I 

115TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 5819 

To promote democracy and human rights in Burma, and for other purposes. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

MAY 15, 2018 

Mr. ENGEL (for himself, Mr. CHABOT, Mr. CROWLEY, Mr. ROYCE of California, Mr. SHERMAN, Mr. YOHO, Mr. CASTRO of Texas, Mrs. WAGNER, 

Mr. CICILLINE, Mr. MCCAUL, Mr. SIRES, Mr. SMITH of New Jersey, Mr. 

COSTA, Mr. DENHAM, Mr. DEUTCH, Mr. POE of Texas, Ms. BASS, Mr. 

KING of New York, Ms. TITUS, Mr. COOK, Mr. TED LIEU of California, 

Mr. MEADOWS, Mr. CONNOLLY, Mr. THOMAS J. ROONEY of Florida, Ms. 

SPEIER, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN, Mr. COHEN, Mr. SOTO, Ms. JENKINS of 

Kansas, Mr. MCGOVERN, Mr. GARRETT, Ms. SCHAKOWSKY, Mr. DONOVAN, Mr. JOHNSON of Georgia, Mrs. COMSTOCK, Ms. KUSTER of New 

Hampshire, Mr. COFFMAN, Ms. LOFGREN, Mr. LANCE, Mr. LOWENTHAL, 

Mr. COSTELLO of Pennsylvania, Ms. PINGREE, Mr. BILIRAKIS, Mr. BLUMENAUER, Mr. RUTHERFORD, Mr. POCAN, Mr. RUSSELL, Mr. RUSH, Ms. 

BONAMICI, Mr. CULBERSON, Ms. MCCOLLUM, Ms. NORTON, Mr. 

DELANEY, Mr. PALLONE, Mr. CARTWRIGHT, Ms. ESTY of Connecticut, 

Mr. BRADY of Pennsylvania, Ms. ESHOO, Ms. MOORE, Ms. LEE, Mr. 

MOULTON, Mr. DANNY K. DAVIS of Illinois, Mr. KHANNA, Mr. WELCH, 

Mrs. CAROLYN B. MALONEY of New York, Mr. HASTINGS, and Mr. 

BEYER) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and in addition to the Committees on the Judiciary, and Armed Services, for a period to be subsequently determined 

by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall 

within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To promote democracy and human rights in Burma, and 

for other purposes. 


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1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Burma Unified through Rigorous Military Accountability 

6 Act of 2018’’ or the ‘‘BURMA Act of 2018’’. 

7 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

8 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Appropriate congressional committees defined. 

TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING TO THE CONFLICT IN BURMA 

Sec. 101. Findings. 

Sec. 102. Statement of policy. 

Sec. 103. Sense of Congress with respect to humanitarian assistance, freedom 

of movement, and rights of returnees. 

Sec. 104. Sense of Congress on press freedom. 

Sec. 105. Sense of Congress with respect to imposition of sanctions under the 

Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act. 

TITLE II—ASSISTANCE AND SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO 

BURMA 

Sec. 201. Authorization for humanitarian assistance and reconciliation. 

Sec. 202. Limitation on security assistance and military and security sector cooperation. 

Sec. 203. Imposition of sanctions with respect to certain foreign persons. 

Sec. 204. Forfeiture of property. 

TITLE III—GOVERNANCE OF THE BURMESE MINING AND 

GEMSTONE SECTOR 

Sec. 301. Sense of Congress on the Burmese mining sector and the importation 

of Burmese gemstones or minerals. 

Sec. 302. Responsibility and transparency in the mining sector. 

TITLE IV—ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AND 

STRATEGY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH 

Sec. 401. Determination and report on accountability for ethnic cleansing, 

crimes against humanity, and genocide in Burma. 

Sec. 402. Strategy for promoting economic growth and development. 


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1 SEC. 2. APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES DE2 FINED. 

3 In this Act, the term ‘‘appropriate congressional com4 mittees’’ means— 

5 (1) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the 

6 Committee on Armed Services of the House of Rep7 resentatives; and 

8 (2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and 

9 the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate. 

10 TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING 

11 TO THE CONFLICT IN BURMA 

12 SEC. 101. FINDINGS. 

13 Congress finds the following: 

14 (1) On August 25, 2017, Burmese military and 

15 security forces violently and disproportionately re16 sponded to an attack on security outposts, resulting 

17 in a mass exodus of Rohingya from the Rakhine 

18 State of Burma into Bangladesh, which the Inter19 national Organization of Migration called ‘‘unprece20 dented in terms of volume and speed’’. 

21 (2) Between August 2017 and March 2018, in 

22 response to the violence perpetrated by the Burmese 

23 military and security forces, the United Nations esti24 mates more than 693,000 Rohingya, approximately 

25 78 percent of whom are women and children, have 


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1 fled to Bangladesh, fearing loss of life, livelihoods, 

2 and shelter. 

3 (3) Despite the steps taken toward democracy 

4 in Burma, there exists limited control by the civilian 

5 government over civilian agencies and no meaningful 

6 civilian control over the military or security forces 

7 that carried out the violence in Rakhine State and 

8 that continues to engage in grave human rights 

9 abuses against ethnic minorities throughout in the 

10 country. 

11 (4) Both government- and military-initiated in12 vestigations into human rights abuses in Burma in13 volving violence between ethnic minorities and Bur14 mese security forces have failed to yield credible re15 sults or meaningfully hold perpetrators accountable. 

16 (5) In a public address on October 12, 2017, 

17 State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi laid out the fol18 lowing goals for the State of Rakhine: 

19 (A) Repatriation of those who have crossed 

20 over to Bangladesh. 

21 (B) Effective provision of humanitarian as22 sistance. 

23 (C) Resettlement of displaced populations. 

24 (D) Economic development and durable 

25 peace. 


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1 (6) Due to restrictions enforced by the Rakhine 

2 State government and the military and security 

3 forces, there has been little progress made since that 

4 time and limited ability for the international commu5 nity to meaningfully support, verify, or evaluate the 

6 Government of Burma’s efforts. There are also cred7 ible reports of Burmese military and security forces 

8 bulldozing villages where violence occurred, thus de9 stroying physical evidence of what may have oc10 curred there. 

11 (7) Human rights organizations have reported 

12 and documented a campaign of violence perpetrated 

13 by the security forces of Burma, which indiscrimi14 nately fired on and killed civilians, raped women and 

15 girls, and arbitrarily arrested Rohingya men without 

16 any cause or charges. Satellite images obtained by 

17 Amnesty International reveal that, out of the ap18 proximately 470 villages in northern Rakhine State, 

19 nearly 300 were partially or completely destroyed by 

20 fire since August 25, 2017, most of which were com21 pletely or partially populated by Rohingya Muslims. 

22 (8) On October 10, 2017, at a hearing before 

23 the House Foreign Affairs Committee, the Deputy 

24 Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refu25 gees, and Migration Mark Storella testified that of 


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1 the $434,000,000 required by the United Nations 

2 for emergency response in the first 6 months of this 

3 crisis, ‘‘[i]n fiscal year 2017, the United States con4 tributed nearly $104 million in assistance to the dis5 placed populations in Burma for refugees from 

6 Burma throughout the region’’. 

7 (9) The United Nations Joint Response Plan to 

8 fund assistance to Rohingya refugees and the host 

9 community in Bangladesh through the end of 2018 

10 requires almost $1,000,000,000 in assistance. 

11 (10) On November 22, 2017, Secretary of State 

12 Rex Tillerson stated that, ‘‘After careful and 

13 through analysis of available facts, it is clear that 

14 the situation in northern Rakhine state constitutes 

15 ethnic cleansing against the Rohingya. Those re16 sponsible for these atrocities must be held account17 able’’. He also said the violence ‘‘has a number of 

18 characteristics of certainly crimes against human19 ity’’. 

20 (11) Yanghee Lee, the United Nations Special 

21 Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in 

22 Myanmar said, ‘‘I am becoming more convinced that 

23 the crimes committed following 9 October 2016 and 

24 25 August 2017 bear the hallmarks of genocide and 


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1 call in the strongest possible terms for account2 ability.’’ 

3 (12) On December 12, 2017, Wa Lone and 

4 Kyaw Soe Oo, two Reuters reporters covering the 

5 crisis in Rakhine State, were entrapped, arrested, 

6 and charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, 

7 continuing a trend of restricting media and free 

8 speech and attempting to thwart coverage of the 

9 events in Rakhine State. 

10 SEC. 102. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 

11 It shall be the policy of the United States to— 

12 (1) support a complete transition to democracy 

13 and genuine national reconciliation in Burma which 

14 cannot be achieved without appropriate account15 ability for the atrocities committed by the Burmese 

16 military against the Rohingya population and other 

17 ethnic minorities throughout the country; 

18 (2) pursue a strategy of calibrated engagement, 

19 which is essential to support the establishment of a 

20 peaceful, prosperous, and democratic Burma that in21 cludes respect for the human rights of all its people 

22 regardless of ethnicity and religion; and 

23 (3) ensure that the guiding principles of such a 

24 strategy include— 


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1 (A) supporting meaningful legal and con2 stitutional reforms that remove remaining re3 strictions on civil and political rights and en4 sure civilian governance, including reforms to 

5 the current constitutional provision reserving 25 

6 percent of parliamentary seats for appointments 

7 by the military, which provides the military with 

8 veto power over constitutional amendments; 

9 (B) establishing a fully democratic, plural10 istic, and representative political system that in11 cludes regularized free and fair elections in 

12 which all people of Burma can vote; 

13 (C) promoting genuine national reconcili14 ation, the conclusion of a credible and sustain15 able nationwide cease-fire agreement, including 

16 political accommodation of ethnic Shan, Kachin, 

17 Chin, Karen, and other ethnic groups, measures 

18 to address natural resource governance and rev19 enue-sharing, and constitutional change ena20 bling inclusive, permanent peace; 

21 (D) ensuring accountability for human 

22 rights abuses, ethnic cleansing, crimes against 

23 humanity, or genocide perpetrated against the 

24 Rohingya, Kachin, Shan, Chin, and other ethnic 


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1 minorities by the military of Burma and other 

2 combatants involved in the conflict; 

3 (E) strengthening civilian institutions in 

4 the government, including support for greater 

5 transparency and accountability; 

6 (F) establishing professional and non7 partisan military, security, and police forces 

8 that operate under civilian control, subject to 

9 civilian oversight, and are held fully accountable 

10 for human rights abuses, corruption, or other 

11 abuses of power; 

12 (G) combating rampant corruption and il13 legal economic activity, including that which in14 volves the military and its close allies; 

15 (H) empowering local communities, civil 

16 society, and independent media; 

17 (I) ensuring that the Government of 

18 Burma provides full citizenship for the 

19 Rohingya population in Burma as well as for 

20 those displaced in Bangladesh; 

21 (J) promoting responsible international 

22 and regional engagement; 

23 (K) strengthening respect for and protec24 tion of human rights and religious freedom; and 


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1 (L) addressing and ending the humani2 tarian and human rights crises and supporting 

3 the ability of the displaced Rohingya to volun4 tarily return to their homes, under safe, dig5 nified, and internationally approved conditions. 

6 SEC. 103. SENSE OF CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO HUMANI7 TARIAN ASSISTANCE, FREEDOM OF MOVE8 MENT, AND RIGHTS OF RETURNEES. 

9 (a) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con10 gress that— 

11 (1) significant and sustained international sup12 port, from both public and private sources, will be 

13 necessary to address the medium- and long-term im14 pacts of the crisis in Burma and the impact of the 

15 crisis on Bangladesh; and 

16 (2) the United States should make resolving the 

17 Rohingya crisis one of its top priorities in its en18 gagement with regional institutions such as the As19 sociation of Southeast Asian Nations. 

20 (b) RESTORATION OF HUMANITARIAN ACCESS AND

21 ACCOUNTABILITY IN RAKHINE STATE.—Congress calls on 

22 the Government of Burma and Burmese security forces 

23 to ensure complete and unfettered humanitarian access in 

24 the State of Rakhine and to support an independent interVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:07 May 31, 2018 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5819.IH H5819

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1 national fact-finding mission to investigate allegations of 

2 ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. 

3 (c) RIGHTS OF REFUGEES, INTERNALLY DISPLACED

4 PERSONS, AND RETURNEES.—Congress calls on the Gov5 ernment of Burma to— 

6 (1) ensure that Rohingya have freedom of 

7 movement and under no circumstances are subject 

8 to unsafe, involuntary, or uninformed repatriation; 

9 (2) create conditions for return of those dis10 placed from their homes by fully implementing the 

11 recommendations of the Advisory Commission on 

12 Rakhine State and implementing full and equal citi13 zenship; 

14 (3) to work closely with the international com15 munity including the United Nations High Commis16 sioner for Refugees to ensure the dignified, safe, and 

17 voluntary return of all those displaced from their 

18 homes, especially from Rakhine State, without an 

19 unduly high burden of proof; and 

20 (4) to offer to those refugees who do not want 

21 to return a meaningful alternative, including com22 pensation or restitution. 

23 SEC. 104. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON PRESS FREEDOM. 

24 It is the sense of Congress that in order to promote 

25 the freedom of the press in Burma— 


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1 (1) Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo should be im2 mediately and unconditionally released and should 

3 have access to legal counsel and to their families; 

4 and 

5 (2) the decision to use a colonial-era law to ar6 rest these reporters underscores the need for serious 

7 legal reform, including reform of the Official Secrets 

8 Act, 1923 and the Unlawful Association Act, 1908. 

9 SEC. 105. SENSE OF CONGRESS WITH RESPECT TO IMPOSI10 TION OF SANCTIONS UNDER THE GLOBAL 

11 MAGNITSKY HUMAN RIGHTS ACCOUNT12 ABILITY ACT. 

13 It is the sense of Congress that the President should 

14 impose appropriate sanctions under the Global Magnitsky 

15 Human Rights Accountablity Act (subtitle F of title XII 

16 of Public Law 114–328; 130 Stat. 2533; 22 U.S.C. 2656 

17 note) against officials and other persons in Burma who 

18 are responsible for gross violations of internationally rec19 ognized human rights or acts of significant corruption. 


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1 TITLE II—ASSISTANCE AND 

2 SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT 

3 TO BURMA 

4 SEC. 201. AUTHORIZATION FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSIST5 ANCE AND RECONCILIATION. 

6 There is authorized to be appropriated $151,600,000 

7 for fiscal year 2019 for humanitarian assistance for 

8 Burma, Bangladesh, and the surrounding region, includ9 ing— 

10 (1) assistance for the victims of the Burmese 

11 military’s ethnic cleansing campaign targeting the 

12 Rohingya in Rakhine State, including those dis13 placed in Bangladesh, Burma, and the surrounding 

14 region; 

15 (2) support for voluntary resettlement or repa16 triation efforts regionally; and 

17 (3) humanitarian assistance to victims of vio18 lence and destruction in Rakhine State. 

19 SEC. 202. LIMITATION ON SECURITY ASSISTANCE AND MILI20 TARY AND SECURITY SECTOR COOPERATION. 

21 (a) LIMITATION ON MILITARY AND SECURITY SEC22 TOR COOPERATION.—Except as provided in subsection 

23 (b), the United States may not provide any security assist24 ance or engage in any military-to-military programs with 

25 the military or security forces of Burma, including 


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1 through training, observation, or participation in regional 

2 exercises, until the date on which the Secretary of State, 

3 in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, certifies to 

4 the appropriate congressional committees that the military 

5 and security forces of Burma have demonstrated signifi6 cant progress in abiding by international human rights 

7 standards and are undertaking meaningful and significant 

8 security sector reform, including reforms that enhance 

9 transparency and accountability, to prevent future abuses 

10 and that each of the following criteria have been met: 

11 (1) The Burmese military and security forces 

12 adhere to international humanitarian law, dem13 onstrate significant progress in abiding by inter14 national standards for human rights, and pledge to 

15 stop future human rights abuses. 

16 (2) The Burmese military and security forces 

17 support efforts to carry out meaningful and com18 prehensive investigations of alleged abuses and are 

19 taking steps to hold accountable those members of 

20 such military and security forces responsible for 

21 human rights abuses. 

22 (3) The Government of Burma, including the 

23 military and security forces, allow immediate and 

24 unfettered humanitarian access to communities in 


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1 areas affected by conflict, including Rohingya com2 munities in the State of Rakhine. 

3 (4) The Government of Burma, including the 

4 military and security forces, cooperates with the 

5 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 

6 and organizations affiliated with the United Nations 

7 to ensure the protection of displaced persons and the 

8 safe, voluntary, and dignified return of refugees and 

9 internally displaced persons. 

10 (5) The Burmese military and security forces 

11 cease their attacks against ethnic minority groups 

12 and constructively participate in the conclusion of a 

13 credible, nationwide ceasefire agreement, political ac14 commodation, and constitutional change, including 

15 the restoration of the citizenship of the Rohingya. 

16 (6) The Government of Burma, including the 

17 military and security forces, defines a transparent 

18 plan with a binding timeline for professionalizing the 

19 military and security forces and includes a process 

20 by which the military withdraws from private-sector 

21 business enterprises and ceases involvement in the il22 legal trade in natural resources and narcotics. 

23 (7) The Government of Burma establishes ef24 fective civilian control over the finances of its mili25 tary and security forces, including by ensuring that 


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1 the military does not have access to off-budget in2 come and that military expenditures are subject to 

3 adequate civilian oversight. 

4 (b) EXCEPTIONS.— 

5 (1) CERTAIN EXISTING AUTHORITIES.—The 

6 Secretary of Defense shall retain the authority to 

7 conduct consultations with Burma pursuant to the 

8 authorization under section 1253 of the Carl Levin 

9 and Howard P. ‘‘Buck’’ McKeon National Defense 

10 Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015 (22 U.S.C. 

11 2151 note). 

12 (2) HOSPITALITY.—The Secretary of State and 

13 the United States Agency for International Develop14 ment may provide assistance authorized under part 

15 I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 

16 2151 et seq.) to provide hospitality during research, 

17 dialogues, meetings, or other activities by the parties 

18 attending the Union Peace Conference 21st Century 

19 Paneling or related processes seeking inclusive, sus20 tainable reconciliation. 

21 (c) MILITARY REFORM.—The certification required 

22 under subsection (a) shall include a written justification 

23 in unclassified form that may contain a classified annex 

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1 forms, end impunity for human rights abuses, and in2 crease transparency and accountability. 

3 (d) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act 

4 may be construed to authorize the Secretary of Defense 

5 to provide assistance to the Government of Burma except 

6 as provided in this section. 

7 (e) REPORT.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

9 after the date of the enactment of this Act, and an10 nually thereafter, the Secretary of Defense and the 

11 Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate 

12 congressional committees a report, in unclassified 

13 form with a classified annex, on the strategy and 

14 plans for military-to-military engagement between 

15 the United States Armed Forces and the military 

16 and security forces of Burma. 

17 (2) ELEMENTS.—The report required under 

18 paragraph (1) shall include the following elements: 

19 (A) A description and assessment of the 

20 Government of Burma’s strategy for security 

21 sector reform, including plans to withdraw the 

22 military from owning or controlling private-sec23 tor business entities and end involvement in the 

24 illicit trade in jade and other natural resources, 

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1 ficking, and constitutional reforms to ensure ci2 vilian control. 

3 (B) A list of ongoing military activities 

4 conducted by the United States Government 

5 with the Government of Burma, and a descrip6 tion of the United States strategy for future 

7 military-to-military engagements between the 

8 United States and Burma’s military and secu9 rity forces, including the military of Burma, the 

10 Burma Police Force, and armed ethnic groups. 

11 (C) An assessment of the progress of the 

12 military and security forces of Burma towards 

13 developing a framework to implement human 

14 right reforms, including— 

15 (i) cooperation with civilian authori16 ties to investigate and prosecute cases of 

17 serious, credible, or gross human rights 

18 abuses; 

19 (ii) steps taken to demonstrate respect 

20 for and implementation of the laws of war; 

21 and 

22 (iii) a description of the elements of 

23 the military-to-military engagement be24 tween the United States and Burma that 

25 promote such implementation. 


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1 (D) An assessment of progress on the 

2 peaceful settlement of armed conflicts between 

3 the Government of Burma and ethnic minority 

4 groups, including actions taken by the military 

5 of Burma to adhere to cease-fire agreements, 

6 allow for safe and voluntary returns of dis7 placed persons to their homes, and withdraw 

8 forces from conflict zones. 

9 (E) An assessment of the Burmese’s mili10 tary recruitment and use of children as soldiers. 

11 (F) An assessment of the Burmese’s mili12 tary’s use of violence against women, sexual vio13 lence, or other gender-based violence as a tool 

14 of terror, war, or ethnic cleansing. 

15 (f) REGULAR CONSULTATIONS.—Any new program 

16 or activity carried out under this section shall be subject 

17 to prior consultation with the appropriate congressional 

18 committees. 

19 SEC. 203. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO 

20 CERTAIN FOREIGN PERSONS. 

21 (a) IN GENERAL.—For the 8-year period beginning 

22 on the date that is 270 days after the date of the enact23 ment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanctions 

24 described in subsection (b) with respect to each foreign 

25 person that the President determines— 


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1 (1) is a current or former senior official of the 

2 military or security forces of Burma who know3 ingly— 

4 (A) perpetrated or is responsible for order5 ing or otherwise directing serious human rights 

6 abuses in Burma; or 

7 (B) failed to investigate serious human 

8 rights abuses allegedly committed by one or 

9 more subordinates of such official, including 

10 against the Rohingya community in the state of 

11 Rakhine; 

12 (2) is an entity owned or controlled by any per13 son described in paragraph (1); and 

14 (3) has knowingly provided or received signifi15 cant financial, material, or technological support to 

16 or from a foreign person, including the immediate 

17 family members of such person, described in para18 graph (1) for any of the acts described in subpara19 graph (A) or (B) of such paragraph. 

20 (b) SANCTIONS.—The sanctions described in this sec21 tion are the following: 

22 (1) ASSET BLOCKING.—Notwithstanding the re23 quirements of section 202 of the International 

24 Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701), 

25 the exercise of all powers granted to the President 


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1 by such Act to the extent necessary to block and 

2 prohibit all transactions in all property and interests 

3 in property of a person the President determines 

4 meets one or more of the criteria described in sub5 section (a) if such property and interests in property 

6 are in the United States, come within the United 

7 States, or are or come within the possession or con8 trol of a United States person. 

9 (2) ALIENS INELIGIBLE FOR VISAS, ADMISSION, 

10 OR PAROLE.— 

11 (A) VISAS, ADMISSION, OR PAROLE.—An 

12 alien who the Secretary of State or the Sec13 retary of Homeland Security (or a designee of 

14 one of such Secretaries) knows, or has reason 

15 to believe, meets any of the criteria described in 

16 subsection (a) is— 

17 (i) inadmissible to the United States; 

18 (ii) ineligible to receive a visa or other 

19 documentation to enter the United States; 

20 and 

21 (iii) otherwise ineligible to be admitted 

22 or paroled into the United States or to re23 ceive any other benefit under the Immigra24 tion and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et 

25 seq.). 


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1 (B) CURRENT VISAS REVOKED.— 

2 (i) IN GENERAL.—The issuing con3 sular officer, the Secretary of State, or the 

4 Secretary of Homeland Security (or a des5 ignee of one of such Secretaries) shall re6 voke any visa or other entry documentation 

7 issued to an alien who meets any of the 

8 criteria described in subsection (a) regard9 less of when issued. 

10 (ii) EFFECT OF REVOCATION.—A rev11 ocation under clause (i)— 

12 (I) shall take effect immediately; 

13 and 

14 (II) shall automatically cancel 

15 any other valid visa or entry docu16 mentation that is in the alien’s pos17 session. 

18 (3) EXCEPTION TO COMPLY WITH UNITED NA19 TIONS HEADQUARTERS AGREEMENT.—Sanctions 

20 under paragraph (2) shall not apply to an alien if 

21 admitting the alien into the United States is nec22 essary to permit the United States to comply with 

23 the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the 

24 United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 

25 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, 


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1 between the United Nations and the United States, 

2 or other applicable international obligations. 

3 (c) PENALTIES.—Any person that violates, attempts 

4 to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of this 

5 section or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry 

6 out subsection (b) shall be subject to the penalties set 

7 forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the Inter8 national Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 

9 1705) to the same extent as a person that commits an 

10 unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section. 

11 (d) EXCEPTIONS.—Subsection (b)(2) shall not apply 

12 to the admission of an individual to the United States if 

13 such admission is necessary to comply with United States 

14 obligations under the Agreement between the United Na15 tions and the United States of America regarding the 

16 Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Suc17 cess June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 

18 1947, or under the Convention on Consular Relations, 

19 done at Vienna April 24, 1963, and entered into force 

20 March 19, 1967, or other international obligations of the 

21 United States. 

22 (e) IMPLEMENTATION.—The President may exercise 

23 the authorities provided under section 203 and 205 of the 

24 International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 

25 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this section. 


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1 (f) WAIVER.— 

2 (1) IN GENERAL.—The President may annually 

3 waive the application of sanctions required by sub4 section (a) with respect to a person if the Presi5 dent— 

6 (A) determines that such waiver is in the 

7 national interest of the United States; and 

8 (B) not later than the date on which such 

9 waiver will take effect, submits to the congres10 sional committees listed in paragraph (2) a no11 tice of and justification for such waiver. 

12 (2) CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES LISTED.— 

13 The congressional committees listed in this para14 graph are the following: 

15 (A) The Committee on Foreign Affairs, the 

16 Committee on Appropriations, and the Com17 mittee on Financial Services of the House of 

18 Representatives. 

19 (B) The Committee on Foreign Relations, 

20 the Committee on Appropriations, and the 

21 Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban 

22 Affairs of the Senate. 

23 (g) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

24 (1) ADMITTED; ALIEN.—The terms ‘‘admitted’’ 

25 and ‘‘alien’’ have the meanings given those terms in 


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1 section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

2 (8 U.S.C. 1001). 

3 (2) FOREIGN PERSON.—The term ‘‘foreign per4 son’’ means a person that is not a United States 

5 person. 

6 (3) KNOWINGLY.—The term ‘‘knowingly’’ 

7 means, with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or 

8 a result, means that a person has actual knowledge, 

9 or should have known, of the conduct, the cir10 cumstance, or the result. 

11 (4) UNITED STATES PERSON.—The term 

12 ‘‘United States person’’ means— 

13 (A) a United States citizen, an alien law14 fully admitted for permanent residence to the 

15 United States, or any other individual subject 

16 to the jurisdiction of the United States; or 

17 (B) an entity organized under the laws of 

18 the United States or of any jurisdiction within 

19 the United States, including a foreign branch of 

20 such entity. 

21 SEC. 204. FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY. 

22 (a) AMENDMENT TO PROPERTY SUBJECT TO FOR23 FEITURE.—Section 981(a)(1) of title 18, United States 

24 Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 


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1 ‘‘(J) Any property, real or personal, that is 

2 involved in a violation or attempted violation of, 

3 or which constitutes or is derived from proceeds 

4 traceable to, a prohibition imposed pursuant to 

5 section 203 of the Burma Unified through Rig6 orous Military Accountability Act of 2018.’’. 

7 (b) AMENDMENT TO DEFINITION OF CIVIL FOR8 FEITURE.—Section 983(i)(2)(D) of title 18, United States 

9 Code, is amended— 

10 (1) by striking ‘‘, or the’’ and inserting ‘‘, the’’; 

11 and 

12 (2) by adding at the end before the semicolon 

13 the following: ‘‘, or section 203 of the Burma United 

14 through Rigorous Military Accountability Act of 

15 2018’’. 

16 TITLE III—GOVERNANCE OF THE 

17 BURMESE MINING AND GEM18 STONE SECTOR 

19 SEC. 301. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON THE BURMESE MINING 

20 SECTOR AND THE IMPORTATION OF BUR21 MESE GEMSTONES OR MINERALS. 

22 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

23 (1) In 2015, the nongovernmental organization 

24 Global Witness estimated that the value of total pro25 duction of jade in Burma in 2014 was 


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1 $31,000,000,000, almost 48 percent of the official 

2 gross domestic product of Burma. As much as 80 

3 percent of that jade sold is smuggled out of Burma. 

4 (2) Burma’s military and associated entities, in5 cluding companies owned or controlled by Myanmar 

6 Economic Corporation and Myanmar Economic 

7 Holding Limited, their affiliated companies and 

8 companies owned or controlled by current and 

9 former senior military officers or their family mem10 bers, are deeply embedded in the mining sector, in11 cluding the gemstone industry, and benefit finan12 cially from widespread illicit smuggling of jade and 

13 rubies from Burma. 

14 (3) Illegal trafficking in precious and 

15 semiprecious stones from Burma, including the lu16 crative trade in high-value jade and rubies, deprives 

17 the people of Burma and the civilian government of 

18 critical revenue and instead benefits military-linked 

19 entities, non-state armed groups, and transnational 

20 organized criminal networks. 

21 (4) The Government of Burma has begun to 

22 take steps to reform aspects of the mining sector, in23 cluding governance in the gemstone industry by tem24 porarily suspending the issuance or renewal of jade 

25 and gemstone mining permits; commissioning an enVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:07 May 31, 2018 Jkt 079200 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H5819.IH H5819

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1 vironmental management plan for some mining 

2 areas; and establishing the multi-stakeholder Jade 

3 and Gemstone Support Committee under the Min4 istry of Natural Resources and Environmental Con5 servation to develop recommendations for a new in6 dustry-wide policy and limited gemstone payment 

7 disclosures under the Myanmar Extractives Industry 

8 transparency Initiative. 

9 (5) The lifting in October 2016 of United 

10 States sanctions on the importation of jadeite and 

11 rubies from Burma allowed such gemstones to le12 gally enter the United States market, but some re13 tailers have refrained from sourcing gemstones of 

14 Burmese origin due to governance and reputational 

15 concerns. 

16 (b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con17 gress that— 

18 (1) the United States should deepen engage19 ment with the Government of Burma with respect to 

20 the mining sector and should make available tech21 nical, capacity-building and other assistance through 

22 the Department of State or the United States Agen23 cy for International Development to support the 

24 Government of Burma in efforts to reform the gem25 stone industry; and 


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1 (2) companies that seek to import into the 

2 United States gemstones or minerals that may be of 

3 Burmese origin or articles of jewelry containing such 

4 gemstones should— 

5 (A) obtain such materials exclusively from 

6 entities that satisfy the transparency criteria 

7 described in section 302(b) or from third par8 ties that can credibly demonstrate that they 

9 sourced the materials from entities that meet 

10 such criteria; and 

11 (B) undertake robust due diligence proce12 dures in line with the Due Diligence Guidance 

13 for Responsible Business Conduct and Due 

14 Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply 

15 Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and 

16 High-Risk Areas of the Organization for Eco17 nomic Cooperation and Development. 

18 SEC. 302. RESPONSIBILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN THE 

19 MINING SECTOR. 

20 (a) LIST OF PARTICIPATING ENTITIES.— 

21 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 120 days 

22 after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not 

23 less than annually thereafter until the date described 

24 in subsection (e), the Secretary of State shall submit 

25 to the appropriate congressional committees a list of 


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1 the entities described in each of subparagraphs (A) 

2 and (B) of paragraph (2) that— 

3 (A) participate in Burma’s mining sector; 

4 (B) meet the criterion described in sub5 section (b)(1); and 

6 (C) meet or have made significant progress 

7 towards meeting the criteria in subsections 

8 (b)(2) through (b)(5). 

9 (2) ENTITIES DESCRIBED.—The entities de10 scribed in this paragraph are the following: 

11 (A) Entities that produce or process pre12 cious and semiprecious gemstones. 

13 (B) Entities that sell or export precious 

14 and semiprecious gemstones from Burma or ar15 ticles of jewelry containing such gemstones. 

16 (b) CRITERIA DESCRIBED.—The criteria described in 

17 this subsection are the following with respect to an entity: 

18 (1) The entity publicly discloses beneficial own19 ership, as such term is defined for purposes of the 

20 Myanmar Extractive Industry Transparency Initia21 tive (Myanmar EITI), and the entity is not owned 

22 or controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the 

23 Burmese military or security forces, any current or 

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1 son sanctioned by the United States pursuant to any 

2 relevant sanctions authority. 

3 (2) The entity publicly discloses any politically 

4 exposed persons as defined by the Extractive Indus5 try Transparency Initiative who are beneficial own6 ers as defined under the Myanmar EITI. 

7 (3) The entity publicly discloses valid authoriza8 tion, license, or permit to produce, process, sell, or 

9 export minerals or gemstones, as applicable. 

10 (4) The entity publicly discloses payments to 

11 the Government of Burma, including tax and non12 tax, license, or royalty payments, and other pay13 ments or contract terms as may be required under 

14 Myanmar Extractive Industry Transparency Initia15 tive standards. 

16 (5) The entity undertakes robust due diligence, 

17 in line with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for 

18 Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Con19 flict-Affected and High-Risk Areas, including public 

20 reporting. 

21 (c) PUBLICATION OF LIST.—The Secretary of State 

22 shall publish the list under subsection (a) and shall peri23 odically update such list as appropriate. 

24 (d) GUIDANCE.—The Secretary of State shall issue 

25 guidance to relevant companies regarding supply-chain 


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1 due diligence best practices applicable to importation of 

2 gemstones or minerals that may be of Burmese origin or 

3 articles of jewelry containing such gemstones to mitigate 

4 the potential risks associated with the importation of such 

5 items. 

6 (e) TERMINATION.—The requirement under sub7 section (a) shall terminate on the date on which the Presi8 dent certifies to the appropriate congressional committees 

9 that the Government of Burma has taken substantial 

10 measures to reform the mining sector in Burma, including 

11 the following: 

12 (1) Requiring the mandatory disclosure of pay13 ments, permit and license allocations, project reve14 nues, relevant contract terms, and beneficial owner15 ship, including identifying any politically exposed 

16 persons who are beneficial owners, consistent with 

17 the approach agreed under the Myanmar EITI and 

18 with due regard for civil society participation. 

19 (2) Separating the commercial, regulatory, and 

20 revenue collection responsibilities within the 

21 Myanmar Gems Enterprise and other key state22 owned enterprises to remove existing conflicts of in23 terest. 

24 (3) Monitoring and undertaking enforcement 

25 actions, as warranted, to ensure that entities fully 


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1 adhere to environmental and social impact assess2 ment and management standards in accordance with 

3 international responsible mining practices, the coun4 try’s environmental conservation law and other ap5 plicable laws and regulations, and that they uphold 

6 occupational health and safety standards and codes 

7 of conduct that are aligned with the core labor 

8 standards of the International Labour Organisation 

9 and domestic law. 

10 (4) Actively seeking a comprehensive peace 

11 agreement that addresses the transparent and fair 

12 distribution of benefits from natural resources, in13 cluding local benefit-sharing, taking into consider14 ation proposals on fiscal federalism for new govern15 ance arrangements in resource-rich regions. 

16 (5) Implementing on a timely basis policy re17 forms aligned with the recommendations of the 

18 multi-stakeholder Jade and Gemstone Support Com19 mittee and reporting regularly on such reforms. 

20 (6) Reforming the process for valuation of 

21 gemstones at the mine-site, including developing an 

22 independent valuation system to prevent undervalu23 ation and tax evasion. 

24 (7) Requiring companies bidding for jade and 

25 ruby permits to be independently audited upon the 


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1 request of Myanmar Gems Enterprise or the Min2 ister of Natural Resources and Environmental Con3 servation, and making the results of all such audits 

4 public. 

5 (8) Establishing a credible and transparent per6 mitting process that closely scrutinizes applicants, 

7 including based on past performance, and prevents 

8 unscrupulous entities from gaining authorized access 

9 to concessions or the right to trade in minerals or 

10 gemstones. 

11 (9) Establishing effective oversight of state12 owned enterprises operating in such sector, including 

13 through parliamentary oversight or requirements for 

14 independent financial auditing. 

15 (f) AUTHORIZATION.—The Secretary of State is au16 thorized to consult with appropriate officials of the Gov17 ernment of Burma to obtain such private-sector informa18 tion as may be necessary to carry out this section. 


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1 TITLE IV—ACCOUNTABILITY 

2 FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES 

3 AND STRATEGY FOR ECO4 NOMIC GROWTH 

5 SEC. 401. DETERMINATION AND REPORT ON ACCOUNT6 ABILITY FOR ETHNIC CLEANSING, CRIMES 

7 AGAINST HUMANITY, AND GENOCIDE IN 

8 BURMA. 

9 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the 

10 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State 

11 shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees 

12 a report that— 

13 (1) describes— 

14 (A) allegations of ethnic cleansing, crimes 

15 against humanity, and genocide in Burma; and 

16 (B) potential transitional justice mecha17 nisms in Burma; and 

18 (2) includes a determination whether the events 

19 that took place in the state of Rakhine in Burma, 

20 starting on August 25, 2017, constitute ethnic 

21 cleansing, crimes against humanity, or genocide. 

22 (b) ELEMENTS.—The report required under sub23 section (a) shall include— 

24 (1) a description of— 


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1 (A) incidents that may constitute ethnic 

2 cleansing, crimes against humanity, or genocide 

3 committed by the Burmese military against the 

4 Rohingya minority and the identities of any 

5 other actors involved in such incidents; 

6 (B) the role of the civilian government in 

7 the commission of such incidents; 

8 (C) incidents that may constitute ethnic 

9 cleansing, crimes against humanity, or genocide 

10 committed by violent extremist groups or anti11 government forces; 

12 (D) incidents that may violate the principle 

13 of medical neutrality and, to the extent possible, 

14 the identities of any individuals who engaged in 

15 or organized such incidents; and 

16 (E) to the extent possible, a description of 

17 the conventional and unconventional weapons 

18 used for such crimes and the sources of such 

19 weapons; 

20 (2) a description and assessment by the Depart21 ment of State, the United States Agency for Inter22 national Development, the Department of Justice, 

23 and other appropriate Federal departments and 

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1 sure accountability for ethnic cleansing, crimes 

2 against humanity, and genocide perpetrated against 

3 the Rohingya by the military and security forces of 

4 Burma, the state government of Rakhine, Buddhist 

5 militias, and all other armed groups fighting in 

6 Rakhine, including programs to— 

7 (A) train civilian investigators within and 

8 outside of Burma and Bangladesh on how to 

9 document, investigate, develop findings of, and 

10 identify and locate alleged perpetrators of eth11 nic cleansing, crimes against humanity, or 

12 genocide in Burma; 

13 (B) promote and prepare for a transitional 

14 justice process or processes for the perpetrators 

15 of ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, 

16 and genocide occurring in the State of Rakhine 

17 in 2017; and 

18 (C) document, collect, preserve, and pro19 tect evidence of ethnic cleansing, crimes against 

20 humanity, and genocide in Burma, including by 

21 providing support for Burmese, Bangladeshi, 

22 foreign, and international nongovernmental or23 ganizations, the United Nations Human Rights 

24 Council’s investigative team, and other entities 

25 engaged in such investigative activities; and 


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1 (3) a detailed study of the feasibility and desir2 ability of potential transitional justice mechanisms 

3 for Burma, including a hybrid tribunal, to address 

4 ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and geno5 cide perpetrated in Burma, including recommenda6 tions on which transitional justice mechanisms the 

7 United States should support, why such mechanisms 

8 should be supported, and what type of support 

9 should be offered. 

10 (c) PROTECTION OF WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE.— 

11 The Secretary of State shall take due care to ensure that 

12 the identification of witnesses and physical evidence are 

13 not publicly disclosed in a manner that might place such 

14 persons at risk of harm or encourage the destruction of 

15 evidence by the Government of Burma. 

16 (d) AUTHORIZATION TO PROVIDE TECHNICAL AS17 SISTANCE.— 

18 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State, in 

19 consultation with the Attorney General and the 

20 heads of other appropriate Federal departments and 

21 agencies, is authorized to provide assistance to sup22 port appropriate entities that are undertaking the 

23 efforts described in paragraph (2) with respect to 

24 ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and geno25 cide perpetrated by the military and security forces 


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1 of Burma, the state government of Rakhine, Bud2 dhist militias, and all other armed groups fighting in 

3 Rakhine State. 

4 (2) EFFORTS AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS

5 ABUSES.—The efforts described in this paragraph 

6 are the following: 

7 (A) Identifying suspected perpetrators of 

8 ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and 

9 genocide. 

10 (B) Collecting, documenting, and pro11 tecting evidence of such crimes and preserve the 

12 chain of custody for such evidence. 

13 (C) Conducting criminal investigations. 

14 (D) Supporting investigations conducted 

15 by other countries, as appropriate. 

16 (3) ADDITIONAL SUPPORT.—The Secretary of 

17 State, in consultation with the heads of other appro18 priate Federal departments and agencies and the ap19 propriate congressional committees, and taking into 

20 account any relevant findings in the report required 

21 by subsection (a), is authorized to support the cre22 ation and operation of transitional justice mecha23 nisms, including a potential hybrid tribunal, to pros24 ecute individuals suspected of committing ethnic 


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1 cleansing, crimes against humanity, or genocide in 

2 Burma. 

3 SEC. 402. STRATEGY FOR PROMOTING ECONOMIC GROWTH 

4 AND DEVELOPMENT. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the 

6 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, 

7 the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Administrator of 

8 the United States Agency for International Development 

9 shall jointly submit to the appropriate congressional com10 mittees a strategy to support inclusive and enduring eco11 nomic growth and development, in accordance with the 

12 priorities of the Government of Burma to improve eco13 nomic conditions. 

14 (b) ELEMENTS.—The strategy required by subsection 

15 (a) shall include a plan to promote inclusive and enduring 

16 economic growth and development, including the following 

17 elements: 

18 (1) A road map for economic reforms that 

19 will— 

20 (A) create and enabling environment for 

21 economic growth and opportunity; 

22 (B) enhance transparency, accountability 

23 and good governance; 

24 (C) diversify control and create competi25 tion in key industries and sectors dominated by 


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1 the current and former military officials, the 

2 family members of such officials, and 

3 businesspeople connected to the military; 

4 (D) increase transparency disclosure re5 quirements in key sectors to promote respon6 sible investment; 

7 (E) identify needs and opportunities to 

8 provide technical assistance to key ministries, 

9 institutions, and organizations to enact eco10 nomic reforms, including revisions to existing 

11 policies on public disclosure of beneficial owner12 ship of companies in key sectors that will allow 

13 for identification of those seeking or securing 

14 access to Burma’s most valuable natural re15 sources; and 

16 (F) promote responsible investment. 

17 (2) A work-plan, developed in collaboration with 

18 the Government of Burma and the Myanmar Invest19 ment Commission to— 

20 (A) establish a mechanism and enhance 

21 the capacity of the Myanmar Investment Com22 mission to identify and exclude investors with a 

23 negative track record with respect to corruption 

24 or fiscal, social, or environmental harms; 


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1 (B) enhance transparency and disclosure 

2 through the development and enforcement of 

3 robust transparency and disclosure measures 

4 under domestic law, including through incorpo5 ration of necessary elements of the Organiza6 tion for Economic Cooperation and Develop7 ment’s due diligence frameworks into corporate 

8 disclosure requirements; 

9 (C) build capacity within civilian govern10 ment institutions, including to carry out effec11 tive oversight over public- and military-owned 

12 entities and to appropriately regulate private 

13 and public entities with regard to environ14 mental, social, financial, and governance issues; 

15 (D) support reform of the gemstone indus16 try, including through technical, capacity-build17 ing, and other assistance, to address serious 

18 challenges and help ensure that business activ19 ity in this industry benefits the people of 

20 Burma; 

21 (E) promote universal access to reliable, 

22 affordable, and efficient electricity, including by 

23 leveraging United States assistance to support 

24 reforms in the electricity sector and electrifica25 tion projects that increase energy access 


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1 through partnership with multilateral organiza2 tions and the private sector; 

3 (F) improve the government of Burma’s 

4 ranking in the World Bank’s ‘‘Doing Business’’ 

5 report; and 

6 (G) secure private property rights and land 

7 tenure. 

8 (c) CONSULTATION REQUIRED.—In developing the 

9 strategy required by subsection (a), the Secretary of State 

10 shall consult with appropriate officials of the Government 

11 of Burma. 

12 (d) REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION.— 

13 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

14 after the date of the submission of the strategy re15 quired by subsection (a), the Secretary of State, the 

16 Secretary of the Treasury, and the Administrator of 

17 the United States Agency for International Develop18 ment shall jointly submit to the appropriate congres19 sional committees a report in unclassified form, that 

20 may contain a classified annex, that describes the 

21 extent to which United States assistance and the ef22 forts of the Government of Burma have promoted 

23 inclusive and enduring economic development in ac24 cordance with such strategy. 


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1 (2) ELEMENTS.—The report required by para2 graph (1) shall also address the efforts undertaken, 

3 progress achieved, and any next steps planned by ei4 ther the United States or the Government of Burma 

5 with respect to— 

6 (A) the elements in section 301(b); 

7 (B) the promotion of accountability and 

8 transparency, including through the collection, 

9 verification, and publication of beneficial owner10 ship information related to extractive industries; 

11 and 

12 (C) the promotion of best practices regard13 ing— 

14 (i) environmental conservation, man15 agement, and planning; 

16 (ii) social impact assessments, includ17 ing social and cultural protection and free, 

18 prior, and informed consent and meaning19 ful participation of local populations, par20 ticularly minority ethnic nationalities; 

21 (iii) avoidance of displacement of local 

22 populations without meaningful consulta23 tion and consent, harm mitigation, or com24 pensation; and 


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1 (iv) due diligence procedures in ac2 cordance with the United Nations Guiding 

3 Principles on Business and Human Rights 

4 and the Due Diligence Guidance for Re5 sponsible Business Conduct and Due Dili6 gence Guidance for Responsible Supply 

7 Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected 

8 and High-Risk Areas of the Organization 

9 for Economic Cooperation and Develop10 ment. 

Æ 


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