J. E03004-14

2015 PA Super 267

ROY H. LOMAS, SR., D/B/A/ ROY LOMAS 

CARPET CONTRACTOR

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

JAMES B. KRAVITZ, ANDORRA SPRINGS 

DEVELOPMENT, INC., CHERRYDALE

CONSTRUCTION CO., EASTERN 

DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES INC., AND 

KRAVMAR, INC.

Appellants No. 2391 EDA 2011

Appeal from the Judgment Entered August 16, 2011

In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County

Civil Division at No. 00-5929 

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., PANELLA, J., DONOHUE, J., SHOGAN, 

J., ALLEN, J., LAZARUS, J., WECHT, J., and STABILE, J. 

OPINION BY PANELLA, J. Filed: December 21, 2015

This appeal concerns two phases of the underlying trial: the liability 

verdict and the damages assessment. As detailed below, the entire Court 

affirms the liability verdict entered by the Honorable Thomas P. Rogers of 

the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County. Accordingly, our holding 

and reasoning in that regard is binding and precedential. See 

Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 556 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc).
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The reasoning for our affirmance of the liability verdict follows these 

introductory words.

The damages verdict is affirmed by an equally divided Court. Our 

holding and reasoning with respect to damages is, therefore, nonprecedential and binding only on the parties. See id.

In relation to the damages verdict, the issue on appeal was whether 

Judge Rogers, as well as the entire Montgomery County bench, should have 

recused. The Majority holds that Appellants’ recusal motion was patently 

untimely and, therefore, waived. We further conclude that the recusal 

motion was a baseless attack on the trial court following an unfavorable 

verdict on liability, made at the expense of the integrity of the Montgomery 

County trial bench. This is a waiver case, not an “appearance” case. Judge 

Rogers, as the trial judge, made every disclosure that was required of him. 

Appellants concede that there is no evidence that Judge Rogers showed bias, 

unfairness, or prejudice.

Additionally, under the facts of this case, we cannot agree with the 

Dissent that a conflict, which affects but a single judge, leads to the recusal 

of the entire trial bench of over twenty trial judges.1

 

1 The Dissent fails to provide any principled rule or guidance for the trial 

bench to assess these challenges in the future. For example, the Philadelphia 

trial bench has over 100 judges and the Allegheny Court of Common Pleas 

has over 40 judges; it cannot seriously be argued that a conflict of a single

judge carries over to taint the entire trial bench in these counties, as well as 

other counties.
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Finally, any result other than an affirmance would absolve Kravitz for 

his campaign of incessant use and abuse of our civil litigation processes. 

The Parties on Appeal

Appellants, James B. Kravitz, Andorra Springs Development, Inc. 

(“Andorra Springs”), Cherrydale Construction Company (“Cherrydale”), and 

Kravmar, Inc., formerly known as Eastern Development Enterprises, Inc. 

(“Eastern”), collectively known as the “Kravitz Entities,” appeal from the 

judgment entered on August 16, 2011, in favor of Appellee Roy H. Lomas, 

Sr., d/b/a/ Roy Lomas Carpet contractor (“Lomas”), in the amount of 

$1,688,379.10. 

Summary

In 1994, Appellant Cherrydale and Appellee Lomas entered into a 

contract in which Appellee agreed to supply and install floor coverings in new 

construction homes being built by Cherrydale. Appellee began work 

immediately, but shortly thereafter Cherrydale breached the contract and 

Appellee stopped work. At that point, Cherrydale owed Appellee $30,913.00. 

The matter went to arbitration and a panel of arbitrators unanimously 

concluded that Cherrydale had breached the contract. After the entry of an 

interim award of $30,913.00 in Appellee’s favor, Cherrydale petitioned to 

vacate the interim award. 

In September 1998, the arbitration panel entered a final award 

totaling $200,601.61, in accordance with the Contractor and Subcontractor 
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Payment Act (“CASPA”), 73 P.S. §§ 501-516, which included the $30,913 

balance due for work performed plus compensatory damages, attorney’s 

fees, costs, and interest calculated in accordance with CASPA. Cherrydale 

filed a petition to strike the final award which was ultimately denied on 

October 31, 2001. While the petition was pending, Appellant Kravitz 

transferred all assets out of Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, and Eastern to 

himself and other entities under his control. 

In March 2000, Appellee initiated the instant action seeking to pierce 

the corporate veil of the Kravitz Entities and alleging fraud and fraudulent 

transfers. Several years of legal proceedings and discovery ensued before a 

bench trial commenced in January 2007. The parties agreed to bifurcate the 

trial, and after the court entered a liability verdict and order in favor of 

Appellee and against Appellants in July 2007, the damages phase 

commenced in September 2007. 

After the close of the record following the second phase of the trial, 

but before the trial court rendered its final verdict, Appellants sought recusal 

of the entire Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas. More delays 

ensued before the trial court denied the motion. On April 29, 2011, the trial 

court issued extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law determining 

that Appellant Kravitz had intentionally deprived Cherrydale of assets with 

which to pay Appellee, and had intentionally and fraudulently disregarded 

the corporate form, intermingling his and his company’s affairs to perpetrate 
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a fraud and injustice. The trial court confirmed the initial arbitration award of 

$200,601.61 and awarded compensatory and punitive damages, attorney’s 

fees, interest, and penalties for a total award of $1,688,379.10. After the 

entry of judgment on August 16, 2011, Appellants timely appealed to this

Court. A three-judge panel of this Court affirmed after adopting the trial 

court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion as its own. This Court then granted 

reargument, en banc.

Background

The Kravitz Entities

From 1994 to 1998, Appellant James B. Kravitz was the sole officer, 

director, and 100% shareholder of a group of companies known collectively 

as the Andorra Group.2 The Andorra Group was comprised of many 

subchapter S corporations involved in the home building business including, 

but not limited to, Appellants Andorra Springs, Cherrydale, and Eastern. 

Kravitz did not hold corporate meetings or otherwise conform to standard 

practices required of such entities. Appellant Kravitz personally owned The 

Reserve at Lafayette Hill in Whitemarsh Township (the “Reserve”), a large 

parcel of land which he divided into six sections for residential development. 

He contributed Sections I, II, and III, valued at $3.2 million, to Andorra 

Springs, which had been formed for the sole purpose of owning Sections I, 

 

2 The Andorra Group was a fictitious name representing all of Kravitz’s 

companies, most of which were in the home building business during the 

years 1994-1998. The name was used by Kravitz so that he could have one 

name for his developments that would be recognizable by the public.
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II, and III and developing single-family housing there. Kravitz kept Sections 

IV, V, and VI for himself. Sometime in 1996, Kravitz entered into an option 

agreement with Pulte Home Corporation of Delaware Valley (“Pulte”) 

whereby Pulte purchased Sections IV, V, and VI from Kravitz. 

Appellant Cherrydale was formed in 1989 but was inactive until 1993 

when it contracted with Andorra Springs to build single-family homes. 

Andorra Springs was Cherrydale’s only customer. Cherrydale had no capital, 

and the contract between Cherrydale and Andorra Springs had no inherent 

value to Cherrydale such that it could obtain a loan from a bank. Cherrydale 

was to receive payments directly from Andorra Springs for costs incurred in 

connection with building the homes. 

Appellant Eastern served as the management and payroll company for 

the Andorra Group. Steven A. Braun was the Chief Financial Officer of 

Eastern from 1992 to 1996. After leaving his employment with Eastern, 

Braun was retained by Kravitz to offer accounting advice and prepare the tax 

returns for the companies within the Andorra Group. 

Appellee’s Involvement and Subsequent Kravitz Actions

On November 10, 1994, Cherrydale, as the contractor for Andorra 

Springs, contracted with Appellee to supply and install floor coverings in its 

new homes. Appellee began work immediately but stopped in December 

1994 because Cherrydale had not paid him. At that point, Cherrydale owed 

Appellee $30,913.00. In January 1995, Appellee demanded that Appellant 
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Cherrydale submit to arbitration in accordance with their contract. Thomas 

C. Branca, Esq., represented Appellee at the arbitration. On May 24, 1996, 

the arbitration panel issued an interim partial award, finding that Cherrydale 

had breached its contract with Appellee and had violated CASPA, 73 P.S. §§ 

501–516. Immediately thereafter, Kravitz filed a petition seeking to have the 

interim award vacated. 

During the pendency of that petition, Appellant Kravitz and his 

accountant decided that due to allegedly declining financial conditions 

Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, and Eastern were each insolvent. Accordingly, 

on December 20, 1996, Kravitz, as sole shareholder, director and secretary 

of each company, executed a “Combined Unanimous Consent of 

Shareholders and Directors” for each of the three companies terminating 

their business activities. He also directed each company to take the 

necessary steps to wind-up and terminate all residential construction and 

related business activity and sell any remaining assets associated therewith, 

and “to pay, to the extent possible, the substantial amounts of intercompany accounts payable or to otherwise cancel those accounts payable.” 

On December 31, 1996, Cherrydale wrote off debts of $2,159,575 owed to it 

by Andorra Springs. On January 4, 1997, Kravitz authorized Cherrydale to 

cancel both its accounts payable and accounts receivable.3 

 

3 Cherrydale continued to build homes for Andorra Springs in 1997 and 1998 

even though Cherrydale was allegedly winding down its business.
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Kravitz Entities’ Inter-Company Transactions

Funds that were supposed to flow from Andorra Springs, the owner, to 

Cherrydale, the contractor, were never paid. By the end of 1996, Andorra 

Springs owed Cherrydale $3.7 million for the homes Cherrydale had built.4 

In addition, Cherrydale had incurred $714,000 in costs relating to the site 

improvements to Sections I, II, and III of the Reserve that benefited 

Sections IV, V, and VI. However, at the same time that Andorra Springs was 

indebted to Cherrydale for the costs of constructing homes, Andorra Springs 

loaned Eastern approximately $5.8 million over and above what it owed 

Eastern for management services related to the Reserve. Eastern used the 

money from Andorra Springs to fund Kravitz’s other interests, including, but 

not limited to, his horse farm, Burnt Chimney Farms,5 his personal residence 

in Gladwyne and his other properties in Upper Dublin, Hunter’s Pointe and 

Andorra Glen. By the end of 1996, Eastern had advanced over one million 

 

4 Braun authored memoranda in August 1994 and December 1995, which 

indicated that Cherrydale was profitable. It lacked cash only because 

Andorra Springs did not pay it.

5 During 1995 and 1996, Andorra Springs made cash transfers or loans to 

Burnt Chimney Farms, Kravitz’s horse farm. On December 31, 1996, the 

balance of the transfers and loans made by Andorra Springs to the farm was 

approximately $577,552. At the time of those transfers or loans, Burnt 

Chimney Farms was insolvent. Andorra Springs received no security for the 

transfers or loans, even though Burnt Chimney Farms had unencumbered 

assets valued at over $1,000,000 such as land, horses, and buildings. Burnt 

Chimney Farms never paid Andorra Springs back and Andorra Springs never 

took steps to collect the debt. Andorra Springs wrote off the $577,551.81 as 

bad debt.
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dollars to Kravitz’s then-insolvent horse farm. Eastern made no efforts to 

collect that debt. Kravitz eventually determined that Burnt Chimney Farms 

could not repay Eastern, and Eastern wrote it off as bad debt.6 Kravitz also 

determined that Eastern could not repay Andorra Springs and wrote off 

approximately $4,905,000 as bad debt. While Eastern was allegedly 

insolvent, Kravitz transferred approximately $654,108 of Eastern’s money to 

himself in the form of a capital distribution for which Eastern received 

nothing of value in return.

On June 12, 1997, the Honorable William T. Nicholas of the 

Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas denied Appellant’s petition to 

vacate and confirmed the interim arbitration award. 

In September 1997, while awaiting the entry of the final arbitration 

award, Kravitz directed Braun to make a series of adjusting journal entries 

for the year ending December 31, 1996, for the Kravitz entities. As part of 

the adjusting journal entries, Cherrydale, which had incurred $714,000 in 

costs relating to the site improvements that benefited Sections IV, V, VI,7

transferred that account receivable to Andorra Springs. Cherrydale received 

nothing from Andorra Springs for the transfer except a promise to pay. The 

promise to pay was worthless to Cherrydale because Andorra Springs was, 

 

6 Kravitz also personally loaned Burnt Chimney Farms approximately $1.8 

million, but he did not view his own loan as uncollectible and did not write 

off his loan to Burnt Chimney Farms as bad debt.

7 Site improvements include grading, underground sewer systems, roadway, 

wiring for electricity, basically preparing the site for development.
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at that time, insolvent. Once the account receivable for the site 

improvements had been transferred by journal entry adjustment to Andorra 

Springs, Andorra Springs transferred the site improvements, also via journal 

entry adjustment, to Kravitz and wrote off the debt it owed to Cherrydale. 

As a result of the transfer of the accounts receivable for the site 

improvement from Cherrydale to Andorra Springs, and from Andorra Springs 

to Kravitz, Kravitz owed Andorra Springs $714,000. Andorra Springs 

received nothing for the distribution to Kravitz, other than the cancellation of 

a loan of $124,000 allegedly made by Kravitz to Andorra Springs. Kravitz 

then received a capital distribution from Andorra Springs for the remaining 

$590,000. Andorra received nothing in exchange for the capital contribution. 

This series of transactions allowed Kravitz to avoid paying creditors of the 

Andorra Group companies, and to retain the value of the Andorra Group 

corporations through transfers of improvements, capital distributions, and 

write-offs of loans made to himself and his horse farm. 

On September 4, 1998, the arbitrators issued a final award (“Final 

Award”) pursuant to CASPA in the amount of $200,601.61, including 

compensatory damages, attorney’s fees, costs and interest determined as 

follows.

Unpaid balance for work performed by Lomas: $ 30,913.00

Interest on Unpaid balance [at 1% per month]

up to and including August 7, 1998: $ 13,302.00

Lost profit for unperformed work due to 
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improper termination of the contract: $ 94,199.00

Interest on the lost profit amount [at 6% per annum]

up to August 7, 1998 less interest on the deposit credit

from April 1, 1995 to August 7, 1998: $ 14,872.00

Attorney’s fees and litigation costs: $ 41,834.78

Reimbursement of administrative fees and

expenses: $ 4,032.66

Reimbursement of compensation and

expenses of the arbitrators: $ 1,448.17

 

 TOTAL $200,601.61

Final Award of Arbitrators, 9/4/98, at R.R. 722a.

The Final Award confirmed that interest would accrue on the unpaid 

balance for work performed ($30,913) at 1% per month as provided by 

CASPA, 73 P.S. § 512, and interest on the portion of the award for lost profit 

($94,199) would accrue at the legal rate of 6% per annum. On September 

16, 1998, after the entry of the final award as a judgment against 

Cherrydale, Cherrydale filed a petition to strike the judgment. 

During the pendency of that proceeding, Appellee conducted discovery 

in anticipation of executing on the judgment and discovered that Appellant 

Kravitz had transferred all assets from Cherrydale, Andorra Springs, and 

Eastern to his other entities and himself.

The Instant Litigation

On March 31, 2000, while awaiting the trial court’s decision on 

Cherrydale’s petition to vacate the judgment, then-Attorney Thomas Branca 
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initiated the instant action by filing a complaint on Appellee’s behalf seeking 

to collect the September 10, 1998 judgment based on: (1) piercing the 

corporate veil; (2) fraudulent transfer under the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer 

Act, 12 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5101-5110; and (3) fraud. Discovery and motions 

ensued.

In November 2001, Attorney Branca was elected to the Montgomery 

County Court of Common Pleas; he referred his case load to other attorneys, 

and filed a withdrawal of appearance in the instant matter on January 4, 

2002. On March 1, 2002, attorneys from Spector, Gadon & Rosen P.C. 

(“SGR”) entered their appearances on behalf of Appellee, and filed motions 

to compel the production of documents that had previously been requested. 

Soon thereafter, Appellant Kravitz filed a petition to have SGR disqualified. 

After a hearing, Judge Nichols concluded Appellants’ concerns were without 

merit and denied the motion in June 2002. 

When discovery was nearly complete, Appellants’ attorney sought to 

withdraw as counsel over a payment dispute with Kravitz. A hearing ensued, 

during which Appellants’ counsel assured Appellee and the court that the 

case would not be delayed by the substitution of counsel. Attorneys for both 

sides stated that they were preparing motions for summary judgment. 

Notwithstanding their promise of no further delays, in July 2004, after 

Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment, Appellants sought and 

received sixty additional days to conduct discovery. On the sixtieth day, 
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Appellants made additional requests seeking information and documents 

that had already been produced. Because of Appellants’ redundant actions, 

the resolution of Appellee’s summary judgment motion was delayed until 

June 2005 when the trial court denied it. Despite arguing in opposition to 

Appellee’s summary judgment motion that there were material issues of 

fact, Appellants then filed their own motion for summary judgment thus 

causing further delay. Judge Nicholas ultimately denied their motion and the 

case was scheduled for trial. Between 2005 and 2007, trial was continued 

numerous times due to the alleged unavailability of Appellants’ witnesses 

and experts.

At a pre-trial conference on January 12, 2007, the Honorable Thomas 

P. Rogers discussed with counsel, and specifically with Appellants’ counsel, 

Steve Kapustin, Esq., the issue of now-Judge Branca having previously 

represented Appellee. Judge Rogers gave assurances to the parties that he 

had never discussed the case with Judge Branca. All counsel unequivocally 

agreed to proceed before Judge Rogers. 

The liability phase of the bifurcated trial commenced on January 16, 

2007. Accountants for both sides testified regarding the financial activities 

of Appellants, including the various transfers and loans amongst them, 

Kravitz’s declaration of insolvency of each of Appellant Corporations after the 

entry of the May 1996 interim arbitration award, and the resulting tax 

implications and benefits flowing to Kravitz. On July 30, 2007, Judge Rogers 
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entered a liability verdict and order in favor of Appellee and against 

Appellants, concluding that Kravitz had misused his corporations and 

fraudulently transferred assets out of Cherrydale in wanton disregard for the 

rights of Appellee as a creditor. The court also concluded that the testimony 

provided by Kravitz and Braun was not credible. The court scheduled the 

second phase of the trial on damages and attorney’s fees to begin in 

September 2007.

In preparation for the damages phase of the trial, Appellee served 

requests for production of documents on Appellants seeking to identify the 

net worth of Kravitz and his entities. Appellee received only a small number 

of the documents requested. On the eve of trial in September 2007, Kravitz 

produced tax returns and joints statements of financial condition between 

himself and his wife, but refused to produce many other court-ordered 

documents.8 

At trial, Judge Branca testified regarding his involvement in this case 

prior to his ascension to the bench, his earned counsel fees, his referral of 

the case to SGR, and the referral fee Appellee had directed SGR to pay him 

at the end of the case. See Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”), 9/6/07, R.R. at 

 

8 Kravitz refused to produce, among other things, 14 appraisals on nonresidential real estate he owned, brokerage or bank statements for 2006 or 

2007, documentation regarding certificates of deposit and money market 

funds held or cashed out in January 2007, and documents relating to two 

partnerships in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
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2504.9Judge Branca also testified that he had spoken with SGR and 

Appellee periodically about the case and indicated that his discussions 

“[were] nothing of substance.” Id., at 2502. He also noted that he recalled 

a discussion with an SGR attorney regarding Appellee’s expert’s discussion of 

tax issues in his report, but observed that those issues that “were far from 

significant.” Id., at 2503. 

Judge Branca also clearly testified that he had never spoken with any 

judge about this case. 

Three other witnesses, including Appellant Kravitz, then testified. 

Kravitz refused to answer many questions regarding his assets and the 

transfer of his assets. Kravitz did testify, however, that in 2001, he had $5.5 

million in equity in the land owned by one of the Andorra entities, which was 

subsequently sold for $32 million. Kravitz and his wife split the net proceeds 

80-20, and each opened certificates of deposit in the amount of $2 million. 

He would not or could not identify what was done with the remaining 

proceeds from the sale. He testified that the certificates of deposit had been 

liquidated in January 2007, but refused to state what he had done with the 

proceeds. 

 

9

Judge Branca testified that Appellee and SGR had decided that he would 

receive “a third referral of the net proceeds as a fee.” Id., at 21-22. There 

is no indication in the record as to what “a third referral of the net proceeds” 

means or what it would include under the agreement forged between 

Appellee and SGR. 
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Kravitz also testified regarding numerous other assets, including 

commercial and residential parcels of land located in Plymouth Township, 

Upper Dublin, Hunter’s Pointe, and Philadelphia, which were owned by 

various S Corporations in which he had an 80%-100% interest. He also 

testified that he owned 100% of the S Corporation that owned Burnt 

Chimney Farms, the 160 acre farm with polo fields, which he stated was 

valued at $3.5 million.10 He also stated that in December 2006 he had $3 

million in certificates of deposit and an additional $5 million in a money 

market account, but Kravitz could not identify where those funds had gone. 

He also stated that he had a home valued at $1.9 million in Gladwyne; a 

condominium in Florida, which he had transferred to a joint ownership with 

his wife during the pendency of the litigation; and a 2007 BMW for which he 

had paid $140,000 in cash. Kravitz testified that at the close of 2006, he had 

a net worth of over $27 million. See Findings of Fact – Damages, at 12-15.

At the close of the damages trial, over Appellee’s objection, Appellants 

were granted 30 days to determine whether they needed to retain a forensic 

accountant to review the redacted invoices submitted by Appellee’s 

attorneys. Although they stated that they would tell the court of their 

decision, the thirty days passed with no word from Appellants. 

 

10 Kravitz also testified that he “may have” paid the expenses for polo 

players from Argentina to play polo at the Farms, although he could not or 

would not testify as to which years and how many years he may have done 

so. Findings of Fact – Damages at 15, ¶ 71.
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On October 15, 2007, after the record had been closed, Appellants 

appeared with newly retained counsel and submitted a motion for recusal of 

the entire Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas, transfer of venue, or 

assignment to an out-of-county judge based on Judge Branca’s involvement 

with the case. On December 31, 2008, Judge Rogers denied the motion, 

stating: 

The imputed “appearance of impropriety” which Defendants 

claim exists by virtue of Judge Branca’s interest in the 

underlying case provides the court with no legal basis upon 

which to conclude that Defendants cannot receive, have not 

received or will not continue to receive a fair and impartial trial 

in Montgomery County. 

* * *

No appearance of impropriety exists or is presumed to exist 

simply because a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of 

Montgomery County has an interest in the underlying case. 

* * *

The undersigned will not permit a party who is dissatisfied with 

the progress of the trial mid-stream to arbitrarily attempt to 

cause the disqualification of the Presiding Judge. Judge shopping 

has been universally condemned and will not be tolerated at any 

stage of the proceedings. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Ryan, 

400 A.2d 1264 (Pa. 1979). The record here does not show 

prejudice or bias, hence, without substantiation in the record 

that they did not receive a full, fair and impartial trial, 

Defendants shall not be permitted to question the court’s 

verdict.

Trial Court Opinion, dated 12/31/08, at 8, 12-13.

The court entered partial judgment pursuant to its July 30, 2007 order 

in favor of Appellee and against Appellants for $200,601.61. Appellants filed 
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an interlocutory appeal, which this Court quashed on March 5, 2009. 

Appellants then filed an application for extraordinary relief with our Supreme 

Court requesting that it exercise its King’s Bench authority to assume 

plenary jurisdiction. Appellants simultaneously filed a motion for a stay of 

trial court proceedings with both this Court and our Supreme Court pending 

the outcome of the King’s Bench application. The Superior Court denied 

Appellants’ motion for a stay, and on June 3, 2009, our Supreme Court 

denied by per curiam order both the motion for a stay and Appellants’ 

application for extraordinary relief. Appellants then filed a petition for 

reconsideration with the trial court for reconsideration of its denial of the 

recusal motion. That petition was denied, and on July 19, 2010, the trial 

court heard closing arguments on Appellee’s claims for interest, attorney 

fees, and punitive damages. 

On April 29, 2011, the trial court issued two orders, one detailing 

findings of fact and conclusions of law with respect to Appellants’ liability, 

and the other assessing compensatory and punitive damages, penalties, 

interest, and attorney’s fees in the amount of $1,688,379.10 as of April 30, 

2011. After the denial of Appellants’ post-trial motion, the prothonotary 

entered final judgment on August 16, 2011. 

Appellants timely appealed to this Court, and have briefed the 

following seven issues. 

Whether, as a matter of law, the entire bench of the 

Montgomery Court of Common Pleas should have been recused, 
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and/or full, complete, and required discovery permitted, because 

of the irreparable appearance of impropriety created by the 

ongoing participation and financial interest in the litigation by a 

sitting member of that Court?

Whether, as a matter of law, the testimony of Appellee’s expert 

should have been discredited and/or stricken, because Appellee’s 

attorneys and a sitting member of the Montgomery County 

bench improperly altered, edited, and influenced the content of 

the expert’s report. [sic]

Whether, as a matter of law, the corporate veil can be pierced to 

find James B. Kravitz individually liable, and all Appellants liable 

for fraudulent transfers, based on non-cash accounting 

adjustments and bookkeeping entries made by licensed 

professional accountants in the ordinary course of business 

pursuant to generally accepted accounting practices for the 

lawful purpose of minimizing tax liabilities. [sic]

Whether, as a matter of law, punitive damages may be awarded 

where the underlying arbitration award was based on the 

Contractor and Subcontractor Payment Act, which includes a 

provision authorizing the award of a statutory punitive penalty. 

[sic]

Whether, as a matter of law, punitive damages may be awarded 

where Appellants’ conduct was motivated by generally accepted 

accounting and tax planning principles and not outrageous, 

willful, wanton, or reckless, and where Appellants’ conduct in 

defending the litigation was within its due process rights and was 

not dilatory, obdurate, and/or vexatious?

Whether, as a matter of law, a punitive damages award far 

exceeding a 1:1 ratio with the compensatory damages award 

violates Appellants’ rights to due process under the United 

States Constitution?

Whether, as a matter of law, the trial court could award Lomas 

attorney’s fees, interest, and penalties under the Contractor and 

Subcontractor Payment Act (“CASPA”) when Lomas did not bring 

a claim under CASPA, the trial court was precluded from altering 

or adjusting the underlying arbitration award which did award 

certain damages under CASPA, and the trial court misapplied 

CASPA in its award of damages?
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Appellants’ Brief at 2-3.

Discussion

Our standard and scope of review of a non-jury verdict are as follows.

Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is 

to determine whether the findings of the trial court are 

supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court 

committed error in any application of the law. The findings of 

fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect 

on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a 

light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the 

trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by 

competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised 

on an error of law. However, [where] the issue ... concerns a 

question of law, our review is plenary. 

The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from a 

non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because it is 

the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court correctly 

applied the law to the facts of the case.

Stephan v. Waldron Electric Heating and Cooling LLC, 100 A.3d 660, 

664-665 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted). “[A]bsent an abuse of 

discretion, the reviewing court is bound by the trial court’s credibility 

determinations.” De Lage Landen Financial Services, Inc. v. M.B. 

Management Co., Inc., 888 A.2d 895, 898 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation 

omitted).

Recusal 

In their first issue, Appellants aver that Judge Rogers erred in not 

granting their motion to recuse the entire bench of the Montgomery County 

Court of Common Pleas after the close of the damages trial. Although they 
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concede that there is no evidence that Judge Rogers showed bias, unfairness 

or prejudice, Appellants nevertheless argue that because Judge Branca 

continued to have a connection with the case after his election to the bench, 

the mere appearance of impropriety existed such that recusal of the entire 

bench was required. Appellants have waived this argument for failing to 

timely raise it at the first possible opportunity.

“A party seeking recusal or disqualification [is required] to raise the 

objection at the earliest possible moment, or that party will suffer the 

consequence of being time barred.” In re Lokuta, 11 A.3d 427, 437 (Pa. 

2011) (emphasis added) (quoting Goodheart v. Casey, 565 A.2d 757, 763 

(Pa. 1989)). Once a party has waived the issue, “he cannot be heard to 

complain following an unfavorable result.” Commonwealth v. Stanton, 

440 A.2d 585, 588 n.6 (Pa. Super. 1982) (citations omitted).

Here, Appellants had two opportunities to seek recusal before they 

eventually filed their motion. The first opportunity occurred before trial in 

January 2007 when Judge Rogers informed the parties of Judge Branca’s 

prior representation and assured them of his (Judge Rogers’s) ability to 

remain fair and impartial. Appellants’ second opportunity to seek recusal 

occurred on September 6, 2007, immediately after Judge Branca testified 

regarding his past and current involvement with the case. 

Appellants contend that it was on September 6, 2007, that they first 

learned that Judge Branca had maintained an interest in the case. As a 
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22

result, Appellants argue that September 6, 2007, was the “earliest possible 

moment” in which they should have filed their recusal motion. In re 

Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 437. However, rather than file an immediate recusal 

motion, Appellants allowed the trial to proceed with testimony from three 

more witnesses including, most significantly, Appellant Kravitz. See N.T., 

Damages Trial, 9/6/07, at 65-83. As noted, Kravitz’s testimony appeared 

extremely evasive and fabricated. It was only after this negative 

development that newly-retained counsel appeared and filed Appellants’ 

recusal motion. To be more specific, it was not until Appellants requested a 

post-hearing thirty-day review of the attorneys’ bills, and the thirty-day 

period had passed without Appellants filing any relevant documents, and not 

until the record had closed, that newly-retained counsel appeared and filed 

the recusal motion. 

This action, or lack of action, is unacceptable and untimely. Judge 

Rogers told Appellants’ counsel of Judge Branca’s earlier involvement in the 

litigation prior to trial. Appellants took no action to question Judge Branca on 

the extent of his involvement, either informally or formally through a 

deposition. Appellants could have easily found out about Judge Branca’s 

continued financial interest by just asking him. Instead, “Appellant[s] chose 

to remain silent, resorting to the unconscionable and reprehensible tactic of 

laying in the grass, waiting until the decision [was imminent], and then 

raising the disqualification issue[.]” Goodheart, 565 A.2d at 763. Because 
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23

Appellants failed to timely raise their motion, they waived the recusal issue. 

See, e.g., Datagate, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 941 F.2d 864, 871-

872 (9th Cir. 1991) (delay of six weeks rendered motion untimely); Apple 

v. Jewish Hosp. and Medical Center., 829 F.2d 326, 334 (2d Cir. 1987) 

(noting a delay of two months after movant learned of facts allegedly 

requiring recusal rendered motion untimely). See also In re International 

Business Machines Corporation, 45 F.3d 641, 643 (2d Cir. 1995). 

Every jurisdiction has recognized that disqualification of a judge is 

waivable, and “if a party knows of facts that would disqualify a judge, but 

does not move for disqualification, the right to do so at a later date will be 

considered waived.” James J. Alfini et al., Judicial Conduct and Ethics § 4.14 

(4th ed. 2007). Paramount among concerns about an untimely motion to 

disqualify a judge is a party’s late attempt to judge shop: “Given the 

importance of court proceeding, not to mention their time and expense, a 

party should not be able to save an objection until a later date as a hedge 

against losing a case.” Id. 

Among other citations, the treatise cites to a Pennsylvania decision, 

Reilly by Reilly v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transp. Authority, 479 

A.2d 973 (Pa. Super. 1984), aff’d, 489 A.2d 1291 (Pa. 1985), for the well 

settled policy that a motion for the disqualification of a judge “should be 

made at the earliest possible time after a party has actual notice of 

disqualifying facts.” 
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24

Our opinion in Reilly, as well as the Pennsylvania Supreme Court's 

opinion in the same case, clearly mandates the necessity of a timely motion 

for disqualification.

In Reilly, the Superior Court concluded that the defendant SEPTA had 

not timely filed its Motion for Recusal because it had not been raised during 

trial and was only raised for the first time during post-appeal pleadings. The 

panel found broad support in the holdings of federal and state decisions.

If the party fails to object at the earliest opportunity following 

receipt of actual knowledge, the objection will be held waived. A 

party may not elect to take a chance on gaining a favorable 

decision and then, if the decision is unfavorable, raise grounds 

for recusal of which he or his counsel had actual knowledge prior 

to the decision being made. See Delesdernier v. Porterie, 666 

F.2d 116 (5th Cir.) ... (motion untimely when judge made 

disclosure of relationship pre-trial and recusal motion was made 

for first time on appeal after two full trials); Potashnick v. Port 

City Construction Co., [609 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir) ... (grounds for 

recusal raised for first time on appeal not waived because it was 

not discovered until after trial); United States v. Conforte, 624 

f.2d 869 (9th Cir.) ... (cannot raise grounds for recusal for first 

time on appeal when had notice of facts earlier -- timeliness 

cannot be disregarded in all cases, although it may be in 

extraordinary cases); Smith v. Danyo, 585 F.2d 83 (3d. Cir. 

1978) (timeliness is significant because cannot tolerate litigant 

knowing information and holding back hoping for favorable 

rulings and then seeking recusal when rulings are not favorable; 

recusal motion filed three months after events giving rise to 

objection but before trial and when there had been no rulings in 

meantime is timely); United States v. Kelly, 519 F.Supp. 1029

(D.Mass. 1981) (motion untimely where attorney had knowledge 

of facts but waited until after six week trial, mistrial and Rule 

29(c) motion to file recusal motion); Commonwealth v. 

Pavkovich, 444 Pa. 530, 283 A.2d 295 (1971) (was error for 

judge who had been prosecuting attorney to sit on court en banc 

in deciding post-trial motions, but no objection was raised prior 

to appeal); Commonwealth v. Musto, 348 Pa. 300, 35 A.2d 

307 (1944) (defendant waived objection when he proceeded to 
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25

trial without objection, despite knowledge that judge may have 

been a witness); Commonwealth v. Bahl, 111 Pa. Super. 598, 

170 A. 346 (1934) (motion untimely when judge made 

disclosure before Plaintiff completed his case and motion was 

made at end of defendant’s case). 

479 A.2d at 988.

Further, even if the issue were not waived, we cannot agree with the 

Dissent’s overstated conclusion that there was an inherent appearance of 

impropriety in Judge Rogers presiding over this case. While the appearance 

of impropriety alone is enough to warrant recusal, recusal must occur only 

under appropriate circumstances. Those circumstances were not present 

here. 

The party who asserts that a trial judge must be disqualified must 

“produce evidence establishing bias, prejudice, or unfairness which raises a 

substantial doubt as to the jurist’s ability to preside impartially.” Arnold v. 

Arnold, 847 A.2d 674, 680 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation omitted). There is a 

presumption that judges of this Commonwealth are “honorable, fair and 

competent,” In re Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 453 (Pa. 2011) (citation omitted), 

and, when confronted with a recusal demand, are able to determine whether 

they can rule “in an impartial manner, free of personal bias or interest in the 

outcome,” Arnold, 847 A.2d at 680 (citation omitted). If the judge 

determines he or she can be impartial, “the judge must then decide whether 

his or her continued involvement in the case creates an appearance of 

impropriety and/or would tend to undermine public confidence in the 
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26

judiciary. This is a personal and unreviewable decision that only the jurist 

can make.” Id., at 680-681 (citation omitted). A judge’s decision to deny a 

recusal motion will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. See In 

re Lokuta, 11 A.3d at 435.

Here, Appellants presented no evidence that established bias, 

prejudice, or unfairness which raised a substantial doubt as to Judge 

Rogers’s ability to preside impartially. 

Our Supreme Court has recognized that it 

would be an unworkable rule which demanded that a trial judge 

recuse whenever an acquaintance was a party to or had an 

interest in the controversy. Such a rule ignores that judges 

throughout the Commonwealth know and are known by many 

people, ... and assumes that no judge can remain impartial when 

presiding in such a case.

Commonwealth v. Perry, 364 A.2d 312, 318 (Pa. 1976). See also Korner 

v. Warman, 659 A.2d 83, 85 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (finding no reason for 

recusal “just because a fellow county judge is allegedly implicated in a case, 

where the trial judge foresees no problems with impartiality[]”). Moreover, 

[w]hile the mediation of courts is based upon the principle of 

judicial impartiality, disinterestedness, and fairness pervading 

the whole system of judicature, so that courts may as near as 

possible be above suspicion, there is, on the other side, an 

important issue at stake: that is, that causes may not be unfairly 

prejudiced, unduly delayed, or discontent created through 

unfounded charges of prejudice or unfairness made against the 

judge in the trial of a cause. It is of great importance to the 

administration of justice that such should not occur. If the judge 

feels that he can hear and dispose of the case fairly and without 

prejudice, his decision will be final unless there is an abuse of 

discretion. This must be so for the security of the bench and the 

successful administration of justice. Otherwise, unfounded and 
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27

ofttimes malicious charges made during the trial by bold and 

unscrupulous advocates might be fatal to a cause, or litigation 

might be unfairly and improperly held up awaiting the decision of 

such a question or the assignment of another judge to try the 

case. If lightly countenanced, such practice might be resorted to, 

thereby tending to discredit the judicial system. The conscience 

of the judge alone is brought in question; he should, as far as 

possible, avoid any feeling of unfairness or hostility to the 

litigants in a case.

Reilly by Reilly, 489 A.2d at 1299 (emphasis added).

Appellants and the Dissent rely on Commonwealth ex rel. Armor v. 

Armor, 398 A.2d 173 (Pa. Super. 1978) (en banc) (plurality), in support of 

the assertion that recusal of the entire bench is required. Initially, we note 

that Armor provides no precedential value regarding the issues of recusal 

and appearance of impropriety by a trial court.11

In Armor, a father filed a petition with the Montgomery County Court 

of Common Pleas to reduce his child support obligation. The day before the 

 

11 Although Armor was written by Judge Price, in relation to the issues of 

recusal and appearance of impropriety, one judge concurred and one judge 

concurred in the result only. Three judges explicitly dissented from Judge 

Price’s holding that no judge of the Montgomery County bench could hear 

the child support case, i.e., Judge Cercone in his concurring and dissenting 

opinion, and Judge Wieand, joined by Judge Hester, in his dissenting 

opinion. Therefore, not only is Armor a plurality opinion, which carries no 

binding authority, the majority holding was not joined by a sufficient number 

of judges to warrant precedential value. See Interest of O.A., 717 A.2d 

490, 496 n.4 (Pa. 1998) (“While the ultimate order of a plurality opinion, 

i.e., an affirmance or reversal, is binding on the parties in that particular 

case, legal conclusions and/or reasoning employed by a plurality certainly do 

not constitute binding authority.”); Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 

544, 556 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en banc) (“Where, as here, however, the 

concurrence does not explicitly state its agreement or disagreement with the 

plurality, we must look to the substance of the concurrence to determine the 

extent to which it provides precedential value to points of agreement.”).
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28

hearing, he moved for a change of venue, asserting that because his former 

wife was (1) married to a judge on the bench, and (2) represented by the 

county controller, any hearing within Montgomery County would create the 

appearance of impropriety. The trial court denied the motion for a change of 

venue and dismissed the petition. On appeal, the Superior Court opined that 

the father could receive a fair and impartial hearing in Montgomery County. 

We nonetheless vacated the trial court’s orders, stating: 

[W]e should not approve the procedure whereby any of the 

judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County are 

called upon to rule on matters relating to wife-appellee's child 

support matters. Such actions would, in our opinion, tend to 

weaken the public confidence in a court that has established an 

enviable record in its performance and service to Montgomery 

County and its citizens. Pursuant to Canon 1 of the Code of 

Judicial Conduct such action would be contrary to the 

appearance of integrity and independence of the judiciary which 

we are charged with preserving.

Further, we believe that such action is contrary to Canon 2 of the 

Code of Judicial Conduct in that it does not promote public 

confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary. 

Id., at 174.12 

 

12 Appellee responds by reiterating the trial court’s opinion that Armor had 

been “abrogated” when the Supreme Court declined, in a per curiam order, 

to take the opportunity to “uphold the presumptive standard articulated in 

Armor” and thus, “specifically rejected it.” Appellee’s Brief, at 18 (citing In 

re Estate of Brockerman, 480 A.2d 1199, 1201 n.3 (Pa. Super. 1984)). 

The Supreme Court did not issue an opinion with its remand order in 

Brockerman. It cannot be said that Armor has been “abrogated” by 

Brockerman or that our Supreme Court’s action in Brockerman has any 

precedential value. See Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 

937-938 (Pa. 2009) (citing case law for the proposition that per curiam

orders hold no precedential authority).
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29

Contrary to Appellants’ contention, the Armor ruling does not create a 

presumption that in all cases where a member of the bench has an interest 

the entire bench must be recused. Rather, the Armor decision confirms the 

principle that review of recusal determinations is to be made on a case-bycase basis in light of the specific underlying facts, the nature of the interest, 

and the relationship of the entire bench to that interest. As stated by the 

Honorable Donald Wieand in his dissent, which expressed the consensus of 

half of the judges in Armor:

The public expects and has a right to demand a high degree of 

integrity and ethical responsibility on the part of its judges. 

There can be no doubt that all judicial proceedings must be free 

from appearances of impropriety. Therefore, a judge should not 

participate in proceedings in which his or her objectivity and 

impartiality are likely to be impaired. On the other hand, the 

public also expects courage and independence on the part of its 

judges. It is the individual judge who must in the first instance 

determine whether in good conscience and judgment he or she 

can hear a dispute objectively and impartially, or whether there 

should be a recusal. His or her decision will not be disturbed 

unless there is an abuse of discretion. The public is entitled to 

the independent judgment of its judiciary and should not be 

denied that judgment by unsupported claims of partiality.

In my judgment, public confidence in the judiciary will be 

strengthened, not weakened, by respecting and upholding the 

trial judge’s determination that he could hear and decide the 

instant case impartially. Public confidence is not weakened 

because judges are called upon to hear and decide difficult and 

controversial cases. The public does expect, however, that 

judges will rise above any influence which is inherent in the high 

or low estate of litigants who come before them. Courage and 

integrity are the hallmarks of an independent judiciary. More 

often than we like to contemplate, it is recusals too readily 

tendered in complex and controversial cases which weaken 

public respect for the judiciary.

Id., at 178 (internal citation omitted). 
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30

Furthermore, in Armor, the motion was made before the hearing, not 

after the record had been closed, as in the case before us now. Here, the 

Appellants had the advantage of knowing that Judge Rogers had ruled 

against them in the liability portion of the trial, and that the testimony of 

Kravitz was appalling when he tried to hide his assets and divert funds to 

frustrate the court’s award. 

Our Code of Judicial Conduct “set[s] a norm of conduct for all our 

judges and do[es] not impose substantive legal duties on them.” 

Commonwealth v. Druce, 848 A.2d 104, 109 (Pa. 2004) (citation 

omitted). While Judge Branca’s discussions of the case with Appellee’s 

counsel may or may not raise a personal ethical issue under our Code of 

Judicial Conduct, the circumstances here do not provide a legal or ethical 

reason to impugn the impartiality of the entire bench of the Montgomery 

Court of Common Pleas or that of Judge Rogers. See id. As noted above, 

before the trial got underway in January 2007, Judge Rogers discussed with 

counsel, and specifically with Appellants’ counsel, the issue of now-Judge 

Branca having previously represented Appellee. Most significantly, Judge 

Rogers gave assurances to the parties that he had never discussed the case 

with Judge Branca, and all counsel unequivocally agreed to proceed before 

Judge Rogers. 

There is no dispute that Judge Rogers was fair and impartial at all 

times. We repeat, Appellants concede that there is no evidence that Judge 
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31

Rogers showed bias, unfairness, or prejudice. We, therefore, conclude that 

even if the motion for recusal had been timely raised, Judge Rogers did not 

abuse his discretion in denying Appellants’ motions to recuse, change venue, 

or assign an out-of-county judge.

The result advocated by the Dissent, that the damages verdict should 

be vacated and the case remanded for a new trial, is unfair and an improper 

exercise of judicial power. The Dissent’s position would be extremely 

prejudicial to Appellee in that it would place Appellee at a distinct 

disadvantage in this 20-year-old litigation. The trial judge who heard the 

evidence and made findings relevant to the liability decision would not be 

the judge who addresses the damages portion of the case. The credibility 

decisions, the observations of the witnesses and other evidence, and the 

conclusions reached by the trial judge in the liability phase would be 

rendered meaningless because another judge would have to hear and decide 

the damages portion of the case. If this were caused by necessity, such as 

the retirement or death of a trial judge, then we would not have any 

concerns. However, to remove the trial judge midstream, on an issue that 

was easily discoverable by Appellants prior to trial would be unfair and 

unprecedented.

Admission of Expert’s Report

Appellants aver that “the trial court erred in admitting and relying 

upon testimony of Plaintiff’s expert” because “Judge Branca improperly 
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32

influenced key aspects of Mr. Dovell’s report.” Appellant’s Brief at 34. At no 

time prior to this appeal have Appellants specifically averred that the 

expert’s testimony was inadmissible or unreliable.13 As the trial court noted, 

although Appellants raised 57 errors in their Motion for Post-Trial Relief, they 

did not assert that the trial court erred in admitting and relying on the 

report. Arguments not raised below are waived for purposes of appeal. See

Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Accordingly, this issue was not preserved and is therefore 

waived on appeal.14

Piercing the Corporate Veil

Appellants maintain that their non-cash accounting methods, “made 

for the purpose of minimizing Kravitz’s personal tax burden [and having] no 

effect on Cherrydale’s ability to pay its creditors,” could not be used to hold 

Appellants Kravitz, Andorra, and Eastern liable for the judgment against 

Cherrydale. Appellants’ Brief at 37 (citing Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 

465, 469 (1935)). 

 

13 In their motion for recusal and motion for reconsideration of the recusal 

motion, Appellants asserted only that Judge Branca gave his opinion on the 

report to Appellee’s attorney during a telephone discussion about the case. 

At no time prior to this appeal did Appellants argue that the report had been 

improperly admitted and did not seek preclusion of the report or the expert’s 

testimony. In their motion for post-trial relief, Appellants again did not argue 

that the trial court improperly admitted or relied upon the expert or 

testimony. 

14 Moreover, even if the issue had not been waived, as the trial court 

observed, “there is no evidence to support an assertion that Judge Branca, 

or anyone else, improperly influenced” the content of the expert’s report. 

Trial Court Opinion, dated 1/15/13, at 30-31.
J-E03004-14

33

Piercing the corporate veil provides a “means of assessing liability for 

the acts of a corporation against an equity holder in the corporation.” 

Village at Camelback Property Owners Assn. Inc. v. Carr, 538 A.2d 

528, 532 (Pa. Super. 1988), aff’d, 572 A.2d 1 (Pa. 1990) (per curiam). 

The legal fiction that a corporation is a legal entity separate and 

distinct from its shareholders was designed to serve convenience 

and justice, and will be disregarded whenever justice or public 

policy require and where rights of innocent parties are not 

prejudiced nor the theory of the corporate entity rendered 

useless. We have said that whenever one in control of a 

corporation uses that control, or uses the corporate assets, to 

further his or her own personal interests, the fiction of the 

separate corporate identity may properly be disregarded.

Id., at 532-533 (citations omitted).

“[T]here is a strong presumption in Pennsylvania against piercing the 

corporate veil.” Lumax Industries, Inc. v. Aultman, 669 A.2d 893, 895 

(Pa. 1995). We consider the following factors when determining whether to 

pierce the corporate veil: (1) undercapitalization; (2) failure to adhere to 

corporate formalities; (3) substantial intermingling of corporate and personal 

affairs, and (4) use of the corporate form to perpetrate a fraud. See id. The 

“legal fiction of a separate corporate entity was designed to serve 

convenience and justice, and will be disregarded whenever justice or public 

policy demand and when the rights of innocent parties are not prejudiced 

nor the theory of corporate entity rendered useless.” Ashley v. Ashley, 393 

A.2d 637, 641 (Pa. 1978) (citations omitted).
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34

Appellants cite Gregory as illustrative of their position that the 

corporate veil cannot be pierced and transactions cannot be considered 

fraudulent when they are “motivated by the desire to achieve the best 

possible tax benefit.” Appellants’ Brief at 37. In Gregory, a taxpayer 

“reorganized” her business in accordance with the applicable statute to 

obtain cash from her business and avoid a tax liability. The United States 

Supreme Court affirmed the tax commissioner’s determination that the 

“reorganization” was without substance and the tax payer was liable for tax 

as if she had been paid a dividend. The United States Supreme Court 

recognized that a taxpayer has a legal right to decrease the amount of what 

would be his or her taxes or avoid them all together “by means which the 

law permits” but noted that the “rule which excludes from consideration the 

tax avoidance is not pertinent to the situation” because the “reorganization” 

at issue had been an “elaborate and devious form of conveyance 

masquerading as a corporate reorganization.” 293 U.S. at 470. 

The trial court’s extensive findings of fact meticulously detail the 

numerous transactions Appellant Kravitz orchestrated among Cherrydale, 

Andorra Springs, Eastern, and other entities so as to render Appellant 

Kravitz’s alleged motive of tax avoidance not pertinent. As the trial court 

observed:

But for Kravitz’s direction that Andorra Springs loan money to 

Eastern and Kravitz’s other entities and his subsequent direction 

that Andorra Springs not repay Cherrydale for its intercompany 

loans, Cherrydale would have realized a profit of approximately 
J-E03004-14

35

$250,000 in 1996. [ ] Cherrydale was profitable as reflected by 

the tax returns, but it ultimately did not pay its creditors 

because it was not paid by Andorra Springs, nor was it repaid for 

loans made by it to Kravitz and his other entities. [ ] Andorra 

Springs’ 1996 tax return and Kravitz’s tax planning papers 

demonstrate that, but for Kravitz’s direction[ ] that Eastern and 

the other entities not repay their loans to Andorra Springs, 

Andorra Springs would have realized a profit of more than $2.1 

million. Had Andorra Springs retained the monies it made on 

home sales rather than lend those monies to Eastern and 

Kravitz’s other entities, Andorra Springs would have had 

sufficient funds to pay Cherrydale. [ ] Had Eastern not lent 

monies to other Kravitz entities, whose purposes had nothing to 

do with constructing or selling homes in the Reserve, Eastern 

would have had money with which to pay Andorra Springs. [ ] 

Kravitz personally authorized the intercompany loans, declared 

the companies insolvent, distributed the capital to himself and 

authorized the write-off of the loans – all for his personal benefit 

and to the detriment of creditors like [Appellee]. 

* * *

[ ]In his capacity as President and sole-shareholder, Kravitz was 

... the only person within the Andorra Group with the authority to 

bind the corporations to loans or other contracts. [He] signed 

the tax returns for Cherrydale[, Andorra Springs, and Eastern] 

for 1994 through 1998 and caused the returns to be filed. [ ] 

Kravitz personally directed that Andorra Springs’ intercompany 

payables’ be cancelled. 

* * *

[ ]As a result of his sale of properties to Pulte and others in 

1996, Kravitz had significant taxable income in 1996. [ ] 

Without the Andorra Group’s bad debt deductions, Kravitz would 

have been required to pay over a million dollars in tax. [ ] 

Because of the Andorra Group’s bad debt deduction, Kravitz paid 

only $3,734 in tax. [ ] The series of Adjusting Journal Entries 

made at the end of 1996 was to the companies’ detriment and to 

the benefit of Kravitz, in that the entries allowed Kravitz (1) not 

to pay creditors of the Andorra Group companies and (2) to 

retain the value of the Andorra Group corporations through 

transfers of improvements, capital distributions and write-offs of 

loans made to himself and his horse farm. 
J-E03004-14

36

Findings of Fact – Liability at 32-33, 35-37, ¶¶ 135-139, 144-157 (internal 

paragraph numbers, headings and citations to Reproduced Record omitted).

Based on our thorough review of the record and relevant case law, we 

conclude that the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the record 

and its conclusions of law contain no error. There is sufficient evidence in the 

record showing that (1) Cherrydale had been undercapitalized; (2) Kravitz 

had failed to adhere to corporate formalities; (3) there was extensive 

intermingling of the various corporations’ funds; and (4) Appellant had used 

the corporate form to perpetuate a fraud, specifically, to remove assets from 

the reach of creditors, like Appellee. See Lumax Industries, Inc.

We also note that Appellants’ arguments against piercing the corporate 

veil are based entirely on a self-serving recitation of the evidence, with 

particular emphasis on the testimony of their corporate accountant, which 

the court found to be not credible. It is well-settled that a fact-finder’s 

credibility determinations may not be overturned by a reviewing court as 

long as there is sufficient evidence in the record to support those 

determinations. See In re Merlo, 58 A.3d 1, 27 (Pa. 2012). We conclude 

that the court’s credibility determinations are supported by the record and 

are not “manifestly erroneous, arbitrary and capricious or flagrantly contrary 

to the evidence.” J.J. DeLuca Company, Inc. v. Toll Naval Associates, 

56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super. 2012).
J-E03004-14

37

Punitive Damages

Appellants aver that the trial court erred in awarding punitive damages 

because “there was no evidence of outrageous, willful, wanton or reckless 

conduct,” and fraudulent conduct alone is not enough upon which to base 

punitive damages. Appellant’s Brief at 41. They also argue that the punitive 

damages award is unconstitutionally disproportionate to the award of 

compensatory damages.15

In reviewing challenges to punitive damage awards, we determine 

whether the trial court has committed any abuse of discretion or whether 

after a complete and exhaustive review of the record, the award shocks the 

court’s sense of justice. See Empire Trucking Co., Inc. v. Reading 

Anthracite Coal Co., 71 A.3d 923, 938 (Pa. Super. 2013).

Punitive damages are awarded to punish a person and/or entity for 

“outrageous conduct.” Kirkbride v. Lisbon Contractors, Inc., 555 A.2d 

800, 802 (Pa. 1989) (citing Restatement (Second) Torts § 908(1)). Conduct 

is considered “outrageous” where a defendant’s actions shows either “an evil 

motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others.” J.J. DeLuca

Company, Inc., 56 A.3d at 415-416 (citation omitted).

 

15 In addition, Appellants provide a three-sentence argument that because 

CASPA allows for “penalty damages, as a matter of law the trial court was 

prohibited from awarding common law punitive damages.” Appellants’ Brief, 

at 49. Appellants cite inapposite and non-precedential case law and fail to 

develop their argument. We, thus, conclude this argument is waived and, in 

any event, without merit.
J-E03004-14

38

“Reckless indifference to the interests of others”, or as it is 

sometimes referred to, “wanton misconduct”, means that the 

actor has intentionally done an act of an unreasonable character, 

in disregard of a risk known to him or so obvious that he must 

be taken to have been aware of it, and so great as to make it 

highly probable that harm would follow.

McClellan v. Health Maintenance Organization of Pennsylvania, 604 

A.2d 1053, 1061 (Pa. Super. 1992) (citations omitted).

The determination of whether a person’s actions arise to outrageous 

conduct lies within the sound discretion of the fact-finder and will not be 

disturbed on review, provided that discretion has not been abused. See J.J. 

Deluca Company, Inc., 56 A.3d at 416. Our review is informed by the 

following principles:

Under Pennsylvania law the size of a punitive damages award 

must be reasonably related to the State’s interest in punishing 

and deterring the particular behavior of the defendant and not 

the product of arbitrariness or unfettered discretion. In 

accordance with this limitation, the standard under which 

punitive damages are measured in Pennsylvania requires 

analysis of the following factors: (1) the character of the act; (2) 

the nature and extent of the harm; and (3) the wealth of the 

defendant.

We review such an award for an abuse of discretion. In addition, 

in the face of a constitutional challenge, we conduct a de novo

review “to determine whether it comports with the Due Process 

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution.” 

Grossi v. Travelers Personal Insurance Co., 79 A.3d 1141, 1157 (Pa. 

Super. 2013) (quoting Hollock v. Erie Insurance Exchange, 842 A.2d 

409, 420 (Pa. Super. 2004)), appeal denied, 101 A.3d 103 (Pa. 2014) 

(citations omitted).
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Our review of the record in this case discloses that the trial court’s 

award of punitive damages award is sufficiently supported by the record. 

We need not reiterate the trial court’s extensive and detailed findings of fact 

that support its proper legal conclusion that Appellants’ conduct was 

outrageous and demonstrated a reckless indifference to the rights of others. 

See Findings of Fact – Liability at 1-64; Findings of Fact – Attorneys’ Fees 

and Damages at 5-9. As soon as the interim arbitration award of $31,000 

was entered against Cherrydale in 1996, Kravitz began a steady and 

persistent campaign to avoid paying Appellee. The campaign that has 

continued for nearly 20 years and has involved not only fraudulent transfers 

of assets as noted above, but years of incessant use and abuse of our civil 

litigation processes. 

Appellants contend that they were simply using acceptable litigation 

strategies within their rights, but they fail to acknowledge that many of their 

motions and petitions were procedurally and/or legally without support and 

appear to have been designed to wear Appellee down with delay and 

expense. These filings included, but were not limited to, impermissible 

interlocutory appeals with both this Court and our Supreme Court; a 

frivolous petition to disqualify Appellee’s attorney; unnecessary demands for 

additional days of discovery, followed by redundant and irrelevant discovery 

requests; a summary judgment motion which completely disregarded 

Appellant’s prior representation that questions of law existed which 
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precluded summary judgment; numerous requests for trial delays; and a 

request for a thirty-day post-trial time for review, which passed with no 

communication at all from Appellants. 

Moreover, even though Appellants had been well-aware of Judge 

Branca’s involvement in this case since 1995, and had informed the trial 

court that his prior representation of Appellee was a non-issue with respect 

to the trial proceeding in Montgomery County before Judge Rogers, 

Appellants nevertheless requested recusal of the entire bench after the close 

of evidence. Appellants’ actions over nearly 20 years, combined with 

Kravitz’s abuse of corporate forms and accounting methods to avoid paying 

what is rightfully owed to Appellee, present a fact pattern that paints the 

very picture of outrageous conduct. We conclude that the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in awarding punitive damages.

With respect to Appellants’ claim that the proportionality of punitive 

damages to compensatory damages violated their right to due process, 

Appellants acknowledge that the United States Supreme Court has “yet to 

impose a hard-and-fast limitation” on the ratio between punitive and 

compensatory damages. Appellants’ Brief, at 50. Appellants nevertheless 

contend, without citation to any definitive pronouncements by any federal 

court, that the “trial court’s award of punitive damages exceeds the federal 

Constitutional limits of a 1:1 ratio.” Appellants’ Brief at 50. Appellants 

grossly misstate the law. 
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The United States Supreme Court has stated: 

[W]e have been reluctant to identify concrete constitutional 

limits on the ratio between harm, or potential harm, to the 

plaintiff and the punitive damages award. We decline again to 

impose a bright-line ratio which a punitive damages award 

cannot exceed. Our jurisprudence and the principles it has now 

established demonstrate, however, that, in practice, few awards 

exceeding a single-digit ratio between punitive and 

compensatory damages, to a significant degree, will satisfy due 

process.

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 

408, 424-425 (2003) (citation omitted).

Here, the trial court awarded compensatory damages in the amount of 

$200,601.61 and punitive damages of $601,804.83, a ratio of 3:1. This 

comports with the single-digit ratio. In light of the circumstances of this case 

detailed above and our review of the relevant law, we discern no abuse of 

discretion or constitutional infirmity in the award of punitive damages.

Appellants also argue that the trial court awarded punitive damages 

based only on its findings of fraud and fraudulent transfer, in derogation of 

Pittsburgh Live, Inc. v. Servov, 615 A.2d 438 (Pa. Super. 1992), and 

Pennsylvania’s Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 12 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 5101-5110. 

In support, Appellants reiterate their witnesses’ testimony. In essence, 

Appellants argue that the trial court erred in not accepting their 

interpretation of the facts of this case.

In Pittsburgh Live, the Superior Court reversed the trial court’s 

award of punitive damages after concluding that although there had been 
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fraudulent conduct which supported the compensatory damage award, there 

had been no acts which had been wanton or vindictive, or which had showed 

a wanton disregard for the rights of others so as to support an award of 

punitive damages. See 615 A.2d at 442. Here, contrary to Appellants’ 

averments, punitive damages were based on a determination that they had

acted with a wanton disregard for the rights of others. This finding is amply 

supported by the record. Accordingly, this argument is without merit. 

Attorney’s Fees, Penalities, and Interest

The trial court assessed interest, penalties, and attorney’s fees as 

follows:

a. Partial Judgment ........................................................... $ 200,601.61

b. Interest on Judgment pursuant to CASPA (73 P.S. § 505(d))[ ]

 in the amount of 1% per Month from September 8, 1998 

 through April 30,2011 ............................................... $ 306,467.55

c. Penalty on Judgment pursuant to CASPA (73 P.S. §512(a))

 in the amount of 1% per Month from September 8,1998 

 through April 30, 2011 ............................................... $ 306,467.55

d. Attorney’s Fees and Costs pursuant to CASPA (73 P.S. 

 § 512(a)(b)) from September 8, 1998 through August 15, 

 2007 .............................................................................. $ 273,037.65

e. Punitive Damages ....................................................... $ 601,804.83

f. Interest shall continue to accrue pursuant to CASPA at 1% per 

month from May 1, 2011 in the amount of $131.90 per day until paid 

in full.

Final Judgment against All Defendants as of April 30, 2011:

TOTAL ............................................................. $1,688,379.10
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Order Sur: Assessment of Damages, dated April 29, 2011 (footnote to case 

law omitted).

Appellants contend that the trial court’s grant of attorney’s fees, 

penalties and interest represent an impermissible modification of the 

arbitration award and should not have been allowed because Appellee had 

not stated a cause of action under CASPA in the instant case. See 

Appellants’ Brief at 51. They also argue that the interest should have been 

calculated in accordance with the arbitration panel’s directive and not based 

on that panel’s final award. 

CASPA was enacted in 1994 to cure abuses within the building industry 

involving payments due from owners to contractors and subcontractors and 

“to encourage fair dealing among the parties to a construction contract.” 

Zimmerman v. Harrisburg Fudd I, L.P., 984 A.2d 497, 500-501 (Pa. 

Super. 2009) (citation omitted). Because “CASPA is a remedial statute, we 

must accord it a liberal construction to effect its objects and to promote 

justice.” Id., at 502 n.8 (citations omitted). CASPA provides that “[i]f 

arbitration or litigation is commenced to recover payment due under this act 

... the arbitrator or court shall award, in addition to all other damages due, a 

penalty equal to 1% per month of the amount that was wrongfully withheld.” 

73 P.S. § 512.

As the trial court observed, the instant action, like the underlying 

arbitration proceeding, was “a proceeding to recover” payment due under 
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CASPA. After the trial court determined that piercing the corporate veil was 

appropriate in order to execute on the judgment due and owing, which was 

then the final arbitration award of $200,601.61, Section 505(d) was 

implicated against Appellant Kravitz as owner of Cherrydale and the other 

involved subcorporations. The trial court’s calculations were properly based 

on CASPA. See 73 P.S. §§ 505(d) and 512. Accordingly, we find no error in 

the trial court’s calculation of interest and penalties. 

With respect to the attorney’s fees imposed by the trial court, the trial 

court’s award of attorney’s fees covers the period from September 8, 1998, 

after the arbitration award was issued, through August 15, 2007, and 

includes those incurred in connection with the instant litigation. Contrary to 

Appellants’ averment, these fees do not represent a modification of the 

arbitration award.

Judgment affirmed. 

President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Lazarus, and Judge Wecht 

join this majority opinion.

Judge Stabile files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Judge 

Bowes, Judge Donohue, and Judge Shogan join.

Judge Allen did not take part in the consideration or decision of this 

case.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/21/2015