IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-40341

ROGER HAWES, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

WILLIAM STEPHENS; BRAD LIVINGSTON; PAMELA PACE, 

 Defendants - Appellees

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ROGER HAWES,

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

WILLIAM STEPHENS, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, 

Correctional Institutions Division; BRAD LIVINGSTON, Executive Director, 

Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division; 

PAMELA PACE, Practice Manager, University of Texas Medical Branch;

 Defendants - Appellees

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

Before SMITH, GRAVES, and HO, Circuit Judges.

JAMES E. GRAVES, Jr., Circuit Judge:

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

July 9, 2020

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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Plaintiff-Appellant Roger Hawes, who is currently incarcerated in Texas, 

contends that various employees of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice 

violated federal law when they deducted a medical co-payment from his inmate 

trust account. We disagree and affirm the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of the defendants.

I. BACKGROUND

Title 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a) (“Section 5301(a)”) states that payments of 

veteran’s benefits “shall be exempt from the claim of creditors, and shall not 

be liable to attachment, levy, or seizure by or under any legal or equitable 

process whatever.” 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(1). Veterans Affairs (“VA”) payments 

protected under Section 5301(a) are covered by 31 C.F.R. § 212 (“Section 212”), 

which was enacted in 2011 to “implement statutory provisions that protect 

[f]ederal benefits from garnishment.” 31 C.F.R. §§ 212.1, 212.2(b)(2). Both 

Section 5301(a) and Section 212 are at issue in this case. 

As noted above, Plaintiff-Appellant Roger Hawes (“Mr. Hawes”), who is 

proceeding pro se, is incarcerated in Texas. In December 2015, $100 was 

deducted from his inmate trust as a copay for his medical care.1 Mr. Hawes, 

who receives regular payments from the VA, believes this deduction violated 

Section 5301(a) and Section 212. 

After pursuing grievances regarding the deduction, Mr. Hawes filed the 

instant suit. He named as defendants two directors of the Texas Department 

of Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”) (together, the “TDCJ defendants”) and Pamela 

Pace, a University of Texas Medical Branch practice manager (collectively, 

“Defendant-Appellees”). Mr. Hawes alleged that the TDCJ defendants violated 

Section 5301(a) by garnishing protected funds to satisfy his medical 

1 An annual $100 medical copayment is collected from inmates pursuant to Texas law. 

See Tex. Gov’t Code § 501.063.

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copayment, failed to implement institutional policies to identify prisoners who 

received funds exempt from levy or garnishment, and engaged in a conspiracy 

to convert funds belonging to him and thereby committed theft.2 He also 

complained that Defendant Pace failed to fulfill her duty to properly and 

thoroughly investigate his grievances and that the TDCJ grievance process 

denied him due process. He sought injunctive and declaratory relief, 

reimbursement of the $100 copayment, and compensatory damages. 

The magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation granting 

summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellees, which the district court 

adopted. This appeal followed. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Section 5301(a)

The magistrate judge found that Section 5301(a) may be enforced by 

private suit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The defendants did not object to that 

finding, presumably because the magistrate ultimately ruled in their favor on 

the merits. There is therefore no need for us to reach the issue of whether Mr. 

Hawes can sue under Section 1983. Review of an un-objected legal conclusion 

from a magistrate is for plain error. See Duarte v. City of Lewisville, 858 F.3d 

348, 352 (5th Cir. 2017). Affirmance on the merits is proper, as explained 

below, so any error on this point could not have been plain. We therefore 

assume arguendo that Section 5301(a) may be privately enforced through 

Section 1983 and proceed.

2 Mr. Hawes argues that the theft of his property violated federal law because it 

involved property transferred through the mail or through federal wire transfer of U.S. 

Treasury funds.

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B. Section 5301(a) and the Medical Copayment

Mr. Hawes contends that the district court erred in concluding that the 

TDCJ defendants did not violate Section 5301(a) when they used funds in his 

inmate trust account, some of which were received as VA benefit payments, to 

satisfy his medical copay. While we do not endorse the analysis of the 

magistrate judge or district court, we find that they were correct in granting 

summary judgment in favor of Defendant-Appellees on this point.

This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the 

same standard as the district court. Austin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 864 F.3d 326, 

328 (5th Cir. 2017); Mississippi River Basin Alliance v. Westphal, 230 F.3d 170, 

174 (5th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows 

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A genuine issue 

of material fact exists when the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could 

return a verdict for the non-moving party.” Austin, 864 F.3d at 328 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). All facts and reasonable inferences are 

construed in favor of the nonmovant, and the court should not weigh evidence 

or make credibility findings. Deville v. Marcantel, 567 F.3d 156, 163–64 (5th 

Cir. 2009). The resolution of a genuine issue of material fact “is the exclusive 

province of the trier of fact and may not be decided at the summary judgment 

stage.” Ramirez v. Landry’s Seafood Inn & Oyster Bar, 280 F.3d 576, 578 n.3 

(5th Cir. 2002). 

Here, Mr. Hawes asserts that the TDCJ defendants violated Section 

5301(a) and Section 2123 by deducting the $100 medical copayment from his 

3 In addition to his other claims, Mr. Hawes asserts that the TDCJ defendants violated 

his procedural due process rights by failing to comply with the procedures set out in Section 

212. But the regulations, which set out procedures for financial institutions to follow with 

regard to a garnishment order against an account holder into whose account a federal benefit 

payment has been directly deposited, do not give rise to a private cause of action. Indeed, 

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inmate trust account, which contained benefits paid to him by the VA. The trial

court determined that the TDCJ is not a financial institution for purposes of 

Section 212, which is obvious given the definition provided in the regulations.4

But that court nonetheless deemed Section 212 a “framework for the 

evaluation of the monies” in Mr. Hawes’s account that “assists in the 

determination of what funds are protected” by Section 5301(a). It therefore 

applied the direct-deposit5 and lookback provision6 of Section 212 to the facts 

of this case and concluded that Section 5301(a) had not been violated. 

Mr. Hawes argues that if the TDCJ does not qualify as a “financial 

institution,” none of the provisions of Section 212 should apply. We agree. No 

authority addresses what role Section 212 plays when the alleged 

“garnishment” of federal benefits involves something other than a “financial 

institution.” But the regulation itself is expressly limited to those institutions, 

31 C.F.R. §212.2(a), and it was intended only to “establish[] procedures that 

financial institutions must follow when they receive a garnishment order . . . ,” 

76 Fed. Reg. 9,939 (Feb. 23, 2011). Moreover, enactment of Section 212 directly 

preceded the implementation of garnishment exemption identifiers encoded by 

the Treasury Department into automated clearinghouse (“ACH”) payments. 76 

Section 212 explicitly provides that “[f]ederal banking agencies will enforce compliance with 

this part.” 31 C.F.R. § 212.11(a). 

4 A “financial institution” is defined as “a bank, savings association, credit union, or 

other entity chartered under Federal or State law to engage in the business of banking.” 31

C.F.R. § 212.3. TDCJ possesses no such charter. 

5 Section 212 provides that a “benefit payment” is “a “Federal benefit payment . . . 

paid by direct deposit to an account,” and an “account” is “an account . . . at a financial 

institution and to which an electronic payment may be directly routed.” 31 C.F.R. § 212.3. 

6 Under Section 212, funds are protected during a two-month “lookback period” that 

“begins on the date preceding the date of account review and ends on the corresponding date 

of the month two months earlier.” 31 C.F.R. § 212.3. The “protected amount” in an account is 

“the lesser of the sum of all benefit payments posted to an account between the close of 

business on the beginning date of the lookback period and the open of business on the ending 

date of the lookback period.” Id. 

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Fed. Reg. 9,940 (Feb. 23, 2011). All evidence thus suggests that Section 212 

was intended to apply only to those institutions expressly covered by its text. 

Consequently, we must consider whether Section 5301(a) was violated 

without reference to the procedures outlined in Section 212. Answering that 

question requires understanding the status of the funds in Mr. Hawes’s inmate 

trust account on December 11, 2015, the day the medical copayment was 

deducted. 

According to Mr. Hawes, his VA benefits were previously directly 

deposited into an outside account at Altra Federal Credit Union until January 

2014. Between January 2015 and December 2015, Mr. Hawes made several

$80 transfers from that account into his inmate trust account. But other than 

a declaration, he offers no evidence that U.S. Treasury deposits were the only 

source of funds for the Altra account. And while four $133.17 VA benefit 

payments were directly deposited into Mr. Hawes’s inmate trust account prior 

to the copayment deduction, that deduction was also preceded by two $300 

deposits into the inmate account by a private citizen. 

Because Mr. Hawes’s VA benefits were commingled with transfers from 

his Altra account and with sizeable deposits by a private individual, it is 

impossible to know whether the medical co-payment was charged against 

funds that originated from the Department of the Treasury. Mr. Hawes 

therefore cannot state a claim under Section 5301(a), which protects only 

payments of federal benefits. With respect to Mr. Hawes’s claims arising from 

the TDCJ defendants’ purported violations of Section 5301(a), we therefore 

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.7

7 Given this conclusion, it is unnecessary to analyze Mr. Hawes’s claims involving 

conspiracy and theft or the defendants’ argument that they are entitled to qualified 

immunity.

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C. Section 5301(a) and the Prison Litigation Reform Act

After Mr. Hawes filed his complaint, the magistrate judge granted him 

leave to proceed in forma pauperis and assessed an initial partial filing fee of 

$43 pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”). Mr. Hawes 

objected, asserting that his VA benefits were his sole source of income and that 

they were exempt from garnishment or levy under Section 5301(a). The 

magistrate judge overruled both that objection, a subsequent objection, and a 

request for reimbursement. 

On appeal, Mr. Hawes continues his challenge to the assessment of the 

initial partial filing fees, including the one associated with his appeal. He 

maintains that there is no support for the trial court’s conclusion that funds 

protected under Section 5301(a) may still be used for payment of judicial filing 

fees. And according to Mr. Hawes, the plain language of Section 5301(a) 

precludes consideration of his VA benefits to calculate the initial filing fee. 

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) and (2), a prisoner filing a civil action or 

appeal in forma pauperis must pay the full filing fee over time through the 

assessment of an initial partial filing fee and the monthly withdrawal of funds. 

While Section 5301(a) does protect federal benefit payments from “attachment, 

levy, or seizure,” nothing in the statute suggests (1) that recipients of benefits 

are exempt from statutory filing fee requirements; or (2) that assets acquired 

from VA benefits cannot be taken into account for purposes of determining 

whether a litigant is eligible for in forma pauperis status. See 38 U.S.C. 

§ 5301(a)(1). We therefore affirm the trial court’s assessment of filing fees.

D. Due Process and the Prison Grievance System

Mr. Hawes filed a Step One grievance following the seizure of his medical 

copay, in which he stated that the money he receives as a disabled veteran is 

exempt from collection by any creditor for any reason. Defendant Pace 

responded that the charge was for a dental plan and was correct. Mr. Hawes 

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then filed a Step Two grievance, in which he complained that the Step One 

grievance response ignored the impact of Section 5301(a). The response to the 

Step Two grievance affirmed the Step One response and indicated that the unit 

medical department and the health services division do not handle inmate 

money. Mr. Hawes now alleges that the prison grievance system did not afford 

him adequate due process and that Defendant Pace failed to meet her duty to 

adequately investigate grievances. Case law dictates that these claims be 

dismissed.

The Fourteenth Amendment protects inmates from deprivation of their 

property without due process of law. Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 536–37 

(1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 106 

(1986). “We assume arguendo that inmates have a protected property interest 

in the funds in their prison trust fund accounts, entitling them to due process 

with respect to any deprivation of these funds.” Morris v. Livingston, 739 F.3d 

740, 750 (5th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). However, a state actor’s 

unauthorized deprivation of an inmate’s prison account funds “does not 

constitute a violation of the procedural requirements of the Due Process Clause 

of the Fourteenth Amendment if a meaningful postdeprivation remedy for the 

loss is available.” Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 533 (1984).

We have long acknowledged that Texas provides inmates challenging the 

appropriation of monies in their inmate trust fund account “with meaningful 

postdeprivation remedies, either through statute or through the tort of 

conversion.” Washington v. Collier, 747 F. App’x 221, 222 (5th Cir. 2018) 

(unpublished) (per curiam) (citing Myers v. Klevenhagen, 97 F.3d 91, 95 (5th 

Cir. 1996); Murphy v. Collins, 26 F.3d 541, 543–44 (5th Cir. 1994)). Because 

Texas affords Mr. Hawes an adequate postdeprivation remedy for the 

confiscation of the $100 in his inmate trust account, no actionable violation of 

his rights occurred, and his § 1983 claim against the TDCJ defendants “lacks 

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an arguable basis either in law or in fact.” See Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 

319, 325 (1989). Mr. Hawes’s claim against Defendant Pace also fails, not least 

because prisoners do not have a federally protected liberty interest in having 

their grievances resolved to their satisfaction. See Geiger v. Jowers, 404 F.3d 

371, 373–74 (5th Cir. 2005).

We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in 

favor of the defendants on these claims.

III. CONCLUSION

The district court’s grant of summary judgment is AFFIRMED.

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