abstract”
+ Tatroauetion
‘Types of

Records

Conclusions

AgpendSx 4 = Calontation of tlasus Dost from ,
append B= Galowlation of Dose (From Multiple

Exposure)

Appendix ¢ = ~ Caleuletion of Bone Dose from

Radiun

appendix D = Sumery of Data
Appendix B ~ Graphs

References

Exposure
sai Laphiety ef Persounel and trea Monitoring

Method of Estimating Cumlative Dose

Table I.~ Sample Workshest .
fable IT = Coutriduting Exposures -
Table Jii~ Haden Exposures

e


«

-2-

-éonstitmbes a safe working atmogphore. Sepoific figures are desireable not only
for the use of the authority in determining essential compliance with codal
provisions bub also are helpful to industry as bench-marks upon which 3% oon
base a design of control equipment which it plans to install. There are some
who feel that specific figures should not be included unless thers is a great
deal of conclusive evidence to justify the figure established. However, if no
figure is given for s substance because of the absence of positive proof,
when question arises as to the presence of a suspected hasard the authority
must render a decision regardless of whether or not a specifio value is con-
tained in the code. Consequently, it is felt advantageous to make the list in
‘the code as inclusive as is possible.

4s defined in this code maximum concentration is that arount of atmospheric
contaminant vhich can be tolerated by men for continuous daily exposure with
no impairment of health or well being either immediate or after years of
SxpOSUree:: The specific figares Listed in section 13,. paragreph (a), refer
to average concentrations of an eight hour working sbift rather than a maximum
which is not to be exceeded even momentarily. The anount to which these fig-
tres my be. exceeded for short periods during the work day depends upon a
mumber of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high
concentrations even for stort periods produce acuts poisoning, whether the
yesults are cumulative, the frequency with which high values occur and for
what periods of time. 42} aust be taken into consideration in arriving at 2
decision as to whether 2 hasardous sitvation is deeusd to exist.




| pow AQ Pps!

VE | ‘UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH

to: Dr. Thomas F. Mancuso
FROM: Mr. Mont G. Mason
pars: 10-03-72

SUBJECT: tnterin Report: MCW--Evaluation of Dust Exposure, plant
4 and plant 6

This transmits the first of several reports to follow on
separate subjects concerning the old Mallinckrodt operations. This
one is in fact an abstract and introduction for a more detailed re-
port, now nearly completed on an early dust study at St. Louis,
which may be the most important single reference in the files.
However, I can not fully report on this study until the original
and supplemental data become available from the Federal Record
Center.

Some comments about the old study are particularly important.
In 1949 the Mallinckrodt operations were still highly classified.
Before 1947 only a few technical and management employees knew
officialay the identity of the materials being processed. When dis-
closure was first made to employees, not too long after the
was used in Japan, some rank and file employees were in near panic.
They knew they had been handling “bomb materials". With possible
high exposure and contamination, they were understandably appre
hensive. These apprehensions were further reinforced by drastic
changes in work. practices and industrial hygiene initiated in 1948
by the. new health department. These changes were accompanied by
massive infusion of AEC money and health engineering improvements
by MCW to reduce exposures and control contamination.

Both MCW and AEC were mindful of the sensitive human rela-
tions problems and the Health Department Management bent over back-
wards to gain and hold the confidence of rank and file as well as
union representatives.

The 10-01-49 dust evaluation, and subsequent removal of 34
employees from further exposure, was a potentially explosive
situation which the company in good conscience could not avoid.
Every action and every statement by managenent was carefully thought
through. Carefully @rafted explanations and responses were pre-
pared in advance of announcing the transfer of people. Managers,
supervisors, medical staff and health department staff were all
coached and coordinated.

As a part of the caution, and on advice of attorneyr 4
formal report was never prepared on this study. Thus, there was


stan dose to te eritical” organs of sit eupleyees of BetlizeiToct
slants i; sui 6, abo have had nore than six nontns of eqpansrs %9
radigactive materials. hese workers have Geen exposed to several
agves of rediation froa both internal and extarael So5S%S0
pron the outset, the diffiodities invaived in sash =
spear wast tenmn, bok te east ws beefed to Deve Deen enc
mus nechentes required for the dese epgedrisations have pow heen
established, and the Geta can be séJosted fro tine to Vins 25 Se
information becomes avadildsies ghe gaps in cur kuowledge have teem
y mqhsstaed, anf it te to be hoped that this wilt siimiete furlies
lasoretory and-Pield. Snvestigetions tnat ave required in order to

veveaae auta that are 206 now Sra. For the present, dese
sctisates to a fizet appreciation are presented shat SH SST *
= hasta of costelation with the clinics] history of these eaployecs:





ane @ SRELTT «eo

Office Memorandum e UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

tO ; . B. Kelley, Manager pate: danuary 3E, 1952
prom ; Merril Risenbed, Director, Health and Safety Division we .
gusjacr: REPORT ON MALLINCKRODT EMPLOYERS .

an 8 erm oF errno emenet 6

SYMBOL:  HS7MEamg

(t ayeax ago, you asked Jf it would ba
estimate our "potential ‘Ljabdility® among the long tern
employees. As I explained 2% that time, you presented 2 rather
imotty problem, one which, in the state of our present knowledge,
probably not be first 4

Stamlatad by the question you asked, we have since prapared the

attached report, “an Estimate of Cumilative Multiple Exposures to

Radicactive Materials". ‘This report gives, by extrapolation of the

best available laboratory and human data, estimates of the doses to -
g Bid @upLoy e pe

3 : fall ¥ riod
1949. 5
nid nb

ZT have purposely withheld distribution of this report for somp tyro
moriths in to consi 2 Vali- -

; only to a first approximation, and we: plan -
to present our approach to the problem at the forthcoming mocgting of
the Medical Iaboratory Directors. Perhaps sone. of the visitors will

ba willing to venture. an opinion as to the value of this appros

ch
and the meaning of our estimates in terms of "potential Liability".

ty om judgnont is that if these detinates are in crror, ¥e jee on
the side of safeby, and that although the possibility of tumor davelop—
ment among the Mallinckrodt employees must be recognized, we can rule

out the possibility of a widespread incidence of disease in this group. |

Attachment: :
Win Estimate of Cumiative Multiple Ex-
pogsures to Radioactive Materials"

Spt


FOOT SUGITY naracopy”
NIOSHIOGAS



ae &

a 4 032

Al Becher asked if I could find out from MCW if it had
used a separate tax witholding account number for the uranium
operations and if so, if we could get permission to use that
number for reference with IRS as another avenue to search for
past employees. Recently, I had lunch with the ex-comptroller
for the uranium division and raised this question along with
an explanation of our objectives. He stated that MCW has al-
ways used only a single account number for reporting all its
employees witholdings, no separate identification of uranium
employees. He was sympathetic to our need but could offer no
suggestion or hope for use of some government control number
such as IRS or social security, or Department of Labor. The
vice-president of personnel had earlier given me an identical
answer concerning records under his direction. Please pass
this on to Al Becher.

Another subject:


_ poites ~ DOC.AFY PIA

no document to subpeona, only lists of names with numbers and work
sheets. There was no lengthy description of the basis for calicu-
lations to be pulled apart by the scientific community, with the
possibility that such controversy would undermine employee con-
fidence in the company safety measure. Our position simply was
that MCW had internal standards against which it measured expo~
sure and had control points for preventive action. The employee
transfers were in line with preventing possibly harmful exposure
and were solely in the best interest of the employee. However,
the employee had no option to remain in exposure if he exceeded
the control point.

Fortunately, managements reputation for fairness and honesty
prevailed. The transfers were accepted with good grace, there was
ny hysteria, no strikes, no lawsuits, ox other damage claims.

However, even at this late date, some present Mallinckrodt
employees who were affected by this study are still sensitive. Some
still claim they lost promotional opportunity or were adversely ‘af-
fected in some other way. This old subject is raised by the union
at every labor contract renegotiation.

Although the AEC probably does not now have people who rem-
ember this occassion (AEC did not participate in the study or the
employee relations problems), and only a few Mallinckrodt officers
remember it (Mr. Thayer, then manager of the Uranium division and
now president of MCW still remembers it vividly), the old study
ana its consequences could still be an explosive issue.

I bring this up so that we can be mindful of our responsi-
bilities in dealing with any unpleasant findings which might
emerge,. especially if something should relate directlv to this
old: study. However, I know the Mallinckrodt. temperament and am
sure that Mx. Thayer would not want to avoid or hide the truth
even if it should be a financial liability to the company. I
would expect the AEC to have a similar attitude.

With the above in mind, I am suggesting that you read these
handwritten materials before they are typed as a formal record in
your study. Perhaps they could be presented in a more favorable
way or not even made 4 part of your records.

If the AEC is sincere in a desire for facts about the affects
of exposure I do not see how 4t can turn down a proposal to in-
tensively study this population of the old St. Louis operations,
which includes the 10-01-49 group. No further "research" into
employment history is necessary. It is only a matter of constructing
the old histories out of material (presumably) on file at the
Federal Record Center.

Any comments about this document or future similar reports
to you will be most welcome at this point, when I am beginning to
@evote nearly continuous time to the Mallinckrodt data.

I seem to be unable to condense the verbage needed to develop
the history of MCW operations. Maybe I'm inserting too much or
unneeded detail? ~

pia .


+ meee

Boe 2 s 1b
ee Te
| wguiancenort = 5

wrote document consists otf 7 panes

SOCIAL USE ONL
. . : 8 Be nage, settle omnre

pesto 8 SLA Oem

i
PINTS h snd 6 | :
- it
(Giassas Te CANCELLID a “4
TST. 2a BSt Poe ennet we hago eg "GD
ee ee z
. wy we Fae fw we fee Se,
. lofty SP ip mein hee “Tete
— ao ce oe ETL

and.
Merril. Eisenbad 7
. \ ;
Issued: November 20, 1950 :
- . i

+ ue

Mistetbettin .

Washingtos (Warren) B.S. Atoute Energy Comissicn
. Mew York Opsratices Office :
Bealth and Safety Divisio:

‘ig
i
|

. ORO 41272




UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA 15213

September 12, 1972

Sidney Marks, M.D. .

Health Sciences Research
and Applications Branch

Division of Biomedical and *
Environmental Research

United States Atomic Energy
Commission

Washington, D.C. 20545

Dear Sid:

This is of particular interest relative to the continued
availability of records in Federal centers.

As indicated in the attached letter from Mont Mason, a
person who really khows the records and begins a search for them
- and réeevaluates what has happened, finds the picture may be differ-
ent, than was in general reported.

Please consider the attached letter as confidential, it is
purely for your background information.

ZI should like specifically to request that the shelf list
section V2161, not be destroyed. .

These are probably the best records in the world in regard
to workers exposed to uranium and with the longest latent period
for analysis.

Personal regards.
. Sincerely,
—
Lom .
Thomas F. Mancuso, M.D.
Research Professor

Occupational Health
Graduate School of Public Health

Pid
Enclosure

O6762
ec: B. Sanders


Mr. Walter Bone

Site Representative

MC. OW. .

Box 472

St. Charles, Missouri eas01

Dear Mr. Bone:

Miss Viola Srest has informed we that our work at
Mallinckrodt Chemical Works: ignnow conpleted “and TI want to
thank you and your ataff for the very excellent assistancé
and cooperation that my people enjoyed during their stay.

We appreciate that this cooperation has made it poasibie to
most effectively utilize the available data in the records at”

your plant. .
Sincerely,

Thomas F. Mancuso, M.D.
Research Professor
Occupational Health


ar. Hancuse icone i

be ccerast if



Haiiinctrodt -

Exposures and Location
Bldg. § Exposure

103 Hexane

105 Nitrous Oxide

202 Hydrofluorene Acid
301 Metal Reduction

Exposures more than realized at the Weldon Springs Plant ~
Thorium in Bidgs. 103, 301 and 105
* phorium daughters ~ gamma radiation
Thorium ~ netal
also Tributz} phosphate - thousands of gallons
Hexane in thousands of gallons

(watch for liver damage}

ng


j
i
i
|
i

For the first few years of. opera’
nor evaluations of the dust exposure made in these planty.

-_ measurements
_ Ma personnel monitoring procedures ware in. effects ,

2. Bets vediation from Uky and Wz, the short~Lived daughters of
weanium. | Highly active Veta emitting residues cocur at steps in the
Broceas which concentrate these daughters

Ze Redon from the ore and process sludges which contain radiure

he Kighe emitting dusts fron the processing ef urenive and raiitum hea-

e

materials,
> a oo



eT Cn py

Br. T.7. Mancuso
Page 3

Shese documents make up the shelf list section designated
W216i. Mr. Gary explained he had no classification autaority and
aid not ‘have access to these documents himself. Unless some action
is taken promptly to safeguard thése documents they will be destroyed
at the first opportinity.

I do not know the correct procedure to safeguard, aad eventnalil
declassify and transfer these documents. Although I classified some
of them originally my preSent non-official status probably has no force
Bs a minimum, I expect that you or AT Becker should fequest throngh
Dr. Benson, or Dick Evans, or Ployd Beets at O.R., that Mr. Gary
at the St. Louis Federal Record Center be instructed not -t9 destroy
V2161l. The next step will be follow-up with security to leam the
procedure for getting the documents declassified ox confirming that
they are already declassified, so they can be transfered to you.

i £ailed to record the total volume FE listed for transfer put
remenber it was of the order of 200 cubic feet stored in individual
i cubic foot shelf boxes in which it will be shipped... ¥y recollection
is that all. ofthis was’ contained-in about 12-x 4 drewsr cabinets at
Weldon. -I certainly agree with Marci that there should be no problem
with storage space for these boxes at Oak Ridge. “Incidentally, while
at Oak Ridge I reassured myself thatthe building was essentially...
fixe proof-and wéli protected. However, at sone, point it may be wise
to ask the AEC Fire Protection people to xeapprove this area for the
storage of critical records. Some of the existing or proposed records
may qualify for fixe proof files under AEC regulations. . .

I continue work on my report to you as time permits and hope
to mail it by 9/8/72. “I would like to.visit O-R. again soon to review

.data from the computer center but think it.best to wait the outcore

of the expected transfer of-recorés from St. Bovis so I can help in
sorting and identification. I will.submit an invoice after completing
my xeport. _: i . .
Sincerely, -
Mont G. Mason ~ ‘ .


tory of the U.S. atomic energy progran. a & wR oS oe
- None ‘of the former Mallinckrodt feed materials workers have been |

; evaluated for possible delayed . somatic or genetic abnorualities which _
night be related to high radiation exposure.. ‘weak thi Btfect information. co

whick could be gleaned from. living and dead former
would resolve the unknowns concerning uranium city, and ‘also make ‘ 2,
substantial contribution to knowledge about the Jong tern effedte ‘of .
ehronic occupational exposube to penetrating external ‘ionizing radiation.

Natural uranium is the major ‘source material | in 14 ‘primary feed’ L
It consists - of a nixture ‘of :

materials for the atomic energy progr SERS

uranium 238 and uranium 235 in a ratio of _ about 0.992 parts 238 to
0.0072 varts U255. , Zach of shese naturally oceuring isotopes is Ps long

turn is the parent or its own separate and:

lived alpha matter which in ~
complex series of decay product radioelenents ending in isotopes of.
lead. The U238 series contains eis! ght alpha daughters with __ beta
- daughters; the 0235 series contains eisht alpha deus? vers vith __ neta
daughters. among the decay radioelenents axe several which dave been WA
: assigned redio toxicity factors siniier to plutoniuri for internel depo-

sition. Radius 226, weich is 4 daughter of 0236, is the “reference


pessibie disadvantage to ‘that person's nedigal “teatment “Further; 2 a
absence of that solid clinical kmow ledge it: ‘a8 L es ‘exist, 1 mey- ‘hewe, =

adverse effect: upon “contemporary protection , standards an

“the conditions of g gross -exposute to wedioactive aise | in 1 that occupation :
have been brought under control. Those tine periods are suffi sufficient for .
the manifestation of latent disease. - : Death ‘information now may’ provide - ,
3 clues if death related. disease is present but an ' absence of Spel Be 3. Sie
this time is not conclusive that such disease is " abgent.” Clinical re~"
examination of at least the known highly exposed and living early. work
ers is the effective procedure for making a positive determination that |
exposure induced disease does or does not exist” in that populations. -

Shere are of course ‘many economic and enotional reasons for not un

dertaxing a pro ;ram of clinical followup on those individuals bat those

reasons nicht not stand the test of future criticism if treatable dis-

eases are later identified in death data. There could ‘also be Lazge
ieconomic questinns yhether too much or $00 littie exposure: had been in-
. iourred for nealts protection in the uraniun industry during the weiting .

erica. Tere are also intangible considerati: ons regarding the tech-

nology impact on raGietion

protection standards from having sibstantive-
eo
infornation dbout the health effect in hunans who have “peen chronically

- exposed to sross concentrations of vraniun cust oF other radioactivity.


ee a : . : a7. P33 AB

% t .
Sond fer

bo Ne 093 .

‘To further our interest and as suggested by Dr. Shoup I
returmed to the record center on 9/1/72. (Friday) to. work with . .
ux. Gary (asst. director) and a Mr. Gantt (Supervisor) to identity
the-xrecords to be transfered, I found that in the interims since -
ny last visit my name had-been removed from the list of authorized
HCW people but Mr. Beets’ had arranged that I could review shelf
file lists. Perhaps at a later date we should reestablish my :
authorization through ABC, depending upon the outcome of the present
proposed record transfer. we .

. Identified from the Record Center shelf list those records
which sould be transfered and about this I make the following
points. . : . _ vo .
i. In our 8/31 telephone discussion Dr. Shoup agreed with

me that the Health Davartment file, and Medical Records

Zor Destren: an **, shy | certainly be transfered now be-

. Cause encompasses all of the important exposure

people and data. Medical: Records for Weldon 9gnl misht—
. : remain in St, Louis-if there was Some reason. .

ae 2. A Possibly Serious Problem: Possible Lost Medical Re-
cords. When Ivagain reviewed the shelf list with item
1 as a guide I could not find one complete set of medical
files which we had originally titled Terminated From ---

Heldon Thru 4/28/66. My personal records show 1196 names
in S set. It is possible that these folders were later
. intexfiled with some other group, or that-the-typist erred
_ ini preparing the list. ‘It is not’ feasible to resolve this
by examining at the rec center all the individual files —~
at the record center. I.therefore decided to list all
medical records:for transfer to your, Oak Ridge files so
that I can work with Viola and Marci to be sure there are
no lost records grid’ that each individual folder is ideny
tifiable as to locale. - : Fa
ees 3. A Serious Problem:. Possiblé bestruction of ‘Key Records.
. Included in the Record Center Sheit List is 4 seperate
"+ section for classified documents. TI was permitted to. -
+ examine this list and was. shocked to.find a sizeable list
of titles for’reports originating at Destrehan dealing -.
. with Dust Studies and other surveys which will be exitical
= to any.eventual matching. of individuals. to job and ex-
posure. I xecall each as being classified originally
Decause. it .contained information about -identity and pro—
duction quantities of materiais which were at-that time :
Slassified. Howaver, I think each of these was subsequentiy
Seclassified as ‘the process was ‘declassified. he exucial ©
point is this: I was told that each of these Gocuments
was beyond scheduled destruction date only cause the -
xecord center does not have the required number of qualified
Observers. I believe these may he the only existing copies


September 5, 4972

Dr. F.F. Mancuso :
Department of Occupational Health
Ohiversity of Pittsburgh _
4200 Fifth Avenue a
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213

x

- Dear Dr. Mancuso:
Transfer of Mallinchrodt Health Records From Record Center to 0.R.

Dr. Shoup called me from Oak Ridge on 8/31 to advise there
was confusion between Mr. Beets at O.R. and Mr. Gary at the Record
Center in St. Louis about what records were to be transfered (identity
of Soxes). Mr. Beets apparently thinks the volume to be transfered
is of the order of 10 cthic feet, it seems he is concerned about space
at O.R., not the material content. I emphasized to Dr. Shoup that
the volume which should eventually transfered was contained in about |
12 = 4 drawer file cabinets at Weldon Spring. Much earlier Xx had
discussed the space availability with Marci who confixzmed there is
adequate space in the filéroom for all thése records. At this time
there is no reason to provide more than one file cabinet for these
xecords, the rest can remain in the transfer boxes until needed at
some later date. - a .

. Dr. Shoup agreed with us that we should transfer all the
Bealth Department record and the Medical Recorés for Destrehan #
empiove's: (I had earlier advised Nr. O*Hare with Mallinchrodt of y
our interest and intent and-he had no objection to the above, he / -~-
asked oniy that he be sent a letter, after the fact, Listing what
had been transfered for future MCW reference if needed). There
was some feeling that maybe the Medical Records for Weldon Springs

- late terminations should remain in. St. Louis to be ai able £0

MCW for a while yet—but there was no strong beeling about this. .
Cineidentally: Mr. L. Hennies, my former medical supervisor who a
is still with MCW, is the only remaining MCW person having 2a working
knowledge of and access to these files. He is now at home, ten-
porary total disability as a result of several heart attacks. Even

_ if MCH néeded data there is no way it could get it‘at present. On
the other-hand, if the records were being supervised by knowledge- :
‘able people under your direction—such as .Viola and Maxci—data could

. be easily obtained on request and the integrity of the record could

be assumed. I did not bring this point up with Dr. Shoup or Mr. i

O*Hare but left it as a future argument if needed). 7 f

,
f

“oe76e4


2®

Veximom concentretions shell not pe used as the sole oriterion for esteblishing
evidence of hasard to health or well being but the evaluation of a possible
hazard, also be subject to other pertinént ‘factors such as the nature -
of the conteminant and the frequency and duration of the exposure or clinical
evidence of haraful. effects. :

PURPOSE —
Thousands of elements, compounds, and mixtures are employed or encountered in
places of employment and the number of nev ones being utilized 1s constantly
inereasing.. Some of these have been found te injur health if present in the
working atmosphere in excessive concentrations. Others while not producing
demonstrable injury have been found to cause irritation, coughing, sneezing,

objectionable breath, or other undesirable results.

Through actual experience in industry agreat deal has been learned about the

effects of some substances< This infomation has been supplemented by con-
siderable laboratory research. me body of "knowledge regarding toxicity of
substances is fairly large and is steadily increasing in size. Euch more
remains to be Jearned, however, not omy about the newer materials but also
about some which have been studied for many years. Honest differences of
opinion as te the safe concentrations of some of the more common toxic mte-
rials exist among authorities in the field of industrial toxicology. Greater
aifferences of opinion are naturally encountered with respect to the limits
to recomend for substances on witich there is more Limited experiences

Despite the gaps in our present state of knowledge, specific figures mst of
necessity be provided at east as a guide tovard the definition of chat ;


- borne ‘radioactive ° materiale.’

: post employment health ancmaiies.

\S

: roentgen rand. reds:

Gaseous. adn, daughter |

principlé source uaterial “tor atonic energy», nt 3

temporary radiatd ion protection practice « and s Hogue :
eget
there is a dearth of solid infornation about ‘whet! "

or is-not a radiation health hevard,-

Hundreds of those workers were”.

tude greater than would be permitted ‘by contemporary sténdards. 2 Wore
than 50 identified’ individual employees at Mallinckrodt alone are inom +

amen
to have worked long enough in appalling concentrations of alpha: emitting
radioactive dust to accumulate more than a. permissible lifetime inhale

_ tion exposure. “Comparable levels of exposure are known to have. existed.

-at other early feed naterials contractor sites. - - Nothing: is known. “today”

‘about the ‘long term consequences to the health of those. worknen.

In due time those workers will all have died from whatever causes”:
and if the hish exposure %o Gust produced an identifiable contributing
disease then it nay be possible to pinpoint those diseases fron death .

certificate date. Zhe percentage of hichly exposed workers is large

enough: in the early feed plant worker population to sive a high