SEC Petition Evaluation Report
 

Petition SEC-00115 

Report Rev #: 0 Report Submittal Date: January 20, 2009 

Subject Expert(s): Alex Boerner, Joe Guido, Karin Jessen 

Site Expert(s): NA 

Petition Administrative Summary 

Petition Under Evaluation 

Petition # Petition 

Type 

Petition 

Qualification Date 

DOE/AWE Facility Name 

SEC-00115 83.13 August 4, 2008 Tyson Valley Powder Farm (TVPF) 

Petitioner Class Definition 

All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, during 

the applicable covered period from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949. 

Class Evaluated by NIOSH 

All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, during 

the applicable covered period from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949. 

NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC 

All Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees who worked at Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, 

Missouri, from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 

work days, occurring either solely under this employment or in combination with work days within the 

parameters established for one or more other classes of employees in the SEC. 

Related Petition Summary Information 

SEC Petition Tracking #(s) Petition Type DOE/AWE Facility Name Petition Status 

None NA NA NA 

Related Evaluation Report Information 

Report Title DOE/AWE Facility Name 

NA NA 

ORAU Lead Technical Evaluator: Karin Jessen ORAU Review Completed By: Daniel H. Stempfley 

Peer Review Completed By: [Signature on file] 

LaVon Rutherford 

1/20/2009 

Date 

SEC Petition Evaluation Reviewed By: [Signature on file] 

J. W. Neton 

1/20/2009 

Date 

SEC Evaluation Approved By: [Signature on file] 

Larry Elliott 

1/20/2009 

Date 

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Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00115, Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

This evaluation report by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 

addresses a class of employees proposed for addition to the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) per the 

Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 

§ 7384 et seq. (EEOICPA) and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as 

Members of the Special Exposure Cohort under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness 

Compensation Program Act of 2000. 

Petitioner-Requested Class Definition 

Petition SEC-00115, qualified on August 4, 2008, requested that NIOSH consider the following class: 

All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, 

during the applicable covered period from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949. 

Class Evaluated by NIOSH 

Based on its preliminary research, NIOSH accepted the petitioner-requested class. NIOSH evaluated 

the following class: All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm in 

St. Louis, Missouri, during the applicable covered period from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 

1949. 

NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC 

Based on its full research of the class under evaluation, NIOSH has defined a single class of 

employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy. The NIOSHproposed class includes all Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees who worked at Tyson 

Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri, from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948, for a 

number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this 

employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more 

other classes of employees in the SEC. There is no evidence of radioactive materials onsite prior to 

February 13, 1946, and documentation indicates that all radioactive materials were offsite by June 30, 

1948 (HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 7). Based on the review and assessment as documented in 

Sections 5 and 7 of this report, NIOSH has not found any reason to include the time period before 

February 13, 1946 or beyond June 30, 1948 in the NIOSH-proposed class recommended for SEC 

status. 

Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction 

NIOSH was unable to locate any internal or external monitoring records for the period under 

evaluation. NIOSH determined that it is not feasible to estimate radiation dose for all members of the 

NIOSH-evaluated class with sufficient accuracy, based on the sum of information available from 

available resources for all workers at the site from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948. 

However, there is no evidence of radioactive materials at Tyson Valley Powder Farm from January 1, 

1942 through February 12, 1946 or from July 1, 1948 through December 31, 1949; therefore, a 

feasibility evaluation is not required for that time period. 

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Health Endangerment Determination 

Per EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3), a health endangerment determination is required because 

NIOSH has determined that it does not have sufficient information to estimate dose for the members 

of the proposed class from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948. 

NIOSH did not identify any evidence supplied by the petitioner or from other resources that would 

establish that the proposed class was exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved exceptionally high-level exposures. However, evidence indicates that some workers in the 

proposed class may have accumulated substantial chronic exposures through episodic intakes of 

radionuclides, combined with external exposures to gamma and beta radiation. Consequently, NIOSH 

has determined that health was endangered for those workers covered by this evaluation who were 

employed for at least 250 aggregated work days either solely under that employment or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for other SEC classes (excluding 

aggregate work day requirements). 

For the periods from January 1, 1942 through June 27, 1946 and from July 1, 1948 through December 

31, 1949, NIOSH determined that there was no health endangerment because there is no evidence of 

radioactive material exposures at Tyson Valley Powder Farm outside of the February 13, 1946 

through June 30, 1948 timeframe. 

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Table of Contents 

Evaluation Report Summary: SEC-00115, Tyson Valley Powder Farm ................................................ 3
 

1.0 Purpose and Scope.......................................................................................................................... 7
 

2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7
 

3.0 SEC-00115, Tyson Valley Powder Farm Class Definitions .......................................................... 8 

3.1 Petitioner-Requested Class Definition and Basis .................................................................. 8 

3.2 Class Evaluated by NIOSH ................................................................................................... 9 

3.3 NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC .................................................................. 9
 

4.0 Data Sources Reviewed by NIOSH to Evaluate the Class ............................................................. 9 

4.1 Site Profile Technical Basis Documents (TBDs) ................................................................ 10 

4.2 Technical Information Bulletins (TIBs) .............................................................................. 10 

4.3 Facility Employees and Experts .......................................................................................... 11 

4.4 Previous Dose Reconstructions ........................................................................................... 11 

4.5 NIOSH Site Research Database .......................................................................................... 12 

4.6 Other Technical Sources...................................................................................................... 12 

4.7 Documentation and/or Affidavits Provided by Petitioners ................................................. 12
 

5.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Class Evaluated by NIOSH ......................................... 12 

5.1 Tyson Valley Powder Farm Plant and Storage Descriptions .............................................. 13 

5.1.1 Types of Materials Stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm ...................................... 14 

5.1.1.1 Uranium Scrap Materials.......................................................................... 15 

5.1.1.2 Byproducts of Uranium Ore Processing ................................................... 16 

5.2 Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm Operations .................. 17 

5.2.1 Internal Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm ........... 17 

5.2.1.1 Uranium Scrap .......................................................................................... 18 

5.2.1.2 Uranium Residues .................................................................................... 18 

5.2.1.3 Radon........................................................................................................ 18 

5.2.2 External Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm .......... 18 

5.2.2.1 Photon....................................................................................................... 19 

5.2.2.2 Beta........................................................................................................... 19 

5.2.2.3 Neutron ..................................................................................................... 19 

5.2.3 Incidents .................................................................................................................. 19
 

6.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Class Evaluated by NIOSH ............................. 19 

6.1 Available Tyson Valley Powder Farm Internal Monitoring Data ....................................... 20 

6.2 Available Tyson Valley Powder Farm External Monitoring Data ...................................... 20
 

7.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Class Evaluated by NIOSH ...................................... 20 

7.1 Pedigree of Tyson Valley Powder Farm Data ..................................................................... 21 

7.1.1 Internal Monitoring Data Pedigree Review............................................................. 21 

7.1.2 External Monitoring Data Pedigree Review............................................................ 21 

7.2 Evaluation of Bounding Internal Radiation Doses at Tyson Valley Powder Farm............. 21 

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7.2.1 Evaluation of Bounding Storage-Related Internal Doses........................................ 21 

7.2.1.1 Uranium Scrap .......................................................................................... 21 

7.2.1.2 Uranium Residues and Radon .................................................................. 22 

7.2.1.3 Residual Contamination ........................................................................... 22 

7.2.2 Internal Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion ............................................. 22 

7.3 Evaluation of Bounding External Radiation Doses at Tyson Valley Powder Farm............ 22 

7.3.1 Evaluation of Bounding Storage-Related External Doses....................................... 22 

7.3.2 Tyson Valley Powder Farm Occupational X-Ray Examinations ............................ 23 

7.3.3 External Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion ............................................ 23 

7.4 Evaluation of Petition Basis for SEC-00115 ....................................................................... 23 

7.4.1 Unmonitored Workers ............................................................................................. 23
 

7.5 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00115.................................................. 24
 

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00115...................................................... 24
 

9.0 Class Conclusion for Petition SEC-00115 ................................................................................... 25
 

10.0 References .................................................................................................................................... 27
 

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis................................................................................................... 30 

Tables 

4-1: No. of TVPF Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule ......................................... 11
 

5-1: Materials Stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm ............................................................................ 15
 

7-1: Summary of Feasibility Findings for SEC-00115.......................................................................... 24 

Figures 

5-1: Historical Tyson Valley Powder Farm Layout .............................................................................. 14
 

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SEC Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00115
 

ATTRIBUTION AND ANNOTATION: This is a single-author document. All conclusions drawn from 

the data presented in this evaluation were made by the ORAU Team Lead Technical Evaluator: Karin 

Jessen, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). These conclusions were peer-reviewed by the 

individuals listed on the cover page. The rationales for all conclusions in this document are explained 

in the associated text. 

1.0 Purpose and Scope 

This report evaluates the feasibility of reconstructing doses for all employees who worked in covered 

areas at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, during the applicable covered period 

from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949. It provides information and analyses germane to 

considering a petition for adding a class of employees to the congressionally-created SEC. 

This report does not make any determinations concerning the feasibility of dose reconstruction that 

necessarily apply to any individual energy employee who might require a dose reconstruction from 

NIOSH. This report also does not contain the final determination as to whether the proposed class 

will be added to the SEC (see Section 2.0). 

This evaluation was conducted in accordance with the requirements of EEOICPA, 42 C.F.R. pt. 83, 

and the guidance contained in the Office of Compensation Analysis and Support’s (OCAS) Internal 

Procedures for the Evaluation of Special Exposure Cohort Petitions, OCAS-PR-004. 

2.0 Introduction 

Both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 require NIOSH to evaluate qualified petitions requesting that the 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) add a class of employees to the SEC. The 

evaluation is intended to provide a fair, science-based determination of whether it is feasible to 

estimate with sufficient accuracy the radiation doses of the class of employees through NIOSH dose 

reconstructions.1 

42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1) states: Radiation doses can be estimated with sufficient accuracy if NIOSH 

has established that it has access to sufficient information to estimate the maximum radiation dose, 

for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed, that could have been incurred in 

plausible circumstances by any member of the class, or if NIOSH has established that it has access to 

sufficient information to estimate the radiation doses of members of the class more precisely than an 

estimate of the maximum radiation dose. 

Under 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3), if it is not feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses 

for members of the class, then NIOSH must determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such 

radiation doses may have endangered the health of members of the class The regulation requires 

NIOSH to assume that any duration of unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of 

1

 NIOSH dose reconstructions under EEOICPA are performed using the methods promulgated under 42 C.F.R. pt. 82 and 

the detailed implementation guidelines available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. 

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members of a class when it has been established that the class may have been exposed to radiation 

during a discrete incident likely to have involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring 

during nuclear criticality incidents. If the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has 

not been established, then NIOSH is required to specify that health was endangered for those workers 

who were employed for at least 250 aggregated work days within the parameters established for the 

class or in combination with work days within the parameters established for other SEC classes 

(excluding aggregate work day requirements). 

NIOSH is required to document its evaluation in a report, and to do so, relies upon both its own dose 

reconstruction expertise as well as technical support from its contractor, Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities (ORAU). Once completed, NIOSH provides the report to both the petitioner(s) and to the 

Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health (Board). The Board will consider the NIOSH 

evaluation report, together with the petition, petitioner(s) comments, and other information the Board 

considers appropriate, in order to make recommendations to the Secretary of HHS on whether or not 

to add one or more classes of employees to the SEC. Once NIOSH has received and considered the 

advice of the Board, the Director of NIOSH will propose a decision on behalf of HHS. The Secretary 

of HHS will make the final decision, taking into account the NIOSH evaluation, the advice of the 

Board, and the proposed decision issued by NIOSH. As part of this decision process, petitioners may 

seek a review of certain types of final decisions issued by the Secretary of HHS.2 

3.0 SEC-00115, Tyson Valley Powder Farm Class Definitions 

The following subsections address the evolution of the class definition for SEC-00115, Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm. When a petition is submitted, the requested class definition is reviewed as submitted. 

Based on its review of the available site information and data, NIOSH will make a determination 

whether to qualify all, some portion, or no part of the petitioner proposed class for evaluation. In the 

case that at least some portion of the proposed class is qualified for evaluation, NIOSH will specify 

the class (with justification if the petitioner’s class has been modified) to be fully evaluated. After a 

complete analysis, NIOSH will determine whether to propose a worker class for addition to the SEC 

and will specify that proposed worker class definition. 

3.1 Petitioner-Requested Class Definition and Basis 

Petition SEC-00115, qualified on August 4, 2008, requested that NIOSH consider the following class 

for addition to the SEC: All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, during the applicable covered period from January 1, 1942 through 

December 31, 1949. 

The petitioner provided information and affidavit statements in support of the petitioner’s belief that 

accurate dose reconstruction over time is impossible for the Tyson Valley Powder Farm workers in 

question. NIOSH deemed the following information and affidavit statements sufficient to qualify 

SEC-00115 for evaluation: 

2 See 42 C.F.R. pt. 83 for a full description of the procedures summarized here. Additional internal procedures are 

available at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. 

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In support of her petition, the SEC-00115 petitioner provided two affidavits stating that to 

the best of her knowledge, radiation exposures and radiation doses potentially incurred by 

members of the proposed class that relate to this petition were not monitored, either 

through personal monitoring or through area monitoring. 

The petitioner stated that the affidavits provided with the petition were based on the 

petitioner’s knowledge of visiting the former Energy Employee at the site and from 

reviewing photographs of the employees at the facility, which, in the petitioner’s opinion, 

confirm that Tyson Valley Powder Farm employees did not wear dosimeter badges and 

therefore were not monitored. 

Based on the research and data capture efforts for Tyson Valley Powder Farm, NIOSH determined 

that data are not available for the entire NIOSH-evaluated time period or for all radionuclides. 

NIOSH concluded that for at least part of the proposed time period, internal and external radiation 

exposures and radiation doses were not adequately monitored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm, either 

through personal monitoring or area monitoring. The information and statements provided by the 

petitioner qualified the petition for further consideration by NIOSH, the Board, and HHS. The details 

of the petition basis are addressed in Section 7.4. 

3.2 Class Evaluated by NIOSH 

Based on its preliminary research, NIOSH accepted the petitioner-proposed class. NIOSH defined the 

following class for further evaluation: All employees who worked in covered areas at the Tyson 

Valley Powder Farm in St. Louis, Missouri, during the applicable covered period from January 1, 

1942 through December 31, 1949. 

3.3 NIOSH-Proposed Class to be Added to the SEC 

Based on its research of the class under evaluation, NIOSH has defined a single class of employees for 

which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy. The NIOSH-proposed class 

to be added to the SEC includes all Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees who worked at 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri, from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948, 

for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely under this 

employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more 

other classes of employees in the SEC. The remaining NIOSH-evaluated timeframe is not included in 

the NIOSH-proposed class because there is no evidence of radioactive materials at Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm from January 1, 1942 through February 12, 1946 or from July 1, 1948 through 

December 31, 1949. The review and assessment documented in Sections 5 and 7 of this report 

describe the basis for this NIOSH conclusion. 

4.0 Data Sources Reviewed by NIOSH to Evaluate the Class 

NIOSH data capture efforts for the Tyson Valley Powder Farm site focused on all types of monitoring 

data, including film badge data, air monitoring data, and internal monitoring data for the operational 

period (1942 to 1949) of Tyson Valley Powder Farm. No monitoring data was found. Attachment 1 

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contains a summary of Tyson Valley Powder Farm documents and specifically identifies data capture 

details and general descriptions of the documents retrieved. 

NIOSH identified and reviewed numerous data sources to determine information relevant to 

determining the feasibility of dose reconstruction for the class of employees under evaluation. This 

included determining the availability of information on personal monitoring, area monitoring, 

industrial processes, and radiation source materials. The following subsections summarize the data 

sources identified and reviewed by NIOSH. 

4.1 Site Profile Technical Basis Documents (TBDs) 

A Site Profile provides specific information concerning the documentation of historical practices at 

the specified site. Dose reconstructors can use the Site Profile to evaluate internal and external 

dosimetry data for monitored and unmonitored workers, and to supplement, or substitute for, 

individual monitoring data. A Site Profile consists of an Introduction and five Technical Basis 

Documents (TBDs) that provide process history information, information on personal and area 

monitoring, radiation source descriptions, and references to primary documents relevant to the 

radiological operations at the site. The Site Profile for a small site may consist of a single document. 

Although there are no Site Profile TBDs written specifically for Tyson Valley Powder Farm, as part of 

NIOSH’s evaluation detailed herein, it examined the following TBDs for insights into Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm operations or related topics/operations at other sites: 

•	 Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium and Thorium, Battelle-TBD6000: PSWS-3738 Rev. F0; December 13, 2006; SRDB Ref ID: 30671 

•	 Basis for Development of an Exposure Matrix for the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company St. Louis 

Downtown Site and the St. Louis Airport Site, St. Louis, Missouri, ORAUT-TKBS-0005; Rev. 02; 

June 14, 2007; SRDB Ref ID: 32277 

4.2 Technical Information Bulletins (TIBs) 

A Technical Information Bulletin (TIB) is a general working document that provides guidance for 

preparing dose reconstructions at particular sites or categories of sites. NIOSH reviewed the 

following TIBs as part of its evaluation: 

•	 TIB: Estimating the Maximum Plausible Dose to Workers at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities, 

ORAUT-OTIB-0004, Rev. 03 PC-2; December 6, 2006; SRDB Ref ID: 36191 

•	 TIB: Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related X-Ray Procedures, ORAUT-OTIB-0006, 

Rev. 03 PC-1; December 21, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 20220 

•	 TIB: Estimation of Neutron Dose Rates from Alpha-Neutron Reactions in Uranium and Thorium 

Compounds, ORAUT-OTIB-0024, Rev. 00; April 7, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 19445 

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4.3 Facility Employees and Experts 

Documentation in the SRDB contains eleven interview summaries and one meeting summary 

conducted prior to this petition being filed. The purpose of the interviews and the meeting was to gain 

historical information from people who may have worked at Tyson Valley Powder Farm or who may 

have had information about Tyson Valley Powder Farm. The meeting included 10 participants; two 

of the participants appear to have worked at Tyson Valley Powder Farm. None of the interviewees 

had any knowledge of radioactive material on the Tyson Valley Powder Farm site. 

In support of the petition review, NIOSH conducted three additional interviews with individuals 

considered to be knowledgeable about Tyson Valley Powder Farm, as they had been involved with 

writing Tyson Valley Powder Farm documents. Two of the interviews were conducted by phone and 

one was conducted through email correspondence. 

•	 Personal Communication, 2008a, Personal Communication with [Name One Redacted]; Email 

contact; October 27, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 53358 

•	 Personal Communication, 2008b, Personal Communication with [Name Two Redacted]; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; October 1, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 54623 

•	 Personal Communication, 2008c, Personal Communication with [Name Three Redacted]; 

Telephone Interview by ORAU Team; November 5, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 54621 

4.4 Previous Dose Reconstructions 

NIOSH reviewed its NIOSH OCAS Claims Tracking System (NOCTS) to locate EEOICPA-related 

dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to the petition evaluation. Table 4-1 

summarizes the results of this review. (NOCTS data available as of January 14, 2009) 

Table 4-1: No. of TVPF Claims Submitted Under the Dose Reconstruction Rule 

Description Totals 

Total number of claims submitted for dose reconstruction 1 

Total number of claims submitted for energy employees who meet the definition criteria for the class 

under evaluation (January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949) 

1 

Number of dose reconstructions completed for energy employees who meet the definition criteria for 

the class under evaluation (i.e., the number of such claims completed by NIOSH and submitted to the 

Department of Labor for final approval). 

1 

Number of claims for which internal dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 

0 

Number of claims for which external dosimetry records were obtained for the identified years in the 

evaluated class definition 

0 

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NIOSH reviewed the claim to determine whether internal and/or external personal monitoring records 

could be obtained for the employee. Based on the claim and information reviews performed to date, 

NIOSH has not located any internal or external monitoring data for this claim or for any other 

individuals who worked at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm site. 

4.5 NIOSH Site Research Database 

NIOSH also examined its Site Research Database (SRDB) to locate documents supporting the 

evaluation of the proposed class. One hundred and seventy documents in this database were identified 

as pertaining to Tyson Valley Powder Farm. These documents were evaluated for their relevance to 

this petition. The documents include historical background information regarding Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm storage areas (a munitions storage area, as well as a storage area for materials from 

Mallinckrodt Chemical Works and the St. Louis Ordnance Plant). While no monitoring data, program 

descriptions, or process descriptions were found, some information was found regarding the materials 

stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

4.6 Other Technical Sources 

NIOSH completed an exhaustive database and internet search for information regarding Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm. The database search included the DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites 

database, the DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) database, the Energy 

Citations database, the Atomic Energy Technical Report database, and the Hanford Declassified 

Document Retrieval System. In addition to general internet searches, the NIOSH internet search 

included OSTI OpenNet Advanced searches, OSTI Information Bridge Fielded searches, Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission (NRC) Agency-wide Documents Access and Management (ADAMS) web 

searches, the DOE Office of Human Radiation Experiments website, and the DOE-National Nuclear 

Security Administration-Nevada Site Office-search. Also, a noted historian for the former weapons 

work in the St. Louis area allowed NIOSH to conduct data capture on her research materials; however, 

no data was retrieved for Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

4.7 Documentation and/or Affidavits Provided by Petitioners 

In qualifying and evaluating the petition, NIOSH reviewed the following affidavits and authorization 

form submitted by the petitioner: 

• Affidavits and Authorization Form from Survivor; June 13, 2008; OSA Ref ID: 106263 

No supporting documents, other than affidavits, were provided by the petitioner. 

5.0 Radiological Operations Relevant to the Class Evaluated by 

NIOSH 

The following subsections summarize both radiological operations at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

from January 1, 1942 to December 31, 1949 and the information available to NIOSH to characterize 

particular processes and radioactive source materials. From available sources, NIOSH has attempted 

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to gather process and source descriptions, information regarding the identity and quantities of each 

radionuclide of concern, and information describing both processes through which radiation exposures 

may have occurred and the physical environment in which they may have occurred. The information 

included within this evaluation report is intended only to be a summary of the available information. 

5.1 Tyson Valley Powder Farm Plant and Storage Descriptions 

In 1941, the United States Army purchased 2,621 acres of undeveloped land approximately 25 miles 

southwest of St. Louis, Missouri, and 3 miles northeast of Eureka, Missouri, and established the 

Tyson Valley Army Powder Storage Farm, also known as Tyson Valley Powder Farm (TechLaw, 

2002). The purpose of Tyson Valley Powder Farm was to meet the need for a large ammunition depot 

and testing facility during World War II. The primary function of the site was to receive, store, issue, 

and test explosives, small arms ammunition, 105-mm projectiles, and chemicals commonly used in 

tracers and incendiaries. Material storage at Tyson Valley Powder Farm was conducted primarily to 

support the production of small arms ammunition at the nearby St. Louis Ordnance Plant, located on 

Goodfellow Boulevard in St. Louis, Missouri (TechLaw, 2002). 

Buildings, structures, and areas on the Tyson Valley Powder Farm included the following: 

• Guard house, 

• Administration building, 

• Fifty-two igloos or bunkers, 

• Ten pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) vaults, 

• Four trinitrotoluene (TNT) magazines, 

• A firing and testing range, 

• Three 4,800 square-foot warehouses, 

• A 60,000 square-foot warehouse, 

• Popping kettle area and building, 

• Two burning pans, and 

• Other ancillary buildings 

However, the only buildings of interest for this report are five igloos (Igloos 48, 49, 50, 51, 52), which 

likely stored radioactive material. NIOSH did not find any evidence of other areas at Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm being used for radioactive material storage or operations. 

On May 10, 1946, the U.S. Army declared the Tyson Valley Powder Farm site surplus. Prior to this 

declaration, the property was placed in “closed-down condition” which was necessary for property 

disposal. During this time, all explosives decontamination work was conducted. The AEC first began 

using the building at Tyson Valley Powder Farm immediately after closure. The earliest reference to 

the AEC’s desire to use the site to store radioactive materials is February 13, 1946, when Tyson 

Valley Powder Farm was being considered as a storage site (Clayton, 1946b). At some point between 

February 13, 1946 and June 28, 1946, AEC radioactive materials were moved onsite (Clayton, 1946a). 

For the purpose of this evaluation, NIOSH assumes that AEC related radioactive materials were 

present onsite beginning on February 13, 1946. In 1947, a contract for the sale of the property was 

granted to the County of St. Louis. According to all available documents, the AEC appears to have 

used the concrete storage igloos. Documents indicate that the AEC may have used as many as five 

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igloos (Igloos 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52); however, it is clear that at least two igloos (Igloos 48 and 49) 

were used. The maximum storage capacity for each igloo was 100,000 pounds. The approximate 

dimension of each igloo was 26 feet wide by 80 feet deep and 13 feet high. Therefore, each igloo had 

an approximate volume of 27,040 square feet. The land was relinquished to the County by 1949 (Ellis 

Environmental Group, 2002; HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 275). The AEC continued to use this site 

until its permit was revoked on July 1, 1948 (HydroGeoLogic, 2004). NIOSH did not find any 

evidence of other areas at Tyson Valley Powder Farm being used for radioactive material storage or 

operations. 

Figure 5-1 shows the historical layout of Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

Figure 5-1: Historical Tyson Valley Powder Farm Layout 

Source: HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 27 

5.1.1 Types of Materials Stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

The types of materials stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm included solid and metallic waste 

generated from extracting uranium from uranium-rich ore. These radioactive materials were used by 

the AEC during the 1940s to support United States weapons production. Mallinckrodt was the 

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apparent source of the radioactive materials stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm by the Army Corps 

of Engineers (ACE) (Army Corps of Engineers, 2005; HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 26). 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm was a storage facility for primarily non-radioactive constituents. 

However, radioactive materials were temporarily stored at the site for a brief period from June 1946 

until June 1948 (Missouri Department of Natural Resources, unknown date; Army Corps of 

Engineers, 2005; HydroGeoLogic, 2004). The radiological source term consisted of uranium metals 

in the form of “biscuits” or “derbies,” the “scrap” from the uranium metal conversion process, 

uranium-containing materials (presumably residues from production of uranium metal), and 

byproducts of uranium ore processing that were stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm (Bower, 1989). 

These materials are described in further detail below. 

Table 5-1 summarizes the materials the AEC stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

Table 5-1: Materials Stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Parameters Storage Material 

306 Residue C-4 C-Special Graphite 

Composition %U3O8 -0.29 

%V2O5-.504 Unknown The bottom 1/3 of 

the slag biscuit1 Powdered Carbon 

Uranium Content (%U/lb)2

 Unknown 1.08% ~1.75% Unknown 

Process Source 

Byproducts of 

pitchblende ore 

processing4 

Unknown Unknown 

Likely used for 

graphitemoderated natural 

uranium reactors 

Source Location Unknown Mallinckrodt 

Chemical Works 

Mallinckrodt 

Chemical Works Unknown 

Storage Location at TVPF Igloos near AOC3

 Igloos near AOC3 Igloos near AOC3 Igloos near AOC3 

Amount Stored at TYVP (lbs) Unknown 53,252 68,103 Unknown 

Dates Stored at TVPF 1946-Unknown Unknown-May 11, 

1948 

Unknown-after 

May 11, 1948 and 

before June 1, 1948 

1946-Unknown 

Notes: 

This table and associated notes were adapted and modified from HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 26. 1 According to the Linking Legacies Glossary, slag is defined as being “a waste product from blast furnaces that is mixed 

with decontaminated filtrate, cement, and fly ash to form grout, which is a stable disposal waste form.” This Glossary is 

available at http://www.em.doe.gov/legacy3.1/resource/glossar.htm. 2	 The uranium content was calculated from “SF Accountability Reports” which set forth the uranium content of material 

received by the Vitro Manufacturing Company. The reports indicate the net weight of the material received and the 

metal content of that material. HydrGeoLogic calculated the uranium content of the C-4 and C-Special by the following 

equation: (Metal Content)/ (Net Weight) X 100 = Percent of uranium per pound of material. 3 Tyson Valley Powder Farm Areas of Concern (AOC); collected documentation specifically identified Igloos 48 and 49. 

These igloos were made available to the AEC for storage purposes. 4

 This information is from Miller, unknown date. 

5.1.1.1 Uranium Scrap Materials 

This section describes uranium-bearing materials given specific designations during the Manhattan 

Project. These designations include C-4, Slag Biscuit, C-Special, and C-Slag. Per a Department of 

Energy official, C-Special and C-4 were believed to represent two different “grades” of waste material 

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C-4 

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from a uranium flex/limestone slag (HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 15). C-slag was also a byproduct 

of the uranium biscuit production process. Further information on these materials is discussed below. 

C-4 was a code designation believed to represent scrap materials contaminated with uranium. As of 

February 19, 1948, 53,252 pounds of C-4 were stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm (Koenig, 1948a; 

Koenig, 1948c; HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 18). Some of the C-4 material may have been stored 

onsite in wooden barrels without tops (Koenig, 1948b). 

Slag Biscuit 

The slag biscuit refers to the metal that forms on top of the uranium biscuit in the chemical reaction 

vessel. The term “biscuit” referred to the solidified uranium metal. The reaction vessel was lined 

with dolomite and then a charge or mixture of uranium tetrafluoride and magnesium was packed into 

the reaction vessel. Once heated, the chemicals would react and the uranium metal would form on the 

bottom of the vessel while the less dense metals would effectively float on the uranium. Upon 

cooling, there would be a uranium metal biscuit with “slag” (other metals) adhering to and solidified 

on top of the uranium metal. The slag had to be chipped from the uranium biscuit (Army Corps of 

Engineers, 2005). 

C-Special 

C-Special was also a code designation. NIOSH identified two definitions for C-Special in the 

reviewed literature. One definition included materials located in the bottom one-third of the slag 

biscuit, which was kept separate from the C-Slag (HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 26). Alternatively, 

C-Special was defined as the slag portion of a slag metal cut—the “special” representing the 25% 

portion of a 25-75 cut, when “normal” consisted of a 10-90 cut. 

C-Special averaged approximately 2.5% uranium by weight. As of February 19, 1948, 68,103 pounds 

of C-Special were stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm (Koenig, 1948b). Per a memo issued by the 

AEC-New York Office on January 14, 1948, these materials were required to be removed from the 

site by June 1, 1948 (Koenig, 1948a). 

C-Slag 

C-Slag is comprised of the top 2/3 (two thirds) of the slag biscuit, plus the liner (dolomite). Although 

typically lower in uranium content, the top 2/3 of the slag biscuit also contains uranium. This material 

was classified as low uranium-high fluoride scrap and was also retained for extraction of uranium 

(Army Corps of Engineers, 2005). 

5.1.1.2 Byproducts of Uranium Ore Processing 

This section identifies byproducts of uranium processing. Only radioactive materials specifically 

stored (or believed to have been stored) at Tyson Valley Powder Farm are emphasized. 

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Mallinckrodt Chemical Works was a source of uranium and other radioactive constituents stored at 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm. The uranium ores processed at Mallinckrodt Chemical Works came from 

both domestic and foreign mine/mill sources (e.g., the Belgian Congo) resulting in significant 

variations in uranium content and other radiologically significant daughter products. One of the end 

products of uranium processing during the war effort was high-grade pitchblende ores. The ores 

contained a significant level of radium as a decay product/progeny of the uranium. Because it is 

unclear as to whether these ores were stored or not, NIOSH assumes that they were stored at the 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm site. Consequently, significant external gamma radiation and airborne 

exposure hazards are a radiation safety concern (ORAUT-TKBS-0005). 

306 Pitchblende Residues 

306-pitchblende residues, containing 0.29% U3O8, were generated prior to 1948 and were carbonate 

precipitate byproducts of pitchblende ore processing. Two concrete igloos at Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm stored this residue beginning in 1946 (Clayton, 1946a; HydroGeoLogic, 2004, pdf p. 26). A 306 

residue inventory of 895.49 pounds was cited in correspondence dated June 8, 1948 regarding a 

shipment of this material to the Vitro Manufacturing site (Belmore, 1948). 

5.2 Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm Operations 

Although NIOSH has found no specific example of documentation relating specifically to 

container/barrel-handling practices or procedures, based on shipment documentation NIOSH has 

determined that radioactive materials were stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm. To date, NIOSH has 

discovered no information to support a conclusion that any operational activities were performed with 

any of the radioactive materials stored onsite. However, based on information and documentation 

available to NIOSH discussing short-term weapons-related radioactive material storage between 

February 13, 1946 and June 30, 1948, and subsequent offsite shipments, the potential for internal and 

external radiation doses from uranium and uranium residues existed at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

site. For the purpose of postulating the worker class maximum exposure scenario, NIOSH must 

consider this information, coupled with the types and quantities of radioactive materials onsite, in 

determining its ability to bound the dose for the NIOSH-evaluated class in this report. The following 

subsections provide an overview of the internal and external exposure sources for the Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm class under evaluation. 

5.2.1 Internal Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Based on extensive data capture efforts and the review of the information available, NIOSH has 

concluded that the Tyson Valley Powder Farm workers had the potential for internal radiation 

exposures from uranium residues through inhalation and ingestion of airborne uranium dust and 

exposure from radon and radon progeny while working at the site. 

Alpha particle emissions from the residues stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm present the greatest 

potential for exposure through internal deposition via inhalation and ingestion pathways (alpha 

particles do not present an external exposure hazard). The principle alpha-emitting radioactive 

material associated with Tyson Valley Powder Farm was natural uranium, which contained 40 to 60% 

uranium oxide (U308). Natural uranium refers to uranium consisting of approximately 0.7% uranium235, 99.3% uranium-238, and a very small residual amount of uranium-234 by weight. In terms of 

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radioactivity, natural uranium contains approximately equal percentages of uranium-238 (48.6%) and 

uranium-234 (49.2%). These radionuclides emit alpha particles with primary emission energies of 

4.20 MeV and 4.15 MeV (uranium-238), and 4.77 MeV and 4.72 MeV (uranium-234), respectively 

(Environmental Control, 1970). The activity contribution from uranium-235 is much smaller relative 

to uranium-238 or uranium-234 (approximately 2.2%) with alpha particle emissions of 4.40 MeV and 

4.37 MeV. Alpha particles are also emitted from the decay of radium and thorium radionuclides, 

including radium-226 and progeny (originating in uranium residues) and thorium-230. 

5.2.1.1 Uranium Scrap 

From 1944 until 1952, all uranium used by the DOE and predecessor agencies was derived from 

natural sources because processes that recover uranium from spent fuel were not yet available 

(Battelle-TBD-6000). Based on the information available to NIOSH at the time of this evaluation, 

206,110 pounds of uranium metal was stored at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm at the end of 1946 

(Clayton, 1946a). Additional documentation describes the storage of 68,103 pounds of C-Special and 

53,252 pounds of C-4 in both metal drums and wood barrels (HydroGeoLogic, 2004, p, 26; Army 

Corps of Engineers, 2005). Based on its review of the available information, NIOSH concludes that 

this uranium scrap was not a significant personnel internal exposure source at the site. 

5.2.1.2 Uranium Residues 

An inventory review of the documentation showed that 30,927 pounds of 306-residue was shipped 

from Tyson Valley Powder Farm to the Vitro Manufacturing Company as of December 31, 1946 

(HydorGeoLogic, 2004). It is likely that uranium residues were stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm, 

and Tyson Valley Powder Farm workers had the potential for internal radiation exposure through 

inhalation and ingestion of these residues. However, to date NIOSH has found no other 

documentation to support the evaluation of other materials that were potentially stored at the site. 

5.2.1.3 Radon 

Radon levels could exist where residues containing uranium daughter products were stored. It is 

likely that workers may have been exposed to short, high-level exposures when opening the drums of 

stored uranium residues or opening enclosed storage rooms containing residues (especially in the case 

where the drums/containers were open). Drum storage was most likely during the February 13, 1946 

through June 30, 1948 timeframe, and radon levels were likely to have varied based on different 

processes at Mallinckrodt Chemical Works. 

5.2.2 External Radiological Exposure Sources from Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Based on the information presented in this report, NIOSH has concluded that a potential for external 

radiological exposure could have resulted from drums and barrels containing uranium scrap and 

uranium residues that were stored at the Tyson Valley Powder Farm site. The exposure rates would 

have varied depending on the source term. 

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5.2.2.1 Photon 

Photon external exposures may have resulted from radionuclides in the uranium decay chain. The 

uranium progeny that result in the most significant photon exposures include thorium-234 and 

protactinium-234m (Environmental Control, 1970). 

According to ORAUT-OTIB-0004, the majority of photons from natural uranium are in the 30-250 

keV energy range. Calculations using the program MicroShield indicate that about 56% of the photon 

energy released from natural uranium is above 250 keV. Uranium provides considerable shielding of 

the lower-energy photons and will tend to harden the spectrum, causing the majority of photons 

emitted from uranium to have energies greater than 250 keV. While it is recognized that uranium 

sources will have a somewhat hardened photon spectrum, exposure to a thin layer of uranium on a 

surface will result in a larger fraction of exposure to lower-energy photons (ORAUT-OTIB-0004). 

5.2.2.2 Beta 

As with alpha-emitters, beta exposures at Tyson Valley Powder Farm could have resulted from 

exposure to uranium and its decay products. In the uranium-series decay scheme, beginning with 

uranium-238, the short-lived isotope protactinium-234 emits the most energetic beta particle (2.28 

MeV). It is this beta particle that accounts for the shallow-dose hazard associated with handling 

uranium scrap and uranium residues. 

5.2.2.3 Neutron 

Based on the information available to NIOSH regarding the forms of uranium stored at Tyson Valley 

Powder Farm, neutrons were an insignificant source of external exposure to personnel at the site. 

5.2.3 Incidents 

No documented discrete radiological incidents or accidents that resulted in exceptionally high 

personnel exposure levels or overexposures (such as a criticality event) at Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

were identified or discovered by NIOSH during the data research and investigations performed in 

support of this SEC evaluation. NIOSH is not aware of any recorded histories of fires, spills, or other 

releases at the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

6.0 Summary of Available Monitoring Data for the Class Evaluated 

by NIOSH 

The documentation available to NIOSH does not describe the work processes or exposure conditions 

associated with the Tyson Valley Powder Farm handling of the AEC shipments involving uranium 

and uranium residues. NIOSH has located limited documentation regarding the Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm shipments to Vitro Manufacturing. 

The following subsections provide an overview of the state of the available internal and external 

monitoring data for the Tyson Valley Powder Farm class under evaluation. 

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6.1 Available Tyson Valley Powder Farm Internal Monitoring Data 

As of the date of this evaluation, NIOSH has been unable to find any records of internal monitoring 

data for Tyson Valley Powder Farm employees; this includes its search for bioassay data and air 

monitoring data. NIOSH does not believe that uranium scrap presents an internal hazard at Tyson 

Valley. However, although uranium residues do present a potential internal hazard, NIOSH has 

insufficient information to support evaluating the dose from those residues. Further information is 

discussed in Section 7.2. 

6.2 Available Tyson Valley Powder Farm External Monitoring Data 

As of the date of this evaluation, NIOSH has been unable to find any records of external monitoring 

data for Tyson Valley Powder Farm employees; this includes its search for personnel or area 

monitoring data. However, from the perspective of exposures to uranium, NIOSH does have access to 

sufficient source term information from the site to support evaluating external dose for the proposed 

worker class (as discussed in Section 7.3). 

7.0 Feasibility of Dose Reconstruction for the Class Evaluated by 

NIOSH 

The feasibility determinations for the class of employees under evaluation in this report are governed 

by both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1). Under that Act and rule, NIOSH must establish 

whether or not it has access to sufficient information either to estimate the maximum radiation dose 

for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed that could have been incurred 

under plausible circumstances by any member of the class, or to estimate the radiation doses to 

members of the class more precisely than a maximum dose estimate. If NIOSH has access to 

sufficient information for either case, NIOSH would then determine that it would be feasible to 

conduct dose reconstructions. 

In determining feasibility, NIOSH begins by evaluating whether current or completed NIOSH dose 

reconstructions demonstrate the feasibility of estimating with sufficient accuracy the potential 

radiation exposures of the class. If the conclusion is one of infeasibility, NIOSH systematically 

evaluates the sufficiency of different types of monitoring data, process and source or source term data, 

which together or individually might ensure that NIOSH can estimate either the maximum doses that 

members of the class might have incurred, or more precise quantities that reflect the variability of 

exposures experienced by groups or individual members of the class. This approach is discussed in 

OCAS’s SEC Petition Evaluation Internal Procedures which are available at 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas. The next four major subsections of this Evaluation Report examine: 

• The sufficiency and reliability of the available data. (Section 7.1) 

• The feasibility of reconstructing internal radiation doses. (Section 7.2) 

• The feasibility of reconstructing external radiation doses. (Section 7.3) 

• The bases for petition SEC-00115 as submitted by the petitioner. (Section 7.4) 

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7.1 Pedigree of Tyson Valley Powder Farm Data 

This subsection answers questions that need to be asked before performing a feasibility evaluation. 

Data Pedigree addresses the background, history, and origin of the data. It requires looking at site 

methodologies that may have changed over time; primary versus secondary data sources and whether 

they match; and whether data are internally consistent. All these issues form the bedrock of the 

researcher’s confidence and later conclusions about the data’s quality, credibility, reliability, 

representativeness, and sufficiency for determining the feasibility of dose reconstruction. The 

feasibility evaluation presupposes that data pedigree issues have been settled. 

7.1.1 Internal Monitoring Data Pedigree Review 

NIOSH has been unable to locate uranium internal monitoring records for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

workers. Tyson Valley Powder Farm data, such as bioassay results and air sampling results, are not 

available. Therefore, an internal data sufficiency and pedigree evaluation is not possible for this data 

type. 

7.1.2 External Monitoring Data Pedigree Review 

NIOSH has been unable to locate external monitoring records for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

employees associated with uranium and uranium exposures. This includes film badge or area 

monitoring data. Therefore, an external data sufficiency and pedigree evaluation is not possible for 

this data type. 

7.2 Evaluation of Bounding Internal Radiation Doses at Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm 

The principal sources of internal radiation doses for members of the class under evaluation were 

uranium scrap and uranium residues (306 residues). The following subsections address the ability to 

bound internal doses and the feasibility of internal dose reconstruction. 

7.2.1 Evaluation of Bounding Storage-Related Internal Doses 

As of the date of this evaluation, NIOSH has not found any personal or area monitoring data related to 

internal exposures for Tyson Valley Powder Farm employees. 

The following subsections summarize the extent and limitations of information available for 

reconstructing the process-related internal doses of members of the class under evaluation. 

7.2.1.1 Uranium Scrap 

Uranium scrap stored at Tyson Valley Powder Farm had very low uranium content; consequently, 

internal exposure from uranium scrap is not believed to be a concern. Due to the lack of knowledge 

on the composition of the uranium residues, the lack of available information on the storage and 

handling of uranium materials at Tyson Valley Powder Farm, and the inability to reconstruct internal 

dose from uranium residues, further evaluation of the ability to reconstruct internal dose from uranium 

scrap is not included in the internal evaluation portion of this report. 

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7.2.1.2 Uranium Residues and Radon 

Due to the lack of any available workplace or bioassay data for uranium residues, or information 

regarding the relative uranium-to-progeny ratios of the materials stored at the site, intakes from 

potential exposures from these materials cannot be reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. 

7.2.1.3 Residual Contamination 

Since there was no evidence of residual contamination in the storage locations, internal exposure 

pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, and resuspension were not a concern for Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm workers. Therefore, assessment of internal dose due to residual contamination is not necessary. 

7.2.2 Internal Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion 

NIOSH did not find personnel monitoring data, area monitoring data, or source term data to estimate 

internal exposures at Tyson Valley Powder Farm for the period of February 13, 1946 through June 30, 

1948, for uranium residues. In addition, no information exists on work activities, nor are the source 

terms known. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the magnitude of any potentially unmonitored 

internal doses for uranium residues (as previously discussed, because of the limitations associated 

with the uranium residues, further evaluation of the ability to bound the internal dose from uranium 

scrap has not been evaluated in this report). Based on the lack of relevant data, NIOSH is unable to 

estimate, with sufficient accuracy, the potential internal exposures at Tyson Valley Powder Farm for 

the period from February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948. 

7.3 Evaluation of Bounding External Radiation Doses at Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm 

As of the date of this evaluation, NIOSH has been unable to find any records of external monitoring 

for Tyson Valley Powder Farm employees associated with the storage of uranium materials at the site 

during the period of evaluation applicable to this petition. Principal sources of external radiation 

doses for members of the proposed class included potential exposures to uranium scrap and uranium 

residues from the storage of these materials in onsite igloos. Due to the form of uranium stored at 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm (natural rather than enriched uranium), external exposures could have 

resulted from photon and beta-particle radiation emissions. However, neutron radiation was not a 

plausible source of external exposure to personnel at the site. Although it is unknown whether the 

employer required medical X-ray examinations, X-ray exams are another possible source of external 

radiation dose at Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

7.3.1	 Evaluation of Bounding Storage-Related External Doses 

As described above, NIOSH has been unable to find any records of external monitoring for Tyson 

Valley Powder Farm employees associated with the storage of uranium materials at the site during the 

period of evaluation applicable to this petition. Based on NIOSH’s finding regarding internal dose 

reconstruction (inability to bound internal dose), NIOSH has not performed an exhaustive research 

effort or evaluation of its ability to bound the external dose (or reconstruct dose with sufficient 

accuracy). If a partial dose reconstruction were deemed necessary, NIOSH has both an applicable 

methodology and external uranium dose reconstruction assumptions and approaches as described in 

Battelle-TBD-6000. Based on Battelle-TBD-6000, it is possible for NIOSH to partially estimate 

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external dose associated with uranium scrap using Table 6.4 of Battelle-TBD-6000. In addition, the 

dose rates of 2 mR/hr at 6 feet and 10mR/hr at 1 inch can be applied when estimating external dose 

associated with uranium residues (306 pitchblende residues) (Miller, unknown date). 

7.3.2 Tyson Valley Powder Farm Occupational X-Ray Examinations 

NIOSH has found no records indicating that employees at Tyson Valley Powder Farm were required 

to complete medical examinations, including chest X-rays prior to beginning work, on a periodic basis 

(e.g, annually), or following termination. Although no records have been identified that indicate that 

occupational medical X-rays were required, for the purpose of partial dose reconstructions during the 

time period, X-ray exams will be assumed to have been required at termination. Organ doses from 

posterior-anterior chest X-rays for all time periods are available in ORAUT-OTIB-0006. NIOSH 

believes that by using this methodology, occupational medical X-ray doses can be reconstructed. 

7.3.3 External Dose Reconstruction Feasibility Conclusion 

NIOSH has established that it can (based on assumptions and approaches presented in Battelle-TBD6000) partially reconstruct external dose, including medical X-ray exposures, in support of partial 

external dose reconstruction for uranium for workers associated with Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

Based on NIOSH’s finding regarding internal dose reconstruction (inability to bound internal dose), 

NIOSH has not performed an exhaustive research effort or evaluation of its ability to bound external 

dose (or reconstruct dose with sufficient accuracy) for the proposed worker class evaluated in this 

report. 

7.4 Evaluation of Petition Basis for SEC-00115 

The following subsection evaluates the assertions made on behalf of petition SEC-00115 for the 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm. 

7.4.1 Unmonitored Workers 

SEC-00115: To the best of my knowledge, radiation exposures and radiation dose potentially incurred 

by members of the proposed class, that relate to this petition, were not monitored, either through 

personal monitoring or through area monitoring. 

Personal internal, external monitoring, and/or area monitoring data are not always required to develop 

an exposure model for a given facility. However, if these monitoring data are not available, NIOSH 

must have access to source term information and detailed process information in order to develop a 

sufficiently accurate exposure model. To date, NIOSH does not have access to Tyson Valley Powder 

Farm personnel or area monitoring documentation that describes the extent of the storage and/or 

shipping activities that may have been performed with the uranium scrap and uranium residues. 

NIOSH did determine that due to the unknown radiological makeup of the uranium residues, intakes 

from potential uranium residue exposure cannot be reconstructed with sufficient accuracy. NIOSH 

has determined that it does not have adequate internal monitoring data for members of the NIOSHproposed class, nor does it have enough source term or process information applicable to the class, to 

develop a sufficiently accurate model for dose reconstruction for these exposures during the February 

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13, 1946 through June 30, 1948 timeframe. For the time periods from January 1, 1942 through June 

27, 1946, or from July 1, 1948 through December 31, 1949 (the remaining portion of the NIOSHevaluated class), NIOSH has not discovered any evidence of radioactive materials being stored at the 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm; therefore, there was no exposure potential. 

7.5 Summary of Feasibility Findings for Petition SEC-00115 

This report evaluates the feasibility for completing dose reconstructions for employees at the Tyson 

Valley Powder Farm from January 1, 1942 through December 31, 1949. NIOSH found that the 

available monitoring records, process descriptions and source term data available are not sufficient to 

complete internal dose reconstructions for the period February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948. 

Because internal dose cannot be reconstructed for uranium residues, NIOSH has not performed an 

exhaustive research effort or evaluation of its ability to bound external dose (or reconstruct dose with 

sufficient accuracy) for the NIOSH-proposed class evaluated in this report. 

Table 7-1 summarizes the results of the feasibility findings at Tyson Valley Powder Farm for each 

exposure source during the time period February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948. For the periods 

from January 1, 1942 through June 27, 1946 and from July 1, 1948 through December 31, 1949, a 

feasibility finding is not required because NIOSH has determined that there was no exposure potential 

at Tyson Valley Powder Farm outside of the February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948 timeframe. 

Table 7-1: Summary of Feasibility Findings for SEC-00115 

February 13, 1946 through June 30, 1948 

Source of Exposure Reconstruction Feasible Reconstruction Not Feasible 

Internal X

 - Uranium scrap N/A 

 - Uranium residues X 

 - Radon X 

External X

 - Gamma X 

 - Beta X 

 - Neutron N/A 

 - Occupational Medical X-ray X 

As of January 14, 2009, a total of one claim has been submitted to NIOSH for individuals who 

worked at Tyson Valley Powder Farm and are covered by the class definition evaluated in this report. 

A dose reconstruction has been completed for this individual. 

8.0 Evaluation of Health Endangerment for Petition SEC-00115 

The health endangerment determination for the class of employees covered by this evaluation report is 

governed by both EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(3). Under these requirements, if it is not 

feasible to estimate with sufficient accuracy radiation doses for members of the class, NIOSH must 

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also determine that there is a reasonable likelihood that such radiation doses may have endangered the 

health of members of the class. Section 83.13 requires NIOSH to assume that any duration of 

unprotected exposure may have endangered the health of members of a class when it has been 

established that the class may have been exposed to radiation during a discrete incident likely to have 

involved levels of exposure similarly high to those occurring during nuclear criticality incidents. If 

the occurrence of such an exceptionally high-level exposure has not been established, then NIOSH is 

required to specify that health was endangered for those workers who were employed for a number of 

work days aggregating at least 250 work days within the parameters established for the class or in 

combination with work days within the parameters established for one or more other classes of 

employees in the SEC. 

Based on the absence of survey and monitoring data, including limited information on source terms 

and radionuclide activities, NIOSH determined that it is not feasible to estimate radiation dose for all 

members of the NIOSH-evaluated class with sufficient accuracy based on the sum of information 

available from available resources. Modification of the class definition regarding health 

endangerment and minimum required employment periods, therefore, is required. 

9.0 Class Conclusion for Petition SEC-00115 

Based on its full research of the class under evaluation, NIOSH has defined a single class of 

employees for which NIOSH cannot estimate radiation doses with sufficient accuracy. The NIOSHproposed class to be added to the SEC includes all Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) employees 

who worked at Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri, from February 13, 1946 through 

June 30, 1948, for a number of work days aggregating at least 250 work days, occurring either solely 

under this employment or in combination with work days within the parameters established for one or 

more other classes of employees in the SEC. The class under evaluation was modified because there 

is no evidence of radioactive materials on site prior to February 13, 1946, and available 

documentation indicates that all radioactive materials were offsite by June 30, 1948 (HydroGeoLogic, 

2004, pdf p. 7). 

NIOSH has carefully reviewed all material sent in by the petitioner, including the specific assertions 

stated in the petition, and has responded herein (see Section 7.4). NIOSH has also reviewed available 

technical resources and many other references, including the Site Research Database (SRDB), for 

information relevant to SEC-00115. In addition, NIOSH reviewed its NOCTS dose reconstruction 

database to identify EEOICPA-related dose reconstructions that might provide information relevant to 

the petition evaluation. 

These actions are based on existing, approved NIOSH processes used in dose reconstruction for 

claims under EEOICPA. NIOSH’s guiding principle in conducting these dose reconstructions is to 

ensure that the assumptions used are fair, consistent, and well-grounded in the best available science. 

Simultaneously, uncertainties in the science and data must be handled to the advantage, rather than to 

the detriment, of the petitioners. When adequate personal dose monitoring information is not 

available, or is very limited, NIOSH may use the highest reasonably possible radiation dose, based on 

reliable science, documented experience, and relevant data to determine the feasibility of 

reconstructing the dose of an SEC petition class. NIOSH contends that it has complied with these 

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standards of performance in determining the feasibility or infeasibility of reconstructing dose for the 

class under evaluation. 

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10.0 References 

42 C.F.R. pt. 81, Guidelines for Determining the Probability of Causation Under the Energy 

Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule, Federal 

Register/Vol. 67, No. 85/Thursday, p 22,296; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 19391 

42 C.F.R. pt. 82, Methods for Radiation Dose Reconstruction Under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000; Final Rule; May 2, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 

42 C.F.R. pt. 83, Procedures for Designating Classes of Employees as Members of the Special 

Exposure Cohort Under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 

2000; Final Rule; May 28, 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 22001 

42 U.S.C. §§ 7384-7385 [EEOICPA], Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation 

Program Act of 2000, as amended 

Battelle-TBD-6000, Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Worked Uranium and Thorium, 

PSWS-3738 Rev. F0; Battelle; December 13, 2006; SRDB Ref ID: 30671 

OCAS-PR-004, Internal Procedures for the Evaluation of Special Exposure Cohort Petitions, Rev. 0, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Cincinnati, Ohio; September 23, 

2004; SRDB Ref ID: 32022 

ORAUT-OTIB-0004, Estimating the Maximum Plausible Dose to Workers at Atomic Weapons 

Employer Facilities, Rev. 03 PC-2; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU); December 6, 2006; 

SRDB Ref ID: 36191 

ORAUT-OTIB-0006, Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related X-Ray Procedures, Rev. 03 

PC-1; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU); December 21, 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 20220 

ORAUT-OTIB-0024, Estimation of Neutron Dose Rates from Alpha-Neutron Reactions in Uranium 

and Thorium Compounds, Rev. 00; Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU); April 7, 2005; 

SRDB Ref ID: 19445 

ORAUT-TKBS-0005, Basis for Development of an Exposure Matrix for the Mallinckrodt Chemical 

Company St. Louis Downtown Site and the St. Louis Airport Site, St. Louis, Missouri, Rev. 02; Oak 

Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU); June 14, 2007; SRDB Ref ID: 32277 

Affidavits and Authorization Form; June 13, 2008; OSA Ref ID: 106263 

Army Corps of Engineers, 2005, Final Technical Memorandum Atomic Energy Commission Material 

Storage Concerns-Former Tyson Valley Powder Farm, Eureka, Missouri; U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, Kansas City District; January 2005; SRDB Ref ID: 49707 

Belmore, 1948, SF Accountability Reports, correspondence; F. M. Belmore; June 8, 1948; SRDB Ref 

ID: 49432, pdf pp. 45-46 

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Bower, 1989, Rediscovering Four Forgotten Sites...Government Lost Track of Nuclear Operations 

Here and Nationwide; Carolyn Bower, Louis J. Rose, and Theresa Tighe, St. Louis Post-Dispatch; 

February 17, 1989; SRDB Ref ID: 49405 

Clayton, 1946a, Disposition of Graphite, C Special Slag, correspondence; Calvin Clayton; June 28, 

1946; SRDB Ref ID: 10508, pdf pp. 22-24 

Clayton, 1946b, Disposition of Plant 6 Residues, memo to the files; Calvin Clayton; February 13, 

1946; SRDB Ref ID: 10508, pdf pp. 27-31 

Ellis Environmental Group, 2002, Final Work Plan for Remedial Investigation/Site Investigation at 

Former Tyson Valley Powder Farm Eureka, Missouri; Ellis Environmental Group, LC; May 2002; 

SRDB Ref ID: 49428 

Environmental Control, 1970, Radiological Health Handbook; Compiled and edited by the Bureau of 

Radiological Health and the Training Institute—Environmental Control Administration; January 

1970; SRDB Ref ID: publicly available 

HydroGeoLogic, 2004, Final Historical Document Research Report for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Eureka, Missouri; HydroGeoLogic, Inc.; April 2004; SRDB Ref ID: 49432 

Koenig, 1948a, Storage of “C-Special” Material, memorandum; James J. Koenig; January 14, 1948; 

SRDB Ref ID: 49432, pdf p. 672 

Koenig, 1948b, Storage of “C-Special” Material, memorandum; James J. Koenig; February 19, 1948; 

SRDB Ref ID: 49432, pdf p. 674 

Koenig, 1948c, Slag from Metal Step, correspondence; James J. Koenig; July 7, 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 

10508, pdf p. 43 

Miller, unknown date, Waste Residues Located at Vitro Rare Metals Company, Canonsburg, 

Pennsylvania; Miller; unknown date; SRDB Ref ID: 10288 pdf p. 734 

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, unknown date, Federal Facilities Section-Department of 

Defense Sites; Missouri Department of Natural Resources; 

http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/hpw/fedfac/ffs-dod.htm; SRDB Ref ID: 49439 

Personal Communication, 2008a, Personal Communication with [Name One Redacted]; Email 

contact; October 27, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 53358 

Personal Communication, 2008b, Personal Communication with [Name Two Redacted]; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; October 1, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 54623 

Personal Communication, 2008c, Personal Communication with [Name Three Redacted]; Telephone 

Interview by ORAU Team; November 5, 2008; SRDB Ref ID: 54621 

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TechLaw, 2002, Expanded Site Inspection at the Tyson Valley (ex) Army Powder Storage Farm, 

DCN: RR7-TLI-07ZZ-01-TR-0037; TechLaw, Inc.; January 11, 2002; SRDB Ref ID: 49427 

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SEC-00115 01-14-09 FINAL 

Attachment 1: Data Capture Synopsis 

Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Data Capture Information Data Capture Description Co

Primary Site/Company Name: Tyson Valley Powder Farm 1942-1949 Other Site Names: N/A 

Site is no longer in existence; therefore no specific site contact was made. 

State Contacts: MO Department of Natural Resources - Rhonda Loveall (POC: 573-751-3043), Brandon Doster (TVPF PM: 573-526-2739) MO Department of Health and Senior Service - Keith Henke (State Initial Contact/Planner: 573-751-6111) Jonathan Garoutte (POC Risk Manager: 573-751-6102) 

Introduction to the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm (TVPF); depleted uranium (DU) history; drums left at Tyson Research Center by the Army Corps of Engineers; engineering final report on the confirmation study at the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm areas of concern no. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8; interview records; survey of elevated 

radiation levels at Tyson Research Center; and Tyson Valley Powder Farm chronology. 

09

Other Contacts: St. Louis office of US Army Corp of Engineering - Jonathan Rankins (HP USACE: 314-260-3933) St. Louis County Library Eureka - (Ken: 314-516-5143) 

No relevant documents identified. 10

Comprehensive Epidemiologic Data Resource (CEDR) 

No relevant documents identified. 08

DOE Hanford Declassified Document Retrieval System (DDRS) 

No relevant documents identified. 08

DOE Legacy Management Considered Sites 

No relevant documents identified. 08

DOE OpenNet No relevant documents identified. 08

DOE OSTI Energy Citations No relevant documents identified. 08DOE OSTI Information Bridge No relevant documents identified. 08Google Surface geophysical investigation of the areal and vertical extent of 

metallic waste at the former Tyson Valley Powder Farm near Eureka, Missouri. 

08

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Table A1-1: Data Capture Synopsis for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Data Capture Information Data Capture Description Co

NARA Atlanta Storage of Tyson Valley scrap. 05NARA Kansas City No relevant documents identified. 08National Academies Press (NAP) No relevant documents identified. 08

National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) - Nevada Site Office 

No relevant documents identified. 08

NRC Agencywide Document Access and Management (ADAMS) 

No relevant documents identified. 08

St. Louis County Library - Eureka No relevant documents identified. 10

Southern Illinois University Designation of Dow Madison and Tyson Valley Powder Farm; U.S. 

NRC Report of Inspection; disposal of radioactive wastes in the Metropolitan St. Louis area; and the environmental and health legacy of the Mallinckrodt chemical work. 

10

Washington State University (U.S. Transuranium and Uranium Registries) 

No relevant documents identified. 08

Washington University Libraries - St. Louis 

No relevant documents identified. 08

Unknown Uranium and thorium inventory in the Madison Square area. U

Total 

Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

CEDR http://cedr.lbl.gov/ COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

DOE OpenNet http://www.osti.gov/opennet/advancedsearch.jsp COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

DOE OSTI Information Bridge http://www.osti.gov/bridge/advancedsearch.jsp COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

DOE Hanford DDRS http://www2.hanford.gov/declass/ 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

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Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

COMPLETED 08/12/2008 Tyson Valley National Academies Press http://www.nap.edu/ COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

NRC ADAMS Reading Room http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams/webbased.html COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

U.S. Transuranium & Uranium Registries http://www.ustur.wsu.edu/ COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

DOE Energy Citations http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/ COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

Washington University Library - St. Louis http://www.wulib.wustl.edu COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

NNSA - Nevada Site Office www.nv.doe.gov/main/search.htm COMPLETED 08/12/2008 

Tyson Valley Powder Farm Tyson Valley 

Google http://www.google.com COMPLETED 08/13/2008 

americium, OR Am241, OR Am-241, OR "AM 241", OR 241Am, OR 241-Am, OR "241 Am" ionium, OR Th230, OR Th-230, OR "Th 230", OR 230Th, OR 230-Th, OR "230 Th" polonium, OR Po210, OR Po-210, OR "Po 210", OR 210Po, OR 210-Po, OR "210 Po" 

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Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

thorium, OR Th232, OR Th-232, OR "Th 232", OR 232Th, OR 232-Th, OR "232 Th", OR "Z metal", OR myrnalloy, OR "chemical 10-66", OR "chemical 10-12" ionium, OR UX1, OR UX2, OR Th-230, OR Th230, OR "Th 230", OR 230-Th, OR "230 Th", OR 230Th, OR Th-234, OR Th234, OR "Th 234", OR 234-Th, OR 234Th, OR "234 Th" tritium, H3, H-3, mint, HTO uranium, OR U233, OR U-233, OR "U 233", OR 233U, OR 233-U, OR "233 U", OR U234, OR "U 234", OR U-234, OR 234U, OR 234-U, OR "234 U" U235, OR "U 235", OR U-235, OR 235-U, OR 235U, OR "235 U", OR U238, OR "U 238", OR U-238, OR 238-U, OR 238U, OR "238 U" U308, OR "U 308", OR U-308, OR 308-U, OR 308U, OR "308 U", OR "uranium extraction", OR "black oxide", OR "brown oxide" green salt, OR "orange oxide", OR "yellow cake", OR UO2, OR UO3, OR UF4, OR UF6, OR C-216, OR C-616, OR C-65, OR C211, OR U3O8 plutonium, OR Pu-238, OR Pu238, OR "Pu 238", OR 238Pu, OR 238-Pu, OR "238 Pu", OR Pu-239, OR Pu239, OR "Pu 239", OR 239Pu, OR 239-Pu, OR "239 Pu" Pu-240, OR Pu240, OR "Pu 240", OR 240Pu, OR 240-Pu, OR "240 Pu", OR Pu-241, OR Pu241, OR "Pu 241", OR 241Pu, OR 241-Pu, OR "241 Pu" radium, OR Ra-226, OR Ra226, OR "Ra 226", OR 226-Ra, OR 

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Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

226Ra, OR 226-Ra, OR Ra-228, OR Ra228, OR "Ra 228", OR 228Ra, OR 228-Ra, OR "228 Ra" radon, OR Rn-222, OR Rn222, OR "Rn 222", OR 222Rn, OR 222-Rn, OR "222 Rn" thoron, OR Rn-220, OR Rn220, OR "Rn 220", OR 220Rn, OR 220-Rn, OR "220 Rn" protactinium, OR Pa-234m, OR Pa234m, OR "Pa 234m", OR 234mPa, OR 234m-Pa, OR "234m Pa" oralloy, OR postum, OR tuballoy, OR "uranyl nitrate hexahydrate", OR UNH, OR K-65, OR "sump cake" uranium dioxide, OR "uranium tetrafluoride", OR "uranium trioxide" uranium hexafluoride, OR accident, OR "air count" air dust, OR "air filter", OR "airborne test" alpha, OR "belgian congo ore", OR bioassay, OR bio-assay, OR beta, OR body burden breath, OR "breathing zone", OR BZ, OR calibration, OR columnation, OR chest count contamination, OR collimation, OR curie, OR denitration, OR "denitration pot" derby, OR regulus, OR dose, OR dosimeter, OR DAC, OR "derived air concentration" dosimetric, OR dosimetry, OR electron, OR environment 

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Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

Ether-Water Project, OR exposure, OR "exposure investigation", OR "radiation exposure" external, OR "F machine", OR fecal, OR "feed material", OR femptocurie, OR film, OR fission, OR fluoroscopy Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program, OR FUSRAP, OR gamma-ray, OR "gas proportional", OR "gaseous diffusion" health, OR "health instrument", OR "health physics", OR "H.I.", OR HI, OR HP, OR "highly enriched uranium", OR HEU hydrofluorination, OR "in vitro", OR "in vivo", OR incident, OR ingestion, OR inhalation, OR internal investigation, OR isotope, OR isotopic, OR "isotopic enrichment", OR "JS Project", OR Landauer, OR "liquid scintillation" log, "log sheet", "log book", "low enriched uranium", LEU, OR "lung count" maximum permissible concentration, OR MPC, OR metallurgy, OR microcurie, OR millicurie mixed fission product, OR MFP, OR monitor, OR "air monitoring", OR nanocurie, OR "nasal wipe", OR neutron, OR "nose wipe" nuclear, OR Chicago-Nuclear, OR "nuclear fuels", OR "nuclear track emulsion", OR "type A" NTA, OR "occupational radiation exposure", OR occurrence, OR "ore concentrate", OR "PC Project" 

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Table A1-2: Database Searches for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Database/Source Keywords 

permit, OR "radiation work permit", OR "safe work permit", OR "special work permit", OR RWP, OR SWP radeco, OR radiation, OR radioactive, OR radioactivity, OR radiograph, OR radiological Radiological Survey Data Sheet, OR RSDS, OR radionuclide, OR raffinate, OR reactor respiratory, OR "retention schedules", OR roentgen sample, OR "air sample", OR "dust sample", OR "general area air sample" solvent extraction, OR source, OR "sealed source", OR spectra, OR spectrograph, OR spectroscopy, OR spectrum, OR standard, OR "operating standard", OR "processing standard" survey, OR "building survey", OR "routine survey", OR "special survey", OR "technical basis" thermal diffusion, OR "thermoluminescent dosimeter", OR TLD, OR "Tiger Team" tolerance dose, OR urinalysis, OR urine, OR "whole body count", OR WBC, OR "working level", OR WL, OR X-ray, OR "X ray", OR Xray, OR X Ray 

Table A1-3: OSTI Documents Ordered for Tyson Valley Powder Farm 

Document Number Document Title Requested Data 

No documents requested N/A N/A N/A 

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