United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 14-3128

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

Terrance Joseph Kilburg

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Iowa - Dubuque

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 Submitted: May 15, 2015

 Filed: July 2, 2015 

[Unpublished]

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Before WOLLMAN, SMITH, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

Terrance Joseph Kilburg pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in

possession of firearms and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

924(a)(2), and one count of possession of unregistered National Firearms Act
weapons, in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5861(d), 5841, and 5871. The district court1

sentenced him to 235 months’ imprisonment. Kilburg appeals, arguing that his

sentence is procedurally and substantively unreasonable. We affirm. 

Kilburg served in the United States Army from September 1983 to September

1990, when he was honorably discharged. Throughout the 1990s, Kilburg repeatedly

ran afoul of the law. In 1993, he was convicted of a felony and thereafter was

prohibited from possessing firearms. Less than three years later, he was convicted of

being a felon in possession of a firearm, in violation of Iowa law. In 1998, Kilburg

was convicted of going armed with intent, another Iowa felony, after he struck a

person with his vehicle while attempting to flee from a security guard. After serving

a year and a half in prison for the 1998 conviction, Kilburg was paroled and thereafter

had no further convictions until 2011, when he was convicted of trespass for being in

a cornfield without the owner’s permission. In 2013, at the time of the instant offense

conduct, Kilburg served as a volunteer firefighter and worked for an agricultural

services business. 

In December 2013, conservation officers with the Iowa Department of Natural

Resources received information regarding the sale of a deer rack. The purchaser told

officials that Kilburg had sold him the rack and previously had sold him “shed

antlers.” Law enforcement officers secured and executed a search warrant at

Kilburg’s home in Bellevue, Iowa. The search revealed ammunition and fifteen

firearms, including two short-barreled shotguns that Kilburg had not registered on the

National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record. Officers also found numerous

deer antlers and evidence of other poached wild game, including a bobcat in a freezer. 

1

The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief Judge, United States District Court for

the Northern District of Iowa.

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Kilburg had allowed a friend to manufacture methamphetamine on his property

in exchange for personal-use methamphetamine, and Kilburg admitted to officers that

he had used methamphetamine shortly before their arrival. In Kilburg’s barn, officers

found recently harvested marijuana and equipment and chemicals used in the

manufacture of methamphetamine. They also found filters and batteries in a burn pile

on the property. In Kilburg’s vehicle, officers found drug paraphernalia, a small bag

of marijuana, a small container of methamphetamine, game calls, spotlights, knives,

hatchets, and machetes.

Kilburg was indicted on the two counts set forth above. He was arrested on

February 21, 2014, and was released on a personal recognizance bond with pretrial

supervision. Kilburg pleaded guilty to both counts pursuant to a plea agreement. His

presentence investigation report (PSR) recommended a three-level reduction for

acceptance of responsibility. The PSR determined that Kilburg’s total offense level

was 29, that his criminal history category was III, and that his advisory sentencing

range under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G. or Guidelines) was 108

to 135 months’ imprisonment. Kilburg moved for a downward departure under

U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1 and for a downward variance in light of the sentencing factors set

forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). His sentencing hearing was scheduled for July 28, 2014. 

 

Kilburg failed to appear for sentencing. On August 1, 2014, he was arrested in

Barry County, Michigan, by a state trooper who had seen him in the brush alongside

a road. Kilburg told the trooper that although there were charges pending against him

in Iowa, “he wanted to see more of the world” before being sentenced. When

apprehended, Kilburg was carrying fifteen knives, two boxes of .32 caliber

ammunition, and approximately $4,000 cash. Kilburg told the state trooper that he

had thrown a firearm into a lake, but a .32 caliber handgun later was found near the

location of Kilburg’s arrest. The handgun was loaded with ammunition that matched

the ammunition that had been recovered from Kilburg. 

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Kilburg was transported to the Northern District of Iowa for sentencing. The

PSR was revised to include information regarding Kilburg’s failure to appear and

subsequent arrest. The PSR recommended that a two-level enhancement for

obstruction of justice be assessed and that the three-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility be denied. With a revised total offense level of 34, Kilburg’s advisory

sentencing range was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment. Kilburg did not object to the

revised calculations. 

Acknowledging at sentencing that failing to appear for sentencing showed

disrespect for the district court, defense counsel nonetheless argued that a sentence

within the Guidelines range would be too harsh. He compared the 80- to 100-month

increase in the sentencing range to the much lower sentencing range Kilburg would

face if actually convicted of the offense of failure to appear. As further grounds in

support of a downward variance, counsel pointed to Kilburg’s seven years of military

service, his volunteer firefighter position, and the fact that there was a “10-year break

in criminal history.”

The district court adopted the Guidelines calculations set forth in the PSR. It

found that “[t]he aggravating factors in this case far outweigh any mitigating factors.” 

It acknowledged Kilburg’s military service, his volunteer firefighting, and the letters

in support of his character. In considering the nature of the offense, the court found

significant that Kilburg had possessed short-barreled shotguns, that he had violated

the game laws of Iowa, and that he had allowed a friend to manufacture

methamphetamine on his property. The court also found Kilburg’s violations of

pretrial release to be troubling. Not only had Kilburg failed to appear, he also had

missed urinalysis tests, was out of contact with his probation officer, and was in

possession of ammunition when he was apprehended. The district court then

addressed Kilburg’s criminal history, including older convictions that did not count

toward his criminal history category. The district court found that Kilburg was a

recidivist, noting that although he knew that he was prohibited from possessing

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firearms, Kilburg continued to arm himself. The district court then imposed a 235-

month sentence, consisting of a 120-month sentence on the felon in possession count

and a consecutive 115-month sentence on the failure to register count.

We review the reasonableness of a defendant’s sentence under “a deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard,” ensuring that the district court committed no significant

procedural error and that the sentence is substantively reasonable. Gall v. United

States, 552 U.S. 38, 41, 51 (2007); United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th

Cir. 2009) (en banc). 

Kilburg argues that the district court erroneously characterized his 1998

conviction for going armed with intent as being related to firearms. He contends that

the court committed procedural error by basing his sentence, in part, on that clearly

erroneous fact. Because Kilburg did not object at sentencing, we review his challenge

to the sentencing procedure for plain error. See United States v. San-Miguel, 634 F.3d

471, 474-75 (8th Cir. 2011). For reversal, Kilburg must show that the district court

committed an error that is plain, that the error affected his substantial rights, and that

the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993).

Kilburg cites the following passage from the sentencing transcript as evidence

that the district court committed plain error. 

Another aggravating factor, he’s a recidivist. He absolutely knows he is

not to possess firearms, and, yet, if you look at his criminal history, not

only does he have a prior prosecution for felon in possession of a firearm

from 1996, but going armed with intent in 1998. So he’s a recidivist. 

He’s not going to comply with the law when it has to do with firearms,

and the Court notes that as an aggravating factor. I believe he is at high

risk to recidivate.

 

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This passage, however, does not establish that the district court believed Kilburg’s

going armed with intent conviction involved a firearm. The above-quoted language

listed past convictions that—when viewed along with his instant offenses and postplea conduct—placed Kilburg at risk for committing similar violations in the future. 

The 1996 conviction for being a felon in possession supports the district court’s

conclusion that Kilburg has not complied and will not “comply with the law when it

has to do with firearms.” The district court’s mention of the conviction for going

armed with intent could mean that the district court mistakenly thought that the

conviction involved a firearm or it could mean that the district court believed Kilburg

would recidivate because he again had armed himself (firearm or not) and committed

a crime. For an error to be plain, it must be clear or obvious. Olano, 507 U.S. at 734. 

Here it is not clear or obvious that the district court mistakenly believed that the

conviction for going armed with intent involved a firearm, and thus Kilburg has not

established the existence of plain error. 

Kilburg next argues that his sentence is substantively unreasonable. We consider

the totality of the circumstances when reviewing the substantive reasonableness of a

sentence, and we will not reverse absent a showing that the district court abused its

discretion. Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. “A district court abuses its discretion ‘when it fails

to consider a relevant and significant factor, gives significant weight to an irrelevant

or improper factor, or considers the appropriate factors but commits a clear error of

judgment in weighing those factors.’” United States v. Strong, 773 F.3d 920, 926 (8th

Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Robison, 759 F.3d 947, 950-51 (8th Cir. 2014)). 

On appeal, we may apply a presumption of reasonableness to a sentence within the

advisory Guidelines range. Id. 

Kilburg argues that the district court abused its discretion when it imposed

consecutive sentences. He contends that his “offense was notably devoid of offensespecific aggravating factors that are present in many such cases.” However he

chooses to characterize his offense conduct, Kilburg nevertheless possessed

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ammunition and fifteen firearms, including two short-barreled shotguns. There was

evidence of hunting and illegal poaching, showing that he not only had possessed

firearms but also had used them. The firearms were located near an area used to

manufacture methamphetamine, and Kilburg did not dispute the four-level increase

for possessing firearms in connection with the production of methamphetamine. 

Kilburg admitted that he had used methamphetamine. In light of these circumstances,

we cannot agree that Kilburg’s offense conduct was so benign that it rendered the

imposition of consecutive sentences substantively unreasonable. We likewise reject

Kilburg’s argument that the imposition of consecutive sentences was inappropriate

because the two convictions arose from a single instance of possessing firearms. See

U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2(d) (“If the sentence imposed on the count carrying the highest

statutory maximum is less than the total punishment, then the sentence imposed on

one or more of the other counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent

necessary to produce a combined sentence equal to the total punishment.”). 

Kilburg reiterates the argument he made to the district court that his failure to

appear unfairly increased his sentence. He contends that the five-level increase he

received for failing to appear caused him to be sentenced to an additional 100 months’

imprisonment, whereas a sentence following a conviction for failure to appear would

have been far shorter. In United States v. Boneshirt, 662 F.3d 509 (8th Cir. 2011), we

addressed a similar argument. In Boneshirt, the defendant’s total offense level

increased after he attempted an escape. The resultant increase in his sentencing range

was substantially higher than the sentencing range he would have faced if he had been

convicted separately of the crime of escape. We held that the sentence was

nonetheless substantively reasonable. Id. at 518. We concluded that a district court

may vary downward based on a policy disagreement with the Guidelines, “[b]ut that

does not mean that a district court must disagree with any sentencing guideline,

whether it reflects a policy judgment of Congress or the Commission’s characteristic

empirical approach.” Id. (quoting United States v. Talamantes, 620 F.3d 901, 902 (8th

Cir. 2010) (per curiam)). We thus reject Kilburg’s argument.

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Finally, Kilburg argues that the district court did not give sufficient weight to

Kilburg’s positive attributes. The district court, however, considered Kilburg’s

personal characteristics, his military service, his volunteer firefighting, and the letters

in support of his character. It also considered Kilburg’s argument that the lack of

criminal convictions between 1998 and 2011 showed that he could conform his

behavior to the law. Kilburg has not shown that the district court clearly erred in

weighing the § 3553(a) sentencing factors to arrive at a 235-month sentence. See

United States v. Townsend, 617 F.3d 991, 995 (8th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (“[The

defendant] must show more than the fact that the district court disagreed with his view

of what weight ought to be accorded certain sentencing factors.”). 

Viewing the totality of the circumstances—particularly the aggravating factors

that the district court relied upon in sentencing Kilburg—we hold that Kilburg has not

overcome the presumption of reasonableness we accord a sentence within the advisory

Guidelines range. The sentence is affirmed.

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