2021 IL App (4th) 190914-U 

NO. 4-19-0914 

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF ILLINOIS

FOURTH DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. 

MARQUIS L. LOWERY, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

)

) 

) 

) 

)

) 

)

) 

Appeal from the

Circuit Court of

Macon County 

No. 18CF1143 

Honorable 

Robert Charles Bollinger, 

Judge Presiding.

 

 JUSTICE HARRIS delivered the judgment of the court.

 Justices Turner and Cavanagh concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: (1) Defendant forfeited his claim he was denied a fair trial based on assertions that

one of the State’s expert witnesses was allowed to opine on a matter beyond the 

scope of his expertise and his expert opinion lacked an adequate foundation.

(2) The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing defendant to 13 years’ 

imprisonment. 

¶ 2 Following a jury trial, defendant, Marquis L. Lowery, was convicted of unlawful 

delivery of a controlled substance and sentenced to 13 years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals, 

arguing (1) he was denied a fair trial where one of the State’s expert witnesses was allowed to 

provide opinion testimony outside his area of expertise and which lacked an adequate foundation

and (2) his 13-year prison sentence is excessive. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

NOTICE

This Order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and is 

not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1). 

FILED

December 16, 2021

Carla Bender

4th District Appellate

Court, IL
- 2 - 

¶ 4 A. The Charge

¶ 5 In August 2018, the State charged defendant by information with unlawful 

delivery of a controlled substance (see 720 ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 2016)), alleging that on 

March 10, 2016, defendant knowingly and unlawfully delivered more than 1 but less than 15

grams of a substance containing heroin to Michael Dandy.

¶ 6 B. Jury Trial

¶ 7 Defendant’s jury trial was conducted on June 17 and 18, 2019.

¶ 8 1. The State’s Evidence

¶ 9 The State called four witnesses and introduced several video recordings and a 

recording of a phone conversation between defendant and Dandy. 

¶ 10 a. Detective Lonnie Lewellyn

¶ 11 Lonnie Lewellyn, a detective with the Decatur Police Department, testified he 

was working on an investigation involving defendant in early 2016. As part of the investigation, 

Lewellyn worked closely with Michael Dandy, a confidential informant. According to Lewellyn, 

Dandy was arrested for possessing heroin in January 2016. Dandy agreed to assist Lewellyn with 

three investigations in exchange for the dismissal of the possession charge against him.

¶ 12 Detective Lewellyn testified that on March 10, 2016, he met with Dandy to 

conduct a “wire buy” of heroin from defendant. Dandy called defendant to purchase heroin, and 

Lewellyn recorded the phone call. After the phone call, Lewellyn searched Dandy for “narcotics 

or currency” and found neither. Lewellyn then gave Dandy a video recording device and $100, 

and Dandy drove his vehicle to the designated meeting location. Lewellyn testified he and other 

detectives followed Dandy to the meeting location, “keeping him in our site [sic] the whole time 

to make sure that he doesn’t stop or meet with any other people ***.” Lewellyn observed Dandy 
- 3 - 

meet with defendant briefly at the designated location. Lewellyn testified that after meeting with 

defendant, Dandy then drove straight to a predetermined location to meet with the detectives. 

Lewellyn further testified that Dandy was under constant surveillance from the time he left to 

meet with defendant until the time he returned to the detectives. Upon meeting the detectives, 

Dandy “turned over a small bag of a grayish[-]brown substance, which he claimed that he had 

purchased from [defendant].” Lewellyn then searched Dandy and his vehicle for a second time, 

placed the substance Dandy gave him in a sealed evidence bag, and sent the evidence to the 

crime lab for testing.

¶ 13 On cross-examination, Lewellyn acknowledged that he wrote a report in regard to 

the controlled buy but failed to indicate in the report that he had searched Dandy’s vehicle either 

before or after Dandy met with defendant. However, Lewellyn went on to state that “just because 

it’s not in my report doesn’t mean it didn’t happen. I searched the vehicle.” 

¶ 14 b. Angela Nealand

¶ 15 Angela Nealand, a “forensic scientist specializing in the area of drug chemistry” 

with the Illinois State Police Forensic Science Laboratory, testified she received a sealed 

evidence envelope in the instant case on May 12, 2016. Nealand weighed the substance and 

reported the weight as 1.1 grams. Nealand then conducted three separate tests on the substance; 

all of which were “positive for the presence of heroin.” Nealand testified that in her expert 

opinion, the “1.1 grams of powder contained heroin.” On cross-examination, she acknowledged 

that although the bag containing the substance may have met the lab’s fingerprint-testing criteria, 

no such test was conducted.

¶ 16 c. Michael Dandy
- 4 - 

¶ 17 Michael Dandy testified that he was arrested in January 2016 for possessing 

heroin. To avoid being charged with possession of heroin, Dandy agreed to assist the Decatur 

Police Department with three investigations, one of which involved defendant. On March 10, 

2016, Dandy met with Detective Lewellyn for the purpose of buying heroin from defendant.

Dandy called defendant, and the recorded phone call was played to the jury. On the call, Dandy 

informs defendant he wants “a couple of ‘em.” Defendant responds that “all I’ve got left is 

probably one.” Dandy testified that “one” referred to one gram of heroin. After the phone call, 

Dandy got into his vehicle with the recording equipment and drove to defendant’s location. 

¶ 18 The video recording was introduced into evidence and played to the jury. In the 

video, Dandy is seen exiting Lewellyn’s vehicle and entering his own vehicle. Dandy places the 

video recording device on his lap, points it at the passenger seat, and drives for approximately 

ten minutes before stopping. Defendant then can be seen opening the passenger door and 

handing Dandy a small bag. Defendant is heard telling Dandy “this is only a gram.” The video 

then depicts Dandy handing defendant $100 and subsequently driving away. Towards the end of 

the video, the recording device appears to fall off Dandy’s lap, and only the floorboard of the 

vehicle is visible. The video concludes when Dandy meets up with Lewellyn again. The State

also introduced still photos of the transaction between Dandy and defendant and published them 

to the jury. Dandy testified the substance that was depicted in the video and photos was the same 

substance he gave to Detective Lewellyn.

¶ 19 The State also introduced a video defendant posted to Facebook in 2018 shortly 

after being charged in the instant case. In the video, defendant calls Dandy a “rat” and says he 

wants the public to know that Dandy works with the police. In the video, defendant zooms in on 

the portion of the information filed against him that identifies Dandy by name.
- 5 - 

¶ 20 On cross-examination, Dandy testified that Lewellyn did not search him or his 

vehicle before he drove to meet defendant. Defense counsel asked Dandy if anyone from the 

Decatur Police Department told him that he would be charged with possession if he “didn’t 

produce some results on these three investigations,” and Dandy answered that he did not recall 

anyone telling him that.

¶ 21 d. Detective Chad Ramey

¶ 22 Chad Ramey, a detective with the Decatur Police Department, was permitted to 

testify as an expert in “drug and narcotic distribution.” Ramey testified he had listened to the 

recording of the phone call between defendant and Dandy, and, in his opinion, they were 

discussing the sale of heroin. Ramey provided the following relevant testimony: 

“Q. [S]o based on your training and expertise, did you have an opinion to 

a reasonable degree of certainty in your field as to whether or not a delivery of 

heroin of about a gram had occurred in that video you watched?

A. Yes. I—I believe from my—my observations, my training and 

experience that that heroin was actually delivered to that source and that—that 

actual amount was consistent with what the—what the phone call showed.

Q. And is there anything else that you base your opinion on besides what

you had just told us?

A. No. Just observations that I saw actually in the video, the—those 

photographs as well as, you know, the phone call.”

On cross-examination, Ramey acknowledged he was not present for the transaction and he did 

not have any “forensic training.” 

¶ 23 2. Defendant’s Evidence
- 6 - 

¶ 24 Defendant testified on his own behalf. According to defendant, Dandy began 

calling him asking for heroin in January 2016, shortly after Dandy was released from prison. 

Defendant estimated Dandy had called him approximately 15 times between January and March 

2016. Defendant testified he repeatedly told Dandy he “didn’t know anything about it and [he] 

didn’t possess anything like that.” However, defendant further testified, “[Dandy] was persistent 

and I—I needed some money that day so I told him, yeah, I could get him some. I put some 

Comet in a bag, gave it to him, and it ended up coming to all of this.”

¶ 25 3. Finding of Guilt

¶ 26 Following less than an hour of deliberation, the jury found defendant guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 27 C. Sentencing 

¶ 28 On July 31, 2019, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing. At the outset of 

the hearing, the parties agreed defendant faced Class X sentencing due to two prior Class 1 

felony convictions: (1) possession of 1 to 15 grams of cocaine with intent to deliver in Macon 

County case No. 02-CF-1127 and (2) possession of between 15 and 100 grams of cocaine in 

Macon County case No. 11-CF-1201. According to the presentence investigation report, in 

addition to the 2 felonies noted above, defendant had 2 other felony convictions and 14 

misdemeanor offenses, 2 of which were drug offenses.

¶ 29 The State presented in aggravation the testimony of Detective Jason Hesse and 

Detective Chad Ramey. Hesse testified that on February 26, 2016, he observed defendant get 

into the back seat of a vehicle parked in a public parking lot. The vehicle was subsequently 

searched, and officers located a digital scale and 4.6 grams of heroin, both of which were within 

reach of defendant. Detective Ramey opined the relevant conduct of the occupants of the vehicle
- 7 - 

was consistent with a drug transaction. In mitigation, defendant presented 15 letters written by 

his family and friends. The letters describe defendant as a role model in the community and a 

loving and involved parent who supports his family.

¶ 30 The State requested the trial court impose a 16-year prison sentence. The State 

highlighted the fact it had presented evidence tending to show defendant committed a separate 

heroin offense shortly before being charged in the instant case and the trial evidence—

specifically, the Facebook video—demonstrated defendant attempted to intimidate Dandy. The 

State argued in aggravation that a longer sentence was necessary to deter others, defendant had a 

significant criminal history, and he was likely to reoffend. On the other hand, defendant 

requested a sentence of imprisonment “on the low end of the sentencing guidelines.” Defendant 

mainly pointed to the numerous letters introduced at the sentencing hearing demonstrating 

“there’s more to [him] than just being a drug dealer ***.”

¶ 31 In imposing a 13-year prison sentence, the trial court provided the following 

reasoning: 

“THE COURT: Here, in terms of the nature of this offense, the quantity of 

the drug in question *** was on the low range for this type of an offense ***. The 

Court has considered that in terms of the quantity issue.

 *** 

It stood out particularly to the Court that the—this particular crime did not 

involve any particular physical act of violence toward anyone, but it did involve 

[a] transaction involving [an] illegal substance that would be harmful—or could 

be harmful to those who are addicted to those substances in the community.
- 8 - 

The Court does agree with the [State], there is a necessity of deterring 

others in the community from committing *** these types of acts, from profiting 

from illegal drug sales at the expense of the community and other users, and a 

message should be sent that these types of crimes will not be tolerated in the 

community ***.

 *** 

The Court is aware the defendant has multiple children. Does have family, 

friends who obviously care about him and have written thoughtful letters on his 

behalf attesting to his character, to his value in the community, and to his family. 

The Court has considered those. Gives weight to those.

The Court does tend to agree with the [State]; there is a likelihood the 

defendant will re-offend, given his criminal history, his multiple convictions 

involving illegal drug possession, delivery, some dating back more than a decade. 

Two prior Department of Corrections sentences, which did not deter the defendant 

here from committing additional conduct to which he has now been convicted.”

¶ 32 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence, which the trial court denied.

¶ 33 This appeal followed.

¶ 34 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 35 Defendant argues (1) he was denied a fair trial where one of the State’s expert 

witnesses was allowed to provide opinion testimony outside of his expertise and which lacked an 

adequate foundation and (2) his 13-year prison sentence is excessive.

¶ 36 A. Expert Witness Opinion Testimony
- 9 - 

¶ 37 Defendant argues Detective Ramey’s opinion testimony regarding the identity of 

the substance defendant gave Dandy deprived him of a fair trial because Ramey was qualified 

only as an expert in drug distribution, not drug identification or chemistry, and, moreover, his 

unqualified expert opinion lacked an adequate foundation. Defendant acknowledges he forfeited 

this argument by failing to object at trial and raise it in a posttrial motion. See, e.g., Thornton v. 

Garcini, 237 Ill. 2d 100, 106, 928 N.E.2d 804, 808 (2010) (“A defendant must object to an error 

at trial and include it in a written posttrial motion to preserve an issue on appeal.”). Nonetheless, 

he maintains we may excuse his forfeiture and consider his argument under the first prong of the 

plain-error doctrine. Alternatively, defendant argues counsel was ineffective for failing to object.

¶ 38 1. Plain Error 

¶ 39 Defendant contends plain-error review is warranted because the trial court’s 

failure to exclude Ramey’s opinion testimony constituted clear or obvious error, and the error 

prejudiced him given the closely-balanced nature of the evidence presented at trial. Defendant 

argues that the sole issue before the jury was whether defendant gave Dandy heroin or Comet, 

and, with respect to this issue, the jurors were presented with the “quintessential credibility 

contest between two plausible theories of events that lacked objective corroboration.”

¶ 40 The plain-error doctrine allows reviewing courts to excuse a forfeited claim when, 

in relevant part, “a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that 

the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant ***.” People v. 

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565, 870 N.E.2d 403, 410 (2007). The defendant has the burden of 

persuasion under both prongs of the plain-error doctrine. People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 545, 

931 N.E.2d 1184, 1187 (2010). Therefore, if he fails to persuade the evidence was closely 

balanced, we must honor the procedural default. Id. “The ultimate question of whether a forfeited 
- 10 - 

claim is reviewable as plain error is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.” People v. 

Johnson, 238 Ill. 2d 478, 485, 939 N.E.2d 475, 480 (2010). 

¶ 41 To determine whether the evidence was closely balanced, we “must evaluate the 

totality of the evidence and conduct a qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the 

context of the case.” People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53, 89 N.E.3d 675. This requires “an 

assessment of the evidence on the elements of the charged offense or offenses, along with any 

evidence regarding the witnesses’ credibility.” Id. Our supreme court has held evidence is close 

when a fact-finder is left to resolve a “contest of credibility.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 

Id. ¶ 63. A credibility contest occurs when both the State and defense present credible versions of 

events and neither version is corroborated or contradicted by extrinsic evidence. See id.; People 

v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 607, 893 N.E.2d 653, 668 (2008) (“Given these opposing versions of 

events, and the fact that no extrinsic evidence was presented to corroborate or contradict either 

version, the trial court’s finding of guilty necessarily involved the court’s assessment of the 

credibility of the two officers against that of defendant.”).

¶ 42 Here, even if we were to assume defendant demonstrated a clear or obvious error 

occurred, we would nonetheless reject his plain-error argument, as he fails to establish that the 

evidence was closely balanced. Defendant’s version of events was that he gave Dandy a bag 

containing Comet, whereas the State’s version was that defendant gave Dandy heroin. As noted 

above, defendant asserts both versions were plausible, and neither was corroborated by 

additional evidence. We disagree. The State’s version of events was corroborated by (1) the 

recorded phone call between Dandy and defendant, (2) Angela Nealand’s expert testimony, and 

(3) the video defendant posted to Facebook. 
- 11 - 

¶ 43 First, the State introduced a recording of a phone call in which Dandy asked

defendant for a “couple of ‘em.” Both Dandy and Detective Ramey testified that this referred to 

two grams of heroin, not Comet. Second, Angela Nealand, an expert in drug chemistry, testified 

she conducted three separate tests on the relevant substance and, in her expert opinion, the 

substance contained heroin. Although defendant argues this evidence is not corroborative 

because he testified Dandy switched out the substance, defendant’s argument essentially stands 

for the proposition that the evidence is close where the State failed to definitively prove Nealand 

tested the substance seen in the video versus the substance he claims Dandy switched it with. 

However, the standard is corroboration, not definitive proof, and we reject defendant’s attempt to 

assert otherwise. See Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 63. Third, in defendant’s Facebook video, he 

repeatedly calls Dandy a “rat” for working with the police; however, defendant never claims in 

the video that Dandy framed him or switched out the substance. Finally, the jury heard 

defendant’s version and, given the jurors deliberated for less than an hour, we cannot say the 

failure to exclude Ramey’s opinion testimony likely tipped the scales of justice against 

defendant. See, e.g., People v. Lee, 2019 IL App (1st) 162563, ¶ 67, 127 N.E.3d 1009

(“[L]engthy jury deliberations and jury notes during deliberations, indicating that they had 

reached an impasse, demonstrate the closely balanced nature of the evidence in a case.”) (citing 

People v. Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 35, 983 N.E.2d 1015).

¶ 44 2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 45 Alternatively, defendant contends counsel’s failure to object to Ramey’s 

unqualified expert opinion testimony amounted to ineffective assistance. Claims of ineffective 

assistance of counsel are reviewed de novo. See, e.g., People v. Miramontes, 2018 IL App (1st) 

160410, ¶ 13, 116 N.E.3d 199.
- 12 - 

¶ 46 Ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims are governed by the standard set forth in 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). See People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 473 

N.E.2d 1246 (1984) (adopting the Strickland standard). “To prevail on a claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient 

and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 

113688, ¶ 36, 987 N.E.2d 767. “More specifically, a defendant must show that counsel’s 

performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that there is 

a ‘reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 

proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). “A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the 

proceeding.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 79, 106 

N.E.3d 944. “[W]e may dispose of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim by proceeding 

directly to the prejudice prong without addressing counsel’s performance.” People v. Hale, 2013 

IL 113140, ¶ 17, 996 N.E.2d 607. 

¶ 47 Here, for reasons similar to those discussed above, we cannot say there is a 

reasonable probability the result of defendant’s trial would have been different had counsel 

objected to Ramey’s opinion testimony. Even without Ramey’s testimony, the jury was still 

presented with the following evidence: (1) a recorded phone conversation with defendant 

agreeing to meet Dandy to sell him a gram of heroin; (2) a video showing defendant handing 

Dandy a substance in exchange for $100; (3) expert opinion testimony that the tested substance 

contained heroin; and (4) a video of defendant repeatedly calling Dandy a “rat” but saying 

nothing about Dandy switching out the substance. Again, although defendant argues he gave 
- 13 - 

Dandy a bag containing Comet, the jury heard this testimony and rejected it. Therefore, we find 

he has failed to demonstrate he suffered prejudice.

¶ 48 B. Excessive Sentence

¶ 49 Defendant next argues his 13-year prison sentence is excessive because it is 

manifestly disproportionate to the seriousness of delivering 1.1 grams of heroin to a confidential 

informant. 

¶ 50 “Although the legislature has prescribed the permissible ranges of sentences, great 

discretion still resides in the trial judge in each case to fashion an appropriate sentence within the 

statutory limits.” People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 53, 723 N.E. 2d 207, 209 (1999). In fashioning 

an appropriate sentence, the trial court must consider “all factors in aggravation and mitigation, 

including, inter alia, the defendant’s age, demeanor, habits, mentality, credibility, criminal 

history, general moral character, social environment, and education, as well as the nature and 

circumstances of the crime and of [the] defendant’s conduct in the commission of it.” People v. 

Quintana, 332 Ill. App. 3d 96, 109, 772 N.E.2d 833, 846 (2002). “The seriousness of the crime is 

the most important factor in determining an appropriate sentence, not the presence of mitigating 

factors such as the lack of a prior record, and the statute does not mandate that the absence of 

aggravating factors requires the minimum sentence be imposed.” Id. “In considering the 

propriety of a sentence, the reviewing court must proceed with great caution and must not 

substitute its judgment for that of the trial court merely because it would have weighed the 

factors differently.” Fern, 189 Ill. 2d at 53. “A sentence within statutory limits will not be 

deemed excessive unless it is greatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law or 

manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” Id. at 54.
- 14 - 

¶ 51 Here, defendant was convicted of a Class 1 felony, which carries with it a 

sentencing range of 4 to 15 years in prison. See 720 ILCS 570/401(c)(1) (West 2016); 730 ILCS 

5/5-4.5-30(a) (West 2016). However, due to his criminal history, defendant was sentenced as a 

Class X offender, meaning he faced a sentencing range of 6 to 30 years in prison. See 730 ILCS 

5/5-4.5-25(a), 5-4.5-95(b) (West 2016). His 13-year sentence falls within that range and 

therefore will not be disturbed on appeal unless the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a 

sentence “greatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law or manifestly 

disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” Fern, 189 Ill. 2d at 54.

¶ 52 Defendant cites to People v. Evans, 143 Ill. App. 3d 236, 492 N.E.2d 1036 

(1986), in support of his argument we should reduce his sentence because the 1.1 grams he 

delivered was barely above the one-gram minimum required to make the offense a Class 1 

felony. In Evans, the defendant challenged as excessive his 25-year prison sentence for unlawful 

possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, a Class X felony. Id. at 238. The 

Evans court agreed the sentence was excessive and reduced it to 10 years. Id. at 242-43. The 

court reasoned, in part, “the 35.1 grams of cocaine found was only slightly in excess of the 

minimum required to make the offense a Class X felony as opposed to a Class 1 felony.” Id. at 

242. Importantly, the Evans court also relied on the trial court’s failure to give adequate weight 

to the defendant’s insignificant criminal history, which amounted to a single misdemeanor 

conviction for possession of marijuana. Id. Thus, the court ultimately concluded a 

near-maximum sentence was excessive in light of the amount of the controlled substance and the 

defendant’s nearly non-existent criminal history. Id. at 242-43. 

¶ 53 We find defendant’s reliance on Evans unpersuasive. Initially, we note the 

defendant in that case received a 25-year sentence, which is nearly twice the length of 
- 15 - 

defendant’s 13-year sentence. Evans, 143 Ill. App. 3d at 238. The Evans court also reduced the 

sentence to 10 years, which is only 3 years shorter than the sentence imposed in this case. Id. at 

243. Moreover, the defendant’s criminal history in Evans consisted of single misdemeanor 

conviction. Id. at 242. Here, on the other hand, in addition to the two felony convictions that 

subjected defendant to Class X sentencing, he had been convicted of two other felonies and 

fourteen misdemeanors. Therefore, the facts of Evans are readily distinguishable from the instant 

case.

¶ 54 A review of the record demonstrates the trial court carefully considered the 

applicable aggravating and mitigating factors and fashioned an appropriate sentence. The court 

explicitly stated, “the quantity of the drug in question *** was on the low range for this type of 

an offense ***. The Court has considered that in terms of the quantity issue.” The court further 

noted that it “stood out particularly” that defendant did not engage in any violence and that 

defendant had family and friends who cared about him. However, the court found defendant was 

likely to reoffend given his significant criminal history that included multiple convictions for 

drug offenses and a longer sentence was necessary to deter others from distributing heroin within 

the community. After carefully balancing these aggravating and mitigating factors, the court 

imposed a sentence significantly closer to the 6-year minimum than the 30-year maximum. 

Accordingly, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion. 

¶ 55 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 56 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 57 Affirmed.