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SEC Petition Evaluation Report

Petition SEC-00161

Report Rev #: 1 Report Submittal Date: April 28, 2011

Subject Expert(s): Michael Kubiak

Site Expert(s): N/A

Petitioner Administrative Summary

Petition Under Evaluation

Petition # Petition 

Type

Petition A 

Receipt Date DOE/AWE Facility Name

SEC-00161 83.14 December 28, 2009 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition

All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors 

who worked at General Electric Co. in Evendale, Ohio, from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees 

included in the Special Exposure Cohort.

Related Petition Summary Information

SEC Petition Tracking #(s) Petition Type DOE/AWE Facility Name Petition Status

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Related Evaluation Report Information 

Report Title DOE/AWE Facility Name

N/A N/A

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Michael Kubiak ORAU Peer Review Completed By: James Mahathy

Peer Review Completed By: [Signature on file] 4/28/2011 

Pete Darnell Date

SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By: [Signature on file] 4/28/2011 

J. W. Neton Date

SEC Evaluation Approved By: [Signature on file] 4/29/2011 

Stuart L. Hinnefeld Date
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

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Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00161, General Electric Co. (Ohio)

This evaluation report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 

addresses a class of employees proposed for addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) per the 

Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 

§ 7384 et seq. (EEOICPA) and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees 

as Members of the Special Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act of 2000. 

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition

All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and 

subcontractors who worked at General Electric Co. in Evendale, Ohio, from January 1, 1961 through 

June 30, 1970, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely 

under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or 

more other classes of employees included in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction Findings

NIOSH lacks sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring data, sufficient air 

monitoring information, and sufficient process and radiological source information, to allow it to 

estimate with sufficient accuracy the potential internal exposures to uranium, thorium, and fission 

product radionuclides to which the proposed class may have been subjected. 

NIOSH finds that it is likely feasible to reconstruct occupational medical dose for General Electric Co. 

(Ohio) workers with sufficient accuracy.

• Principal sources of internal and external radiation for members of the proposed class included 

exposures to uranium, thorium, and fission product radionuclides during operations, such as 

high-temperature testing of refractory metals and alloys, reactor components, and fuel element 

materials, as well as the treatment of thorium-oxide in high-temperature furnaces. 

• NIOSH has obtained uranium urinalysis results for 1965, 1966, 1967, and 1970; and has obtained 

thorium urinalysis results for 1965, 1966, and 1967. NIOSH has determined that the bioassay data 

are insufficient for development of co-worker dose distributions for the years with no data. 

NIOSH has found no fission product bioassay monitoring data for the period from January 1, 1961 

through June 30, 1970. 

• NIOSH has obtained individual external monitoring data for each year during the period 1961 

through 1970. These data include over 3500 film badge readings. Because NIOSH-identified 

deficiencies in internal monitoring data span the entire GE-Ohio covered period, NIOSH has not 

evaluated the external film data on an individual worker basis, and has not determined whether 

sufficient data exist to generate adequate external co-worker dose distributions for the assignment 

of unmonitored dose during partial dose reconstruction. 
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• NIOSH has obtained gross alpha and gross beta-gamma workplace monitoring data collected in 

1969, late in the DOE operations period. NIOSH has obtained source term information for some 

specific projects or experiments, but lacks the specific information from which to identify the 

operations with the highest exposure potential. Such information is required to enable NIOSH to 

bound potential exposures in the absence of personnel monitoring data. 

• Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or 

procedures) for an individual claim. Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

General Electric Co. (Ohio) during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, but 

who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate. 

Health Endangerment Determination

The NIOSH evaluation did not identify any evidence supplied by the petitioners or from other 

resources that would establish that the class was exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely 

to have involved exceptionally high-level exposures, such as nuclear criticality incidents or other 

events involving similarly high levels of exposures. However, the evidence reviewed in this 

evaluation indicates that some workers in the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures 

through intakes of uranium, thorium, and fission products, and from direct exposure to these 

radioactive materials. Therefore, 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3)(ii) requires NIOSH to specify that health 

may have been endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who were employed for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for this 

class or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other 

classes of employees in the SEC.
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Table of Contents

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00161, General Electric Co. (Ohio) ................................................ 3

1.0 Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis ................................................................ 8

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class ........................................................... 8

4.1 Operations Description ....................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations ................................................................ 13

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations .................................................... 13

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations ................................................ 13

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations ................................................... 14

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class .............................................. 14

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed ................................................................... 15

5.2 Worker Interviews and Meetings ..................................................................................... 15

5.3 Previous Dose Reconstructions ........................................................................................ 16

5.4 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................. 16

5.5 External Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................ 17

5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data ............................................................................................. 18

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data ....................................................................................... 18

6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class ...................................................... 19

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures ................................................................... 19

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures .................................................................. 20

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility ................................................................ 21

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00161 ........................................................ 22

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00161 ................................................... 22

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00161 ...................................................................... 23

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class .......................................................................................... 23

11.0 References ................................................................................................................................. 25

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis ................................................................................................... 31
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Figures 

4-1: Aerial View of the General Electric Co. Site in Evendale, Ohio ................................................... 10

4-2: Map of Air Force Plant No. 36, General Electric Co., Evendale, Ohio ......................................... 11
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SEC Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00161

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) 

Team Lead Technical Evaluator: Michael Kubiak, MJW Technical Services, Inc. The rationales for 

all conclusions in this document are explained in the associated text.

1.0 Purpose and Scope

This report evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing doses for employees who worked at the General 

Electric Co. facility in Evendale, Ohio, from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. It provides 

information and analysis germane to considering a petition for adding a class of employees to the 

Congressionally-created Special Exposure Cohort (SEC). 

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH, with the exception of the employee whose dose reconstruction could not be completed, and 

whose claim consequently led to this petition evaluation. The finding in this report is not the final 

determination as to whether or not the proposed class will be added to the SEC. This report will be 

considered by the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (the Board) and by the Secretary 

of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Secretary of HHS will make final decisions concerning 

whether or not to add one or more classes to the SEC in response to the petition addressed by this 

report.

This evaluation, in which NIOSH provides its findings both on the feasibility of estimating radiation 

doses of members of this class with sufficient accuracy and on health endangerment, was conducted in 

accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14. 

2.0 Introduction 

Both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 require NIOSH to evaluate qualified petitions requesting that the 

Department of Health and Human Services add a class of employees to the SEC. The evaluation is 

intended to provide a fair, science-based determination of whether it is feasible to estimate, with 

sufficient accuracy, the radiation doses of the proposed class of employees through NIOSH dose 

reconstructions.1

NIOSH is required to document its evaluation in a report, and to do so, relies upon both its own dose 

reconstruction expertise as well as technical support from its contractor, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities (ORAU). Once completed, NIOSH provides the report to both the petitioners and the 

Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health. The Board will consider the NIOSH evaluation 

report, together with the petition, comments of the petitioner(s) and such other information as the 

Board considers appropriate, to make recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on whether or not to 

add one or more classes of employees to the SEC. Once NIOSH has received and considered the 

 

1 NIOSH dose reconstructions under EEOICPA are performed using the methods promulgated under 42 C.F.R. pt. 82 and 

the detailed implementation guidelines available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas.
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advice of the Board, the Director of NIOSH will propose a decision on behalf of HHS. The Secretary 

of HHS will make the final decision, taking into account the NIOSH evaluation, the advice of the 

Board, and the proposed decision issued by NIOSH. As part of this final decision process, the 

petitioner(s) may seek a review of certain types of final decisions issued by the Secretary of HHS.

2

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis

The NIOSH-proposed class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor 

agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at General Electric Co. in Evendale, 

Ohio, from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, for a number of work days aggregating at least 

250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work days 

within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the Special 

Exposure Cohort. During this period, employees at this facility were involved with high-temperature 

testing of refractory metals and alloys, reactor components, and fuel element materials, as well as the 

treatment of thorium-oxide in high-temperature furnaces.

The evaluation responds to Petition SEC-00161, which was submitted by an EEOICPA claimant 

whose dose reconstruction could not be completed by NIOSH due to a lack of sufficient dosimetryrelated information. NIOSH’s determination that it is unable to complete a dose reconstruction for an 

EEOICPA claimant is a qualified basis for submitting an SEC petition pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 

83.9(b). 

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class 

The following subsections summarize the radiological operations at the General Electric Co. facility in 

Evendale, Ohio (GE-Ohio) from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970 and the information available 

to NIOSH to characterize particular processes and radioactive source materials. Using available 

sources, NIOSH has attempted to gather process and source descriptions, information regarding the 

identity and quantities of radionuclides of concern, and information describing processes through 

which the radiation exposures of concern may have occurred and the physical environment in which 

they may have occurred. The information included within this evaluation report is meant only to be a 

summary of the available information.

4.1 Operations Description

General Electric’s Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) Project began in 1951 at the facility in 

Evendale, Ohio. The ANP work was performed in a facility known as Air Force Plant 36, a 68-acre 

portion of the larger General Electric Aircraft Engine Plant (EPA, 2008). The ANP Project was 

terminated in 1961; however, the use of radioactive materials continued under other Atomic Energy 

Commission (AEC) contracts (Murphy, 1988, p. 9). In 1961, GE-Ohio continued as a prime 

contractor to the AEC for development of high-temperature fuel elements and reactor materials 

(Review, 1979, pdf p. 4). From 1961 through June 30, 1970, the AEC contract work occupied 

 

2 See 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 for a full description of the procedures summarized here. Additional internal procedures are 

available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas.
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buildings C and D and certain other smaller auxiliary structures, under a use permit from the Air 

Force. Custody of the facilities was returned to the Air Force on June 30, 1970 (General Electric, 

1974a).

Information available to NIOSH regarding the size of the radiological workforce at GE-Ohio is 

limited. In 1959, during the ANP Project, approximately 3000 people were employed on the ANP 

project, approximately 600 of which were scientific and engineering personnel (General Electric, 

1974b, pdf pp. 11-13). Indications of radiological workforce size during the covered 1961-1970 

period include the following: 

• An April 1961 newspaper article states: In practical terms [the cancellation of the ANP project]

means that Evendale’s work force will be reduced from 2300 to 375 (POPSEE Sketches, 1991, pdf 

p. 7) 

• A July 2010 discussion with former GE-Ohio employees indicates that there were between 300 

and 350 workers during the 1961 to 1970 timeframe. (Outreach Meeting Minutes, 2010) 

AEC operations at GE-Ohio during the Department of Energy (DOE) operations period from January 

1, 1961 through June 30, 1970 included: 

• testing fuel element materials and high-temperature reactor materials (Rice, 1966, pdf p. 110); 

• testing the effects of radiation on refractory metals and alloys (Rice, 1966, pdf p. 110); 

• examining radiation effects in beryllium oxide (Rice, 1966, pdf p. 110); 

• examining fission product transport processes in reactor fuels (Rice, 1966, pdf p. 110); 

• testing the effects on clad uranium-oxide fuels in meltdown environments (Rice, 1966, pdf 

p. 110); 

• developing a process for densification of thoria (Herries, 1966, pdf p. 5); and 

• calcination of thorium-oxide in high-temperature furnaces (Rennich, 1965, pdf p. 53). 

NIOSH has been unable to collect detailed data describing the processes or equipment associated with 

the operations listed above. Much of the operations and monitoring data obtained by NIOSH are 

relevant only to the ANP Project years at GE-Ohio, prior to the covered period under evaluation in 

this report. NIOSH data capture efforts also failed to produce detailed source term information related 

to DOE/AEC operations at GE-Ohio during the 1961-through-1970 period. Review of the available 

data indicates the onsite existence of thorium and fission product residues (Karl, 1969). The potential 

for uranium and thorium exposures is also evidenced by the inclusion of elemental uranium, enriched 

uranium, and thorium in the GE-Ohio bioassay program through the 1960s (Boback, 1965; General 

Electric, 1964; General Electric, 1967). 
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Figure 4-1 provides an aerial photo of the General Electric Co. site in Evendale, Ohio, with the Air 

Force Plant No. 36 boundary delineated by the dashed line. 

Source: General Electric, 1984, pdf p. 10

Figure 4-1: Aerial View of the General Electric Co. Site in Evendale, Ohio 
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Figure 4-2 shows a more close-up drawing of the Air Force Plant No. 36 footprint. 

Source: Murphy, 1988, pdf p. 40

Figure 4-2: Map of Air Force Plant No. 36, General Electric Co., Evendale, Ohio
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Building C

Building C, measuring approximately 660 x 280 feet, was built circa 1941. In 1956, additional space 

was needed to support the ANP operations in Building D; 42% of Building C was allocated and 

henceforth called “C-West” (General Electric, 1984, pdf p. 9). Between 1961 and 1968, Building 

C-West was used for fuel element production in conjunction with AEC reactor development programs 

(General Electric, 1984, pdf p. 15). Beginning in 1967, Room 120 of Building C-West was used to 

calcine high-purity thoria (ThO2) for the thermal breeder reactor program. By June 1984, Building 

C-West was decontaminated to levels below the contemporaneous NRC guideline levels for 

unrestricted use (General Electric, 1984, pdf p. 66). 

Building D

Building D, measuring approximately 680 x 450 feet, was built in 1943 as an aluminum foundry 

(Review, 1979, pdf p. 11). In 1951, Building D was chosen as the operational laboratory building for 

the ANP operation (Review, 1979). The main Laboratory area is divided into six blocks of alternating 

rows of laboratories or rooms. Other support facilities were located west of the Laboratory area. A 

high bay area was located along the entire length of the north side of Building D. The east portion of 

the high bay in the Laboratory area housed the Radioactive Materials Laboratory (three hot cells), 

additional laboratories, central air conditioning and exhaust facilities, and the Nuclear Experimental 

Area (Thorium Inventory, 1973-1996, pdf p. 8). Sources of laboratory alpha contamination were 

natural uranium, depleted uranium, 93% enriched uranium, and natural thorium (Thorium Inventory, 

1973-1996). Sources of beta-gamma contamination included fission products from irradiated uranium 

fuel elements in laboratory areas, such as the Radioactive Materials Laboratory; L4-8 (Metallurgical 

Warm Cell); and Ll-6/Ll-8 (Radiochemistry Warm Cell) (Thorium Inventory, 1973-1996). 

Decontamination of Building D was completed in 1987 (Thorium Inventory, 1973-1996, pdf p. 17; 

Hoffer, 1987; Murphy, 1988).

Radioactive Waste Storage Area

The Radioactive Waste Storage facilities were built in 1957 to upgrade the centralized storage and 

control of radioactive waste prior to shipment to an approved burial site (General Electric, 1986a, pdf 

p. 10). These facilities were located on the north end of Building D, and consisted of a fenced 

concrete storage pad on the west adjacent to a decontamination building in the middle, and a clean 

drum storage area east of the building (Murphy, 1988, pdf p. 17; General Electric, 1986a). The heated 

building was primarily used for storage of liquid wastes. The west pad was an open area for storage 

of 55-gallon drums filled with contaminated wastes. On a few occasions (dates unknown to NIOSH), 

the concrete floor inside the building was contaminated by thorium liquid leakage from the drums 

(General Electric, 1986a). Decontamination of the Radioactive Waste Storage Area was completed in 

1986 (General Electric, 1986a). 

 
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4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations

The potential for internal and external radiation dose existed in Buildings C and D and surrounding 

support areas, including a fenced and locked outdoor Radioactive Waste Storage Area north of 

Building D. Based on the site operations outlined in Section 4.1, sources of exposure included: 

• natural, depleted, and highly-enriched uranium (Thorium Inventory, 1973-1996) 

• mixed fission and activation products from work with irradiated reactor fuel elements (Thorium 

Inventory, 1973-1996; Rice, 1966) 

• thorium from the calcination operations with thorium-oxide (Herries, 1966, pdf p. 5; Rennich, 

1965, pdf p. 53; Personal Communication, 2008, pdf p. 3) 

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations

Per the DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security, the time period associated with DOE operations at 

GE-Ohio is from 1961 through 1970. NIOSH has found no data to identify a specific start date in 

1961, and therefore assumes January 1, 1961 for the start of DOE operations. NIOSH has found 

evidence that DOE/AEC operations ceased on June 30, 1970 when the facilities were returned to the 

Air Force (General Electric, 1974a). Therefore, NIOSH assumes that the DOE operations period at 

GE-Ohio ended on June 30, 1970. 

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations

Although Buildings C and D are specifically noted for the use of AEC-related radiological materials, 

documentation available to NIOSH does not indicate any definite boundaries between radiological and 

non-radiological areas for the period being evaluated. In an effort to better understand the association 

between radiological and non-radiological areas of the GE-Ohio plant from 1961 through 1970, 

NIOSH conducted two Worker Outreach meetings in 2010: 

• May 10, 2010: Worker Outreach Meeting with United Auto Workers (UAW) Local 647, held in 

Evendale, Ohio (Outreach, 2010a) 

• July 13, 2010: Worker Outreach Meeting with International Association of Machinists and 

Aerospace Workers (IAM) Local 912, held in Evendale, Ohio (Outreach, 2010b) 

A major objective of the Worker Outreach efforts was to ascertain directly from workers the level of 

access control that may have been in place for Buildings C and D and any associated radiological 

areas. While some input from workers applied to years before and after the period under evaluation 

(January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970), the general indications given to NIOSH were that there was 

no fence or permanent access control separating Buildings C and D (or the general Air Force Plant 36 

areas) from the rest of the larger GE facility. Many interviewees spoke of security guards doing tours, 

and of certain parts of the radiological facilities being locked, but no information came to light that 

would allow NIOSH to determine which workers did, or did not, have the potential to enter the 

radiological areas associated with Buildings C or D. (Outreach Meeting Minutes, 2010) 
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In a separate attempt to better identify the group of GE-Ohio workers with the potential for radiation 

exposures, NIOSH obtained a list of former GE-Ohio workers who supported the site’s various 

nuclear research and development operations (POPSEE List, 1987). While this list does identify 

almost 500 workers with a presumed increased potential for radiation exposure, NIOSH has 

determined that such a list does not enable NIOSH to define the potential exposure scenarios for other 

site workers.

Given the lack of information to completely describe access controls and operations processes 

associated with radiological operations in Buildings C and D and the larger Air Force Plant 36 areas, 

NIOSH is unable to determine which GE-Ohio workers did, or did not, have the potential for radiation 

exposure during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. NIOSH is therefore unable 

to define individual worker exposure scenarios based on specific work locations within the GE-Ohio 

facility.

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations

Given the general lack of process knowledge, workplace surveys, or detailed source term information, 

it is not possible to determine that any specific work group was not potentially exposed to radioactive 

material during the covered DOE operations at the GE-Ohio facility. NIOSH has found no 

documentation associating job titles and/or job assignments with specific radiological operations or 

conditions and is, therefore, unable to define potential radiation exposure conditions based on worker 

job descriptions. 

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class

The primary data used for determining internal exposures are derived from personal monitoring data, 

such as urinalyses, fecal samples, and whole-body counting results. If these are unavailable, the air 

monitoring data from breathing zone and general area monitoring are used to estimate the potential 

internal exposure. If personal monitoring and breathing zone area monitoring are unavailable, internal 

exposures can sometimes be estimated using more general area monitoring, process information, and 

information characterizing and quantifying the source term.

This same hierarchy is used for determining the external exposures to the cancer site. Personal 

monitoring data from film badges or thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are the primary data used 

to determine such external exposures. If there are no personal monitoring data, exposure rate surveys, 

process knowledge, and source term modeling can sometimes be used to reconstruct the potential 

exposure. 

A more detailed discussion of the information required for dose reconstruction can be found in 

OCAS-IG-001, External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline, and OCAS-IG-002, Internal 

Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline. These documents are available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/ocasdose.html. 
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5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed 

In addition to examining its Site Research Database (SRDB) to locate documents supporting the 

evaluation of the proposed class, NIOSH identified and reviewed numerous data sources to locate

information relevant to determining the feasibility of dose reconstruction for the class of employees 

proposed for this petition. This included determining the availability of information on personnel 

monitoring, workplace monitoring, and radiological source term data. 

NIOSH data capture efforts for GE-Ohio focused on the General Electric Co., the Ohio Department of 

Health, DOE (including DOE Legacy Management, OpenNet repository; and Office of Scientific and 

Technical Information [OSTI]), and the National Archives record centers. Attachment One contains a 

summary of over 550 GE-Ohio documents captured by NIOSH as of April 5, 2011, including: 

• 162 documents from GE; 

• approximately 160 documents from DOE; 

• approximately 150 documents from non-DOE Federal sources; 

• approximately 30 documents from state sources; and 

• approximately 20 documents from OSTI. 

The summary in Attachment One identifies specific data capture details for each document retrieved, 

including database searches.

During a search of both the Internet and the SRDB, NIOSH was unable to locate GE-Ohio Material 

Control and Accountability (MC&A) records for the period under evaluation. NIOSH did determine 

that GE did have two accountability station codes for the ANP Project prior to the AEC-covered 

period. GE-Ohio also submitted thorium accountability reports to National Lead of Ohio after 1970 

(i.e., after the period under evaluation).

5.2 Worker Interviews and Meetings

To obtain additional information, NIOSH conducted worker outreach meetings and interviewed 

former GE-Ohio employees. As presented in Section 4.4, NIOSH conducted worker outreach 

meetings in Evendale, Ohio with GE-Ohio members of the United Auto Workers (May 10, 2010) and 

the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (July 13, 2010). The May 2010 

meeting with UAW members was attended by 37 signed attendees, four of whom volunteered for 

personal interviews, as listed below. The July 2010 meeting with the IAM was attended by six union 

attendees. 

• Personal Communication, 2008, Personal Communication with Retired GE Evendale Health & 

Safety Manager; Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; April 1, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 43509 

• Personal Communication, 2009, Personal Communication with Retired GE Evendale Health & 

Safety Manager; Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; August 18, 2009; SRDB Ref ID: 73138

• Personal Communication, 2010a, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers 

Local 647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94106
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• Personal Communication, 2010b, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers 

Local 647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94107

• Personal Communication, 2010c, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers 

Local 647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94108

• Personal Communication, 2010d, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers 

Local 647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94109

• Outreach Meeting Minutes, 2010, Meeting Minutes for the NIOSH SEC Worker Outreach 

Meeting for General Electric-Evendale; July 13, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94110 

5.3 Previous Dose Reconstructions

NIOSH reviewed its NIOSH DCAS Claims Tracking System (referred to as NOCTS) to locate 

EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to the petition 

evaluation. Table X-1 summarizes the results of this review. (NOCTS data available as of April 11, 

2011) 

Table 5-1: No. of General Electric Co. (Ohio) Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule

Description Totals

Total number of claims submitted for dose reconstruction having employment in the covered period 

1961-1970. 172

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees having:

• an SEC specified cancer; and

• • • ‰• • -days of employment in the period January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. 105

Number of dose reconstructions completed for energy employees who worked during the period 

under evaluation (i.e., the number of such claims completed by NIOSH and currently submitted to 

the Department of Labor for final approval). 11

Number of claims for which internal dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition. 0 

Number of claims for which external dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition. 20

5.4 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data

By means of continued data capture efforts through late 2010, NIOSH has obtained in vitro and in 

vivo bioassay results for GE-Ohio workers for the period under evaluation (Boback, 1965a; Boback, 

1965b; Boback, 1965c; Boback, 1965d; Boback, 1965e; Boback, 1966a; Boback, 1966b; Boback, 

1967a; Boback, 1967b; Boback, 1968; Dose Summaries, various dates). NIOSH reviewed the 

available internal monitoring data to identify possible work location information that might be useful 

in differentiating between exposed and non-exposed worker populations or job descriptions. Only one 
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of the 499 internal monitoring results reviewed had a work or sample location noted. NIOSH has 

obtained the following data for the period January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970: 

• 1961 through 1964: No internal monitoring results 

• 1965: 43 thorium urine results, 183 uranium urine results, 1 in vivo count 

• 1966: 11 thorium urine and 57 uranium urine results 

• 1967: 17 thorium urine and 185 uranium urine results 

• 1968 and 1969: No internal monitoring results

• 1970: 2 uranium urine results 

NIOSH has found no fission product bioassay monitoring data for GE-Ohio for the period under 

evaluation. As indicated in Table 5-1, NIOSH has been unable to associate any of the available 

internal monitoring data listed above with any of the 172 claims currently referred to NIOSH for dose 

reconstruction. 

5.5 External Personnel Monitoring Data

By means of continued data capture efforts through late 2010, NIOSH has obtained film badge, pocket 

ion chamber (PIC), and extremity monitoring results for GE-Ohio workers for the period under 

evaluation (Thorton, 1964 pdf p. 68; Clark, 1961; Visitor Exposures, 1961; Exposure Cards, various 

dates; Dose Record Cards, various dates; Engel, 1971; Engel, 1972; Engel, various dates). NIOSH 

reviewed the available external monitoring data to identify possible work location information that 

might be useful in differentiating between exposed and non-exposed worker populations or job 

descriptions. Less than 5% of the 4451 external results reviewed had a work location noted. NIOSH 

has obtained the following data for the period January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970: 

• 1961: 1252 film, 124 PIC, and 47 finger/hand results 

• 1962: 262 film and 18 finger/hand results 

• 1963: 207 film and 38 finger/hand results

• 1964: 418 film and 42 finger/hand results

• 1965: 274 film and 28 finger/hand results

• 1966: 309 film and 250 finger/hand results

• 1967: 298 film and 252 finger/hand results

• 1968: 254 film and 49 finger/hand results

• 1969: 214 film and 3 finger/hand results

• 1970: 107 film and 5 PIC results 

As indicated in Table 5-1, NIOSH has associated the external monitoring data listed above with only 

twenty of the 172 claims currently referred to NIOSH for dose reconstruction. Although over 95% of 

these external monitoring data cannot be associated with specific work locations or processes, NIOSH 

has determined that substantial data exist for the entire covered period. However, because 

NIOSH-identified deficiencies in internal monitoring data span the entire GE-Ohio covered period 

(see Section 5.4), NIOSH has not fully evaluated the available external monitoring data to determine 

the number of individuals represented in the 1961-1970 data. 
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5.6 Workplace Monitoring Data

By means of continued data capture efforts through late 2010, NIOSH has obtained a contamination 

survey of facilities and equipment performed by GE-Ohio staff in September 1969 (Hoffer, 1969). 

The survey was performed at AEC request in preparation for the AEC relinquishing use of the 

Evendale facility and returning it to the Air Force. The survey included a room-by-room assessment 

of the Building C-West and Building D “Restricted Areas” where equipment and facilities were used 

for nuclear work at the Evendale facility (Hoffer, 1969). The 1969 survey classified the surveyed 

areas into four categories: (1) completely contaminated; (2) partially contaminated; (3) potentially 

contaminated; and (4) free of contamination. 

A NIOSH review of the survey results indicates that the levels in the most contaminated areas (termed 

as “Completely Contaminated Areas” in the report) can be represented by the following examples: 

• External surfaces of L-6 exhaust duct: 150 mR/hour at 1 cm. The report notes that “Radiation 

levels inside ducts will be higher because of beta radiation.” 

• Facilities Contamination: 

- 6660 d/m/100cm2 removable alpha contamination in the Ceramic Research Laboratory 

- 125,000 d/m/100cm2 removable beta-gamma contamination in the Ceramic Research

Laboratory

• Equipment Contamination: 

- 51,000 d/m/100 cm2 removable alpha contamination in the Chemical Research Laboratory

- 114,000 d/m/100 cm2 removable beta-gamma contamination in the Chemical Research 

Laboratory

Regarding non-radiological areas, the report indicates that non-restricted areas of the Evendale facility 

were also monitored during the summer of 1969, and states: “No detectable contamination above 

background levels was found in these [non-restricted] areas of Buildings D, C, GDF-II and the 

Transfer Dock. Outside roadways, walkways, and soils are free of detectable surface contamination 

as measured by portable radiation instruments and smear tests” (Hoffer, 1969, pdf p. 9). 

NIOSH has also obtained U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Decontamination Reports for the 

release of Buildings C and D in 1984 and 1986, respectively (General Electric, 1984; General Electric, 

1986b; Murphy, 1988).

5.7 Radiological Source Term Data

A majority of source term data obtained by NIOSH pertains to periods outside the 1961-1970 AEC 

operations period being evaluated. NIOSH has obtained source term information for some specific 

projects or experiments during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, but lacks the 

specific information from which to identify the operations with the highest exposure potential. As 
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presented in the preceding sections, the principal sources of internal and external radiation during the 

period under evaluation included exposures to natural, depleted, and enriched uranium, thorium, and 

fission product radionuclides during operations, such as high-temperature testing of refractory metals 

and alloys, reactor components, and fuel element materials, as well as the treatment of thorium-oxide 

in high-temperature furnaces.

6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class

42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) states that HHS will consider a NIOSH determination that there was insufficient 

information to complete a dose reconstruction, as indicated in this present case, to be sufficient,

without further consideration, to conclude that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of radiation 

doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. 

In the case of a petition submitted to NIOSH under 42 C.F.R. § 83.9(b), NIOSH has already 

determined that a dose reconstruction cannot be completed for an employee at the DOE or AWE 

facility. This determination by NIOSH provides the basis for the petition by the affected claimant. 

Per § 83.14(a), the NIOSH-proposed class defines those employees who, based on completed 

research, are similarly affected and for whom, as a class, dose reconstruction is similarly not feasible.

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility for 

whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction is similarly infeasible, but for whom additional 

research and analysis is required. If so identified, NIOSH would address this second class in a 

separate SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the claim currently under evaluation (see 

Section 10). This would allow NIOSH, the Board, and HHS to complete, without delay, their 

consideration of the class that includes a claimant for whom NIOSH has already determined a dose 

reconstruction cannot be completed, and whose only possible remedy under EEOICPA is the addition 

of a class of employees to the SEC. 

This section of the report summarizes research findings by which NIOSH determined that it lacked 

sufficient information to complete the relevant dose reconstruction and on which basis it has defined 

the class of employees for which dose reconstruction is not feasible. NIOSH’s determination relies on 

the same statutory and regulatory criteria that govern consideration of all SEC petitions. 

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures

NIOSH has evaluated the available personnel and workplace monitoring data and source term 

information and has determined that there are insufficient data for estimating internal exposures, as 

described below.

NIOSH has identified insufficient personnel and workplace monitoring data from which to draw 

conclusions regarding the potential magnitude of any internal doses from exposure to uranium, 

thorium, or fission products at GE-Ohio for the entire DOE operations period. The uranium and 

thorium bioassay data available to NIOSH do not represent potential exposures during the entire 

period under evaluation and are therefore insufficient to support development of an internal dose coworker distribution for the years without data. 
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NIOSH has identified workplace survey data for the GE-Ohio radiological areas. Although the 1969 

area survey (Hoffer, 1969) is comprehensive in the areas surveyed, the results are strictly in units of 

gross alpha or gross beta-gamma, with no isotopic results available to NIOSH. NIOSH has 

determined that without information about exposure scenarios and the isotopic source term, the 

available workplace monitoring data are insufficient to allow sufficiently accurate dose reconstruction 

in the absence of personnel internal or external monitoring data. Decontamination-era reports from 

the mid 1980s (General Electric, 1984; General Electric, 1986b; Murphy, 1988) are insufficient to 

bound potential exposures in the diverse fuel production and laboratory environments encountered by 

workers during the 1961-1970 AEC period of operations. 

A majority of source term data obtained by NIOSH pertains to periods outside the 1961-1970 AEC 

operations period under evaluation. NIOSH has obtained source term information for some specific 

projects or experiments during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, but lacks the 

specific information by which to identify the operations with the highest exposure potential. Such 

information is required to enable NIOSH to bound potential exposures using source term data in the 

absence of personnel monitoring data. NIOSH has not identified sufficient documentation to define 

and quantify the total source term for GE-Ohio during the DOE operations period. Available 

documentation indicates that GE-Ohio worked with uranium, thorium, and fission product 

radionuclides throughout the entire DOE operations period. Without additional documentation, 

NIOSH can make no assumptions about the relative amounts of these materials that would have been 

encountered at the site during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. Therefore, 

there is insufficient source term information available to NIOSH to bound internal exposures to 

uranium, thorium, and fission products for the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. 

NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate potential internal exposures to uranium, thorium, or fission product 

radionuclides during the period of DOE operations at GE-Ohio from January 1, 1961, through June 

30, 1970. Consequently, NIOSH finds that it is not feasible to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, 

internal exposures and resulting doses for the class of employees covered by this evaluation. 

Although it is not possible to completely reconstruct internal radiation doses for the period from 

January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, NIOSH intends to use any internal monitoring data that may 

become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals who do not qualify for 

inclusion in the SEC may be performed using these data as appropriate.

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures

This evaluation responds to a petition based on NIOSH determining that internal radiation exposures 

to uranium, thorium, and fission product radionuclides could not be reconstructed for a dose 

reconstruction referred to NIOSH by the Department of Labor (DOL). As noted above, HHS will 

consider this determination to be sufficient without further consideration to determine that it is not 

feasible to estimate the levels of radiation doses of individual members of the class with sufficient 

accuracy. Consequently, it is not necessary for NIOSH to fully evaluate the feasibility of 

reconstructing external radiation exposures for the class of workers covered by this report. 
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NIOSH has obtained external monitoring results for all years from 1961 through June 1970 (over 

3500 film badge results, as discussed in Section 5.5). However, due to NIOSH’s identified inability to 

adequately reconstruct all internal radiation doses with sufficient accuracy during the 1961-1970 

period (as presented in Section 6.1 above), NIOSH has not evaluated the external film data on an 

individual worker basis, and has not determined whether sufficient data exist to generate adequate 

external co-worker dose distributions for the assignment of unmonitored dose during partial dose 

reconstruction. 

Adequate reconstruction of medical dose for GE-Ohio workers is likely to be feasible by using 

claimant-favorable assumptions in the complex-wide Technical Information Bulletin, Dose 

Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures (ORAUT-OTIB-0006) 

and Guidance on Assigning Occupational X-ray Dose Under EEOICPA for X-rays Administered Off 

Site (ORAUT-OTIB-0079). 

Although it may not be possible to completely reconstruct external radiation doses for the period from 

January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, NIOSH intends to use any external monitoring data that may 

become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals who do not qualify for 

inclusion in the SEC may be performed using these data, as appropriate.

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility

As presented in Section 4.3, NIOSH has found no data to identify a specific start date in 1961, and 

therefore assumes January 1, 1961 for the start of DOE operations. NIOSH has found evidence that 

DOE/AEC operations ceased on June 30, 1970, when the facilities were returned to the Air Force 

(General Electric, 1974a). NIOSH therefore recommends that the class be defined within the period 

from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. 

As presented in Section 4.4, NIOSH put considerable effort into trying to identify building- and 

area-specific information, or workgroup-specific information, that would allow NIOSH to define the 

recommended class according to specific work locations within the context of the broader GE 

Evendale plant footprint. NIOSH has determined that the Air Force Plant 36 areas were not 

physically separated from the general Evendale Plant, and that there is insufficient access control 

documentation available to allow NIOSH to define individual worker exposure scenarios based on 

specific work locations within the GE-Ohio facility. NIOSH therefore continues to recommend that 

the class definition include all areas of the GE-Ohio facility during the specified time period.

As presented in Section 4.5, NIOSH has found insufficient documentation associating job titles and/or 

job assignments with specific radiological operations or conditions. Without such information, 

NIOSH is unable to define the proposed SEC class based on worker job descriptions. NIOSH 

therefore recommends that the proposed class definition include all employees of DOE, its 

predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at GE-Ohio during the 

specified time period.
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7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00161

This report evaluates the feasibility for completing dose reconstructions for employees at GE-Ohio 

from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970. NIOSH determined that members of this class may have 

received radiation exposures from uranium, thorium, and fission product radionuclides. NIOSH lacks 

sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring data, sufficient air monitoring 

information, or sufficient process and radiological source information that would allow it to estimate 

the unmonitored potential internal exposures to which the proposed class may have been exposed. 

Reconstruction of external dose for individuals for whom personal external monitoring records are 

available is considered feasible. NIOSH considers the adequate reconstruction of medical dose for 

GE-Ohio workers to be feasible. 

NIOSH has documented herein that it cannot complete the dose reconstruction related to this petition. 

The basis of this finding demonstrates that NIOSH does not have access to sufficient information to 

estimate either the maximum radiation dose incurred by any member of the class or to estimate such 

radiation doses more precisely than a maximum dose estimate.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any available internal and external monitoring data that may 

become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

GE-Ohio during the period from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, but who do not qualify for 

inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data, as appropriate.

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00161

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) and § 83.13(c)(3). Pursuant to these requirements, if 

it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH 

must determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered 

the health of members of the class. The regulations require NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

required to specify that health was endangered for those workers who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 
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NIOSH has determined that members of the class were not exposed to radiation during a discrete 

incident likely to have involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear 

criticality incidents. However, the evidence reviewed in this evaluation indicates that some workers in 

the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures through intakes of uranium, thorium, and 

fission product radionuclides, as well as from direct exposure to radioactive materials. Consequently, 

NIOSH is specifying that health was endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who 

were employed for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters 

established for this class or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one 

or more other classes of employees in the SEC. 

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00161

The evaluation defines a single class of employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses 

with sufficient accuracy. This class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its 

predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who worked at General Electric Co. in 

Evendale, Ohio, from January 1, 1961 through June 30, 1970, for a number of work days aggregating 

at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work 

days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees included in the 

Special Exposure Cohort. 

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility, 

similar to the class defined in Section 9.0, for whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction may not 

be feasible, and for whom additional research and analyses are required. Such a class would be 

addressed in a separate SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the current claim. At this 

time, NIOSH has not identified a second similar class of employees at GE-Ohio for whom dose 

reconstruction may not be feasible. 
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11.0 References 

42 C.F.R. pt. 81, Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Causation Under the Energy 

Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule, Federal 

Register/Vol. 67, No. 85/Thursday, p 22,296; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 19391 

42 C.F.R. pt. 82, Methods for Radiation Dose Reconstruction Under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 

19392 

42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as Members of the Special 

Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 

2000; Final Rule; May 28, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 22001 

42 U.S.C. §§ 7384-7385 [EEOICPA], Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation 

Program Act of 2000; as amended; OCAS website

Affidavit, 1990, Affidavit of [Name redacted] on Behalf of GE Aircraft Engines and GE Aerospace, 

Evendale, Ohio, [Name redacted]; March 5, 1990; SRDB Ref ID: 88723 

Boback, 1965, Bio-Assay Department Monthly Report for November 1965, correspondence to J. A. 

Quigley; M. W. Boback; December 7, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 44783 

Boback, 1965a, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, January 1965, General Electric Co.; 

M.W. Boback, Bioassay Department; January 14, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 73212 

Boback, 1965b, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, March 1965, General Electric Co.; M. 

W. Boback, Bioassay Department; April 9, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 73213 

Boback, 1965c, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, April 1965, General Electric Co.; M. 

W. Boback, Bioassay Department; May 17, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 73216 

Boback, 1965d, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, August 1965, General Electric Co.; M. 

W. Boback, Bioassay Department; August 3, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 73217 

Boback, 1965e, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, November 1965, General Electric Co.; 

M. W. Boback, Bioassay Department; December 22, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 73227 

Boback, 1966a, Uranium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, February 1966, General Electric Co.; 

M. W. Boback, Bioassay Department; April 29, 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 73228 

Boback, 1966b, Thorium Urinalysis Results for One Sample Received September 12, 1966, General 

Electric Co.; M. W. Boback, Bioassay Department; September 19, 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 73231 

Boback, 1967a, Thorium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, May 1967, General Electric Co.; M. 

W. Boback, Bioassay Department; June 27, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 73233 
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Boback, 1967b, Urannium and Thorium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, July 1967, General 

Electric Co.; M. W. Boback, Bioassay Department; August 29, 1967; SRDB Ref ID: 73236 

Boback, 1968, Urannium and Thorium Urinalysis Results for GE Personnel, July 1968, General 

Electric Co.; M. W. Boback, Bioassay Department; September 12, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 73241 

Clark, 1961, GE Personnel Exposure Record 1961; R. L. Clark; April 23, 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 51034 

Decontamination, 1987, Technical Specification HS-1, Surface Decontamination of Building D 

Laboratory Facilities, GP-3106, R. F. Hoffer, General Electric Co., Aircraft Engine Business Group; 

April 7, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 90776 

Dose Record Cards, various dates, Individual Employee Dose Record Cards, General Electric Co.; 

various names and dates in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s; SRDB Ref ID: 90565 

Dose Summaries, various dates, Individual Employee Radiation Dose Summaries, General Electric 

Co. Nuclear Materials and Propulsion Operation, Evendale, Ohio; General Electric Co.; various 

names and dates in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s; SRDB Ref ID: 90563 

Engel, 1971, Personnel Exposure and Monitoring Reports per 10CFR20.407; J. D. Engel, General 

Electric Co., Radiation Protection Officer and Administrator of Industrial Hygiene Medical Services; 

March 22, 1971; SRDB Ref ID: 90749 

Engel, 1972, Personnel Radiation Exposure 1971 Annual Report per 20.407, J. D. Engel, General 

Electric Co., Radiation Protection Officer and Administrator of Industrial Hygiene Medical Services; 

March 21, 1972; SRDB Ref ID: 90756 

Engel, various dates, Annual Summary of Isotope Radiography Program 1968-1987, D. Engel, 

General Electric, Radiation Protection Officer and Administrator of Industrial Hygiene Medical 

Services; various dates; SRDB Ref ID: 90774 

EPA, 2008, Department of Defense Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) Air Force Plant 36, 

website; Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); http://offo2.epa.state.oh.us/DoD/ 

FUDS/SWfuds/Air_Force_Plant_36.htm; last accessed March 27, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 42496 

Exposure Cards, various dates, Lockland Area Office Radiation Exposure Cards, General Electric 

Evendale; February 9, 1959 – December 31, 1968; SRDB Ref ID: 90556 

FUSRAP, 1983, Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP), Phase II Project 

Report, Volume I, II, and III, April 1983, R. Rudolph, Bechtel National, Inc.; report contains 

information on Air Force Plant 36, Evendale, Ohio; SRDB Ref ID: 93566, pdf p. 10 

GE at ITS, 1982, Brief History of General Electric at the Idaho Test Station [now INL] and 

Disposition of Records upon Contract Termination, D. C. Robertson, Manager, General Electric AEG 

Safety Programs; March 26, 1982; SRDB Ref ID: 90564 
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General Electric, 1964, Urinalysis: General Electric Company Invitation to Bid and Fernald’s 

Response; General Electric Co. and R. C. Heatherton, Fernald; September 9 & 18, 1964; SRDB Ref 

ID: 73178 

General Electric, 1967, General Electric Purchase Orders Issued to Fernald for Uranium and 

Thorium Urinalysis Services; General Electric Purchase Orders; May 23 and October 19, 1967; SRDB 

Ref ID: 73198 

General Electric, 1974a, Air Force Plant 36, Evendale, Ohio; General Electric Co.; 1974; SRDB Ref 

ID: 7034, p. 8 

General Electric, 1974b, Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Facility - Evendale, Evendale, Ohio; General 

Electric Co.; 1974; SRDB Ref ID: 7034, pdf pp. 11-13 

General Electric, 1984, Summary Report Decontamination of Building C-West U.S. Air Force Plant 

No. 36, Evendale, Ohio; General Electric; June 1984; SRDB Ref ID: 45568 

General Electric, 1986a, Scope and Radiation Monitoring Data from Decontamination Project 

Radioactive Waste Storage Area Building D U.S. Air Force Plant No. 36 Evendale, Ohio, General 

Electric Co.; November 1986; SRDB Ref ID: 45751 

General Electric, 1986b, Summary Report Decontamination of Laboratory Facilities Building D U.S. 

Air Force Plant No. 36, Evendale, Ohio; General Electric; November 1986; SRDB Ref ID: 45802

Herries, 1966, Thoria Program, correspondence to T. C. Evans; R. R. Herries; January 10, 1966; 

SRDB Ref ID: 58545 

Hoffer, 1969, Radiation Contamination Survey of Facilities and Equipment at Nuclear Systems 

Programs Department General Electric Company Evendale, Ohio; R. F. Hoffer, et al.; September 

1969; SRDB Ref ID: 69797 

Hoffer, 1987, Decommissioning Project for Building D, General Electric Co.; R. F. Hoffer et al.; 

September 3, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 90777 

 

Karl, 1969, Nuclear Materials Control Survey of General Electric Company, correspondence to M. A. 

Zipkin; C. L. Karl; June 9, 1969; SRDB Ref ID: 44779 

Murphy, 1988, Confirmatory Radiological Survey of the Building D Laboratory Area General 

Electric Company, Evandale [sic], Ohio, Final Report; G. L. Murphy and A. D. Luck; August 1988; 

SRDB Ref ID: 40240 

ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray 

Procedures, Rev. 03 PC-1; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Team Dose Reconstruction 

Project for NIOSH; December 21, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 20220 

ORAUT-OTIB-0079, Guidance on Assigning Occupational X-Ray Dose Under EEOICPA for X-Rays 

Administered Off Site, Rev. 00; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Team Dose 

Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; January 3, 2011; SRDB Ref ID: 89563 
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Outreach, 2010a, Worker Outreach Meeting Sign-in Sheet for General Electric Plant, United Auto 

Workers Local 647, Evendale, OH – Monday, May 10, 2010, 12:00 PM, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 89217 

Outreach, 2010b, Worker Outreach Meeting Sign-in Sheet for General Electric Plant, International 

Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Local 912, Evendale, OH – Tuesday, July 13, 

2010, 10:00 AM, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, July 13, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 

89214 

Outreach Meeting Minutes, 2010, Meeting Minutes for the NIOSH SEC Worker Outreach Meeting 

for General Electric-Evendale, July 13, 2010; NIOSH; July 13, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94110 

Personal Communication, 2008, Personal Communication with Retired GE Evendale Health & Safety 

Manager; Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; April 1, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 43509 

Personal Communication, 2009, Personal Communication with Retired GE Evendale Health & Safety 

Manager; Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; August 18, 2009; SRDB Ref ID: 73138

Personal Communication, 2010a, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers Local 

647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94106

Personal Communication, 2010b, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers Local 

647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94107

Personal Communication, 2010c, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers Local 

647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94108

Personal Communication, 2010d, Title; Worker Outreach Interview with United Auto Workers Local 

647 member (formerly at GE-Evendale); May 10, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 94109

Plan, 1974, Utilization Plan for Air Force Plant 36, 1974 Status, unknown author and agency (format 

suggests possibly FUSRAP); by contextual inference, 1974; SRDB Ref ID: 78835 

POPSEE List, 1987, POPSEE Master List of Former ANPO, NMPO, SPPS, NSP, ESP, and ANP 

Workers, POPSEE Reunion Committee; August 20, 1987; SRDB Ref ID: 88726 

POPSEE Sketches, 1991, POPSEE 40th Anniversary Biographical Sketches, 1951-1991: 40 Years and 

Many Ideas Later, G. Pomeroy, Chairman, Reunion Committee; July 1, 1991; SRDB Ref ID: 89945 

Rennich, 1965, Minutes of September 8, 1965 Thorium Operations Review and Planning Meeting, 

Memorandum to Files; George Rennich; September 21, 1965; SRDB Ref ID: 43017, pp. 48-55 

Review, 1979, A Brief Review of the Status of Building “C – West” and “D” in AF Plant No. 36, 

Evendale, Ohio, R. F. Hoffer; August 15, 1979; SRDB Ref ID: 88725 

Rice, 1966, Summaries of Fuels and Materials Development Programs, draft copy; William L. R. 

Rice; March 1966; SRDB Ref ID: 21847 
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SEC Class Review, 2010, Review of the Proposed General Electric Facility in Evendale, OH, Special 

Exposure Cohort Class Definition, letter from R. P. Leiton (Dept. of Labor) to S. L. Hinnefeld 

(NIOSH); November 12, 2010; SRDB Ref ID: 91290 

Thorium Disposition, 1971, Disposition of Thorium Residues and Wastes Returned from General 

Electric, Evendale – Bettis Program, memo from B. Gessiness to J. J. Costa; December 22, 1971; 

SRDB Ref ID: 91809 

Thorium Inventory, 1973-1996, Thorium Inventory Log Sheets, General Electric Evendale; one log 

sheet signed by J. D. Engel, Radiation Protection Officer and Administrator of Industrial Hygiene 

Medical Services; various dates from August 29, 1973 to June 25, 1996; SRDB Ref ID: 90766 

Thorton, 1964, Summary of Whole Body Radiation Exposures to External Penetrating Radiation 

Accumulated During the Year; W. T. Thorton; 1964; SRDB Ref ID: 14442 

Visitor Exposures, 1961, Visitor Radiation Exposure Records, General Electric – Evendale; various 

names and dates from January to May 1961; SRDB Ref ID: 51084 
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

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SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Page 31 of 36 

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Data Capture Information General Description of Captured Data Date

Completed

Uploaded

To SRDB

Primary Site/Company Name: General Electric-Evendale

BE 1951-1970; AWE/DOE 1961-1970; Residual Radiation 

1971-1994. Company contacts are [Name redacted], IH, 

and [Name redacted], Environmental Counsel

Other Site Names:

 GE Evendale

 GE Cincinnati

 GE Lockland

 Air Force Plant 36 

Physical size of the site: 

Air Force Plant 36 occupied 66.4 acres at the southern end 

of the GE Evendale facility. The primary Air Force Plant 

36 buildings were B, C, D (now demolished), and the South 

Fuel Farm. Covered activities took place in Building CWest, approximately 58,000 square feet, and Building D, 

approximately 306,000 square feet. 

Size of the workforce during the SEC related periods:

The site population estimate during the Covered Period is 

approximately 8,000. 

Radiation and contamination surveys, decontamination reports, air 

sample results, instrument calibration and performance records, source 

calibration records, zone number coding for AEBG facilities, 

Environmental Hygiene Org. chart from 1959, 1958 job descriptions for 

Health Physicist, Specialist, Radiation Education and Program 

Measurements, Supervisor Radiological Health Services, Radiological 

Measurement Specialist, Dosimetry Records Clerk with criteria for dose 

records maintenance, and for Standards Analyst, affidavit on contracts, 

radioactive materials, and waste disposal, whole body and lung count 

results for a decon worker, brief 1987 status reviews for Buildings D 

and C-West, the “POPSEE” roster of former ANPO, NMPO, SPPS, 

NSP, ESP, and AEP workers, biographical sketches of POPSEE 

workers, the 1959-1960 Health and Hygiene Instruction Manual, 

employee access to exposure records, dose record cards, radiological 

surveys during asbestos removal, AEC byproduct material license 

amendments, AEC source material license, thorium safe handling 

instructions, description of radiography program, x-ray machine 

surveys, and decontamination technical specifications. 

12/03/2010 162

State Contacted: Ohio Department of Health

 

State registrations and license, description of ANP work, reactor safety 

determination, and a site survey.

11/20/2007 26

Department of Energy (DOE) AEC documents regarding the application of the AEC indemnity 

provision to the ANP Program.

06/19/2008 25

Department of Labor/Paragon Uranium scrap evaluations, nuclear safety inspections, industrial 

hygiene inspections, process descriptions, and FUSRAP documentation 

and review.

12/30/2008 10

DOE EM FUSRAP Files FUSRAP elimination recommendation, license applications, and a 

database report.

07/22/2003 2 

DOE Hanford History of the FEMP's thorium process including GE's thorium oxalate 

processing and a 1961 Hanford visit to GE.

01/17/2008 2 
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

32 of 36

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Data Capture Information General Description of Captured Data Date

Completed

Uploaded

To SRDB

DOE Headquarters, Germantown, MD Thorium research and development, beryllium data, and safety 

recommendations.

07/22/2003 2 

DOE - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Library Report of heat transfer reactor experiment No. 3. 10/30/2006 1 

DOE Legacy Management - Grand Junction Office Contract data for GE contracts administered by the New York 

Operations Office and the Savannah River Office, AEC meeting on the 

Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program, authorization to ship W-25 tubing 

to GE, status and plans for Air Force Plant 36, and a brief overview of 

Air Force Plant 36. 

03/11/2011 11

DOE Legacy Management - Morgantown A 1971 FMPC report mentioning the shipping of thorium oxalate to GE 

for the production of thorium oxide and FMPC reports documenting 

services performed for GE including sectioning ThO2 spheres in 1974.

06/30/2010 5 

DOE Legacy Management - MoundView (Fernald 

Holdings, includes Fernald Legal Database)

Health & Safety Division annual report, thorium process information, 

contamination survey of thorium handling equipment, laundering 

contaminated clothing, calcining thorium oxalate to thorium oxide for 

the FMPC Bettis Project, FUSRAP report, request for spectrographic 

analysis of thorium oxide, thoria powder progress reports, procurement 

documents, removal of equipment from GE, contracts for and results 

from uranium and thorium urinalyses conducted by FMPC, a newsletter 

account of an AEC contract extension for reactor system studies, and 

accountability documents.

01/17/2011 102

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information 

(OSTI)

Summary hazards reports, tensile strength of irradiated material, 

parameters of beryllium moderated critical assemblies, and proceedings 

of a nuclear propulsion conference.

03/02/2010 9 

Federal Records Center, Chicago, IL Plant air sampling records, film badge reports, exposure reports, 

urinalysis results, contamination surveys, nuclear safety records, and 

stack sampling results.

10/02/2008 67

Federal Records Center, Lee's Summit, MO Film badge reports. 11/04/2008 1 

Federal Records Center, San Bruno, CA Summaries of high temperature reactor research programs. 01/31/2006 1 

Internet - Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data Resource 

(CEDR)

No relevant data identified. 04/10/2008 0 

Internet - DOE Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval 

System (DDRS)

Hanford monthly reports identifying visits to and visitors from GE 

Evendale and a report of a GE Evendale mock fuel rod experiment 

conducted at Hanford. NOTE: 4 documents were added by Site 

Association Review. 

10/15/2008 4 

Internet - DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites Tonawanda area progress report. NOTE: This document was added by 

Site Association Review. 

10/25/2007 1 
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

33 of 36

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Data Capture Information General Description of Captured Data Date

Completed

Uploaded

To SRDB

Internet - DOE OpenNet Human radiation studies oral history, AEC semi-annual reports, and 

NYOO monthly status reports. NOTE: 7 documents were added by Site 

Association Review. 

04/04/2008 7 

Internet - DOE OSTI Energy Citations No relevant documents identified. 04/12/2008 0 

Internet - DOE OSTI Information Bridge Fuels, materials, and reactor component reports and a radioactive waste 

evaluation.

04/12/2008 8 

Internet - Google Physics Division progress report, ORNL ceramics information meeting, 

Department of Defense report on Air Force Plant 36, news report of 

toxic leak, health hazard evaluation reports, and reactor component 

research reports. NOTE: 4 documents were added by Site Association 

Review. 

05/27/2008 19

Internet - Health Physics Journal No relevant data identified. 04/01/2011 0 

Internet - Journal of Occupational and Environmental 

Hygiene 

No relevant data identified. 04/01/2011 0 

Internet - National Academies Press (NAP) No relevant data identified. 04/13/2008 0 

Internet - National Nuclear Security Administration 

(NNSA) - Nevada Site Office

No relevant data identified. 04/10/2008 0 

Internet - NRC Agencywide Document Access and 

Management (ADAMS)

The 2001 FUSRAP sites review. NOTE: This document was added by 

Site Association Review. 

04/13/2008 1 

Internet - Washington State University (U.S. Transuranium 

and Uranium Registries)

No relevant data identified. 04/13/2008 0 

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - 

Atlanta

Annual health protection status report, neutron source transfer records, 

material transfer records, material transfers to ORNL, and ANP fuel and 

core experiment reports.

05/21/2008 22

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - 

College Park

Report of a 1954 Department of Defense visit to GE. 08/17/2010 2 

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) - 

Kansas City

Site decontamination history. 03/03/2005 1 

New York State Department of Environmental 

Conservation

Report on carbon reduction of uranium oxide. 01/07/2011 1 

NIOSH Shielding studies with beryllium oxide, salt slabs, gadolinium, and 

water for Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project.

03/02/2010 4 

NOCTS Organizational chart, job descriptions, process information, U-235 

process information, shielding information, Building 700 ventilation 

grievance, and radium chip exposure grievance. 

07/10/2008 20
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

34 of 36

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Data Capture Information General Description of Captured Data Date

Completed

Uploaded

To SRDB

ORAU Team Project spreadsheets, process knowledge expert documented 

communications, and a documented communication with GE's 

Environmental Counsel which confirmed the completion of the records 

search conducted by GE Aviation's Compliance Leader.

04/01/2008 10

Petitioner Provided 1977 Evendale site telephone book. 10/07/2010 1 

SAIC Annual whole body exposure summaries. 09/02/2004 4 

Savannah River Site Dosimetry visitor cards and thoria program reports. 08/26/2008 6 

Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL GE waste disposed in the St. Louis area and an ERDA report citing 

need for obtaining GE dosimetric data.

10/18/2008 2 

Unknown Fernald area and Lockland trip reports, technical reports on the GE 

ANP Program, including activities at Idaho National Laboratory, 

exposure information, beryllium reports, NYOO air dust survey, a 1953 

report concerning liquid waste disposition, thorium shipment to GE, and 

material transfers from Fernald.

08/04/2003 13

TOTAL 552

Databases Searched for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Uploaded

To SRDB

NOTE: Database search terms employed for each of the databases

listed below are available in the Excel file called “GE-Evendale Rev 01., (83.14) 04-05-11xls”

CEDR

http://cedr.lbl.gov/

COMPLETED 04/10/2008

See Note above 0 0 

DOE Energy Citations 

http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/

COMPLETED 04/12/2008

See Note above 3,508 0 

DOE Hanford DDRS

http://www2.hanford.gov/declass/

COMPLETED 10/15/2008

See Note above 0 0 
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

35 of 36

Databases Searched for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Database/Source Keywords / Phrases Hits Uploaded

To SRDB

DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites Database

http://csd.lm.doe.gov/

COMPLETED 10/25/2007

N/A 0 0 

DOE OpenNet

http://www.osti.gov/opennet/advancedsearch.jsp

COMPLETED 04/04/2008 

See Note above 0 0 

DOE OSTI Information Bridge

http://www.osti.gov/bridge/advancedsearch.jsp

COMPLETED 04/12/2008

See Note above 7,007 8 

Google

http://www.google.com

COMPLETED 05/07/2008

See Note above 11,922 15

HP Journal

http://journals.lww.com/health-physics/pages/default.aspx

COMPLETED 04/01/2011

See Note above 0 0 

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 

http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh

COMPLETED 04/01/2011

See Note above 6 0 

National Academies Press

http://www.nap.edu/

COMPLETED 04/13/2008

See Note above 0 0 

NNSA - Nevada Site Office

www.nv.doe.gov/main/search.htm

COMPLETED 04/10/2008

See Note above 15 0 

NRC ADAMS Reading Room

http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams/web-based.html

COMPLETED 04/13/2008

See Note above 5,000 0 

U.S. Transuranium & Uranium Registries 

http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/

COMPLETED 04/13/2008

See Note above 12 0 
SEC-00161 Rev. 1 04-28-11 General Electric Co. (Ohio)

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Table A1-3: OSTI Documents Requested for General Electric Co. (Ohio)

Document Number Document Title Requested

Date

Received

Date

AD-A-285563/3/XAB

OSTI ID: 7098399

SRDB: 44372

Multi-group Analysis of Nuclear Reactors in Three Space Dimensions 

dated 4/20/1960

10/19/2007 05/07/2008