232

Gi

dj
a |

Sion GI

se eo = j ; 7] 7 = . f =). : = vine‘ aaa es n
° Lara. To

Figure B5. Basement plan of the Chemistry Building where some of the
research and development work were carried out. Included in the
basement was the famous seminar room where the Speddinars

occurred.



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Figure D3. Sample bill of lading for a shipment between Jowa State and
Hanford, .



- 246

Madison Square Area Feed Materials Network, 1945

MANHATTAN DISTRICT
J
‘MADISON SQUARE AREA

i
AFRICAN METALS CORPORATION

ELDORADO MINING AND
REFINING COMPANY

MURRAY HILL AREA

UNION MINES DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION]

GOLORADO AREA

UNITED STATES VANADIUM CORPORATION

VANADIUM CORPORATION OF AMERICA ‘VITRO MANUFACTURING COMPANY .
METALS RESERVE CORPORATION
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY }+}——

YALE UNIVERSITY

MASSACHUSETTS:
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

IOWA STATE COLLEGE

MALLINGKRODT CHEMICAL WORKS.

WILMINGTON AREA

E.1. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND company]

[xanonan BUREAN OF STANDARDS
ORAL EuREAY OF aoARDE

TONAWANDA AREA:

LINDE AIR PRODUCTS COMPANY
ELECTRO METALLURGICAL COMPANY
HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPANY |
HARSHAW CHEMICAL COMPARY



March 26, 1985

Dear itr,

45 you know, the Health Division of the Chemistry Project was
interested 4n checking up on your health while you were work-
ing at the plant, Even though you have left, wa would like
to continue with this, ife were wondering if you would be
Willing to give us sent-weokiy urine samples for the following
north, The bottles would be left for you at your house, and
fould be picked up by our dedver,

If you exe willing to cooperate would you edther call ze at,

extension 382 or £121 out the enclosed’ gard and wail it te
ne. It ds of dmpartance to us here on the project that you

cooperate,

Sincerely yours,

Elroy M, Gladrow
By authority of F. 8. Spedding

EG/esp

Figure F3. Typical letter to a person who has left the project, asking for
continued testing.



Campus Map, 1945

cruerene

Important Buildings on the Campus

Agricultural Engineering a

Agricalture Halt 14

Armory %

Beardshear Hail i
- Botany Halt 86

Chemistry Building

Collegiate Press Building

Dairy Industry

Engineering Hall

Hospital

Landscape Arthitechure
Home Eoonomics
Library
sical Chemistry Annex I

{Little Ankeny)

Physical Chemistry Annex II

Physical Plant

Physics Building

Veterinary Quedrangle

‘Women’s Gym

x
s

RSUSG SaoQgukea



Stc 3%

COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Department of Occupational and
Environmental Health

~ July 18; 2005 © O7-25-05P02:18 Revd
Larry J. Elliott, MSPH, CIH letment ID #
Director, OCAS OL Batch ¢ ~
NIOSH, Robert A Taft Laboratories St 2.0. ¢

4676 Columbia Parkway NOSHOCAS ———~

Cincinnati, OH 45226-6825
Re: SEC 00038

Dear Mr. Elliott,
Thank you for your letter of July 12" and the list of deficiencies regarding the enclosed SEC petition for the
Ames Lab.
Deficiency #1 has been addressed by Submitting the demographic information for three of the persons who
have signed authorizations, one survivor and two former workers, on page 2 of 7. Form.8 sections B and C.
Deficiency # 2 is addressed by checking “no” on Form B Section E 5 page 4 of 7. Note that previously
enclosed descriptive text documents workers histories that there were several “blow-outs” with dissemination
_ of both uranium and thorium from uncontrolled exothermic reactions which may.be categorized as “incidents”
jowever that is not the crux ofthe argument for the SEC in this case.
Please accept this letter, in particular the following clarifications, as an affidavit in response to Deficiencies #3
and #4. . : . . .
As described in the SEC petition the scientific, technical and administrative workers at the Ames Lab were
involved in a heavy industrial process involving processing of tons of uranium and thorium, generating large
quantities of dust without personal protection, engineering controls or sufficient area and personal monitoring
to pratect them from radionuclide exposures and risks. | have sought the available documentation from the
DOE historian, Roger Anders, the Ames lab archives, individual worker's medical records and public source
documents, (university libraries), and reviewed these sources for available area and personal exposure
records. Exposure data are available for smail subsets of the workforce from few points in time, and without __
~ -Supporting-documentation regarding protocols arid'methads, Review oF Amés Lab medical records from
individual workers involved in these processes has revealed no personal dosimetry records. These limited
available exposure data, previously submitted as a part of the petition, support the response to items F1 and
F 2 that radiation exposures and radiation doses incurred by members of the proposed class were not
monitored either through personal or area monitoring and if such monitoring was performed it is no longer
available, or lost.

Thank you again,
p
bauren uortes7M.0. Professor, Occupational and Environmental Health
University of lowa, College of Public Health
2124 Westlawn Building
lowa City, lowa 52242

TEL: 319 335 9819 or 866 282 5818,
FAX: 319 353 5649

sar SUM Ul vNXN 215 Westlawn,
SBS comm oSUM UDAS FINN lowa City, lowa 52262
"| Commission Number 722668} q
yi “[ My Commission Expires Bhd Toll Free 1-866-282-5818.
0 Sj24 fey Badd Fax 319-353-5649
Uicosege ot



L
u THE fit
N!
Orhan COLLEGE OF Pusuic HEALTH
2 2 - Department of Occupational and
7 oa votre Environmental Health
BURLINGTON ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION PLANT
$5€c ®98 FORMER WORKER PROGRAM
Date June 29, 2005... : ~ a
|
Dear Mr. Elliot,

Please find enclosed an electronic copy of the Special Exposure Cohort Petition (Draft) for the
Ames Laboratory, Ames IA, Department of Energy workers.

This petition covers period between and . -- —d is based on
information indicating heavy exposures to uranium, thorium and thoron with little engineering
control, presumably inadequate personal protection and a lack of personal radiation monitoring
results making accurate and timely dose reconstruction problematic or impossible.

Should you have any remarks, comments, or questions please contact us at 1-866-282-5818

Sincerely,

S (}

Te

Laurence Fuortes M.D.
The.University. of Jowa
College of Public Health
2115 Westlawn

lowa City, IA 52242
Laurence-fuortes@uiowa.edu

VIN 2015 Westlawa
VIR | iowa city, iowa 52202
RR AEE toll Frce1-256-202-s818

Rd FE cec3i9-353-559
cotege





APPENDIXF. WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY

Figure Fl, Excerpt from a typical Iowa State College
health report, January 1943..

Figure F2. Report on research Siucios ofa Ames
personnel, June 1. 1944... ene) |

Figure F3. Typical letter to a person who left
the project asking for continued

« 293



219

“Plutonium Project: ‘Articles From a Symposium at the Thirty-Second Annual
Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, IL, Dec.
1-6, 1946.” Radiology 49, no. 3 (September 1947): 269-365.

Price, Don K. Government and Science: Their Dynamic Relation in American
Democracy. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press, 1954.

. The Scientific Estate, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1965,

Project ¥: The Los Alamos Story. The History of Modern Physics, 1800-1980. Los
Angeles: Tomash Publishers, 1983.

Purcell, John. Te Best-Kept Secret: The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New York:
Vanguard Press, 1963.

Reagan, Michael D. Science and the Federal Patron. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1969,

Reingold, Nathan, ed. The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives.
Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.

Research—A National Resource: 1. Relation of the Federal Government to Research.
Washington, DC: National Resources Committee, 1938.

Rhodes, Richard. The Makitg of the Atontic Bomb. New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1986.

Riedman, Sarah R.” Men and Women Behind the Atom. New York: Abelard-
Schuman, 1958.

Riviin, Alice M. The Role of the Federal Government in Financing Higher
Education. Washington, DC; The Brookings Institution, 1961.

Roland, Alex, Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1915-1958, The NASA History Series, vol. 1. Washington. DC: National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1985.

Romer, Alfred. The Restless Atom. New Yotk: Anchor Books, 1960,

Rossi, Peter H. “Researchers, Scholars and Policy Makers: The Politics of Large
Scale Research.” Daedalus (Fall 1964): 1142-1161.

Ross, Earle D. Democracy’s College: The Lend-Grant Movement in the Formative
State. Ames, TA: Towa State University Press, 1942.



5

Manhattan District Organization Chart, 1943950

OPERATING UNITS
f : I I 1
HANFORD CLINTON SPECIAL PRODUCTS
MAOMDOW SQUARE AREA ENGINEER WORKS ENGINEER WORKS 2)
z T T 7
r
AOMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE

rl DWISION DIVISION { DIVISION etal
KH ‘OPERATIONS, H ‘OPERATIONS LJ CoRsTRUGTION ORGANTOWN

DWISION DIVISION {¥-32. Kees tO) ORORANCE WORKS

|_f grameeanes ENCIYEERING ALABAMA
H BEVERLY AREA DIVISION H DIMsion ORDNANCE WORKS.
| TOW! MANAGEMENT ‘WABASH RIVER
H CALORADO AREA LEGAL SECTION rH DIVISION ORDNANCE WORKS
\ v7 | ° WTectiGeWce L} servicss & control i
H MUGRAY HILL AREA "eae Eat 4.00 WILMINGTON ARER
SECURITY | [operations
ST-LOUIS AREA | 4 SECTION DIVISION (W124 |
H TONAWANOA ARER Ui WILMINGTON AREA BOSTON AREA
7 WILMINGTON AREA SPECIAL ACCOUNTS:
{ | |_f OPERATIONS ]
{CWA AREA DIVISION (10)
— UAISOR

iowa State College was in the lowa Area, one of the operating units of the
Madison Square Area. (Jones, 90a.)



Figure B6

The uranium metallic reduction

process.

a. Several bombs of various sizes.

b. Cutaway view of.a bomb retort
after packing. but before putting
in charge.

¢ Using the Sprout Waldon Mill to j
grind calcium for the charge.

d. Lining the bomb retort with
elecitically-fused dolomitic oxide.

e. Bolting the flange on top of the
prepared charge and liner.

f, Lowering the bomb into the
reduction furnace,



237

Figure B12. Group Leaders in charge of the Ames Project.
From left to right are: Harley A, Wilhelm,
Adrian Daane, Amos Newton, Adolf Voigi,
Wayne Keller, C F Gray, Frank Spedding.
Robert Rundle, and James Warf,



Figure B7.

f. Cartoon about keeping staff on

The uranium casting process.

a. A marked uranium biscuit before
casting.

b. An induction furnace used to

melt uranium biscuits into

ingots.

A uranium ingot on the scale

after casting. .

d. Uranium ingots in the shape of
rods or “hot dogs.”

e, Cartoon about the fires in the
reduction and casting processes.

c

the Ames Project.



OISTRICT ENGINEER
SPECIAL ASSISTANT
EXECUTIVE OFFICER

STAFF UNITS .
i r oy : ;
NeW TORK AREA UNIT GHIEFS TECHNICAL, DIVISION Semince & cowTROL ADMITTING
=a . ; > : :
DETROIT | CALIFORNIA AREA CONTROL Ly PRosunucn &
DECATUR COLORADO AREA INTELLIGENCE & rn
MILWAUKEE CHICAGO AREA aifteh. PROPERTY
“| SAFETY: CtILIAH ]
ad ROCHESTER ARER accioent paevevion | |} pensonne. i
4 MILITARY |_[ prionines «
PERSONNEL, MATERIALS
eu pevacruenT | [| CORRESPONDENCE &
WAC DETACHMENT | fj wastmgrone
|_| “LOS ALAMOS
(ADMINISTRATION)
i__| CLASSIFIED FILES &
wan, $ RECORGS



saz aauereeaLuntinel aK an
‘Veet id Head
ase ‘upacuny"
“sl
oe s ‘Melitngand Casting Room
to =
=
| Coating Line ingen Ureatog
SUaaunDEPLUCHISURUGUSFORSDRREABERACRACED!
i |

J

Seeage

Odiginal Ball suegaxease

Figure B3. Floor plan of Little Ankeny production facility for uranium
and

thorium.



224

APPENDIX A. THE GENESIS AND ORGANIZATION
OF THE AMES PROJECT

The Einstein Letter to Roesevelt nes oe nm



Figure B16, An artist’s rendition of the chain reaction experiment on December 2, 1942. Frank $
leaning iorward in the middle of the raw of staiding people (fifth from the left).

peciding is the man


240

Pe | Ltneaho$ or few ve fee a Latwetset
BOE jt Fico rs
Mb Wa Lie */
L we pee arzer ~ has
seeks kewl » Flew:

. 7a a See ee

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Se rtalel eb be fone ese oe “a
ceramide oo Ken Ye re as ode enn
Oe os foe _ bene Loe *¢.
OC om aren a i
Eb cet ry fib, of =tat

ES, Seton Lhe:
Sh Le ay

"pls Qaemal?s Febhn.”,
BA a A Ce.  bernla
wot Meaty oe. ee Ma, ay wee whe

nate
Leet CE © LoD eal Se ’@s,
hed LEE Bstel omens canettaake benenet
BF Hetty wl of tebe bankas
biog bec le resend ,

. AA.
ne ee ._ bean tae ereepteee Cotati limon Ff

ge Jivenweat x. ‘7

Figure BI5. (Continued).



221

, ed. Industriat Medicine on the Plutonium Project: Survey and Papers.
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Stuewer, Roger H. “Bringing the News of Fission to America.” Physics Today
(Gctober 1985): 49°56. y

Stewart, Irvin. Organizing Scientific Research for War: The Administrative History of
the Office of Scient ic Research and Development Science in World War IL
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Stoff, Michael B., Jonathan F, Fanton, and R Hal Williams, eds. The Manhattan
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Handbook on the Physics id Chaney of Rare Earths, edited by K. A.
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Publishers, 1988.

“Symposium on Atomic Energy and its Implications: Papers Read at the Joint
7m meeting of the American Philosophical Society and t the National
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Szilard, Leo. The Collected Works of Leo Szilard: Scientific Papers. Edited by
cer R, Weart and Gertzud Weiss Szilard. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA:

~M. L-T, Press, 1978. - :

, Leo Szilard: His Version of the Eacis: Selected Recollections and
Correspondence. Edited by Spencer R. Weart and Gertrud Weiss Szilard.
Vol. 2, Cambridge, MA: M. LT. Press, 1978.

Iayloz, Lauriston $. Radiation Protection Standards. Cleveland, OH: CRC Press.
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Trenn, Thaddeus J. ed. Radioactivity and Atomic Theory: Annual Progress Reports
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‘True, Alfred Charles. A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in
the United States, 1607-1925: Including a History of the United States
Department of Agriculture. US. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous



20

Sachs, Robert G., ed. The Nuclear Chain Reaction—Forty Years Later. Proceedings
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Scientists Face the World of 1942, Essays by Kat] I. Compton, Robert W.
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Seaborg, Glenn T. Nuclear Milestones: .A Collection of Speeches, San Francisco:
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Figure B4.

231

‘Biortum Parfiation
iquidtgold exienctony

at

First floor plan of the Chemistry Building where the research
and development work were carried out. Included are: the
barricade on the east halfway and Room 101/103 where the
early reduction experiments for the University of Chicago were
completed. {The labeling for these rooms was provided by
Norman Carlson, David Peterson, and Harry Svec, former
participants on the project)



223

Wilhelm, Harley A. “Development of Uranium Metal Production in
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——. “Reduction of Uranium with Magnesium.” Metal Progress (March 1956):
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Wyden, Peter. Day One: Before Hiroshima and After, New York: Simon and
. Schuster, 1984.



235

Figure B8, Ihe uranium turnings recovery process in
Physical Chemistry Annex I.

Figure BS. Pressing the uranium turnings into briquets.



215

Frisch, Otto R. Atomic Physics Today. New York: Basic Books, 1961.

——. “How It All Began.” Physica Today (November 1967): 272-277.

Frulidn, farnold. International Cooperation in Space. New York: Prentice Hall,
5.

Fulmer, E. L “History af the Ames Project Under the Manhattan District to
December 31, 1946.” ISC Report, no. 10, Ames, IA: Towa State College,
1947, Typesctipt. (Also included as Iowa State College's portion of
Manhattan Project: Official History and Documents, Book 1, Volume 4,
Chapter 11: Ames Project, lowa State College.)

Funcke, William. “Atomic Institute Builds a New Home at ISC" Iowa State
Selentist (November 1948): 12-13, 23.

Geiger, Roger 1. “The Conditions of University Research.” History of Higher
‘Education Annual 4 (1984): 3-29, y # His

+ To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900-
1940... New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. -

-, “Organized Research Units—Their Role in the Development of
University Research,” Journal of Higher Education 61, no. 1
(anuary /February 1990); 1-19.

Glasser, Otto, Edith H. Quimby, Lauriston S. Taylor, James L, Weatherwax, and
Russell H. Morgan. Physicat Foundations of Radiology. 3d ed, rey. and
enl. New York: Haiper and Row. 1967.

ing, P.G. The Manhattan Project: Science in the Second World War. Energy
istory Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Administration and Human Resources Management, 1990,

Gowing, Maragret. “Reflections an Atomic Energy History.” Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists (March 1979); 51-54.

Graetzer, Hans G. “Discovery af Nuclear Fission.” journal of American Physics
52, no. 1 (1964); 9-15.

Greenburg, Daniel S. The Politics of Pure Science. New York: New American
Library, 1957

Grodzins, Morton, and Eugene Rabinowitch, eds, The Atomic Age: Scientisis in
National and World Affairs. New York: Basic Books, 1963.



295

_- of Paestomie j
~

~

~ ae

Le we Se Baen.,

cease. Directors, um cain, Aer}
rsa, L culture}

~ Institute of Atonic.
> Ree
Spodding, Directar

Figure Gi. Organization chart proposed for the Institute of Atomic
Research at Jowa State eotlese, ‘October 1945.



226

“2.

‘the United States hag only very poor ores of uranium in moderate
quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia.
while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo,

In view of this situation you may think it desirable to have some
permanent contact maintained between the Administration and the group
of physicists working on chain xeactions in America. One possible way
of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person
who has your confidence and whe could perhaps serve in an inofficial
capacity. His task might comprise the following:

a} to approach Government Departments, keep them infermed of the
further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action.
giving paxticular attention te the problem of securing a supply of uran~
ium ore for the United States;

b} to speed ug the experimental work.which is at present being car-
ried on within the Limits of the budgats of University laboratories. by
providing funds, if such funds be required, through his contacts with
private persons who aré willing to make contributions for this cause,
and perhaps also by obtaining the co-operation of industrial laboratories
which have the necessary equipment.

I undeystand. chat. Germany has actually stopped the sale. of uranium
from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should
have taken such early action might pezhaps be understood on the ground
that the son of the Getman Under-Secretary of State, von Weizacker. is
attached te the Keiser-Hilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the

american work on uranium is now being repeated.
Yours very truly,

(Albert Einstein)388

S8Michael B, Stoff, Jonathan F. Fanton, and R. Hal Williams, The Manhatten
Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age (Philadelphia, PA: Temple
University Press, 1991), 18-29. (Originat in Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park,

New York)



25

The Einstein Letter to Roosevelt

Albert Einstein

Old Grove Road.
Nassau Point
Peconic, Long Island

August 3nd. 1939

P. D. Roosevelt,
President of th: United States,
White House

Weshington, B.c.

sir:

Some xecent. work by E.Fermi and L. Szilard. which has been com-
wunicated to me in manuscript. leads me to expect that the element uran-
dum may be turne@ into a new and important source ef energy in the in-
mediate future, Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem
to call for watchfulness and, if necessary. quick action on the part
of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring
to your attention the following facts and recommendations:

In tha course of the last four months it has been made probable -
through the work of Jcliet in France as Well as Femi and Sailard “in
America - that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction
in a large mass of uranium-by which vast amounts of powar and large quant-
ities ef new radium-Like elements would be generated. Now it appears
almost certain that this could he achieved in the immediate future.

This new phenomanon would also ead to the construction of bombs,
and it is conceivable - theugh much less certain - that extremely power-
ful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. a single bomb of this
type, carxied by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy
the whole port tegether with same of the surrounding territory. However.
such bombs might very well prove te be too heavy for transportation by

air.



291

ihe Universite of Chicago
dbetaltudpical Zeboratory
. BIEN eo
Tune ist, 1944
YO: BR. GRANT
SUBJECI: REEGRT CF STUDIES CF PERSONNEL At AMES, IOWA

Cn April 27 four members of our group visited the dubal ley Produstion
Plent at Aues, Iowa. Blood and urine Specimens were obtained on
19 workers in the lent. Urine Specimens only were obtained on an

additional four individuals,

in the table below. For Purposes of comparison the personnel
been divided into three gtoups depending upon their exposure to
Tubslloy, chiefly as the fluoride. This classificetion 19 based on
infornséion given us by sirsGisirow kctheraacd contirmed by personal
interviews with the individuals concerned.

Ss

i. HEAVY EXFOSURE BIOOD STUDTES URINE SIUDIES
Name Sulfur cc* ogt# Erote Copre,Fignents*##
. . big
le 2 i] 1 2 9 Om0a2~ c)
Re qns 0 i 4 0 0-9+0-0 1 suga
Be 4 9 oO 4 & Bal n]-0 Q
4. 3 0 i 0 3 G-1-0-0 0
2, MODZRATE EXFOSURE
1. 4 1 2 2 2 0-1-1 C1)
.- 2 e 6 i 5 O~2-]-2 Oo
3. 2 bt) L 1 4 Deleied 0
4, 2 Q 2 2 0  Q=0-1-0 Q
S$. = i & 1 1 OG O40«-0 9
&. Ce) 0 i 2 9 100-0 Q
a 3 0 2 9] 0 O-Gal=O oO
a 2 a 2 9 0 O-0-9-0 le}
3, ams 0 ol 2 © Onbed-0 o

Figure F2. Figure F2. Report on research studies of Ames personnel,
June 1, 1944



242

The Chicago Pile Experiment, December 2, 1942

Tee
CONTACK AOUS LEVELING oF sHsp oxOF ove, SeUr sustaang Roe
‘AENOVEO —INTENETTY vDear|s TO CHERIZE 24 seacTION Pete ue,
Pug NOT TET oat oF EXPONENTIAL HSE OF 30 imBEATiCN
“cermin” RECCADING INGTRUSENT —ANTENSIYY WITH HO GF CONTA, REC
EXIDENGE OF
LEVELING OFF

Figure B17. The galvanometer showing the start-up of the first self
sustaining nuclear chain reaction, December 2, 1942.



2.

Le

6

Fi

296

‘Ihe Towa State Collepe

StATESEN] OF PRINCIPLES RELATING TO
‘THE NEGOTLATION AND ACCEPTANCE OF RESEARCH CONTRACTS.

Research contracts will be accepted ty Iowa State College only im fields
of activity where the College is (a) authorized ty the laws of Tow: and
policies of the Towa State Board of Education and (b} is conpetent ty
reason of qualified staff and facilities to perform the desired work.

Research contracts will be accepted only when the research contemplated
thereby will be of benefit to the Callege, to the State of Fora enor

te the public in general.

Frior to negotiating a research contract the adwinistrative official
under whose division the work will be performsd shall advise the Presi-
dont that such a project has been offered, and chal submit a reconnenda-
tion that such 4 project is desirable and that 44 conforms to the prin-
ciples outlined in paragraphs 1 and 2 above. Individual staff members
shall not enter into preliminary negotiations relative to research con-
tracts unless and until authorized to do so, This is not intended to pro-
hibit preliminary discussions, but. is intended to apply to ali fistad and

legal matters,

Upon authorization by the President, negotiations may be entered into
With the agency desiring to ingtiate such a project by designated admine
istrative officiels and the Business Banager. Only such authorized in-
Qividuels my represent the Collepa in these negotiations.

The matter of reimbursement of costs and method and terms of payment
Anvolved in such contracts are of utmost inportance in order that the
Gollegs may follow a uniforn policy with respect to the various con~
tratting agencies, . . . .

Th negotiating for the performance of research contracts Towa State
College will follow the following principles:

{a) Prior to execution of eny contract, tho authorized officials
shall prepare for f¥ling with the contract a budget estimate,
insofar as is practicable, of the cost of performing the
contract which shall itemize in detail (1) cost of direct.
labor and services, (2) cost of materials which must be
purchased -or used, (3) description of callege buildings end
Property to be used and tern required, (4) allowance for
Girect charges against the project for utilities, travelling

mses, medical expenses, {5) indirect or averhsad expenses,
(6) all other expense items. Sources frog which the re- -
quired fonds sre to be secured - i.e, » Drom appropriated State
funds or other funda available to the College, and fron funds
due under the contract.

{b} where a portion of the costs required to perfors a contract

is ta be paid by the College from its funds instead of being
sollettod from the other party to the contract, complete

e G2. Policy on negotiation and acceptance of research contracts,

approved by the lowa State Board of Education. March 16, 1950



241

~

Figure B15. (Continued).



222

Publication, no. 251. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1937,

Turner, Louis A. “Nuclear Fission.” Reviews of Modern Physics 12, no. 1
Ganuary 1940): 1-29.

US. Congress. Senate Special Committee on Atomic Energy. Atomic Energy:
Hearings on Senate Resolution 179: A Resolution Creating a Special ad
Committee to Investigate Problems Relating to the Development, Use, and
Control of Atortic Energy, Noventber 27, 1945-February 15, 1946,
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946. Microfiche.

Walsh, John. “A Manhattan Project Postscript." Science 212 Qune 19, 1981):
1369-1371.

Warf, James C. All Things Nuclear. Los Angeles: Southem California
Federation of Scientists, 1989

Warren, Stafford L. “The Role of Radiology in the Development of the Atomic
Bowtb.” In Radialogy in World War Hf, edited by Colonel Amold Lorentz
Adhnfelde, 831-935. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General,
Department of the Army, 1966. :

Wattenberg, Albert. “The Building of the First Chain Reaction Pile.” Bulletin of
the Atomic Scientists (June 1974): 51-57

Wear Spencer R. “Scientists with a Secret.” Physics Today (February 1976): 23-

———- Scientists in Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.

——— Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1988.

—__. and Melba Phillips, eds. History of Physics: Readings from Physics Today.
New York: ‘Ametican insite ee 1985. eh o

Wells, H.G. The World Set Free. New York: Dutton, 1914,

White, Theodore H. “U.S. Science; The Troubled Quest.” The Reporter
(September 14, 1954); 12-18.

White, Theodore H. “U.S, Science: The Troubled Quest—II" The Reporter
eptember 23, 1954); 26-34.





248 -

ote

_ Tela Blae 4 ois

sweat that I will not by any means divulge nor die
close any secret or confidential information that 1
may obtain or acquire by sensor of’ my connection
with tho Hationa2 DeSenge Hecearch Committee unless
suthoriged to do so by the Ghaisman or a momber of

Hala Wath.

Subsoyibed and evarn to before mo this

cones 2, Kxze, ay wt a ale AD, ING Z—

ek ne ee Pe
{City or Place) (State)

that Committes.

(BEAL) a

—
_ may Feeeie.

BOMIALET ERADE RTH VAG 2

Rote.- If the cath is teken before m Notary Public
the dats of expiration of his commiesion should
Bo Bhown..*

FigureDi. Oath of allegiance for Harley A, Wilhelm.



249

The University of Chicago
sDetaltucaleat Anborstory

gone

Dr. I, H. Spedding
Department of Chemistry
Towe, State College
ANOS,

Dear Dr. Spaddingt

As you know, the program for the next Policy weeting of the
Councdd has been changed from Yednesday to Monday, December tn, and as ¢ ronyit.
the necting with Dr. Thowas will be held on Nonday afternom, contrary to
3 slammed last month. De you or your men have any contribution to
the Phonas seating, and 42 so, who will, make it? fie .ls0 neod te
sther somebody froa your group will spesk in the Chenistry Division
r for Nonday evening, and how much tine would you like to reserve,
‘ar the Inforsation neeting on Luesday morning, T have reserved twenty min-
utes for you, Is that all right?

I hope that you had a good trip home and that you have recom
ered iraq your attack of the flu.

Best regerde,
Very sincerely yours,
Serna Feanuh .
Janes Franck
wt
a
forrsationofcting ths 9vecant

ie wnt comeains #2 n bore
ier we ‘United Seaton werbits the meinieg Con
ee Ac SC: 30: St ond 5% Is ikice
Eero Section Of 18 conten 8 ey GANA
2 Rocbarand person is posblbiad

Figure D2. Sample classified document with appropriate markings.



| STATE OF IOWA

COUNTY OF JOHNSON
}
Certificate Subscribed atid Swotn to (OF affirmed):

| Va Certificate of Acknowledgement:
= = -
On this [5 day of Tal 2005 | aurevice J. Fuorles

personally appeared before me,

______ a) whom I know personally; OR

b) whose identity | verified upon the oath of
(a credible witness); oR.
Van

Cc) whose identity { verified on the basis of his/her DlHe TD.

to be the person who signed the attached document(s), and he/she proved he/she signed

it.
ine KUSUMUDAS Wiebe

LS. ZX [Commission Number 722668} wlll ‘Notary Public
. ENPZ IE

Residing at lowa City, lowa
My commission expires 5/29/06
Commission #722668

This Notary Certificate is poe ana Fate page and is attached to the
Ido At(s) entitled, NNVOS:é vont :
cor 1g page(s) and i is LS ac ied to that document by means SOF stapling int in “the |
jupper left-hand corner. If this certificate is detached from the specified document, this
certificate is VOID

ss



Figure B13. Tearing down Little Ankeny in 1953, south
view. The building was used shortly after
World War IL for the production of thorium
and for other particularly dirty processes. By
1953, it had outlived its usefulness and as
Harley A. Wilhelm succinctly put it, “it had
become more reactive than active.”
EP TS PWS



213

Lomask, Milton. A Minor Miracle: An informal History of the National Science
Foundation. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation, 1976.

Mankatian Project: Official History and Documents. Washington, DC: University
Publications of America, 1977, Microfilm.

Manley, J, H, “Assembling the Wartime Labs.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
(May 1974): 42.52,

Marcus, Alan f. Agricultural Science and the Quest for Legitimacy: Farmers,
Agricultural Colleges, and Experiment Stations, 1870-1890. Ames, 1A: Iowa
State University Press, 1985.

Martland, Harrison $. “Occupational Poisoning in Manufacture of Luminous
Watch Dials.” Journal of the American Medical Association 92, na. 6
(February 9, 1928): 466-473,

McDaniel, Boyce. “A Physicist at Los Alamos.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
(December 1974): 39-43.

Meigs, Montgomery C. “Managing Uncertainty: Vannevar Bush, James B.
“Conant and the Developinent of the Atomic Bomb." PhD aise.
University of Wisconsin, 1982.

Moore, Ruth. Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. ;

National Nuclear Energy Series: Manhattan Project Technical Section. U.S. Atomic
Energy Commission, Washington, DC. Elmsford. NY: Microforms,
International, 1977. Microfilm.

Nevins, Allan. The State Universities and Democracy. Urbana, IL: University of
Illinois Press, 1962.

“Norm Carlson: A Mission and a Vision.” Ames Laboratory Changing Scene
(May 1987): 6-7.

Oleson, Alexandra and John Voss, eds. The Organization of Knowledge in Modern
America, 1860-1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1979.

Otto Hakn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics Edited by William R. Shea.
Dordrecht, Netherlands: D, Reidel, 1983.

“Physical Sciences Reading Room.” The Library af Jowa State 2, no. 3 (November
19, 1947); 33, ne ¥



294

APPENDIXG. THEIMPACT OF THE AMES PROJECT UPON

Figure G1.

Figure G2.

Figure G3.

IOWA STATE COLLEGE

Organization chart proposed for the Institute of
295

Atomic Research at Iowa State College,
October 1945 —

Policy on negotiation and acceptance

of research contracts, approved
by the Iowa State Board of of Betucation,

March 16, 1950...

Policy on disposition of overhead funds at
Towa State College, approved by the

State Board of Education,

Match 26. 1950 ennnennennnnren nn armen er nennes 298



-2~

3. RELATIVELY SLIGHT EXPOSURE URINE STUDIES

BLOOD oe :

Sulfur oo* og** Proto Cone, Pigments,

. nel ysia
i 2 oo2 © 1 O-d-gq} o
2. Q ns) a 0° Q-0-0-0 . 0
3. ie) ou 0 o 0-90-00 Q
4 1 ou o 2 O=0=090 Qo

0 2 21 8 te) On} 0~0 6

* Cephalin cholesterol ** Colloidal gold *** absorption at 400 mu:
: and 520 mu Urorosein

se band and 510 mu bend
*e%% Heavy exposure until sbout 4 months ago, practically none since.
«5 Yorks away from plant. Radiation chief exposures, . .

The above scoring system may be interpreted as follows:

O= normal mnge
3 plus = border line range
2 plus to 4 plus = inereasingly Positive reaction.

CONCEUSICNS:

In general, fortunately, the tests indicate less abnormality than I
would have expeeted from the amount of Sxposure these men are getting,
The one exception to this statement is the almost consistent elevatio:
of serum sulfur which is indicative of probably slight kidney dis-
function, Liver: function tents are almost Uniformally normal. In

only the heaviest exposure group is there significant change in
Forphyrin metabolism .

Sincerely yours,

28:88 SAMUEL SCHWARTZ,M.D,

Figure F2. (Continued).







217

Jones. Vincent C. Manhattan: The Arnty and the Atomic Bomb. United States
Army in World War II Special Studies. Washington, DC: Center of
Military History, 2985,

Jungk, Robert, Brighter Thar a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic
Scientists. Translated by James Cleugh. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and

”

Kamen, Martin D. “The Birthplace of Big Science.” Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists (November 1974): 42-46,

Kathren, Ronald L. “Early X-Ray Protection in the United States.” Health
Physics 8 (1962); 503-521,

Keenan, Boyd R. Science and the University. New York; Columbia University
Press, 1966.

Kevles, Daniel J. The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern
America Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.

Klemme, Jim. “Dr, Spedding of I. S.C" lowa State Scientist (November 1956):
45,

Knoblauch, H.C, E. M, Law, and W. P, Meyer, State Agricultural Experiment
Stations: A History of Research Policy and Procedure, US. Department of
Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication, no. 904. Washington, DC: US.
Government Printing Office, 1962.

Lang, Daniel, Early Tales of the Atomic Age. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948.

—— “A Most Valuable Accident.” New Yorker (May 2, 1959): 49-91.

Eaurence, William L. Dawn Over Zero: The Story of the Atomic Bomb. New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946,

——- “The Atom Gives Up." In The Saturday Evening Post Treasury, edited by
Roger Butterfield. New York: Simon ‘and Schuster, 1954,

- Men and Atoms; The Discovery, the Uses, and the Futere of Atomic Energy.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1959.

Libby, Leona Marshall. The Uranium People. New York: Crane, Russak, 1979.

Livengood, Jim. “Ames-Uranium-The Bomb,” The Scientist (ebruary 1962):
7, 1415.



247

APPENDIXD. SECURITY REGULATIONS AND
REQUIREMENTS

Figure D1. Oath of allegiance for Harley Wilhelm...

Figure D2. Sample classified document with
appropriate MALKIN GS... sen sm wreetermenenttonie

Figure D3. Sample bill of lading for a shipment

between Iowa State and Hanford...essu sus



Figure B10. Compressed uranium briquets from turnings
process

Figure B11, The Army/Navy 5 Flag represented to lowa
State College for excellence in the critical
wartime materials production from 1942-
1945,



216

Groueft, Stephane, Meuhatten Project: The Untold Stary of the Making of the
Atomic Bomb. Boston: Harper, 1967. id

Groves, Leslie R. Now It Can Be Told: The $ of the Manhattan Project. New
York: Harper & Row, 1962. tory

Gruber, Carol 5, “Manhattan Project Maverick: The Case of Leo Saflard.”
Prologue (Summer 1983): 73-87.

Hacker, Barton C, Ihe Diagon’s Tail: Radiation Safety in the Manhattan Project,
1942-1946. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Hewlett, Richard G. “Beginnings of Development in Nuclear Technology.”
Technology end Culture 17, no. 3 Quly 1976); 465-481,

,and Oscar B. Anderson, Jr. The New World, 1939/1946, A History of the
United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. 1. University Park, PA:
Pennsylvania State University Press, 1972.

Hilberry, Norman, “December 2, 1942: The Birth of the Nuclear Age.” The
University of Chicago Reports 13, no. 2 (December 2, $962): [1-8)

Historical Perspectives: Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Remarks from a Symposium of
the 1982 Winter Meeting of the American Nuclear Society. LaGrange
Park, IL: American Nuclear Society, 1989.

Hoffman, M. David. Readings for the Atomic Age. New York: Globe Book
Company, 1950.

Hughes, R. M. Graduates with the Doctorate, Studies of the Graduate College,
no. 1. Ames, 1A: Iowa State College, 1989.

Renberry, Stanley O., and Renee C. Friedman. Beyond Academic Departments:
é Story of Institutes and Centers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1972.

Jenkins, E. NV. Radioactivity: A Science in its Historical and Social Context, New
York: Crane, Russak, 1979

Johnson, Julia B.. comp. The Atomic Bomb. The Reference Shelf, vol. 29. no. 2
New York: H. W. Wilson, 1946.

Jones, Kenneth MacDonald. “The Endless Frontier.” Prologue (Spring 1976):
35-46,



ro

8

10.

297

-2e

gustiiication shall be snbaltted to the President of' the
Goliege for approval, and such approved justification shall
ve flied with the contract in the College racor’s. Whers the
College subsidizes ¢ contract project, the relation of tha
contract to the work of the College sivall be defined clearly.

(c) Indirect and overhead costs shall be computed in accordance
with unifonn policies and cost sttdies prepared Irom tine to
time by the Business iianager of the Coliege.

‘The College should retain patent rights on all patentable materials or
processes. In cases of contracts with agencies of the United States
Goverment, however, waiver of patent rights Will be permitted, I¢
pavent rights are relinquished a loss may accrue to the College, the
value of which ia difficult to determine. Such loss should be taken
ante account in adl contracts in whisk patont xights are relinquished,

Authority to enter into contracts is granted solely ty the Board of
Education, through its Finance Committee and the Prosident of the College,
Ali contracts must be cleared with the Pusiness Office for a check of

the details of payment, conformity with fiscal policies of the College,
and fox inclusion on Board of Udutation or Finance Conmittes dockets

for official approval. Contracts shall provide for the signature of the
dixcetor of the appropriate Research Institute or Experinent. Station and
the Prasident of the College.

‘Inve President of the College shall be authorized to consult legal, coun-
sel designated ty the Finance Committee of the Board of Education in
consultation with the Assistant Attorney General assigned to the Board
in connection with’ research contracts.as to-provisions required in-said
Contracts and rights and obligations of tho College thereunder.

All contracts betwoen the College and the United States Atowle Bnergy
Coninission or other agency of the United States operating under transfer’
of funds from the Atogie Energy Commission shall be adginistered within
the College by the Advisory Connittee of ihe Institute for Atonie
Research. The Advisory Committee shall assign the performance of the
Yesearch provided for in such contracts to the appropriate College divi~
siov or Exparicent Station. ‘The College divisions and Experiment Sta-
tions shai cooperate where necessary in the execution of such Projects,
Other contracts with the United States shal be administered by the
Fresident through the Division or Experinent Station designated by thu
Prosideat, and other agencies of the College shall cooperate where nece-
snary in the execution of such projects. Jk el] contrects where radio~
active elemnts are involver, the Institute for atomic Research shall be
somstilted an? is charged with responsibility for recommendations as to
safely pt pernonned and the public. Costs incurred in stich consulta—
tdony and in providing monitoring gervice are chargeable by the Institute
for, ‘itonfe Research to the contracts in waith radioactiv> eLenents are
asede

Figure G2. (Continued).



APPENDIXC, THE ACADEMIC VS, THE MILITARY STYLE
OF MANAGING RESEARCH

Manhattan District Organization Chart, 1943. srs one 245

Madison Square Area Feed Materials Network, 1945. .246



Report of Thelma Bruce

Figure £1.

290
3» Tam, £9, 1943
+
—_ — — 1.023 trace sugar
ae —_ — 1,024
Pf

ae — — 2.015
~ ans. $race tigar
firs wast turin Bhoret Tom mucus ohreds, 294 #bo 3 pt
- — — — ms. ‘trace sugar
ee 2013
trace albuntn Maror occ, whe. | amorphous materiel
eee — —_— 1.028
- 1.020 trace suger,
faint trace abedns leror | fon mucus ohreda, vary occasional w.d,¢
988 45760,000 11,300 57P 38L 24 2B 2B 1.034 Red. auger
2A 5,880,000 9,400 SOP SAL 1.022
-— _ — —_— 1.029 sugay reduction
—-— — — 1.02, albumin
adoro: Lon wub.ce & thc.
-_— — — 1.020
faint trace albumin Microt v, ott. w.bite

1.021 trane auger

BS 580,000 20,550 G4P 261. Git IE 18

Excerpt from a typical Iowa State College health report,
January 1943.



239

pW: [2

Prfetotsnn § TE A Ae Te
va 45 mE Co Palade)

Why tomy» ctecliaael Ge. via a ad acl cerces

i Pee ie a2 ee ee See ctnatoe

ee beakers pratoriaal leessb Toe me,
weak 4 52 Za “y Ee
S Tat Nal flarenke a) 4 & “On
2 ores J J wl woes 2 ee ae
~~ ca mY 7 ae S, -
_ Sure ia ed Lett forernk
ae. te oop. 5 oO? 2 cep legte gk oe
Py ss ef 4 7b : leg tugeak .
Yeo cuter, an
he Cw Care, Lele Gon a
a Witkin tewl? weed oemeck Ege
orticake at ad ra GO acee a?

a ee eoel © sent) aerate?
hte he Ce tee tee Cad

Rae. eureka hokey, L é te a Cena. aot
eye ook oo a ame with
. Niwas x a * wy SH
- en Kae, Le a LE eck elope
lgeran flnacd. fee a AE fe ceffow

Fowlow
ear. an CBE Fi 2 LL ee ag oa. ok

elit FORE Ete

ayne Kelier’s research notebook pages “deserbbing the
successful uranium reduction experiment with calcium and
uranium tetrafluoride, August 3, 1942.



227

APPENDIXB, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE AMES
PROJECT, 1942-45

Campus Map, 1945.04.

A Pictorial History of the Ames Project...

The Chicago Pile Experiment, December 2, 1942. .......242



The Tova State College

STATELEMT OF POLICY REGARDING
DISPOSIIION OF OVERHEAD FUNDS

The matter of overhaed funds has become increasingly im.
portant in rocent years, toth as to amount and ag to final,
aloposition, After careful consideration of the issues involved,
it hao been decided that the following regulations will govern
‘overhvad accounts in the future:

1. Ovarhead receipts ere not profit. They are intended
prizarily to-redmburse the institution for general
coats not directly chargeable to the contracts,

‘They are institutional funds and not departmental.

2. Cverhoad Sunds when received will be credited to the
General Fund of the College, segrepated in an Ovor~
head Aecernt or Accounts, with prepor identification
as %) source,

3» Overhend should be taken into account in negotiating
tke contract paysent under a lume sun or grant type
ef contract, The rinht is reserved to transfer from
such cantract payzents to the Overhead Account a
Proper charge for overhead,

&. Overhead funds my be made available to further: the -
activities of the college agency or division to which
the original contract is assigned; however, the College
reserves the right to utilize funds fram the Overhead
Account for other purposes consistent with the general

Colloge progran.

5. Hequests for allocations fror: the Overhead Account
should be subcitted to the President's Office through
budget transfers, indicating the specific aciivity to
which the funds ary to apply. Such requests will be
fivon careful consideration and if approved will be
presented to the Finance Comeittee for approval, then
forwaréed to the Business Office for Anplenentation,

Figure G3. Policy on disposition of overhead funds at lowa State College,
approved by the State Board of Education. March 16, 1950.



Barhngton Former Worker Proguun
2115 Westlawn

Coltege of Public Health

‘The Unversity ot Lowa

lawat City, L

__ Larry Eitiot
Director, OCAS

__ 4676 Golumbia Parkway, MS C-46
Cincinnati, Of 45226-1998

CAUTION

Do not bend ar fall ‘
Avoid exposure to all magnetic fields |



229

A Pictorial History of the Ames Project3®?

Figure 32. South view of Little Ankeny.

38The Ames Laboratory in Ames, Iowa, Provided the photographs on this and the
following pages from its historical photographi¢ archives.