SEC Petition Evaluation Report

Petition SEC-00195, Addendum

Report Rev #: Addendum Report Submittal Date: April 7, 2014

Subject Expert(s): Edward D. Scalsky, Toshihide Ushino, Jason Davis

Site Expert(s): N/A

Petition Administrative Summary

Petition Under Evaluation

Petition # Petition 

Type

Petition

Receipt Date

Qualification 

Date

DOE/AWE Facility Name

SEC-00195 83.13 October 20, 2011 January 17, 2012 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Petitioner-Requested Class Definition 

All employees who worked in Buildings A, B, C, D, E, the Butler Building, external storage containers, and 

outside areas immediate to plant grounds at the Nuclear Metals, Inc. facility in West Concord, Massachusetts, 

during the period from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 1983.

Class Evaluated by NIOSH (Specific to this Addendum)

All employees who worked at the Nuclear Metals, Inc. facility in West Concord, Massachusetts, during the period 

from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC

All Atomic Weapons Employees who worked for Nuclear Metals Inc. at its facility in West Concord, 

Massachusetts, during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, for a number of work days 

aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work 

days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the Special 

Exposure Cohort. 

Related Petition Summary Information 

SEC Petition Tracking #(s) Petition Type DOE/AWE Facility Name Petition Status

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Related Evaluation Report Information 

Report Title DOE/AWE Facility Name

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00195, Rev. 0 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Edward D. Scalsky ORAU Peer Review Completed By: Michael Kubiak

Peer Review Completed By: [Signature on File] 4/7/2014

Sam Glover Date

[Signature on File] 4/8/2014 SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By:

J. W. Neton Date

[Signature on File] 4/8/2014 SEC Evaluation Approved By:

Stuart L. Hinnefeld Date
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Addendum to Nuclear Metals, Inc. (SEC-00195)

Special Exposure Cohort Evaluation Report

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the ORAU Team Lead Technical Evaluator: 

Edward D. Scalsky, Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The rationales for all conclusions in this 

document are explained in the associated text.

NIOSH presented a Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) evaluation report (NIOSH, 2012) regarding 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. to the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (Advisory Board) in 

September 2012. In its report, NIOSH evaluated the feasibility of reconstructing radiation doses of all 

Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees who worked at the facility owned by Nuclear Metals,

Inc. (or a subsequent owner) in West Concord, Massachusetts, during the period from January 1, 1958 

through December 31, 1983. While researching for the SEC-00195 evaluation report, NIOSH gained 

additional information from data capture efforts that warranted further analysis for the post-1979

period. Based on its research completed at that time, NIOSH defined a single class of employees for 

which it could not estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy from October 29, 1958 through 

December 31, 1979. NIOSH reserved its full assessment of the available post-1979 data and 

continued to evaluate the feasibility of sufficiently accurate dose reconstruction for the period from 

January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983. On September 20, 2012, the Advisory Board voted to 

recommend adding a class to the SEC for the period from October 29, 1958 through December 31, 

1979, due to a lack of internal dosimetry data for enriched uranium, uranium progeny, thorium, and 

thorium progeny.

Further consideration of foundry operations, DU manufacturing, UF4 processing, and thorium

operations at Nuclear Metals, Inc. for the post-1979 period has led NIOSH to conclude that some of

the same conditions that initially led NIOSH to determine it could not perform dose reconstruction 

prior to December 31, 1979, continued on through December 31, 1990 (end of AWE operations). 

This Evaluation Report Addendum details NIOSH’s recommendation that there is insufficient 

information to perform sufficiently accurate dose reconstructions for potential exposures to thorium

and thorium progeny for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

NOTE: This Evaluation Report Addendum only addresses those sections in the Nuclear Metals, 

Inc. Evaluation Report that require discussion/revision; therefore, the section numbering is not 

contiguous. For context, some of the original surrounding text may be included with the revised 

text. The sections requiring additional discussion begin below.
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Petition Evaluation Report Addendum Summary

Class Evaluated by NIOSH (in this SEC-00195 Addendum)

The feasibility of reconstructing doses received from exposures to uranium and thorium, and their 

progeny, during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983 was reserved for further 

consideration in the original SEC-00195 Evaluation Report. During NIOSH’s subsequent analysis of 

the January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983 period, it was determined that thorium operations 

continued beyond 1983 based on worker outreach meetings and interviews with senior Nuclear Metals 

Incorporated (NMI) personnel and workers in addition to the 25,000 kg of thorium on the NRC 

license that NMI maintained. Thus, this SEC-00195 Addendum details NIOSH’s evaluation of all 

AWE employees who worked at the facility owned by Nuclear Metals, Inc. in West Concord, 

Massachusetts, during the period beginning January 1, 1980, and extending through December 31, 

1990.

NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC

In its September 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report, NIOSH defined a single class of employees for 

which NIOSH could not estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy. The NIOSH-proposed 

class became effective on January 6, 2013, and includes all Atomic Weapons Employees who worked 

at the facility owned by Nuclear Metals, Inc. in West Concord, Massachusetts during the period from 

October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979. During the original SEC-00195 evaluation, the 

feasibility of reconstructing doses received from exposures to uranium and thorium, and their progeny 

from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983, was reserved for further consideration. During its 

subsequent review, NIOSH obtained additional process data and conducted additional interviews with 

former workers. Based on its analysis of these available resources, including newly identified data 

indicating that thorium operations occurred during the period between January 1980 and December 

1990, NIOSH found it cannot estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy for thorium and 

thorium progeny during the reserved and expanded period of operations from January 1, 1980 through 

December 31, 1990. As a result, NIOSH recommends adding a second NMI class to the SEC to 

include the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. The second NIOSH-proposed 

class includes all Atomic Weapons Employees who worked for Nuclear Metals Inc. at its facility in 

West Concord, Massachusetts during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, 

for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this 

employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more 

other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort.

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction

Per EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH has established that it does not have access to 

sufficient information to: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which 

radiation doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred in plausible circumstances by any 

member of the class; or (2) estimate radiation doses of members of the class more precisely than an 

estimate of maximum dose. Information available from the site profile and additional resources is not 
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sufficient to document or estimate the maximum internal and external potential exposure to members 

of the proposed class under plausible circumstances during the specified period.

The NIOSH dose reconstruction feasibility findings are based on the following:

• Principal sources of internal radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

natural and depleted uranium, thorium oxides and metals, and uranium and thorium progeny 

during foundry, machining, extrusion, welding, grinding, and reduction operations. The primary 

modes of exposure were likely inhalation and ingestion, with entry through wounds also being 

possible during the processing of these metals. 

• Many Concord site operations from the mid-1970s were continued during the 1980-1990 period to 

support large-scale production, including the manufacture of depleted uranium shields, counterweights, and armor penetrators; the manufacture of metal powders, including thorium; and 

foundry and machining activities with specialty metals.

• Internal exposure monitoring data available to NIOSH include:

- A single thorium urine bioassay sample result in 1983. Although NIOSH has obtained 

uranium urine bioassay results for most years in the AWE operations period (with the number 

of urinalysis results increasing dramatically from 1978 through 1990), NIOSH has found no 

indication that NMI had implemented a routine or process-driven in vitro bioassay program to 

monitor for thorium exposures.

- A single in vivo lung count specific to natural thorium performed in 1982. Although NIOSH 

has obtained approximately 800 uranium lung-counting results beginning in 1982, NIOSH has 

found no indication that NMI had implemented a routine or process-driven in vivo bioassay 

program to monitor for thorium exposures.

- Although NIOSH has obtained over 29,000 breathing zone gross activity air sample results 

during the period 1980 through 1990, NIOSH has found no indication that isotopic studies on 

air samples were performed, and has found no air monitoring results attributed to thorium 

during the period 1980 through 1990.

• Possibly due to the compartmentalized work assignments and work protocols, NIOSH has been 

unable to find a consolidated information source regarding thorium operations during the period 

from 1980 through 1990. Former worker interviewees appear to have greatly differing levels of 

knowledge regarding thorium operations through the AWE period. Information from worker 

outreach meetings, interviews with senior NMI personnel and workers, and the 25,000 kg of 

thorium maintained on the site’s NRC license indicate that thorium operations were performed 

through varying periods of the 1980 and 1990s; however, NIOSH has been unable to verify the 

specific dates of such thorium operations, or any dates during the AWE period associated with the 

clean-up of thorium operations.
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• NIOSH has been unable to obtain sufficient internal monitoring data specific to thorium and 

thorium progeny for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 1990. NIOSH has not 

found an indication that the site’s routine air sampling program was directed at assessing potential 

thorium exposures, and cannot show that sampling locations were chosen to include thoriumhandling work areas. In the absence of a complementary thorium-specific bioassay program, the 

gross-alpha air results available to NIOSH for the period from 1980 through 1990 are insufficient 

to support efforts to bound the internal dose from thorium and thorium progeny. Consequently, 

NIOSH has determined that it does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace 

monitoring, or source term data to estimate with sufficient accuracy internal exposures to thorium

and thorium progeny for Nuclear Metals, Inc. workers during the period from January 1, 1980 

through December 1990. NIOSH found that it is feasible to reconstruct internal doses from 

natural and depleted uranium for employees during the recommended SEC period using available 

claimant data, site monitoring data, and information in procedure Internal Coworker Dosimetry 

Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc., ORAUT-OTIB-0084.

• Principal sources of external radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

gamma and beta radiation associated with handling of radioactive materials in production or 

research activities. Thorium, uranium metal, and uranium compounds constituted the principal 

external radiation dose-producing material sources for members of the class. The modes of 

exposure were direct radiation, submersion in potentially-contaminated air, and exposure to 

contaminated surfaces.

• External monitoring data available to NIOSH consist of film badge and thermoluminescent 

dosimeter results covering the entire AWE operational period. NIOSH has determined that 

reconstruction of monitored external doses, and occupational medical doses, is feasible for the 

period from January 1, 1980 through December 1990.

• Pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH determined that there is insufficient information to 

either: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which radiation 

doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred under plausible circumstances by any 

member of the class; or (2) estimate the radiation doses of members of the class more precisely 

than a maximum dose estimate.

• Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed 

at Nuclear Metals, Inc. during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 1990, but who 

do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 
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Health Endangerment Determination

Per EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3), a health endangerment determination is required because 

NIOSH has determined that it does not have sufficient information to estimate dose for the members 

of the proposed class.

NIOSH did not identify any evidence supplied by the petitioners or from other resources that would 

establish that the proposed class was exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved exceptionally high-level exposures. However, evidence indicates that some workers in the 

proposed class may have accumulated substantial chronic exposures through episodic intakes of 

radionuclides, combined with external exposures to gamma and beta radiation. Consequently, NIOSH 

has determined that health was endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who were 

employed for at least 250 aggregated work days either solely under this employment or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other SEC classes.

1.0 Purpose and Scope

The previous (2012) SEC-00195 Evaluation Report (NIOSH, 2012) recommended adding a class to 

the SEC for October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979, and NIOSH reserved its full assessment of 

the then newly-acquired post-1979 data. This Addendum evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing 

doses for all employees who worked for Nuclear Metals, Inc. at its facility in West Concord, 

Massachusetts, during the period reserved for further evaluation, January 1, 1980 through December 

31, 1990. This report provides information and analyses germane to considering a petition for adding 

a class of employees to the congressionally-created SEC.

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH. This report also does not contain the final determination as to whether the proposed class 

will be added to the SEC (see Section 2.0).

This evaluation was conducted in accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA, 42 C.F.R. pt. 83,

and the guidance contained in the Division of Compensation Analysis and Support’s (DCAS) Internal 

Procedures for the Evaluation of Special Exposure Cohort Petitions, DCAS-PR-004.1

3.2 Class Evaluated by NIOSH (in this Addendum)

In NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report, the feasibility of performing dose reconstructions 

for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983, was reserved for further 

consideration to allow for full assessment of then-recently-available post-1979 data. During NIOSH’s 

subsequent analysis of the reserved January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1983 period, it was 

determined that thorium operations continued beyond 1983 based on worker outreach meetings, 

interviews with senior NMI personnel and workers, and the 25,000 kg of thorium on the NRC license 

 1 DCAS was formerly known as the Office of Compensation Analysis and Support (OCAS).
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that NMI maintained. This SEC-00195 Addendum details NIOSH’s evaluation of all AWE 

employees who worked for Nuclear Metals, Inc. at their facility in West Concord, Massachusetts, 

during the period beginning January 1, 1980, and extended through December 31, 1990.

3.3 NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC

NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report recommended a single class of employees who worked 

at the facility owned by Nuclear Metals Inc. in West Concord, Massachusetts during the period from 

of October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979. However, after further research (as detailed in this 

SEC-00195 Addendum), NIOSH has proposed a second class to include all Atomic Weapons 

Employees who worked for Nuclear Metals Inc. at its facility in West Concord, Massachusetts during 

the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, for a number of work days aggregating 

at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work 

days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the 

Special Exposure Cohort.

4.0 Data Sources Reviewed by NIOSH to Evaluate the Class

As is standard practice, NIOSH completed an extensive database and Internet search for information 

regarding Nuclear Metals, Inc. The database search included the DOE Legacy Management 

Considered Sites database, the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) database, 

the Energy Citations database, and the Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System. In addition 

to general Internet searches, the NIOSH Internet search included OSTI OpenNet Advanced searches, 

OSTI Information Bridge Fielded searches, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Agency-wide 

Documents Access and Management (ADAMS) web searches, the DOE Office of Human Radiation 

Experiments website, and the DOE-National Nuclear Security Administration-Nevada Site Officesearch. Attachment 1 contains a summary of Nuclear Metal, Inc. documents. The summary 

specifically identifies data capture details and general descriptions of the documents retrieved.

In addition to the database and Internet searches listed above, NIOSH identified and reviewed 

numerous data sources to determine information relevant to determining the feasibility of dose 

reconstruction for the class of employees under evaluation. This included determining the availability 

of information on personal monitoring, area monitoring, industrial processes, and radiation source 

materials. NIOSH also reviewed approximately 250 documents received in February 2014 from the 

Massachusetts Environmental Protection Agency. The following subsections summarize the data 

sources identified and reviewed by NIOSH.
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4.2 ORAU Technical Information Bulletins (OTIBs) and Procedures

An ORAU Technical Information Bulletin (OTIB) is a general working document that provides 

guidance for preparing dose reconstructions at particular sites or categories of sites. NIOSH reviewed 

the following OTIBs as part of its evaluation:

• OTIB: Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures, ORAUTOTIB-0006, Rev. 03 PC-1; December 21, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 20220

• OTIB: Internal Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc., ORAUT-OTIB-0084, Rev. 

00; November 15, 2013; SRDB Ref ID: 128501

4.3 Facility Employees and Experts

In support of its September 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report, NIOSH interviewed eight former 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. (NMI) employees. Interviewee selection was based on individual availability 

and the potential knowledge of NMI working conditions during the 1958-1983 period under 

evaluation. Information obtained during the interviews contributed to the general knowledge of NMI

conditions and monitoring practices. In addition to the eight interviews, three worker outreach 

meetings were held in Concord, Massachusetts on March 14 and March 15, 2012. The meetings 

consisted of a presentation and discussion-type format. Approximately 50 former workers and owners 

of the company attended these meetings. Significant insight into the operations and potential 

problems were identified and discussed.

In support of this Evaluation Report Addendum for the 1980-1990 period, NIOSH interviewed or 

re-interviewed seven former NMI employees. Interviewee selection was based on individual 

availability and the potential knowledge of NMI working conditions during the period under 

evaluation. Information obtained during these additional interviews contributed to the general 

knowledge of NMI operations during the 1980-1990 period. 

• Personal Communication, 2012a, Documented Communication with a Manager; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; March 8, 2012, 10:00 AM EST; SRDB Ref ID: 111247

• Personal Communication, 2012b, Documented Communication with a Manager; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; November 5, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 122512

• Personal Communication, 2012c, Documented Communication with an Engineer; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; November 24, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 122510

• Personal Communication, 2014a, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; March 5, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131021

• Personal Communication, 2014b, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; February 24; 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131017
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• Personal Communication, 2014c, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131022

• Personal Communication, 2014d, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker

Telephone Interview by ORAU/NIOSH Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131016

• Personal Communication, 2014e, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131020

• Personal Communication, 2014f, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131019

• Personal Communication, 2014g, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; February 27, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131018

• Worker Outreach, 2012, Transcript of NIOSH SEC Outreach Meeting for Nuclear Metals, Inc.; 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; meeting held in Concord, Mass. with 

former NMI workers; March 15, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 117721

4.4 Previous Dose Reconstructions

NIOSH reviewed its NIOSH DCAS Claims Tracking System (referred to as NOCTS) to locate 

EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to the petition 

evaluation. NIOSH reviewed each claim to determine whether internal and/or external personal 

monitoring records could be obtained for the employee. Table 4-1 summarizes the results of this 

review. (NOCTS data available as of March 27, 2014)

Table 4-1: No. of Nuclear Metals, Inc. Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule

Description Totals

Total number of claims submitted for dose reconstruction 26

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees who worked during the period from January 

1, 1980 through December 31, 1990 19

Number of dose reconstructions completed for energy employees who worked during the period 

from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990 (i.e., the number of such claims completed by 

NIOSH and submitted to the Department of Labor for final approval). 18

Number of claims for which internal dosimetry records were obtained for the period from January 1, 

1980 through December 31, 1990 19

Number of claims for which external dosimetry records were obtained for the period from January 1, 

1980 through December 31, 1990 19
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4.5 NIOSH Site Research Database

NIOSH also examined its Site Research Database (SRDB) to locate documents supporting the 

assessment of the evaluated class. One thousand six hundred twenty documents in this database were 

identified as pertaining to Nuclear Metals, Inc. for NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report. An 

additional 327 NMI-related documents have been added to the database and reviewed in support of 

the continuing evaluation for this SEC-00195 Addendum. These documents were evaluated for their 

relevance to this petition. The documents include historical background on locations, licenses, 

process descriptions, radiological training, hazards associated with uranium, external dosimetry 

monitoring data, air sample data, urinalysis data, lung counts, medical program, and the radiological 

control program.

5.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Class Evaluated by 

NIOSH

The following subsections summarize both radiological operations at the Nuclear Metals, Inc. site 

from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, and the information available to NIOSH to 

characterize particular processes and radioactive source materials. From available sources NIOSH has 

gathered process and source descriptions, information regarding the identity of each radionuclide of 

concern, and information describing processes through which radiation exposures may have occurred 

and the physical environment in which they may have occurred. The information included within this 

SEC-00195 Addendum is intended only to be a summary of the available information as it relates to 

the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. Information for the period from 

October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979 can be found in NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation 

Report (NIOSH, 2012).

5.1 Nuclear Metals, Inc. Plant and Process Descriptions

While some of the same basic processes were continued through the entire period that Nuclear Metals, 

Inc. was designated as an AWE (October 29, 1958-December 31, 1990), NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 

Evaluation Report was developed to evaluate the period from October 29, 1958 through December 31, 

1983. As indicated previously, NIOSH reserved its feasibility determination for the period from 

January 1, 1980 through 1983 pending full assessment of the then-newly-acquired post-1979 data. 

This SEC-00195 Addendum covers the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. As 

a result, there may be some information from the 1980-1983 period that was included in the 2012 

SEC-00195 Evaluation Report that may be repeated in this Addendum for context and clarity.

Nuclear Metals, Inc. was located at 2229 Main Street, Concord, Massachusetts, on 30 acres of land 

during the evaluated time period, but later expanded to 46.4 acres of land in 1990 when Nuclear 

Metals purchased adjacent properties from the Memorial Drive Trust (MDT) (MACTEC, 2004). For 

the period evaluated by NIOSH, the Nuclear Metals, Inc. workforce, based on various contracts held 

during different times, varied from approximately 60 to over 650 workers. The number of employees 

decreased during the period from 1960 through the mid-1970s. The number of employees (obtained 

from various inspection reports) increased rapidly starting in the latter half of the 1970s, peaking 
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around 1982 through 1983 to over 650. Table 5-1 shows what is known to NIOSH regarding the 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. workforce population from 1959 through 1990. In the years not represented in 

the table below, NIOSH has found no information regarding the number of employees per year. 

Table 5-1: Nuclear Metals, Inc. 1959-1990 Workforce Population

Month and Year No. of Employees SRDB Ref ID

October 1959 275 25090, pdf p. 48

October 1960 350 25090, pdf p. 70

July 1961 250 25090, pdf p. 74

January 1962 165 25090, pdf p. 80

September 1962 167 25090, pdf p. 88

October 1963 156 25090, pdf p. 96

February 1964 154 25090, pdf p. 98

August 1964 167 25090, pdf p. 101

October 1964 163 25090, pdf p. 104

May 1965 143 25090, pdf p. 106

November 1965 135 25090, pdf p. 114

May 1966 128 25090, pdf p. 119

1967 --- ---

1968 --- ---

1969 --- ---

July 1970 100 109544, pdf p. 6

July 1971 80 105866, pdf p. 6

July 1972 50 105867, pdf p. 4

August 1972 to 1982 --- ---

1982 555 115400, pdf p 3

August 1983 654 112167, pdf p. 5

1984 615 113402

1985 --- ---

1986 --- ---

1987 --- ---

1988 --- ---

1989 574 112189, pdf p 6

1990 401 118650, pdf p 38

Three hyphens (---) means records not identified by NIOSH.
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Figure 5-1 shows a diagram of the Nuclear Metals, Inc. facility. 

Source: ACI, 1994, pdf p. 26, with enhanced text

Figure 5-1: Diagram of Nuclear Metals, Inc.

The Concord, Massachusetts site was originally a specialty metal research and development facility 

that was licensed to possess low-level radioactive substances. The original facility consisted of three 

principal buildings, designated as Buildings A, B, and C. Building A contained office space and 

research laboratories. Building B contained services (e.g., cafeteria, laboratories, etc.). Building C 

was initially configured for use as the main production facility and included foundry equipment for 

melting metals, extrusion presses, metal working equipment, pickling and etching tanks, and 

electroplating equipment (MACTEC, 2004, pdf p. 21). After 1972, Nuclear Metals, Inc. developed a 

manufacturing orientation. Building D was constructed in 1978 to expand the production capabilities 

of the facility. Building E was constructed in 1983 and occupied in January 1984 and was used to 

house the radioactive waste-processing operations (MACTEC, 2004, pdf p. 22). 

In 1990, Nuclear Metals, Inc. acquired adjacent properties designated as Parcels A and B from the 

Memorial Drive Trust (MDT), which owned land to the west and south of the Nuclear Metals, Inc. 

property. At the same time, MDT acquired Lots C and D from Nuclear Metals, Inc. The Nuclear 

Metals, Inc. property then consisted of approximately 46 acres (MACTEC, 2004, pdf p. 22). On 

October 1, 1997, Nuclear Metals, Inc. changed its name to Starmet Corporation (Quinn, 2001, pdf p. 

13). 
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5.1.3 Operations (1980-1990)

[NOTE TO READER: This is a new Section 5.1.3. The original Section 5.1.3 in the Rev. 0 version of 

the Nuclear Metals ER, Health Physics Program Practices and Inspections, is now renumbered 

Section 5.1.4.]

With the exception of enriched uranium (production discontinued in 1974), NMI continued the same 

operations and processes during the period from 1980 through 1983 as were performed during the

period covered by NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979 

period. This included melting and casting of depleted uranium and UF4, billet assembly, extrusion, 

copper removal/pickling, straightening, etc. In 1983, NMI ceased processing UF4 and transferred that 

operation to Carolina Metals in South Carolina. During the period from 1984 through 1990, NMI

continued manufacturing operations such as: depleted uranium (DU) shields, counterweights to 

balance control surface movements on commercial and military aircraft, armor penetrators, the 

manufacture of metal powders, and other commercial and medical applications. NMI also provided 

both DU and natural uranium for the Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation Project (AVLIS) for 

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). One former employee stated that they produced 

tonnage quantities of that material over a period of approximately fifteen years (Worker Outreach, 

2012, pdf p. 5).

NMI worked with large quantities of thorium beginning with their move from the Hood Building to 

the Concord facility in 1958. Possibly due to the compartmentalized work assignments and work 

protocols, NIOSH has been unable to find a consolidated information source regarding thorium 

operations during the period from 1980 through 1990. Former worker interviewees appear to have 

greatly differing levels of knowledge regarding thorium operations through the AWE period at NMI. 

Worker outreach meetings, interviews with senior NMI personnel and workers, and the 25,000 kg of 

thorium maintained on the site’s NRC license indicate that thorium operations were performed 

through varying periods of the 1980 and 1990s.

During its document reviews, NIOSH found indications of possible thorium-related activities carrying 

over into or beyond the 1980 -1990 period, such as:

• Indication in a Helgeson in vivo program weekly report for July 1982 that they performed one lung 

count specifically for natural thorium during the week, in addition to the 96 DU lung counts 

performed that week (Helgeson, 1982, pdf p. 38).

- The information available to NIOSH does not indicate the purpose of the thorium bioassay, but 

NIOSH concludes that it is indication that the site health physics staff was investigating a 

possible intake of non-uranium-related thorium.

• NIOSH found one urinalysis sample performed for Th-232 in July 1983 (Thorium Urinalysis, 

1983, pdf. p. 65).

- The worker’s Th-232 result was reported as <0.2 dpm/liter, as was the single control sample 

submitted by the site.
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- The information available to NIOSH does not indicate the purpose of the thorium bioassay. 

The analysis was performed for NMI by a consulting radiochemist and does not appear to be 

part of the NMI routine bioassay program. NIOSH concludes that it is indication that the site 

health physics staff was investigating a possible intake of Th-232, presumably sampling for a 

known or expected NMI thorium source term. 

• NMI held various NRC licenses for production operations and for waste processing and 

repackaging activities, allowing for varying amounts of thorium inventory. In September 1974, 

NMI submitted an amendment to their license SMB-179 in which they requested thorium in the 

form of natural thorium metal, alloy or oxide in the amount of 20,000 lbs (License, 1977). In a 

subsequent 1981 application for an amendment to the same license, NMI requested thorium in the 

form of natural thorium or thorium oxide in the amount of 25,000 kg (~55,100 lbs) (License, 

1981b).

- Based on the 1981 site-requested increase (175% increase) in the licensed thorium quantity, 

NIOSH concludes that NMI was planning for increased operations with thorium in the early to 

mid 1980s.

• In response to a previous request for License Amendment 2 to NMI License SMB-179, the NRC 

requested (in 1975) that NMI describe the survey procedures designed to evaluate the hazards 

when thorium concentrations exceeding 2% are handled since NMI requested use of materials 

containing up to 90% thorium (NRC Comments, 1975). At that time (1976), the NMI response

was: “To correct an apparent misunderstanding relative to thorium-containing materials, the 

license request was for 90% thorium minimum. We plan to operate under the same philosophy of 

control when working with thorium as for depleted uranium.”

- The information available to NIOSH does not indicate the specific processes involving the 

concentrated thorium materials. NIOSH concludes that NMI was working with materials 

containing >90% thorium during the licensing period associated with the late 1970s. 

• In their license application dated November 16, 1981, NMI requested natural thorium and thorium 

oxide in the form of solids either 2% ThO2 or 90% Th minimum (License, 1981). Attachment

Supplement 2, Item B in the application states: “Natural or depleted metallic uranium, natural 

thorium, or alloys based on these metals for use both as manufactured products and for 

development purposes.” However, it does not give specific details of the 90% thorium (License, 

1981).

- NIOSH concludes from this 1981 correspondence that NMI intended to continue their work 

with natural thorium (>90%) at least into the licensing period associated with the first half of 

the 1980s.
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• The NRC web site description of the NMI/Starmet facility (http://www.nrc.gov/infofinder/decommissioning/complex/starmet-corporation.html) states that in 1999, Starmet ceased 

making munitions with DU, but other subsidiaries continued work onsite with berylliumaluminum alloys, thorium, thorium oxide, and DU (SRDB Starmet, 2014).

- Although the above does not apply directly to the 1980-1990 AWE period, and does not state 

when the subsidiaries’ on-site work began, it is an indication that operations with thorium 

continued during the 1990s.

During communications with former NMI workers, NIOSH found indications of thorium-related 

activities, such as:

• The use of thorium powder was discussed in a group setting at the March 2012 Worker Outreach 

meeting where a worker indicated that thorium in powder form was blended with other 

constituents, pressed into a form, and put through a heated extrusion process. The consolidated 

material was then further processed by machining and grinding, and then shipped to the end 

customer to be reprocessed. The worker indicated that this process was taking place while the 

worker was an engineer on site (between 1980 and 1990). The worker further indicated that they 

typically worked in 25-pound lots, two to three times a year, but it was not unusual for NMI to get 

feed materials that contained thorium for processing in smaller quantities. The worker indicated 

that when NMI did an order for Army Research and other areas, NMI did not always know the 

exact concentration of thorium in the material that was being processed (Worker Outreach, 2012)

- A subsequent November 2012 interview with the same senior-level worker indicated that 

workers on this process did not wear protective clothing or respirators, and relied on the 

ventilation on the press equipment (Personal Communication, 2012b).

• An individual in the [group name redacted] Group during [time period redacted] was aware of 

thorium on site in the mid-1980s and stated there may have been a couple of bins of thorium, but 

he was not aware of any significant quantities (Personal Communication, 2012c).

• Another individual stated: “We had constant contact with thorium and thoriated tungsten.” 

(Worker Outreach, 2012, pdf p. 6). NIOSH believes NMI was producing small welding rods 

containing this material. It is unknown whether the feed material arrived already thoriated from 

another site, or whether the material was thoriated at NMI.

NIOSH has not identified the quantity of thorium used in the processes listed above during the 1980 

through 1990 period of evaluation; however, indications are that various thorium activities were 

conducted during the period, or were carried over into the period, or possibly continued beyond 1990. 
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5.1.4 Health Physics Program Practices and Inspections

[NOTE TO READER: This was Section 5.1.3 in the Rev. 0 version of the Nuclear Metals ER. With 

the addition of a new Section 5.1.3, Operations (1908-1990), this section now becomes Section 5.1.4.]

During the 1980-1990 period, radiation protection practices at NMI improved considerably through

hiring of additional radiation protection personnel, the development of procedures for radiation 

protection and dosimetry for each major operation, and the development of a Radiation Work Permit 

(RWP) Program. The RWP Program consisted of identifying hazards, prescribing protective clothing 

and dosimetry, instituting a surveillance program, increasing the training program, and implementing 

an audit program. NIOSH has been unable to locate any RWP documentation specifically describing 

the work processes or radiological controls associated with the handling of the concentrated thorium 

contained in the site’s NRC license(s) during the 1980s.

Although the radiation safety program was improved, there were many violations of standard 

procedures and RWPs that were identified in self-inspections by NMI personnel (as noted in the 

Radiation Protection Observations weekly summary reports). Some of the violations noted included 

scrap material left in processing areas at the end of a shift, increases in surface contamination at 

change areas, leaving the work site while still dressed in company-issued protective clothing, and 

missing or improperly worn badges (Survey Observations, 1984). 

In addition to the in-house observations, the NRC inspections identified a variety of issues in the 

1980-1990 period, such as failure to evaluate an apparent 110 rem extremity exposure during the 

period from December 1, 1982 through February 28, 1983 (exact date unknown), failure to provide 

adequate extremity dosimeters, and failure to notify the NRC of that potential exposure (Inspection 

Report, Aug1983). During another inspection in 1981, the violations included a quarterly 

overexposure to the hands of an employee, exclusive-use vehicle contamination in excess of 

regulatory limits, and failure to self-monitor upon exiting a restricted area (Inspection Report, 1981).

5.2 Radiological Exposure Sources from Nuclear Metals, Inc. Operations

The following subsections provide an overview of the internal and external exposure sources for 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. as it applies to the January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990 class under 

evaluation in this SEC-00195 Addendum. A detailed description of available source term information 

for the pre-1980 period is found in NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report (NIOSH, 2012).

5.2.1 Internal Radiological Exposure Sources from Nuclear Metals, Inc. Operations

Consistent with the findings presented in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the period from 1958 through 

1983 (NIOSH, 2012), inhalation of airborne contamination during the various processes, inhalation of 

re-suspended contamination, and associated ingestion continued to also be the primary sources of 

internal exposure to Nuclear Metals, Inc. workers during the remainder of the AWE operations period 

ending December 31, 1990. Various processes presented in Section 5.1 of NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 

evaluation continued through the AWE operations period and were capable of producing airborne 

contamination, thereby subjecting the workers to an internal exposure hazard during the period from 

1980 through 1990. There were nearly 70 documented fire, smoke, and spill incidences that occurred 
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from 1981 through 1984 (Unusual Occurrences, 1981-1984; Survey Observations, 1984). NIOSH has 

not identified documented incidents in 1980 or during 1985 through 1990. 

5.2.1.2 Thorium

NMI worked with thorium from the beginning of their move to the Concord facility in 1958. During 

the AWE period, thorium rods were converted to powder. The thorium powder was compacted, 

pressed into cylindrical shapes, placed in steel canisters, welded in an evacuation chamber, extruded, 

and made into 1.2 inch-diameter 10-foot rods (Personal Communication, 2012b, pdf p. 7). What is 

known by NIOSH regarding potential for thorium exposures at NMI during the period 1980 through 

1990 is presented above in Section 5.1.3. Possibly due to the compartmentalized work assignments 

and work protocols at NMI, NIOSH has been unable to find a consolidated information source 

regarding thorium operations during the period from 1980 through 1990. Former worker interviewees 

appear to have greatly differing levels of knowledge regarding thorium operations through the AWE 

period. Based on worker outreach meetings, interviews with senior NMI personnel and workers, and 

the 25,000 kg of thorium on the site’s NRC license(s), the evidence examined by NIOSH indicates 

that there was a potential for thorium exposures during operations at the Concord facility during the 

period January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

5.2.1.3 Radon/Thoron 

As indicated in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the 1958 through 1983 period, thorium work continued 

after the move from the Hood Building to the Concord site. There are indications that thoron 

generation could have been a concern; however, NIOSH did not identify any monitoring data for 

thoron in its 2012 evaluation of the 1958-1979 period, or in the research for this Addendum evaluating 

the 1980-1990 period.

5.2.2 External Radiological Exposure Sources from Nuclear Metals, Inc. Operations

Consistent with NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the period from 1958 through 1983, the potential for 

external radiation doses from thorium, uranium, and their decay products continued to exist at the 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. site during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, being 

evaluated in this SEC-00195 Addendum. The detailed external exposure information for the period 

from October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979 presented in NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 

Evaluation Report (NIOSH, 2012) also applies to the external exposure scenarios likely encountered

by NMI workers during the period from 1980 through 1990 being evaluated in this Addendum.
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6.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Class Evaluated 

by NIOSH

The following subsections provide an overview of the state of the available internal and external 

monitoring data for the Nuclear Metals, Inc. as it applies to the January 1, 1980 through December 31, 

1990 class under evaluation in this SEC-00195 Addendum. A detailed description of available 

monitoring data for the pre-1980 period is found in NIOSH’s 2012 SEC-00195 Evaluation Report 

(NIOSH, 2012).

6.1 Available Nuclear Metals, Inc. Internal Monitoring Data

Discussed below are the available 1980-1990 bioassay, air monitoring, lung count, and surface 

contamination data that have been identified by NIOSH. The NMI routine bioassay program 

consisted of urine sampling and lung counts for uranium supplemented by the air sampling and 

contamination monitoring programs. Most of the urinalysis sample datasheets indicate that the 

samples were analyzed for total uranium by fluorometric methods.

6.1.1 Urine Bioassay Data

The urine bioassay program was well established in the 1980s with a total of approximately 44,000 

legible samples from 1980-1990, and an average of over 4,400 urine samples per year during the 

evaluation period. During 1983 and 1984, the samples were analyzed by a contractor (Bioassay Data, 

1983). However, there is evidence that Carolina Metals, Inc. (CMI, which was part of NMI) 

performed some of the analyses. One of the NMI employees prepared the CMI Fluorometric 

Laboratory Procedures Manual in 1985 (Carolina Metals, 1985), which was the method used for urine 

analysis. The NMI urinalysis program is also described in detail in the Radiation Safety Reference 

(NMI Urinalysis, 1982, pdf p. 6).

Nearly all urine samples were analyzed for total uranium using fluorometry. NIOSH has found five 

urinalyses performed for tritium in February 1985 (Tritium Urinalysis, 1985, pdf p. 173) with four 

results shown as <0.005 μCi/liter, and one reported as 0.013 μCi/liter. NIOSH has found one 

urinalysis sample performed for Th-232 in July 1983 (Thorium Urinalysis, pdf p. 65). The worker’s 

Th-232 result was reported as <0.2 dpm/liter, as was the single control sample submitted by the site. 

The analysis was performed for NMI by a consulting radiochemist and does not appear to be part of 

the NMI routine bioassay program. NIOSH concludes that it is an indication that the site health 

physics staff was investigating a possible Th-232 intake, presumably sampling for a known or 

expected NMI thorium source term. 

6.1.2 Air Monitoring Data

NIOSH has found general area and breathing zone air sample data, including high-volume, isokinetic, 

and stack air sample data for the 1980 through 1990 period. The total number of air sample results 

found in the database for this period is approximately 34,400. But, as noted in ORAUT-OTIB-0084 

for urinalysis data, there were instances of air sample results being reported more than once, leaving 

approximately 33,000 useful air sample data. 
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Nearly all air samples appear to have been analyzed for gross alpha and for gross beta activity. Some 

datasheets from 1984, 1988, and 1990 indicate analysis for depleted uranium, U-238, and/or Th-234 

(as an indicator of uranium intakes). 

NIOSH has found no indication that isotopic studies on air samples were performed. A thorough 

review of available air monitoring data performed by NIOSH in support of its November 2013 

internal coworker analysis, ORAUT-OTIB-0084, found no air monitoring results attributed to thorium 

during the period 1980 through 1990. 

6.1.3 In Vivo Counting Bioassay Data 

In vivo analyses were not performed at NMI until April 1981 following a discovery of a probable 

overexposure of an individual to airborne concentration of DU. A whole body count on the individual 

was performed in October 1981 (Incident, 1981, pdf p. 3). The whole body count results indicated the 

presence of 8 mg of DU in the subject. The document does not reveal where the whole body count 

was performed. 

Starting in the summer of 1982, NMI brought in a Helgeson Scientific mobile whole body counter 

trailer for uranium lung counting of selected workers. Approximately 800 uranium lung counts were 

performed from 1982 through 1990 by Helgeson Scientific Services (Helgeson, 1981; Lung Counting, 

1982; In Vivo Counting, 1982; Lung Counting, 1982-1986). Some workers were given multiple lung 

counts. One employee was subjected to three consecutive counts in 1982.

NIOSH has identified one Helgeson lung count for natural thorium performed during the week of July 

19-23, 1982 (Helgeson, 1982, pdf p. 38; Lung Counting, 1982, pdf p. 25). The information available 

to NIOSH does not indicate the purpose of the thorium bioassay, but NIOSH concludes that it is an 

indication that the site health physics staff was investigating a possible intake of non-uranium-related 

thorium in 1982.

7.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Class Evaluated by 

NIOSH

The feasibility determination for the class of employees under evaluation in this report is governed by 

both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1). Under that Act and rule, NIOSH must establish whether 

or not it has access to sufficient information either to estimate the maximum radiation dose for every 

type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed that could have been incurred under 

plausible circumstances by any member of the class, or to estimate the radiation doses to members of 

the class more precisely than a maximum dose estimate. If NIOSH has access to sufficient 

information for either case, NIOSH would then determine that it would be feasible to conduct dose 

reconstructions.

In determining feasibility, NIOSH begins by evaluating whether current or completed NIOSH dose 

reconstructions demonstrate the feasibility of estimating with sufficient accuracy the potential 

radiation exposures of the class. If the conclusion is one of infeasibility, NIOSH systematically 
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evaluates the sufficiency of different types of monitoring data, process and source or source term data, 

which together or individually might assure that NIOSH can estimate either the maximum doses that 

members of the class might have incurred, or more precise quantities that reflect the variability of 

exposures experienced by groups or individual members of the class as summarized in Section 7.5. 

This approach is discussed in DCAS’s SEC Petition Evaluation Internal Procedures which are

available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. The next four major subsections of this Evaluation 

Report examine:

• The sufficiency and reliability of the available data. (Section 7.1)

• The feasibility of reconstructing internal radiation doses. (Section 7.2)

• The feasibility of reconstructing external radiation doses. (Section 7.3)

• The bases for petition SEC-00195 as submitted by the petitioner. (Section 7.4)

7.1 Pedigree of Nuclear Metals, Inc. Data

This subsection answers questions that need to be asked before performing a feasibility evaluation. 

Data Pedigree addresses the background, history, and origin of the data. It requires looking at site 

methodologies that may have changed over time; primary versus secondary data sources and whether 

they match; and whether data are internally consistent. All these issues form the bedrock of the 

researcher’s confidence and later conclusions about the data’s quality, credibility, reliability, 

representativeness, and sufficiency for determining the feasibility of dose reconstruction. The 

feasibility evaluation presupposes that data pedigree issues have been settled.

7.1.1 Internal Monitoring Data Pedigree Review

With the exception of thorium and its progeny, the internal monitoring data located by NIOSH are of 

sufficient quality and quantity to adequately represent potential exposures for the class under 

evaluation.

During the period from January 1980 through December 1990, NIOSH has available an average of 

over 4,000 uranium urinalysis results per year, and approximately 100 uranium-related lung count 

results per year (beginning in 1982). As stated above, NIOSH has found only one thorium urine 

bioassay, and a single in vivo analysis performed for thorium.

The available urinalysis data from NMI are original reports and are, therefore, primary data sources. 

They are mostly legible and use appropriate reporting units. Therefore, no additional pedigree review 

was performed for those data.

NMI initiated annual uranium lung counts for approximately 100 select employees per year starting in 

the summer of 1982 through 1990. The total number of lung counts performed from 1982 through 

1990 was 802. Helgeson Scientific analyzed the lung count spectrum for U-235, depleted uranium, 

and Th-234. The lung count results are available in the original Helgeson computer printouts; 

therefore, they are the original data. As a result, no additional pedigree review was performed for 

those data.
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A large number (~ 33,000) of air sample results from 1980 through 1990 were located. Most air 

samples from 1980 through 1990 were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta. NIOSH has found no 

indication that isotopic studies were performed on air samples. A thorough review of available air 

monitoring data performed by NIOSH in support of its November 2013 internal coworker analysis, 

ORAUT-OTIB-0084, found no air monitoring results attributed to thorium during the period 1980 

through 1990.

The air sample data from 1980 through 1990 are contained in original handwritten data sheets or 

computer printouts and are, therefore, primary data sources. Therefore, no additional pedigree review 

was performed for those data.

In summary, a large amount of internal monitoring data is available to NIOSH, but NIOSH is unable 

to verify if all pertinent data have been located. With the exception of thorium and its progeny, for 

which NIOSH has identified only two worker bioassay results, and no thorium-specific air data, the 

quality and quantity of the data available to NIOSH are sufficient to adequately represent the possible 

internal dose contributors for the Nuclear Metals, Inc. class under evaluation over the entire evaluation 

period. 

7.1.2 External Monitoring Data Pedigree Review

The external monitoring data, based on film badge dosimetry results, are available in sufficient 

quantity and quality to adequately represent the class under evaluation. The available external 

dosimetry data are primary source documents that contain the personnel monitoring (film badge) 

results for individual workers across the site. The data are legible with the exception of the monthly 

reports for March-May, September-October, and December 1987. For all available documentation, 

appropriate reporting units were used. 

7.2 Evaluation of Bounding Internal Radiation Doses at Nuclear Metals, Inc.

The principal source of internal radiation doses for members of the class under evaluation was the 

potential inhalation and ingestion of natural and depleted uranium, thorium oxides and metals, and 

uranium and thorium progeny during foundry, machining, extrusion, welding, grinding, and reduction 

operations. Intake of radioactive material was also possible through wounds that may have occurred 

during the processing of these metals. Other employees were potentially exposed to the re-suspension 

of contamination on surfaces during the course of their work with non-radioactive materials, and 

inhalation of smoke and fumes from fires and explosions (Incident, 1982a; Incident, 1982b; Incident, 

1996). 

The following subsections address the ability to bound internal doses, methods for bounding doses, 

and the feasibility of internal dose reconstruction.

7.2.1 Evaluation of Bounding Process-Related Internal Doses

The NMI bioassay program consisted of urine sampling and lung counts for uranium, supplemented 

by the air sampling and contamination monitoring programs. NIOSH has obtained urinalysis and air 

sampling data for all years evaluated by this Addendum. NIOSH has found uranium lung count data 
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during the period from 1982 through 1990. Most urinalysis sample datasheets indicate that the 

samples were analyzed for total uranium by fluorometric methods; the lung counts were performed by 

Helgeson Scientific.

The following subsections summarize the extent and limitations of information available for 

reconstructing the process-related internal doses of members of the class under evaluation.

7.2.1.1 Urinalysis Information and Available Data 

As indicated in Section 6.1.1, the uranium bioassay program was well established in the 1980s. 

NIOSH has obtained over 40,000 uranium urinalysis results for all years under evaluation in this 

Addendum (1980-1990). The number of urinalyses averaged over 4,000 per year during the period. 

The samples were analyzed by various contractors during this period (Uranium Urinalysis, 1982; 

Bioassay Data, 1983). There were only two samples analyzed for Th-232, both of which were 

personnel with one person’s sample acting as a control sample. The results were reported as <0.2 

dpm/liter (Thorium Urinalysis, 1983, pdf p. 65). In addition, five samples were analyzed for tritium 

with four results shown as < 0.005 pCi/liter and one reported as 0.013 μCi/liter (Tritium Urinalysis, 

1985, pdf p. 173). The routine urine samples were usually analyzed for uranium or DU by outside 

contractors, with indications that, for some years, the analyses were conducted either in-house or by 

NMI’s subsidiary, Carolina Metals, Inc.

There are sufficient urinalysis data to support dose reconstruction for natural and depleted uranium 

during the recommended SEC period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, using 

available claimant data, site monitoring data, and information in ORAUT-OTIB-0084, Internal 

Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

However, NIOSH has found only one worker urinalysis sample performed for Th-232, performed in 

[month and year redacted]. The information available to NIOSH does not indicate the purpose of the 

thorium bioassay or the existence of a routine monitoring program for thorium intakes. NIOSH 

concludes that it is an indication that the site health physics staff was investigating a possible Th-232

intake, presumably sampling for a known or expected NMI thorium source term. Although a 

substantial urine bioassay monitoring program is evident for uranium during the 1980s at NMI, 

NIOSH has found no indication of a urine bioassay program appropriate for detection of routine or 

incident-related intakes of thorium in the NMI workplace.

There are insufficient thorium urine bioassay data available to NIOSH to support efforts to bound the 

internal dose from thorium and thorium progeny during the period from January 1, 1980 through 

December 31, 1990.

7.2.1.2 Lung Counting Information and Available Data

The production rate for DU ammunition was at or near its maximum when NMI started performing 

annual lung counts on its production employees in 1982. NIOSH has uranium lung count data for the 

period from 1982 through 1990. The results of the lung counts are found in Helgeson Scientific 

reports. 
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The measured maximum lung burden reported was 154.3 mg of depleted uranium and 83.0 μg of 

U-235 in 1982. The highest average lung burden was 7.5 mg of DU, and 16.1 μg of U-235, again in 

1982. The lung burdens measured after 1982 were substantially lower.

A Helgeson in vivo program weekly report for July 1982 documents that they performed one lung 

count specifically for natural thorium during the week, in addition to the 96 DU lung counts 

performed that week (Helgeson, 1982, pdf p. 38). The information available to NIOSH does not 

indicate the purpose of the lone thorium bioassay, but NIOSH concludes that it is an indication that 

the site health physics staff was investigating a possible thorium intake. Although a substantial lung 

counting program is evident for uranium beginning in 1982 at NMI, NIOSH has found no indication 

of a thorium-specific in vivo bioassay program appropriate for detection of routine or incident-related 

intakes of thorium in the NMI workplace.

There are insufficient in vivo bioassay data available to NIOSH to support efforts to bound the internal 

dose from thorium and thorium progeny for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 

1990.

7.2.1.3 Airborne Levels

There were over 33,000 air samples taken during the period under evaluation (1980-1990). Most of 

the samples were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta. NIOSH has found no indication that 

isotopic studies were performed on air samples. A thorough review of available air monitoring data 

performed by NIOSH in support of its November 2013 internal coworker analysis, ORAUT-OTIB0084, found no air monitoring results attributed to thorium during the period 1980 through 1990.

NIOSH has not found indication that the site’s routine air sampling program was directed at assessing 

potential thorium exposures, and cannot show that sampling locations were chosen to include 

thorium-handling work areas. In the absence of a complementary thorium-specific bioassay program, 

the gross-alpha air results available to NIOSH for the period from 1980-1990 are insufficient to 

support efforts to bound the internal dose from thorium and thorium progeny for the period from 

January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

7.2.2 Methods for Bounding Internal Dose at Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Based on the evaluations presented above, NIOSH has been unable to locate sufficient thoriumspecific urine bioassay data, lung count data, or air monitoring data adequate to support sufficiently 

accurate dose reconstruction of internal dose from thorium and thorium progeny for the period from 

January 1, 1980 through January 31, 1990. 

NIOSH found that it is feasible to reconstruct internal doses from natural and depleted uranium for 

employees during the recommended evaluation period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 

1990 using available claimant data, site monitoring data, and information in ORAUT-OTIB-0084, 

Internal Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc.
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7.2.3 Internal Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion

NIOSH has concluded that it did not locate sufficient data, including thorium-specific bioassay results 

and air monitoring data to estimate with sufficient accuracy the total internal dose from exposures to 

thorium and thorium progeny during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

NIOSH found that it is feasible to reconstruct internal doses from natural and depleted uranium for 

employees during the recommended SEC evaluation period from January 1, 1980 through December 

31, 1990 using available claimant data, site monitoring data, and information in ORAUT-OTIB-0084, 

Internal Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct internal radiation doses for the 

period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, NIOSH intends to use any internal 

monitoring data that may become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using 

existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals 

employed at Nuclear Metals, Inc. during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, 

but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.

7.3 Evaluation of Bounding External Radiation Doses at Nuclear Metals, Inc.

The principal source of external radiation doses for members of the evaluated class was photon and 

beta (electron) radiation associated with AEC operational activities, including handling of radioactive 

materials in production or research activities. Thorium, uranium metal and uranium compounds from 

depleted and enriched uranium constituted the principal external radiation dose-producing material 

sources for members of the class. 

Consistent with the findings presented in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the period from October 29, 

1958 through December 31, 1979, NIOSH has located individual external monitoring records for NMI 

employees associated with material processing during the operational period under evaluation in this 

Addendum. Documentation retrieved from the site verifies that a robust personnel external 

monitoring program existed for photon and beta radiation exposures, as reflected in the individual 

external monitoring records. Neutron personnel exposures were not tracked as a component of the 

routine external dosimetry program.

Employment at NMI involved routine medical X-ray examinations required as a condition of 

employment; therefore, occupational X-rays are also a source of external radiation dose.

The following subsections address the ability to bound external doses, methods for bounding doses, 

and the feasibility of external dose reconstruction.
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7.3.1 Evaluation of Bounding Process-Related External Doses

Consistent with the findings presented in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the period from October 29, 

1958 through December 31, 1979, NIOSH has located external monitoring records for beta and 

gamma radiation for NMI workers associated with uranium processing during the class period under 

evaluation. Individual dosimetry data for the operational period is the preferred data source for 

evaluating the external radiation doses for members of the NMI class.

NIOSH will use the appropriate methodology and external uranium dose reconstruction assumptions 

and approach described in Battelle-TBD-6000. NIOSH will also use individual dosimetry data in 

conjunction with this methodology and to validate or adjust any assumptions, as appropriate. The 

monitoring data and methodologies available to NIOSH support its ability to reconstruct monitored 

external doses associated with NMI operations during the period from January 1, 1980 through 

December 31, 1990.

7.3.2 Nuclear Metals, Inc. Occupational X-Ray Examinations

NIOSH has indications that NMI employees received on-site annual physical exams that included a 

chest X-ray (Monitoring, 1955-1966, pdf p. 57). These radiographs were taken using a Picker X-ray 

machine and consisted of two views (presumably a lateral view and an anterior-posterior view) 

acquired with exposure times of one-tenth and one-twentieth of a second (Monitoring, 1955-1966, pdf 

pp. 60-62). Information presented to NIOSH during worker outreach meetings with former site 

employees indicated that medical X-ray examinations were also performed at local medical facilities. 

NIOSH has no further data regarding when medical X-ray examinations may have been performed 

on-site versus off-site. Due to the known performance of on-site medical X-ray examinations, per 

ORAUT-OTIB-0079, Guidance on Assigning Occupational X-ray Dose Under EEOICPA for X-rays 

Administered Off Site, NIOSH has determined that it is applicable to reconstruct occupational medical 

X-ray exposures for NMI workers during the period from October 29, 1958 through December 31, 

1990.

Consistent with the findings presented in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation of the period from October 29, 

1958 through December 31, 1979, NIOSH has determined that sufficiently accurate reconstruction of 

occupational medical doses is feasible for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 1990 

using information and methods available in ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from 

Occupationally Related X-Ray Procedures.
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 27 of 48

7.3.4 External Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion

Due to the availability of external personal monitoring data throughout the period under evaluation, 

NIOSH considers reconstruction of monitored external radiation dose to be feasible for the NMI

worker class for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. Such reconstruction 

can be accomplished using the bounding assumptions and applicable protocols specified in various 

complex-wide Technical Information Bulletins. NIOSH also considers reconstruction of medical 

X-ray dose to be feasible for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

7.4 Evaluation of Petition Basis for SEC-00195

The following evaluates the assertions made on behalf of petition SEC-00195 for Nuclear Metals, Inc. 

relevant to the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990 under evaluation in this 

Addendum.

Lack of Monitoring

Issue: The petitioner provided affidavits and supporting documents describing unmonitored uranium 

airborne and external exposures.

Response: In support of its 2012 evaluation of the period from October 29, 1958 through December 

31, 1979, NIOSH reviewed the affidavits and supporting documents. NIOSH noted that there were 

many fires and explosions that subjected the workers to airborne uranium and that were not 

monitored. NIOSH further noted that it had not identified any monitoring data for thorium during the 

period (NIOSH, 2012). Consistent with its 2012 findings, NIOSH has found in this current evaluation 

that the potential for internal exposure to thorium continued during the period from January 1, 1980 

through December 31, 1990. NIOSH has identified only two thorium-232 bioassay results during the 

period. Therefore, as discussed in Section 7.2 above, NIOSH has concluded that the available data are 

insufficient to bound the total internal dose for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 

1990.
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 28 of 48

7.5 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00195

This Addendum completes the feasibility evaluations for completing dose reconstructions for 

employees at Nuclear Metals, Inc. from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. NIOSH found 

that the available monitoring records, process descriptions and source term data available are not 

sufficient to complete dose reconstructions for the evaluated class of employees for the period from 

January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

Table 7-1 summarizes the results of the feasibility findings at Nuclear Metals, Inc. for each exposure 

source during the evaluated AWE time period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

Table 7-1: Summary of Feasibility Findings for SEC-00195 Addendum, 2014

Jan. 1, 1980 through Dec. 31, 1990

Source of Exposure Reconstruction Feasible Reconstruction Not Feasible

Internal

1 X

- Natural and Depleted Uranium X2

- Uranium Progeny X

- Thorium X

- Thorium Progeny X

External X3

- Gamma X

- Beta X

- Neutron X

- Occupational Medical X-ray X

Notes:

1 Internal dosimetry data are insufficient to determine the internal doses for the recommended SEC period from January 1, 

1980 through December 31, 1990.

2 NIOSH found that it is feasible to reconstruct internal doses from natural and depleted uranium for employees during the 

evaluated period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990 using available claimant and site monitoring data, and 

information in Internal Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc., ORAU-OTIB-0084.

3 External monitoring data available to NIOSH consist of film badge and thermoluminescent dosimeter results covering the 

operational period under evaluation. NIOSH has determined that reconstruction of monitored external doses, including 

occupational medical doses, is feasible for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990.

As of March 27, 2014, a total of 26 claims have been submitted to NIOSH for individuals who 

worked at Nuclear Metals, Inc. during either: (1) the period evaluated in NIOSH’s 2012 evaluation 

(October 29, 1958 through December 31, 1979); or (2) the period evaluated in this Addendum 

(January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990). Dose reconstructions have been completed for 24 

individuals (~ 92%).
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 29 of 48

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. during the period from January 1, 1980 through December 1990, but who do not 

qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00195

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3). Under these requirements, if it is not 

feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH must 

also determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered the 

health of members of the class. Section 83.13 requires NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

required to specify that health was endangered for those workers who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC.

Consistent with NIOSH’s 2012 findings in its evaluation of the 1958 through 1979 period at Nuclear 

Metals, Inc., NIOSH has found that the potential for internal exposure to thorium continued during the 

period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1990. NIOSH has identified only two 

thorium-232 bioassay results during the period. 

NIOSH’s evaluation determined that it is not feasible to estimate radiation dose for members of the 

NIOSH-evaluated class with sufficient accuracy based on the sum of information available from 

available resources. Therefore, the resulting NIOSH-proposed SEC class must include a minimum 

required employment period as a basis for specifying that health was endangered. 
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 30 of 48

9.0 Class Conclusion for Petition SEC-00195

Based on its full research of the class under evaluation, NIOSH has defined a single class of 

employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy. The 

NIOSH-proposed class to be added to the SEC includes all Atomic Weapons Employees who worked 

for Nuclear Metals Inc. at its facility in West Concord, Massachusetts during the period from January 

1, 1980 through December 31, 1990, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, 

occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the 

parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure 

Cohort.

NIOSH has carefully reviewed all material sent in by the petitioner, including the specific assertions 

stated in the petition, and has responded herein (see Section 7.4). NIOSH has also reviewed available 

technical resources and many other references, including the Site Research Database (SRDB), for 

information relevant to SEC-00195. In addition, NIOSH reviewed its NOCTS dose reconstruction 

database to identify EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to 

the petition evaluation.

These actions are based on existing, approved NIOSH processes used in dose reconstruction for 

claims under EEOICPA. NIOSH’s guiding principle in conducting these dose reconstructions is to 

ensure that the assumptions used are fair, consistent, and well-grounded in the best available science. 

Simultaneously, uncertainties in the science and data must be handled to the advantage, rather than to 

the detriment, of the petitioners. When adequate personal dose monitoring information is not 

available, or is very limited, NIOSH may use the highest reasonably possible radiation dose, based on 

reliable science, documented experience, and relevant data to determine the feasibility of 

reconstructing the dose of an SEC petition class. NIOSH contends that it has complied with these 

standards of performance in determining the feasibility or infeasibility of reconstructing dose for the 

class under evaluation.
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 31 of 48

10.0 References

42 C.F.R. pt. 81, Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Causation Under the Energy 

Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule, Federal 

Register/Vol. 67, No. 85/Thursday, p. 22,296; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 19391

42 C.F.R. pt. 82, Methods for Radiation Dose Reconstruction Under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 

19392

42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as Members of the Special 

Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 

2000; Final Rule; May 28, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 22001

42 U.S.C. §§ 7384-7385 [EEOICPA], Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation 

Program Act of 2000, as amended

ACI, 1994, Decommissioning Cost Estimate; Applied Consultants, Inc. (ACI); May 13, 1994; SRDB 

Ref ID: 106126

AEC, 1973, AEC Violations Identified from Inspection on March 21, 1973; Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC); May 15, 1973; SRDB Ref ID: 107746

Area Radiation Surveys, 1985, Area Radiation Survey Forms for January 1985, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; 

various dates in January 1985; SRDB Ref ID: 26866

Back-up Notes, 1971, Backup Notes to Form AEC-591, Whittaker Corporation, Nuclear Metals 

Division, R. H. Smith (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission); June 11, 1971; SRDB Ref ID: 105866

Battelle-TBD-6000, Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium Metals, Rev. 

1; Division of Compensation Analysis and Support; June 17, 2011; SRDB Ref ID: 101251

Beta Dosimetry, 1983, Beta Dosimetry Experiences at a Depleted Uranium Metal Fabrication 

Facility, D. J. Allard, et al (Nuclear Metals, Inc.); paper presented at the International Beta Dosimetry 

Symposium, Washington, D. C.; February 15-18, 1983

Bioassay Data, 1983, Urinalysis Results for Nuclear Metals, Inc., Bolton & Galanek, Inc.; various 

dates in 1983; report dated January 10, 1984; SRDB Ref ID: 25074

Cardarelli, post-1996, Health Hazard Evaluation Report 96-0198-2651 Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion 

Plant Piketon, Ohio; John Cardarelli; document date not specified, site visits conducted November 

1996 and February 1997; SRDB Ref ID: 10913

Carolina Metals, 1985, CMI Fluorometry Laboratory Procedures Manual, D. S. Schlier (Nuclear 

Metals, Inc.); March 1985; SRDB Ref ID: 26884
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 32 of 48

DCAS-PR-004, Internal Procedures for the Evaluation of Special Exposure Cohort Petitions, Rev. 1, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Cincinnati, Ohio; April 15, 2011; 

SRDB Ref ID: 94768

DOL, 2012, DOL Response to NIOSH on the NMI SEC Class Definition, correspondence to DCAS; 

Department of Labor (DOL); August 23, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 117700

Fire Prevention, unspecified, Fire Prevention, appears to be a portion of a document; unspecified 

author; unspecified date; SRDB Ref ID: 24982, pdf pp. 2-11

Furnace Explosion, unspecified date; Furnace Explosion Video, provided as support for petition; DSA 

Ref ID: 116322

GAU-8 Program, 1987, GAU-8 Program, office memorandum from F.J. Vumbaco to R.B. MacKay; 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; June 25, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 26840

Health & Safety, 1984, Health & Safety Personnel Information, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; April 18, 1984; 

SRDB Ref ID: 118650

Health & Safety, 1991, Health & Safety Impact of NMI, report prepared by Radioactive Waste 

Management Associates for Citizens Concerned about NMI; April 1, 1991; SRDB Ref ID: 112189

Helgeson, 1981, Health and Safety Department Air Sample Record: Breathing Zone, Nuclear Metals. 

Inc.; various dates in 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 28484

Helgeson, 1982, Report of In Vivo Counting for Nuclear Metals, Inc., 2229 Main Street, Concord, 

Mass, 01742 Work Performed on July 19 Through July 23, 1982; Helgeson, Nuclear Services, Inc., 

Pleasanton, California; September 2, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 112210, pdf p. 38

HP RWP, 1985, Health Physics RWP Data Listing of Personnel, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; January 31, 

1985; SRDB Ref ID: 113402

Incident, 1981, Incident Report and Monitoring Results for Incident in April 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 

107796

Incident, 1982a, Incident Report and Related Documents for a Uranium Fire on June 18, 1982; 

incident on June 18, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 26841

Incident, 1982b, Incident Report and Related Documents for a Vent Fire on the CAF Lines on July 28, 

1982; incident on July 28, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 26847

Incident, 1996, Preliminary Notification of Vent Fire on February 21, 1996; incident February 21, 

1996; SRDB Ref ID: 107741 & 107983

Inspection Report, Jul1970, Inspection Report and Notes of Inspection Conducted July 15-16, 1970; 

inspector was R. H. Smith; SRDB Ref ID: 107851 and 109544
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Inspection Report, 1972, Inspector’s Evaluation, Whittaker Corporation, Nuclear Metals Division, H. 

W. Crocker (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission); August 16, 1972; SRDB Ref ID: 105867

Inspection Report, 1980, Report of Inspection of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Massachusetts Department of 

Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene, F. R. Archibald; June 26, 1980; SRDB Ref 

ID: 112175

Inspection Report, 1981, Report of Inspection of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Massachusetts Department of 

Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene, F. R. Archibald; December 16, 1981; SRDB 

Ref ID: 112179

Inspection Report, Jan1983, Report of Inspection of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Massachusetts Department

of Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene, F. R. Archibald; January 4-5, 1983; 

SRDB Ref ID: 112178

Inspection Report, Aug1983, Report of Inspection of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Massachusetts Department 

of Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene, F. R. Archibald; August 25, 1983; SRDB 

Ref ID: 112167

Inspection Report, 1987, Report of Inspection of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Massachusetts Department of 

Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene; May 19 and 26, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 

112163

In Vivo Counting, 1982, Report of In Vivo Counting for Nuclear Metals, Inc., 2229 Main Street, 

Concord, Mass. 01742 Work Performed on July 18 Through July 22, 1982; Helgeson Scientific 

Services, Inc.; October 5, 1983; SRDB Ref ID: 25112, pdf pp. 51-73

License, 1977, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Material License SMB-179, Amendment 3, 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; February 17, 1977; SRDB Ref ID: 130826

License, 1981, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Application for Renewal of Source Material 

License SMB-179, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; November 16, 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 25115

License, 1986, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Materials License SMB-179, Amendment 7, 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; April 24, 1986; SRDB Ref ID: 115607

Loewenstein, 1954, Report on Explosion of Extruded Thorium Metal, correspondence to J. T. Morris; 

P. Lowenstein; December 2, 1954; SRDB Ref ID: 95613 & 17000

Lung Counting, 1982, Individuals Selected for Lung Counting Procedure, office memorandum; 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; June 29, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 25116, pdf pp. 2-5

Lung Counting, 1982-1986, Computer Printouts of Health Physics Lung Count Data, Nuclear Metals, 

Inc.; various dates in 1982-1986; SRDB Ref ID: 25063
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

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MACTEC, 2004, Health and Safety Plan Nuclear Metals Superfund Site Remedial 

Investigation/Feasibility Study Concord, Massachusetts; MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc.; 

September 29, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 105264

Monitoring, 1955-1966, Facility Visit Reports on Bioassay Data, Film Badge Data, X-Ray 

Information, and Various Radiation Correspondence for 1955 through 1966; various authors; various 

dates from 1955 through 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 25090

Monitoring, 1979-1982, Radiation Surveys for 1979, 1981, and 1982; surveys conducted October 

1979, July 28, 1981, and February 3-4, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 24996

Monitoring, 1981b, Evaluation of Bioassay Data/Urinalysis Results for 1981; various dates 

throughout 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 107973

Monitoring Procedures, 1983, Multiple Procedures for Various Types of Radiation Monitoring, author 

unknown; Nuclear Metals, Inc.; Annotated: Revised May 31, 1983; SRDB Ref ID: 26882

NIOSH, 2012, SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00195, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); August 30, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 

130905

NMI, 1960, Occupational Exposure to Airborne Beryllium and Uranium: Safety and Fire Protection, 

HASL-97; Nuclear Metals, Inc. (NMI); September 28, 1960; SRDB Ref ID: 10497

NMI, 1982, NMI Views, Company newsletter, Vol. 4 No. 3, July, 1982; Nuclear Metals, Inc.; July

1982; SRDB Ref ID: 115400

NMI Response, 1984, NMI Response to Inspection 40-00672, F. J. Vumbaco; Nuclear Metals, Inc.; 

October 10, 1984; SRDB Ref ID: 124040

NMI Response, 1987, NMI Response to Inspection 40-672/86-02, author unknown; Nuclear Metals, 

Inc.; May 21, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 53161

NMI RWP, 1983, Nuclear Metals, Inc., Radiological Work Permit System Specification, Nuclear 

Metals, Inc.; 1984; SRDB Ref ID: 25120

NMI RWP, 1989, Nuclear Metals, Inc., Standing Radiological Work Permit: Minimum Requirements 

for Entrance into Restricted Areas, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; March 15, 1989; SRDB Ref ID: 115676

NMI TLD Program, 1981, TLD Badge Program, 1981, A. C. Carpenito (Nuclear Metals, Inc.); March 

13, 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 25119 

NMI Urinalysis, 1982, NMI Urinalysis Program, Nuclear Metals, Inc.; year unclear, but possibly 

1982; SRDB Ref ID: 25122, pdf p. 6
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NRC Citation, 1983, NRC Staff Cites Nuclear Metals, Inc. of Concord, MA for Alleged Violation of 

Radiation Protection Requirements; Proposes $9,600 Fine; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; 

September 6, 1983; SRDB Ref ID: 107998

NRC Comments, 1975, NRC Comments Concerning Amendment 2 to Source Material License SNM179, letter from NRC to Nuclear Metals, Inc., November 11, 1975; SRDB Ref ID: 130803

NRC Notice, 1983, Notice of Violation and Proposed Imposition of Civil Penalties, U.S. Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission; September 1, 1983; SRDB Ref ID: 115748

NRC Inspection, 1981, Inspection 40-672/81-01 Conducted at Nuclear Metals, Inc. on February 19, 

1981, C. Rowe (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission); letter dated April 16, 1981; SRDB Ref ID: 

120566

NRC Inspection, 1989, Inspection 89-001 Conducted at Nuclear Metals, Inc. on March 7-9, 1989; 

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; letter dated March 21, 1989; SRDB Ref ID: 112203 and 

124043

NRC Inspection, 1990, Inspection 040-00672/90-001 Conducted at Nuclear Metals, Inc. on 

September 12-13, 1990; U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; letter dated November 13, 1990; 

SRDB Ref ID: 120571

NUREG.CR-6528, Environmental Assessment of Proposed License Renewal of Nuclear Metals, Inc., 

Concord, Massachusetts, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; February 1997; SRDB Ref ID: 112165

ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray 

Procedures, Rev. 03 PC-1; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; effective 

December 21, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 20220

ORAUT-OTIB-0084, Internal Coworker Dosimetry Data for Nuclear Metals, Inc., Rev. 00; ORAU 

Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; effective November 15, 2013; SRDB Ref ID: 128501

Personal Communication, 2012a, Documented Communication with a Manager; Telephone Interview 

by ORAU Team; March 8, 2012, 10:00 AM EST; SRDB Ref ID: 111247

Personal Communication, 2012b, Documented Communication with a Manager; Telephone Interview 

by ORAU Team; November 5, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 122512

Personal Communication, 2012c, Documented Communication with an Engineer; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; November 24, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 122510

Personal Communication, 2014a, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; March 5, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131021

Personal Communication, 2014b, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; February 24; 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131017
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

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Personal Communication, 2014c, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131022

Personal Communication, 2014d, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker Telephone 

Interview by ORAU/NIOSH Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131016

Personal Communication, 2014e, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131020

Personal Communication, 2014f, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; February 24, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131019

Personal Communication, 2014g, Documented Communication with a former NMI worker; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; February 27, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 131018

Quinn, 2001, Beryllium and Uranium Work Performed by Nuclear Metals, Inc., correspondence to 

Roger Anders; Robert E. Quinn; October 11, 2001; SRDB Ref ID: 10485, pdf pp. 102-103

Rocco, 1983, Environmental Survey of Nuclear Metals, Inc., Final Report; B. B. Rocco; February 

1983; SRDB Ref ID: 25126

Soil Monitoring, 1985, 1984 Soil Monitoring Program and Additional Soil Analysis for NMI Facility, 

2229 Main Street, Concord, Massachusetts; prepared by Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. for 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; March 18, 1985; SRDB Ref ID: 115752

Starmet, 2014, NRC: Starmet Corporation (State of Massachusetts), Site Identification and Status 

from U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission website; accessed March 12, 2014; SRDB Ref ID: 

130955, http://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/complex/starmet-corporation.html

Survey Observations, 1984, Radiation Protection Survey Observations Weekly Summaries for 1984, 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; weekly dates in 1984; SRDB Ref ID: 113218

Thorium, 2012, Notes Regarding Thorium Work in Concord, hand written notes; notes provided by 

[Name Redacted]; collected May 24, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 114724

Thorium Urinalysis, 1983, Results of Urine Specimens Submitted for Thorium Analysis, M. M. Bolton, 

Consulting Radiochemist; Samples taken: April 16, 1983; Letter with results: July 18, 1983; SRDB 

Ref ID: 113271, pdf. p. 65

Tritium Urinalysis, 1985, Results of Urine Specimens Submitted for Uranium and Tritium Analysis, 

M. M. Bolton, Consulting Radiochemist; Samples taken: February and March 1985; Letter with 

results: March 22, 1985; SRDB Ref ID: 25006, pdf. p. 173

Unusual Occurrences, 1981-1984, NMI Unusual Occurrences and Incident Reports 1981-1984, 

Nuclear Metals, Inc.; various authors and dates in 1981-1984; SRDB Ref ID: 25124
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

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Uranium Urinalysis, 1982, Results for Urine Samples Analyzed for Uranium, Bolton & Galanek, Inc.; 

December 27, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 28442

USEPA, 1986, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, Trip Report: Nuclear 

Metals, Inc.; U.S. EPA; November 3-7, 1986; SRDB Ref ID: 110576

Worker Outreach, 2012, Transcript of NIOSH SEC Outreach Meeting for Nuclear Metals, Inc.; 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; meeting held in Concord, Mass. with former 

NMI workers; March 15, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 117721
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Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Primary Site / Company Name: Nuclear Metals, Inc.; BE 

1954-1986; AWE 1958-1990; Residual Radiation 1991-

October 2009 

Alternate Site Names: 

Starmet, Inc.

Whittaker Corp. Nuclear Metals Division

NMI

Physical Size of the Site: 46.4 Acres

Site Population: Apparent peak of 650 (1984/85)

Aerial radiological survey, air sample data, ALARA control 

information, personnel radiological exposure, area dosimetry, area 

radiation surveys, urinalyses sample results, bioassay and air sampling 

program procedure, breathing zone and area air sample records, 

fluorometry laboratory procedures, company history, depleted uranium 

processing, dissolution rates of uranium from air samples, chest x-rays, 

environmental survey, GAU-8 program, in vivo counting for Nuclear 

Metals, Inc, incident reports, license documentation, NMI Views 

volumes, NRC inspection reports, proposed action levels for uranium 

urinalysis, radiological work permit system, safety precautions for 

depleted uranium powder production, site visit reports, summary of air 

emissions, summary of perimeter and off-site uranium air 

concentrations and calculated lung doses, thorium work in Concord, and 

TLD badge program information.

02/14/2014 305

State Contacted: MA Department of Public Health, 

Radiation Control Program [telephone number redacted]

Airborne emissions report, ambient air monitoring data, personnel 

radiological exposure information, calculation of uranium inventory, 

drum excavation work plan, depleted uranium inventory, environmental 

survey, floor plans and site map showing location of drains and utilities, 

holding basin decommissioning project site specific health and safety 

plan, incident notifications, inspection reports, radiation dosimetry 

report, license amendments and other documentation, Massachusetts 

Environmental Radiation Laboratory sample procedure and radiation 

control program inspection report, site photographs, update to holding 

basin release abatement measure project, radioactive materials 

inventory, radiological survey data, registration of ionizing radiation 

sources, health and safety plan, disposal of industrial wastes, routing of 

radioactive waste shipments, time line of events, town of Concord air 

monitoring data, USEPA National Air and Radiation Environmental 

Laboratory thorium analyses, uranium emissions summary, ventilation 

information and air data at plant boundary, and waste disposal practices 

and shipments.

04/12/2012 84
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 40 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Albany Research Center Metallurgy of thorium. 03/19/2013 1

Battelle Memorial Institute, King Avenue Report on explosion of extruded thorium. 04/14/2011 1

Claimant Provided Licensing and product information and employee work history. 07/05/2012 2

Concord, MA Public Library Description of bioassay program, use of asbestos, 

sample data, and uranium inventory.

survey frequency, air 10/06/2008 7

Concord, MA Town Hall Beryllium monitoring, exposure investigation, personnel intake 

evaluations, personnel dosimetry reports, and personnel rosters and 

photographs.

10/07/2008 35

Department of Labor / Paragon Uranium requests and thorium slugs from extruded rod. 01/23/2012 3

DOE Germantown Site description and beryllium related material. 09/11/2002 4

DOE Legacy Management - Grand Junction Office Report to Congress excerpt, research in support of Savannah River, 

material receipts, waste classification, thorium procurement, and 

uranium shipment documentation.

08/25/2011 28

DOE Legacy Management - Morgantown Special Nuclear Material accountability station symbols, Fernald 

agreements, production orders, ALARA program development and 

division highlight reports.

03/02/2011 7

DOE Legacy Management - MoundView (Fernald 

Holdings, includes Fernald Legal Database)

Weekly progress report, thorium receipts and campaigns, actinium 

inventory, tritium release, and a report on normal uranium scrap 

materials.

09/08/2008 7

DOE ORO Records Holding Task Group (RHTG) Activities resumption and a thorium technical review. 04/08/2011 3

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information 

(OSTI)

Thorium receipts, zirconium cladding of uranium, trip report, explosion 

of extruded thorium, fabrication and properties of extruded uranium 

tubes.

06/06/2012 12

Environmental Management File Room Radiological history. 09/11/2002 1

Federal Record Center (FRC) - Boston Urine sample collection data, breathing zone air samples, radiation 

dosimetry reports, general area air sample results, personnel termination 

exposure records, and quality control information.

05/30/2012 388

Hagley Museum and Library Trip reports and research programs in support of Savannah River and 

fabrication of uranium tubes.

10/28/2010 4

Hanford Monthly processing and operations reports. NOTE: Cannot submit 

requested documents from search results until funding issues at Hanford 

are resolved.

03/14/2013 20

HASL - EML Thorium sampling and storage. 03/08/2005 1
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 41 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Idaho National Laboratory Nuclear Metals urine and soil data. 06/14/2012 1

Interlibrary Loan M.I.T. beginnings, "The Legacy of Nuclear Metals, Inc." 05/15/2008 1

Internet - Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Nuclear Metals site history, feasibility of recycling penetrators, 

filtration of molten depleted uranium, depleted uranium reclamation 

report, machining depleted uranium, techniques for cleaning depleted 

uranium derbys, dies for extrusion of complex shapes of steel and 

refractory alloys, disposal of depleted uranium, compatibility studies of 

molten uranium and thorium alloys, and development of high strength 

columbium and tantalum alloy tubing progress report.

03/05/2014 38

Internet - DOE Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data 

Resource (CEDR)

No relevant documents identified. 07/09/2012 0

Internet - DOE Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval 

System (DDRS)

Monthly processing and operations reports. 10/24/2008 11

Internet - DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites Considered sites listing. 03/15/2012 1

Internet -

(NNSA) -

DOE National Nuclear Security 

Nevada Site Office

Administration No relevant documents identified. 03/20/2012 0

Internet - DOE OpenNet No relevant documents identified. 03/20/2012 0

Internet - DOE OSTI Energy Citations Progress reports, report on low exposure irradiation of enriched sevenrod cluster in KER loop, extrusion program summary report, and 

thorium 1.4 wt percent uranium-235 metal fuel tubes fabrication.

01/26/2013 9

Internet - DOE OSTI Information Bridge Departmental monthly reports, decommissioning management plan, 

grain refinement of case uranium by heat, trip reports, evaluation of 

thorium - uranium alloys, irradiation of uranium 2% zirconium fuel 

tube, effects of irradiation, Mound Laboratory monthly report, stockpile 

management quarterly report, and heavy water moderated power 

reactors progress reports.

07/02/2012 59

Internet - DOE OSTI Information Bridge / SC&A Preparation and characterization of uranium oxides. 03/15/2012 1

Internet - Environmental Protection Agency Waste site cleanup and reuse and removal of contaminated buildings. 03/24/2012 2
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 42 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Internet - Google Criticality safety inspections, depleted uranium technical brief, drum 

excavation, engineering evaluation and cost analysis for disposition of 

structures and contents, enriched uranium liquid sludge transfer, 

environmental assessments, evaluation of zircaloy clad tubes, 

evaluation of tantalum bimetallic tubing fabrication, groundwater and 

surface water sampling and analysis, holding basin characterization, 

licensing documentation, monthly and bi-annual monitoring data, 

decommissioning plan for the holding basin, process for removing 

uranium and other metals from wastes, processing and applications of 

depleted uranium alloy products, production of high-value fluoride gas 

from uranium tetrafluoride, radiation exposure information, radiological 

incidents, radiological surveys, safeguards inspection, scope of work 

Nuclear Metals, Inc. Superfund site, site characterization report, 

uranium contamination at Nuclear Metals plant, and whole body counts 

contamination monitoring.

11/25/2013 269

Internet - Health Physics Journal No relevant documents identified. 07/09/2012 0

Internet -

Hygiene

Journal of Occupational and Environmental No relevant documents identified. 07/09/2012 0

Internet - National Academies Press (NAP) No relevant documents identified. 03/20/2012 0

Internet - NIOSH Report on residual radioactive beryllium contamination. 03/07/2014 4
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 43 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Internet - NRC Agencywide Document 

Management (ADAMS) 

Access and Amendments to vendor reported dosimetry, decommissioning cost 

estimate, evaluation of bioassay data, examination and analysis of three 

fired depleted uranium penetrators, exclusion boundaries fissile material 

storage, feasibility reports, guidelines for transferring solid depleted 

uranium product, holding basin remediation plan, incident reports 

including notification and corrective actions, inspection reports, 

notifications and violations, license amendment and termination 

documentation, material status report, ORNL site summary, placarding 

of shipment violation, notification of banning radioactive waste 

shipments, radiological safety inspection, record of shipment forms, 

requirements for uranium conversion and deconversion facilities, 

holding basin characterization report, site decommissioning 

management plan, skin dose report, Starmet Corporation fact sheet, 

decommissioning program annual report, urinalysis data, and zero 

power experiments with U-235 enriched thoria and thorium metal 

lattices.

03/28/2013 162

Internet - Nuclear Metals Inc Addendum 1 to site Management and Security plan, delineation of 

groundwater contamination, baseline ecological risk assessment, 

semiannual groundwater sampling results, site chronological 

information, maps, progress photos, and a tank house and wastewater 

treatment area work plan.

03/05/2014 17

Internet - Oak Ridge National Laboratory Library Status and progress reports. 12/18/2012 19

Internet - USACE/FUSRAP No relevant documents identified. 03/20/2012 0

Internet - US Transuranium and Uranium Registries No relevant documents identified. 03/20/2012 0

Iron Mountain Cranberry PA Survey of control over source and special nuclear materials. 09/11/2006 1

Kansas City Plant Thorium metal manufacturing. 10/18/2013 1

Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Remediation photographs, documented communication, extrusion, 

groundwater contamination investigation, and consequences of using 

depleted uranium.

06/14/2012 10

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Atlanta

Thorium explosion and a proposal for 

cooled aircraft propulsion reactor.

work on solid duel liquid metal 05/20/2008 2

National Institute 

(NIOSH)

for Occupational Safety and Health History of USAEC and the establishment of EEOICPA. 12/11/2012 13

New South Associates The 300/M area fuel and target fabrication. 08/08/2009 1

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region 1 License material, evaluation of urinalysis data, and inspection reports. 03/29/2013 9
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 44 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Uploaded

to SRDB

Nuclear Regulatory Commission Public Document Room Soil monitoring program and soil analyses, potential airborne releases, 

certificate of disposition of materials, disposal of low level waste at 

Envirocare of Utah, dose rate evaluations for exposure to copper metal 

contaminated with depleted uranium, environmental summary report, 

extrapolation chamber measurements, groundwater report, site historical 

information brochure, license application, renewal and termination 

documentation, minimum requirements for entrance into restricted 

areas, air sampling program documentation, annual lung counting 

program, notice of violation and proposed imposition of civil penalties, 

pre-construction radiological assessment and decontamination of a 

depleted uranium waste handling site, regulatory operations routine 

inspection, request for approval to use the Clive, Utah repository, 

transportation violations, and a trip report.

10/26/2012 135

Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and progress reports. 01/23/2013 1

ORAU Team Documented communications and co-worker data. 03/14/2014 35

R. S. Landauer No relevant documents identified (Landauer did not respond to NIOSH 

request, closed per DCAS).

03/12/2014 0

Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico / SC&A Radiological surveys. 09/15/2010 3

Savannah River Site Classified reports received for 1957, dosimetry visitors’ cards, extrusion 

of electrolytic thorium, monthly progress report, radiation survey log 

sheets, symposium on high temperature fuel processing, and thorium 

metal requirements.

06/06/2011 26

SC&A Discussion of Hematite plant and license. 04/07/2011 1

Science Applications International Corp (SAIC) Radiation exposure summary. 09/02/2004 3

Southern Illinois University Nuclear fuels and materials development and an off-site extrusion 

program summary.

11/08/2008 2

Unknown Air, stack, water, and urine samples, building contamination, employee 

radiological summary, occupational exposure record, breathing zone air 

samples, and occupational exposure to airborne beryllium and uranium.

06/08/2009 22
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 45 of 48 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date Uploaded

Completed to SRDB

US Environmental Protection Agency Environmental survey and remediation, material data input sheet for 02/14/2014 175

uranium and thorium, incident reports, maximum contamination levels, 

site inspection, air monitoring, holding basin meeting, decontamination 

and decommissioning actions, license information, indoor particulate 

exposures, status reports, holding basin sludge sampling, material 

inventory, inspection reports, organizational chart, health and safety 

plan, isotope transport studies, depleted uranium lung burden, airborne 

concentrations, trip summary, and well tests.

TOTAL 1947
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 46 of 48

Table A1-2: Databases Searched for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Selected

NOTE: Database search terms employed for each of the databases listed below

are available in the Excel file called “Nuclear Metals Rev 01, (83.13) 03-20-14.xls”

Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

https://www.dtic.mil/

COMPLETED 11/08/2012

See Note above 1,479 23

DOE CEDR

http://cedr.lbl.gov/

COMPLETED 07/09/2012

See Note above 0 0

DOE Hanford DDRS

http://www2.hanford.gov/declass/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

See Note above 0 0

DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites

http://csd.lm.doe.gov/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

See Note above 6 2

DOE NNSA - Nevada Site Office

www.nv.doe.gov/main/search.htm

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

See Note above 18 0

DOE OpenNet

http://www.osti.gov/opennet/advancedsearch.jsp

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

See Note above 224 11

DOE OSTI Energy Citations

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012 

See Note above 2,385 7

DOE OSTI Information Bridge

http://www.osti.gov/bridge/advancedsearch.jsp

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

See Note above 1,644 18

Google

http://www.google.com

COMPLETED 03/31/2012

See Note above 22,494,928 497

HP Journal

http://journals.lww.com/health-physics/pages/default.aspx

COMPLETED 07/09/2012

See Note above 4 0
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 47 of 48 

Table A1-2: Databases Searched for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Selected

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health See Note above 0 0

http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh

COMPLETED 07/09/2012

National Academies Press See Note above 5,879 0

http://www.nap.edu/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

NRC ADAMS Reading Room See Note above 807 107

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams/web-based.html

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

USACE/FUSRAP See Note above 4 4

http://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/fusrap/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

U.S. Transuranium & Uranium Registries See Note above 0 0

http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/

COMPLETED 03/20/2012

Table A1-3: DTIC Documents Requested for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Document Number Document Title Requested Received

Date Date

NA Extrusion of DU Penetrator Alloys Using the Canned Billet Technique 11/14/2011

NA Investment Casting of Uranium Alloy Penetrators 11/14/2011

NA An Investigation of (1) Stabilizing the Carbon Content of Investment 11/11/2011 NA - Request 

Cast Performs for Phalanx Penetrators (2) Dual-Hardness Phalanx denied

Penetrators

NA Fundamental and Applied Research and Development in Metallurgy 11/11/2011 11/22/2011 -

Not relevant

NA Reclamation/Recycle of Depleted Uranium and Heavy Metal Alloy 11/11/2011 12/19/2011

REF ID: 105845 Residue for Soils

NMI-9709.13 Development of Processing Techniques for the Extrusion of Metal 11/08/2011 12/16/2011

REF ID: 105847 Powders dated December 1967
SEC-00195, Addendum 04-07-14 Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Page 48 of 48 

Table A1-3: DTIC Documents Requested for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Document Number Document Title Requested Received

Date Date

ARCCD-CR-87006 Filtration of Molten Depleted Uranium dated June 24, 1987 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104924

ARLCD-CR-83018 M774 Machine Chip Recycling 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104927

AFATL-TR-82-49 Depleted Uranium Test Range Fragment Reclamation dated July 1982 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104926

ARCCD-CR-86010 Recycle Process for Depleted Uranium Machining Chips by Vacuum 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104929 Induction Remelt dated May 1987

ARCCD-CR-86008 Atmosphere Assisted Machining of Depleted Uranium (DU) 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104930 Penetration dated May 1987

ARCCD-CR-87004 Established Techniques for Cleaning Depleted Uranium Derby in Lieu 11/08/2011 11/28/2011

REF ID: 104932 of Nitric Acid Pickling dated May 1987

Table A1-4: Interlibrary Loan Documents Requested for Nuclear Metals, Inc.

Document Number Document Title Requested

Date

Received

Date

NA Proceedings of the High Density Alloy Penetrator Materials 

Conference, April 1977

NOTE: Document was in too poor of condition to make copies and 

therefore not provided by Library.

11/28/2011 12/31/2011