The HONORABLE MICHAEL J. MELLOY, Chief Judge of the United States 1

District Court for the Northern District of Iowa.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________

No. 97-1650

___________

United States of America, *

*

Plaintiff - Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the

* Northern District of Iowa.

Michael Franklin Einfeldt, *

*

*

Defendant - Appellant. *

___________

Submitted: October 21, 1997

Filed: March 6, 1998

___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, LOKEN and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.

___________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge

Michael Einfeldt appeals his conviction and sentence for armed robbery of a

Waterloo, Iowa, food store and for conspiracy to violate the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. §

1951. On appeal, Einfeldt argues (1) the district court committed evidentiary errors 1

by requiring Einfeldt to stipulate to one or more felony convictions for purposes of 18

U.S.C. § 922(g), by allowing the government to impeach him with a prior robbery
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conviction, by admitting co-conspirator hearsay, and by limiting cross exam of a

government witness about prison misconduct; (2) the court deprived Einfeldt of due

process by refusing to exclude testimony because related evidence had been destroyed

by the Des Moines police and by failing to grant him a continuance, and the

government denied him due process by failing to disclose that one of its witnesses was

a paid informant; (3) the court erred in sentencing Einfeldt as an armed career criminal;

(4) the court violated his Sixth Amendment rights by limiting the role of standby

counsel; (5) the court erred in failing to give an interested witness instruction; (6) the

Hobbs Act is unconstitutional; and (7) the court’s Jury Selection Plan violates the Sixth

Amendment and the Jury Service and Selection Act. As Einfeldt does not challenge

the sufficiency of the government’s evidence, we will recount only the facts necessary

to discuss these issues. Additional background may be found in United States v.

Farmer, 73 F.3d 836 (8th Cir. 1996), affirming the conviction and sentence of one of

Einfeldt’s conspirators. We likewise affirm Einfeldt’s conviction and sentence.

I. The Challenged Evidentiary Rulings.

A. Use of Prior convictions. Before trial, Einfeldt offered to stipulate that he

is a convicted felon for purposes of § 922(g)(1). At that time, Old Chief v. United

States, 117 S. Ct. 644 (1997), was pending but not decided. The district court agreed

to order the government to stipulate, provided the stipulation said that Einfeldt had been

convicted of “one or more felony offenses” to avoid misleading the jury into believing

he had only one prior conviction. Einfeldt accepted that condition but now argues that

this stipulation created unfair prejudice under Old Chief. Even assuming the issue was

properly preserved, we disagree. The decision in Old Chief was premised upon the

prejudice resulting when a prior conviction is described to the jury, instead of giving

the jury a stipulation reciting the fact of conviction. Here, on the other hand, the district

court’s concern was to fashion a stipulation that did not mislead the jury as to Einfeldt’s

criminal history. The touchstone of Federal Rule of Evidence 403 is unfair prejudice,

and there was nothing unfair about the court’s form of stipulation.
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Einfeldt also argues the district court erred in allowing the government to

impeach his trial testimony with a 1974 bank robbery conviction. He raised this issue

by a motion in limine that was denied. He then admitted the prior conviction during his

direct examination at trial. That tactic precludes review of the issue on appeal. See

United States v. Warren, 16 F.3d 247, 253-54 (8th Cir. 1994); United States v. Brown,

956 F.2d 782, 787 (8th Cir. 1992).

B. Use of Conspirator Hearsay. During the government’s case in chief, the

district court conditionally allowed informant Ben White to testify to statements made

by alleged conspirator Thomas Farmer about Einfeldt’s participation in a prior food

store robbery in Des Moines, and in planning to rob another Des Moines store. We

approved this procedure for managing the order of proof in a conspiracy trial in United

States v. Bell, 573 F.2d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir.1978). At the close of trial, the district

court admitted this testimony under Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E), finding the government

had proved by a preponderance of the evidence that a conspiracy existed, Einfeldt and

Farmer were members of the conspiracy, and Farmer’s statements were made during

the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy. See Bourjaily v. United States, 483

U.S. 171, 175-76 (1987). 

Einfeldt argues on appeal that the court erred in admitting this testimony because

the government failed to prove that Einfeldt was a member of a conspiracy to rob the

Des Moines store. But the testimony of White (which may be considered in making

the Rule 801(d)(2)(E) determination, see Bourjaily, 483 U.S. at 181), conspirator

Reggie Williams, and Orlando Proctor, who testified he was approached about joining

the conspiracy, provided ample evidence that Einfeldt was a member of an on-going

conspiracy. The district court’s findings to that effect were not clearly erroneous. See

United States v. Edwards, 994 F.2d 417, 421 (8th Cir. 1993) (standard of review), cert.

denied, 510 U.S. 1048 (1994).
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C. Excluded Impeachment of a Government Witness. Michael Williams was

a limited participant in the Waterloo robbery who testified under a grant of immunity

that Einfeldt planned the robbery and admitted taking part in it. Though thrice

convicted of armed robbery, Williams testified on redirect that he had turned his life

around -- “the last time I committed a crime, you know, that was in [19]79.” Einfeldt

then proposed to question Williams on recross about the details of his prison violations

after 1979, which included assaulting a guard in 1988, threatening a residence adviser

in 1992, and a parole revocation. The district court ruled that Einfeldt could ask

generally about prison violations and parole revocation to impeach Williams’s

testimony that he had become a model citizen, but could not go “into the specifics of

those incidents.” Einfeldt then cross-examined Williams but did not ask the

impeachment questions the court had said it would permit. He now argues on appeal

that he should have been allowed to cross-examine on the details of Williams’s prison

record. We doubt this issue is properly preserved. But in any event, we conclude the

district court permitted “substantial and extensive cross-examination and impeachment”

and did not abuse its considerable discretion to limit the scope and extent of crossexamination. United States v. Headid, 565 F.2d 1029, 1031 (8th Cir. 1977).

II. Due Process Issues.

Before trial, Einfeldt moved to exclude evidence concerning the prior food store

robbery in Des Moines, and the planning of another robbery. He argued that testimony

about these incidents would violate his due process rights because Des Moines police

had destroyed three pieces of evidence relevant to them: a videotape showing two

suspects and a car near the site of the first robbery, a log listing the names of 200

suspects whose photographs were shown to a witness of that robbery, and a written log

and audio tapes of witness Ben White’s attempts to call Farmer and Einfeldt about

planning the second robbery. After the district court denied this motion, Einfeldt failed

to preserve the issue for appeal when he did not object to the government’s evidence

at trial. In any event, the motion to exclude was properly denied. “[U]nless a criminal
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defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve potentially

useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.” Arizona v.

Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58 (1988); see United States v. Weise, 89 F.3d 502, 504

(8th Cir. 1996). We agree with the district court that the missing evidence was of

minimal relevance, that the police had reasonable explanations why each item was

destroyed (or never created), and therefore that there is no evidence of bad faith. The

court did not abuse its discretion in denying a continuance because the government

confirmed the destruction of this evidence only a week before trial. See United States

v. Lefkowitz, 125 F.3d 608, 620 (8th Cir. 1997) (“continuances are not favored and

should be granted only when a compelling reason has been shown”).

Einfeldt next argues the government violated his due process rights under Brady

v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), when it failed to notify him before trial that

witness Ben White was a paid informant. However, this information came out at trial

during the direct, cross, redirect, and recross examination of White, and the redirect

examination of Officer Steverson. “Where the prosecution delays disclosure of

evidence, but the evidence is nonetheless disclosed during trial, Brady is not violated.”

United States v. Gonzales, 90 F.3d 1363, 1368 (8th Cir. 1996).

III. Sentencing as an Armed Career Criminal.

The Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), provides that any

defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm is subject to a minimum

fifteen years in prison if he has three prior convictions for “a violent felony or a serious

drug offense.” Einfeldt argues that it was error to sentence him as an armed career

criminal because one of his three predicate convictions, based on a plea of guilty to a

1967 Arkansas burglary, was not a “violent felony.” We disagree.

The Act defines “violent felony” to include “burglary.” See 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). “Burglary” for this purpose is “any crime . . . having the basic
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elements of unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or structure,

with intent to commit a crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 599 (1990). 

The Arkansas statute to which Einfeldt pleaded guilty in 1968 included activities falling

outside Taylor’s generic definition of burglary, such as breaking into railroad cars,

automobiles, airplanes, boats, vessels, and water crafts. See Ark. Crim. Code § 41-

1001 (1947). In this situation, the district court must look to the charging document or

the text of Einfeldt’s guilty plea to determine if the conviction was for generic burglary

and is therefore a predicate Armed Career Criminal Act offense. See United States v.

Demint, 74 F.3d 876, 877 (8th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 364 (1996).

The Information in question charged Einfeldt with committing burglary and grand

larceny on December 20, 1967. Count I alleged that he did

Feloniously, burglariously and forcibly break and enter the Mad Butcher

located at 417 North Cedar Street, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, there situate,

with the felonious intent to commit larceny . . . .

Although this allegation left a question whether the Mad Butcher was a building or

structure that satisfies the Taylor test for generic burglary, Count II eliminated any

possible ambiguity by alleging that Einfeldt stole “groceries, cigarettes and trading

stamps” from “The Mad Butcher Store.” We reject Einfeldt’s contention that Count

II may not be considered because it was dismissed as part of his plea agreement. The

issue is whether the charging document as a whole “show[s] that the defendant was

charged only with a burglary of a building.” Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602. Thus, the district

court correctly sentenced Einfeldt as an armed career criminal.

IV. The Standby Counsel Issue.

Einfeldt chose to represent himself at trial, but requested standby counsel to help

him with technical aspects of the trial such as objections. The district court allowed
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standby counsel to be present but directed that counsel not speak during the

government’s case-in-chief. Before the second day of trial, standby counsel asked

permission to make objections for Einfeldt. After confirming that Einfeldt still wanted

to otherwise represent himself, the court granted this request. Einfeldt argues on appeal

that he was denied the kind of “hybrid” representation he requested, and this violated

his Sixth Amendment right to counsel under Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835-36

(1975). This contention is without merit. There is no constitutional right to hybrid

representation; it is available at the district court’s discretion. See United States v.

Swinney, 970 F.2d 494, 498 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 1011 (1992); United

States v. Nivica, 887 F.2d 1110, 1121 (1st Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1005

(1990). The district court made a commendable effort to honor Einfeldt’s decision to

represent himself while providing him meaningful assistance of standby counsel. The

resulting arrangement was clearly no abuse of the court’s discretion. “A defendant

does not have a constitutional right to choreograph special appearances by counsel.”

McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 183 (1984).

V. Denial of an Interested Witness Instruction. 

The district court gave an instruction, taken from Eighth Circuit Model

Instructions 4.04-4.06, advising the jury to give the testimony of informants,

accomplices, and witnesses who were granted immunity such weight as the jurors

thought these witnesses deserved. Einfeldt argues the court erred in denying his

request for an instruction directing the jury to consider such testimony with greater

caution and care than that of other witnesses. However, this cautionary instruction is

not required if the testimony of such witnesses was corroborated by additional

evidence. See United States v. Gibson, 105 F.3d 1229, 1233 (8th Cir. 1997); United

States v. Drews, 877 F.2d 10, 12-13 (8th Cir. 1989). As there was substantial

corroborating evidence in this case, the court did not abuse its discretion.
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VI. Hobbs Act Constitutionality.

Einfeldt argues that the Hobbs Act is unconstitutional on its face because it is

beyond the scope of Congress’s Commerce Clause powers, and unconstitutional as

applied because the Waterloo robbery had no effect on interstate commerce. These

arguments are foreclosed by our decision in United States v. Farmer, 73 F.3d 836, 843-

44 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S. Ct. 2570 (1996); see also United States v. Green, 350

U.S. 415, 420-21 (1956).

VII. The Jury Selection Procedure.

Einfeldt’s jury pool was selected from voter registration lists, consistent with the

Northern District of Iowa’s Jury Selection Plan at the time of his trial (an amended plan

has since been adopted that uses lists of registered voters, actual voters, and motor

vehicle operators). Einfeldt argues that this method of juror selection underrepresented African-Americans, thereby violating The Jury Selection and Service Act,

28 U.S.C. §§ 1861 et seq., and his Sixth Amendment rights. This contention is

foreclosed by our decisions in United States v. Garcia, 991 F.2d 489, 491-92 (8th Cir.

1993), and Smith v. Copeland, 87 F.3d 265, 269 (8th Cir. 1996).

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. 

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.