IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jee Y. Eom, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 350 C.D. 2016

: Argued: October 17, 2016

Unemployment Compensation :

Board of Review, :

Respondent :

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge

HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge

HONORABLE JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION BY

JUDGE COHN JUBELIRER FILED: January 31, 2017

Jee Y. Eom (Claimant) petitions for review of an Order of the 

Unemployment Compensation (UC) Board of Review (Board) that affirmed a 

Referee’s Decision dismissing Claimant’s appeal as untimely pursuant to Section

501(e) of the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law), 43 P.S. § 821(e).1 On 

appeal, Claimant argues that the Board erred when it refused to consider the appeal 

nunc pro tunc because the late filing of the appeal was due to non-negligent 

 

1 Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. 

§ 821(e) (providing for a 15-day appeal period before a notice of determination is deemed final). 
2

circumstances. Based on the Board’s credibility determinations, we are 

constrained to affirm.

Claimant filed an application for UC benefits, which was denied by the 

Local UC Service Center (Service Center) on the grounds Claimant voluntarily 

quit his job with Aicos System (Employer) without necessitous and compelling 

reason and therefore was ineligible for benefits under Section 402(b) of the Law.2

(Notice of Determination, R.R. at 1.) The Notice of Determination was mailed on 

November 3, 2015. (Id.) Under the Law, Claimant had 15 days to appeal this 

determination, which would have been November 18, 2015. 43 P.S. § 821. 

Claimant’s Petition for Appeal was received via fax on November 20, 2015, two 

days late. As a result, the appeal was dismissed as untimely. 

A hearing was scheduled before the Referee on January 6, 2016, to hear 

evidence concerning the timeliness of the appeal, as well as on the merits. At the 

hearing, Claimant acknowledged receiving the Notice of Determination and 

discussing same with his attorney (Claimant’s Attorney). (R.R. at 15.) Claimant’s 

Attorney testified that he subsequently prepared and mailed the appeal sometime 

between November 9 and November 13, 2015, when he was going out of town on 

other business. (R.R. at 16-17.) Claimant’s Attorney did not have any 

documentation, such as a certificate of mailing, to support that the appeal was 

mailed. (R.R. at 16.) When he returned to the office on November 20, 2015, 

Claimant’s Attorney realized that he had not received a response to the appeal, so

he completed another Petition for Appeal and faxed it to the Service Center. (R.R. 

at 16; Petition for Appeal, R.R. at 5.) Based upon the evidence presented, the 

Referee found there was no evidence that Claimant was misinformed or misled by 

 

2

43 P.S. § 802(b). 
3

UC authorities regarding his appeal rights or that he was prevented from filing a 

timely appeal due to fraud or a breakdown in the administrative process and 

dismissed the appeal. (Referee Decision at 2.) 

Claimant subsequently filed a timely appeal of the Referee’s Decision with 

the Board, which affirmed. Specifically, the Board found Claimant’s Attorney’s 

testimony that the appeal was mailed before the appeal deadline not credible, 

noting the lack of documentary evidence to support the allegation. (Board 

Decision at 2.) The Board also refused to find that Claimant’s Attorney’s “failure 

to file a timely appeal was non-negligent.” (Id.) Given the mandatory nature of 

the filing deadline and the absence of any evidence that would entitle Claimant to 

an appeal nunc pro tunc, the Board found that the Referee properly dismissed the 

appeal under Section 501(e) of the Law. (Id.) Claimant now petitions this Court 

for review of the Board’s Order.3

On appeal, Claimant argues the Board erred in refusing to restore his 

appellate rights nunc pro tunc. Specifically, Claimant contends the late filing was 

the result of non-negligent conduct by Claimant’s Attorney and that the appeal was 

filed within a short time of discovering its untimeliness. (Claimant’s Br. at 11-12.)

The Board responds that Claimant failed to establish a basis for relief nunc pro 

tunc. In particular, it notes the absence of any documentary evidence that would 

support the testimony of Claimant’s Attorney that he mailed the appeal prior to 

expiration of the filing deadline. (Board’s Br. at 6.)

 

3

“Our review is limited to determining whether the necessary findings of fact were 

supported by substantial evidence, whether errors of law were committed, or whether 

constitutional rights were violated.” Johns v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 87 A.3d 

1006, 1009 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014).
4

Section 501(e) of the Law governs appeals from a Notice of Determination 

and states: 

Unless the claimant or last employer or base-year employer of 

the claimant files an appeal with the board, from the determination 

contained in any notice required to be furnished by the department 

under section five hundred and one (a), (c) and (d), within fifteen 

calendar days after such notice was delivered to him personally, or 

was mailed to his last known post office address, and applies for a 

hearing, such determination of the department, with respect to the 

particular facts set forth in such notice, shall be final and 

compensation shall be paid or denied in accordance therewith.

43 P.S. § 821(e). The failure to file an appeal within the requisite 15-day time 

period deprives the Board of jurisdiction over the matter and the determination 

becomes final. Dumberth v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 837 A.2d 678, 

681 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2003). Limited circumstances exist in which an untimely appeal 

may be considered. Hessou v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 942 A.2d 

194, 198 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). Allowable exceptions include cases involving fraud, 

a breakdown in the administrative process, or when there is a “non-negligent 

failure to file a timely appeal which was corrected within a very short time, during 

which any prejudice to the other side of the controversy would necessarily be 

minimal.” Bass v. Commonwealth, 401 A.2d 1133, 1135-36 (Pa. 1979). It is 

under this third exception – non-negligent conduct – that Claimant seeks to 

proceed.4

Claimant’s argument on appeal centers around the testimony of Claimant’s 

Attorney, who maintains he mailed the appeal prior to leaving town on November 

 

4 Claimant concedes there was no fraud or breakdown in the process. (Claimant’s Br. at 

11.)
5

13, 2015, well before the filing deadline. This testimony is the sole basis cited by 

Claimant for his argument that the untimely filing was the result of non-negligent 

conduct of his attorney. (See Claimant’s Br. at 11.) However, the Board did not 

credit this testimony. (Board Op. at 2.) It is well-settled that the Board is the 

ultimate fact finder. Walsh v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review, 943 A.2d 

363, 368 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2008). In essence, on appeal Claimant is challenging the 

Board’s determination not to credit the testimony, which is outside of this Court’s 

province to overrule. “The burden to establish the right to have an untimely appeal 

considered is a heavy one because the statutory time limit established for appeals is 

mandatory.” Hessou, 942 A.2d at 198. Because the Board did not credit the 

testimony of Claimant’s Attorney, there was no credited evidence showing nonnegligent conduct beyond Claimant’s control that would have prevented the timely 

filing of an appeal. Thus, Claimant has not satisfied his heavy burden to be 

entitled to nunc pro tunc relief.

Had the Board credited the testimony of Claimant’s Attorney, the testimony 

alone would be legally insufficient to entitle Claimant to nunc pro tunc relief under 

our precedent. Courts have consistently held that delivery issues with mail are 

foreseeable. For instance, in Criss v. Wise, a receptionist testified that she mailed 

a notice of appeal from an arbitration award by depositing the notice in a mailbox 

outside the office building six days before the filing deadline. Criss v. Wise, 781 

A.2d 1156, 1158 (Pa. 2001). The notice was received two days after the filing 

deadline, and one day after the prothonotary entered judgment on the arbitration 

award. Id. The trial court denied the appeal, but the Superior Court vacated and 

remanded the matter to the trial court to make factual findings as to whether nunc 

pro tunc relief was warranted. Id. at 1158-59. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court 
6

reversed. It found that nunc pro tunc relief is reserved for only those “unique and 

compelling cases in which the appellant has clearly established that she attempted 

to file an appeal, but unforeseeable and unavoidable events precluded her from 

actually doing so.” Id. at 1160. Because “delays in the U.S. mail are both 

foreseeable and avoidable,” the failure to anticipate potential delays in the mail 

was not a non-negligent circumstance that warranted nunc pro tunc relief. Id.

Faced with similar circumstances, this Court has likewise denied nunc pro 

tunc relief. In Lee v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Pa. 

Cmwlth., Nos. 421 C.D. 2013, 501 C.D. 2013, filed Oct. 16, 2013), claimant’s 

attorney testified his paralegal mailed the appeal via certified mail and produced a 

blank certified mail receipt.5 The Court found this did not satisfy the requirements 

of the Board regulation, 34 Pa. Code § 101.82, which provides that the filing date 

of an appeal made by U.S. mail is determined as:

(i) The date of the official United States Postal Service postmark on 

the envelope containing the appeal, a United States Postal Service 

Form 3817 (Certificate of Mailing) or a United States Postal Service 

certified mail receipt.

(ii) If there is not official United States Postal Service postmark, 

United States Postal Service Form 3817 or United States Postal 

Service certified mail receipt, the date of a postage meter mark on the 

envelope containing the appeal.

(iii) If the filing date cannot be determined by any of the methods in 

subparagraph (i) or (ii), the filing date will be the date recorded by the 

Department, the workforce investment office or the Board when it 

 

5

Lee is an unreported panel decision of this Court, which is cited in accordance with 

Section 414(a) of this Court’s Internal Operating Procedures, which provides that an unreported 

panel decision issued by this Court after January 15, 2008, may be cited “for its persuasive value, 

but not as binding precedent.” 210 Pa. Code § 69.414(a). 
7

receives the appeal.

Lee, slip op. at 7-8.

In the absence of such evidence, the Court found the only physical evidence 

to establish an appeal had been sent was the faxed appeal, which was received after 

the filing deadline. Id., slip op. at 8-9. Thus, the Court affirmed the Board’s 

determination that the appeal was untimely. Id., slip op. at 9. See also Lord v. 

Unemployment Comp. Bd. of Review (Pa. Cmwlth., Nos. 1566 C.D. 2011, 1567 

C.D. 2011, 1568 C.D. 2011, 1569 C.D. 2011, filed June 4, 2012), slip op. at 7-8

(finding claimant’s testimony alone that he mailed his appeal within the statutory 

time period did not satisfy the regulations); Jones v. Unemployment Comp. Bd. of 

Review (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1414 C.D. 2010, filed May 26, 2011), slip op. at 5-6

(finding same).

Applying these principles to the facts at hand, we must affirm the Board’s 

dismissal of the Claimant’s appeal as untimely under Section 501(e) of the Law.

_____________________________________

RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jee Y. Eom, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 350 C.D. 2016

:

Unemployment Compensation :

Board of Review, :

Respondent :

O R D E R

NOW, January 31, 2017, the Order of the Unemployment Compensation 

Board of Review, entered in the above-captioned matter, is hereby AFFIRMED. 

_____________________________________

RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Jee Y. Eom, :

Petitioner :

:

v. :

:

Unemployment Compensation :

Board of Review, : No. 350 C.D. 2016

Respondent : Argued: October 17, 2016

BEFORE: HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER Judge

HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE Judge

HONORABLE JAMES GARDNER COLINS, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

DISSENTING OPINION

BY JUDGE COSGROVE FILED: January 31, 2017

The analysis to be applied in determining whether Claimant's appeal

was timely is different from that governing the question of whether nunc pro tunc

relief should be granted. Since the Majority conflates these two discrete concepts,

I must dissent.

I agree that Claimant’s appeal was untimely. Although Claimant’s

attorney testified he mailed the appeal documents before the deadline, he presented

no additional information to verify this. A finding of untimeliness may be avoided

if certain proof is available showing that an appeal had been perfected by mail. 

For example, 34 Pa.Code § 101.82(b)(1)(i)-(ii) provides a party may file a written
JMC - 2

appeal by United States mail. The filing date will be determined by the date of the

official United States Postal Service postmark on the envelope containing the

appeal, a United States Postal Service Certificate of Mailing, a United States Postal

Service certified mail receipt, or the date of a postage meter mark on the envelope

containing the appeal.

Claimant was unable to provide any such proof of the filing of the

earlier appeal; all he could present was the testimony of his counsel that the appeal

had been mailed prior to the deadline.

In considering the timeliness argument, the Board had little choice but

to ignore or “not credit” this testimony, (Reproduced Record at 39), consistent with

this Court’s decision in McKnight v. Unemployment Compensation Board of

Review, 99 A.3d 946 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2014). In McKnight, this Court was asked to

expand the forms of proof acceptable to establish that an appeal had been mailed

timely by including testimony that indeed the appropriate mailing had occurred. 

We rejected that argument, noting that Section 101.82(b) was a Board regulation

which, as interpreted by the Board,1“does not contemplate testimony as adequate

proof of mailing...” Id at 949. Against this backdrop, the Board was correct in

finding Claimant’s appeal untimely.

Where the Majority errs is in applying this same principle to the

question of whether nunc pro tunc relief should be granted. While "timeliness" is

 

1

“[A] court should defer to an administrative agency’s interpretation of its own

regulation unless such interpretation is clearly erroneous or is inconsistent with the statute under

which it was promulgated.” UGI Utilities v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 776

A.2d 344, 348 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2001).
JMC - 3

strictly bound by regulatory provisions which set specific and definite deadlines,

and limit the availability of proof to determine that timeliness, permission to

pursue an appeal nunc pro tunc is tied to equitable considerations. "Even when a

party has filed an untimely notice of appeal, however, appellate courts may grant a

party equitable relief in the form of an appeal nunc pro tunc in certain

extraordinary circumstances." Criss v. Wise, 781 A.2d 1156, 1159 (Pa. 2001).2

An appeal nunc pro tunc may thus be allowed when a delay in filing

the appeal is caused by extraordinary circumstances, including the non-negligent

conduct of the appellant’s attorney or his staff. Cook v. Unemployment Comp. Bd.

of Review, 671 A.2d 1130, 1131 (Pa. 1996). Claimant argues that his attorney was

not negligent in filing his appeal. (Claimant’s Brief at 11.) Claimant’s attorney

testified that he sent the appeal via U.S. Mail prior to the expiration of the appeal

date, but could not provide any evidence of this mailing other than his testimony. 

(R.R. at 16.) While the Board rightly refused to "credit" this testimony in

considering whether the appeal was "timely," it did not find that this testimony was

not credible.3 As such, in considering the second question as to whether an appeal

 

2

In Criss, an appeal from a compulsory arbitration award was mailed six days before the

deadline for filing same, but was not received until after the deadline expired. The Supreme

Court held that since "delays in the U.S. mail are both foreseeable and avoidable, Appellee's

failure to anticipate a potential delay in the mail was not such a non-negligent circumstance for

which an appeal nunc pro tunc may be granted." Criss, 781 A.2d at 1160. Criss, however,

involved the Rules of Civil Procedure (i.e., appeal from an arbitration award) which, unlike

Section 101.82(b), do not deem an appeal perfected once mailed but instead state that "[a] paper

sent by mail shall not be deemed filed until received by the appropriate officer." Pa.R.C.P. No.

2015.1. As such, while it is important in recognizing the equitable nature of nunc pro tunc relief,

the ultimate holding in Criss is inapplicable to this case despite the Majority’s reliance on it.

3

In Quinn v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, (Pa. Cmwlth. 1238 C.D.

2014, filed January 23, 2015) 2015 WL 5123418, the claimant testified that she “placed her
JMC - 4

nunc pro tunc should be permitted, the Board was faced with uncontradicted

testimony from an officer of the court that he had mailed the appeal (albeit without

additional proof of mailing such as a Postal Service Certificate of Mailing or a

private postage meter stamp) prior to the expiration of the deadline. On this

question, the attorney's testimony is both relevant and suggests no negligence on

his part in pursuing his client's appeal. 

In seeking an appeal nunc pro tunc, a party must show that the late

appeal was caused by non-negligent circumstances related to him/her or to counsel,

that the appeal was filed within a short time after the party or counsel had an

opportunity to address the untimeliness, the period that elapsed was of a short

duration, and the appellee was not prejudiced by the delay. Cook, 671 A.2d at

1131. In this case, Claimant’s attorney testified that he mailed the appeal before he

went “out of town on other business” (R.R. at 16) and prior to the deadline. Upon

his return, Claimant’s attorney filed the appeal electronically, two days after the

appeal deadline. Id. Pursuant to Cook, Claimant has satisfied his burden.4 Under

 

appeal in the mailbox at her post office” one day before it was due. However, the appeal did not

arrive until a day after the due date. While the Board made a specific finding that the claimant’s

testimony regarding her mailing of the appeal was not credible, we noted that under Section

101.82(b)(1)(ii), “even if found credible by the Board, [the testimony] would be insufficient to

establish that [the claimant’s] appeal was timely filed.” Id. at 2015 WL 5123418, Slip Op. at 2. 

Although unpublished and thus not binding, it is important to note that Quinn differs from this

case in two important respects. First, although the Quinn claimant’s testimony was irrelevant

under the regulation as to the timeliness question, it would have been important if the claimant

had sought permission to appeal nunc pro tunc. Unlike the present Claimant, the Quinn claimant

did not. Further, while the Board made the specific finding that the Quinn claimant’s testimony

was “not credible,” it made no such finding presently. Accordingly, the present Claimant’s

testimony is relevant and important to consideration of the request to appeal nunc pro tunc.

4 Respondent’s brief makes no argument that it was prejudiced by the late filing. 
JMC - 5

these circumstances, it was thus error for the Board to deny Claimant's nunc pro

tunc appeal. The Majority errs in upholding this denial, and in constricting the

equitable principles upon which nunc pro tunc relief is considered. Criss. I must

therefore dissent. 

___________________________

JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge