RECORD IMPOUNDED

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-1184-18T4

NEW JERSEY DIVISION

OF CHILD PROTECTION

AND PERMANENCY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

A.W.,

 

Defendant-Appellant, 

and

M.H., K.S., and T.W., 

Defendants.

__________________________

IN THE MATTER OF A.W.-S., 

M.S., J.H., and MA.H., 

Minors.

__________________________

Submitted March 24, 2020 – Decided May 18, 2020

Before Judges Hoffman and Currier.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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A-1184-18T4

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket 

No. FN-07-0231-18.

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for 

appellant (Celeste Dudley-Smith, Designated Counsel, 

on the brief).

Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney for 

respondent (Jane C. Schuster, Assistant Attorney 

General, of counsel; Travis A. Provost, Deputy 

Attorney General, on the brief).

Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, 

attorney for minors (James Joseph Gross, Designated 

Counsel, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

Defendant A.W. (Anna)1appeals from a March 27, 2018 fact-finding 

order determining she abused and neglected her four children, A.W.-S. (Adam), 

M.S. (Manny), J.H. (Jen), and MA.H. (Mary). M.H. (Mark) is the biological 

father of Jen and Mary. K.S. (Kenny) is the biological father of Adam and 

Manny. We affirm.

In December 2017, the Newark Police Department and Essex County 

Prosecutor's Office Narcotics Task Force (ECPO) executed a search warrant at 

1

 We use pseudonyms and initials for the privacy of the parties. R. 1:38-

3(d)(12).
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Anna and Mark's home. At the time, eleven-year-old Manny and four-year-old 

Mary were present in the house with Anna and Mark. During the raid, the 

officers discovered an assault handgun and a loaded multi-round magazine on a 

shelf in Mary's bedroom closet. A secondary box of ammunition containing live 

rounds was also recovered. 

The search revealed seven bricks of heroin and a large quantity of cocaine 

packages hidden between the mattress and box spring in Anna and Mark's 

bedroom. In the kitchen, the officers also discovered a plastic bag containing 

oxycodone pills and drug dealing paraphernalia, including a scale, empty 

packets and a razor blade. 

While the search was being conducted and in the presence of an officer, 

Mark stated to Anna, "They found the gun," and "Somebody told on us." He 

then quickly stated, "I mean . . . I mean on me." Mark told the officers he was 

the owner of the seized items and Anna did not know the gun and drugs were in 

the home.

Anna and Mark were arrested. Anna called her mother and asked her to 

pick up Manny and Mary. The other two children were already at their 

grandmother's house.
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Thereafter, the New Jersey Division of Child Protection and Permanency 

(the Division) received a referral advising of Anna and Mark's arrest. When the 

children were questioned by the Division, Adam, then twelve years old, stated 

he had observed stacks of money and drugs in the house. He also had seen Anna 

take some of the money and use it to buy household food and other items. He 

described seeing bags containing green pills as well as white powder and pills.

He also stated he overheard Anna and Mark argue about the children's safety 

because Mark had drugs in the house. Manny and Jen denied seeing any drugs 

in the home.

In its investigation, the Division discovered the children's maternal 

grandmother had a criminal history and a prior substantiated finding of abuse 

and neglect. Therefore, the Division conducted an emergency removal of the 

children. Jen and Mary were placed with their maternal uncle; Adam and Manny 

went to Kenny's home.

In an interview with the Division a few days later, Mark reiterated that the 

drugs and gun were his, Anna and the children were unaware of the criminal

activity going on in the house, and they did not know there was a gun or drugs 

in the home. Anna claimed she was unaware that Mark kept drugs and a gun in 
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the home, and the children also had no knowledge of drugs or a weapon in the 

house. Anna stated she was unaware of Mark's criminal activity.

The next day, the Division filed a complaint and order to show cause 

against Anna and Mark for custody, care, and supervision of the children. The 

court granted the requested relief. The custody, care, and supervision of Jen and 

Mary remained with the Division. Kenny had physical custody of Adam and 

Manny. The Division enabled visits between the children and their parents at 

the county jail.

At the conclusion of its investigation, the Division found the allegations 

of abuse and neglect against Anna and Mark were established. Thereafter, the 

court held a fact-finding hearing.

The Division presented two caseworkers who testified regarding the 

referral, their investigation, and the interviews of the children, and Anna and 

Mark. In addition, ECPO Sergeant Reginald Holloway described the drug raid 

of Anna and Mark's home and, specifically, the statements Mark made 

concerning the gun and Anna's lack of knowledge of any of the illicit activity. 

At the conclusion of the hearing, the Family Part judge issued an oral 

decision and order, finding the Division proved by a preponderance of the 
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evidence that Anna and Mark abused or neglected the children, pursuant to 

N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.73. 

The judge found the Division caseworkers and Holloway credible. She 

noted Mark did not deny he was selling drugs from the home and that he had a 

gun. However, the judge did not find Mark or Anna credible in their claims that 

Anna was unaware of the drug activity. She referenced Adam's statement that 

he had seen drugs and stacks of money in the home and had heard Anna and 

Mark fighting about the drugs and the dangers they posed. Therefore, the judge 

concluded Anna "was aware of the situation and although she may not have 

approved or participated, she did not take reasonable steps to remove the 

children from the risk of harm of having drugs and a gun in the household."

In July 2018, the children were returned to Anna's custody. The litigation 

was terminated in October 2018.

On appeal, Anna asserts the trial court erred in its finding of abuse and 

neglect. She contends that because Mark took responsibility for the drugs and 

gun, pleading guilty to some of the criminal charges, there is no evidence to 

support the court's determination that Anna did, or failed to do, anything that 

impaired her children's mental or emotional condition.
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Anna further contends that none of the children could reach the gun on the

shelf in Mary's bedroom. Moreover, she states the mere presence of a gun in a 

household where children reside is not, without more, sufficient proof that the 

children were placed at a substantial risk of harm. 

Our review of a family court's decision is limited. In re Guardianship of 

J.N.H., 172 N.J. 440, 472 (2002). "The general rule is that findings by the trial 

court are binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible 

evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998) (citation omitted). 

Particular deference should be given to a trial judge's credibility determinations 

and to "the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise . . . ." Id. at 413. 

Unless the trial judge's factual findings are "so wide of the mark that a mistake 

must have been made," they should not be disturbed, even if the reviewing court 

would not have made the same decision. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. 

M.M., 189 N.J. 261, 279 (2007) (citation omitted).

"Abuse and neglect actions are controlled by the standards set forth in 

Title Nine of the New Jersey Statutes." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. 

P.W.R., 205 N.J. 17, 31 (2011) (citation omitted). An "[a]bused or neglected 

child" is defined as one under the age of eighteen

whose physical, mental, or emotional condition has 

been impaired or is in imminent danger of becoming 
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impaired as the result of the failure of his [or her] parent 

or guardian . . . to exercise a minimum degree of care 

. . . in providing the child with proper supervision or 

guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting or allowing to 

be inflicted harm, or substantial risk thereof . . . .

[N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b).]

At a fact-finding hearing, the Division must prove "by a preponderance of 

the competent, material and relevant evidence" that the defendant abused or

neglected his or her children. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. C.H., 428 

N.J. Super. 40, 62 (App. Div. 2012) (citation omitted).

Our Supreme Court has stated that "[c]ourts need not wait to act until a 

child is actually irreparably impaired by parental inattention or neglect." In re 

Guardianship of DMH, 161 N.J. 365, 383 (1999) (citation omitted). "[W]hen 

there is no evidence of actual harm, the focus shifts to whether there is a threat 

of harm." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v. E.D.-O., 223 N.J. 166, 178 

(2015) (citation omitted). "[T]he standard is not whether some potential for 

harm exists. A parent fails to exercise a minimum degree of care when [he or] 

she is 'aware of [inherent] dangers . . . and fails adequately to supervise the child 

or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to the child.'" Id. at 183-84 (citation 

omitted). "[A] finding of abuse and neglect can be based on proof of imminent 

danger and a substantial risk of harm." Id. at 178 (citation omitted). 
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The inquiry of whether a parent failed to exercise a minimum degree of 

care "should focus on the harm to the child and whether that harm could have 

been prevented had the [parent] performed some act to remedy the situation or

remove the danger." G.S. v. N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 

182 (1999). A parent "fails to exercise a minimum degree of care when he or 

she is aware of the dangers inherent in a situation and fails adequately to 

supervise the child or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child." 

Id. at 181 (citation omitted). In deciding whether a child has been abused or 

neglected, a court "must base its findings on the totality of the circumstances 

. . . ." N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. V.T., 423 N.J. Super. 320, 329 

(App. Div. 2011).

We are satisfied the substantial credible evidence in the record supports 

the court's conclusion that Anna exposed her children to imminent danger and a 

substantial risk of harm. Four children, aged four to twelve, resided in Anna 

and Mark's home where an assault handgun and a large quantity of ammunition 

were found in the four-year-old's bedroom closet. 

In addition, a substantial quantity of drugs was found in the kitchen along 

with drug paraphernalia. Adam reported he had seen large stacks of money and 
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pills in plastic bags throughout the home. He had also heard Mark and Anna 

argue about the drug activity. 

In light of Adam's statement and the location of drugs in the kitchen and 

Anna's bedroom, the judge did not find Anna's assertion credible that she had 

no knowledge of the drug dealing activities taking place in her home. In 

addition, Mark's statement during the raid indicates Anna was aware of the 

presence of the gun.

"The ease of access" to cocaine, heroin, and oxycodone as well as to a gun 

and ammunition "created a potentially lethal trap for the children that could have 

been easily sprung at any moment." State v. Fuqua, 234 N.J. 583, 596 (2018). 

Here, the totality of the circumstances supports the trial court's conclusion that 

Anna exposed the children to a substantial risk of harm in allowing them to 

reside in an environment where drugs and weapons were present and accessible. 

Affirmed.