAT 

lumbar 

spine

projection, 

1969–1971a

AP lumbar 

spine

projection, 

1972–1974

LAT 

lumbar 

spine

projection, 

1972–1974

Thyroid 2.88E–04 3.79E–05 8.46E–04 1.24E–05

Eye/brain 2.88E–04 3.79E–05 8.46E–04 1.24E–05

Ovaries 5.60E–01b 7.10E–01b 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Urinary bladder/prostate 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Colon/rectum 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Testes 2.70E–02b 5.60E–02b 8.46E–03 1.48E–03

Lungs male 8.93E–02 3.79E–02 1.02E–01 2.10E–02

Lungs female 8.93E–02 3.79E–02 1.02E–01 2.10E–02

Thymus 8.93E–02 3.79E–02 1.02E–01 2.10E–02

Esophagus 8.93E–02 3.79E–02 1.02E–01 2.10E–02

Stomach 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Bone surfaces 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Liver/gall bladder/spleen 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Remainder 2.30E–01 1.17E–01 3.11E–01 8.27E–02

Breast 4.78E–03c 7.58E–03c 5.39E–04c 3.74E–04c

Uterus 3.12E–01 7.58E–02 3.96E–01 5.56E–02

Bone marrow male 3.46E–02 5.69E–02 6.67E–02 3.83E–02

Bone marrow female 3.46E–02 5.69E–02 6.67E–02 3.83E–02

Entrance skin 1.900E+00b 5.00E+00b 1.32E+00 1.74E+00

a. From ORAUT-OTIB-0006 (ORAUT 2011b). 

b. Ovary, testes, and entrance skin doses are measured values from Lincoln 

and Gupton (1958, Table VII). 

c. ICRP 34 does not have a DCF for dose to the breast from an AP lumbar 

spine projection. The dose to the breast was determined according to the 

method described in ORAUT-OTIB-0006 for dose to the breast from the 

lumbar spine examinations.

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 4 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 23 of 31

Table A-4. Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents (rem) for chest projections, 1957 through 1971.

Area of skin

PFG 1957–1959 PA chest 1960–1971 LAT chest 1960–1971 RAO chest 1960–1971

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Right front shoulder EXSD 6.67E–02 EXSD 5.9E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Right back shoulder ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left front shoulder EXSD 6.67E–02 EXSD 5.9E–03 EXSD 3.0E–03 EXSD 3.0E–03

Left back shoulder ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01

Right upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left hand ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 10% ENSD 6.75E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Right hand ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 10% ENSD 6.75E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Left elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 10% ENSD 6.75E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Right elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 10% ENSD 6.75E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Right side of head (including ear 

and temple)

10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 10% EXSD 3.E–04

Left side of head (including ear 

and temple)

10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Front left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 9.E–04 RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05

Back left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 9.E–04 RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05

Front right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 9.E–04 RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05

Back right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 9.E–04 RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05 RSD (0.52 m) 9.E-05

Left knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–04 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–05 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E-05 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E-05

Right knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–04 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–05 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E-05 RSD (0.86 m) 3.E-05

Left side of face Eye/brain 7.25E–02 Eye/brain 6.4E–03 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 ENSD 6.75E–01

Right side of face Eye/brain 7.25E–02 Eye/brain 6.4E–03 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 EXSD 3.0E–03

Left side of neck 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 ENSD 6.75E–01

Right side of neck 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 EXSD 3.0E–03

Back of head 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Front of neck Eye/brain 7.25E–02 Eye/brain 6.4E–03 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 Eye/Brain 6.85E–02

Back of neck 10% ENSD 3.06E–01 ENSD 2.70E–01 Eye/brain 6.85E–02 ENSD 6.75E–01

Front torso: base of neck to end 

of sternum

EXSD 6.67E–02 EXSD 5.9E–03 Lung 1.10E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Front torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

EXSD 6.67E–02 EXSD 5.9E–03 Lung 1.10E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Front torso: lowest rib to iliac 

crest

EXSD 6.67E–02 EXSD 5.9E–03 Lung 1.10E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 5 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 24 of 31

Area of skin

PFG, 1957–1959 PA chest, 1960–1971 LAT chest, 1960–1971 RAO chest, 1960–1971

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Front torso: iliac crest to pubis 10% EXSD 6.7E–03 10% EXSD 6.E–04 10% lung 1.10E–02 10% EXSD 3.E–04

Back torso: base of neck to 

mid–back

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 Lung 1.10E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01

Back torso: mid–back to lowest 

rib

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 Lung 1.10E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01

Back torso: lowest rib to iliac 

crest

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 Lung 1.10E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01

Back torso: buttocks (Iliac crest 

and below)

10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 10% Lung 1.10E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

Right torso: base of neck to end 

of sternum

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Right torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Right torso: lowest rib to iliac 

crest

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 ENSD 6.75E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03

Right torso: iliac crest to pubis 

(right hip)

10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 10% ENSD 6.75E–02 10% EXSD 3.E–04

Left torso: base of neck to end 

of sternum

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left torso: lowest rib to iliac 

crest

ENSD 3.06E+00 ENSD 2.70E–01 EXSD 3.0E–03 ENSD 6.75E–01

Left torso: iliac crest to pubis 

(left hip)

10% ENSD 3.06E–01 10% ENSD 2.70E–02 10% EXSD 3.E–04 10% ENSD 6.75E–02

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 25 of 31

Table A-5. Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents (rem) for chest projections, 1972 through 1987.

Area of skin

PA chest, 1972–1987 LAT chest, 1972–1987 RAO chest, 1972–1987

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Right front shoulder EXSD 1.3E–03 ENSD 1.12E–01 EXSD 7.E–04

Right back shoulder ENSD 4.48E–02 ENSD 1.12E–01 ENSD 1.12E–01

Left front shoulder EXSD 1.3E–03 EXSD 7.E–04 EXSD 7.E–04

Left back shoulder ENSD 4.48E–02 EXSD 7.E–04 ENSD 1.12E–01

Right upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 ENSD 1.12E–01 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Left upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 EXSD 7.E–04 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Left hand 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Right hand 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Left elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Right elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Right side of head (including ear and temple) 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Left side of head (including ear and temple) 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Front left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05

Back left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05

Front right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05

Back right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 2.E–05

Left knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 6.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 7.E-06 RSD (0.86 m) 7.E-06

Right knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 6.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 7.E-06 RSD (0.86 m) 7.E-06

Left side of face Eye/brain 2.0E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Right side of face Eye/brain 2.0E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Left side of neck 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Right side of neck 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Back of head 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Front of neck Thyroid 2.0E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 Thyroid 1.21E–02

Back of neck 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Front torso: base of neck to end of sternum EXSD 1.3E–03 Lung 2.48E–02 EXSD 7.E–04

Front torso: end of sternum to lowest rib EXSD 1.3E–03 Lung 2.48E–02 EXSD 7.E–04

Front torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% EXSD 1.E–04 10% Lung 2.5E–03 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Front torso: iliac crest to pubis 10% EXSD 1.E–04 10% Lung 2.5E–03 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Back torso: base of neck to mid–back ENSD 4.48E–02 Lung 2.48E–02 ENSD 1.12E–01

Back torso: mid–back to lowest rib ENSD 4.48E–02 Lung 2.48E–02 ENSD 1.12E–01

Back torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% lung 2.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Back torso: buttocks (Iliac crest and below) 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% lung 2.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 26 of 31

Area of skin

PA chest, 1972–1987 LAT chest, 1972–1987 RAO chest, 1972–1987

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Right torso: base of neck to end of sternum ENSD 4.48E–02 ENSD 1.12E–01 EXSD 7.E–04

Right torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 4.48E–02 ENSD 1.12E–01 EXSD 7.E–04

Right torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Right torso: iliac crest to pubis (right hip) 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% ENSD 1.12E–02 10% EXSD 7.E–05

Left torso: base of neck to end of sternum ENSD 4.48E–02 EXSD 7.E–04 ENSD 1.12E–01

Left torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 4.48E–02 EXSD 7.E–04 ENSD 1.12E–01

Left torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% EXSD 7.E–05 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Left torso: iliac crest to pubis (left hip) 10% ENSD 4.5E–03 10% EXSD 7.E–05 10% ENSD 1.12E–02

Table A-6. Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents (rem) for chest projections, 1988 through 1997.

Area of skin

PA chest, 1988–1997 LAT chest, 1988–1997 RAO chest, 1988–1997

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Right front shoulder EXSD 7.E–04 ENSD 5.71E–02 EXSD 4.E–04

Right back shoulder ENSD 2.28E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02

Left front shoulder EXSD 7.E–04 EXSD 4.E–04 EXSD 4.E–04

Left back shoulder ENSD 2.28E–02 EXSD 4.E–04 ENSD 5.71E–02

Right upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 ENSD 5.71E–02 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Left upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 EXSD 4.E–04 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Left hand 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right hand 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Left elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right elbow, forearm, wrist 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right side of head (including ear and temple) 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Left side of head (including ear and temple) 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Front left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–06 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05

Back left thigh RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–06 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05

Front right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–06 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05

Back right thigh RSD (0.52 m) 8.E–06 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05 RSD (0.52 m) 1.E–05

Left knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 4.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 4.E–06

Right knee and below RSD (0.86 m) 3.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 4.E–06 RSD (0.86 m) 4.E–06

Left side of face Eye/brain 1.0E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right side of face Eye/brain 1.0E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 27 of 31

Area of skin

PA chest, 1988–1997 LAT chest, 1988–1997 RAO chest, 1988–1997

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Left side of neck 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right side of neck 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Back of head 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Front of neck Thyroid 1.0E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 Thyroid 6.2E–03

Back of neck 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Front torso: base of neck to end of sternum EXSD 7.E–04 Lung 1.26E–02 EXSD 4.E–04

Front torso: end of sternum to lowest rib EXSD 7.E–04 Lung 1.26E–02 EXSD 4.E–04

Front torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% EXSD 7.E–05 10% lung 1.3E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Front torso: iliac crest to pubis 10% EXSD 7.E–05 10% lung 1.3E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Back torso: base of neck to mid–back ENSD 2.28E–02 Lung 1.26E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02

Back torso: mid–back to lowest rib ENSD 2.28E–02 Lung 1.26E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02

Back torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% lung 1.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Back torso: buttocks (Iliac crest and below) 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% lung 1.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Right torso: base of neck to end of sternum ENSD 2.28E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02 EXSD 4.E–04

Right torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 2.28E–02 ENSD 5.71E–02 EXSD 4.E–04

Right torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Right torso: iliac crest to pubis (right hip) 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% ENSD 5.7E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05

Left torso: base of neck to end of sternum ENSD 2.28E–02 EXSD 4.E–04 ENSD 5.71E–02

Left torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 2.28E–02 EXSD 4.E–04 ENSD 5.71E–02

Left torso: lowest rib to iliac crest 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

Left torso: iliac crest to pubis (left hip) 10% ENSD 2.3E–03 10% EXSD 4.E–05 10% ENSD 5.7E–03

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 28 of 31

Table A-7. Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents (rem) for Abd/KUB projections, 1969

through 1974.

a

Area of skin

Abd/KUB, 1969-1971 Abd/KUB, 1972-1974

Guidance

a Dose Guidancea Dose

Right front shoulder 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Right back shoulder 10% EXSD2.1E–03 10% EXSD 2.6E–03

Left front shoulder 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Left back shoulder 10% EXSD 2.1E–03 10% EXSD 2.6E–03

Right upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Left upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Left hand ENSD 1.08E+00 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Right hand ENSD 1.08E+00 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Left elbow, forearm, wrist ENSD 1.08E+00 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Right elbow, forearm, wrist ENSD 1.08E+00 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Right side of head (including ear and temple) Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Left side of head (including ear and temple) Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Front left thigh 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Back left thigh 10% EXSD 2.1E–03 10% EXSD 2.6E–03

Front right thigh 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Back right thigh 10% EXSD 2.1E–03 10% EXSD 2.6E–03

Left knee and below RSD (0.60 m) 2.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 3.E–04

Right knee and below RSD (0.60 m) 2.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 3.E–04

Left side of face Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Right side of face Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Left side of neck Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Right side of neck Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Back of head Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Front of neck Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Back of neck Eye/brain 8.E–06 Eye/brain 8.E–06

Front torso: base of neck to end of sternum 10% ENSD 1.08E

–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Front torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Front torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD

1.04E+00

Front torso: iliac crest to pubis ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Back torso: base of neck to mid–back 10% EXSD 2.1E

–03 10% EXSD 2.6E–03

Back torso: mid–back to lowest rib EXSD 2.07E

–02 EXSD 2.63E–02

Back torso: lowest rib to iliac crest EXSD

2.07E–02 EXSD 2.63E–02

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 10 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 29 of 31

Area of skin

Abd/KUB, 1969-1971 Abd/KUB, 1972-1974

Guidancea Dose Guidancea Dose

Back torso: buttocks (Iliac crest and below) EXSD 2.07E–02 EXSD 2.63E–02

Right torso: base of neck to end of sternum 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Right torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Right torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Right torso: iliac crest to pubis (right hip) ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Left torso: base of neck to end of sternum 10% ENSD 1.08E–01 10% ENSD 1.04E–01

Left torso: end of sternum to lowest rib ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Left torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

Left torso: iliac crest to pubis (left hip) ENSD 1.08E+00 ENSD 1.04E+00

a. Skin dose guidance for the Abd/KUB is assumed to be the same as the AP lumbar spine for the same period 

because the two procedures are very similarly positioned.

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 30 of 31

Table A-8. Skin dose guidance and skin dose equivalents (rem) for lumbar spine projections, 1969 through 1974.

Area of skin

AP lumbar spine,

1969–1971

LAT lumbar spine,

1969–1971

AP lumbar spine,

1972–1974

LAT lumbar spine,

1972–1974

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Right front shoulder 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Right back shoulder 10% EXSD 3.6E–03 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% EXSD 3.9E–03 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Left front shoulder 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Left back shoulder 10% EXSD 3.6E–03 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% EXSD 3.9E–03 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Right upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Left upper arm to elbow 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Left hand ENSD 1.90E+00 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Right hand ENSD 1.90E+00 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Left elbow, forearm, wrist ENSD 1.90E+00 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Right elbow, forearm, wrist ENSD 1.90E+00 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Right side of head (including ear 

and temple)

Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Left side of head (including ear and 

temple)

Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Front left thigh 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Back left thigh 10% EXSD 3.6E–03 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% EXSD 3.9E–03 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Front right thigh 10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Back right thigh 10% EXSD 3.6E–03 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% EXSD 3.9E–03 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Left knee and below RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60m) 2.E–04

Right knee and below RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 4.E–04 RSD (0.60 m) 2.E–04

Left side of face Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Right side of face Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Left side of neck Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Right side of neck Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Back of head Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Front of neck Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Back of neck Eye/brain 3.E–04 Eye/brain 3.E–05 Eye/brain 8.E–04 Eye/brain 1.E–05

Front torso: base of neck to end of 

sternum

10% ENSD 1.90E–01 Lung 3.32E–02 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 Lung 2.10E–02

Front torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

ENSD 1.90E+00 Lung 3.32E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 Lung 2.10E–02

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

Page 12 of 13
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0029-3 Revision No. 01 Effective Date: 10/13/2011 Page 31 of 31

Area of skin

AP lumbar spine,

1969–1971

LAT lumbar spine,

1969–1971

AP lumbar spine,

1972–1974

LAT lumbar spine,

1972–1974

Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose Guidance Dose

Front torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.90E+00 Lung 3.32E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 Lung 2.10E–02

Front torso: iliac crest to pubis ENSD 1.90E+00 Lung 3.32E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 Lung 2.10E–02

Back torso: base of neck to mid–

back

10% EXSD 3.6E–03 Lung 3.32E–02 10% EXSD 3.9E–03 Lung 2.10E–02

Back torso: mid–back to lowest rib EXSD 3.64E–02 Lung 3.32E–02 EXSD 3.86E–02 Lung 2.10E–02

Back torso: lowest rib to iliac crest EXSD 3.64E–02 Lung 3.32E–02 EXSD 3.86E–02 Lung 2.10E–02

Back torso: buttocks (Iliac crest 

and below)

EXSD 3.64E–02 Lung 3.32E–02 EXSD 3.86E–02 Lung 2.10E–02

Right torso: base of neck to end of 

sternum

10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% ENSD 5.00E–01 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% ENSD 1.74E–01

Right torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

ENSD 1.90E+00 ENSD 5.00E+00 ENSD 1.32E+00 ENSD 1.74E+00

Right torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.90E+00 ENSD 5.00E+00 ENSD 1.32E+00 ENSD 1.74E+00

Right torso: iliac crest to pubis 

(right hip)

ENSD 1.90E+00 ENSD 5.00E+00 ENSD 1.32E+00 ENSD 1.74E+00

Left torso: base of neck to end of 

sternum

10% ENSD 1.90E–01 10% EXSD 1.90E–03 10% ENSD 1.32E–01 10% EXSD 1.8E–03

Left torso: end of sternum to 

lowest rib

ENSD 1.90E+00 EXSD 1.90E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 EXSD 1.82E–02

Left torso: lowest rib to iliac crest ENSD 1.90E+00 EXSD 1.90E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 EXSD 1.82E–02

Left torso: iliac crest to pubis (left

hip)

ENSD 1.90E+00 EXSD 1.90E–02 ENSD 1.32E+00 EXSD 1.82E–02

ATTACHMENT A

ORGAN DOSE TABLES

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