2018 IL App (1st) 180467

THIRD DIVISION

December 28, 2018

No. 1-18-0467

FRANK RUSSO, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) No. 17 L 03425

)

COREY STEEL COMPANY, ) Honorable

) Irwin J. Solganick,

Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE HOWSE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Ellis concurred in the judgment and 

opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Plaintiff, Frank Russo, filed a complaint against defendant, Corey Steel Company, to 

recover damages for injuries he sustained when a crane struck a lift in which plaintiff was 

working at defendant’s plant. Defendant admitted liability, and the matter proceeded to a trial 

before a jury solely on the issue of damages. Following trial, the jury awarded plaintiff a total of 

$9.9 million in damages. Defendant retained additional counsel, and as a result, the trial judge

who presided over the trial recused himself from the posttrial proceedings. Defendant filed a 

posttrial motion for a new trial on several grounds. The posttrial judge granted defendant’s 

motion for a new trial based solely on defendant’s argument the trial judge erroneously allowed 

one of plaintiff’s experts to offer an opinion on plaintiff’s need for one future surgery. The 

posttrial judge denied defendant’s posttrial motion on the other grounds raised in the motion.

Plaintiff appeals, arguing the posttrial judge should not have reversed the trial judge’s ruling on 

the admissibility of the expert’s opinion about the future surgery.

¶ 2 For the following reasons, we reverse.
1-18-0467

- 2 -

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 We initially discuss only those portions of the proceedings below necessary to understand 

the posttrial judge’s order granting defendant a new trial and the resolution of plaintiff’s appeal 

of that order. Additional facts necessary to resolve any other issues will be discussed in 

conjunction with our resolution of those issues.

¶ 5 In July 2013, plaintiff was working as an electrician at defendant’s steel beam 

manufacturing site when a trolley crane used to move steel beams struck the lift plaintiff was 

using to reach overhead light fixtures. Plaintiff testified he was using a man-lift. The lift has a 

cage, which plaintiff estimated to be 24 to 30 inches deep and approximately 48 inches wide,

containing a control panel. Defendant’s employee was operating the crane when a portion of the 

crane came into contact with a portion of the lift. Plaintiff testified that as a result of the impact 

he received injuries to his finger, elbow, lower back, hip and shoulder.

¶ 6 Dr. Jeffrey Coe testified as a witness for plaintiff. Dr. Coe is licensed to practice 

medicine in all its branches. In addition to his M.D., he has a Ph.D. in occupational medicine. Dr. 

Coe testified occupational medicine largely deals with assessment and rehabilitation to get 

people back to work. He stated he deals with specialists in various areas of medicine to try to get 

basic information. He works with orthopedic surgeons on an almost daily basis. Dr. Coe looks at 

orthopedic injuries and classifies them by type and severity regularly, “basically daily in [his] 

practice.” Dr. Coe testified that a big part of his work, on a daily basis, is looking at injuries and 

telling his patient what type of pain and/or symptoms they may experience in the future.

Occupational medicine involves training in many different areas of the body, “particularly areas 

that are prone to injury; so things like orthopedic system, neurological systems, the lungs.” He 

also teaches occupational medicine to other doctors and health professionals. Dr. Coe later 

testified that he does not do surgeries himself, but he sends patients to surgeons then he gets the 
1-18-0467

- 3 -

patients back after surgery. Later, on redirect examination, Dr. Coe testified he teaches medical 

students about injuries to the shoulders, back, and hip.

¶ 7 Dr. Coe testified that plaintiff’s right hip was examined a week to 10 days after the 

accident. At that first test, plaintiff had some minor arthritic changes to his hip. Dr. Coe testified 

at that time there was “nothing severe. There’s no severe breakdown in the hip.” The mild 

arthritis would not cause hip pain. Dr. Coe learned of some prior injuries plaintiff suffered. Dr. 

Coe testified that after plaintiff’s prior injuries plaintiff “went back to full work activity as an 

electrician, at something that’s been described as a very heavy physical demand level.” Plaintiff 

had hip surgery in July 2014. Dr. Coe read an operative report for plaintiff’s hip. As a result of 

the accident, plaintiff sustained a labral tear. Dr. Coe opined to a reasonable degree of medical 

certainty that plaintiff’s right hip was injured from the accident. Dr. Coe examined plaintiff in 

March 2016. At that time, plaintiff told Dr. Coe he was still having hip pain, which plaintiff 

described as a constant aching pain. Plaintiff had reduced range of motion in his hip in two of 

three planes of motion. Dr. Coe testified plaintiff took a “functional capacity examination” in the 

beginning of 2015 that concluded plaintiff could return to work at a medium physical demand 

level with some restrictions. Plaintiff reported pain in his hip while completing the test. Dr. Coe 

testified to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the accident in July 2013 “was the cause 

of the condition of [plaintiff’s] right shoulder, right hip, and lower back” as Dr. Coe found them 

when he examined plaintiff.

¶ 8 Dr. Coe was asked if he had an opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, as to 

whether plaintiff will need future hip surgery. Dr. Coe testified that he did, and defendant 

objected that an adequate foundation had not been laid. The trial judge instructed plaintiff to lay

a foundation, whereupon plaintiff asked the following questions, and Dr. Coe gave the following 

answers:
1-18-0467

- 4 -

“Q. Have you reviewed records from Dr. Shah, from Dr. Rubinstein, from

physical therapy regarding the progression of this hip with post-traumatic arthritis 

after the crane hit the JLG? Just have you reviewed them?

A. Yes, I have.

Q. And do you, in the course of your practice with employers, employees, 

or patients, render opinions from time to time regularly about whether someone 

will need a surgery?

A. Yes.

Q. And even hip surgeries?

A. Yes.”

Defendant continued to object to the foundation for Dr. Coe’s answer to the question of whether 

plaintiff will need future hip surgery. In a sidebar outside the presence of the jury and the 

witness, defendant told the trial judge that in the medical records Dr. Coe reviewed, there was no 

mention or recommendation by any doctor that gave an opinion that plaintiff needed a surgery.

Plaintiff responded that Dr. Coe gave the opinion about future surgery in his own report. Plaintiff 

read the relevant portion of Dr. Coe’s report, which states: “In addition, at right hip surgery, Mr. 

Russo was found to have chondromalacia of the acetabular labrum. This finding represents a 

significant risk for accelerated breakdown of the right hip joint and would ultimately require 

right hip replacement at some point in the future.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

¶ 9 After plaintiff discussed what Dr. Coe said in his report, the trial judge turned to 

defendant, who responded as follows:

“MR. OLMSTEAD [(DEFENDANT’S ATTORNEY)]: Again, my issue 

is, in terms of the records that he’s reviewed, there was no opinion from an 
1-18-0467

- 5 -

orthopedic doctor that indicated that. He’s doing it on his own as an occupational 

medicine doctor, and I’d object to foundation on that.”

Defendant explained that plaintiff’s treating orthopedic doctor, Dr. Shah, could not relate the 

condition in plaintiff’s hip to the accident. The trial judge clarified with defendant that Dr. Shah

did not have the opinion regarding surgery and that plaintiff was trying to elicit it from Dr. Coe, 

whereupon the following exchange occurred:

“THE COURT: Which just begs the question, I suppose, at some basic 

level, so what? If Dr. Shah didn’t have the opinion, why does that preclude Dr. 

Coe from giving an opinion?

MR. OLMSTEAD: No, I understand. And I’m just making my objection 

for the record. Dr. Shah is an orthopedic doctor that treated him—

THE COURT: Okay. That may affect the weight of Dr. Coe’s opinion as 

an occupational medicine expert. Perhaps it does. I don’t know. I don’t know if 

Dr. Shah’s opinion comes into this case without him being here, but perhaps it 

does. I don’t know. So that’s really non-responsive to Dr. Coe testifying to this, if 

it’s been properly disclosed.”

Defendant agreed the opinion was disclosed and restated that his “argument is, in terms of his 

[(Dr. Coe’s)] background and his review of the medical records, there’s nothing in the medical 

records to support his opinion.” The trial judge responded, “that might be subject to some cross.”

Defendant stated he was just preserving his objection for the record. The trial judge overruled the 

objection.

¶ 10 When proceedings before the jury resumed, Dr. Coe testified it was his opinion to a 

reasonable degree of medical certainty that plaintiff needs “additional treatment that would 

include another hip surgery, and that that accident, as I learned of it, was a factor causing the 
1-18-0467

- 6 -

need for additional treatment, including surgery.” When asked what type of hip surgery, Dr. Coe 

responded: “That, I can’t tell you. I’m not a surgical specialist. I hope I’ve made this clear to you 

here today. I’m a medical specialist. He does have ongoing pain. It is arising from his hip joint. If 

he were my patient, I would send him to a hip surgical specialist here in Chicago. It’s for the 

specialist to decide on the specific type of surgery. There have been those discussions in Mr. 

Russo’s case.” (Emphases added.) Dr. Coe testified those discussions had ranged from 

arthroscopic surgery to replacing his hip.

¶ 11 On cross-examination Dr. Coe testified that all of the opinions in his report were based on 

reviewing plaintiff’s medical records generated after the accident and examining plaintiff. Dr. 

Coe did not have any of plaintiff’s medical records from before the accident when he prepared 

his report. Dr. Coe relied on plaintiff’s recitation of his medical history, but he later received 

medical records that indicated plaintiff did not tell Dr. Coe about some prior medical complaints.

Dr. Coe agreed that a record of a visit by plaintiff to Dr. Shah states that plaintiff had a right hip 

arthroscopy well before the injury. Dr. Coe testified Dr. Shah’s records do not address the 

question of whether plaintiff’s current ongoing right hip complaint of osteoarthritis is related to 

the July 2013 accident. Dr. Coe confirmed his opinion, that plaintiff may need further surgery in 

his hip, is because the accident aggravated the arthritis in his hip, but Dr. Coe does not know 

whether plaintiff’s ongoing symptoms are actually because of arthritis. Dr. Coe explained: “He 

[(plaintiff)] needs the surgery for us to tell what’s going on inside of his hip right now.” He also 

agreed that if the ongoing symptoms were caused by arthritis, he cannot say if the arthritis was 

from before or after the July 2013 accident. Dr. Coe would defer to the opinion of Dr. Shah as to 

whether the cartilage deterioration could be related to the accident “[d]epending on what it looks 

like now.” Defendant attempted to show Dr. Coe a portion of Dr. Shah’s deposition, and plaintiff 

objected. After a sidebar outside the presence and hearing of the jury and witness, the trial judge 
1-18-0467

- 7 -

sustained plaintiff’s objection. When cross-examination resumed, defendant asked the following 

question, and Dr. Coe gave the following answer:

“Q. As to any further surgery that you opined Mr. Russo might need, you can’t 

say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether it’s more likely than not 

he will need surgery?

A. Yes. That’s correct.”

¶ 12 On redirect examination plaintiff asked Dr. Coe if Dr. Shah’s most recent records show 

that Dr. Shah is recommending injections into plaintiff’s hip to prepare for another hip surgery.

Dr. Coe responded: “I generally, know that that was talked about. I don’t know that there’s a 

specific prescription for it.”

¶ 13 Plaintiff also called Dr. Scott Rubinstein as a witness. Dr. Rubinstein is an orthopedic 

surgeon. Dr. Rubinstein saw plaintiff in August 2013. Plaintiff complained of right hip pain at 

that time. Dr. Rubinstein testified he was treating plaintiff’s hip from a diagnostic point of view, 

but the problem in plaintiff’s hip would require a hip arthroscopy, which he would refer to one of 

his associates to perform. Plaintiff continued to have hip pain after the surgery. In December 

2013, Dr. Rubinstein ordered a “radiographic guided injection to the right hip.” The injection 

confirmed there was “some intraarticular pathology going on in the hip that is causing him 

symptoms.” Dr. Rubinstein testified that at the time of the incident plaintiff had a little mild 

arthritis, then he tore his labrum in the incident. Plaintiff then underwent surgery to remove the 

torn portion of the labrum. Dr. Rubinstein continued: 

“once you remove the labrum, which is unfortunately the only thing you can do in the 

type of tear [plaintiff] had *** you change the mechanics of the hip joint by altering 

things. *** [I]t then can lead to further wearing of the joint maybe at a more rapid pace 

than would otherwise happen because the alignment is a little different.”
1-18-0467

- 8 -

Dr. Rubinstein testified he thought the injury probably led to plaintiff’s mild preexisting arthritis 

progressing faster than it would otherwise. Dr. Rubinstein testified that in March 2017 plaintiff 

received hip injections for diagnostic purposes to see if he needed another hip surgery. Dr. 

Rubinstein testified that in May 2017 he wrote a note in his records stating “It certainly in my 

opinion is related to his initial injury and needs to be taken care of.” (Internal quotation marks 

omitted.) On the last page of the same note he wrote that plaintiff has pending requests for 

surgery for his hip and back from Dr. Shah and Dr. Fisher, respectively. Dr. Rubinstein stated 

plaintiff’s “back and the hip are more likely to give him more continuing discomfort as time 

moves on.”

¶ 14 Following trial the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff and awarded $9,987,000.00 

in damages. The jury itemized the damages award as follows:

Loss of normal life experienced: $2 million

Loss of normal life to be experienced in the future: $3 million

Pain and suffering experienced: $1 million

The reasonable expense of medical care, 

treatment, and services received: $150,000

The reasonable expense of medical care, 

treatment, and services reasonably certain 

to be received in the future: $150,000

The earnings and benefits lost: $387,000

The earnings and benefits reasonably

certain to be lost in the future: $1 million
1-18-0467

- 9 -

¶ 15 On September 22, 2017, defendant’s posttrial counsel filed their appearance. On October 

4, 2017, the trial judge recused himself “for the reasons stated in open court.”1 On November 14, 

2017, defendant’s new attorneys filed a motion for a new trial or in the alternative for a remittitur 

of damages. Defendant’s posttrial motion argued (1) the trial court improperly excluded a digital 

video of the accident, (2) the trial court improperly allowed opinion testimony that plaintiff will 

require future hip replacement surgery where no factual foundation supported that opinion,

(3) no competent evidence supports the award of $150,000 for future medical costs, (4) the 

amounts awarded for non-economic damages “fall outside the range of fair and reasonable 

compensation, are the result of passion or prejudice and/or shock the judicial conscience,” and

(5) the total damages award “falls outside the range of fair and reasonable compensation, is the 

result of passion or prejudice and/or shock the judicial conscience.” In support of its motion for a 

new trial based on the allegedly erroneous admission of Dr. Coe’s testimony that plaintiff will 

need hip surgery in the future, defendant asserted that the defense had objected to that testimony 

at trial on the following grounds: (1) Dr. Coe was not competent to give that opinion, (2) there 

was no foundation for Dr. Coe’s opinion that plaintiff will require hip surgery in the future, (3) 

no doctor had ever testified plaintiff needs hip surgery, and (4) the doctor who treated the labral 

tear to plaintiff’s hip did not offer any opinion as to whether any future surgery was related to the 

accident. Defendant argued Dr. Coe’s opinion lacks foundation and is speculative. Defendant 

noted that during cross-examination Dr. Coe “admitted that he did not know the cause of 

 

1

Plaintiff filed a motion before the posttrial judge for an order transferring the case back to the 

trial judge for the purpose of placing on the record his reasons for recusing himself. According to a 

transcript of the hearing on that motion, no court reporter was present when the trial judge recused 

himself. In denying plaintiff’s motion to transfer the case to the trial judge to make an evidentiary record, 

the posttrial judge stated: “From reading your motion, it appears [the trial judge] recused himself because 

he had a conflict of interest with [defendant’s appellate attorneys] and that would impact on his ability to 

be fair and impartial in the case. *** [The trial judge’s] reasons for recusing himself are clear. Everybody 

says they know what the reasons are, and there’s no reason to send it back to him to conduct an 

evidentiary hearing.”
1-18-0467

- 10 -

Plaintiff’s ongoing symptoms in the right hip or whether they were related to the accident.” Dr. 

Coe also admitted plaintiff suffered from osteoarthritis before the accident and he did not know 

whether plaintiff’s ongoing symptoms were related to the arthritis or whether they were related 

to the labral tear. Defendant argued Dr. Coe’s opinion should have been excluded because “he 

could not testify to a reasonable degree of medical and surgical certainty that there is a need for 

future hip surgery or that such a need resulted from the accident.” Defendant also argued Dr. Coe 

could not give any factual foundation for his opinion, and his testimony failed to establish that 

hip replacement surgery is reasonably certain to follow. Defendant argued it was prejudiced 

because Dr. Coe’s testimony undercut its theory that plaintiff’s injuries from the accident cleared 

up within two years and no future treatment was necessary as a result of the accident. Defendant 

also argued “[t]his improper opinion led to and is part of the enormous damage award.”

¶ 16 At a hearing on defendant’s posttrial motion, defendant argued there was no factual 

foundation for Dr. Coe’s opinion. Defendant stated: “He [(Dr. Coe)] is not the treater. Dr. Shaw 

was the treater. There is nothing in Dr. Shaw’s records about any future surgery, much less a 

future hip replacement.” Plaintiff argued there was testimony that the hip injury will continue to 

get worse over time. Plaintiff stated: “There was plenty of testimony. There was conflicting 

testimony on parts of that. The jurors made their determination, that’s not for us to set aside after 

the fact.” The posttrial judge asked what qualifications Dr. Coe had to render his opinion.

Plaintiff responded Dr. Coe is a licensed medical doctor who teaches about workplace injuries; 

he routinely consults when people have injuries with regard to whether surgery is warranted; he 

“looked at everything and rendered the opinion, which he is allowed to do as a medical doctor.”

The posttrial judge asked if Dr. Coe is an orthopedic surgeon and plaintiff responded he is not.

The posttrial judge stated:
1-18-0467

- 11 -

“THE COURT: So you’re saying that a non-orthopedic surgeon is 

somebody who can—is competent to testify as to whether or not a patient needs 

surgery or can be dealt with in a nonsurgical or more conservative manner than 

requiring surgery?”

Plaintiff responded affirmatively and added that if there was an issue “it should have been 

objected to at the jury trial instead of waived and now argued for the first time at a post-trial.”

Defendant asserted there was a contemporaneous objection. Defendant added Dr. Coe could not 

say what type of surgery would be required and noted Dr. Coe’s testimony that he could not say 

whether it is more likely than not that plaintiff will need surgery.

¶ 17 The posttrial judge first ruled that “not playing that one portion of the video I don’t think 

is an abuse of discretion.” The posttrial judge then stated, with regard to noneconomic damages,

the jury is “in a better position to assess the impact of the accident or the incident on the plaintiff 

in the case and assess a dollar amount as to how they believed the plaintiff was impacted, both in 

the past and in the future.” The posttrial judge then stated it had reviewed Dr. Coe’s testimony 

and the judge had 

“certain concerns with regard to the qualifications and/or competency of Dr. [Coe] to 

render an opinion with regard to future hip surgery, and I find that based on his testimony 

and his qualifications, that he did not have that—the qualifications to render an opinion 

with regard to the need of future hip surgery.”

The posttrial judge concluded:

“THE COURT: He [(Dr. Coe)] may have had concerns with regard to

whether or not the plaintiff may need some treatment in the future with regard to 

the hip, but it was beyond the scope of his expertise to render an opinion with 

regard to whether or not the plaintiff would be a proper surgical candidate for hip 
1-18-0467

- 12 -

surgery in the future, and I think that is a sufficient basis to grant a new trial as to 

the issue of damages.”

The posttrial judge granted defendant’s motion for a new trial on damages.

¶ 18 This appeal followed.

¶ 19 ANALYSIS

¶ 20 Plaintiff argues the posttrial judge erred in reversing the prior ruling permitting Dr. Coe 

to opine that plaintiff would need hip surgery in the future because (i) it was within the trial 

judge’s discretion to permit the testimony because Dr. Coe was qualified to give the opinion, (ii) 

the testimony at issue was cumulative of other evidence, (iii) any error was not prejudicial, and 

(iv) defendant failed to adequately object in the trial court therefore their argument the admission 

of the testimony was improper is forfeited. Defendant argues the posttrial judge properly ordered 

a new trial because it was error to allow Dr. Coe to give an opinion concerning the need for 

future surgery, the testimony was not cumulative, the testimony prejudiced defendant, and 

defendant made a timely objection to the testimony.

¶ 21 I. Standard of Review

¶ 22 The parties dispute the correct standard of review this court should apply to the posttrial 

judge’s order and, in doing so, raise a question as to the role of a successor judge reviewing the 

ruling of the prior judge. Plaintiff argues this court would normally apply an abuse of discretion 

standard of review to a posttrial judge’s order granting a new trial, but that standard should not 

apply to a successor judge reversing the discretionary ruling of a trial judge because “[n]o 

Illinois case gives a successor judge discretion to reverse the many discretionary evidentiary 

rulings by a trial judge.” Plaintiff argues that because the posttrial judge did reverse the 

discretionary evidentiary ruling of the trial judge, the “successor judge standard of review”
1-18-0467

- 13 -

applies, and he cites Balciunas v. Duff, 94 Ill. 2d 176 (1983), in support. In Balciunas, our 

supreme court held as follows:

“As we have noted, in previous cases this court has indicated that prior 

interlocutory rulings should be modified or vacated by a successor judge only 

after careful consideration. [Citations.] In the context of discovery, where abuse is 

said to be widespread and delay phenomenal [citations], we think it is particularly 

appropriate for a judge before whom a motion for reconsideration is pending to 

exercise considerable restraint in reversing or modifying previous rulings. This is 

especially true if there is evidence of ‘judge shopping’ or it is apparent that a 

party is seeking, for delay or abusive purposes, a reconsideration of prior rulings.”

Id. at 187-88.

Although Balciunas states how the successor judge should approach the discretionary order of a 

prior judge if the order comes before the successor judge, from this, plaintiff argues this court 

should conduct a de novo review of the posttrial proceedings to determine if the trial judge 

abused his discretion in admitting Dr. Coe’s opinion because we are in the same position as the 

posttrial judge when he issued his order reversing the trial judge.

¶ 23 Defendant first argues plaintiff failed to raise the issue of whether the Balciunas standard 

applies to the posttrial motion in the trial court and therefore has forfeited the issue. Defendant 

also argues the Balciunas standard applies to motions to reconsider discovery orders and does 

not apply to posttrial motions. Defendant states that when a posttrial motion is filed, if “the trial 

court finds that an error has prejudiced the moving party, a new trial is required.” Defendant cites 

People v. Hampton, 223 Ill. App. 3d 1088 (1991), for the proposition that another judge is 

capable of considering the arguments of the parties and reassessing prior rulings. Id. at 1096

(“ ‘[a] primary purpose of post-trial motions is to allow the trial judge an opportunity to consider 
1-18-0467

- 14 -

the arguments of the parties and to re-assess his rulings,’ we believe that another judge is capable 

of making that reassessment as well”). Defendant argues the standard of review this court applies 

to a successor judge’s ruling on a posttrial motion is the same standard we would apply where 

the same judge who presided over the trial hears a posttrial motion, and it is the posttrial judge’s 

“exercise of discretion which is before this court on *** appeal.” Defendant asserts this court 

does not ask whether the trial judge abused his or her discretion “when the original order was 

entered in the middle of an ongoing trial.” Defendant argues that in the absence of evidence of 

forum shopping “the successor judge steps into the position of the trial judge, and is empowered 

to grant the same relief for the same reasons that the original trial judge is empowered to grant.”

In that circumstance, defendant argues, the traditional standard for the successor judge under 

Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d 113 (1978), applies.

¶ 24 In Towns, our supreme court wrote:

“While prior rulings should be vacated or amended only after careful 

consideration, especially if there is evidence of ‘judge shopping’ on behalf of one 

who has obtained an adverse ruling, a court is not bound by an order of a previous 

judge [citation] and has the power to correct orders which it considers to be 

erroneous. Here, the cause was assigned to the second judge as a matter of 

procedure. The defendant could properly renew his motion, even though it had 

been denied by another judge, and the pretrial judge, in turn, could review and 

modify the first judge’s interlocutory order.” Id. at 121.

Defendant asserts that “[a]pplying that traditional standard here, the applicable standard of 

review is whether [the posttrial judge] abused his discretion in granting [defendant’s] post-trial 

motion for a new trial on damages.” Defendant cited Grillo v. Yeager Construction, 387 Ill. App. 
1-18-0467

- 15 -

3d 577 (2008), as authority for the standard of review from an order granting or denying a 

posttrial motion being an abuse of discretion. That case held:

“Generally, a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial is reviewed 

for an abuse of discretion. [Citation.] The trial court’s decision is subject to this 

deferential standard because the trial court had the benefit of previous observation 

of the appearance of the witnesses, their manner in testifying, and of the 

circumstances aiding in the determination of credibility.” Id. at 597.

¶ 25 In reply, plaintiff argues “the Appellate Court[] always concentrate[s] on the discretion of 

the trial judge.” Plaintiff also argues there is evidence of judge shopping in this case and implies 

defendant selected its posttrial counsel to create a conflict with the trial judge. Setting aside the 

speculative nature of this argument, assuming, arguendo, there is evidence of judge shopping, 

that fact merely requires “careful consideration” before the prior ruling is altered. See Towns, 73 

Ill. 2d at 121. There is no suggestion and no evidence the posttrial judge did not engage in very 

“careful consideration” before ruling on these issues, and the record is directly contrary.

¶ 26 The crux of plaintiff’s argument as to how the successor judge should have approached 

the posttrial motion is that a successor judge does not and should not have the discretion to 

overturn the discretionary rulings of a prior judge. We disagree. In McClain v. Illinois Central 

Gulf R.R. Co., 121 Ill. 2d 278 (1988), our supreme court held a successor should reverse an 

erroneous order entered by a previous judge. The supreme court heard the appeal of an order 

denying a dismissal on grounds of forum non conveniens. Id. at 282. In that case the “second 

judge believed that it would be inappropriate for him to overturn a prior judge’s decision when 

that decision was vested in the trial judge’s discretion.” Id. at 287. The defendant had filed four 

prior pleadings seeking to have the cause of action dismissed on grounds of 

forum non conveniens. Id. at 282-84. By the time the defendant filed the forum non conveniens
1-18-0467

- 16 -

motion giving rise to the appeal before our supreme court, the case had been reassigned to a 

different circuit judge (“the successor judge”) for administrative reasons. Id. at 284. In denying 

the latest motion, the successor judge stated in a written order that the defendant’s authority 

“appeared to be on point, but he refused to overturn the ruling of the previous judge 

because ‘the ruling of a trial court on a Forum Non Conveniens motion is a matter of 

discretion, and one judge of the circuit court having exercised that discretion, it is 

inappropriate for another judge of the circuit court to review that decision.’ ” Id. at 284-

85.

¶ 27 In response to the successor judge’s belief that “it would be inappropriate for him to 

overturn a prior judge’s decision when that decision was vested in the trial judge’s discretion”

(id. at 287), our supreme court wrote:

“In [Towns v. Yellow Cab Co., 73 Ill. 2d 113, 120-21 (1978)], this court held that 

‘a court is not bound by an order of a previous judge [citation] and has the power 

to correct orders which it considers to be erroneous.’ A previous order committed 

to a judge’s discretion is not likely to be erroneous, but there are circumstances 

when it can be overturned, such as when new matters are brought to the reviewing 

judge’s attention and there is no evidence of judge shopping.” McClain, 121 Ill. 

2d at 287.

The McClain court also noted that the successor judge had misapprehended a decision from our 

supreme court on the subject of forum non conveniens and as a result failed to consider a thenrecently decided appellate court decision that strongly supported the motion. Id. at 287-88. The 

McClain court went on to discuss the considerations involved in deciding a 

forum non conveniens motion and applied them to the facts of the case. Id. at 288-92. The 
1-18-0467

- 17 -

McClain court concluded “that the trial court abused its discretion in denying [the] motion to 

dismiss on grounds of forum non conveniens.” Id. at 292.2

¶ 28 Thus, in McClain, our supreme court found that the successor judge should have 

exercised his discretion to undo the erroneous discretionary ruling of the prior judge. See also

People v. DeJesus, 127 Ill. 2d 486, 494 (1989) (“This court has stated, in a variety of contexts, 

that an interlocutory order may be reviewed, modified or vacated under certain circumstances 

before final judgment, and it is of no consequence that the original order was entered by another 

circuit judge.”); People v. Brown, 2018 IL App (4th) 160288, ¶ 38 (“A court has the inherent 

authority to reconsider and correct its rulings, and this power extends to interlocutory rulings as 

well as to final judgments. [Citation.] [I]t is of no consequence that the original order was 

entered by another circuit judge.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).

“An interlocutory order may be modified or revised by a successor court at any 

time prior to final judgment. [Citations.] However, in circumstances where the 

interlocutory order involved the exercise of a prior judge’s discretion, the 

successor judge may overturn the order only where new facts or circumstance 

warrant such action and there is no evidence of ‘judge shopping.’ [Citation.] A 

noteworthy exception to this rule exists where the successor judge finds that the 

previous interlocutory order is erroneous as a matter of law. In such a case, the 

successor judge has the power to correct the previous order regardless of the 

 

2

Although the McClain court referenced “the trial court” in finding an abuse of discretion in 

denying the motion, and despite the fact the McClain court found the granting of the motion would have 

been warranted at the time the action was filed, while it was still before the prior judge (see McClain, 121 

Ill. 2d at 290), it is clear the McClain court held the successor judge abused its discretion in denying the 

defendant’s motion to dismiss. The court specifically noted that the “motion giving rise to this appeal” 

was the motion that was before the successor judge. Id. at 284. The court also addressed circumstances 

surrounding the motion that arose after the initial motion was filed, including that the plaintiff had 

changed his residence to the chosen forum and “the amount of time that this action has been pending” in 

the plaintiff’s chosen forum. See id. at 290-92. 
1-18-0467

- 18 -

existence of new matter.” Bailey v. Allstate Development Corp., 316 Ill. App. 3d 

949, 956-57 (2000).

See also Lake County Riverboat L.P. v. Illinois Gaming Board, 313 Ill. App. 3d 943, 950 (2000) 

(“where the successor judge finds that the previous interlocutory order is erroneous as a matter of 

law, the successor judge, absent evidence of judge shopping, has the power to correct the 

previous order regardless of the existence of new matter”); Eads v. Consolidated R. Corp., 365 

Ill. App. 3d 19, 23 (2006) (“ordinarily, once a judge has made a discretionary ruling, the ruling 

will not be disturbed by a judge of coordinate jurisdiction unless there is a change of 

circumstances or additional facts that warrant such action”).

¶ 29 The question thus becomes whether, in this case, the posttrial judge found that the trial 

judge’s order admitting Dr. Coe’s testimony was erroneous as a matter of law or whether the 

posttrial judge believed the trial judge improperly exercised his discretion. See Balciunas, 94 Ill. 

2d at 188 (“once the court has exercised its discretion, that ruling should not be reversed by 

another member of the court simply because there is disagreement on the manner in which that 

discretion was exercised”).

¶ 30 Here, based on the record before this court, we believe that the posttrial judge found that 

the prior order was erroneous as a matter of law. At the hearing on the posttrial motion, the 

posttrial judge asked, “What qualification did Dr. [Coe] have to render an opinion with regard to 

future hip surgery?” After counsel recited Dr. Coe’s qualifications, the posttrial judge asked, “Is 

he an orthopedic surgeon?” Counsel responded he did not need to be an orthopedic surgeon, to 

which the posttrial judge responded: “So you’re saying that a non-orthopedic surgeon is 

somebody who can—is competent to testify as to whether or not a patient needs surgery or can 

be dealt with in a nonsurgical or more conservative manner than requiring surgery?” After 
1-18-0467

- 19 -

additional argument by the parties, the court ruled on the posttrial motion. In ruling on the 

admissibility of Dr. Coe’s opinion, the posttrial judge stated as follows:

“I have certain concerns with regard to the qualifications and/or 

competency of Dr. [Coe] to render an opinion with regard to future hip surgery,

and I find that based on his testimony and his qualifications, that he did not have 

*** the qualifications to render an opinion with regard to the need of future hip 

surgery.

He [(Dr. Coe)] may have had concerns with regard to whether or not the 

plaintiff may need some treatment in the future with regard to the hip, but it was 

beyond the scope of his expertise to render an opinion with regard to whether or 

not the plaintiff would be a proper surgical candidate for hip surgery in the future, 

and I think that is a sufficient basis to grant a new trial as to the issue of 

damages.”

¶ 31 In Gill v. Foster, 157 Ill. 2d 304, 316 (1993), our supreme court “reaffirmed the threestep analysis to be performed to determine an expert physician’s qualifications and competency 

to testify announced in [Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229 (1986)].”

“In Purtill, this court found:

(1) the expert must be a licensed member of the school of medicine about 

which he proposes to testify;

(2) the expert must prove his familiarity with other physicians’ methods, 

procedures, and treatment; and

(3) once the above foundation is laid, the trial court has the discretion to 

determine whether the physician is qualified and competent to state his opinion 

regarding the standard of care.” Id. at 316-17.
1-18-0467

- 20 -

“This three-step analysis was later summarized by our supreme court as containing ‘two 

foundational requirements of licensure and familiarity, and [a] discretionary requirement of 

competency.’ ” Alm v. Loyola University Medical Center, 373 Ill. App. 3d 1, 4 (2007) (citing 

Sullivan v. Edward Hospital, 209 Ill. 2d 100, 115 (2004)). “In this third step, in which courts act 

as ‘the gatekeeper’ allowing through only reliable and relevant evidence for consideration by the 

jury, courts employ ‘a totality of the circumstances’ approach.” Roach v. Union Pacific R.R., 

2014 IL App (1st) 132015, ¶ 55.

¶ 32 In this case, during argument on the posttrial motion, the posttrial judge evinced concern

consistent with the first Purtill foundational requirement when he asked plaintiff’s attorney if “a 

non-orthopedic surgeon is somebody who can *** testify as to whether or not a patient needs 

surgery.” The posttrial judge concluded its ruling on the posttrial motion stating he believed Dr. 

Coe “did not have *** the qualifications to render an opinion with regard to the need of future 

hip surgery,” and stated “it was beyond the scope of [Dr. Coe’s] expertise to render an opinion 

with regard to whether or not the plaintiff would be a proper surgical candidate for his surgery in 

the future.” The posttrial judge’s oral ruling excludes any explicit discussion of Dr. Coe’s 

familiarity with the methods, procedures, and treatment of orthopedic surgeons, whether 

plaintiff’s need for surgery was within Dr. Coe’s knowledge and observation, or why, based on 

his education and experience, Dr. Coe was not competent to testify to the need for surgery. See 

Alm, 373 Ill. App. 3d at 5 (citing Sullivan, 209 Ill. 2d at 115; Ruiz v. City of Chicago, 366 Ill. 

App. 3d 947, 953 (2006)).3 Although the judge was not required to make express findings (see 

 

3

Nor did the posttrial judge explicitly discuss the facts pertaining to the elements that determine 

the admissibility of expert testimony generally, specifically Dr. Coe’s “knowledge, skill, experience, 

training, or education” or whether it had “at least a modicum of reliability” or whether his testimony 

“would aid the jury in understanding the evidence. [Citations.]” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) 

Fronabarger v. Burns, 385 Ill. App. 3d 560, 565-66 (2008).
1-18-0467

- 21 -

City of Chicago v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 56 Ill. App. 3d 651, 654 (1977)), we find the 

posttrial judge’s stated concern about whether Dr. Coe was an orthopedic surgeon and the 

absence of any specific findings with regard to his training, experience, and familiarity with the 

issue at hand, establishes that the posttrial judge’s ruling was not based on a disagreement with 

the trial judge’s exercise of discretion but a determination as a matter of law that Dr. Coe failed 

to meet the foundational requirement for expert medical testimony.4 The posttrial judge had the 

power to make that determination (Bailey, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 956-57) and we must now turn our 

attention to whether that determination by the posttrial judge was erroneous. “Whether the two 

foundational requirements have been met is a legal question, which we review de novo.” Roach, 

2014 IL App (1st) 132015, ¶ 51.

¶ 33 In Gill, 157 Ill. 2d at 315, the plaintiff called a board-certified general surgeon as an 

expert witness to testify regarding the standard of care and deviations therefrom by a radiologist.

The plaintiff’s expert 

“testified that during the course of his experience as a surgeon he: has had training and 

experience in interpreting X-rays; has instructed medical students on the subject of 

radiology as it relates to surgery; has examined tens of thousands of X-rays; and is 

familiar with the standard of care of reasonably well-qualified radiologists.” Id. at 315-

16.

 

4

If the posttrial judge determined, in his discretion, that Dr. Coe was not qualified and competent 

to offer an opinion on plaintiff’s need for future surgery in his gatekeeping role, that judgment would fall 

under the rule taken from McClain, 121 Ill. 2d at 287, that “once a judge has made a discretionary ruling, 

the ruling will not be disturbed by a judge of coordinate jurisdiction unless there is a change of 

circumstances or additional facts that warrant such action.” Eads, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 23. Defendant 

argued there was a change in circumstances when the trial ended and the jury returned its “enormous 

award for non-economic damages.” However, the end of the trial and the entry of a verdict are not 

circumstances that bear on Dr. Coe’s qualifications and competency to testify. See, e.g., Marcy v. 

Markiewicz, 233 Ill. App. 3d 801, 807-08 (1992) (finding no change in circumstances when motion was 

renewed before successor judge where motion did not lay out any changed circumstances or additional 

facts regarding basis for prior judge’s order).
1-18-0467

- 22 -

The defendant objected to the plaintiff’s expert testifying as an expert in the area of radiology on 

the ground he was not a radiologist. Id. at 316. The trial court sustained the objection, and the 

appellate court affirmed. Id. Our supreme court held the trial court abused its discretion in 

excluding the expert testimony. Id. at 318. On appeal to the supreme court, the plaintiff argued 

that because the proffered expert “was licensed to practice medicine in all its branches, he was 

qualified to testify about the standard of care of radiologists, having testified that he was familiar 

with that standard.” Id. at 316. The plaintiff contended that the fact the proffered expert was not a 

practicing radiologist and not board certified in radiology only went to the weight of his opinion 

and not its admissibility. Id. Our supreme court agreed. Id.

¶ 34 Our supreme court relied on its holding in Jones v. O’Young, 154 Ill. 2d 39 (1992), in 

which it “held that a plaintiff’s medical expert need not also specialize in the same area of 

medicine as the defendant doctor in order for the expert to qualify as to the appropriate standard 

of care.” Gill, 157 Ill. 2d at 316 (citing Jones, 154 Ill. 2d 39). The Gill court found that “[i]n 

Illinois, a physician is licensed to practice medicine in all its branches [citation]; thus, [the] 

plaintiff’s expert satisfies the first threshold requirement.” Id. at 317. The court also found the 

second threshold requirement, familiarity with the methods and procedures, was also apparent in 

that case. Id.; see also Ayala v. Murad, 367 Ill. App. 3d 591, 597 (2006); Parvin v. Sill, 138 Ill. 

App. 3d 325, 330 (1985) (“That Parvin’s expert was a radiologist did not render his testimony 

regarding Parvin’s need for, and the cost of, back surgery inadmissible, particularly as the 

witness worked as a consultant to back specialists.”).

¶ 35 Dr. Coe testified he works with orthopedic surgeons on an almost daily basis. Dr. Coe 

looks at orthopedic injuries and classifies them by type and severity regularly, “basically daily in 

[his] practice.” He also testified that his specialty, occupational medicine, involved training in 

many different areas of the body, “particularly areas that are prone to injury; so things like 
1-18-0467

- 23 -

orthopedic system, neurological systems, the lungs.” Dr. Coe testified he teaches medical 

students about injuries to the shoulders, back, and hip. As previously stated, the totality of the 

posttrial judge’s pronouncements in ruling on the posttrial motion evince the dispositive ground 

on which the posttrial judge granted the motion was that Dr. Coe was not an orthopedic surgeon.

We believe the posttrial judge erred in holding Dr. Coe was not qualified to offer an opinion 

about plaintiff’s need for future hip surgery on that basis. The evidence establishes that the 

injuries, treatment, and prognosis in this case are matters within Dr. Coe’s knowledge and 

observation. See Jones, 154 Ill. 2d at 43.

¶ 36 Defendant argues Dr. Coe was not competent or qualified to give his opinion to a 

reasonable degree of medical certainty because Dr. Coe testified that he would defer to a surgical 

specialist as to the type of surgery plaintiff will need in the future. Defendant cites Landers v. 

Ghosh, 143 Ill. App. 3d 94 (1986), in support of its argument. In Landers, a proffered expert 

made a statement de hors the record “to the effect that he was not qualified to testify regarding” 

whether an injury could be repaired surgically. Id. at 100. The plaintiff objected at trial, and to 

resolve the issue, the trial court conducted an in camera examination to ask the expert whether or 

not he thought he was qualified to give the opinion. Id. During the in camera examination, the 

expert testified he would defer to a surgical expert. Id. The expert was asked the specific followup question: “ ‘Do you, doctor, feel qualified to pass judgment on whether or not the wounds are

reparable[?]’ ” Id. at 101. The expert responded: “ ‘No, I don’t think I am qualified to say that 

one wound is reparable and another isn’t reparable.’ ” Id. Contrary to defendant’s argument in 

this case, the trial court in Landers did not bar the expert’s testimony because the expert testified 

he would defer to a surgical expert on the issue at hand; rather, the proffered expert opinion was 

barred because the expert testified he was not qualified to give it. See id. at 100-02. The Landers

court confirmed the basis of the trial court’s order barring the testimony. The court found:
1-18-0467

- 24 -

“[A]t the conclusion of the examination of the witness in this matter, he stated 

that he did not think he was qualified to say that one wound was reparable and 

another not. The trial court expressly concluded that the witness did not feel he 

was qualified to render such an opinion. Under the circumstances we cannot say 

that the trial court abused its discretion in reaching such a conclusion and, 

therefore, in barring Dr. Parks’ testimony concerning his opinion as to the 

reparability of Charles Landers’ wounds.” Id. at 102.

¶ 37 In this case, there is no statement by Dr. Coe that he feels he is not qualified to give an 

opinion that plaintiff will require surgery in the future. Therefore, Landers is inapposite. As for 

Dr. Coe’s testimony that he would defer to a surgeon to determine the type of surgery needed, 

defendant argues Dr. Coe’s reliance on a surgeon to determine the type of surgery plaintiff will 

need demonstrates Dr. Coe is not competent to give an opinion surgery is needed. We disagree.

Dr. Coe’s testimony established that he based his opinions on the history he received from 

plaintiff, plaintiff’s medical records, the results of diagnostic testing, plaintiff’s operative report, 

and Dr. Coe’s own examination of plaintiff. Dr. Coe testified to a reasonable degree of medical 

certainty that plaintiff “does need additional treatment that would include another hip surgery.”

Dr. Coe testified: “If he were my patient, I would send him to a hip surgical specialist here in 

Chicago. It’s for the specialist to decide on the specific type of surgery.” On cross-examination, 

Dr. Coe testified he could not say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether it is more 

likely than not plaintiff will need surgery. Rather than disqualifying Dr. Coe, we find this 

testimony merely goes to the scope of his opinion and the weight the jury would afford it. Dr. 

Coe limited his opinion to referring plaintiff to a surgical specialist, and it was for the jury to 

decide how to weigh any inconsistencies in his testimony. See Hulman v. Evanston Hospital 

Corp., 259 Ill. App. 3d 133, 149 (1994) (citing Sparling v. Peabody Coal Co., 59 Ill. 2d 491,
1-18-0467

- 25 -

498-99 (1974) (credibility of witness whose own testimony is contradictory is for the jury to 

decide)); Bean v. Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft of Wolfsburg, Germany, 109 Ill. App. 3d 

333, 338 (1982) (“After he was declared competent to testify as an expert by the trial judge, the 

jury was then free to evaluate his conclusions relative to his various fields of expertise. Although 

his testimony was, to a degree, weakened on cross-examination ***, still it was for the jury to 

accord it the proper weight.”).

¶ 38 This case is also distinguishable from Glassman v. St. Joseph Hospital, 259 Ill. App. 3d 

730 (1994), cited by defendant. In that case, a witness sought to testify as an expert that the cause 

of the decedent’s organic brain syndrome was a surgery and complications after surgery 

including the presence of status epilepticus, but the witness admitted he did not know how those 

complications cause brain damage. Id. at 749. The court found that the witness “mirrored the 

opinion of [the] plaintiff’s other experts, who found that the status epilepticus caused the brain 

damage, although [the witness] could not explain how the condition caused the damage.” Id. at 

750. In contrast, in this case, although Dr. Coe read the reports of the other doctors, he did not

simply mirror what was in them. Dr. Coe explained in detail how plaintiff’s injury was caused 

and exacerbated and why plaintiff might need surgery.

¶ 39 Defendant next argues that in addition to Dr. Coe’s alleged lack of competence and 

qualifications, he also “disqualified himself when he gave the following answer to the following 

question:

“Q. As to any further surgery that you opined Mr. Russo might need, you can’t 

say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether it’s more likely than not 

he will need surgery?

A. Yes. That’s correct.”
1-18-0467

- 26 -

Defendant argues Dr. Coe’s admission demonstrates he is not qualified to give the opinion 

“because he cannot give an opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty whether plaintiff 

will need future surgery.” Plaintiff states this argument is waived because defendant “did not 

object to any of the actual answers of Dr. Coe when it became allegedly apparent (during crossexamination as Defendant claims) that any testimony was objectionable.” We are presented with 

the question of whether defendant’s initial objections to Dr. Coe’s qualifications to render an 

opinion on the need for future surgery are sufficient to preserve defendant’s argument on appeal 

that the opinion itself is not admissible because Dr. Coe “disqualified himself.” Defendant 

asserts it moved to bar the opinion testimony before trial and objected at trial on the grounds (a) 

nothing in the record supports an opinion plaintiff will require future hip surgery, (b) no doctor 

could relate plaintiff’s arthritis in the hip to the accident, and (c) Dr. Coe was not qualified to 

render such an opinion as an occupational medicine doctor. Defendant argues it was not required 

to object each time Dr. Coe discussed the surgery.

¶ 40 In Johnson v. Hoover Water Well Service, Inc., 108 Ill. App. 3d 994, 1006 (1982), the 

defendant argued the trial court erred in not striking certain testimony. Specifically, a court 

reporter testified to statements made by an employee of the defendant and on appeal, the 

defendant argued the court reporter-witness took the statements in violation of several rules. Id.

The court initially noted that “the defendant failed at the time the testimony was introduced to 

object to it on the grounds specified above. The only objections made at that time were that the 

statements were not impeaching and did not constitute admissions against Hoover’s interest.” Id.

The objections the defendant made at the time the testimony was introduced were overruled. Id.

“However, after the plaintiff rested his case the defendant moved that the testimony be stricken 

on the ground urged here on appeal.” Id. The court held the issue was waived because the motion 

to strike the testimony was not timely. Id. at 1006-07. The court first noted that “[a]n objection to 
1-18-0467

- 27 -

evidence must be timely made and must specify the reasons for the objection. [Citation.]

Generally, an objection to the admission of evidence in order to be timely must be made at the 

time of its admission.” Id. at 1006. The court also held that “[t]he fact that other objections were 

made at the time the testimony was offered does not satisfy the requirement of a timely objection 

or motion. An objection to evidence based upon a specific ground is a waiver of objection on all 

grounds not specified.” Id. at 1006-07; see also Stapleton v. Moore, 403 Ill. App. 3d 147, 156 

(2010) (“A party is required to make specific objections to evidence, based on particular 

grounds, and the failure to do so results in a waiver of objections as to all other grounds not 

specified or relied on.”).

¶ 41 Defendant’s argument, that Dr. Coe’s answer to the aforementioned question 

demonstrates he cannot give an opinion to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that plaintiff 

may require some type of hip surgery in the future, is forfeited. Defendant did not object and 

move to strike Dr. Coe’s testimony when it elicited that answer. Moreover, we find that because 

of defendant’s vigorous cross-examination of Dr. Coe, defendant was not unduly prejudiced by 

his testimony, “and the jury had sufficient basis for according due weight to it.” See Levin v. 

Welsh Brothers Motor Service, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 640, 659 (1987). And, in light of the jury’s 

award for future medical expenses, including future surgeries, in the context of the entire 

damages award, any prejudice from this testimony in particular was minimal. The trial judge did 

not abuse his discretion in allowing Dr. Coe to offer an opinion on plaintiff’s need for future hip 

surgery; the posttrial judge abused his discretion in striking Dr. Coe’s testimony and ordering a 

new trial.

¶ 42 Finally, defendant argues the question of the admissibility of Dr. Coe’s testimony must 

be viewed in context of allegedly prejudicial conduct by plaintiff’s attorney (discussed below) 

and “the enormous award for non-economic damages.” Defendant argues “[i]n context, the error 
1-18-0467

- 28 -

in admitting Dr. Coe’s opinion added to the prejudice generated by the misconduct of plaintiff’s 

attorney, and undoubtedly contributed to the enormous award for non-economic damages.” We 

can only construe plaintiff’s argument to be that the combined prejudice from the errors in 

admitting Dr. Coe’s opinion and from plaintiff’s conduct warrants a new trial. However, for the 

reasons discussed above, the trial judge did not err in admitting Dr. Coe’s opinion, and for the 

reasons discussed below, defendant failed to establish that plaintiff’s conduct prejudiced 

defendant. Therefore, defendant’s alternative argument also fails.

¶ 43 II. Alternative Issues in Defendant’s Posttrial Motion

¶ 44 Since we have held defendant should not have been granted a new trial based on the trial

judge’s admission of Dr. Coe’s testimony, we must address defendant’s alternative posttrial 

arguments. “[A]ll rulings challenged in the post-trial motions, even if not addressed by the trial 

court in post-trial proceedings, are properly before this court.” Bishop v. Baz, 215 Ill. App. 3d 

976, 984 (1991). “A reviewing court will reverse a trial court’s ruling on a posttrial motion for a 

new trial only if the trial court abused its discretion.” Stamp v. Sylvan, 391 Ill. App. 3d 117, 123 

(2009). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or 

when no reasonable person would take the same view.” Check v. Clifford Chrysler-Plymouth of 

Buffalo Grove, Inc., 342 Ill. App. 3d 150, 157 (2003). Defendant argues the trial judge 

improperly excluded from evidence a surveillance video of the crane impacting the lift, 

defendant is entitled to a remittitur of the award for future medical costs, and defendant is 

entitled to a remittitur of the award for non-economic damages.

¶ 45 A. Surveillance Video

¶ 46 Plaintiff filed a motion in limine to exclude from evidence a video recording of the crane 

impacting the lift plaintiff was working on. Plaintiff’s counsel stated his belief that the parties 

were in agreement on the motion, but defendant’s attorney stated: “we agree to have the video 
1-18-0467

- 29 -

presented. But we’re not going to make any argument that the crane didn’t cause the injuries that 

our experts acknowledge that he had.” The trial judge asked defendant’s attorney if there would 

be any argument or attempt to establish the nature and duration of the injury, and defendant’s 

attorney responded that there would be, but it would not be linked to the video. The following 

exchange occurred:

“THE COURT: You’re not going to try to link the video to some 

argument about mechanisms or force of impact. You’re just going for [sic] make 

those arguments in other ways in the case—

MR. OLMSTEAD [(DEFENDANT’S ATTORNEY)]: Yes. I mean 

nothing to comment upon. It would just be our expert testifying to the duration 

and extent of injuries, in their opinion what this incident caused so the jury can 

see it. I mean there’s—the issue—it doesn’t go to the force of the crane at all.

That’s not going to be—

* * *

MR. OLMSTEAD: But I think the jury has a right to see the video more 

so after the—how the plaintiff was afterwards and they can just to see how he 

reacts in terms of—

THE COURT: We’re getting a little bit beyond the motion right now. The 

motion is somewhat more limited. I mean you were kind of having this little 

discussion, it’s a little broad here, but this is—you know, certain arguments. It 

sounds like you’re in agreement with this motion?

MR. OLMSTEAD: Correct. As to force of the crane. We’re still—we are 

disputing the extent of it. I just want to make clear—
1-18-0467

- 30 -

THE COURT: I understand. I’m not taking issue. Obviously you get to 

defend the nature and extent of injury in other ways. I don’t know what those 

might be, but you have a basis to do so it appears.”

¶ 47 The following day the trial judge recommenced the hearing on motions in limine. The 

trial judge informed the parties of its understanding that plaintiff’s counsel had represented

“that there was some sort of stipulation not to present [the video,] and defense 

then said that they intended to present it. Plaintiff’s counsel then stated the video 

is clearly not a video. This is a time lapse—there are shots taken out. It’s like a 

picture, a lapse, picture, a lapse, picture.”

Plaintiff’s counsel asserted the video was “not going at the correct speed” and therefore it was 

“not an accurate speed portrayal of this incident.” Plaintiff’s counsel stated he had no problem 

with photographs from the video being used but argued that to represent this to be the speed is 

extremely prejudicial and has no probative value because it has already been stipulated between

the parties and all the experts agree that the injuries from this accident are all from this accident.

The trial judge stated it had viewed the video and described what is depicted in the video. The 

trial judge then stated: 

“So I understand [plaintiff’s counsel’s] arguments about the fact this is not a, I 

guess, video or motion picture, if you will. I don’t know what the sequence is, but 

it’s viewed as video. You can tell, if you look closely, that there is some stillness 

to it because it evidently is done frame by frame; but there are quite a few frames.

It does present it in somewhat of a video fashion; but it’s slower, I suppose, that 

you can kind of discern that.”

Later in the hearing, defendant’s attorney argued as follows:
1-18-0467

- 31 -

“MR. OLMSTEAD: [W]e don’t intend to argue that [plaintiff] was not

injured as a result of this. That’s not the intent of showing it. The intent is, again, 

showing the severity of the accident that can be—he’s not—you know, if he was 

cut in half or something was severe, they would want to show it. This shows 

him—again, even if it’s in clips, the speed isn’t relevant either. It shows he was 

able to—afterwards he gets down. He is able to walk around afterward. *** I 

mean the jury hears that the crane hit him. You know, the [jury] could get a 

different perception in terms of what it actually looked like. The crane hits the lift 

and that injured him. It moves the lift significantly and that’s not in dispute. You 

can see it. *** The issue is extent of the injury, and our experts agree he was 

injured or aggravated the injury.”

Plaintiff’s counsel reiterated that the video was not a true and accurate depiction of the accident 

because it is in slower motion. The trial judge remarked “it looks somewhat like a normal video 

but—as well you can discern perhaps that it’s a little slower than real time.” Plaintiff’s counsel 

offered to stipulate to showing the portion of the video after the impact; but plaintiff’s counsel 

argued that showing the impact would be improper because it is not the right speed and there 

would be no valid point to showing it. Defendant’s attorney responded: “The point is to let the 

jury see how the accident happened ***. We’re going to hear *** a crane hit a boom. I mean it’s 

very possible that a juror could think this thing almost like completely fell over.” The trial judge

commented that the video was “slower motion than normal” but that there was “a rather 

somewhat normal cadence to the entire video.”

¶ 48 The trial judge asked defendant’s attorneys why they could not achieve their purpose 

with still frames from the video if their purpose was to show the layout of the crane, the lift, and 

the point of impact. The trial judge stated its concern was that the video minimized the force of 
1-18-0467

- 32 -

the impact because it is in a slower motion. The trial judge questioned why the jury needed to see 

the video if the force of the impact was not made an issue in the case and noted that the video 

does not depict how plaintiff was “jostled about in the cage” atop the lift. The trial judge stated 

its concern was that the video would engrain in the jurors’ minds a lower speed impact than what 

actually occurred. After further discussion the trial judge granted the motion to exclude the video 

in part. The trial judge excluded the portion of the video depicting the impact but allowed the 

jury to see the video from after the point of impact forward. Defendant was allowed to show the 

jury still images from the video showing the impact.

¶ 49 During trial, while Dr. Coe was on the stand, the court and the parties engaged in a 

conversation outside the presence and hearing of the jury to discuss questions from the jury for 

Dr. Coe. During that sidebar conversation, the following colloquy occurred:

“THE COURT: Here’s another thing, Mr. Carter [(plaintiff’s attorney)]: 

The next time you pound your fist—and you’ve done it five or seven times to 

characterize this collision—I’m letting that video come in. The next time it’s 

characterized as a smash, that video is coming in. That was a close call for this 

court. And you continue to suggest to this jury that it was a very forceful impact 

by pounding your fists together and by calling it a smash.

There have been a lot of efforts by the plaintiffs here in a number of other 

ways—and there’s a couple of other subtle ways that I can find—to suggest to this 

jury that this was a large impact, a collision.

I don’t know what it was, but I do know that that video might be helpful to 

the jury on the issues that are being generated by plaintiff’s counsels in this case.

You’re slamming your fists. You’ve done it—you did it three times with this 

witness.
1-18-0467

- 33 -

* * *

You’re slamming your fists together every time you say it. And that video 

might be instructive to this jury. You’re opening the door to it, quite frankly.

That’s what you’re doing. So please don’t do that anymore. Okay? Calling it a 

‘smash’ characterizing it as a collision and all of that is not appropriate. Call it the 

‘incident’ from now on, ‘the date in question,’ whatever you want.

They’ve admitted negligence. You’re the one that’s generating the 

relevancy in that videotape. And I’m telling you that it’s been repeated, and I 

haven’t said anything about it from opening statements until now; but that’s about 

the seventh fist pump that I’ve seen, or at least the sixth, from you in the 

characterization of that collision.

Come on, counsel. Don’t generate relevancy of that tape. You got a 

favorable ruling from this court. And I’m very close to issuing it, so just don’t do 

it anymore.”

At that point defendant’s attorney argued that based on the trial judge’s observations and based 

on the fact Dr. Coe testified he did review the video and found it helpful, the videotape was 

relevant to show to the jury. The trial judge disagreed with defense counsel that Dr. Coe testified 

he found the video helpful. The trial judge stated Dr. Coe stated it was not helpful and he did not 

base his opinion on it. The trial judge denied defendant’s motion for the court to review its prior 

ruling regarding the video, and then stated as follows:

“THE COURT: I would note that in this case, if I didn’t say it earlier, this 

is an admitted negligence case. Typically, oftentimes we don’t get into the 

collisions and that; but here you haven’t admitted causation entirely. You haven’t 

admitted damages and causation. So obviously, there could be some relevance to 
1-18-0467

- 34 -

a tape. But it also doesn’t show the upper portions of the cage. It shows the 

plaintiff’s—his lower legs, his feet.

And it appears that this collision was not perhaps as forceful as is being 

suggested to this jury by these presentations in court that aren’t making the 

record, but they have been placed on the record now. So just don’t go there 

anymore. I want to leave the ruling alone, is what I’m trying to say.”

¶ 50 After both parties had rested, while outside the presence and hearing of the jury, 

defendant’s attorneys renewed their request to admit the video into evidence but in light of the 

trial judge’s earlier ruling asked to make an offer of proof. The trial judge noted the admission of 

the video was argued extensively before trial in a motion in limine and that there had been 

subsequent requests for its admission which had been denied with the court standing on its 

original ruling. Defendant’s attorney recalled a witness (defendant’s vice-president and in-house 

counsel) who testified that she was familiar with the surveillance video and that the video fairly 

and accurately depicts the conditions of the facility as they existed at the time of the accident.

The witness testified the video was at normal speed and that the video fairly and accurately 

depicts the accident. The witness testified the video is not time-lapsed. On cross-examination the 

witness testified that her sole basis for testifying that the video showed real time was a time 

clock on the video that counts every second (without any jumps in time) during playback. The 

witness also testified her testimony was based on what was visible on the video and that she does 

not have any particular expertise in this area.

¶ 51 The trial judge ruled it would stand on its original ruling and made a record as to why, 

stating in pertinent part as follows:

“THE COURT: I was told, late in the game or so to speak or late towards 

the end of the case defense admitted negligence in this matter and was conceding 
1-18-0467

- 35 -

that there were some injuries during the course of the incident, but they were 

contesting the nature and extent of injuries and the cause of those claimed injuries 

and damages.

So it was in that context that this video eventually arises and defense 

wants to present it to the jury so they can understand the mechanism by which this 

occurred, in other words, how this crane hit this lift, because it lent itself to all 

sorts of speculation on the jury’s part as to what action was involved in here.

What the Court said was that the defense ultimately can present still shots 

prior to the point of contact to the jury, so the jury knew exactly that this was a 

large I-beam crane that was striking the lift on its arm somewhere below the 

basket as plaintiff worked in that basket above the floor of the facility. And then 

thereafter, after the point of contact and whatever it did to the lift, because there 

was some jostling, if you will, that once things had quote unquote settled down, 

you could show the video thereafter, because that was germane and relevant to the 

issues in the case, him lowering himself down and what he did thereafter, both 

sides wanted at least that portion of the tape for various reasons perhaps shown to 

the jury that are relevant to the issues.

So I stand on the ruling. I would note that you have conceded negligence.

Typically we don’t get into the nature of the contact, but obviously in this case 

there’s some relevance to it.

Likewise, I was concerned about the fact that only the bottom portion of 

the basket is visible, and you can see the plaintiff’s feet in that basket at some 

portion of the video and just above his feet up to calf area, but you can’t see torso 

or upper body during the point of impact and displacement it caused on this J-lift.
1-18-0467

- 36 -

And so that was the other reason the Court was concerned about admitting the 

tape and showing it to the jury.

The simple proposition is the defense just wanted the jury to understand 

the nature of the collision or impact, where it occurred with reference to these two 

vague notions of cranes and lifts. That was achieved by the Court’s ruling that 

you can present still shots and then thereafter. I stand on that ruling at this point.

This is an admitted negligence case and if, you know, if you have some 

experts to talk about mechanism of injuries or biomechanics it might have been 

highly relevant, and certainly if there was some challenge as to the foundation for 

the video, which appears to be somewhat, you know, normal video, but perhaps 

there’s some stiltedness to it, if you will, if that’s the right word, because there 

was an objection and this wasn’t going to come out anyhow and you wanted to 

offer it for limited reasons, I think that’s the appropriate ruling.”

¶ 52 Defendant’s attorney informed the trial judge that it was offering the video “in response 

to the actions by the plaintiff’s attorney and witnesses who described the accident and for the 

jury to see the video in response to that as well.” The trial judge responded that point was noted, 

but the court was not going to change its ruling. In ruling on defendant’s posttrial motion, the 

posttrial judge found: “It’s within the discretion of the Court to allow it. *** [I]f I was there, I 

might have done something differently, it was within the discretion of the Court. And, you know, 

not playing that one portion of the video I don’t think is an abuse of the Court’s discretion.”

¶ 53 On appeal, defendant argues that a refusal to grant its posttrial motion on the trial judge’s 

ruling on the motion in limine and defendant’s motion to reconsider the ruling on the motion 

in limine would be an abuse of discretion. Defendant argues the video should have been admitted 

because the video fairly and accurately shows the circumstances of the accident. Defendant also 
1-18-0467

- 37 -

asserts the trial judge found that plaintiff’s conduct during trial generated the relevancy of the 

video and that conduct prejudiced the jury as demonstrated by the award of noneconomic 

damages. Specifically, defendant argues:

“The relevance and need for the video was generated by the prejudicial 

misconduct of plaintiff’s counsel, in repeatedly referring to the impact as a 

‘collision’ and pounding his fist when he called it a ‘collision.’

***

The video should have been admitted to address the issues raised by 

plaintiff’s counsel in order to rebut his mischaracterizations.”

Defendant argues “[t]he mischaracterization of the impact goes to the nature, extent and duration 

of the injury.” Defendant asserts it “sought to cure the prejudice created by [plaintiff’s] counsel’s 

conduct by introducing the video into evidence.” As to the trial judge’s initial ruling on the 

motion in limine, defendant argues the video is admissible under the “silent witness” theory 

because plaintiff admitted a portion of the video and thus, the accuracy of the recording process 

that produced the video was uncontested. See People v. Taylor, 2011 IL 110067, ¶ 35 (discussing 

the foundational requirements for establishing the accuracy of a process that produces 

surveillance camera recordings).

¶ 54 The trial judge granted the motion in limine in part because defendant could still achieve 

its stated objective to show the jury what was meant when the jury would be informed that a 

crane struck a lift. Defendant had informed the court “[t]he point is to let the jury see how the 

accident happened ***. We’re going to hear *** a crane hit a boom. I mean it’s very possible 

that a juror could think this thing almost like completely fell over.” The trial judge expressed his 

belief the defense could achieve their purpose with still frames from the video. The trial judge 

reiterated that basis for his holding in response to defendant’s motion at the close of all evidence 
1-18-0467

- 38 -

to reconsider the earlier ruling on the motion in limine. In response to the motion to reconsider 

the trial judge stated: “The simple proposition is the defense just wanted the jury to understand 

the nature of the collision or impact, where it occurred with reference to these two vague notions 

of cranes and lifts. That was achieved by the Court’s ruling that you can present still shots and 

then thereafter.” On appeal, defendant does not argue the still images were inadequate for that

purpose; defendant argues the still images “cannot cure the mischaracterizations by plaintiff’s 

counsel that this incident involved a ‘very forceful impact’ or ‘large impact.’ ” 

¶ 55 “The admission of evidence is largely within the discretion of the trial court, and its 

rulings will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” Werner v. Nebal, 377 Ill. App. 3d 

447, 454 (2007). “We will conclude that a trial court abused its discretion only where no 

reasonable person could have agreed with the trial court’s decision.” Id. The trial judge 

concluded that the prejudicial effect of the video outweighed its probative value on the question 

of how the accident occurred, which was defendant’s stated purpose for admitting the video.

Defendant does not argue the still images did not permit defendant to convey to the jury how the 

accident happened and limit the jury’s speculation about the nature of the crane and the boom.

Given defendant’s stated purpose to show the type of crane, where it struck the lift, and that the 

lift did not collapse, we cannot say that no reasonable person would agree with the trial court.

Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial judge’s ruling on the motion in limine.

¶ 56 Turning to defendant’s request to admit the video at the close of evidence, at which point 

plaintiff’s conduct had allegedly “generated the relevancy of the video,” we review the trial 

judge’s decision for an abuse of discretion. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. 

Trujillo, 2018 IL App (1st) 172927, ¶ 26. “Where the denial of a motion to reconsider ‘is based 

on new matters, such as additional facts *** that were not previously presented during the course 

of proceedings leading to the order being challenged, we are to employ an abuse of discretion 
1-18-0467

- 39 -

standard of review.’ ” In re Estate of Agin, 2016 IL App (1st) 152362, ¶ 18. Defendant argues the 

trial judge abused his discretion because the video should have been admitted to rebut plaintiff’s 

mischaracterizations of the force of the impact of the crane resulting from plaintiff’s attorney’s 

conduct of slamming his fist and referring to the impact as a smash or a collision. Defendant 

argues this mischaracterization “improperly implied to the jury that the impact was more forceful 

than it actually was.” Defendant also argues that had the trial judge considered defendant’s 

posttrial motion in the light of the “enormous award for non-economic damages,” there is a good 

chance the trial judge would have granted the posttrial motion to admit the video.

¶ 57 Plaintiff argues that because the video only shows his feet and inaccurately portrays the 

speed of the collision the video is prejudicial with no probative value. Plaintiff also argues the 

video would lead to speculation by the jury as to what happened to plaintiff’s body and 

defendant’s medical witnesses “did not offer any opinions connecting the accident video and the 

injury or lack thereof.” As for plaintiff’s attorney allegedly “generating the relevance” of the 

video, plaintiff argues the trial judge was present during trial, witnessed plaintiff’s counsel’s 

conduct, and “was well within its discretion to make the determination that Plaintiff’s counsel’s 

punching his fists a few times and using the word collision did not warrant showing the video.”

Alternatively, plaintiff argues defendant failed to lay a proper foundation for the video and failed 

to demonstrate how excluding the video changed the outcome of the trial.

¶ 58 The effect of plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct on the jury is merely speculative. See Larkin v. 

George, 2016 IL App (1st) 152209, ¶ 14 (“[P]laintiff failed to present any evidence that the 

jury’s awareness of the existence of the photographs prejudiced him. Bare speculation and 

unsupported presumptions are insufficient to establish that plaintiff was prejudiced.”). The trial 

judge admonished plaintiff’s counsel not to repeat its conduct, and defendant has pointed to no 

further instances of the acts or words at issue. Moreover, plaintiff’s counsel’s words and actions 
1-18-0467

- 40 -

were not evidence. Under the circumstances, and in light of evidence of plaintiff’s injuries, 

which we discuss below, we cannot say counsel’s acts contributed to the jury’s noneconomic 

damages award such that the trial judge abused his discretion in not admitting the video to cure 

any prejudice. Additionally, the trial judge was aware of plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct but 

adhered to its finding that the potential prejudice to the plaintiff from showing the video 

outweighed its probative value.

“Even relevant evidence may contain drawbacks of sufficient importance to call 

for its exclusion, including unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, and 

misleading the jury. [Citations.] *** ‘[I]f the evidence is merely confusing and 

creates uncertainty, that alone may suffice to tip the balance in favor of exclusion 

when the information sought to be presented contains negligible probative 

value.’ ” Maffett v. Bliss, 329 Ill. App. 3d 562, 574 (2002).

The trial court was concerned not only with the prejudice that might result from the video 

misleading the jury as to the force of the impact but also the potential for speculation as to the 

effect of the impact on plaintiff’s “torso or upper body during the point of impact and [the] 

displacement it caused.” See id. at 575 (finding evidence “was likely to confuse and mislead the 

jury or result in speculation on the jury’s part”). That determination by the trial judge was not 

arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, and we cannot say that no reasonable person would take the 

same view. Check, 342 Ill. App. 3d at 157. Accordingly, we find he trial judge did not abuse his 

discretion is refusing to admit the surveillance video of the incident.

¶ 59 B. Remittitur—Future Medical Expenses

¶ 60 Next, defendant argues it is entitled to a remittitur of the award for future medical 

expenses because there is nothing in the record from which the jury could reasonably estimate 

the cost of future surgeries testified to by Dr. Coe and another of plaintiff’s doctors. (A second 
1-18-0467

- 41 -

doctor recommended spinal fusion surgery.) In this case the parties stipulated that plaintiff’s past 

medical expenses was approximately $157,000. The jury awarded damages for future medical 

expenses of $150,000. For the reasons that follow, we do not find that the award for future 

medical expenses falls outside the range of fair and reasonable compensation, or results from 

passion or prejudice, or is so large that is shocks the judicial conscience.

“The determination of damages is a question reserved for the trier of fact, 

and, as a reviewing court, we give great deference to a jury’s damage award.

[Citations.] ‘An award of damages will be deemed excessive if it falls outside the 

range of fair and reasonable compensation or results from passion or prejudice, or 

if it is so large that is shocks the judicial conscience.’ [Citation.] Where the jury’s 

award falls within the flexible range of conclusions reasonably supported by the 

evidence, a remittitur should not be granted. [Citation.] We review a trial court’s 

ruling on a motion for remittitur for an abuse of discretion.” Young v. Alden 

Gardens of Waterford, LLC, 2015 IL App (1st) 131887, ¶ 80.

¶ 61 Defendant argues plaintiff cannot rely on cases allowing juries to consider the cost of 

future medical treatment based on the cost of past medical treatment because in each of those 

cases “the future medical treatment *** actually related to the past medical treatment.” In this 

case, defendant argues, “future hip replacement surgery and spinal fusion surgery are entirely 

distinct from Plaintiff’s past medical treatment.” In other words, the cost of the future surgeries 

cannot be determined from plaintiff’s past medical treatment because plaintiff never underwent 

those surgeries, and there is no other evidence to support the jury’s award. Plaintiff, in support of 

his argument that future medical expenses should not be remitted, argues “it [is] within the 

province of the jury to determine future medical bills even though there is no testimony as [to] 

what the amount of those bills would be[,] because the jury knew what the prior medical bills 
1-18-0467

- 42 -

were,” citing Price v. Victory Baptist Church of Sunnyland, 205 Ill. App. 3d 604 (1990), Lewis v. 

Cotton Belt Route-St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 217 Ill. App. 3d 94 (1991), Blackburn v. 

Illinois Central R.R. Co., 379 Ill. App. 3d 426 (2008), and Aguilar-Santos v. Briner, 2017 IL 

App (1st) 153593.

¶ 62 In Victory Baptist Church of Sunnyland, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 610, the defendant argued the 

jury had no basis on which to award future medical expenses. The plaintiff, who fell 12 feet from 

a ladder to a concrete floor, “had already undergone two knee operations and had shown little 

sign of improvement. *** [A]n orthopedic surgeon[ ] testified more operations would probably 

be done in the future.” Id. The past expenses were known to the jury. Id. The jury awarded future 

damages that were “nearly 21⁄2 times the amount of medical expenses that had already accrued.”

Id. The court noted that the plaintiff’s future medical expenses “will range from operations to 

therapy to regular maintenance and replacement of knee braces; he may need crutches or a 

wheelchair to get around.” Id. The court did not note any testimony or evidence that the 

plaintiff’s past medical expenses included any of those items. See id. The plaintiff argued that 

the orthopedic surgeon “gave no specific estimate of the future costs of the plaintiff’s medical 

care.” Id. The court held that “[f]uture medical expenses may be determined without a precise 

estimate in the circumstances that exist here.” Id. The court found no basis for granting a new 

trial on the issue of future medical expenses. Id.

¶ 63 In Cotton Belt Route-St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 217 Ill. App. 3d at 118, the 

defendant argued that the plaintiff’s attorney made improper prejudicial remarks during closing 

argument that resulted in the jury awarding damages for future medical care and expenses based 

on passion and prejudice. The defendant argued,

“there was no evidence as to the type, frequency, or amount of medical treatment 

[the] plaintiff would require and that the only evidence on the question of future 
1-18-0467

- 43 -

medical expenses was the testimony of [the plaintiff’s doctor] that [the] plaintiff 

has needed treatment for almost four years and, in [the doctor’s] opinion, [the] 

plaintiff would need treatment in the future.” Id.

The defendant sought a new trial or a remittitur of the jury’s award for future medical expenses 

“because any award for future medical expenses was against the manifest weight of the 

evidence.” Id. The court rejected the defendant’s argument that the fact the damages award for 

future medical expenses “was approximately 10 times the amount of [the] plaintiff’s proven 

special damages” proved the verdict was a result of passion and prejudice. Id. at 123. The court 

reasoned that because the plaintiff had testified that he stopped seeking medical treatment 

because he could not afford the bills “the jury could reasonably have assumed that [the] 

plaintiff’s past medical expenses could have been much higher and accordingly projected future 

medical expenses in an amount 10 times higher than the special damages.” Id. The court also 

found that “the jury could reasonably have found that for the rest of [the] plaintiff’s life he would 

quite assuredly need access to some continuing medical care for his injury and that nearly 

$105,000 approximated the cost of that care over the next 34 years [(the plaintiff’s life 

expectancy)].” Id. at 124. The court did not state that the jury could have reasonably found that 

the plaintiff’s “continuing medical care *** over the next 34 years” would resemble the 

plaintiff’s past medical care. See id. The court concluded “that the verdict does not fall outside 

the limits of fair and reasonable compensation, that there is no indication that it resulted from 

passion or prejudice, and that it is not so large as to shock the judicial conscience under the facts 

of this case.” Id.

¶ 64 In Blackburn, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 432, the defendant argued an award for future medical 

expenses “should be reversed because the plaintiffs did not produce evidence of any specific 

medical expenses that they would incur in the future other than ‘generic references’ to periodic 
1-18-0467

- 44 -

visits to a physician for a chest X-ray.” The court held that “the trier of fact enjoys a certain 

degree of leeway in awarding compensation for medical costs that, as shown by the evidence, are 

likely to arise in the future but are not specifically itemized in the testimony.” (Internal quotation 

marks omitted.) Id. In Blackburn, medical experts testified that “because the plaintiffs were 

diagnosed with asbestosis, they would need periodic X rays, medical exams, and colonoscopies.”

Id. Another doctor “testified that an asbestosis patient must have routine pulmonary testing 

throughout his life.” Id. One of the plaintiffs “testified that he plans to monitor his condition with 

his family doctor.” Id. Another plaintiff “testified that he also plans to monitor his health,” and a 

third “testified, without objection, that his doctor told him he would need a chest X ray every 

year.” Id. The court found “that the amounts awarded fall within a range of fair and reasonable 

compensation for periodic X rays, exams, and other diagnostic testing that the evidence shows 

the plaintiffs will face due to the asbestosis diagnosis.” Id. at 433. Additionally, without 

discussing the plaintiffs’ prior medical expenses, the court found that “these amounts are not so 

large that we can say that they are based on juror passion or prejudice or that they shock the 

judicial conscience.” Id. The court stated it would “not substitute our judgment for that of the 

jury.” Id. The court held the “circuit court did not err in allowing the jury’s verdict with regard to 

future medical expenses to stand.” Id.

¶ 65 In Aguilar-Santos, 2017 IL App (1st) 153593, ¶ 11, the defendant filed a motion in limine

to bar any claim for medical expenses because neither of the plaintiff’s doctors testified in their 

evidence depositions as to the cost of any future medical treatment and the plaintiff “identified 

no other witness who could testify as to the cost of treatment that [the] plaintiff may incur in the 

future.” The trial court revisited its order denying the motion in limine after all of the evidence 

had been presented. Id. ¶ 38. The defendant argued “there was insufficient testimony to support 

the future cost of [the plaintiff’s] prescription medication because no physicians testified 
1-18-0467

- 45 -

regarding the amount of any future costs and there was no testimony regarding how long [the] 

plaintiff would need to take any prescription medication and in what amounts.” Id. The trial 

court denied the motion in limine. Id. On appeal, the court held the jury’s award for future 

medical expenses was supported by the evidence. Id. ¶ 72. The court noted that the plaintiff had 

testified to the cost of her existing prescription medications and that her doctor testified that the 

plaintiff’s condition was unlikely to change. Id. ¶ 71. The court held that “[b]ased on this 

evidence, a reasonable person could conclude that plaintiff would continue to incur the costs 

associated with her prescription medication.” Id. The court rejected the defendant’s contention 

the jury had to speculate as to the amount of damages to award and held the award for future 

medical expenses was supported by the evidence because the plaintiff testified regarding the cost 

of her medication for the seven years between the accident and the trial, and a table showing the 

plaintiff’s life expectancy was admitted into evidence. Id. ¶ 72.

¶ 66 The Aguilar-Santos court focused on one category of medical expense (medication) and 

the plaintiff’s testimony as to the cost of that expense in the past, and it found that the jury’s 

award of damages for that expense in the future was not based on speculation because there was 

an evidentiary basis for the award. Id. The Aguilar-Santos court did not hold that the jury was 

limited to that category of prior medical expenses in its award for future medical expenses, and 

there would have been no need to in that case. The plaintiff’s doctor testified the plaintiff only 

had two options with regard to her injury: have surgery that was not guaranteed to be successful 

or live with the pain. Id. ¶ 27. The plaintiff testified she would not have surgery because of the 

risks involved. Id. ¶ 28. Therefore, there was only one possible category of medical expenses the 

jury could have awarded based on the evidence. The fact that the only category of future medical 

expenses that was available to the jury in Aguilar-Santos was the same category of medical 

expenses the plaintiff incurred in the past does not mean that when the jury must rely on past 
1-18-0467

- 46 -

medical expenses to determine future medical expenses, the jury can only award future medical 

expenses for the same type of expenses the plaintiff incurred in the past. The authorities are to 

the contrary.

¶ 67 In Victory Baptist Church of Sunnyland, there was nothing to suggest that the future 

medical expenses the court held the jury could award had been incurred in the past. Victory 

Baptist Church of Sunnyland, 205 Ill. App. 3d at 610. In Cotton Belt Route-St. Louis 

Southwestern Ry. Co., the court found that “the jury could reasonably have found that for the rest 

of [the] plaintiff’s life he would quite assuredly need access to some continuing medical care for 

his injury.” (Emphasis added.) Cotton Belt Route-St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., 217 Ill. App. 

3d at 124. This statement by the court was not categorical and did not limit the award of future 

medical expenses to those that mirrored the plaintiff’s past medical care. See id. And in 

Blackburn, the court did not discuss the plaintiff’s prior medical expenses at all. Blackburn, 379 

Ill. App. 3d at 432.

¶ 68 Defendant cites Richardson v. Chapman, 175 Ill. 2d 98 (1997), as instructive, but that 

decision does not aid defendant’s position that the jury could not award future medical expenses 

for procedures plaintiff has not had in the past because no one testified to their cost. In 

Richardson, the plaintiff’s economist “testified that the present cash value of [the plaintiff’s] 

future medical expenses had a lower bound of $7,371,914 and an upper bound of $9,570,034.”

Id. at 106. The jury awarded damages for future medical expenses that were “nearly $1.5 million 

more than the higher of the two figures claimed at trial.” Id. at 112-113. The plaintiff pointed out 

that the list of likely future medical costs the economist used to determine their present cash 

value “did not assign specific values to certain items, such as the expenses of future 

hospitalizations and the costs of wheelchairs and a specially equipped van.” Id. at 112. The 

plaintiff argued that “the jury’s decision to award an amount for future medical costs greater than 
1-18-0467

- 47 -

[the] higher estimate might simply reflect the jury’s desire to compensate [the plaintiff] for those 

unspecified but likely expenses.” Id. Our supreme court agreed with the plaintiff “that the trier of 

fact enjoys a certain degree of leeway in awarding compensation for medical costs that, as shown 

by the evidence, are likely to arise in the future but are not specifically itemized in the 

testimony.” Id. But the court found that “[g]iven the disparity between the trial testimony and the 

jury’s eventual award,” it could “not attribute the entire difference *** to miscellaneous costs.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. at 113. The court made an adjustment that did not erase the entire 

differential but that allowed the plaintiff “recovery for expected future medical costs for which 

no specific estimates were introduced, yet is not so large that it represents a departure from the 

trial testimony.” Id.

¶ 69 Thus, Richardson does not support the proposition that only those future medical 

expenses specifically testified to or which have occurred in the past can be awarded. The jury 

may award “compensation for medical costs that, as shown by the evidence, are likely to arise in 

the future but are not specifically itemized in the testimony.” Id. at 112. Here, plaintiff’s 

stipulated past medical expenses were $157,000. The jury awarded damages for future medical 

expenses of $150,000. We do not find that the award for future medical expenses falls outside 

the range of fair and reasonable compensation or results from passion or prejudice or is so large 

that is shocks the judicial conscience. Defendant’s argument, therefore, fails.

¶ 70 C. Remittitur—Noneconomic Damages

¶ 71 The jury awarded plaintiff $8.3 million in damages for the loss of normal life and pain 

and suffering plaintiff had already experienced and that he would experience in the future.

Defendant argues these damages fall outside the range of fair and reasonable compensation, 

result from passion or prejudice, and shock the conscience. Defendant argues that plaintiff’s 

testimony that he can no longer enjoy swimming, gardening, kayaking, fishing, boating, or 
1-18-0467

- 48 -

hunting is rebutted by evidence that he can shovel snow and cut grass. Defendant notes that 

plaintiff’s injuries are not life threatening, “[he] is not crippled,” and “[h]e is able to work light 

duty.” In sum, defendant argues “[p]laintiff’s case does not present the kind of catastrophic 

injuries which could rationally support an award of $8,300,000 for non-economic damages.”

Defendant also argues the award resulted from prejudice caused when plaintiff’s attorney 

suggested the impact was a severe “collision,” when plaintiff’s attorney elicited testimony 

suggesting defendant withheld medical care from plaintiff, and when plaintiff’s attorney 

informed the jury that defendant had not admitted liability until late in the proceedings.

Defendant asserts that “it is plain that this misconduct is directly related to the excessive award 

for non-economic damages.”

¶ 72 Plaintiff provided the testimony allegedly suggesting defendant withheld medical care.

During his direct examination, during questioning about the accident itself, plaintiff’s attorney 

asked plaintiff the following questions, and plaintiff gave the following answers:

“Q. All right. So what happened next?

A. The gentlemen that I was speaking to in the last video was, I think, the 

plant manager; and I asked him to call me an ambulance.

Q. Do you remember what happened?

A. He wasn’t too concerned about calling me an ambulance. He wanted to 

bring me into the plant and take an incident report from me.

Q. And then what happened?

A. So he called out the foreman, the safety director, the VP, and myself, 

and just start drilling me with a whole bunch of questions about how I got hit by 

the crane.

Q. And what happened next?
1-18-0467

- 49 -

A. So I sat with them for about 15 or 20 minutes. And I said, ‘You know, I 

really want to go get myself checked out. I’m in a lot of pain. I said, you know, ‘I 

need you to call me an ambulance or have somebody drive me to the hospital.’

And they weren’t too concerned about it, again.

[Objection sustained.]

Q. What happened next?

A. So they asked me to come back in to ask me more questions, and I 

refused. And I said, ‘I’m going to call myself an ambulance.’ And they got very 

irate with me, and they told me to call my company. So I called the guy that I was 

working with—I guess you could call him my foreman, at the time. He had went 

to a different job that day. And he freaked out, and within about 30 minutes he 

was there. And I’m still asking them to call me the ambulance, and they’re not—”

Defendant objected again, and the trial judge called the attorneys to a sidebar. The trial judge 

told plaintiff’s attorney the testimony he was eliciting from plaintiff was irrelevant, prejudicial, 

and designed to inflame the jury, and that plaintiff’s attorney was doing it intentionally.

Defendant’s attorney asked the court to strike the testimony at issue and the court initially 

refused, stating the objection and request to strike were untimely. After further discussion, 

defendant’s attorney asked that plaintiff’s testimony about his conversations after the accident be 

stricken. The court asked defendant’s attorney if he was “going to try to cure it in some way with 

any testimony,” and defendant’s attorney responded he was not. When proceedings resumed in 

front of the jury, the court informed the jury it was to strike those questions and answers “posed 

to the witness about what happened next and conversations [that] occurred.”

¶ 73 After plaintiff rested his case, and before defendant began to present its case, defendant’s 

attorney informed the trial judge: “Your Honor, we are, in rebuttal in terms of what came up with 
1-18-0467

- 50 -

the plaintiff we intend to call Ms. Sullivan [(defendant’s vice-president and in-house counsel)] to 

testify and dispute what plaintiff claims occurred after the accident with her and others.”

Plaintiff’s attorney objected on the ground defendant’s objection to the testimony had been

sustained and the jury instructed to disregard the testimony. The trial judge asked defendant’s 

attorney for an offer of proof. Defendant’s attorney informed the trial court that defendant’s inhouse counsel would testify that she met with plaintiff and “that none of that occurred in terms of 

his asking for [an] ambulance or being denied an ambulance or medical care at his request.”

After lengthy discussions of the issue, the trial judge ruled the defense would be allowed to call 

its witness and that it would admonish the jury that it now could consider the answers that had 

been given by plaintiff. Plaintiff called the witness to testify. She stated that at the time of the 

accident she was defendant’s vice-president of administration, secretary, and counsel. She 

testified no one from defendant prevented or prohibited plaintiff from seeking medical treatment 

and had plaintiff requested an ambulance that request would have been complied with. On crossexamination the witness testified defendant did not call an ambulance or have someone take 

plaintiff to the hospital. After the witness testified, the trial judge instructed the jury as follows:

“THE COURT: Ladies and Gentlemen, yesterday there was some 

questions on the topic that were posed to the plaintiff and at that time I made a 

general admonition for you to disregard it and strike it. Whatever answers that 

were given at that time by the plaintiff you can consider in the context now, fuller 

context of the case based on the testimony you just heard.”

¶ 74 On appeal, plaintiff argues that defendant invited or acquiesced to any error in admitting 

plaintiff’s testimony regarding his alleged request for an ambulance. In response to this argument 

by plaintiff, defendant claims that plaintiff “argues that the prejudicial misconduct was waived 
1-18-0467

- 51 -

because defense failed to timely object” but “the objection appears on the same page of the 

record in which plaintiff testified” about the ambulance.

¶ 75 Defendant did object, initially, then changed course when it learned defendant’s in house 

counsel could testify no one prevented plaintiff from seeking medical treatment. “[T]he jury is 

presumed to follow the instructions given to it by the court. [Citation.] A circuit court’s 

instruction to disregard certain evidence can cure prejudice resulting from the jury’s exposure to 

that evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) McHale v. Kiswani Trucking, Inc., 2015 IL 

App (1st) 132625, ¶ 47. Rather than relying on the trial judge’s striking of the evidence and 

instruction to the jury, defendant solicited testimony on the subject from its in house counsel

knowing that soliciting that evidence would result in the trial court admonishing the jury it could 

consider plaintiff’s testimony on the same subject, which the court did without objection from 

defendant. “A party who ‘procures, invites or acquiesces’ in the admission of improper evidence 

cannot complain that such evidence was prejudicial to his case.” Smith v. Victory Memorial 

Hospital, 167 Ill. App. 3d 618, 623 (1988). We will not consider any allegedly unduly prejudicial 

effect from plaintiff’s testimony concerning plaintiff’s alleged request for an ambulance.

¶ 76 Similarly, defendant objected to plaintiff’s counsel’s comment during opening statements 

suggesting defendant had only recently admitted liability. During opening statements, plaintiff’s 

attorney stated as follows: “So this is what the case is about. If I admit something, I acknowledge 

it’s true. If I accept something, I actually do something to make it right. They have admitted and 

there’s no doubt about that for the last week or so we’ve appreciated the admission. But the 

acceptance is not worth money.” Defendant’s attorney objected, and the trial judge sustained the 

objection. The trial judge further admonished the jury as follows:

“THE COURT: You’re to strike that from your mind. You didn’t hear it.

Don’t consider a comment like that from an attorney. Strike it from your mind. Is 
1-18-0467

- 52 -

there anyone who doesn’t understand that order? Attorneys shouldn’t make an 

argument like that. Anyone who doesn’t understand, raise your arm. No one’s 

raised their hand.”

¶ 77 “Improper comments generally do not constitute reversible error unless the party has 

been substantially prejudiced. [Citation.] Where the trial court sustains a timely objection and 

instructs the jury to disregard the improper comment, the court sufficiently cures any prejudice.”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Willaby v. Bendersky, 383 Ill. App. 3d 853, 862 (2008). In 

this instance the trial judge immediately sustained defendant’s objection and thoroughly 

admonished the jury. Moreover, defendant does not explain how the jury’s knowledge of when it 

admitted liability, if the jury understood plaintiff’s attorney’s comment, prejudiced defendant. In 

light of all of the foregoing (see also supra ¶ 58), we cannot say the jury’s noneconomic damages 

awarded resulted from passion or prejudice.

¶ 78 We next turn to the question of whether the damages fall outside the range of fair and 

reasonable compensation, result from passion or prejudice, or shock the conscience because 

plaintiff’s damages are not “catastrophic.”

“It is well settled that the amount of damages to be assessed is peculiarly a 

question of fact for the jury to determine and that great weight must be given to 

the jury’s decision. [Citation.] The very nature of personal injury cases makes it 

impossible to establish a precise formula to determine whether a particular award 

is excessive or not. [Citation.] [A] court reviewing a jury’s assessment of damages 

should not interfere unless a proven element of damages was ignored, the verdict 

resulted from passion or prejudice, or the award bears no reasonable relationship 

to the loss suffered.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Neuhengen v. Global 

Experience Specialists, Inc., 2018 IL App (1st) 160322, ¶ 169.
1-18-0467

- 53 -

“Furthermore, whether an award is excessive must be decided from consideration of permanency 

and extent of the injury, possible future deterioration, medical expenses, and restrictions on daily 

activity due to the injury.” Marchese v. Vincelette, 261 Ill. App. 3d 520, 530 (1994).

¶ 79 The evidence at trial was that since the accident plaintiff has back and hip pain when he 

walks. He also walks with a limp that can be controlled with medication. He can no longer do 

“the aggressive-type work that’s required” of his former gardening activities, so he asks his son 

to do it. He no longer goes boating and now fishes only rarely. Plaintiff testified he can no longer 

wade in the water to fish because it hurts his back and hip, so he “lost interest in it” which he 

found “disheartening.” He also no longer lifts weights like he used to. Plaintiff can perform 

normal daily activities but they cause him pain. He always has pain in his shoulder and hip, it is 

just sometimes less severe than other times. Plaintiff also testified he has pain in his back that is 

worsened when walking down stairs, walking short distances for short periods of time, climbing 

stairs, or walking around the yard. Plaintiff testified that if he bends the wrong way, or squats to 

pick something up, or anything else, it will sometimes, but not every time, cause “immediate and 

instant pain” in his back. Plaintiff testified he does not go on vacations anymore, cannot stand for 

long periods of time, does not swim anymore, and does not raft anymore. Plaintiff testified he 

loved playing the drums, but he can no longer do it pain-free. Plaintiff also testified he loved 

doing his job as an electrician but he can no longer do electrician work, which he misses.

Plaintiff also testified his relationship with his wife has deteriorated as a result of the accident.

Plaintiff’s wife testified that prior to the accident they had a satisfying sex life but now due to 

plaintiff’s complaints of pain, they no longer sleep in the same room. 

¶ 80 The evidence established that defendant was physically active and enjoyed his career as 

an electrician and now cannot engage in the employment or activities he once enjoyed, and he is 

in some level of pain constantly which escalates with ordinary daily activities. We cannot say 
1-18-0467

- 54 -

that the jury’s assessment of damages resulted from passion or prejudice, bears no reasonable 

relationship to the loss suffered by plaintiff, or is so large as to shock the judicial conscience. See 

Neuhengen, 2018 IL App (1st) 160322, ¶ 169. Defendant’s request to this court for a remittitur is 

denied.

¶ 81 CONCLUSION

¶ 82 For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court of Cook County is reversed.

¶ 83 Reversed.