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10-2186-cr

United States v. Simpson

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after

January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this

Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a document filed with this Court, a party

must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic database (with the notation “summary order”).

A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Daniel

Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York, on the 28th day

of October, two thousand eleven.

PRESENT:

ROGER J. MINER,

JOSÉ A. CABRANES,

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Circuit Judges.

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

v. No. 10-2186-cr

DAVID SIMPSON,

Defendant-Appellant.

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FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: BEVERLY VAN NESS, New York, NY.

FOR APPELLEE: STEPHEN J. MEYER, Assistant United States

Attorney (Loretta E. Lynch, United States
1 Although an initial field test indicated the presence of cocaine, the substance was later

determined to be lidocaine, a substance which is often used as a “cutting” agent in the distribution

of narcotics.

2 Before speaking, Simpson signed a waiver of his Miranda rights. 

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Attorney for the Eastern District of New

York, on the brief, Emily Berger and Shreve

Ariail, Assistant United States Attorneys, of

counsel), Office of the United States Attorney

for the Eastern District of New York,

Brooklyn, NY. 

Appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence entered on March 25, 2010, in the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Sterling Johnson, Jr., Judge).

UPON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED.

Defendant-appellant David Z. Simpson (“Simpson”) challenges his conviction by a jury on

four counts of drug importation and distribution, claiming that his right to the effective assistance of

counsel was violated by his attorney’s failure to impeach a government witness. Simpson also

challenges his sentence on grounds of procedural and substantive unreasonableness. 

Background

Simpson was arrested on December 18, 2007, at John F. Kennedy International Airport

(“JFK”). Earlier that day, a Border Patrol Officer had arrested a co-conspirator, Linette Santana,

upon her arrival from Trinidad carrying a suitcase with a false bottom containing a white, powdery

substance.1 Santana agreed to participate in a controlled delivery and was sent back out to the

lobby, where Simpson approached her. The two were observed speaking to one another and

making calls on their cellular phones before heading to the parking lot, where they were arrested as

they placed the suitcase into the trunk of a silver sedan belonging to Simpson’s wife. Upon arrest,

Simpson was immediately taken for questioning.2

 As agent Christopher Lau later testified at trial,

Simpson said that he had come to the airport to pick up Santana as a favor for a friend, called “Q,”

and that he had brought Santana to the airport the previous week at Q’s request. In addition, Lau

testified, Simpson stated that “Ms. Santana had inquired if she was to be paid and he [Simpson]

indicated she would be pa[i]d in a couple of days.” Trial Transcript 245.
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In addition to Lau, the government’s trial witnesses included Michelle Yearwood, a

cooperating witness and co-conspirator who had pleaded guilty to an importation charge after being

arrested at JFK in September 2007 with a suitcase containing 2.779 kilograms of cocaine. Yearwood

testified that she had worked as a courier for Simpson, carrying cash into the United States from

Trinidad. She testified that she had spoken to Simpson on the phone on numerous occasions and

that he had freely discussed his involvement in the importation of drugs from Trinidad. Further, she

testified that, on one occasion, she personally observed Simpson and another co-conspirator extract

from a suitcase several packages of a “white substance,” which she presumed to be cocaine, and

empty them into two gallon-sized zip-lock bags. Additional evidence presented by the government

included scraps of paper found in Simpson’s pocket that contained the phone numbers of other coconspirators, parking records from JFK showing that the car registered to Simpson’s wife had

entered and left the JFK parking lot 18 times in the six months prior to his arrest, and phone

records showing numerous calls to and from Yearwood. 

Simpson was convicted on all counts. At sentencing, the government asserted that the

Guidelines range for his offenses was 135–168 months, based on Simpson’s criminal history

category of I, a base offense level of 30 (resulting from its calculation that Simpson’s conduct

involved at least 3.5 kilograms of cocaine), and a three-level enhancement for Simpson’s role as a

manager or supervisor of criminal activity involving five or more persons. Simpson argued for a

non-Guidelines sentence of 60 months, the statutory minimum. He claimed that the government

could tie him to only 2.779 kilograms of cocaine, less than the 3.5 kilograms necessary to raise the

offense level from 28 to 30, and that no enhancement for his role should apply. The District Court

concluded that the government had shown that Simpson’s conduct involved at least 3.5 kilograms of

cocaine, but that it had not shown that Simpson was a manager of criminal activity involving five or

more persons. Accordingly, it calculated a Guidelines range of 121–151 months, based on an

offense level of 30 and a two-level role enhancement. It then imposed a mid-Guidelines sentence of

135 months, to run concurrently on all counts. 

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the remaining factual and procedural background of

the case.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Trial

Simpson contends that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when his attorney

failed to challenge Lau’s testimony regarding his post-arrest statements. Though Lau testified that

Simpson had told him that he assured Santana that she would be paid “in a couple of days,” Lau’s

typed interview notes conceivably could be read to indicate that Simpson, upon Santana’s inquiry

about payment, phoned Q and only then relayed Q’s answer to Santana. This, Simpson contends,

would fit with the defense theory that he had arrived innocently to collect Santana at Q’s request and
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that he did not know that she was involved in drug trafficking. He argues that his trial counsel’s

failure to impeach Lau with his contemporaneous notes was objectively unreasonable and

prejudicial.

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish both (1)

that defense counsel’s actions or omissions fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and

(2) that there exists a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of his case

would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 694 (1984). Although we

have often expressed a “‘baseline aversion to resolving ineffectiveness claims on direct review,’”

United States v. Morris, 350 F.3d 32, 39 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88,

161 (2d Cir. 1998)), we agree with both parties that Simpson’s ineffectiveness claim can be resolved

in the present appeal, because the record leaves us with no doubt as to the proper disposition of the

claim. See United States v. Cruz, 785 F.2d 399, 404 (2d Cir. 1986) (reviewing an ineffectiveness claim

on direct appeal because “we are convinced that resolution of the issue is ‘beyond any doubt’”

(quoting Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 121 (1976))); see also United States v. Hasan, 586 F.3d 161, 170

(2d Cir. 2009) (“When the resolution of the claims is beyond any doubt or to do so would be in the

interest of justice, we may choose to entertain these claims on direct appeal.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). 

Whether Simpson’s trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness is a question that likely would require a more complete record to address. It is

difficult to discern on direct appeal whether there might have been a strategic reason for counsel’s

failure to cross-examine Lau with respect to Simpson’s post-arrest statements. We need not reach

that question, however, because Simpson clearly has failed to make a sufficient showing on the

prejudice prong of the Strickland test. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[A] court need not determine

whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the

defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies. . . . If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness

claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed.”). 

Even if Simpson’s trial counsel was deficient in failing to impeach Lau by bringing out

apparent inconsistencies between Lau’s trial testimony and his contemporaneous interview notes, we

conclude that this deficiency did not prejudice Simpson, given the strength of the government’s case

against him. Simpson’s counsel could have rendered Lau’s testimony impotent with a peerless crossexamination, and the jury still would have been left with the government’s other evidence, which

was overwhelming. In particular, any inconsistency in Lau’s testimony would have had little or no

impact on the damning testimony of Simpson’s co-conspirator, Yearwood, who testified that

Simpson had been her primary contact in the conspiracy, that it was at Simpson’s direction that she

attempted to import 2.779 kilograms of cocaine into the United States on the day of her arrest, that

Simpson spoke freely with her about his drug-trafficking activities, and that she personally had
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observed Simpson handling a package of white powder that had been delivered to him by another

courier. Although it is true that Yearwood was a cooperating witness and subject to impeachment in

her own right, we have no reason to believe that her testimony would have been any less credible in

the absence of the purported deficiency of trial counsel. Furthermore, Yearwood’s testimony was

corroborated by other evidence submitted by the government, including parking receipts for 18 trips

to JFK and phone records and hand-written notes linking Simpson to other co-conspirators. Given

this overwhelming evidence against him, we conclude that Simpson cannot satisfy the prejudice

prong of the Strickland inquiry. 

Procedural Unreasonableness in Sentencing

Simpson argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the District Court

improperly calculated the quantity of cocaine attributable to Simpson’s conduct and failed to provide

an adequate explanation for the sentence imposed. 

We review the reasonableness of a district court’s sentencing determinations under a

“deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). In United

States v. Cavera, we identified the recognized forms of procedural error:

A district court commits procedural error where it fails to calculate the

Guidelines range (unless omission of the calculation is justified), makes

a mistake in its Guidelines calculation, or treats the Guidelines as

mandatory. It also errs procedurally if it does not consider the § 3553(a)

factors, or rests its sentence on a clearly erroneous finding of fact.

Moreover, a district court errs if it fails adequately to explain its chosen

sentence, and must include an explanation for any deviation from the

Guidelines range.

550 F.3d 180, 190 (2d Cir. 2008) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We do

not find any such error in this case.

First, the District Court did not clearly err in calculating the quantity of cocaine attributable

to Simpson’s conduct. The Sentencing Guidelines instruct that “[w]here there is no drug seizure or

the amount seized does not reflect the scale of the offense, the court shall approximate the quantity

of the controlled substance.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(a) application note 12. The District Court must find

that the government has proved the amount attributable to the defendant by a preponderance of the

evidence. United States v. Colon, 961 F.2d 41, 43 (2d Cir. 1992). 
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Here, there was ample evidence to support the District Court’s finding that the amount of

cocaine attributable to Simpson’s conduct was 3.5 kilograms or more. Yearwood, the cooperating

witness, was arrested with 2.779 kilograms of cocaine during a delivery organized by Simpson. At

trial she testified that she separately had seen Simpson handle enough cocaine to fill a one-gallon

zip-lock bag. Corroborating evidence showed generally that Simpson had participated in a largescale drug conspiracy and suggested that he personally had participated in multiple deliveries, based

on his trips to JFK and corresponding cell phone calls to known drug couriers. 

Simpson’s primary argument is that the “white substance” that Yearwood saw Simpson

handle was not proven definitively to be cocaine. Though true, this objection is without merit,

inasmuch as the government need only prove the amount attributable to Simpson by a

preponderance of the evidence. We conclude that the evidence was more than sufficient to support

the District Court’s quantity calculation.

Second, we conclude that the District Court did not fail to explain adequately the basis of its

sentence. A sentencing court is required to “state in open court the reasons for its imposition of the

particular sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c) (2006). The primary interest served by this requirement is

“to ensure that district courts actually consider the statutory factors and reach reasoned decisions.” 

Cavera, 550 F.3d at 193. “[W]e presume in the absence of record evidence suggesting otherwise, that

a sentencing judge has faithfully discharged her duty to consider the statutory factors.” United States

v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 30 (2d Cir. 2006). 

Nothing in the record suggests that the District Court failed to discharge its duty in this case. 

Although the District Court’s articulation of the reasons for its sentence was somewhat cursory, we

have stated that “a brief statement of reasons will generally suffice where the parties have addressed

only ‘straightforward, conceptually simple arguments’ to the sentencing judge.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at

193 (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)). Furthermore, because the sentence

imposed was comfortably within the Guidelines range, it was not necessary for the District Court to

“offer a lengthy explanation.” United States v. Villafuerte, 502 F.3d 204, 210 (2d Cir. 2007). The

District Court addressed the parties’ competing arguments regarding the quantity of cocaine

attributable to Simpson’s conduct as well as his role in the offense (siding with the government on

the former issue and partially with Simpson on the latter), and concluded that a sentence of 135

months was necessary “[t]o reflect the seriousness of the offense, afford deterrence to criminal

conduct and protect the public from future crimes of this defendant.” Statement of Reasons IV.B,

United States v. Simpson, No. 08-CR-0030-SJ-02 (E.D.N.Y. May 7, 2010). Under the circumstances of

the case, we find this to be sufficient.
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Substantive Unreasonableness in Sentencing

Finally, Simpson argues that his sentence of 135 months, despite being at the middle of the

Guidelines range, was substantively unreasonable. Although we do not presume a sentence within

the Guidelines range to be reasonable, we have recognized “that in the overwhelming majority of

cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within the broad range of sentences that would be

reasonable in the particular circumstances.” Fernandez, 443 F.3d at 27. Simpson has provided us

with no basis for concluding that the Guidelines sentence imposed by the District Court falls outside

the broad range of reasonable sentences. 

CONCLUSION

We have considered all of Simpson’s arguments on appeal and find them to be without

merit. For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment and sentence of the District Court.

FOR THE COURT,

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court