FILED

October 17, 1997

Cecil W. Crowson

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN SECTION AT NASHVILLE

ROBERT E. ADCOX and )

DONALD F. GRAEF, ) 

)

Plaintiffs/Appellants, ) Robertson Circuit No. 7987

)

VS. ) Appeal No. 01A01-9703-CV-00123

)

SCT PRODUCTS, )

)

Defendant/Appellee. )

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROBERTSON COUNTY

AT SPRINGFIELD, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE JAMES E. WALTON, JUDGE

CHARLES R. RAY

Nashville, Tennessee

Attorney for AppellantS

RICHARD R. PARKER

WILLIAM S. RUTCHOW

Nashville, Tennessee

Attorneys for Appellee

AFFIRMED

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.

CONCUR:

DAVID R. FARMER, J.

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.
2

Plaintiffs Robert E. Adcox and Donald F. Graef (collectively, the Employees) appeal

the trial court’s order dismissing their actions for breach of employment contract,

promissory estoppel, and fraudulent inducement against Defendant/Appellee SCT

Products. For the reasons hereinafter stated, we affirm the trial court’s dismissals.

According to their complaint, both Employees worked as grinders for SCT Products.

In February 1996, the Employees were discharged by SCT on the stated ground of

“irreconcilable differences.” Graef’s termination followed a meeting with plant manager

Phillip Lomas in which they discussed Graef’s opposition to recent work rule changes

unilaterally initiated by Lomas. Adcox’s termination also followed a meeting with Lomas,

in which Adcox questioned Lomas’s decision not to pay Adcox additional money for training

an employee as Adcox had been promised by his supervisor. 

The Employees subsequently filed this action against SCT Products in which they

asserted claims for breach of employment contract, promissory estoppel, and fraudulent

inducement. In asserting these claims, the Employees alleged that they had relied on

representations made by SCT that the Employees had the right freely and candidly to

discuss problems with members of management without any fear of retaliation. According

to the Employees, these representations appeared in the SCT Products Employee

Handbook and in the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct Guidelines of SCT’s parent

company, Saint-Gobain Corporation. The Employees contended that these documents

created a contract which SCT breached when it discharged the Employees merely for

having candid discussions with SCT’s plant manager. 

SCT responded to the complaint by filing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a

claim upon which relief could be granted pursuant to rule 12.02(6) of the Tennessee Rules

of Civil Procedure. Specifically, SCT contended that, as a matter of law, the provisions of

the Employee Handbook and the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct Guidelines did not

constitute an employment contract. The trial court granted SCT’s motion to dismiss, and

this appeal followed. 
3

This court recently summarized the applicable law for determining when an

employee handbook distributed by an employer constitutes part of an employment

contract:

We begin our analysis of this issue with the wellestablished rule “that a contract for employment for an

indefinite term is a contract at will and can be terminated by

either party at any time without cause.” Bringle v. Methodist

Hosp., 701 S.W.2d 622, 625 (Tenn. App. 1985); accord

Graves v. Anchor Wire Corp., 692 S.W.2d 420, 422 (Tenn.

App. 1985); Whittaker v. Care-More, Inc., 621 S.W.2d 395,

396 (Tenn. App. 1981). Because Tennessee continues to

adhere to the foregoing “employee-at-will” rule, a presumption

arises in this state that an employee is an employee at will.

Davis v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 743 F. Supp. 1273,

1280 (M.D. Tenn. 1990). . . .

Even in the absence of a definite durational term, an

employment contract still may exist with regard to other terms

of employment. Williams v. Maremont Corp., 776 S.W.2d 78,

80 (Tenn. App. 1988); accord Hooks v. Gibson, 842 S.W.2d

625, 628 (Tenn. App. 1992). In this regard, this court has

recognized that an employee handbook can become a part of

an employment contract. Smith v. Morris, 778 S.W.2d 857,

858 (Tenn. App. 1988) (citing Hamby v. Genesco, Inc., 627

S.W.2d 373 (Tenn. App. 1981)); accord Davis v. Connecticut

Gen. Life Ins. Co., 743 F. Supp. 1273, 1278 (M.D. Tenn.

1990). In order to constitute a contract, however, the

handbook must contain specific language showing the

employer’s intent to be bound by the handbook’s provisions.

Smith v. Morris, 778 S.W.2d at 858. Unless an employee

handbook contains such guarantees or binding commitments,

the handbook will not constitute an employment contract.

Whittaker v. Care-More, Inc., 621 S.W.2d 395, 397 (Tenn.

App. 1981). As stated by one court, in order for an employee

handbook to be considered part of an employment contract,

“the language used must be phrased in binding terms,

interpreted in the context of the entire handbook, and read in

conjunction with any other relevant material, such as an

employment application.” Claiborne v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 718 F.

Supp. 1319, 1321 (E.D. Tenn. 1989).

Rose v. Tipton County Pub. Works Dep’t, No. 02A01-9608-CV-00189, 1997 WL 188803,

at **1-2 (Tenn. App. Apr. 18, 1997) (perm. app. pending) (footnote omitted).

In accordance with the foregoing principles, we examine the provisions of the SCT

Products Employee Handbook, as well as the other document upon which the Employees

based their claims of breach of contract. In maintaining their claims, the Employees relied

upon the following provisions contained in the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct

Guidelines:
4

Saint-Gobain Corporation is committed to maintaining the

highest business ethics and standards. In order to preserve

the integrity of Saint-Gobain Corporation’s business and the

manner in which we are perceived by co-workers, customers,

suppliers, competitors, and the communities in which we live

and work, it is imperative that each employee conduct his or

her business and personal affairs in compliance with SaintGobain Corporation’s Code of Ethics and Business Conduct

Guidelines.

. . . .

All managers are responsible for seeing that Company policies

are followed. Every manager is responsible for communicating

Company policies to his or her employees, including those

dealing with legal and ethical behavior. Managers and

supervisors also are responsible for maintaining a work

environment where constructive, frank, and open discussion is

encouraged and expected, without fear of retaliation. 

The Employees also relied upon the following policies set forth in the SCT Products

Employee Handbook:

TO assure each employee the right to discuss freely with

management any problem concerning either their own welfare

or the company’s welfare.

. . . .

TO develop competent supervisory personnel who understand

and meet the objectives of the company and who accept with

open-mindedness the ideas, suggestions, and constructive

criticism of fellow employees.

. . . .

TO do all these things in a spirit of friendliness and cooperation

so that our company will continue to be known as “a good

place to work.” 

In addition, the Employee Handbook contained a provision stating that the

handbook was not an employment contract and that the company reserved the unilateral

right to revise its policies and procedures:

Please understand that this handbook cannot anticipate every

situation or answer every question about employment. It is not

an employment contract. The company reserves the right to

change or revise policies and procedures whenever such

action is warranted. 
5

After carefully reviewing the foregoing provisions, we affirm the trial court’s order

dismissing the Employees’ actions against SCT. This court has repeatedly held that,

where an employee handbook specifically provides that it is not a contract and reserves

to the employer the unilateral right to amend the handbook’s provisions, such handbook

does not, as a matter of law, constitute part of the employment contract between the

employer and the employee. In Guekel v. Cumberland-Swan, Inc.,

No. 01A01-9410-CV-00482, 1995 WL 386558 (Tenn. App. June 30, 1995), for example,

the employee handbook contained the following provision:

This Handbook is intended as a guide for policies, benefits,

and general information. These guidelines should not be

interpreted as a contract of any kind. The company reserves

the right to make changes in the guidelines [or] their

application as it deems appropriate, and these changes may

be made with or without notice. . . .

Guekel, 1995 WL 386558, at *3. In Gaines v. Response Graphics, Inc.,

No. 01A01-9204-CV-00181, 1992 WL 319441, at *2 (Tenn. App. Nov. 6, 1992), the

handbook similarly provided that it was not a contract, that it should not be relied on as

such, and that the provisions therein could be revised without notice. In Crigger v.

Columbia Power & Water Sys., No. 01A01-9001-CV-00036, 1990 WL 121570 (Tenn. App.

Aug. 24, 1990), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Jan. 28, 1991), the employee handbook

contained these provisions:

The statements contained in this manual regarding

Columbia Power and Water Systems’ policies, its employee

benefits, and services are in summary form and do not

represent a contract between Systems and its employees.

The policies, employee benefits and services outlined

in this manual are intended to be a convenient and helpful

source of information and may be changed by Systems as it

deems necessary.

Crigger, 1990 WL 121570, at *1. Finally, in Blalock v. Hecks Discount Stores, 1986 WL

4591 (Tenn. App. Apr. 18, 1986), the employee signed the following statement when

receiving the employer’s handbook:

. . . I further understand that this handbook is intended as a

guide for personnel policies, benefits and general information

and that these guidelines should not be construed as a

contract.

I understand the company reserves the right to make changes

in the guidelines or their application as it deems appropriate.
1

In citing the Code of Ethics and Business Conduct Guidelines, the Employees relied primarily on the

provision regarding “maintaining a work environment where constructive, frank, and open discussion is

encouraged and expected, without fear of retaliation.” By its terms, this provision applies only to SCT’s

managers and supervisors. Moreover, even if this provision and other provisions of the Code are not viewed

in the context of the Employee Handbook, the provisions fail to contain binding language which would

overcome this state’s presumption of at-will employment. See Gregory v. Hunt, 24 F.3d 781, 787 (6th Cir.

1994); Davis v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 743 F. Supp. 1273, 1280-81 (M.D. Tenn. 1990); W hittaker v.

Care-More, Inc., 621 S.W .2d 395, 397 (Tenn. App. 1981); Rose v. Tipton County Pub. W orks Dep’t,

No. 02A01-9608-CV-00189, 1997 W L 188803, at *3 (Tenn. App. Apr. 18, 1997).

W e likewise conclude that the Employees’ allegations of promissory estoppel and fraudulent

inducement are insufficient to overcome the presumption of at-will employment. See Rampy v. ICI Acrylics,

Inc., 898 S.W .2d 196, 211 (Tenn. App. 1994); Price v. Mercury Supply Co., 682 S.W .2d 924, 934 (Tenn. App.

1984).

6

Blalock, 1986 WL 4591, at *1. In all of these cases, this court concluded that the

handbook’s provisions were insufficient to overcome the presumption of at-will employment

and, thus, that the employees could not maintain actions for breach of contract against

their employers.

We can conceive of no clearer way for an employer to express its intent not to be

bound by an employee handbook’s provisions than the employer’s specific statement that

the handbook is not a contract or that the handbook should not be construed as a contract.

Even without such a statement, however, the employer’s reservation of a unilateral right

to modify the provisions of its employee handbook generally would preclude the handbook

from being considered part of the employment contract. Claiborne v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 718

F. Supp. 1319, 1321 (E.D. Tenn. 1989); see also Gregory v. Hunt, 24 F.3d 781, 786 (6th

Cir. 1994); Davis v. Connecticut Gen. Life Ins. Co., 743 F. Supp. 1273, 1279 (M.D. Tenn.

1990); Smith v. Morris, 778 S.W.2d 857, 858 (Tenn. App. 1988) Bringle v. Methodist Hosp.,

701 S.W.2d 622, 624 (Tenn. App. 1985). Inasmuch as the handbook at issue contained

both such provisions, we conclude that the trial court properly dismissed the Employees’

claims for breach of employment contract against SCT.1

The judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed. Costs of this appeal are taxed

to Appellants, for which execution may issue if necessary.

 

HIGHERS, J.
7

CONCUR:

 

FARMER, J.

 

LILLARD, J.