SEC Petition Evaluation Report

Petition SEC-00251

Report Rev Number: 0

Report Submittal Date: November 27, 2018

Subject Expert(s): Joseph Guido, Pat McCloskey

Site Expert(s): N/A

Petition Administrative Summary

Petition Under Evaluation

Petition Number: SEC-00251

Petition Type: 83.14

Petition A Receipt Date: November 9, 2018

DOE/AWE Facility Name: Y-12 Plant

Petition Class

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition: All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their 

contractors and subcontractors who worked at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, 

Tennessee, during the period January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976 for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either 

solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the 

parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the 

Special Exposure Cohort.

Related Petition Summary Information

SEC Petition Tracking Number(s): SEC-00018

SEC-00028

SEC-00098

SEC-00186

Petition Type: 83.13

83.13

83.14

83.14

DOE/AWE Facility Name: Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

Petition Status: Class added to the SEC for March 1943 through December 1947

Class added to the SEC for January 1948 through December 1957 

Class added to the SEC for March 1, 1943 through December 31, 1947

Class added to the SEC for January 1, 1948 through December 31, 1957
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Related Evaluation Report Information

Report Title: SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00018

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00028

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00098

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00186

DOE/AWE Facility Name: Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

Y-12 Plant

ORAU Preparation and Review

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Joseph Guido

ORAU Peer Review Completed By: Michael Kubiak

DCAS Review and Approval

Peer Review Completed By:

[Signature on File]

Lara Hughes

November 27, 2018

SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By:

[Signature on File]

James W. Neton

November 27, 2018

SEC Petition Evaluation Approved By:

[Signature on File]

Stuart L. Hinnefeld

November 27, 2018
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Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00251, Y-12 Plant

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) prepared this evaluation report in 

response to a petition to add a class of workers at the Y-12 Plant to the Special Exposure Cohort 

(SEC). The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as 

amended, (EEOICPA) and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as 

Members of the Special Exposure Cohort under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act of 2000, describe the process for adding new classes to the SEC.

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition

All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and 

subcontractors who worked at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during the period January 1, 

1958 through December 31, 1976 for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, 

occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the 

parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction Findings 

NIOSH lacks sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring, air monitoring 

information, or process monitoring information, to allow it to estimate with sufficient accuracy the 

potential internal exposures to thorium (including associated progeny) or plutonium-241 to which the 

proposed class may have been subjected. NIOSH finds that it is likely feasible to reconstruct external 

and occupational medical dose for Y-12 employees with sufficient accuracy. 

The NIOSH dose reconstruction feasibility findings are based on the following: 

• Principal sources of internal radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

thorium (including associated progeny) and plutonium-241. Exposures were from inhalation and 

ingestion during processing operations. 

• Although NIOSH has determined that there appear to be sufficient in-vivo monitoring data for 

thorium (i.e., lung counts) during the period from January 1, 1959 through December 31, 1976, 

these data are recorded in total thorium mass. As such, NIOSH lacks the ability to use these data 

to determine the associated quantities of thorium-232, thorium-228, and radium-228 with 

sufficient accuracy. For this reason, NIOSH cannot determine with sufficient accuracy the 

internal exposures that might be represented by each thorium lung measurement.

• NIOSH has not identified biological monitoring data specific to plutonium-241 that can be used to 

reconstruct plutonium-241 exposure during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 

31, 1966. NIOSH has identified sufficient monitoring data beginning in 1967 (i.e., the first 

sample was collected on January 29, 1967).

• Principal sources of external radiation for members of the proposed class included exposures to 

beta particles, gamma photons, and neutrons. The radiation sources potentially contributing to 

these exposures would have included processing operations related to thorium (and progeny) and 

plutonium-241. 
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• Beta, photon, and neutron monitoring data are available for Y-12 in the form of individual 

dosimetry records. 

• Consistent with its findings in prior Y-12 evaluation reports, NIOSH finds that it is able to 

reconstruct external and medical X-ray dose for all Y-12 employees during the proposed time 

period. 

• Pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH determined that there is insufficient information to 

either: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which radiation 

doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred under plausible circumstances by any 

member of the class; or (2) estimate the radiation doses of members of the class more precisely 

than a maximum dose estimate.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Y-12 during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, but who do not qualify for 

inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

Health Endangerment Determination

NIOSH is aware of a nuclear criticality accident in Building 9212 of the Y-12 Plant on June 16, 1958. 

NIOSH has investigated the accident and has developed a roster of workers involved. NIOSH assigns 

radiation dose for the 1958 incident in accordance with ORAUT-OTIB-0057. This NIOSH evaluation 

did not identify any evidence that would establish that any additional members of the class were 

exposed to radiation during the 1958 incident or during any other discrete incident likely to have 

involved exceptionally high-level exposures, such as nuclear criticality incidents or other events 

involving similarly high levels of exposures. However, the evidence reviewed in this evaluation 

indicates that some employees in the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures through 

intakes of thorium (and associated progeny) and plutonium-241. Therefore, for the members of the 

class being evaluated herein, 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c) (3) (ii) requires NIOSH to specify that health may 

have been endangered for those employees covered by this evaluation who were employed for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for this 

class or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other 

classes of employees in the SEC. 
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Table of Contents

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00251, Y-12 Plant ........................................................................... 3

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 5

1.0 Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis ................................................................ 8

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class ........................................................... 8

4.1 Operations Description ....................................................................................................... 9

4.1.1 Thorium Operations ................................................................................................ 9

4.1.2 Plutonium-241 Operations .................................................................................... 12

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations ................................................................ 13

4.2.1 Exposure Potential from Thorium Operations ..................................................... 13

4.2.2 Exposure Potential from Plutonium-241 Separation ............................................ 17

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations .................................................... 18

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations ................................................ 18

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations ................................................... 18

4.5.1 Job Descriptions Affected by Thorium Operations .............................................. 18

4.5.2 Job Descriptions Affected by Plutonium-241 Separation .................................... 19

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class .............................................. 21

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed ................................................................... 21

5.2 Previous Dose Reconstructions ........................................................................................ 22

5.3 Employee Interviews ........................................................................................................ 23

5.4 Internal Monitoring Data .................................................................................................. 23

5.4.1 Internal Monitoring Data for Thorium Operations ............................................... 23

5.4.2 Internal Monitoring Data for Plutonium-241 Separation ..................................... 25

5.5 External Monitoring Data ................................................................................................. 26

5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data ............................................................................................. 26

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data ....................................................................................... 28

5.7.1 Radiological Source Term Data for Thorium Operations .................................... 28

5.7.2 Radiological Source Term Data for Plutonium-241 Separation ........................... 29

6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class ...................................................... 30

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures ................................................................... 30

6.1.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures from Thorium Operations ............. 30

6.1.2 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures from Plutonium-241 Separation .... 32

6.1.3 Internal Feasibility Conclusions ........................................................................... 32

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures .................................................................. 33

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility ................................................................ 33

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00251 ........................................................ 34
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8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00251 ................................................... 34

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00251 ...................................................................... 35

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class .......................................................................................... 35

11.0 References ................................................................................................................................. 36

Attachment 1: Plutonium Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1952-1954) ................................... 46

Attachment 2: Plutonium Bioassay Sample Results for 9204-3 Workers (1952-1954) ........................ 47

Attachment 3: Plutonium Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1965) ............................................ 48

Attachment 4: Plutonium-241 Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1967-1985) ............................ 49

Attachment 5: Data Capture Synopsis ................................................................................................... 51

Tables

Table 4-1: Y-12 Buildings Involved in Initial Thorium Operations ....................................................... 9

Table 4-2: Radioactivity of the Thorium-232 Decay Series ................................................................. 14

Table 4-3: Th-232/Th-228 and Ra-228/Ra-224 Ratios Seen During the Y-12 Thorium Process ......... 16

Table 5-1: No. of Y-12 Plant Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule ....................... 22

Table 5-2: Annual Average Air Activity for Gross Alpha Air Samples in Thorium Areas (dpm/m3) . 27

Table A1-1: Summary of Holdings in the SRDB for Y-12 Plant .......................................................... 51

Table A1-2: Database Searches for Y-12 Plant ..................................................................................... 67

Figures

Figure 4-1: Thorium Flow Chart for Contamination Control ............................................................... 11

Figure 4-2: Activities in a Purified Thorium Sample ............................................................................ 15

Figure 4-3: Location of ORNL Operations on the Y-12 Campus ......................................................... 20

Figure 5-1: Thorium Lung Count Measurements .................................................................................. 24

Figure 5-2: Gross Alpha Air Samples Collected By Year (1960-1976) ............................................... 27

Figure 5-3: Thorium Transfers to the Onsite Burial Ground ................................................................ 28
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SEC Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00251

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the ORAU Team Lead Technical Evaluator: 

Joseph Guido, MJW Corporation. The rationales for all conclusions in this document are explained 

in the associated text.

1.0 Purpose and Scope

This report evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing doses for employees who worked at Y-12 during 

a specified time (January 1, 1958 through December 31 1976). It provides information and analysis 

germane to considering a petition for adding a class of employees to the Congressionally-created SEC. 

NIOSH is continuing to evaluate the period beginning January 1, 1977 to determine if thorium-related 

infeasibility issues continued beyond the recommended SEC class period of 1958-1976. 

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH, with the exception of the employee whose dose reconstruction could not be completed, and 

whose claim consequently led to this petition evaluation. The finding in this report is not the final 

determination as to whether or not the proposed class will be added to the SEC. This report will be 

considered by the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (the Board) and by the Secretary 

of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Secretary of HHS will make final decisions concerning 

whether or not to add one or more classes to the SEC in response to the petition addressed by this 

report.

This evaluation, in which NIOSH provides its findings both on the feasibility of estimating radiation 

doses of members of this class with sufficient accuracy and on health endangerment, was conducted in 

accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14. 

2.0 Introduction

Both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 require NIOSH to evaluate qualified petitions requesting that the 

Department of Health and Human Services add a class of employees to the SEC. The evaluation is 

intended to provide a fair, science-based determination of whether it is feasible to estimate, with 

sufficient accuracy, the radiation doses of the proposed class of employees through NIOSH dose 

reconstructions.1

1 NIOSH dose reconstructions under EEOICPA are performed using the methods promulgated under 42 C.F.R. pt. 82 and 

the detailed implementation guidelines available on the NIOSH Radiation Dose Reconstruction Program page.

NIOSH is required to document its evaluation in a report, and to do so, relies upon both its own dose 

reconstruction expertise as well as technical support from its contractor, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities (ORAU). Once completed, NIOSH provides the report to both the petitioners and the 

Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health. The Board will consider the NIOSH evaluation 

report, together with the petition, comments of the petitioner(s) and such other information as the 
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Board considers appropriate, to make recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on whether or not to 

add one or more classes of employees to the SEC. Once NIOSH has received and considered the 

advice of the Board, the Director of NIOSH will propose a decision on behalf of HHS. The Secretary 

of HHS will make the final decision, taking into account the NIOSH evaluation, the advice of the 

Board, and the proposed decision issued by NIOSH. As part of this final decision process, the 

petitioner(s) may seek a review of certain types of final decisions issued by the Secretary of HHS.

2

2 See 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 for a full description of the procedures summarized here. Additional internal procedures are 

available on the NIOSH Radiation Dose Reconstruction Program page.

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis

The NIOSH-proposed class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor 

agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, 

Tennessee, during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976 for a number of work 

days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. During this period, employees at this facility were 

involved in (1) thorium melting by arc and induction furnace and its subsequent formation into 

component parts and shapes; and (2) the separation and enrichment of plutonium in the plutonium-241 

isotope. 

The evaluation responds to Petition SEC-00251 which was submitted by an EEOICPA claimant 

whose dose reconstruction could not be completed by NIOSH due to a lack of sufficient dosimetryrelated information. NIOSH’s determination that it is unable to complete a dose reconstruction for an 

EEOICPA claimant is a qualified basis for submitting an SEC petition pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 

83.9(b). 

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class 

This section summarizes the radiological operations at the Y-12 Plant from January 1, 1958 through 

December 31, 1976 and the information available to NIOSH to characterize particular processes and 

radioactive source materials. Using available sources, NIOSH has attempted to gather process and 

source descriptions, information regarding the identity and quantities of radionuclides of concern, and 

information describing processes through which the radiation exposures of concern may have 

occurred and the physical environment in which they may have occurred. The information included 

within this evaluation report is meant only to be a summary of the available information. 

NIOSH is continuing to evaluate the period beginning January 1, 1977 to determine if thorium-related 

infeasibility issues continued beyond the recommended SEC class period of 1958-1976. 

 
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4.1 Operations Description

The Y-12 Plant is located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee on an 811-acre (0.67 miles wide and 3.2 miles 

long) site. At its peak, Y-12 employed approximately 22,000 workers (ORAUT-TKBS-0014-2). The 

following subsections summarize the radiological operations at the Y-12 Plant from January 1, 1958 

through December 31, 1976. 

4.1.1 Thorium Operations

Y-12’s involvement in the production of thorium metal shapes began as a pilot program in 1959. It 

was a continuation of work that had previously been performed at the Bureau of Mines in Albany, 

Oregon. Bureau of Mines operations included arc melting, forging, rolling, and forming of thorium 

(Hibbs, 1961). Y-12 completed its initial order in October 1959. Table 4-1 lists the Y-12 buildings 

involved in these initial thorium activities.

Table 4-1: Y-12 Buildings Involved in Initial Thorium Operations

Building No. Thorium Operation(s)

9202 Arc melting

Double hammer forging

Machining to final dimensions

Annealing

9766 Machining

9215 Cold rolling

Drawing to shape (hydroforming)

Source: Hibbs, 1960; Hibbs, 1961; Thorium Machining, 1960) 

Thorium activities were expanded in the 1960s with facilities dedicated to these operations 

constructed in Building 9201-5 and 9204-2E (Personal Communication, 2018e). Y-12 contracted 

with other companies for thorium pellets and then pressed the metal into electrodes; subsequently, two 

arc meltings were performed. 
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In consumable-electrode arc-melting, the material to be cast serves as one electrode of an electric arc

gap, and the heat of the arc melts the electrode. The opposite electrode is in a water-cooled crucible in 

which the molten metal solidifies. The consumable electrode is gradually lowered to maintain the 

proper arc gap, resulting in the melting of the consumable electrode and the casting of an ingot in the 

water-cooled crucible. Volatile impurities tend to move toward the cold walls of the crucible where 

they may be removed by light machining of the ingot (Cofield, 1961). 

After arc melting, which removed most of the impurities, the thorium metal was then pressed, rolled, 

and formed or machined. The metal scraps were salvaged and also pressed into electrodes for the arc 

melting process. Figure 4-1 provides a summary of the Y-12 thorium production-scale activities. 

An interview with a former worker indicated that the major activities involving thorium continued 

through the mid-1970s, after which the demand for thorium components diminished (Personal 

Communication, 2018e). Another interview indicated that thorium work was still ongoing in 1974 

when they were in process quality control (Personal Communication, 2018d). A February 25, 1975 

document states:

The thorium monitoring program in the arc melt area has been discontinued and added back to 

monitor for uranium. No changes have been made in the thorium program in the chip and press 

areas at this time. Tentative plans call for elimination of these area programs around July after 

complete phase out and decontamination. (Thorium Melt, 1969)

Employee interviews indicated that, after the cessation of major thorium operations, thorium 

processing (including arc melting) continued for: 

• refurbishment of parts (through ~1989 time frame) and special projects (through the end of arc 

melting activities in 1999) (Personal Communication, 2018e). 

• development of detector plates (Personal Communication, 2018e). 

On December 8, 1999, there was a catastrophic event involving a Y-12 furnace which injured multiple 

employees (NaK Accident, 2000). As a result of this incident, arc-melting activities were suspended 

(Personal Communication, 2018e). 
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Figure 4-1: Thorium Flow Chart for Contamination Control

Flow Chart, 1963
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4.1.2 Plutonium-241 Operations 

The following discussion provides a chronological overview of the Y-12 plutonium-241 operations 

conducted during the 1950s and 1960s. These operations were managed and staffed by ORNL but 

were conducted on the Y-12 physical footprint and, as such, are included in this evaluation report. 

The electromagnetic separation of plutonium using a calutron was first proposed in 1950 for the 

purpose of generating Pu-240 material (Larson, 1950). The proposal also indicated that it would “be 

likely that simultaneous collections will be made of enriched Pu-241, Pu-242, and others.” The initial 

charge (batch) was described as having 11 Curies of 5.1 MeV alphas and 125 Curies of 0.015 MeV 

betas. It was indicated that, from a health-hazard standard, the soft-beta activity was not significant in 

comparison to the alpha activity due to the low energy involved. The need for containment was 

indicated, and a facility that made use of glovebox enclosures was described. A facility for separation 

of plutonium isotopes (described as operating on a laboratory scale) was constructed by the 

Electromagnetic Research Division in Building 9204-3 (on the Y-12 campus). Work started in 1951 

(Livingston, 1951a) and was completed in 1952 (Larson, 1952). The facility consisted of a processing 

laboratory, a calutron wash area, and designated calutron equipment (Livingston, 1951a). The facility 

had 16 gloveboxes and an enclosure for the calutron wash area. It also had areas for product 

packaging, storage, and shipping, which indicated that the product was most likely shipped directly 

from the 9204-3 facility area.

Several national laboratories expressed interest in obtaining samples of plutonium isotopes in 1951. 

In a letter dated December 20, 1951, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) requested information on 

the availability of Pu-241, Pu-242, and Pu-244 from the Plutonium Isotope Separation program 

(Kasschau, 1951, PDF p. 3); however, obtaining even a minute quantity was not feasible at that time. 

The Electromagnetic Research Division originated as the Electromagnetic Research Laboratory 

(established at Y-12 in 1943) and became a part of ORNL in 1950 (Ball, 1971). The group’s name 

was changed to the Electronuclear Division in 1953 (Ball, 1971). The Isotopes Division was 

organized at ORNL on May 1, 1957 and assumed responsibility for the electromagnetic separation of 

heavy elements on July 1, 1957. Health physics coverage for ORNL functions on the Y-12 campus 

were formally assumed by the ORNL Health Physics organization on April 1, 1954 (Hart, 1954).

Electromagnetic separation of plutonium isotopes was performed successfully in December 1953. 

The estimated yield was 0.5 gram of 50% Pu-240 and 0.2 gram of 10% Pu-241 (ORNL, 1954a, PDF 

p. 8). The PuCl3 feed material assayed to be 5.1% Pu-240 and 0.4% Pu-241. 

A second special electromagnetic separation of plutonium isotopes was performed in April 1954. The 

feed (PuCl3) was assayed to be 93.9% Pu-239, 5·7% Pu-240, and 0.4% Pu-241. The three products 

obtained were: 6 grams of 99.5% Pu-239, 0.4 gram of 61% Pu-240, and 0.18 gram of 16% Pu-241 

(ORNL, 1954b, PDF p. 9). 

In May 1954, the Electronuclear Research Division at ORNL issued a Catalogue of Uranium, 

Thorium, and Plutonium Isotopes (Harmatz, 1954). Gram quantities of highly-enriched isotopes of 

uranium, thorium, and plutonium were prepared for use on projects sponsored by the AEC. The 

catalogue provided a table of available plutonium isotopes (including Pu-241) with their isotopic 

compositions. 
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Plutonium separations continued between 1954 and 1959; quantities were generally in the milligram 

range (Livingston, 1954a, 1954b, 1955, 1956a, 1956b, 1958; Seagren, 1958; ORNL, 1959) building 

up to a maximum reported quantity of 318 mg in October 1959 (ORNL, 1959k). Plutonium 

separation operations were suspended in November 1959 for “installation of a new recovery system” 

(ORNL, 1960). A logbook of one of the special separations operators (Scheitlin, 1957) states 

“plutonium operations shut down on Dec. 1 because of ‘incident’ at X-10 for review.” A later 

reference states that operations were suspended in November 1959 to review the containment problem 

(Prater, 1963). 

A new “doubly contained” facility was constructed in Building 9304-2 with operations commencing 

September 13, 1962 (Prater, 1963). After a year of operation, processing was suspended to allow for a 

“complete cleanup of equipment and maximum recovery of feed material.” The separation activities 

averaged a feed rate of 0.68 g/hr for a total of 55 runs with an average run time of 55 hours. This 

corresponds to a total input of 1800 g of plutonium feed material. Pu-241 output is tabulated at 32 g 

of material with a purity of 89% to 96%.

Between 1964 and 1966, Pu-241 separation operations appear to have been sparse, with operations 

being shifted to the separation of uranium, thorium, and americium as well as the purification of 

Pu-238 and Pu-242 (ORNL, 1964; Rupp, 1965a, 1965b, 1965c, 1965d, 1965e, 1966a, 1966b; Love, 

1966). 

Between 1967 and 1968, operations were conducted involving tens of grams of Pu-241 with the stated 

objectives of separating 37 g of ~97% Pu-241 (Rupp, 1968) and ‘milligram’ quantities of Pu-241 

containing < 10 ppm Pu-242 (i.e., 99.99% Pu-241) (Rupp, 1967). 

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations

The potential for internal and external radiation dose existed during both thorium and plutonium-241 

operations at the Y-12 site. Based on the site operations outlined in Section 4.1, sources of exposure 

specific to thorium and plutonium-241 operations are detailed in Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2. 

4.2.1 Exposure Potential from Thorium Operations

Natural thorium consists of a mixture of two thorium isotopes (Th-232 and Th-228), as well as a 

series of radioactive progeny. As shown in Table 4-2, the chain decays through ten steps involving 

seven alpha-emitters and four beta-emitters (gamma radiation is also emitted in the process).
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Table 4-2: Radioactivity of the Thorium-232 Decay Series 

Isotope Half-Life Alpha Energy (abundance alpha/ 

Th-232 Alpha)

Beta Energy (abundance beta/ 

Th-232 Alpha)

Gamma Energy (abundance gamma/ 

Th-232 Alpha)

Th-232 1.40E10 y 3.98 (1) None None

Ra-228 5.75 y None 0.012(1) None

Ac-228 6.15 h None 0.46(0.13); 1.15(0.53); 1.72(0.07); 

1.85(0.09); 2.18(0.10)

0.058(0.003); 0.129(0.034); 0.209(0.04); 

0.270(0.03); 0.328(0.032); 0.338(0.092); 

0.779(0.008); 0.790(0.045); 0.831(0.016); 

0.908(0.25); 0.963(0.19)

Th-228 1.9116 y 5.338(0.28); 5.423 (0.72) None 0.084(0.02)

Ra-224 3.66 d 5.194(0.004); 5.448(0.046); 

5.681(0.95) None 0.241(0.046)

Rn-220 55.6 s 6.282(1) None None

Po-216 0.145 s 6.775(1) None None

Pb-212 10.64 h None 0.331(0.88); 0.569(0.12) 0.115(0.02); 0.176(0.01); 0.239(0.80); 

0.300(0.05)

Bi-212 60.55 m

5.603(0.0037); 5.622(0.0005); 

5.765(0.0068); 6.047(0.238); 

6.086(0.092)

2.250(0.64)

0.040(0.013); 0.720(0.126); 0.800(0.109); 

1.03(0.037); 1.34(0.034); 1.61(0.047); 

1.81(0.047); 2.20(0.018)

Po-212 2.99E-7 s 8.78(0.66) None None

Tl-208 3.053 m None 1.8(0.36) 0.277(0.035); 0.510(0.87); 0.582(0.28); 

0.859(0.05); 2.62(0.347)

Source: Cofield, 1960
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Undisturbed, the Th-232 and Th-228 activity reaches a state of equilibrium wherein the radiological 

activity of Th-232 and Th-228 are equal. Because of the half-lives of the nuclides in the thorium 

chain, removal of the Ra-228 component will result in a decrease in the Th-228 activity for a period of 

time, during which the Ra-228 activity will increase, as shown in Figure 4-2. 

Figure 4-2: Activities in a Purified Thorium Sample

Source: West, 1965

The casting of ingots by consumable-electrode arc-melting was expected to produce a much greater 

disruption of the thorium decay chain than the other treatments such as acid "pickling," machining, 

forging, or shaping. The effects of arc melting were well studied by the health physics staff at Y-12 

(Cofield, 1961; West. 1961a; West, 1965; West. 1977). Table 4-3 below provides a summary of the 

relative Th-232/Th228 and Ra-228/Ra-224 ratios that were seen during various portions of the 

process.
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Table 4-3: Th-232/Th-228 and Ra-228/Ra-224 Ratios Seen During the Y-12 Thorium Process

Sample 

Number Description

Date of Analysis

(Days after

Melting or Use)

Ra-228/ 

Ra-224 

Activity

Ratio, 

γ-method

α/ß 

Count 

Rate Ratio

Th--232/ 

Th-228 

Activity 

Ratio

C-3 Rod starting material No Data 0.98 0.79 2.23

C-7 1st melt, 1st cut, 1st ingot 27 6.2 No Data No Data

C-7 1st melt, 1st cut, 1st ingot 265 2.3 0.52 1.30

C-15 1st melt, 2nd cut, 1st ingot 32 0.4 No Data No Data

C-15 1st melt, 2nd cut, 1st ingot 265 0.7 0.99 1.95

C-17 1st melt, 2nd cut, 1st ingot 32 2.6 No Data No Data

C-17 1st melt, 2nd cut, 1st ingot 265 1.9 0.60 1.08

C-38 2nd melt, 1st cut, 1st ingot 14 0.65 No Data No Data

C-38 2nd melt, 1st cut, 1st ingot 246 0.83 0.85 2.10

C-34 2nd melt, interior cut, 1st ingot 14 0.18 No Data No Data

C-34 2nd melt, interior cut, 1st ingot 246 0.38 0.93 2.19

C-131 2nd melt metal, final machining 48 0.15 No Data No Data

C-131 2nd melt metal, final machining 259 0.38 1.05 2.28

M-5 “Pickle” solution─rod starting 

material 68 1.6 No Data No Data

M-5 “Pickle” solution─rod starting 

material 313 1.4 0.97 1.30

M-7 “Pickle” solution─1st melt ingots 28 21.3 No Data No Data

M-7 “Pickle” solution─1st melt ingots 315 3.4 0.43 0.33

M-8 “Pickle” solution─2nd melt material 

after machining 47 0.17 No Data No Data

M-8 “Pickle” solution─2nd melt material 

after machining 315 0.41 1.09 1.56

M-28 1st melt furnace liner smear 14 38.5 No Data No Data

M-28 1st melt furnace liner smear 281 4.6 0.32 0.05

M-44 2nd melt furnace liner smear 56 43.8 No Data No Data

M-44 2nd melt furnace liner smear 252 5.3 0.39 0.06

A-1 Air sample during unloading of 2nd

melt ingot from furnace 54 48.3 No Data No Data

A-1 Air sample during unloading of 2nd

melt ingot from furnace 309 4.4 0.41 0.13

Source: Cofield, 1961

Tale 4-3 details the distribution patterns observed during a study of Y-12 thorium processing (Cofield, 

1961). This study provided the following conclusions related to the distribution of thorium progeny 

during the operations: 
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• The two processes of arc melting remove essentially all of the radium from the interior of thorium 

ingots. The Ra-224 and its sub-series quickly return to equilibrium with the Th-232 and Th-228. 

• In the arc-melting removal of radium, much of the radium in both the first and second melting is 

vaporized, resulting in a deposit of thorium-free radium on the furnace liner.

• In the ingot itself, on both first- and second-melt ingots, the outermost layers contain the highest 

radium enrichments, with the second-cut layer containing a smaller amount, and the interior the 

least. In the interior of the ingots, there appears to be a slight gradient, with the top of the ingot 

being more depleted of radium than the bottom. 

The material dissolved from the starting material in "pickling" has a slight radium enrichment, 

probably because of the last previous casting of the metal. "Pickling" solutions from first-melt ingots 

before machining contain high radium enrichment. Although second-melt ingots were not "pickled" 

before machining, material dissolved from the second-melt later in the process showed radium 

depletion, relative to the starting material.

In summary: 

• The arc melting of thorium effectively removes the radium and other daughters from thorium, but 

all of the daughters except Ra-228 and Ac-228 return very quickly and remain with the Th-228 

present.

• The arc melting of thorium releases large quantities of Ra-228 (in the casting of a typical 200-kg 

ingot of thorium, about 9.6 mCi of Ra-228 will be removed with more than one-half or at least 5 

mCi of this radioisotope vaporized completely out of the ingot). The Ra-228 is likely to be much 

more of a radiological hazard as 5 mCi of separated material than it was when distributed in 200 

kg of metal. 

4.2.2 Exposure Potential from Plutonium-241 Separation 

Plutonium-241 has a half-life of 14.4 years and a specific activity of 104 Ci/g. The primary decay 

mode is beta emission with a maximum energy of 20.8 keV. This low-energy beta emission cannot be 

detected by standard beta/gamma counting. The bioassay method employed beginning in 1967 entails 

an ion exchange separation and fluoride precipitation (to isolate the Pu) followed by liquidscintillation counting (Henley 1978).

As indicated in Section 4.1.2, Pu-241 operations were suspended in November 1959 and not restarted 

until September 1962 when a new processing facility was constructed. It is unclear if there was an 

actual problem with the containment system in use in Building 9204-3 or if the cited authors were 

referring to a site-wide stand-down of chemical-processing operations due to a release from the thorex 

pilot plant earlier that year. The ORNL Incident Database indicates events in March and September 

1959 but provides no details (ORNL, 1974a, 1974b). Available progress reports prior to the 1959 

shutdown indicate some airborne activity problems early on. For example, the Electromagnetic 

Research Division progress report for March 1953 stated: “Problems of airborne contamination 

became somewhat better defined as actual operations with plutonium provided data. As expected, 

those operations involving transfers of calutron units from one enclosure into another were the most 

troublesome, and airborne activities several times the permissible levels for operation without 

respiratory protection were often encountered. However, the present use of plastic bags for such 
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transfers appears adequate for research-scale operations” (Livingston, 1953). The March 1955 

progress report states “airborne alpha activity continues to be below tolerance levels” and “minor 

contamination on the outside of glove-box surfaces was noted by chemistry operations and has been 

controlled by occasional painting” (Livingston, 1955).

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations

Per the DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security, the time period associated with DOE operations at 

the Y-12 site is from August 13, 1942 to the present (DOE, 2010). Time periods specific to the Y-12 

operations under evaluation in this report are as follows: 

• Arc-melting operations began in 1959 (Hibbs, 1961) and continued through 1999 (Personal 

Communication, 2018e). 

• Pu-241 separations activity began in 1953 and continued through 1973 (ORNL, 1998). 

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations

NIOSH has determined that the site-specific and claimant-specific data available for the period from 

January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, do not allow NIOSH to characterize employee 

movements across the Y-12 site. NIOSH is therefore unable to define individual employee exposure 

scenarios based on specific work locations within Y-12 during the period under evaluation. 

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations

NIOSH has determined that the site-specific and claimant-specific data available for the Y-12 Plant 

for the time period under evaluation are insufficient to allow NIOSH to determine that any specific 

work group was not potentially exposed to radioactive material releases or possible subsequent 

contamination. 

NIOSH has insufficient information associating job titles and/or job assignments with specific 

thorium or plutonium-241 separation activities. Without such information, NIOSH is unable to define 

potential radiation exposure conditions based on worker job descriptions. What is known in more 

general terms is provided below in Sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.2. 

4.5.1 Job Descriptions Affected by Thorium Operations

Although NIOSH does not have a list of thorium-specific job titles, work with thorium would have 

generally involved machinists, maintenance, and engineering staff. 
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4.5.2 Job Descriptions Affected by Plutonium-241 Separation 

NIOSH endeavored to understand the nature and extent of personnel involvement in plutonium 

separation activities in Building 9204-3. As stated earlier, the operation was located on the Y-12 

campus but was managed by the ORNL X-10 organization (initially, the Electronuclear Division; 

later, the Isotopes Division). The plutonium operation occupied only a portion of Building 9204-3, as 

shown encircled in Figure 4-3. That building also housed the 63-inch cyclotron (Ball, 1971). 

Organizational charts for the Special Separations group of the Electronuclear Division are available 

within the Electronuclear Division progress reports issued during the early 1950s; these reports 

indicate a staff level of less than 20 individuals (Livingston, 1950, 1951b, 1954). This staff level is 

consistent with the number of individuals monitored in the bioassay program, which can be 

ascertained from: (1) bioassay records in the early-1950s bioassay reports (24 individuals monitored); 

(2) the 1965 bioassay card collection (17 individuals monitored); and (3) the 1967 type-000 bioassay 

card collection (19 individuals monitored). 

It is also clear that facility access was not limited to ORNL personnel. Examples of individuals with 

9204-3 specified as a work area can be found within the 1965 bioassay card collection for Y-12 

employees (e.g., [name redacted]—Division 2018) and contractors (e.g., [name redacted]—HKF). 

Access to the complete bioassay card collection would be needed to determine the extent to which 

Y-12 and contractors accessed the plutonium facility within 9204-3 because the data are not within the 

currently-available electronic database systems.
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Figure 4-3: Location of ORNL Operations on the Y-12 Campus

Source: Banic, 1973
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5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class

The primary data used for determining internal exposures are urinalyses, fecal samples, and wholebody counting results. If these are unavailable, the air monitoring data from breathing zone and 

general area monitoring are used to estimate the potential internal exposure. If personal monitoring 

and breathing zone area monitoring are unavailable, internal exposures can sometimes be estimated 

using more general area monitoring, process information, and information characterizing and 

quantifying the source term. 

This same hierarchy is used for determining the external exposures to the cancer site. Personal 

monitoring data from film badges or thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are the primary data used 

to determine such external exposures. If there are no personal monitoring data, exposure rate surveys, 

process knowledge, and source term modeling can sometimes be used to reconstruct the potential 

exposure. 

A more detailed discussion of the information required for dose reconstruction can be found in 

OCAS-IG-001, External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline, and OCAS-IG-002, Internal 

Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline. These documents are available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/ocasdose.html. 

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed 

As a standard practice, NIOSH completed an extensive database and Internet search for information 

regarding the Y-12 Plant. The database search included the DOE Legacy Management Considered 

Sites database, the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) SciTech Connect 

database, and the Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System. In addition to general Internet 

searches, the NIOSH Internet search included OSTI OpenNet Advanced searches, Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission (NRC) Agency-wide Documents Access and Management (ADAMS) web searches, and 

the DOE-National Nuclear Security Administration-Nevada Site Office-search. Attachment 5 

contains a summary of the Y-12 Plant documents. The summary specifically identifies data capture 

details and general descriptions of the documents retrieved. 

In addition to the database and Internet searches listed above, NIOSH identified and reviewed 

numerous data sources to determine information relevant to determining the feasibility of dose 

reconstruction for the class of employees under evaluation. This included determining the availability 

of information on personal monitoring, area monitoring, industrial processes, and radiation source 

materials. The following subsections summarize the data sources identified and reviewed by NIOSH.
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5.2 Previous Dose Reconstructions

NIOSH reviewed its NIOSH DCAS Claims Tracking System (referred to as NOCTS) to locate 

EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to the petition 

evaluation. Table 5-1 summarizes the results of this review. (NOCTS data available as of October 

26, 2018). 

Table 5-1: No. of Y-12 Plant Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule

Description Totals

Total number of claims submitted for dose reconstruction 6414

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees who worked during the period under evaluation 

(January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976). 3184

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees who started their employment during the period 

under evaluation (January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976) 2107

Number of dose reconstructions completed for energy employees who worked during the period under 

evaluation (i.e., the number of such claims completed by NIOSH and submitted to the Department of Labor 

for final approval).

2816

Number of claims for which internal dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 1003

Number of claims for which external dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 1422

NIOSH reviewed each claim to determine whether internal and/or external personal monitoring 

records could be obtained for the employee. About 32% of the claims had internal dosimetry records, 

and about 45% had external dosimetry records. Between 1958 and 1960, only approximately 20% of 

the Y-12 workforce was monitored for external dose. The time period associated with the number of 

claims with external dosimetry is January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, so it is not possible to 

draw conclusions as to whether the implied monitoring ratio for the entire period (1422 divided by 

3184) is consistent with a 90%+ monitoring frequency for the period starting in 1961. 
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5.3 Employee Interviews

To obtain additional information, NIOSH interviewed in person five former Y-12 employees:

• Personal Communication, 2012, Personal Communication with Former Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory employee; Telephone Interview by ORAU Team and NIOSH; March 15, 2012, SRDB 

Ref. ID 110639 

• Personal Communication, 2018a, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 15, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173936 

• Personal Communication, 2018b, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173937 

• Personal Communication, 2018c, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173938 

• Personal Communication, 2018d, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173939 

• Personal Communication, 2018e, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 174343 

5.4 Internal Monitoring Data

5.4.1 Internal Monitoring Data for Thorium Operations

For the period under evaluation, NIOSH has access to a spreadsheet containing 10,307 thorium lung 

count results spanning the period from 1958 through 1982 (Thorium Lung Counts, 2005; West, 

1961b; West 1961c). This data file contains results in units of total thorium (mg). These 

measurements were performed at the Y-12 in vivo counting facility using an NaI detector system and 

evaluation of the 240 keV Pb-212 photo peak, and the 330 and 900 keV Ac-228 photo peaks (Cofield, 

1960; Scott, 1965). The system was calibrated using a source with a Th-232/Th-228 activity ratio of 

1.27 and Th-232/Ra-228 activity ratio of 1.67 (Scott, 1965). Y-12 health physics staff were well 

aware of how sensitive the measurement results were to the Th-232/Th-228 activity in the actual 

material inhaled. Staff indicated that a ratio of less than 1.27 would result in an underestimate and a 

ratio greater than 1.27 would result in an overestimate (West, 1961d). The method is described as 

being “qualitative” but with the ability to be made quantitative “by establishing or estimating thorium 

to daughter ratios.” 

No measurement data for Ra-228 has been located. However, the lung counting method used was 

described as being capable of measuring Ra-228. The method was described as entailing “repeated

measurement of a long period of time and observation of the decay and grow-in patterns.” The Ra228 intake (if determined) is indicated as being additive to the thorium lung burden (Scott, 1965).
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In vivo measurements were the primary method used to measure potential exposure to thorium. This 

is indicated in the first quarter 1963 quarterly health physics report, which indicates “The In Vivo

Radioactivity Measurement (IVRM) Facility, or body counter, is the only available monitoring device 

used for checking persons who work routinely in thorium areas” (Quarterly Report, 1963Q1). 

Figure 5-1 shows the solid-line plot of the number of thorium counts available for each year. The 

dashed-line plot shows the number of thorium counts contained within a collection of NOCTS files 

for Y-12 claimants. For the NOCTS dataset, thorium lung count data from all available Y-12 claims 

were compiled up to NOCTS claim number 48453, comprising 2105 individual claims. Thorium lung 

count data was located within 609 of the 2105 claims. 

Figure 5-1: Thorium Lung Count Measurements

In addition to the lung-count dataset, individual data sheets are available for counts performed in 

1983. Approximately 3200 individual datasheets are available, each indicating a recorded result for 

lead and actinium with no indication that thorium mass would be recorded. These sheets all have a 

revision date of October 1978 which would seem to be consistent with an annotation in the second 

quarter 1977 quarterly report that reads “work continued on our effort to improve our in vivo method 
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of monitoring for thorium. NIOSH verified a program modification which calculated gamma 

activities of Ac-228 and Pb-212. These activities can be related to the amounts of Th-232 and 

Th-228, respectively, and should improve NIOSH’s ability to estimate lung burden to these thorium 

isotopes (Quarterly Report, 1977Q2). 

5.4.2 Internal Monitoring Data for Plutonium-241 Separation

The potential hazard of the Pu-241 work was recognized as early as August 1950 (Larson, 1950) and 

it appears that containment and control actions were initiated consistent with any other plutonium 

facility. A detailed description of the 1962 facility is contained in the report, Radiation Safety and 

Control for the Electromagnetic Isotope Separation of the Heavy Elements in Building 9204-3, 

Including Operational and Facility Layouts (Banic, 1973). The facility included air and 

contamination monitoring equipment typical for a plutonium facility. 

Problems detecting Pu-241’s low-energy beta emissions appear to have been known, based on a 1959 

logbook entry that recognized the nature of the radiation emissions and the difficulty of detecting 

them with current instrumentation (Scheitlin, 1957). This entry states: “Our health physics people 

have no way of monitoring this very weak beta (tritium counter too insensitive for Pu).” Another 

entry in this same logbook (on July 7, 1960) indicates that a 17 keV wound detector (scintillation 

detector and single-channel analyzer) was available and that [name redacted] (Y-12 Medical) was 

interested. An entry stating “They do not now have one” is annotated “They got one later” so it would 

appear that there was an effort to monitor for Pu-241 in wounds. 

The earliest monitoring data for the special separations group in Building 9204-3 can be compiled 

from a series of bioassay monitoring reports specific to ORNL employees at Y-12. These reports span 

from October 1952 to December 1954. It is not clear whether the reports stopped in December 1954 

or if they are just unavailable. A total of 231 plutonium bioassay samples (42 being blanks) were 

provided for 24 individuals over a 26-month period. It would appear that monthly sampling was 

generally provided for individuals during periods where exposure was likely. Attachment 1 provides 

a summary of the bioassay sample frequency; Attachment 2 presents the corresponding results. 

(NOTE: These results do not represent Pu-241, but rather, alpha-emitting plutonium isotopes). 

Since the SRDB has a complete set of all Type-000 bioassay cards (i.e., special samples), and the 

cards specify the location monitored, NIOSH used these cards to characterize the monitoring 

frequency for Building 9204-3 workers. In 1965, 1966 and 1967, a series of type-000 samples were 

collected and analyzed for americium. A total of 45 samples from 16 individuals were collected 

between February 1965 and October 1967. All of the individuals had 9204-3 listed on the bioassay 

cards. Because the SRDB has a complete set of 1965 ORNL bioassay cards, the complete monitoring

frequency for the 9204-3 workers identified using type-000 cards was compiled. Attachment 3 

contains a summary of the available data. These data indicate that, as with the 1952–1954 data, 

individuals within Building 9204-3 were monitored frequently for plutonium intakes (135 Pu or Gross 

Alpha bioassay samples for 11 individuals over a 12-month period). Again, it appears as though 

monitoring was provided on a monthly basis. 
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Pu-241-specific bioassay data are available starting in 1967 (earliest sample: 1/29/67). A May 1968 

listing of bioassay methods shows Pu-241 (Code PU1) annotated with the comment “new method” 

(Gupton, 1969). For this reason, NIOSH does not believe there are data prior to 1967 that are 

missing. Attachment 4 provides a summary of the available data. A total of 222 samples were 

collected from 45 people between 1967 and 1985. One-third of the sampling was conducted in 1967 

alone (74 samples). 

Although Pu-241 is not generally monitored through lung-counting, the long-lived progeny (Am-241) 

can be. The frequency at which Am-241 has been detected in Pu-241 workers cannot be ascertained 

with the available data; however, one instance of an Am-241 intake being attributed to a Pu-241 

intake has been found in a former Building 9204-3 worker’s exposure history file (Log Entry, 

undated).

5.5 External Monitoring Data

NIOSH has access to photon, beta, and neutron external dosimetry results, as well as other supporting 

data representing Y-12 site operations throughout the time period under evaluation in this report. 

Details regarding the various analyses used, and the associated minimum detectable activities, are 

presented in ORAUT-TKBS-0014-6. To assess potential external dose to unmonitored employees, 

NIOSH developed a co-worker dose distribution model (ORAUT-OTIB-0064). 

5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data

NIOSH has a spreadsheet (Spreadsheet, 1960-76) containing the results (in dpm/m3) of 79,997 air 

samples specific to thorium operations that span the period from 1960 through 1976. These air 

sample results appear to have been fixed sample locations based on there being an assigned 

“locations” ID provided with each location. Identifying information is only available for a subset of 

the locations codes (9201-5, 9202, 9203, 9204-4, 9206, 9215, 9766, and 9728). It should be noted that 

when evaluating the dataset, an inherent decimal point must be assumed between the last two digits. 

This was confirmed by comparing data within the dataset with hardcopy records with the same 

dates/locations. For example, based on the Daily Thorium Report for 11-1-1961 (Thorium Reports, 

1961, PDF p. 37), the results for Julian day 297, 298, and 299 are 1.3, 4.2, and 4.5 dpm/m3

, 

respectively. The corresponding values in the data spreadsheet for these locations on these days are 

13, 42, and 45 dpm/m3

, respectively. Figure 5-2 shows the number of samples collected by year. 

Table 5-2 shows the annual average air activity (in dpm/m3

) for gross alpha air samples collected in 

thorium areas. 
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Figure 5-2: Gross Alpha Air Samples Collected By Year (1960-1976)

Table 5-2: Annual Average Air Activity for Gross Alpha Air Samples in Thorium Areas (dpm/m3

) 

Year Samplers Minimum Maximum Average

1960 30 0.1 10.7 2.1

1961 1780 0 11.7 2.1

1962 6579 0 11.9 1.4

1963 14394 0 11.9 1.8

1964 9069 0 19.4 1.7

1965 3786 0 19.9 1.2

1966 2391 0 19.5 1.3

1967 2390 0 19.8 1.4

1968 1743 0 19.7 2.6

1969 2188 0 19.7 3.5

1970 7872 0 19.9 2.3

1971 7327 0 96.1 2.8

1972 5537 0 97.8 2.8

1973 4854 0 99.0 2.3

1974 4285 0 96.3 2.5

1975 3781 0 76.5 0.8

1976 1991 0 43.7 0.7
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The air monitoring program implemented by Y-12 for thorium work areas included provision for 

alpha, beta/gamma counting, and evaluation of both long- and short-lived alpha and beta/gamma 

activity contained on the samples (Air Sample Counting, 1966). Based on the evaluation 

methodology, concentrations of long-lived thorium activity was determined as well as an estimate of 

short-lived Ra-224 activity. The Ra-224 activity was used to evaluate the potential presence of 

unsupported Ra-228. Although the surviving program documentation attests to the collection of these

data (Air Sample Counting, 1966; Wiley, 2005), only the tabulated long-lived alpha activity data

(described above) are available.

A review of quarterly reports from the 1960s and 1970s indicates that gross alpha air samples greater 

than a preset screening level (20 dpm/m3

 in 1964) were analyzed chemically for thorium content. No 

comprehensive collection of thorium analysis data for air samples is available to NIOSH.

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data

5.7.1 Radiological Source Term Data for Thorium Operations

Data on thorium inventory are not readily available. Figure 5-3 summarizes the available information 

on thorium transfers to the onsite burial ground. 

Figure 5-3: Thorium Transfers to the Onsite Burial Ground

Source: Owings, 1995
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5.7.2 Radiological Source Term Data for Plutonium-241 Separation 

Table 5-3 provides an annual summary of Pu-241 quantities produced based on a review of selected 

Electronuclear Division Progress Reports, September 1953–October 1957 (Livingston, 1954a, 1954b, 

1955, 1956a, 1956b, 1958), the Isotopes Division Annual Report for 1957 (Seagren, 1958); ORNL 

Monthly Status and Progress Reports, 1958–1959 (ORNL, 1958a–c, 1959a–k, 1960), and as indicated 

in a 1998 Isotopes Division Summary Report (ORNL, 1998). 

Table 5-3: Pu-241 Production Quantities for the Building 9204-3 

Plutonium Facility

Year Quantity (g) Purity (% Pu-241)

1954 0.630 15%–30%

1955 0.226 15%–51%

1956 0.185 28%–40%

1957 0.889 34%–62%

1958 0.021 90%

1959 0.468 81%

1960 No Data No Data

1961 No Data No Data

1962 No Data No Data

1963 28.534 95%

1964 11.087 86%–94%

1965 No Data No Data

1966 32.523 93%

1967 48.837 94%–99%

1968 No Data No Data

1969 No Data No Data

1970 No Data No Data

1971 No Data No Data

1972 46.554 48%–93%

1973 36.916 93%–97%
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6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class

42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) states that HHS will consider a NIOSH determination that there was insufficient 

information to complete a dose reconstruction, as indicated in this present case, to be sufficient,

without further consideration, to conclude that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of radiation 

doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy.

In the case of a petition submitted to NIOSH under 42 C.F.R. § 83.9(b), NIOSH has already 

determined that a dose reconstruction cannot be completed for an employee at the DOE or AWE 

facility. This determination by NIOSH provides the basis for the petition by the affected claimant. 

Per § 83.14(a), the NIOSH-proposed class defines those employees who, based on completed 

research, are similarly affected and for whom, as a class, dose reconstruction is similarly not feasible.

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility for 

whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction is similarly infeasible, but for whom additional 

research and analysis is required. If so identified, NIOSH would address this second class in a 

separate SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the claim currently under evaluation (see 

Section 10). This would allow NIOSH, the Board, and HHS to complete, without delay, their 

consideration of the class that includes a claimant for whom NIOSH has already determined a dose 

reconstruction cannot be completed, and whose only possible remedy under EEOICPA is the addition 

of a class of employees to the SEC.

This section of the report summarizes research findings by which NIOSH determined that it lacked 

sufficient information to complete the relevant dose reconstruction and on which basis it has defined 

the class of employees for which dose reconstruction is not feasible. NIOSH’s determination relies on 

the same statutory and regulatory criteria that govern consideration of all SEC petitions.

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures

NIOSH has evaluated the available employee and workplace monitoring data and source term 

information and has determined that there are insufficient data for estimating internal exposures, as 

described below. This evaluation has been completed for the period from January 1, 1958 through 

December 31 1976. NIOSH is continuing to evaluate the period beginning January 1, 1977 to 

determine if thorium-related infeasibility issues continued beyond the recommended SEC class period 

of 1958-1976. 

6.1.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures from Thorium Operations

HHS has designated an SEC class for Y-12 workers for the period from January 1, 1948 through 

December 31, 1957 (HHS, 2011). In the class designation letter, HHS states there are: 

... insufficient personnel or area monitoring data, source term data, and operational information 

to support assessing internal dose from thorium and cyclotron radionuclides with sufficient 

accuracy during the period from January 1, 1948 through December 31, 1957 for all workers at 

the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
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In regard to thorium exposure during the period currently under evaluation (January 1, 1958 through 

December 31, 1976), NIOSH has located both personnel monitoring data (~10,000 thorium lung 

counts) and air monitoring data (~80,000 gross alpha air sample results). These monitoring data 

indicate that Y-12 was actively monitoring thorium exposure and that exposure monitoring data 

(specifically thorium lung counts) are retrievable on an individual basis. 

NIOSH has reviewed the available thorium lung count data and determined that the results were 

recorded in units of total thorium mass and were performed on a counting system that is functionally 

identical to the mobile version of the system. The mobile version of the Y-12 counting system 

(MIVRML) was used at the Fernald Site from January 1, 1968 through December 31, 1978. In the 

case of the Fernald site, HHS has designated an SEC class related to thorium workers monitored using 

this system. The Fernald class designation letter (HHS, 2012) stated the following: 

... the NIOSH Director and the Board determined that MIVRML results expressed as thorium 

milligrams could not be interpreted with confidence and consequently the reconstructed doses 

based on such an approach may not be done with sufficient accuracy. Therefore, the Board and 

the NIOSH Director concluded that it was not feasible to reconstruct with sufficient accuracy 

doses from internal thorium exposures for the years 1968-1978. 

Because the system used at Y-12 reported results in the same manner (i.e., mg of thorium), and shared 

the same calibration and data interpretation methods as the one employed at Fernald (see Section 

5.4.1) (Personal Communication, 2012), and because the actual Th-232/Th-228 ratio for the material 

that a person was exposed to cannot be determined, NIOSH use of the Y-12 in vivo counting system 

data is subject to the same limitations that were evaluated for Fernald. For these reasons, NIOSH 

concludes that the available mass-based lung-count data cannot be used to reconstruct exposure to 

thorium with sufficient accuracy at the Y-12 Plant. 

NOTE: As discussed in Section 5.4.1, there are indications that isotopic-specific results (i.e., Ac-228 

and Pb-212) might be available starting in 1977. NIOSH has not ascertained the availability 

of these data at this time; therefore, it will continue to evaluate the feasibility of internal dose 

reconstruction for thorium at the Y-12 site beginning January 1, 1977. 

NIOSH has evaluated the available gross alpha air monitoring data at Y-12 and determined that it 

cannot be used to accurately reconstruct internal exposure from thorium and associated progeny for 

the following reasons: 

• The air monitoring data represent gross alpha activity at fixed sample collection points. Such data 

does not necessarily represent the concentration in an individual worker’s breathing zone. 

• The air data were collected over a time period likely different from when an individual might be 

present in the same area. As such, these data do not accurately represent potential episodic 

exposures, but rather, provide an average exposure during the sampling interval. 

• Arc melting of thorium preferentially releases Ra-228 and results in a disruption of predictable 

Th-232/Th-228 ratios in work areas (as described in Section 4.2.1 and shown in Table 4-3). 
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• The data only provide long-lived alpha concentrations and cannot be used to establish exposure to 

radium-228, which is a beta/gamma-emitter; nor can it be used to determine thorium-232 and 

thorium-228 component intakes. In order to do so, it would be necessary to know the ratios of 

these nuclide activities relative to total thorium activity. Such data are not available to NIOSH.

NIOSH cannot use source term data to determine internal exposures because such data are not 

available to NIOSH. 

6.1.2 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures from Plutonium-241 Separation 

NIOSH does not have any personnel or workplace monitoring data specific to plutonium-241 for the 

period from January 1, 1954 through December 31, 1966. During this time period, the only 

monitoring data available for individuals working with this material would have been either gross 

alpha or specific to plutonium-239/240. Pu-241 has a specific activity that is 1,600 times that of Pu239, and 450 times that of Pu-240. From a dose perspective, Pu-241 can be a controlling factor once 

it is present above a few percent in a mixture. For a 50% mixture of Pu-241 and Pu-240, the dose 

contribution from Pu-241 is a factor of 400 times that of the Pu-240 component. At 90% Pu-241, the

contribution is a factor of 4,000. These values are even higher when the mixture contains Pu-239 

instead of Pu-240. In order to use the available plutonium-239/240 data to calculate internal exposure 

to Pu-241, it would be necessary to know the ratio of Pu-241 to Pu-239/240 in the material to which a 

person was exposed. These data are not available to NIOSH. Due to the differences in specific 

activity mentioned above, application of a bounding ratio would result in an implausible exposure and 

would therefore not be sufficiently accurate. For these reasons, NIOSH has determined that it cannot 

determine internal exposure from Pu-241 for the period from January 1, 1954 through December 31, 

1966. 

6.1.3 Internal Feasibility Conclusions

NIOSH does not have access to sufficient employee monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate potential internal exposures to thorium and plutonium-241 during the period 

from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976 at the Y-12 Plant. Consequently, NIOSH finds that 

it is not feasible to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, internal exposures to thorium and plutonium241 and resulting doses for the class of employees covered by this evaluation. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct internal radiation doses for the 

period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, NIOSH intends to use any internal 

monitoring data that may become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using 

existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals 

employed at Y-12 during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, but who do 

not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

NIOSH is continuing to evaluate the period beginning January 1, 1977 to determine if thorium-related 

infeasibility issues continued beyond the recommended SEC class period of 1958-1976. 
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6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures

This evaluation responds to a petition based on NIOSH determining that internal radiation exposures 

to thorium and plutonium-241 could not be reconstructed for a dose reconstruction referred to NIOSH 

by the Department of Labor (DOL). As noted above, HHS will consider this determination to be 

sufficient without further consideration to determine that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of 

radiation doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. Consequently, it is not 

necessary for NIOSH to fully evaluate the feasibility of reconstructing external radiation exposures for 

the class of employees covered by this report. 

In its previous SEC-00186 class designation, NIOSH found that it has access to sufficient employee 

monitoring data to bound potential external exposures for employees at Y-12 for a period from 

January 1948 through December 1957 (NIOSH, 2011). This current evaluation has found no evidence 

to the contrary for the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976. NIOSH has 

established that it has access to sufficient information to either: (1) estimate the maximum external 

radiation dose for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed that could have 

been incurred under plausible circumstances by any member of the class; or (2) estimate the external 

radiation doses to members of the class more precisely than a maximum dose estimate.

Adequate medical dose reconstruction is possible by using the assumptions described in the Y-12 Site

Profile, Occupational Medical Dose (ORAUT-TKBS-0014-3). 

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility

HHS has designated an SEC class associated with SEC-00186 for all Y-12 Plant workers for the 

period from January 1, 1948 through December 31, 1957 (HHS, 2011; NIOSH, 2011). The time 

period covering thorium operations under evaluation in this report is January 1, 1959 through 

December 31, 1976. The time period covering plutonium-241 operations in this report is January 1, 

1954 through December 31, 1966. Considering the combination of the thorium and plutonium-241 

time periods, and considering that there is already an SEC class for Y-12 covering all workers in all 

facilities through December 31, 1957, NIOSH recommends that this current class include the time 

period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976. As discussed in Section 5.4.1, there are 

indications that isotopic-specific results (i.e., Ac-228 and Pb-212) might be available starting in 1977. 

NIOSH has not ascertained the availability of these data at this time; therefore, it will continue to 

evaluate the feasibility of internal dose reconstruction for thorium at the Y-12 site beginning January 

1, 1977. 

NIOSH has determined that, due to undocumented worker movements across the site, limited 

claimant-specific information pertaining to work locations, and a determination by the Department of 

Labor (DOL) that employment records do not indicate work locations, NIOSH is unable to eliminate 

any specific worker from potential exposure scenarios based on assigned work location. Accordingly, 

NIOSH is recommending that this class be established for all workers in all areas of the Y-12 site. 
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7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00251

This report evaluates the feasibility for completing dose reconstructions for employees at Y-12 from 

January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976. NIOSH determined that members of this class may 

have received radiation exposures from thorium and plutonium-241. NIOSH lacks sufficient 

information, which includes biological monitoring data, sufficient air monitoring information, or 

sufficient process and radiological source information), that would allow it to estimate the potential 

internal exposure to which the proposed class may have been exposed. 

NIOSH has documented herein that it cannot complete the dose reconstruction related to this petition. 

The basis of this finding demonstrates that NIOSH does not have access to sufficient information to 

estimate either the maximum radiation dose incurred by any member of the class or to estimate such 

radiation doses more precisely than a maximum dose estimate.

External radiation exposures can be adequately reconstructed for this class of Y-12 employees using 

ORAUT-TKBS-0014-6. Likewise, occupational medical doses and environmental doses can be

reconstructed using ORAUT-TKBS-014-3 and ORAUT-TKBS-0014-4, respectively. Internal doses, 

with the exception of thorium and plutonium-241 (as described above), can be adequately 

reconstructed using ORAUT-TKBS-0014-5. 

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

Y-12 during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976, but who do not qualify for 

inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00251

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) and § 83.13(c)(3). Pursuant to these requirements, if 

it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH 

must determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered 

the health of members of the class. The regulations require NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

required to specify that health was endangered for those employees who were employed for a number 

of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 
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NIOSH is aware of a nuclear criticality accident in Building 9212 of the Y-12 Plant on June 16, 1958. 

NIOSH has investigated the accident and has developed a roster of workers involved. NIOSH assigns 

radiation dose for the 1958 incident in accordance with ORAUT-OTIB-0057. NIOSH did not identify 

any evidence that would establish that any additional members of the class were exposed to radiation 

during the 1958 incident or during any other discrete incident likely to have involved levels of 

exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. However, the evidence 

reviewed in this evaluation indicates that some employees in the class may have accumulated chronic 

radiation exposures through intakes of thorium (and associated progeny) and plutonium-241. 

Consequently, NIOSH is specifying that health was endangered for those employees covered by this 

evaluation who were employed for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within 

the parameters established for this class or in combination with work days within the parameters 

established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC.

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00251

This evaluation defines a single class of employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses 

with sufficient accuracy. This class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its 

predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at the Y-12 Plant in Oak 

Ridge, Tennessee, during the period from January 1, 1958 through December 31, 1976 for a number 

of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility, 

similar to the class defined in Section 9.0, for whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction may not 

be feasible, and for whom additional research and analyses is required. If a second class is identified, 

it would require additional research and analyses. Such a class would be addressed in a separate SEC 

evaluation rather than delay consideration of the current claim. At this time, NIOSH has not identified 

a second similar class of employees at the Y-12 Plant for whom dose reconstruction may not be 

feasible.
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11.0 References

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August 28, 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 122761 

Livingston, 1950, Progress Report, Electromagnetic Research Division, July 1, 1950 to October 1, 

1950; R. S. Livingston; October 12, 1950; SRDB Ref ID: 26739 (UCNI)

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1951; Robert S. Livingston; July 16, 1951; SRDB Ref ID: 26745 (UCNI) 

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Livingston, 1955, Electronuclear Research Division, Semiannual Progress Report for Period Ending 

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SRDB Ref ID: 104063

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Log Entry, undated, Log Entry in Worker History File Regarding Am-241, author unknown; Y-12, 

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Love, 1966, Review of ORNL Electromagnetic Separations Program, 1965, ORNL-4006; L. O. Love 

and W. A. Bell; August 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 122842

Markowitz, 2004, Y-12 and Oak Ridge National Laboratory Medical Surveillance Program, Phase I: 

Needs Assessment, S. Markowitz, C. Scarbrough, S. Kiedling, and M. Griffon; February 12. 2004; 

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Building 9201-5 at the Y-12 Plant, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Oversight, Office of 

Environment, Safety and Health; February 2000; SRDB Ref ID: 79164

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SRDB Ref ID: 29981

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Rev. 02, Oak Ridge Associated Universities; April 29, 2013; SRDB Ref ID: 124947

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Associated Universities; November 8, 2007; SRDB Ref ID: 36045

ORAUT-TKBS-0014-3, Y-12 National Security Complex – Occupational Medical Dose, Rev. 01, Oak 

Ridge Associated Universities; June 18, 2007; SRDB Ref ID: 32461

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Ridge Associated Universities; March 12, 2012; SRDB Ref ID: 109202

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ORNL, 1954b, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, April 1954, ORNL-1719; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) by F. T. Howard and W. H. Sullivan; May 6, 1954; SRDB 

Ref ID: 121197

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ORNL, 1958b, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, October 1958, ORNL2636; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); November 7, 1958; SRDB Ref ID: 121235

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ORNL, 1959d, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, March 1959, ORNL2721; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); April 7, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 121245

ORNL, 1959e, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, April 1959, ORNL-2736; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); May 7, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 122798

ORNL, 1959f, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, May 1959, ORNL-2756; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); June 8, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 122799

ORNL, 1959g, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, June 1959, ORNL-2781; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); July 7, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 122861

ORNL, 1959h, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, July 1959, ORNL-2795; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); August 6, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 122863

ORNL, 1959i, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, August 1959, ORNL2825; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); September 4, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 104132
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ORNL, 1959j, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, September 1959, ORNL2845; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); October 6, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 104048

ORNL, 1959k, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, October 1959, ORNL2858; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); November 6, 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 122866

ORNL, 1960, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, December 1959, ORNL2895; Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); January 8, 1960; SRDB Ref ID: 122800

ORNL, 1964, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Status and Progress Report, April 1964, ORNL-3628; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); May 6, 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 121277

ORNL, 1974a, Validation of ORNL Incidents/Unusual Occurrences, Report R096, database printout; 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); report run date of March 7, 1974; SRDB Ref ID: 104493

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Personal Communication, 2012, Personal Communication with Former Oak Ridge National 

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Personal Communication, 2018a, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 15, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173936

Personal Communication, 2018b, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173937

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In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 173938

Personal Communication, 2018d, Personal Communication with Former Y-12 Plant employee; 

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In-person Interview by ORAU Team; August 16, 2018; SRDB Ref ID: 174343

Prater, 1963, Electromagnetic Isotope Separations, W. K. Prater, Oak Ridge National Laboratory;

October 17, 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 91015

Quarterly Report, 1961Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1961, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 18, 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 30997
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Quarterly Report, 1962Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1962, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; January 23, 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 23617

Quarterly Report, 1962Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1962, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; March 5, 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 23618

Quarterly Report, 1963Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1963, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 29, 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 152386

Quarterly Report, 1963Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1963, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 1, 1963; SRDB Ref ID: 152388

Quarterly Report, 1963Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1963, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; January 14, 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 152389

Quarterly Report, 1964Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1964, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 28, 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 30999

Quarterly Report, 1964Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1964, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; September 14, 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 152390

Quarterly Report, 1964Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1964, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; December 3, 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 31176

Quarterly Report, 1964Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1964, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; March 11, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 152391

Quarterly Report, 1965Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1965, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; November 17, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 152393

Quarterly Report, 1965Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1965, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; March 3, 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 31174

Quarterly Report, 1966Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1966, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 28, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 31179

Quarterly Report, 1967Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1967, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 11, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 152398

Quarterly Report, 1967Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1967, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 4, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 152395

Quarterly Report, 1967Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1967, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; November 1, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 152394

Quarterly Report, 1967Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1967, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 13, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 152396

Quarterly Report, 1968Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1968, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; April 30, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 152400
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant

42 of 68

Quarterly Report, 1968Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1968, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 1, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 152401

Quarterly Report, 1968Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1968, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; October 31, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 152402

Quarterly Report, 1968Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1968, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 14, 1969; SRDB Ref ID: 152403

Quarterly Report, 1969Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1969, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; November 10, 1969; SRDB Ref ID: 152404

Quarterly Report, 1969Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1969, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 25, 1970; SRDB Ref ID: 152405

Quarterly Report, 1970Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1970, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 21, 1970; SRDB Ref ID: 152406

Quarterly Report, 1970Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1970, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 18, 1970; SRDB Ref ID: 152407

Quarterly Report, 1970Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1970, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; October 30, 1970; SRDB Ref ID: 152408

Quarterly Report, 1970Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1970, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 25, 1971; SRDB Ref ID: 152409

Quarterly Report, 1971Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1971, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; June 1, 1971; SRDB Ref ID: 152412

Quarterly Report, 1971Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1971, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1971; SRDB Ref ID: 152434

Quarterly Report, 1971Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1971, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; February 7, 1972; SRDB Ref ID: 152431

Quarterly Report, 1972Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1972, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 5, 1972; SRDB Ref ID: 152436

Quarterly Report, 1973Q4, NOTE: Although the 1973Q4 report is not available, monitoring results 

for 1973Q4 are provided (for comparison purposes) in the 1974Q1 report: Y-12 Plant Quarterly 

Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1974, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 8, 1974; 

SRDB Ref ID: 152439

Quarterly Report, 1974Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1974, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 8, 1974; SRDB Ref ID: 152439

Quarterly Report, 1974Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1974, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; August 2, 1974; SRDB Ref ID: 152445
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Quarterly Report, 1975Q1, NOTE: Although the 1975Q1 report is not available, monitoring results 

for 1975Q1 are provided (for comparison purposes) in the 1975Q2 report: Y-12 Plant Quarterly 

Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1975, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd 

unspecified, 1975; SRDB Ref ID: 152448

Quarterly Report, 1975Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1975, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1975; SRDB Ref ID: 152448

Quarterly Report, 1975Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1975, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1975; SRDB Ref ID: 152451

Quarterly Report, 1975Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1975, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1976; SRDB Ref ID: 152454

Quarterly Report, 1976Q1, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: First Quarter CY 1976, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1976; SRDB Ref ID: 152458

Quarterly Report, 1976Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1976, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1976; SRDB Ref ID: 152459

Quarterly Report, 1976Q3, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Third Quarter CY 1976, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1976; SRDB Ref ID: 152456

Quarterly Report, 1976Q4, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Fourth Quarter CY 1976, 

Union Carbide Nuclear Company; mm/dd unspecified, 1977; SRDB Ref ID: 152455

Quarterly Report, 1977Q2, Y-12 Plant Quarterly Health Physics Report: Second Quarter CY 1977, 

Union Carbide; mm/dd unspecified, 1977; SRDB Ref ID: 152460

Rupp, 1965a, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for January 1965, ORNL 65-2-43, A. F. Rupp,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); February 9, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 122916

Rupp, 1965b, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for March 1965, ORNL 65-4-19, A. F. Rupp, 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); April 9, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 122918

Rupp, 1965c, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for April 1965, ORNL 65-5-27, A. F. Rupp, 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); May 11, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 122919

Rupp, 1965d, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for June 1965, ORNL 65-7-15, A. F. Rupp, 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); July 9, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 122921

Rupp, 1965e, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for November 1965, ORNL 65-12-30, A. F. 

Rupp, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); December 7, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 122925

Rupp, 1966a, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for December 1965, ORNL 66-1-43, A. F. 

Rupp, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); January 18, 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 122926

Rupp, 1966b, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for August 1966, ORNL 66-9-10, A. F. Rupp, 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); September 8, 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 122935
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant

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Rupp, 1967, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for May 1967, ORNL 67-6-9, A. F. Rupp, Oak 

Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); June 9. 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 122944

Rupp, 1968, Isotopes Development Center Newsletter for May 1968, ORNL 68-6-14, A. F. Rupp, Oak 

Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL); June 7, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 122972

Scheitlin, 1957, Special Separations Logbook, F. Scheitlin, submitted by EEOICPA claimant; various 

dates in the late 1950s (ca 1957); SRDB Ref ID: 163649

Scott, 1965, Technique for Assessing Thorium Body Burdens Utilizing In Vivo Gamma Spectroscopy, 

L. M. Scott, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division; May 28, 1965; scan from Health Physics, 

1966, Vol. 12, pp. 101-108; SRDB Ref ID: 701

Scott, 1970, Air-to-Dept. Cross Reference, L. M. Scott, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division; 

July 29, 1970; SRDB Ref ID: 166323

Seagren, 1958, Isotopes Division Annual Report for 1957, ORNL-2492, H. E. Seagren, Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory (ORNL); July 1, 1958; SRDB Ref ID: 99289

Spreadsheet, 1960-76, Excel Spreadsheet Containing Air Sample Results for Y-12 for 1960-1976, 

Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division; various 

dates in 1960-1976; SRDB Ref ID: 141457

Thorium Fire, 1969, Report of a Thorium Fire, Building 9201-5, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; 

February 24, 1969; SRDB Ref ID: 99793, PDF pp. 5-9

Thorium Flow Chart, 1963, Thorium Process Flow Chart, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; 1963; 

SRDB Ref ID: 166621

Thorium Lung Counts, 2005, Thorium Lung Count Results by Year (1958-1982), BWXT Y-12, Excel 

sheets containing Y-12 thorium lung count results; provided to NIOSH on May 13, 2005; SRDB Ref 

ID: 17073

Thorium Machining, 1960, Thorium Machining, Building 9766; Union Carbide Nuclear Company; 

January 19, 1960; SRDB Ref ID: 166623

Thorium Melt, 1969, Old Thorium Melt Operation, internal correspondence to E. H. Johnson from M. 

Sanders, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division; June 17, 1969; SRDB Ref ID: 166264, PDF 

pp. 5-6

Thorium Reports, 1961, Daily Thorium Reports for 10-27-61 and 11-01-61, Union Carbide Nuclear 

Company; October 27, 1961 and November 1, 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 166319, PDF pp. 36-37

West, 1961a, An Evaluation of the Health Physics Problems from Thorium and Its Daughters in a 

Thorium Purification and Fabrication Process, C. M. West, Union Carbide Nuclear Company April 

28, 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 166611

West, 1961b, Internal Dosimetry Procedure for Personnel Working in Thorium Processing Areas, C. 

M. West, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; May 3, 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 32616, PDF p. 4
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West, 1961c, Internal Dosimetry Procedure for Scheduling Personnel Working in Thorium 

Processing Areas for In Vivo Measurement, C. M. West, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; July 18,

1961; SRDB Ref ID: 32616, PDF p. 3

West, 1961d, Rule of Thumb for Computing Thorium Body Burden from In Vivo Counts, internal 

correspondence to C. M. West from L. M. Scott, Union Carbide Nuclear Company; November 21, 

1961; SRDB Ref ID: 32615

West, 1965, Health Physics Considerations Associated with Thorium Processing, Y-KB-53, C. M. 

West, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division; January 19, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 11596

West, 1977, Thorium (Natural) and Its Compounds, C. M. West and L. M. Scott; Union Carbide 

Corporation, Nuclear Division; March 1977; SRDB Ref ID: 166612

Wiley, 2005, Documents Issued to Sanford Cohen and Associates (SC&A) by BWXT Y-12 in Concert 

with the Federal Advisory Board on Radiation Worker Health at the Y-12 National Security Complex, 

S. W. Wiley, BWXT Y-12; November 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 21854
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Attachment 1: Plutonium Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1952-1954) 

Name [redacted] Oct

52

Nov

52

Dec

52

Jan

53

Feb

53

Mar 

53

Apr

53

May 

53

Jun

53

Jul

53

Jan

54

Feb 

54

Mar 

54

Apr

54

May

54

Jun

54

Nov

54

Dec

54 Total

A1-1 1 3 2 0 2 2 0 3 1 0 1 0 3 3 5 0 0 2 28

A1-2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A1-3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A1-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 4

A1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 5

A1-6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2

A1-7 4 2 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 18

A1-8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4

A1-9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A1-10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A1-11 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

A1-12 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 6

A1-13 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

A1-14 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5

A1-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 2 1 0 0 10

A1-16 3 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 20

A1-17 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A1-18 2 3 2 0 2 5 1 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 26

A1-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A1-20 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4

A1-21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 3

A1-22 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A1-23 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 1 3 1 4 0 0 2 25

A1-24 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

A1-25 0 4 4 2 9 7 5 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42

Grand Total 21 30 12 7 21 17 19 21 9 3 4 2 19 12 23 5 1 5 231
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Attachment 2: Plutonium Bioassay Sample Results for 9204-3 Workers (1952-1954)
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Attachment 3: Plutonium Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1965)

Name [redacted] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

A3-1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 4

A3-2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 10

A3-3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3

A3-4 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 11

A3-5 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 18

A3-6 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 8

A3-7 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 10

A3-8 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 9

A3-9 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 6

A3-10 0 2 2 1 4 5 4 2 2 3 3 2 30

A3-11 2 2 4 2 3 2 1 3 0 3 2 2 26

Grand Total 10 12 13 7 11 12 11 17 5 15 12 10 135
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Attachment 4: Plutonium-241 Bioassay Samples for 9204-3 Workers (1967-1985)

Name [redacted] 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Total

A4-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5

A4-2 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A4-3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 7

A4-5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2

A4-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

A4-8 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A4-9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

A4-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4

A4-11 8 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

A4-12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-13 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

A4-14 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 5

A4-16 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 0 14

A4-17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

A4-18 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8

A4-19 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

A4-20 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A4-21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

A4-22 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

A4-23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

A4-24 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

A4-25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A4-26 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Name [redacted] 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Total

A4-27 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-29 7 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11

A4-30 0 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

A4-31 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-32 11 4 2 5 1 6 5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 41

A4-33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

A4-34 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A4-36 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A4-37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A4-38 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

A4-39 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

A4-40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

A4-41 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

A4-42 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

A4-43 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

A4-44 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

A4-45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Total 74 6 3 6 2 24 35 4 1 16 28 1 8 1 5 7 1 222
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

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Attachment 5: Data Capture Synopsis

Table A1-1: Summary of Holdings in the SRDB for Y-12 Plant

Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Number Uploaded 

to SRDB

Primary Site/Company Name: Y-12 Plant

1942-present, DOE 

Alternate Site Names: Y-12 National Security Complex

Physical Size of the Site: 811 acres holding over 350 

buildings.

Site Population: In 1945, more than 22,000 workers at the 

site. During the Cold War 8,000 people worked around the 

clock. Noted 6,866 employees in June 1963 and 6,000 in 

2011. In October 2018, Y-12 reported more than 4,700 

federal and contractor employees work at the site.

Awaiting release of a Documented Communication from DOE 

Headquarters.

Bioassay data, 86-inch cyclotron program and radiation protection, 

buildings and years where thorium was present, external exposure 

information, foundry health physics, handling and working with Np, 

in-vivo monitoring program and results, list of names and badge 

numbers, neutron field measurement, uranium air limits and their 

impact on Y-12, personnel notebooks, plant procedures, plutonium air 

problem, progress reports, radiation generating devices, radiation 

safety manual, radiological incidents, radiological surveys (airborne, 

contamination, etc.), record book of materials, run sheets from 86-inch 

cyclotron, separation of isotopes, neutron film results, sunflower 

foundry employees, thorium program lung count results, transuranic 

hazard assessment, uranium in effluent, urinalysis and fecal sample 

program related information, various technical basis documents, 

applying thorium surface contamination limits, internal dosimetry 

program, background subtraction and critical level for ET1 dosimeters, 

calibration factors, estimating the shallow dose equivalent using HBG 

element four readings, dosimetry quality control program information, 

building radiation and contamination periodic surveys, neutron-photon 

radiation surveys, container surveys for outgoing shipments, 

calibration and operation of the in-vivo lung counter, individual 

employee bioassay and film/TLD reports, plant health physics 

quarterly reports, thorium contamination survey results, thorium air 

sample results, air sampling system and locations, thorium fabrication, 

thorium machining, thorium processing, a process knowledge expert 

interview, data reduction software for in-vivo counting, dosimetry data 

with thorium in-vivo counts for a Y-12 employee, and a 1964 Y-12 

radiation safety manual.

OPEN 799

State Contacted: Not Applicable State was not contacted due to Y-12 being an active Department of 

Energy site.

Not 

Applicable Not Applicable

Albany Research Center A 1950 report on the chemical properties of californium. 03/02/2013 1
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant

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Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Number Uploaded

to SRDB

Ames Laboratory Ames histories, 1951-1953 radiation work permits, survey reports, and 

thorium shipments to other facilities.

01/25/2016 8

Argonne National Laboratory-East Organization of National Nucleonic Program, personnel procedure for 

transferring to Y-12 in 1943, and plutonium scrap processing 

information.

04/02/2008 4

Battelle National Laboratory-King Avenue Thorium reports, a 1951 material balance report, and a nuclear battery 

report.

04/14/2011 5

Brookhaven National Laboratory Ambient air monitoring parameters at DOE facilities and monthly 

reports.

10/22/2008 4

Cincinnati Public Library A Manhattan Project History. 08/06/2008 1

Cincinnati Operations Center Library Y-12 photographs and map key, urinalysis reports, an ORNL visitor

guide, modifications to the ORNL Health Center, external exposure

summaries 1989-1991, a DOELAP status report for the Centralized

External Dosimetry System, a 1994 internal dosimetry review, the

1990 survey and characterization of Building 9201-2, a DOELAP

reaccreditation application, the technical basis for augmenting the

criticality alarm system, the air monitoring technical basis document,

the DOE Office of Oversight Radiological Task Team reports, the

survey and release protocol for wooden items, the implementing order

for 10 CFR 835, and a survey and release plan for heavy equipment.

07/16/2018 16

Claimant Provided Work products from inter-agency working groups and links between 

exposure to occupational hazards and illnesses in the DOE contractor 

workforce, an extrusion video, radon measurements, a site walking 

tour, a contamination survey and environmental report, and a hearing 

before the workers' compensation board state of New York.

12/27/2016 6

Colorado Mesa University Recovery of uranium from carnotite ores, progress reports of carnotite 

studies, separation of uranium from urine, stack sampling, radiation 

emergencies, and new methods for interpreting neutron data from 

various dosimeter types.

10/16/2012 10

Curtiss-Wright Shipping information and orders. 04/24/2009 1

Department of Labor / Paragon Background report and evaluation of resurvey requirements for the 

former Atomic Energy Commission portion of the Lake Ontario 

Ordinance Works, request for scrap evaluation, shipment of 

Schenectady wastes to Oak Ridge, a complex-wide mixed waste 

report, a mercury waste management report, and a visit from Cotter 

Corporation personnel.

10/29/2014 12

DOE Albuquerque Complex NNSA NURE activation analysis system correspondence. 01/13/2012 1

DOE Environmental Consolidated Business Center 

(EMCBC) - Denver

Rocky Flats thorium shipments to Y-12. 02/12/2014 1
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant

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Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Number Uploaded

to SRDB

DOE Environmental Information Center Y-12's receipt of gold from the Paducah metals recovery program. 07/20/2011 1

DOE Germantown Beryllium history, monthly accountability reports, thorium 

information, site history, Manhattan District History sections, records 

holding area search procedures, DOE reasonable search protocol 

spreadsheet, and a data tracking spreadsheet.

09/17/2015 17

DOE Legacy Management - Grand Junction Office Accomplishments of the National Lead Company of Ohio, Electro 

Metallurgical weekly production report, requests for material transfers, 

storage/disposal requests, electromagnetic separation of isotopes at 

Oak Ridge, results of mobile gamma scanning activities, results of soil 

sample analysis, return of thorium from Savannah River programs, 

return of thorium from Davison Chemical, LOOW production report 

describing materials shipped to Y-12, budget reviews, an accidental 

radiation excursion at Y-12, a contractor list, and history of Hanford.

08/30/2011 51

DOE Legacy Management - Morgantown Health and mortality studies of federal nuclear workers, uranium in 

urine samples, appraisal of occupational medical program, bioassay 

department highlights report, comparison of FMPC's uranium in urine 

sample results with Y-12's results, comprehensive epidemiologic data 

resource, DOE studies finding excess cancer mortality at several DOE 

nuclear facilities, disposal of thorium residues, Extrusion Plant (RMI) 

receipts and shipments, progress and production reports and orders, 

material balance report by facility, plutonium content of NLO feed 

materials, production order enriched uranium to Y-12, results of 

uranium urines, thorium shipments, thorium bioassay, recycled 

uranium data, trip reports, FUSRAP reports, environmental reports, 

and uranium urine exchange program information.

04/05/2016 156

DOE Legacy Management - MoundView (Fernald 

Holdings, includes Fernald Legal Database)

Air emissions annual report, annual report of the Health and Safety 

Division, Colonie site receipts of depleted uranium, DOE health and 

mortality study, environmental reports, Grand Junction processing of 

feed material scraps, incineration of radioactive solid wastes, major 

thorium campaigns and accountability documents, radioactive waste 

shipments, radiological incidents, shipping and receipt documents for 

enriched uranium and thorium, thorium bioassay investigations, 

thorium derby metal for Y-12, thorium nitrate specifications, trip 

reports, and Y-12 Plant thorium powder or pellet procurement 

specifications.

02/01/2012 79

DOE Legacy Management - MoundView (Fernald 

Holdings, includes Fernald Legal Database) / Albany 

Research Center

The 1958 symposium on uranium industry occupational health 

experiences.

09/30/2003 1
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Data Capture Information General Description of Documents Captured Date 

Completed

Number Uploaded

to SRDB

DOE Legacy Management - Westminster Complex-wide external dosimetry technical basis document, 

plutonium/actinide recovery history, lifetime dose calculations from 

systemic burden and lung count data, technical services quarterly 

report, Elza Gate bioassays sampling logs, and reports of analysis.

01/14/2016 5

DOE Nuclear Materials Management and Safeguards 

System (NMMSS)

Material transfers between Y-12 and Rocky Flats. 07/10/2013 2

DOE Oak Ridge Operations Material accountability reports, description of thorium processing, 

safety meetings, PCB meetings, bioassay results, external exposure 

results, TLD processing, fluorine control, artificial urine reports, 

asbestos worker files, the mobile body counter, U-233 history and 

inventories, trip reports, TLD problems, respiratory program 

occurrence report, periodic progress reports, and environmental 

reports. 

01/13/2014 64

DOE Oak Ridge Operations Records Holding Task Group 

Vault

Building index, contamination control, discontinuation of DuPont film, 

employee work history records, external exposure reports, film badge 

program, foundry beta radiation control, health physics records, 

internal exposures at Y-12 , personnel participating in decontamination 

work, monthly health physics report, collection and recovery of 

airborne tuballoy, monthly production reports, production statistics 

and thorium inventories, radiological incidents, radiological surveys, 

reduction of radiation exposures, technical basis for beta skin dose 

calculations at the Y-12 plant, uranium dust concentrations, urinalysis 

and whole body count information, African Metals invoices, materials 

in 0101 area - Clinton Engineer Works, and the storage of U-235 from 

Los Alamos at Clinton Engineer Works.

08/14/2015 162

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information 

(OSTI)

Closed-cycle beta process, alpha II calutron development, uranium 

recovery by spray cleaning, thorium receipts, radiological surveys, 

pocket meter logbook notes, material transfers, coating of metallic 

thorium, material inventories, health physics logbooks, personnel 

monitoring, internal exposure study, applied health physics program 

review, calibrating and reading TLDs, periodic reports, and airborne 

uranium.

09/24/2018 85

East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) Special form material procedures, health physics procedures, 

implementation plan for DOE Order 5480.11, the ETTP internal 

dosimetry program, technical basis, and evaluations, 10 CFR 835 

implementing program documents, worker safety and health program 

documents, and Oak Ridge Reservation annual air emission reports. 

01/11/2017 25
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Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML) Library Air sampling for the control of internal exposure from enriched 

uranium at Y-12, a beryllium study, criticality alarms and accident 

dosimetry, and in-vivo counting as a device for evaluating uranium 

exposure.

01/21/2011 4

Federal Records Center - Atlanta Uranium tolerances, finger film, biological research at Mound, tritium 

information, and an Oak Ridge Operations Office health protection 

status report.

08/12/2004 5

Federal Records Center - Boston Personnel termination exposure summaries. 04/27/2012 1

Federal Records Center - Chicago Contamination control limits, a tritium release limits position paper, 

radiological control manuals and technical bases.

06/20/2013 6

Federal Records Center - Dayton Radiation dose determinations from indium foils in multi-plant 

security badges, limits for material from K-25 and Y-12 potentially 

contaminated with tritium, a Health Physics Division annual report, 

transfers of highly enriched uranium, a RCRA facility investigation, 

and dose estimates for a Y-12 incident.

06/02/2014 7

Federal Records Center - Denver Mortality among radiation workers at a plutonium weapons facility, 

beryllium purchasing, fire protection workshop proceedings, a 1967 

review of criticality accidents, and a listing of mixed waste streams.

01/25/2012 5

Federal Records Center - Kansas City Reports of urinalysis with sample routing logs, Tiger Team findings, a 

1990 TLD occupational exposure report, and the process for handling 

contaminated returns to the Kansas City Plant.

10/09/2013 5

Federal Records Center - Lee's Summit DOE unusual incident reports, a volumetric release analysis, 

environment, safety, and health performance indicators, 1988 bioassay 

results, a West Valley fact book, and an analysis of Tiger Team 

findings.

05/17/2016 21

Federal Records Center - San Bruno Beta run reports, personnel medical records handling, personnel 

assignment logs, schedule for track B, a personnel dosimetry 

intercomparison, medical and health physics quarterly reports, 

plutonium and fission products metabolism, and health chemistry 

accident reports.

02/12/2018 14

Fernald / SC&A Mobile in-vivo radiation monitoring laboratory brochure. 06/26/2003 1

General Atomics The 1958 criticality incident at Y-12. 08/16/2005 1

Goldberg, Persky, and White PC - Mancuso Collection A 1973 contractor list, a records retention discussion, correspondence, 

and a local news article regarding a small fire in 1976.

01/10/2017 8

Hagley Museum & Library General history of Clinton Engineer Works, race for the bomb, the 

Hanford story, and uranium experimental program on heat treatment.

09/29/2010 8
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Hanford In-vivo counting method for determining the uranium lung burden, 

annual and monthly progress reports, environmental monitoring and 

protection committee information, smelting uranium-contaminated 

ferrous metal scrap, production of tritium, health physicist reports, a 

waste water treatment review, inventories, material losses, uranium 

mass balance project document index and attachments, accountability 

reports, and accountability survey data.

03/20/2013 42

Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Material transfers between Y-12 and INL facilities, handling of Y-12 

material at INL, correspondence, visitor badge reports, criticality 

safety evaluations, a documented communication, a list of 

publications, and employee previous exposure histories.

03/16/2016 43

INL Electronic Document Management System (EDMS) The results of an EDMS keyword search. 06/29/2016 1

Interlibrary Loan Environmental levels of radioactivity at Atomic Energy Commission 

installations, work history reports for oxide conversion facility, 

proceedings of a short criticality safety course, the Seaborg journal, 

and the proceedings of an incineration conference.

05/29/2012 24

Internet - Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) An occupational dose reconstruction bibliography, uranium alloy 

metallurgy bibliography, defense nuclear facilities safety board reports 

to Congress, actinide research quarterly reports, physical metallurgy of 

uranium alloys, and the characterization of enriched uranium oxide 

particles.

06/05/2017 20

Internet - DOE Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data 

Resource (CEDR)

Health physics hygiene progress report and the impact of downsizing 

and reorganization on employee health and well-being at the DOE Y12 Plant.

01/23/2010 3

Internet - DOE Health, Safety, and Security (HSS) 10 CFR 835 exemption requests. 02/07/2017 2

Internet - DOE Legacy Management Preliminary survey of the Elza Gate warehouse area, removal of 

uranium from soil, beryllium-associated worker registries, annual 

occupational exposure reports, and a former worker medical screening 

report.

06/05/2017 10

Internet - DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites A 1951 monthly progress report and a mixed waste inventory report. 04/24/2012 2

Internet - DOE National Nuclear Security Administration 

(NNSA) - Nevada Site Office

Babcock & Wilcox Technical Services cited for violation, the final Y12 environmental impact statement, and Y-12 reducing its nuclear 

footprint.

11/16/2015 5

Internet - DOE Noncompliance Tracking System (NTS) Noncompliance with Nevada Test Site waste acceptance criteria and a 

discussion of isolated non-uranium contamination areas.

10/04/2018 2

Internet - DOE Oak Ridge Operations Release of a parcel of land to the city of Oak Ridge, the demolition of 

Building 3704, photographs of Building 9401-2, and the 2016 Oak 

Ridge Reservation annual environmental report.

05/01/2018 4
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Internet - DOE Occurrence Processing and Reporting 

System (ORPS)

No thorium related reports were identified. 10/04/2018 0

Internet - DOE Office of Scientific and Technical 

Information (OSTI)

The 2006 Oak Ridge Reservation annual environmental report. 02/01/2015 1

Internet - DOE OpenNet Criticality accident at the Y-12 Plant, declassification of the quantity 

of enriched lithium produced at Y-12, Manhattan District history, 

monthly status and progress reports, semiannual reports of the Atomic 

Energy Commission, operational accidents and radiation exposure 

experience, release of radioactivity to the environs request by AEC, 

uranium dust exposure and lung cancer risk in four uranium processing 

operations, trip reports, Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies 

medical research reports, a californium-252 report, fuel slug studies, 

Manhattan Project field progress reports, material transfers, a plant 

tour, National Radiobiology Project interviews, Massachusetts General 

Hospital uranium study, calculation of potential incident doses, 

radiobiology reports, and neutron exposure dosimetry by in-vivo 

sodium-24 measurements.

09/19/2016 144

Internet - DOE OSTI Energy Citations Clean atmosphere approach to radiological decontamination of 

concrete surfaces, model for uranium lung clearance at the Y-12 Plant, 

Y-12 discharge of enriched uranium to the sanitary sewer, study of

TLD beta calibration factor for exposure to depleted uranium, coaxial

germanium detectors in the Y-12 in-vivo monitor, disposal of United

Nuclear Company materials at the Y-12, environmental survey report,

modeling of Elza Gate contaminated material, a Pinellas Plant

feasibility study, a mathematical model for lung counting, the

feasibility of in-vivo thorium measurements, ORNL Chemical

Technology Division reports, a 2011 DOE occupational radiation

exposure report, and a nuclear accident dosimetry intercomparison

study.

08/01/2013 43
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Internet - DOE OSTI Information Bridge DOE Complex buried waste characterization assessment, Conversion 

and Blending Facility highly enriched uranium to low enriched 

uranium as uranium hexafluoride, disposition of highly enriched 

uranium obtained from the Republic of Kazakhstan environmental 

assessment, electromagnetically enriched isotopes inventory, 

environmental evaluation and reports, export license issued for DOE 

Oak Ridge for shipment of uranium-235, human radiation 

experiments, in-vitro data and comments, list of ERDA radioisotope 

customers, occupational dose reduction, post construction report for 

the United Nuclear Corporation disposal site, radiological risk 

assessment of a radioactively contaminated site, remedial investigation 

of Bear Creek Valley at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, sampling approach 

for characterization of the Scarboro community, testing of the Y-12 

Plant criticality accident alarm system detectors at the Sandia Pulsed 

Reactor Facility, metal fabrication program for the Clinton 

Engineering Works and the Hanford Engineering Works including the 

dummy slug program, waste vitrification projects, Y-12 salvage yard 

scrap metal characterization study, Y-12 Plant solid waste 

management system, a beryllium exposure assessment, a uranium 

hydride report, and hazardous and mixed waste generation.

08/20/2013 163

Internet - DOE OSTI SciTech Connect High-level radioactive waste reports, low-level radioactive waste 

reports, spent nuclear fuel strategic plans, spent fuel storage, 

environmental reports, groundwater protection and quality reports, 

waste generation and pollution prevention reports, a tank 

characterization survey, a Y-12 Tiger Team assessment, dosimetry 

quality assurance, the status of environmental initiatives, periodic 

project reports, life cycle analysis approach to D&D projects, strategic 

special nuclear material inventory differences, and an Oak Ridge dose 

reconstruction report.

12/18/2017 100

Internet - Energy Employees Claimant Assistance Project 

(EECAP) 

A RCRA landfill analysis for the United Nuclear Corporation disposal 

site, assessment of enriched uranium storage safety issues, 

Development Division periodic reports, operation of the chip oxidation 

facility, uranium removal from contaminated soils, and reduction of 

airborne radioactivity levels at the Building 9201-5 arc melt sawing 

operation.

03/26/2014 13
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Internet - Google Accountability and control of sealed radioactive sources, annual site 

environmental reports, Clinton Engineer Works photos, Clinton 

Laboratory expands to Y-12 buildings, depleted uranium operations at 

Y-12, division progress reports, Eastman at Oak Ridge during World

War II, environment monitoring assessment and reports,

epidemiological studies, evaluation of iodine-131 releases, historical

evaluation of the film badge dosimetry program at Y-12, liquid waste

disposal at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, major relocation of highly

enriched uranium completed at Y-12, Manhattan Engineer District

history, neutron and gamma dosimeter intercomparison study, Oak

Ridge, Tennessee, warehouses site fact sheet, operating Oak Ridge's

calutrons, radiological incidents, Site X, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (map),

status of highly enriched uranium processing capability at Y-12

building 9212, study of metal hydrides, Oak Ridge 86-inch cyclotron,

urine bioassay program, personal air sampling (PAS) data in the

internal dosimetry program, Y-12 history and fact sheet,

environmental restoration, DOE occupational radiation exposure

reports, characterization of contaminated scrap metal, oral history

interviews, transuranic waste management, the characterization

strategy for Building 9201-5, contractor performance evaluation

reports, and the determination of thorium in thorium metal.

04/24/2018 494

Internet - Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System 

(DDRS)

Fourth Atomic Energy Commission Air Cleaning Conference, 

specifications for Savannah River Site slugs, periodic department 

reports, a trip report, and a shipment of uranium rods to Y-12. 

09/22/2015 7

Internet - Hathitrust A 1962 dosimetry badge orientation experiment. 10/21/2015 1

Internet - Health Physics Journal Identification of Oak Ridge Reservation emission sources, a urinalysis 

intercomparison study, an analysis of cesium body burdens, the 

retention of uranium in the chest, and radioactivity distributions in the 

metallurgical processing of thorium.

03/13/2017 6

Internet - Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Shipments of purified uranium powder to Oak Ridge. 07/13/2016 3

Internet - International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) The status of stable isotope enrichment and services. 12/19/2016 1

Internet - Journal of Occupational and Environmental 

Hygiene

No relevant documents identified. 10/08/2018 0

Internet - National Academies Press Complex-wide safety and health management, research opportunities 

in D&D projects, Dr. Frank Spedding biographical memoirs, and 

radioactive waste reports.

03/17/2015 5
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Internet - National Environmental Publications Information 

System (NEPIS, US EPA)

Environmental radiation data, environmental cleanup standards and 

regulations, transuranium elements dose limits and radiation 

protection, Y-12 records of decision, and an overview of waste 

solidification and stabilization at Superfund sites. 

02/09/2016 15

Internet - National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH)

Special exposure cohort petition evaluation reports, NIOSH residual 

radioactive and beryllium contamination reports, designation of 

additional members of the SEC, the minutes of a Fernald Work Group 

meeting, and an Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health 

review of the Y-12 site profile.

06/29/2018 23

Internet - National Technical Information Service (NTIS) Feasibility study of the correlation of lifetime health and mortality 

experience of AEC and AEC contractor employees’ progress reports.

08/21/2006 2

Internet - Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 

Agencywide Document Access and Management 

(ADAMS)

DOE inventory report, evaluation of the potential for recycling of 

scrap metals from nuclear facilities, feasibility study for the United 

Nuclear Corporation disposal site at the Oak Ridge Y-12, integrated 

database U.S. spent fuel and radioactive waste inventories, projections, 

and characteristics, a soil management plan for the Oak Ridge Y-12, 

disposition of surplus highly enriched uranium, environmental impact 

statements, a Y-12 safety analysis report, advance notifications of 

shipments, facility hazard assessments, export licenses and shipments, 

NRC export license applications, and a 60-day notification of a 

materials transfer incident. 

10/08/2015 130

Internet - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) ORNL Division and Laboratory periodic reports mentioning Y-12, 

radiation safety for Y-12 Building 9204-3 isotope separation 

operations, report on a calutron ion source, the recovery of uranium 

from acid liquors, a 1979 thorium utilization progress report, and Oak 

Ridge Reservation annual environmental reports. 

09/26/2017 163

Internet - US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) The 2016 Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program 

(FUSRAP) update.

05/17/2018 1

Internet - Washington State University (U.S. Transuranium 

and Uranium Registries)

No relevant documents identified. 09/16/2015 0

Internet - Y-12 Y-12 anecdotes including one on thorium production. 08/01/2018 1

Iowa State University Library An interview with Dr. Frank Spedding. 09/18/2013 1

Iron Mountain Storage Facility, Cranberry, PA Survey of control over source and special nuclear materials national 

distillers and chemicals corporation.

09/11/2006 1

Kansas City Plant Statement of Dr. Victor H. Reis before the subcommittee on Military 

Procurement Committee on National Security, US House of 

Representatives, radiological incidents, receipt of potentially 

contaminated parts, radiological surveys and air samples, operations 

reports, and dosimetry services.

10/01/2004 21
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Kansas City Plant / SC&A Notes from the review of Kansas City Plant classified documents. 08/16/2013 1

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) Laboratory contracts 1948. 02/06/2007 1

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Project Pluto meeting minutes, a glove box incident report, 

determinations of possible excursion yields and exposure rates, 

feasibility of liquid material transfers, and the Rocky Flats body 

counter.

11/16/2017 9

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Excursions at the Oak Ridge criticality experiments facility, 

nonnuclear consolidation environmental assessment, polonium 

contamination at Pajarito, low-level mixed waste streams for the DOE 

Complex, corrected information on a plutonium shipment, 

decontaminating plutonium from oralloy parts for Y-12, and 

radioactive waste disposal and related issues.

01/16/2018 9

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) - LAHDRA Polonium contamination at Pajarito, waste minimization at a 

plutonium processing facility, a low-level complex-wide mixed waste 

report, and an environmental impact statement for the storage and 

disposition of weapons-usable fissile material.

12/12/2007 4

Mel Chew & Associates A 1994 radiation exposure summary, laboratory procedures for 

thorium analyses, individual and group exposure histories, fecal 

uranium measurements, the uranium in urine program, recycled 

uranium data spreadsheets, and plutonium urine results.

12/14/2014 61

Metals & Controls Corp Analysis of possible nuclear material losses and possible liabilities 

associated with present fuel manufacturing.

08/24/2004 1

MJW Proceedings of a short nuclear criticality safety course. 10/16/2003 1

Mound Museum Disposition of depleted salvage material, exposure to polonium from a 

neutron source, fabrication of weapon components, a shipment of 

irradiated bismuth slugs, polonium characteristic X-rays, polonium 

hazards, and correspondence concerning a lithium compound.

05/18/2010 12

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Atlanta

AEC handbook on Oak Ridge operations, annual health protection 

review, bioassay results and procedures, calutron beam study, control 

of radiation hazards by Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Division, 

environmental data, equipment numbering system, film badge program 

description, hazards of piles at Y-12, monthly accountability reports, 

organization charts, personnel exposure data, progress reports, 

radiological and criticality incidents, radiological surveys, report of 

annual health protection review - New Brunswick Lab, reports of 

destruction of classified material, radiochemistry reports, shipments 

from Metal Hydrides to AEC facilities, shipping receipts, work done at 

Iowa State College, and handling fissionable material.

12/10/2010 135
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National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Atlanta / SC&A

Decontamination of gloves. 09/26/2003 1

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Chicago

Fuel preparation for the ZPR-III Reactor. 06/12/2015 1

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

College Park

Meteorological conditions, machining of uranium metal, 

accountability reports, thorium reports, researcher notes, Manhattan 

District history sections, and monthly status and progress reports.

03/11/2014 21

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Kansas City

Historical information from property insurance association on Niagara 

Falls Storage Site / African Metals leased areas and a survey of the 

Nuclear Chemicals and Metals Facility before and after a shipment to 

Y-12.

06/24/2005 2

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) -

Seattle

Material transfers and a continuous air monitor calibration. 08/23/2017 5

Nevada Test Site (NTS) The Y-12 electron beam welder and shipment of reactor fuel and waste 

from NTS to Y-12.

04/14/2008 2

New York State Archives A Manhattan District history section and waste disposal at Lake 

Ontario Ordnance Works.

03/19/2012 2

New York State Department of Environmental 

Conservation

Recovery of uranium from Sylvania scrap and material transfers under 

contract no. AT(40-1).

07/31/2008 2

NIOSH Production and use of recycled uranium, audit report confirmatory 

bioassay testing at selected sites, highly enriched uranium safety and 

health vulnerabilities associated with storage of highly enriched 

uranium, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory information, 

nondestructive testing of uranium, radioactive waste shipment, 

recycled uranium mass balance project, history of the Oak Ridge 

National Laboratory's first 25 years, strikes at Y-12, the evaluation of 

health physics problems in thorium processing, trip reports, AEC 

reports to Congress, documented communications, and worker 

outreach meeting minutes.

08/27/2014 53

NIOSH - Health Related Energy Research Branch (HERB) 

Library

Oxide conversion facility work history reports. 09/08/2003 1

NIOSH / SC&A BWXT-ORAU correspondence 2003-2005, recycled uranium project 

report, highly enriched uranium working group reports, Np237-U238 

alloy radiation safety requirements, remarks on personnel monitoring 

at Y-12, technical basis document for the internal dosimetry program 

at Y-12, uranium urinalysis program, and Y-12 complex description.

02/05/2009 16

NIOSH OCAS Claims Tracking System (NOCTS) A 1957 special separations logbook and a log entry regarding an Am241 lung burden.10/16/2018 2
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Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Public Document 

Room

A trip report, the sixth intercomparison of nuclear accident dosimeters, 

the draft environmental assessment for treatment of low-level and 

mixed waste, in-vivo counts for two Kerr-McGee employees involved 

in a thorium explosion, and references to Y-12 in a NUMEC license 

renewal application.

08/15/2017 5

Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Brief history of the Y-12 external monitoring program, correction 

factors for film badge data, dosimetry records and radiation hazards 

questionnaire, film badge data, names of persons having dosimetry 

information, radiation dosimetry for epidemiologic lung cancer study, 

history of buildings at Y-12, and information on the calutron program 

for uranium enrichment.

01/15/2009 12

Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (K-25) Internal dosimetry program technical basis documents and revisions, 

radiation protection training, personnel historical radiation exposure at 

Y-12, uranium salvage procedure, and procedure manual for

production plants.

10/05/2016 18

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Data collection and validation for the Oak Ridge nuclear facilities 

mortality study.

06/11/2003 1

Oak Ridge Library for Dose Reconstruction Status report on Clinch River study, high-flux isotope reactor 

description, engineering development of hydraulic fracturing as a 

method for permanent disposal of radioactive wastes, contaminant 

releases, uranium releases, annual applied health physics reports, 

environmental levels of radioactivity, aerial radiological surveys, 

annual environmental reports, waste disposal reports, recovery of 

uranium from fiberglass air filters, incident reports, historical uranium 

releases, fallout measurements, material accountability reports, stack 

sampling, facility and department periodic reports, analysis of the 

1989 UF6 release, and worker mortality rates. 

08/15/2011 298
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory (X-10) Radiological incidents, history of the Analytical Chemistry Division of 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project 

progress report, cyclotron operations, electromagnetic isotope 

separations, evaluation of neutron dosimetry, exposures received from 

typical diagnostic X-ray examinations at ORNL, health physics 

instrument manual, neutron dosimetry with the ORNL badge, Oak 

Ridge 86-inch cyclotron, X-ray facility reviews, production of 

radioisotopes in the ORNL 86-inch cyclotron, quarterly progress 

report, radiation safety manual, stable isotope separation in calutrons, 

technical basis for nuclear accident dosimetry, inventory of 

electromagnetically enriched isotopes, X-10 medical X-ray 

compliance survey, Y-12 film monitoring program, releases of thorium 

in Building 9204-1, 86-inch cyclotron target ruptures, area, equipment, 

and personnel contamination occurrence reports, periodic ORNL 

Division reports including material accountability, isotopic power 

materials, isotopes development center, and operations and individual 

dosimetry records. 

09/03/2015 286

ORAU Team Accounting for incomplete personal monitoring data on penetrating 

gamma doses, exposure matrix for the Mallinckrodt Chemical 

Company, effect of threshold energy and angular response of NTA 

film on missed neutron dose at Y-12, annual report radiation exposures 

for DOE and contractor employees, radiological incidents, external 

radiation monitoring at Y-12, health and mortality among contractor 

employees at DOE facilities, history and evaluation of the film badge 

dosimetry program at Y-12, potential missed dose to nuclear weapons 

assemblers, specific tables of isotopic production, Tiger Team 

assessment of the Pantex Plant, Y-12 exposure database, analysis of 

electronic personnel exposure data from Y-12, documented 

communications, technical basis documents, technical information 

bulletins, thorium air sample data spreadsheet, Y-12 quarterly health 

physics reports, in-vivo input and output radiation monitoring reports, 

quarterly health physics and industrial hygiene reports, annual body 

counter reports, and an example of actinium and lead body counting 

reporting. 

08/16/2018 249
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Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Alpha hazards from neptunium, computer program for whole body 

count, disposal of stored "tru" waste, environmental assessments and 

reports, estimates of transuranium alpha fed to Paducah cascade, 

exposure assessments, health protection information on uranium metal, 

in-vivo monitoring results, inventory of radioactivity released to 

environment, land burial of radioactive waste at the Paducah Plant, 

licensing of byproduct material, neptunium and plutonium plant 

material balance, dust studies, radiation protection program, 

radioactive contaminants in Paducah scrap, radioactive effluent 

release, monitoring and control, radioactive waste management, 

radiological incidents, study of plutonium and fission products, 

Paducah information, technical basis for the Centralized External 

Dosimetry System, trip reports, waste disposal criteria, and Y-12 TLD 

results that include Paducah area dosimeters.

10/06/2006 13

Pantex Monitoring procedures for items received at Pantex. 07/19/2011 1

Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant Eighth Analytical Services Forum Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 

the transfer of enriched uranium, and the neutron threshold detection 

project.

01/30/2013 3

Reactive Metals, Inc. (RMI) Historic radionuclide releases from Oak Ridge Operations facilities. 08/17/2006 1

Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) The flammability and explosion potential of transuranic waste and 

audit responses.

08/31/2012 2

Sandia National Laboratories-Albuquerque Technical basis for workplace air monitoring of airborne radioactive 

material at Y-12, Ross Aviation shipment surveys and documents, the 

1991-1993 ORNL bioassay QC program, Webdose database external 

doses 2006-2008, and approval of the revised Radiological Control 

Manual.

09/09/2014 7

Savannah River Site (SRS) Dosimetry visitors cards, radiation survey log sheets, a trip report, 

material transfers, SRS monthly reports, the thoria fuel irradiation 

program, and laboratory fume hood minimum acceptable face 

velocities.

06/07/2016 12

S. Cohen & Associates (SC&A) Assessment for acceptance of enriched uranium at Y-12, radiation 

worker health at Y-12, Oak Ridge reservation annual site 

environmental report, photographic film as a pocket radiation 

dosimeter, recycled uranium mass balance project information, a trip 

report, criteria for acceptance of enriched uranium at Y-12, incident 

reports, unclassified thorium documents, special nuclear material 

licensing, and documented communications.

04/26/2011 18

SC&A / Atlanta NARA Thorium metal processes. 09/26/2003 1
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SC&A / Idaho National Laboratory Environmental report, airborne radionuclide waste management 

information, a mercury shipment, a survey of waste management 

practices, and Idaho Chemical Processing Plant periodic reports.

06/24/2010 13

SC&A / NIOSH The generation and flow of recycled uranium. 08/14/2003 1

SC&A / Y-12 Mobile lung counter data and fires and explosives investigations. 07/28/2010 2

Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Annual summaries of whole body radiation exposures to external 

penetrating radiation.

09/02/2004 9

Southern Illinois University Nuclear fuel fabrication, Oak Ridge site description, observations on 

uranium exposures, and visit requests.

10/29/2008 7

University of Colorado Norlin Library A formal safety program cost/benefit study. 04/10/2006 1

University of Rochester Radiation Safety Office Return of uranium peroxide to Oak Ridge. 08/20/2008 1

University of Tennessee Library Creation of Clinton Engineer Works, a health physics report, health 

physics and exposure records, a calutron newspaper article, personnel 

monitoring records, the Biology Division Hot Laboratory, the 

decontamination of Building 9204-1, burial of Y-12 wastes, and a 

survey of Building 9206. 

10/11/2011 14

Unknown Annual radiation dose reports, annual environmental reports, 

designation of race tracks by number Y-12 and extension, dosimeter 

response characterization, estimation of radiation doses to the lungs of 

early uranium workers, excretion of uranium from mixed exposures 

under industrial conditions, fifth semiannual report of the atomic 

energy commission, flow of materials through the nuclear weapons 

complex, glossary of Y-12 coded terminology, health physics survey 

instruments used at Clinton, in-vivo method to determine uranium lung 

burden, Mallinckrodt Plant inspections, miscellaneous Fernald 

documents, monthly status and progress reports, neutron dose 

equivalent and energy spectra measurements at ORNL and Y-12, 

overview of the history of Y-12, protective equipment evaluation, 

radiation safety manual, radiological incidents, radiological surveys, 

relationship between in-vivo and urinalysis data collected, Rocky Flats 

site history, Simonds Saw & Steel material balance report, 

Westinghouse Nuclear Fuels Division and Westinghouse Atomic 

Power Development information, and X-ray radiation measurements in 

calutron cubicles.

02/10/2011 215

Unknown / SC&A Y-12 references in Linking Legacies and a DOE indoor radon study. 10/09/2003 2

Unknown / Y-12 Neutron dosimetry response characterization and a Y-12 outdoor 

scoping survey.

06/10/2004 2
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United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC) A 1977 radiation termination report, the ERDAM 0525 annual 

occupational exposure reporting form, and a US Navy report on 

radioactive wastes.

10/06/2006 3

Weldon Spring Analysis of long term data on uranium in air. 11/29/2004 1

Westinghouse Site (MO) Accidental radiation excursion at Y-12, estimated lung exposure, invivo count results, and procedures and assignments for restricted 

personnel.

04/09/2009 7

Y-12 / ORNL Plutonium urinalysis results, health physics reports for buildings and 

departments, polonium urinalysis reports, uranium and plutonium 

urinalysis reports, individual employee bioassay reports, tritium 

urinalysis reports, Building 9805-1 tritium reports, and high dose 

investigation reports.

05/14/2012 218

Y-12 / ORNL / Mel Chew & Associates Participants in the tritium urine program 1956. 05/14/2012 3

Y-12 / ORNL / ORAU Team August 1956 tritium report. 05/12/2012 1

Y-12 / SC&A Medical examination reports, occupational medical review reports, 

environmental pollution and control data, radiation exposure data, and 

Y-12 specifications for recycle material receipts. 

07/28/2010 5

TOTAL Not Applicable Not 

Applicable

4,874

Table A1-2: Database Searches for Y-12 Plant

Database / Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Selected

Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

COMPLETED 11/17/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

13,000 2 

DOE Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System 

(DDRS) and Public Reading Room

COMPLETED 09/22/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

4 1 

DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites

COMPLETED 09/16/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

0 0 

DOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) - 

Nevada Site Office

COMPLETED 11/16/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

516 4 
SEC-00251 11-27-18 Y-12 Plant 

68 of 68

Database / Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Selected

DOE Noncompliance Tracking System 

COMPLETED 10/04/2018

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

158 1 

DOE Occurrence Reporting and Processing System 

COMPLETED 10/04/2018

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

817 0 

DOE OpenNet

COMPLETED 09/29/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

860 129

DOE OSTI SciTech Connect

COMPLETED 09/21/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

351,967 48

Energy Employees Claimant Assistance Project (EECAP)

COMPLETED 10/19/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

0 0 

Google

COMPLETED 10/08/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

4,728,957,100 35

Health Physics Journal

COMPLETED 11/17/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

1,640 3 

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

COMPLETED 10/19/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

20 0 

National Academies Press

COMPLETED 09/16/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

6,259 0 

National Service Center for Environmental Publications 

(NEPIS)

COMPLETED 09/21/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

248 14

NRC ADAMS Reading Room

COMPLETED 10/08/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

1,000 83

United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

COMPLETED 09/16/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

4 0 

U.S. Transuranium & Uranium Registries 

COMPLETED 09/16/2015

Database search terms and Internet URL are available in the Excel file 

called “Y-12 Rev 01, (83.14) 10-26-18.”

23 0