[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 19-13857

Non-Argument Calendar

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Agency No. A205-766-906

JOSE LEONARDO MARTINEZ CASTRO,

KAREN SOBEIDA LOPEZ DE MARTINEZ,

MARIA JOSE MARTINEZ LOPEZ,

SEVERIN DANIEL MARTINEZ LOPEZ, 

 Petitioners,

versus

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

 Respondent.

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________

(June 29, 2020)

Before BRANCH, LAGOA, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Jose Martinez Castro1 (“Martinez Castro”) petitions for review of the order 

by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal from the 

decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”). The IJ’s decision denied Martinez 

Castro’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the United 

Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading 

Treatment or Punishment, 8 C.F.R. § 208.16 (“CAT”).2

 The government has moved 

for summary disposition of the petition and to stay the briefing schedule. Because 

Martinez Castro has abandoned his argument on a determinative issue—whether the 

government of his home county is unable or unwilling to protect him—we agree that 

summary denial is appropriate. Accordingly, we grant the government’s motion for 

summary disposition, deny the petition, and deny as moot the motion to stay the 

briefing schedule.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEEDURAL BACKGROUND

Martinez Castro, a citizen and native of Honduras, entered the United States 

at Miami International Airport on or about January 15, 2013. In May 2013, the 

Department of Homeland Security served Martinez Castro with a notice to appear, 

1

 Jose Martinez Castro is the lead petitioner, and his wife, Karen Sobeida Lopez de 

Martinez, and their children, Maria and Severin Martinez Lopez, are co-petitioners. Because the 

co-petitioners are derivatives on Martinez Castro’s asylum application, we refer to the claims as 

Martinez Castro’s claims. 

2

 The IJ denied Martinez Castro’s application for relief under CAT. Martinez Castro raises 

no challenge the denial of this form of relief on appeal. We, therefore, need not address that claim. 

See Sepuleda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005). 

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charging him with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) as an 

immigrant who was not in possession of a valid entry document at the time of 

application for admission. In September 2013, Martinez Castro appeared before an 

IJ and, through counsel, conceded removability. 

Martinez Castro then filed a form I-589 application for asylum, withholding 

of removal, and CAT relief. Martinez Castro checked boxes on the application 

indicating that he was seeking asylum or withholding of removal based on political 

opinion and membership in a particular social group. On the application, he stated 

that he was a member of the Association of Judges and Magistrates of Honduras, a 

“legal organization, whose principles are to promote justice, honesty, the defense of 

the rights of its members, and the respect and independence of judges and 

magistrates.” 

Martinez Castro attached an affidavit to his application, in which he stated 

that he was a criminal pre-trial judge in the Honduran judicial system. He stated that 

he was persecuted based on his membership in a particular social group of 

“Honduran justices, judges, magistrates, prosecutors and private attorneys that are 

opposed to the general criminal element existing in the country and corrupt practices 

perpetrated by government officials.” He also stated that he and his family were

threatened by an international criminal organization that had corrupted certain 

members of the Honduran judicial system. He had been assigned a case involving 

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the criminal organization and had made several findings against it. His persecution 

arose from those findings, as well as from his social group’s opposition to corrupt 

practices within the Honduran government. He believed that he and his family 

would continue to be persecuted for the same reasons if they returned to Honduras. 

Martinez Castro further attested that the Honduran government could not protect the 

country’s honest judges, prosecutors, and attorneys from the criminal element and 

that from January 2010 to July 2013, a total of sixty-four judges, magistrates, 

prosecutors, and private attorneys had been killed. He also stated that the Honduran 

government was considering a course of action for protection from the general 

criminal element and that the United Nations made efforts to intervene on behalf of 

the group. 

Martinez Castro claimed that in December 2012, defense attorneys in two 

cases to which he was assigned moved for consolidation of the cases and that two 

judges from his courthouse attempted to pressure him into granting the motion. 

Shortly thereafter, on January 11, 2013, he and his family had just returned home 

from a church gathering when two men with guns approached them and handed him 

a note. The note stated that “blood would run” if he did not cooperate with the 

criminal organization, including consolidating the two cases, dismissing one of the 

cases, and ordering the release of three defendants while they awaited trial. The note 

instructed him not to tell anyone what happened, for his safety and that of his family, 

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and that the organization had people watching him at all times. The men fired 

several shots at Martinez Castro’s truck, where his children were asleep in the 

backseat. Neither of his children were injured. Martinez Castro believes that the 

two judges who approached him about the cases had been corrupted by the criminal 

organization. 

Martinez Castro then purchased plane tickets and fled with his wife, Karen 

Sobeida Lopez de Martinez (“Lopez de Martinez”), and their children to the United 

States. While at the airport in Honduras, Martinez Castro called the commissioner

in charge of protecting human rights in the northern zone of Honduras and explained 

the situation. The commissioner stated that he would file a formal complaint with 

the prosecutor’s office. Martinez Castro later learned that in response to the 

complaint, the Honduran police had gone to their house and inspected their truck. 

In January 2015, at a hearing before the IJ, Martinez Castro testified to the

same facts described in his affidavit. Lopez de Martinez testified before the IJ in 

October 2017. 

In February 2018, the IJ denied Martinez Castro’s application for asylum, 

withholding of removal, and CAT relief. The IJ found that Martinez Castro and 

Lopez de Martinez were credible, but that the actions of the criminal organization 

did not rise to the level of persecution. Although Martinez Castro established a 

subjective fear of future persecution, he did not establish that hisfear was objectively 

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reasonable. The IJ further noted that Martinez Castro had presented no argument 

regarding persecution on account of political opinion. The IJ stated that he would 

consider only whether Martinez Castro had established relief on account of his 

membership in a particular social group. 

The IJ concluded that Martinez Castro’s proposed social group of “justices, 

judges, magistrates, prosecutors, and private attorneys who are opposed to the 

general criminal element existing in the country and to the corrupt practices 

perpetrated by Honduran government authorities” was not cognizable because it

lacked immutability, particularity, and social distinction, and that Martinez Castro 

had not established a nexus between his membership in the group and his past harm. 

The IJ also found that Martinez Castro had not established that the Honduran 

government would be unable or unwilling to protect him because: (1) the case that 

he was assigned shows that the Honduran government was attempting to prosecute 

the members of the criminal organization; and (2) the Supreme Court of Justice of

Honduras was making an effort to protect its judicial officers. Accordingly, the IJ

denied Martinez Castro’s application for asylum. The IJ denied Martinez Castro’s 

application for withholding of removal because he could not establish eligibility for 

asylum and also concluded that Martinez Castro was not eligible for CAT relief.

Martinez Castro filed a notice of appeal to the BIA, arguing that the IJ erred 

by holding that: (1) the actions of the criminal organization did not rise to the level 

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of persecution; (2) his fear of future persecution was not objectively reasonable; and 

(3) he was not a member of a particular social group and did not establish a nexus 

between his harms and the particular social group. In his appellate brief before the 

BIA, Martinez Castro argued that the IJ erred by finding that the acts of the criminal 

organization did not rise to the level of persecution. He also argued that the IJ erred 

by concluding that his proposed social group lacked immutability. Martinez Castro, 

however, did not challenge the IJ’s decision relating to political opinion or to relief 

under CAT. 

The BIA dismissed Martinez Castro’s appeal on two grounds. First, the BIA 

agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that his proposed particular social group was not 

cognizable because it lacked immutability, particularity, and social distinction. 

Second, the BIA upheld the IJ’s finding that Martinez Castro had not established 

that the Honduran government was unable or unwilling to protect him because the

police were willing to investigate his case and the Honduran government had taken

steps to protect judges and magistrates in cities with high crime rates. Accordingly, 

the BIA concluded that Martinez Castro had not established his eligibility for asylum 

or withholding of removal. The BIA declined to address his remaining arguments 

on appeal. 

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This petition for review ensued, and the government moved for summary 

disposition and to stay the briefing schedule. Martinez Castro filed no opposition to 

the government’s motion.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“We review the BIA’s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA has 

expressly adopted the IJ’s decision, in which case we review the IJ’s decision as 

well.” Carrizo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 652 F.3d 1326, 1330 (11th Cir. 2011). We also 

“review both the IJ’s and BIA’s decision to the extent that the BIA agreed with the 

IJ’s findings or relied on his reasoning, even if the BIA did not use ‘magic words’

and state that it was ‘adopting’ the IJ’s findings or reasoning.” Mu Ying Wu v. U.S. 

Att’y Gen., 745 F.3d 1140, 1153 (11th Cir. 2014). “[W]e review conclusions of law

de novo and factual determinations under the substantial evidence test.” Gonzalez 

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016). “Whether an asserted group 

qualifies as a ‘particular social group’ under the INA is a question of law.” Id.

(quoting Malu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 764 F.3d 1282, 1290 (11th Cir. 2014). We review 

a finding as to whether an applicant suffered past persecution under the substantial 

evidence test and will affirm where the finding is supported by reasonable, 

substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole. See

Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 492 F.3d 1223, 1230–34 (11th Cir. 2007); Silva 

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 448 F.3d 1229, 1237 (11th Cir. 2006).

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III. ANALYSIS

The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to an applicant who is 

determined to be a refugee as defined under the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(“INA”). 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). The INA defines a “refugee,” in relevant part, 

as:

any person who is outside any country of such person’s 

nationality . . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, 

and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the 

protection of, that country because of persecution or a 

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, 

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social 

group, or political opinion . . . .

Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant bears the burden to establish, with 

specific and credible evidence, past persecution, or a well-founded fear of future 

persecution, on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular 

social group, or political opinion. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B); accord Diallo v. U.S. Att’y 

Gen., 596 F.3d 1329, 1332 (11th Cir. 2010); Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 440 F.3d 1247, 

1257 (11th Cir. 2006). 

To establish asylum eligibility, the applicant “must show not only past 

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution, but also that she is unable 

to avail herself of the protection of her home country.” Lopez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

504 F.3d 1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2007). “In all cases, the persecution must be ‘“by 

government forces” or “by non-government groups that the government cannot 

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control.”’” Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 931 F.3d 1327, 1331 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting

Sama v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 887 F.3d 1225, 1231–32 (11th Cir. 2018)). Thus, “[a]n 

applicant for asylum who alleges persecution by a private actor must prove that his 

home country is unable or unwilling to protect him.” Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 605 

F.3d 941, 950 (11th Cir. 2010). 

Summary disposition is proper where “the position of one of the parties is 

clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question as to the 

outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is 

frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis, 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969).

“When an appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is 

abandoned.” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005). 

A party adequately raises an issue by “specifically and clearly identif[ying]” the 

issue in its initial brief. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 

(11th Cir. 2004)). The party must “plainly and prominently” raise the issue. Id.

(quoting United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003)). A 

passing reference to an issue does not raise a claim for review. See Sepulveda, 401 

F.3d at 1228 n.2; see also Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1275, 1278–79 (11th 

Cir. 2009). Likewise, “[a]bandonment of an issue can also occur when passing 

references appear in the argument section of an opening brief, particularly when the 

references are mere ‘background’ to the appellant’s main arguments or when they 

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are ‘buried’ within those arguments.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co., 739 

F.3d 678, 682 (11th Cir. 2014). “Moreover, a party may not incorporate by reference 

arguments presented below, but must specifically and clearly identify the issues 

presented for appellate review.” Patel v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 787 F. App’x 663, 667 n.2

(11th Cir. 2019) (unpublished).

Here, the BIA dismissed Martinez Castro’s appeal of the IJ’s decision on two 

grounds: (1) Martinez Castro’s proposed social group was not cognizable; and (2) 

Martinez Castro did not sufficiently establish that the Honduran government was or 

is unable or unwilling to protect him. A review of Martinez Castro’s petition before 

this Court shows that Martinez Castro challenges only the first of these grounds. 

Martinez Castro does not identify the “unable or unwilling” finding as an issue for 

review, nor does he devote a discrete section of argument to it. Indeed, Martinez 

Castro does not articulate any argument that the IJ and the BIA erred in finding that 

he did not establish that the Honduran government is either unable or unwilling to 

protect him. As already noted, “[a]n applicant for asylum who alleges persecution 

by a private actor must prove that his home country is unable or unwilling to protect 

him.” Ayala, 605 F.3d at 950; see also Ali, 931 F.3d at 1331. Here, Martinez Castro 

does not “plainly and prominently” offer argument on a determinative issue, and we 

therefore conclude that he has waived any challenge to the finding that he did not 

establish that the Honduran government is unable or unwilling to protect him. 

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Because Martinez Castro alleged persecution by a private actor, his 

abandonment of any challenge to the “unable or unwilling” finding is dispositive of 

his claim of persecution on account of a statutorily protected ground. Accordingly, 

because the government’s argument is correct as a matter of law and there is no 

substantial question about the outcome of the case, the government’s motion for 

summary disposition is GRANTED and its motion to stay the briefing schedule is 

DENIED AS MOOT.

PETITION DENIED.

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