SEC Petition Evaluation Report

Petition SEC-00171

Report Rev #: 0 Report Submittal Date: May 4, 2010

Subject Expert(s): Karin Jessen

Site Expert(s): Michael Kubiak

Petitioner Administrative Summary

Petition Under Evaluation

Petition # Petition 

Type

Petition A

Receipt Date DOE/AWE Facility Name

SEC-00171 83.14 05-03-10 Mound Plant

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition

All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors 

who were monitored for tritium exposure while working at the Mound Plant in Miamisburg, Ohio, from March 

1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either 

solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or 

more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Related Petition Summary Information

SEC Petition 

Tracking #(s)

Petition 

Type

DOE/AWE Facility 

Name Petition Status

SEC-00090 83.13 Mound Plant Class included in the SEC for October 1, 1949 through 

February 28, 1959 

SEC-00091 83.13 Mound Plant Merged into SEC-00090

Related Evaluation Report Information

Report Title DOE/AWE Facility Name

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090 Mound Plant

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Karin Jessen ORAU Peer Review Completed By: Daniel Stempfley

Peer Review Completed By: [Signature on file] 5/17/2010

Brant Ulsh Date

SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By: [Signature on file] 5/17/2010

LaVon Rutherford for J. W. Neton Date

SEC Evaluation Approved By: [Signature on file] 5/17/2010

Stuart Hinnefeld Date
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Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00171, Mound Plant

This evaluation report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 

addresses a class of employees proposed for addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) per the 

Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 

§ 7384 et seq. (EEOICPA) and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees 

as Members of the Special Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act of 2000.

NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition

All employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors 

who were monitored for tritium exposure while working at the Mound Plant in Miamisburg, Ohio, from March 

1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either 

solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or 

more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure Cohort. 

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction Findings

NIOSH lacks sufficient information, which includes biological monitoring data, sufficient air 

monitoring information, or sufficient process and radiological source term information, to allow it to 

estimate with sufficient accuracy the potential internal exposures to radon isotopes associated with

radium, actinium, and thorium to which the proposed class may have been subjected. NIOSH finds 

that it is likely feasible to reconstruct external doses, including occupational medical doses, for 

Mound Plant workers with sufficient accuracy.

The NIOSH dose reconstruction feasibility findings are based on the following:

• Sources of internal radiation for members of the proposed class include residual radioactive 

material from the radium-actinium-thorium process conducted in the SW Building. The residual 

material led to technologically-enhanced emanation of radon-220, radon-222, and radon-219 into 

Room SW-19.

• NIOSH previously determined in its evaluation of petition SEC-00090, that Mound workers could 

have received unmonitored intakes of radium-226, actinium-227, and thorium-228 during the 

period from October 1, 1949 through February 28, 1959. In 2008, the Department of Health and 

Human Services (DHHS) designated the following class for inclusion in the SEC:

Employees of the Department of Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies, and DOE 

contractors or subcontractors who worked in any areas at the Mound Plant site from 

October 1, 1949, through February 28, 1959, for a number of work days aggregating at 

least 250 work days or in combination with work days within the parameters established for 

one or more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure Cohort.

• Through the course of ongoing research associated with SEC-00090, NIOSH has determined that 

residual radioactive material from the radium-actinium-thorium process conducted in the SW 
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Building led to technologically-enhanced emanation of radon-220, radon-222, and radon-219 into 

Room SW-19.

• NIOSH has found no bioassay or workplace monitoring records relevant to these radon exposures 

prior to when air measurements were made in 1979 and 1980. NIOSH is unable to put an upper 

bound on the radon exposures in SW-19 until the point at which a ventilation system was installed 

in early 1980 (prior to March 5, 1980) to vent SW Building tunnel air. This ventilation system 

reduced radon-222 concentrations in Room SW-19 by a factor of 10 or more.

• It is not feasible to determine which of the workers in the R and SW buildings may have 

frequented Room SW-19, therefore NIOSH cannot reasonably limit the cohort of workers who 

could have been exposed to radon in SW-19 more narrowly than the cohort of all workers in the R 

and SW buildings. Due to the extensive tritium operations occurring in these buildings, it was 

documented policy that everybody who worked in R and SW buildings submit periodic urine 

samples analyzed for tritium. While it is possible that a worker could have occasionally visited 

the R and SW buildings without submitting a tritium urinalysis sample, it is not plausible that a 

worker could have spent 250 days in these buildings without leaving a single tritium urine sample. 

Therefore, tritium urinalysis results will be taken as evidence of potential employment in R and 

SW buildings. Conversely, absence of such urinalysis data will be taken as evidence that 

individuals did not have the potential to be employed in R and SW buildings for 250 days.

• Pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH determined that there is insufficient information to 

either: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which radiation 

doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred under plausible circumstances by any 

member of the class; or (2) estimate the radiation doses of members of the class more precisely 

than a maximum dose estimate.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at 

the Mound Plant during the period from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, but who do not 

qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.

Health Endangerment Determination

The NIOSH evaluation did not identify any evidence supplied by the petitioners or from other 

resources that would establish that the class was exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely 

to have involved exceptionally high-level exposures, such as nuclear criticality incidents or other 

events involving similarly high levels of exposures. However, the evidence reviewed in this 

evaluation indicates that some workers in the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures 

through intakes of radon isotopes originating from residual radioactive material associated with the 

radium-actinium-thorium source term in tunnel underlying Room SW-19. Therefore, 42 C.F.R. § 

83.13(c)(3)(ii) requires NIOSH to specify that health may have been endangered for those workers 

covered by this evaluation who were employed for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 
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work days within the parameters established for this class or in combination with work days within 

the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC.
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Table of Contents

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00171, Mound Plant........................................................................ 3

1.0 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................... 8

2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 8

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis................................................................ 9

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class ......................................................... 10

4.1 Operations Description..................................................................................................... 10

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations................................................................ 12

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations.................................................... 12

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations ................................................ 13

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations ................................................... 13

5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class.............................................. 14

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed ................................................................... 14

5.2 Worker Interviews............................................................................................................ 14

5.3 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................. 15

5.4 External Personnel Monitoring Data ................................................................................ 16

5.5 Workplace Monitoring Data............................................................................................. 16

5.6 Radiological Source Term Data ....................................................................................... 17

6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class ...................................................... 18

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures ................................................................... 18

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures .................................................................. 19

6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility................................................................ 20

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00171........................................................ 20

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00171................................................... 21

9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00171 ...................................................................... 22

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class.......................................................................................... 22

11.0 References ................................................................................................................................. 23
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SEC Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00171

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the ORAU Team Lead Technical Evaluator: Karin 

Jessen, Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The rationales for all conclusions in this document are 

explained in the associated text.

1.0 Purpose and Scope

This report evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing doses for employees who worked at a specific 

facility during a specified time. It provides information and analysis germane to considering a petition 

for adding a class of employees to the Congressionally-created SEC.

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH, with the exception of the employee whose dose reconstruction could not be completed, and 

whose claim consequently led to this petition evaluation. The finding in this report is not the final 

determination as to whether or not the proposed class will be added to the SEC. This report will be 

considered by the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (the Board) and by the Secretary 

of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Secretary of HHS will make final decisions concerning 

whether or not to add one or more classes to the SEC in response to the petition addressed by this 

report.

This evaluation, in which NIOSH provides its findings both on the feasibility of estimating radiation 

doses of members of this class with sufficient accuracy and on health endangerment, was conducted in 

accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14.

2.0 Introduction

Both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 require NIOSH to evaluate qualified petitions requesting that the 

Department of Health and Human Services add a class of employees to the SEC. The evaluation is 

intended to provide a fair, science-based determination of whether it is feasible to estimate, with 

sufficient accuracy, the radiation doses of the proposed class of employees through NIOSH dose 

reconstructions.

1

NIOSH is required to document its evaluation in a report, and to do so, relies upon both its own dose 

reconstruction expertise as well as technical support from its contractor, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities (ORAU). Once completed, NIOSH provides the report to both the petitioners and the 

Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health. The Board will consider the NIOSH evaluation 

report, together with the petition, comments of the petitioner(s) and such other information as the 

Board considers appropriate, to make recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on whether or not to 

 1 NIOSH dose reconstructions under EEOICPA are performed using the methods promulgated under 42 C.F.R. pt. 82 and 

the detailed implementation guidelines available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas.
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add one or more classes of employees to the SEC. Once NIOSH has received and considered the 

advice of the Board, the Director of NIOSH will propose a decision on behalf of HHS. The Secretary 

of HHS will make the final decision, taking into account the NIOSH evaluation, the advice of the 

Board, and the proposed decision issued by NIOSH. As part of this final decision process, the 

petitioner(s) may seek a review of certain types of final decisions issued by the Secretary of HHS.

2

3.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class Definition and Petition Basis

The NIOSH-proposed class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor agencies, 

and their contractors and subcontractors who were monitored for tritium exposure while working at the Mound 

Plant in Miamisburg, Ohio, from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, for a number of work days 

aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work 

days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure 

Cohort. During this period, employees at this facility were involved in research and development, 

manufacturing weapons, and evaluation and maintenance of explosive components for the nuclear 

defense stockpiles. Other work included tritium recovery, isotope separation methods, development 

and production of heat sources in support of space programs, support of the fossil fuels program, and 

nuclear-materials processing. 

The evaluation responds to Petition SEC-00171, which was submitted by an EEOICPA claimant 

whose dose reconstruction could not be completed by NIOSH due to a lack of sufficient dosimetryrelated information. NIOSH’s determination that it is unable to complete a dose reconstruction for an

EEOICPA claimant is a qualified basis for submitting an SEC petition pursuant to 42 C.F.R. § 

83.9(b).

Two petitions associated with the Mound site requested that NIOSH consider classes for addition to 

the SEC:

• Petition SEC-00090 was received on June 4, 2007, and qualified on August 17. 2007. NIOSH 

considered the following class: All employees who worked in all areas within the boundaries at 

the Mound Plant from February 1949 through present.

• Petition SEC-00091 was received on June 14, 2007, and qualified on September 24, 2007. 

NIOSH considered the following class: All employees who worked within the boundaries of the 

Mound Plant from February 1, 1949 through December 31, 1970.

The information and statements provided by the petitioners qualified the petitions for further 

consideration by NIOSH, the Board, and HHS. Petition SEC-00091 was qualified based on its 

timeframe being completely encompassed by Petition SEC-00090. Consequently, NIOSH 

merged the Petition SEC-00091 into Petition SEC-00090. 

 2 See 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 for a full description of the procedures summarized here. Additional internal procedures are 

available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas.
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There is currently a class of Mound Plant workers associated with the previous NIOSH 

evaluation of SEC Petition SEC-00090, for which the Secretary of DHHS has designated 

inclusion in the Special Exposure Cohort:

Class added to the SEC effective April 2, 2008 (DHHS, 2008): Employees of the Department of 

Energy (DOE), its predecessor agencies, and DOE contractors or subcontractors who worked in 

any areas at the Mound Plant site from October 1, 1949, through February 28, 1959, for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days or in combination with work days 

within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the Special 

Exposure Cohort.

Detailed information associated with this worker class added to the SEC in 2008 can be found in the 

NIOSH evaluation report, SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound Plant

(NIOSH, 2007). The recommendation to add an SEC class in the SEC-00090 evaluation report was 

based on NIOSH’s inability to reconstruct internal doses from exposures to radium-226, actinium227, and thorium-228 with sufficient accuracy for the SEC-00090 worker class for the period from 

October 1, 1949, through February 28, 1959. The associated SEC class designated by DHHS was 

based on people working at the Mound facility during the time period when employees worked on 

research and production activities related to nuclear weapons production, as well as a lack of adequate 

information to conduct accurate individual dose reconstructions for internal doses from exposure to 

radium-226, actinium-227, and thorium-228 during this period. 

In the course of its ongoing investigations related to SEC-00090, NIOSH has determined that internal 

doses also cannot be reconstructed for individuals employed in the R and SW Buildings from March 

1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, due to large uncertainties in the assignment of dose from radon 

isotopes originating from the residual radioactive material associated with the radium-actiniumthorium (Ra-Ac-Th) source term in tunnel underlying Room SW-19.

4.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Proposed Class 

The following subsections summarize the radiological operations at the Mound Plant from March 1, 

1959 through March 5, 1980, and the information available to NIOSH to characterize particular 

processes and radioactive source materials. Using available sources, NIOSH has attempted to gather 

process and source descriptions, information regarding the identity and quantities of radionuclides of 

concern, and information describing processes through which the radiation exposures of concern may 

have occurred and the physical environment in which they may have occurred. The information 

included within this evaluation report is meant only to be a summary of the available information.

Unless otherwise indicated, information for Section 4.0 and its related subsections was obtained from 

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound Plant (NIOSH, 2007). 

4.1 Operations Description
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Mound was the nation’s first postwar U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) site to be constructed. 

It was established to consolidate and continue the polonium work conducted at the Dayton Project for 

the Manhattan Project. Construction began in 1946, with polonium processing becoming operational 

in February 1949. There were originally 14 buildings with 360,000 square feet of space. 

Early Mound programs investigated the chemical and metallurgical properties of Po-210 and its 

applications. Research and development included the fabrication of neutron and alpha sources for 

weapons use. Po-210 production declined in the 1960s and was phased out in 1971. Mound’s 

narrowly-focused polonium production work expanded to include the development and production of 

components using Pu-238. Mound’s main focus was to support DOE weapons and non-weapons 

programs, especially chemical explosives and nuclear technology. One of its principal missions was 

to research, develop, and manufacture non-nuclear explosive components for nuclear weapons that 

were then assembled at other sites.

Much of Mound’s Cold War work involved production of the polonium-beryllium (Po-Be) initiators 

used in early atomic weapons, and the research and manufacture of radionuclides. In the 1950s, the 

facility began to manufacture a variety of nuclear weapons parts, including cable assemblies, 

explosive detonators, and electronic firing sets. Mound work evolved to include stable isotope 

separation, fossil fuels research, development of radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) for 

providing electrical power for space exploration, and other non-nuclear research and development. 

The Mound Plant ceased non-weapons work in 1971 and stopped production of weapons components 

in 1995.

Polonium Operations

Polonium research and production activities conducted at the Dayton Laboratory benefited from 

improved facilities at Mound specifically designed for those processes. These included the 

encapsulation of the process with provisions for remote operation. A detailed description of this 

equipment is included in an unpublished chapter of the book Polonium by H. V. Moyer (Moyer, 

1956). Po-Be neutron sources were manufactured in the R Building from 1956 to 1961. Po-Be 

sources were first manufactured at Mound as neutron source initiators to support various weapons 

programs. Polonium was later used to produce Po-210 heat source generators (Mound, 1995). The 

SW Building was used for counting Po-210 sources, neutron source measurement, source strength 

verification, and Po-209 and Po-210 retrieval. Radium-226, actinium-227, and thorium-228 were part 

of the research on Ac-227 as a substitute for polonium in neutron initiators.

Radon

Beginning in 1952, sources of radon (Rn-222), thoron (Rn-220), and actinon (Rn-219) were present at 

Mound due to radium and thorium processing and separation of Pa-231 and Ac-227. Room SW-19 

had elevated radon concentrations emanating from radium and thorium processing wastes. On 

October 12, 1979, inert gas concentrations in an unoccupied tunnel under Room SW-19 were 

measured at 88,000 pCi/l Rn-222, 28,000 pCi/l Rn-220, and 640,000 pCi/l Rn-219. A Rn-222 

concentration of 88,000pCi/l would correspond to 352 WL, assuming an ICRP 50 indoor mean radon 

daughter equilibrium factor of 0.45 (ICRP, 1987). The tunnel was not an occupied work area; 
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however, elevated concentrations of radon were measured in SW-19 work areas. Measurements of 

Rn-222 near an employee’s desk ranged from 67 to 160 pCi/l in 1979.

A ventilation system was installed in early 1980 to vent SW Building tunnel air (Meyer, 1992). This 

system reduced Rn-222 concentrations in Room SW-19 by a factor of 10 or more. This result was 

confirmed with continuous measurements from 7.7 pCi/l to 13.4 pCi/l. A working level (WL) 

measurement by the employee’s desk following ventilation system installation was 0.03 WL or 0.03 

(12 mo/yr) = 0.4 working level month (WLM) compared with an occupational limit of 4 WLM/yr 

(Mound, 1995). 

4.2 Radiation Exposure Potential from Operations

The potential for external radiation dose, for the purposes of this evaluation, existed in the R and SW 

Buildings, depending on operations. Sources of external exposure included beta, gamma, and neutron 

radiation emitted from a variety of research, development, analytical, recovery, and surveillance 

activities.

The primary sources of internal radiation exposure at the site, for the purposes of this evaluation,

would have been inhalation and ingestion of radiological contamination, which would have been 

dependent on the operational area and activities. The major sources of intakes include polonium, 

plutonium, and tritium. 

Sources of internal radiation exposure specific to the class proposed in this report include radon (Rn222), thoron (Rn-220), and actinon (Rn-219) due to the radium and thorium processing and separation 

of Pa-231 and Ac-227 generated during a variety of research, development, analytical, recovery, and 

surveillance activities.

Additional information regarding the radionuclides, work areas, and operations associated with 

radiation exposures at Mound can be found in the NIOSH evaluation report, SEC Petition Evaluation 

Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound (NIOSH, 2007). 

4.3 Time Period Associated with Radiological Operations

Per the DOE Office of Health, Safety and Security, the time period associated with DOE operations at 

the Mound Plant is from 1947 through the present. As presented in Section 3.0 of this report, DHHS

designated a class of Mound workers during the period from October 1, 1949 through February 28, 

1959. The start date for the currently proposed class of March 1, 1959 was selected based on the end 

date of the previously designated class as specified by DHHS (DHHS, 2008). Sources of radon, 

thoron, and actinon were present at the Mound Plant due to radium and thorium processing and 

separation of Pa-231 and Ac-227. 

Although Mound health physics monthly and quarterly reports show that monitoring of “short-lived 

alpha-emitters” was ongoing during the “Old Cave” (shielding/containment structure within the SW 

Building) actinium-processing activity, monitoring was curtailed after the end of the operational 

period in 1955 (HP Monthly, 1952; HP Monthly, 1953; HP Monthly, 1954; HP Quarterly, 1955; HP 

Quarterly, 1957). From that point, measurements of alpha air concentrations that are clearly directed 
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toward short-lived species are not available. Research was conducted in 1979-1980 to evaluate radon 

concentrations in Room SW-19 and nearby locations. As a result of this monitoring, additional 

ventilation was installed to reduce radon levels. Based on notes taken during the sampling effort, this 

installation occurred prior to March 5, 1980. No data from which radon concentrations may be 

inferred are available from the end of the operational period in 1955 to March 5, 1980.

4.4 Site Locations Associated with Radiological Operations

The following information describes the R and SW Buildings of the Mound Plant. Additional 

information regarding the work areas associated with radiation exposures at Mound can be found in 

the NIOSH evaluation report, SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound 

(NIOSH, 2007). The information listed below pertains to the class currently under evaluation.

R Building (or the Research Building): The R Building was built in 1948, and handled numerous

programs involving various radionuclides, including Po-210, H-3, U-238, Ac-227, Pu-238, and Pu239. The major radionuclide was Pu-238, with research beginning in 1959 and continuing through the 

1960s. In addition to the Pu-238 activities, tritium was used for research and development.

SW Building: The SW Building was similar to the R Building in that it consisted of many 

laboratories engaged in a variety of research, development, analytical, recovery, and surveillance 

activities. Pilot plant operations in the SW Building were designed to recover Th-230 and Pa-231. 

The “Old Cave” and “New Cave” areas consisted of several rooms set up for “hot” work, with several 

types of alpha and gamma radiation and project capabilities. Other major programs that took place in 

the SW Building included the thorium refinery project, rare isotope program, neutron source, U-234 

separation program, and various tritium programs. Beginning in the early 1970s and ending later that 

decade, the SW Building was used for processing Cotter Concentrate (St. Louis airport cake).

There is strong evidence that airborne contamination was produced by the operations in SW-1 from 

1949 through 1959, and that this contamination was spread to other areas in the R and SW Buildings. 

This situation created significant exposure potential in the R and SW Buildings. From 1959 through 

1980, there is a reasonable likelihood that elevated levels of radon isotopes and daughter isotopes 

were present in Room SW-19.

Considering all sources of information currently available to NIOSH, there is no evidence suggesting 

that any other buildings at the Mound Plant were affected by uncontrolled and unmonitored 

emanations of radon from Ra-Ac-Th.

4.5 Job Descriptions Affected by Radiological Operations

NIOSH has determined that the site-specific and claimant-specific data available for the Mound Plant

for the time period under evaluation are insufficient to allow NIOSH to determine that any specific 

work group assigned to the R and SW Buildings was not potentially exposed to radon emanations 

from residual Ra-Ac-Th materials. NIOSH has insufficient information associating job titles and/or 

job assignments with specific radiological operations or conditions. Without such information, 

NIOSH is unable to define potential radiation exposure conditions based on worker job descriptions.
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5.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Proposed Class

The primary data used for determining internal exposures are derived from personal monitoring data, 

such as urinalyses, fecal samples, and whole-body counting results. If these are unavailable, the air 

monitoring data from breathing zone and general area monitoring are used to estimate the potential 

internal exposure. If personal monitoring and breathing zone area monitoring are unavailable, internal 

exposures can sometimes be estimated using more general area monitoring, process information, and 

information characterizing and quantifying the source term.

This same hierarchy is used for determining the external exposures to the cancer site. Personal 

monitoring data from film badges or thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) are the primary data used 

to determine such external exposures. If there are no personal monitoring data, exposure rate surveys, 

process knowledge, and source term modeling can sometimes be used to reconstruct the potential 

exposure.

A more detailed discussion of the information required for dose reconstruction can be found in 

OCAS-IG-001, External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline, and OCAS-IG-002, Internal 

Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline. These documents are available at: 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/ocasdose.html.

5.1 Data Capture Efforts and Sources Reviewed 

As a standard practice, NIOSH completed an extensive database and Internet search for information 

regarding the Mound Plant. The database search included the DOE Legacy Management Considered 

Sites database, the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) database, the Energy 

Citations database, the Atomic Energy Technical Report database, and the Hanford Declassified 

Document Retrieval System. In addition to general Internet searches, the NIOSH Internet search 

included OSTI OpenNet Advanced searches, OSTI Information Bridge Fielded searches, Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission (NRC) Agency-wide Documents Access and Management (ADAMS) web 

searches, the DOE Office of Human Radiation Experiments website, and the DOE-National Nuclear 

Security Administration-Nevada Site Office-search. 

In addition to the database and Internet searches listed above, NIOSH identified and reviewed 

numerous data sources to determine information relevant to determining the feasibility of dose 

reconstruction for the class of employees under evaluation. This included determining the availability 

of information on personal monitoring, area monitoring, industrial processes, and radiation source 

materials. The following subsections summarize the data sources identified and reviewed by NIOSH.

5.2 Worker Interviews

To obtain additional information in support of its 2007 evaluation of Petition SEC-00090, NIOSH 

interviewed 21 former Mound employees. Details regarding these interviews may be found in the 

SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound (NIOSH, 2007). Additional 

interviews for the specific purpose of supporting this evaluation were not deemed necessary, and 

therefore were not conducted.
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5.3 Internal Personnel Monitoring Data

Summaries of the available in vitro and in vivo data, as well as general overviews of sampling and 

analytical protocols, are provided in SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound 

(NIOSH, 2007). Additional details, including analytical methods, detectable activities, and reporting 

protocols can be found in Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Occupational Internal 

Dosimetry (ORAUT-TKBS-0016-5), Technical Manual: MD-22153, Issue I Mound Site 

Radionuclides by Location (Mound, 1995), and History of Mound Bioassay Programs (Meyer, 1992). 

As noted in ORAUT-TKBS-0016-5, radionuclides were categorized by Mound staff as either primary 

or secondary based on the potential extent of use and the amount of bioassay data available. Primary 

radionuclides included Po-210, plutonium isotopes (Pu-238, Pu-239), and tritium. These 

radionuclides were identified as primary because they were present in larger quantities and were more 

widespread at the site, often in multiple buildings and facility processes. Correspondingly, more 

monitoring data and site documentation are available (than for secondary radionuclides) to evaluate 

internal doses associated with these radionuclides. 

Secondary radionuclides included those that were of limited use at the site or involved limited worker 

exposures. Often referred to as “other” radionuclides in Mound documents, they were part of smaller 

programs involving relatively few people. Many of the programs were relatively short-term research 

projects and brief production runs, and source material was received intermittently (MJW, 2002b, 

Appendix C). Fewer internal dosimetry data are available for these radionuclides than for the primary 

radionuclides. Available data for secondary radionuclides were collected from several sources during 

the Pre-1989 Dose Assessment Project and combined into two Excel spreadsheets: Database of 

Radium, Actinium, and Thorium Excretion Data (Excretion Data, 1953-1959) and the Database of 

Excretion Data for Other Radionuclides (Excretion Data, 1955-1988). Data sources included 

logbooks, cards, and non-plutonium data extracted from the Mound Plutonium Reconstruction 

(PURECON) database. Unlike the plutonium (PURECON) database or the polonium (PORECON) 

and tritium databases, which were created from fairly well-organized individual dosimetry records, the 

information for other radionuclides was generally very poorly-documented and the interpretations of 

the bioassay results were often scientific approximations. It appears that because the activities 

involving the other radionuclides were not large-scale operations, the documentation of associated 

bioassay sample information was secondary to the larger plutonium, polonium, and tritium sampling 

and analysis programs.

Difficulties encountered in attempting to interpret available bioassay records are described within a 

position paper on dose assessments for other radionuclides, contained within Pre-1989 Dose 

Assessment Project Phase II Final Report (MJW, 2002b, Appendix C). Some of the results were not 

associated with a name, social security number, or health physics number. Often, there were no units 

associated with a result. In many cases, there were results for an element such as radium or thorium, 

but it was unclear which isotope was intended. There was no information on the age, solubility, or 

chemical form of the elements. In some cases, it appears bioassay results were repeatedly reported for 

two, or sometimes three, different radionuclides. For example, a person may have identical results for 

protactinium and Th-232. In other cases, urine samples may have been analyzed for radium, actinium, 

and thorium by differential decay analysis of the radium fraction. The same urine sample may have 
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also been analyzed for Th-232 by doing a Ra-Th separation. The results of the differential decay 

analysis appeared to conflict with the Th-232 analysis in that the dominant radium isotope is Ra-223, 

whereas Ra-224 would be expected. This would seem to indicate that the thorium results should have 

been interpreted as Th-227.

Descriptions of radiation protection activities in periodic health physics reports demonstrate that the 

health physics program was considering short-lived air activity to the extent that this activity was 

routinely reported through the era of radium and thorium processing, as well as protactinium and 

actinium separation. However, residual radioactive material from the Ra-Ac-Th process resulted in 

the technologically-enhanced emanation of three isotopes of radon, Rn-220, Rn-222, and Rn-219 into 

Room SW-19. As discussed, no bioassay monitoring records relevant to radon exposures are 

available from 1955 until the measurements made in 1979-1980. 

5.4 External Personnel Monitoring Data

The Mound Plant had a continuous external dose monitoring program that developed policies and 

made programmatic corrections as necessary. Mound used a film badge external dosimetry 

monitoring system from 1946 to 1977. From 1977 to the time Mound closed, Mound used a 

thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) system. Records of radiation exposures from personnel 

dosimeters worn by workers and co-workers are available for all years. The Mound Environmental, 

Safety, and Health system (MESH) database serves as the primary electronic repository of these 

records. It contains all radiation doses measured for Mound employees from 1947 to 2005. Periodic 

health physics reports contain summaries of the number of dosimeters read for each period, as well as

the number of results in each of several dose ranges. When individual doses cannot be reconstructed 

more precisely, maximum doses can be based on these reported results.

Details regarding the dosimeters used at the Mound Plant are presented in ORAUT-TKBS-0016-6. 

Additional information regarding the external dosimetry equipment, methodologies, and techniques in 

use during most of the proposed class time period is provided in the various volumes of the document,

History of Personnel External Dosimetry Program at the Dayton Project and Mound Laboratory 

1946-1993 (Meyer, 1994).

5.5 Workplace Monitoring Data

To support dose reconstruction and its evaluation of SEC-00090, NIOSH obtained routine air 

monitoring data from the beginning of Mound operations. Room SW-19 was the only location at 

Mound identified as an area of potential occupational exposure to Rn-222 and Rn-220 (King, 1995). 

Rn-220 and Rn-219 measurement results were very limited despite the high concentrations observed 

in the unoccupied tunnel. The only Rn-219 measurements were made in Building 21 at 0.3 to 

0.7 pCi/l, but the holding time before analysis was excessive compared to the four-second half-life of 

Rn-219. The only Rn-220 measurement in SW-19 was below detection. Rn-220 and Rn-219 

exposures would not be detectable in excreta by bioassay due to very short half-lives (ORAUTTKBS-0016-5).

As presented in Section 4.1 above, Room SW-19 had elevated radon concentrations emanating from 

radium and thorium processing wastes. A ventilation system was installed in early 1980 (prior to 
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March 5, 1980) to vent SW Building tunnel air (Meyer, 1992). This system reduced Rn-222 

concentrations in Room SW-19 by a factor of 10 or more. This result was confirmed with continuous 

measurements from 7.7 pCi/l to 13.4 pCi/l. A WL measurement by the employee’s desk following 

ventilation system installation was 0.03 WL or 0.03 (12 month/year) = 0.4 working level month 

(WLM), compared with an occupational limit of 4 WLM/year (King, 1995).

The use of facility ambient air monitoring data for purposes of assessing internal radiation doses was 

evaluated. With the exception of some data for airborne radon and tritium, the data were not 

considered a viable approach due to unknown factors impacting the representativeness of actual 

breathing zone air concentrations. 

NIOSH has found no workplace monitoring records relevant to these radon exposures in the R and 

SW Buildings until air measurements were made in 1979 and 1980. Additional information regarding 

the quantity and condition of the Mound Plant workplace monitoring data available to NIOSH, as well 

as the NIOSH evaluation of such data, can be found in the related Mound evaluation report for SEC00090 (NIOSH, 2007). 

5.6 Radiological Source Term Data

Descriptions of radiation protection activities in periodic health physics reports demonstrate that the 

health physics program was considering short-lived air activity to the extent that this activity was 

routinely reported through the era of radium and thorium processing, as well as protactinium and 

actinium separation. However, residual radioactive material from the Ra-Ac-Th process resulted in 

the technologically-enhanced emanation of three isotopes of radon, Rn-220, Rn-222, and Rn-219. 

These radon isotopes represent an occupational radon exposure. As previously described, no 

monitoring records are available from 1955 until the measurements made in 1979-1980.

The operations would have generated Rn-219 from the decay of Ac-227; Rn-222 from the decay of 

Ra-226; and Rn-220 from the decay of Th-232. The mix of these radionuclides is difficult to measure 

in the field, and only one datum is currently known to exist, as reported in ORAUT-TKBS-0016. This 

single estimate of the proportion of inert gases gives the relative concentrations of the three isotopes 

of radon of interest in the SW Building. The measurement was taken in a tunnel under SW-2 (HP 

Monthly, 1953; HP Monthly, 1954) in an area that was not routinely occupied (having a depth of 2’3” 

according at a drawing dated January 8, 1952) (HP Quarterly, 1955), and is thus related to the 

proportions present in the workplace to an unknown degree. As of the date of this evaluation report, 

NIOSH has not discovered any other source term information other than this data point. 

NIOSH lacks activity data for the residual Ra-Ac-Th source term affecting Room SW-19. 

Consequently, in the absence of workplace monitoring data, NIOSH is unable to calculate upperbound radon concentrations for the R and SW Buildings. Additional information regarding the 

Mound Plant source term data available to NIOSH can be found in the related Mound evaluation 

report for SEC-00090 (NIOSH, 2007), and the Mound site profile documents.
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6.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Proposed Class

42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) states that DHHS will consider a NIOSH determination that there was 

insufficient information to complete a dose reconstruction, as indicated in this present case, to be 

sufficient, without further consideration, to conclude that it is not feasible to estimate the levels of 

radiation doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. 

In the case of a petition submitted to NIOSH under 42 C.F.R. § 83.9(b), NIOSH has already 

determined that a dose reconstruction cannot be completed for an employee at the DOE or AWE 

facility. This determination by NIOSH provides the basis for the petition by the affected claimant. 

Per § 83.14(a), the NIOSH-proposed class defines those employees who, based on completed 

research, are similarly affected and for whom, as a class, dose reconstruction is similarly not feasible.

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility for 

whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction is similarly infeasible, but for whom additional 

research and analysis is required. If so identified, NIOSH would address this second class in a 

separate SEC evaluation rather than delay consideration of the claim currently under evaluation (see 

Section 10). This would allow NIOSH, the Board, and HHS to complete, without delay, their 

consideration of the class that includes a claimant for whom NIOSH has already determined a dose 

reconstruction cannot be completed, and whose only possible remedy under EEOICPA is the addition 

of a class of employees to the SEC.

This section of the report summarizes research findings by which NIOSH determined that it lacked 

sufficient information to complete the relevant dose reconstruction and on which basis it has defined 

the class of employees for which dose reconstruction is not feasible. NIOSH’s determination relies on 

the same statutory and regulatory criteria that govern consideration of all SEC petitions. 

6.1 Feasibility of Estimating Internal Exposures

NIOSH has evaluated the available personnel and workplace monitoring data and source term 

information and has determined that there are insufficient data for estimating internal exposures, as 

described below.

As discussed in Section 5.3 above, no bioassay monitoring records relevant to radon exposures in the 

R and SW Buildings are available from 1955 until the air measurements made in 1979-1980. NIOSH 

has determined that, for the period from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, radon dose resulting 

from radioactive material associated with the separation activity in the R and SW Buildings cannot be 

reconstructed with sufficient accuracy prior to the measurements taken in 1979 and 1980, and prior to 

the completion of the installation of a ventilation system to vent the SW Building. 

As discussed in Sections 5.5 and 5.6 above, NIOSH has found no workplace monitoring records after 

February 1955 relevant to the radon exposures in the R and SW Buildings until air measurements 

were made in 1979 and 1980. NIOSH also lacks activity data for the residual Ra-Ac-Th source term 

affecting the R and SW Buildings, and is consequently unable to calculate upper-bound radon 

concentrations for the R and SW Buildings during the period.
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NIOSH does not have access to sufficient personnel monitoring, workplace monitoring, or source 

term data to estimate potential internal exposures to radon isotopes originating from residual 

radioactive material associated with the Ra-Ac-Th source term in the tunnel underlying Room SW-19 

during the period from March 1, 1955 through March 5, 1980. Consequently, NIOSH finds that it is 

not feasible to estimate, with sufficient accuracy, internal exposures to isotopes of radon and resulting 

doses for the class of employees covered by this evaluation.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct internal radiation doses for the 

period from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, for workers who worked in the R and SW 

Buildings, NIOSH intends to use any internal monitoring data that may become available for an 

individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose reconstruction processes or 

procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals employed at the Mound Plant during the period 

from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, but who do not qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be 

performed using these data as appropriate.

6.2 Feasibility of Estimating External Exposures

This evaluation responds to a petition based on NIOSH determining that internal radiation exposures

to radon isotopes originating from residual radioactive material associated with the Ra-Ac-Th source 

term in soil underlying Room SW-19 could not be reconstructed for a dose reconstruction referred to 

NIOSH by the Department of Labor (DOL). As noted above, DHHS will consider this determination 

to be sufficient without further consideration to determine that it is not feasible to estimate the levels 

of radiation doses of individual members of the class with sufficient accuracy. Consequently, it is not 

necessary for NIOSH to fully evaluate the feasibility of reconstructing external radiation exposures for 

the class of workers covered by this report.

In its previous evaluation of petition SEC-00090, NIOSH concluded that for the period from February 

1949 to present, it has access to sufficient information to either: (1) estimate the maximum external 

radiation dose for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed that could have 

been incurred under plausible circumstances by any member of the class; or (2) estimate the external 

radiation doses to members of the class more precisely than a maximum dose estimate. This current 

evaluation has found no evidence to the contrary.

Adequate reconstruction of medical dose is likely to be feasible by using bounding assumptions in the 

technical information bulletin, Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray 

Procedures (ORAUT-OTIB-0006), and Mound technical basis documents, collectively referred to as 

ORAUT-TKBS-0016.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the period 

from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, NIOSH intends to use any external monitoring data that 

may become available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Dose reconstructions for individuals employed at Mound

during the period from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, but who do not qualify for inclusion in 

the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.
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6.3 Class Parameters Associated with Infeasibility

Through the course of ongoing research, NIOSH has determined that no radon monitoring records are 

available from 1955 until measurements were made in 1979-1980, and that no approved method exists 

to support bounding radon dose during the period of March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980. Because 

DHHS previously designated a class from October 1, 1949 through February 28, 1959 for inclusion in 

the SEC, NIOSH recommends that the class include the period from March 1, 1959 (based on the enddate of the previously designated class as specified by DHSS) through March 5, 1980.

As discussed in Section 4.4, the Mound workers in Room SW-19 could have received potential 

intakes of radon isotopes originating from residual radioactive material associated with the Ra-Ac-Th 

source term in the tunnel underlying Room SW-19. NIOSH has no evidence suggesting that any other 

buildings at the Mound Plant were affected by uncontrolled and unmonitored emanations of radon 

from residual Ra-Ac-Th materials. It is not feasible to determine which of the workers in the R and 

SW buildings may have frequented Room SW-19, therefore NIOSH cannot reasonably limit the 

cohort of workers who could have been exposed to radon in SW-19 more narrowly than the cohort of 

all workers in the R and SW buildings. Due to the extensive tritium operations occurring in these 

buildings, it was documented policy that everybody who worked in R and SW buildings submit 

periodic urine samples analyzed for tritium. While it is possible that a worker could have occasionally 

visited the R and SW buildings without submitting a tritium urinalysis sample, it is not plausible that a 

worker could have spent 250 days in these buildings without leaving a single tritium urine sample. 

Therefore, tritium urinalysis results will be taken as evidence of potential employment in R and SW 

buildings. Conversely, absence of such urinalysis data will be taken as evidence that individuals did 

not have the potential to be employed in R and SW buildings for 250 days. NIOSH recommends that 

the class definition include all workers who worked in the R and SW Buildings at the Mound Plant 

during the specified time period.

NIOSH has insufficient information associating job titles and/or job assignments with specific 

radiological operations or conditions within the R and SW Buildings. Without such information, 

NIOSH is unable to define potential radiation exposure conditions based on worker job descriptions. 

NIOSH therefore recommends that the class include all workers who worked in the R and SW 

Buildings during the specified time period, as evidenced by the the presence of tritium urinalysis data.

7.0 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00171

This report evaluates the feasibility for completing dose reconstructions for employees at the Mound 

Plant from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980. NIOSH determined that members of this class may 

have received radiation exposures from radon isotopes originating from residual radioactive material 

associated with the Ra-Ac-Th source term in soil underlying Room SW-19. NIOSH lacks sufficient 

information, which includes bioassay, source term data, and workplace monitoring data that would 

allow it to estimate the potential radon exposures to which the proposed class may have been exposed.

NIOSH has documented herein that it cannot complete the dose reconstructions related to this petition. 

The basis of this finding demonstrates that NIOSH does not have access to sufficient information to 
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estimate either the maximum radiation dose incurred by any member of the class or to estimate such 

radiation doses more precisely than a maximum dose estimate.

Consistent with its findings associated with SEC-00090, NIOSH has established that it has access to 

sufficient information to: (1) estimate the maximum external radiation dose for every type of cancer 

for which radiation doses are reconstructed that could have been incurred under plausible 

circumstances by any member of the class; or (2) estimate the external radiation doses to members of 

the class more precisely than a maximum dose estimate.

Although NIOSH found that it is not possible to completely reconstruct radiation doses for the 

proposed class, NIOSH intends to use any internal and external monitoring data that may become 

available for an individual claim (and that can be interpreted using existing NIOSH dose 

reconstruction processes or procedures). Therefore, dose reconstructions for individuals employed at

the Mound Plant during the period from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, but who do not 

qualify for inclusion in the SEC, may be performed using these data as appropriate.

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00171

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.14(b) and § 83.13(c)(3). Pursuant to these requirements, if 

it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH 

must determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered 

the health of members of the class. The regulations require NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

required to specify that health was endangered for those workers who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 

NIOSH has determined that members of the class were not exposed to radiation during a discrete 

incident likely to have involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear 

criticality incidents. However, the evidence reviewed in this evaluation indicates that some workers in 

the class may have accumulated chronic radiation exposures through intakes of radon isotopes 

originating from residual radioactive material associated with the Ra-Ac-Th source term in the tunnel 

underlying Room SW-19. Consequently, NIOSH is specifying that health was endangered for those 

workers covered by this evaluation who were employed for a number of work days aggregating at 

least 250 work days within the parameters established for this class or in combination with work days 

within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC.
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9.0 NIOSH-Proposed Class for Petition SEC-00171

The evaluation defines a single class of employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses 

with sufficient accuracy. This class includes all employees of the Department of Energy, its predecessor 

agencies, and their contractors and subcontractors who were monitored for tritium exposure while working at 

the Mound Plant in Miamisburg, Ohio, from March 1, 1959 through March 5, 1980, for a number of work days 

aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work 

days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the Special Exposure 

Cohort. 

10.0 Evaluation of Second Similar Class

In accordance with § 83.14(a), NIOSH may establish a second class of co-workers at the facility, 

similar to the class defined in Section 9.0, for whom NIOSH believes that dose reconstruction may not 

be feasible, and for whom additional research and analyses is required. If a second class is identified, 

it would require additional research and analyses. Such a class would be addressed in a separate SEC 

evaluation rather than delay consideration of the current claim. At this time, NIOSH has not identified 

a second similar class of employees at the Mound Plant for whom dose reconstruction may not be 

feasible.
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11.0 References

42 C.F.R. pt. 81, Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Causation Under the Energy 

Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule, Federal 

Register/Vol. 67, No. 85/Thursday, p 22,296; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 19391

42 C.F.R. pt. 82, Methods for Radiation Dose Reconstruction Under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 

19392

42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as Members of the Special 

Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 

2000; Final Rule; May 28, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 22001

42 U.S.C. §§ 7384-7385 [EEOICPA], Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation 

Program Act of 2000; as amended; DCAS website

DHHS, 2008, HHS Designation of Additional Members of the Special Exposure Cohort Designating a 

Class of Employees from Mound Plant, Miamisburg, Ohio; Department of Health and Human 

Services (DHHS); March 3, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 80513

Excretion Data, 1953-1959, Database of Radium, Actinium, and Thorium Excretion Data; results for 

various dates between 1953 and 1959; SRDB Ref ID: 8754 

Excretion Data, 1955-1988, Database of Excretion Data for Other Radionuclides; results for various 

dates between 1955 and 1988; SRDB 8757

HP Monthly, 1952, Health Physics Monthly Information Reports – 1952; Mound Laboratory; various 

authors and dates in 1952; SRDB Ref ID: 12433

HP Monthly, 1953, Health Physics Monthly Information Reports – 1953; Mound Laboratory; various 

authors and dates in 1953; SRDB Ref ID: 12434

HP Monthly, 1954, Health Physics Monthly Information Reports – 1954; Mound Laboratory; various 

authors and dates in 1954; SRDB Ref ID: 12436

HP Quarterly, 1955, Quarterly Health Physics Reports - 1955, Mound Laboratory; various authors 

and quarterly dates in 1955; SRDB Ref ID: 12438

HP Quarterly, 1957, Quarterly Health Physics Reports - 1957, Mound Laboratory; various authors 

and quarterly dates in 1957; SRDB Ref ID: 12447

ICRP, 1987, Lung Cancer Risk from Indoor Exposure to Radon Daughters, Publication 50; 

International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP); Pergamon Press; Oxford, England; 

1987; SRDB Ref ID: 36898

Jenkins, 1980, Elevated Radon Levels in SW-19, correspondence to R. T. Brashear; Phillip H. Jenkins; 

October 24, 1980; SRDB Ref ID: 8713
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Mead, 1955, Development of the Monex Thorium Refining Process Through the Pilot Plant Stage, 

Final Report; F. C. Mead, Jr. and other contributors; December 31, 1955; SRDB Ref ID: 12798

Meyer, 1979, Thorium-232 Program at the Mound Facility; H. E. Meyer; October 3, 1979; SRDB Ref 

ID: 12700 

Meyer, 1992, History of Mound Bioassay Programs; Herbert E. Meyer, EG&G Mound Applied 

Technologies; September 1992; SRDB Ref ID: 1962 

Meyer, 1994, History of Personnel External Dosimetry Program at the Dayton Project and Mound 

Laboratory 1946-1993, Volumes I, II, III, V, VI, VII, & VIII; H. E. Meyer; 1994; SRDB Ref IDs: 

3268, 3276, 3281, 3297, 3299, 3303, 3315

MJW, 1998, Pre-1989 Dose Assessment Project, Phase I Interim Report, Volume I; MJW 

Corporation Inc.; June 15, 1998; SRDB Ref ID: 8667

MJW, 2002a, Pre-1989 Dose Assessment Project Phase I Final Report; MJW Corporation Inc.; April 

2002; SRDB Ref ID: 8745

MJW, 2002b, Pre-1989 Dose Assessment Project Phase II Final Report; MJW Corporation Inc.; June 

2002; SRDB Ref ID: 8738 

Mound, 1995, Technical Manual: MD-22153, Issue I Mound Site Radionuclides by Location; EG&G 

Mound Applied Technologies (Mound); June 22, 1995; SRDB Ref ID: 3240 

Moyer, 1956, Polonium, Harvey V. Moyer with Ohio State University for the U.S. Atomic Energy 

Commission; July 1956; SRDB Ref ID: 12703

NIOSH, 2007, SEC Petition Evaluation Report for Petition SEC-00090, Mound Plant; National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); December 19, 2007; SRDB Ref ID: 80459

ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-Ray 

Procedures, Rev. 03 PC-1; ORAU Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; December 21, 2005; 

SRDB Ref ID: 20220

ORAUT-TKBS-0016-1, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Introduction, Rev. 00 PC-1; 

ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; March 13, 2009; SRDB Ref ID: 64999

ORAUT-TKBS-0016-2, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Site Description, Rev. 00 PC2; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; March 13, 2009; SRDB Ref ID: 65000

ORAUT-TKBS-0016-3, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Occupational Medical Dose, 

Rev. 01 PC-3; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; March 2, 2009; SRDB Ref ID: 

60989

ORAUT-TKBS-0016-4, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Occupational Environmental 

Dose, Rev. 00 PC-1; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; March 13, 2009; SRDB 

Ref ID: 65001
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ORAUT-TKBS-0016-5, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Occupational Internal 

Dosimetry, Rev. 00 PC-1; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; March 13, 2009; 

SRDB Ref ID: 65002

ORAUT-TKBS-0016-6, Technical Basis Document for the Mound Site-Occupational External 

Dosimetry, Rev. 00; ORAU Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH; August 11, 2004; SRDB 

Ref ID: 19791

Unknown, 1979, Radon SW-19 Monitoring Notes, handwritten notes; unknown author; various dates 

from June 1979 through October 1979; SRDB Ref ID: 8715