Draft 

ADVISORY BOARD ON 

RADIATION AND WORKER HEALTH 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

A FOCUSED REVIEW OF THE HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL 

COMPANY PETITION EVALUATION REPORT FOR SEC-00141 

Contract No. 200-2009-28555 

SCA-SEC-2011-0018, Revision 0

Prepared by 

William C. Thurber 

Robert Anigstein 

S. Cohen & Associates 

1608 Spring Hill Road, Suite 400 

Vienna, Virginia 22182 

Saliant, Inc. 

5579 Catholic Church Road 

Jefferson, Maryland 21755 

January 2011 

Disclaimer 

This document is made available in accordance with the unanimous desire of the Advisory Board on 

Radiation and Worker Health (ABRWH) to maintain all possible openness in its deliberations. However, 

the ABRWH and its contractor, SC&A, caution the reader that at the time of its release, this report is predecisional and has not been reviewed by the Board for factual accuracy or applicability within the 

requirements of 42 CFR 82. This implies that once reviewed by the ABRWH, the Board’s position may 

differ from the report’s conclusions. Thus, the reader should be cautioned that this report is for 

information only and that premature interpretations regarding its conclusions are unwarranted.
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Document No. 

SCA-SEC-2011-0018 

Effective Date: 

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S. COHEN & ASSOCIATES: 

Technical Support for the Advisory Board on 

Radiation & Worker Health Review of 

NIOSH Dose Reconstruction Program Revision No. 

0 – Draft 

A Focused Review of the Hooker Electrochemical 

Company Petition Evaluation Report for SEC-00141 Page 2 of 33 

Task Manager: 

________________________ Date: ___________ 

William C. Thurber, PhD 

Supersedes: 

N/A 

Project Manager: 

________________________ Date: ___________ 

John Mauro, PhD, CHP 

Reviewer: 

 John Mauro, PhD 

Record of Revisions 

Revision 

Number 

Effective 

Date Description of Revision 

0 (Draft) 01/19/2011 Initial issue 

01/20/2011 Redacted version issued. Minor redactions made on page 18, minor clarifications to 

two references, and disclaimer updated in the footer of each page. 
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NOTICE:

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................6 

1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................7 

2.0 AWE Operations at Hooker Electrochemical......................................................................8 

3.0 NIOSH Approach to Estimating Bounding Doses in the Petition Evaluation Report.......11 

3.1 Bounding Internal Exposures.................................................................................11 

3.2 Bounding External Exposures................................................................................12 

3.2.1 External Photon Exposure..............................................................13 

3.2.2 External Exposure to Non-Penetrating Radiation..........................14 

3.3 Bounding Doses during the Residual Period .........................................................15 

3.3.1 External Exposure during the Residual Period ..............................15 

3.3.2 Internal Exposure during the Residual Period ...............................16 

4.0 SC&A Review of Appendix AA to TBD-6001 .................................................................18 

5.0 References..........................................................................................................................23 

Appendix A: External Exposure to Barrel of C-2 Slag.................................................................30 
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

Advisory Board 

or ABRWH Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health 

AEC Atomic Energy Commission 

AWE Atomic Weapons Employer 

BZ breathing zone 

CFR or C.F.R. Code of Federal Regulations 

dpm/m3 disintegrations per minute per cubic meter 

DWA daily weighted average 

DWE daily weighted exposure 

EEOICPA Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 

ElectroMet Electro Metallurgical Company 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

FGR Federal Guidance Report 

g/cm3 grams per cubic meter 

GM geometric mean 

GSD geometric standard deviation 

HCl hydrochloric acid 

Hooker Hooker Electrochemical Company 

kg kilogram 

LOOW Lake Ontario Ordnance Works 

MAC maximum allowable concentration 

MCNP Monte Carlo Neutron and Photon (transport code) 

MCW Mallinckrodt Chemical Works 

MED Manhattan Engineer District 

mg milligram 

mR/hr milliRoentgen per hour 

mrad/hr milliradian per hour 

mrem millirem 

mrep/hr millirep per hour 

m/s meters per second 

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 
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NOTICE:

ORAUT Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team 

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory 

PER (NIOSH) Petition Evaluation Report 

pCi/day picocuries per day 

pH phosphate (pg. 7) 

R or r roentgen 

Rem Roentgen equivalent man 

rep roentgen-equivalent-physical 

SC&A S. Cohen and Associates (SC&A, Inc.) 

SEC Special Exposure Cohort 

TBD Technical Basis Document 

U uranium 

w/w weight per unit weight 
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

SC&A was tasked by the TBD-6001 Work Group to conduct a focused review of the Petition 

Evaluation Report (PER) for the Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) Petition SEC-00141, Hooker 

Electrochemical Company, prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

(NIOSH). This report summarizes SC&A’s review, which includes the seven findings and one 

observation listed below: 

Finding A: NIOSH should re-examine its assumption that the slag contains 0.2% U; the 

assumption of 1% U is more favorable to claimants and, given the information presented here, it 

is bounding. 

Finding B: NIOSH should review its estimate of the monthly slag throughput at Hooker to 

insure that all relevant data have been considered. 

Finding C: NIOSH should consider revising Appendix AA to base internal exposures on 

surrogate slag handling data, rather than on surrogate data from TBD-6001 scrap recovery 

operations. 

Finding D: NIOSH should clarify whether 1.6 mrep/hr for gamma and 11.5 mrep/hr for beta or 

the values contained in Tables AA.3 and AA.4 of Appendix AA should be used for a bounding 

calculation. 

Finding E: While clearly bounding, the measured gamma dose from the St. Louis Airport Site 

slag pile may not be representative of C-2 clag. 

Finding F: The PER should recognize that slag was present during the residual period, at least 

through 1958, and ensure that this information is incorporated into the bounding external 

exposure calculation for the residual period. 

Finding G: Depending on employment history, use of a resuspension factor of 1E-06/m for the 

residual period may not be bounding when calculating inhalation doses. If NIOSH believes that 

use of this resuspension factor is appropriate, they should provide justification describing, for 

example, clean-up procedures conducted after the cessation of operations. 

Observation A: NIOSH should explain why they accepted the petitioners’ assumptions 

regarding the duration of the operating period, since we are not aware of any evidence to 

support the extended operating period. 

SC&A also revisited the findings previously made during the review of Appendix AA of TBD6001 to determine if any of the open issues could have SEC implications. All of these findings 

were judged to be site profile issues, rather than SEC issues. SC&A believes that when the 

findings listed above are satisfactorily resolved, NIOSH should be able to demonstrate that they 

can “estimate the maximum radiation dose, for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are 

reconstructed, that could have been incurred in plausible circumstances by any member of the 

class.” 
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1.0 INTRODUCTION 

At the TBD-6001 Work Group Meeting held in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 4, 2010, SC&A 

was tasked by the Work Group to prepare a focused review of the NIOSH Petition Evaluation 

Report (PER) for the Hooker Electrochemical Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE) site (NIOSH 

2010). SC&A had previously prepared a review of the Hooker Site Profile (SC&A 2010), which 

was included by NIOSH as Appendix AA to TBD-6001 (Battelle 2007). Since the PER 

contained new information developed since Appendix AA was issued in 2007, the Work Group 

felt that a focused review of this new information was needed. This report documents SC&A’s 

findings based on its review of the PER and supporting documents. 

The SEC-00141 petition was received by NIOSH on March 6, 2009, and qualified on October 

16, 2009. The proposed Special Exposure Cohort (SEC) class evaluated by NIOSH consisted of: 

All employees who worked in any location at the Hooker Electrochemical 

Corporation during the operational period from January 1, 1943 through December 

31, 1948, and during the residual period from January 1, 1949 to December 31, 

1976.

The basis for the petition was the claim that internal and external monitoring data were not 

available for dose reconstruction. A petitioner also expressed concerns about the use of 

surrogate data in bounding exposures (Personal Communication 2010). NIOSH researched the 

basis for the petition and agreed with the petitioner regarding the lack of monitoring data, 

thereby qualifying the petition for evaluation. 

Based on its evaluation of the petition, NIOSH concluded that (NIOSH 2010, p. 3): 

Per EEOICPA and 42 C.F.R. § 83.13(c)(1), NIOSH has established that it has 

access to sufficient information to: (1) estimate the maximum radiation dose, for 

every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed, that could have 

been incurred in plausible circumstances by any member of the class; or 

(2) estimate radiation doses of members of the class more precisely than an 

estimate of maximum dose. Information available from the site profile and 

additional resources is sufficient to document or estimate the maximum internal 

and external potential exposure to members of the evaluated class under plausible 

circumstances during the specified period. 

In subsequent sections of this focused review, we will describe the AWE operations at Hooker 

Electrochemical (Section 2), review the NIOSH approach to bounding doses presented in the 

Petition Evaluation Report (Section 3), and discuss whether SC&A’s prior findings from its 

review of Appendix AA to TBD-6001 have any SEC implications, or whether they are strictly 

site profile issues (Section 4). Since the Findings related to Appendix AA were numbered, we 

have used capital letters to enumerate the Findings related to the PER. 

SC&A plans to interview former employees and will amend this report when that process has 

been completed. 
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2.0 AWE OPERATIONS AT HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL 

The Hooker Electrochemical Company (Hooker) in Niagara Falls, New York, processed 

uranium-bearing (C-2) slag from July 11, 1944, to January 15, 1946 (Appendix AA, 

Section AA.2). The operations at the Hooker facility involved treatment of C-2 slag from the 

nearby Electro Metallurgical Company (ElectroMet) with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to recover 

uranium. The C-2 slag from ElectroMet was a byproduct of the bomb reduction process, in 

which uranium tetrafluoride was reacted with magnesium to produce uranium metal. The HCl 

was excess acid produced at Hooker under an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contract as a 

byproduct from the non-radioactive P-45 chemical process. 

Slag from ElectroMet was shipped in wooden barrels to Hooker by rail (DOE 1977, MED 1944). 

Each barrel was filled with 500 lbs of slag (reduction bomb liners) with the nominal composition 

of “90% MgF” (sic) and 10% CaO, plus 1% X (MED 1944, p. 29). We note that the correct 

chemical formula for magnesium fluoride is MgF2 and that “X” was used as code for uranium. 

However, there is some uncertainty as to the uranium content of the slag. As noted above, the 

uranium content is stated on page 29 of MED 1944 as 1%. On page 30 of MED 1944, it is stated 

that, “slag is concentrated from about 1 lb to 5 or 10 lb by weight.” If the barrel contained 1 lb 

of uranium in 500 lb of slag, then the initial composition would be 0.2% (as assumed in NIOSH 

2010 and SC&A 2010), not 1%, as stated in MED 1944. It is possible that 1% X represented the 

nominal rather than the actual composition. 

Finding A: NIOSH should re-examine its assumption that the slag contains 0.2% U; the 

assumption of 1% U is more favorable to claimants and, given the information presented here, it 

is bounding. 

 

The barrels were opened and the contents were dumped onto a 20-mesh screen, with the 

undersize being conveyed by a bucket elevator to one of three wooden digestion tanks (MED 

1944, although DOE 1985 says that 4 tanks were used). Oversize (+ 20 mesh) material from the 

screening operation was drummed and returned to Manhattan Engineer District (MED) control. 

After 40 barrels of slag were loaded into a 13-ft diameter by 11-ft high wooden digester tank 

(Dowling 1944, p. 112; MED 1944, p. 30), HCl was added and the pH was adjusted to 4.0 with 

water additions (MED 1944). Digestion of the agitated slurry continued for about 20 hours 

(MED 1944). Operators standing on platforms above the tanks then added lime from 100-lb 

bags to neutralize the slurry (MED 1944). The neutralized slurry was pumped to a plate and 

frame filter press, where the filtrate was collected and discharged into a sewer. The filter cake 

was then washed several times, and was re-drummed and shipped by rail to MED control (MED 

1944). The turnover rate for a digester tank was stated to be once every 2 days (MED 1944). A 

detailed description of the process issued by Hooker is included as Exhibit 2. The Hooker 

description differs in some details from the description provided in the references cited above, 

but the differences are not believed to significantly affect this focused review. 

The digester tanks, bucket elevator, and filter press were housed in a cinder block building 

specifically constructed for the process (Dowling 1944, p. 112). Other operations, such as 

handling of barrels, were conducted outdoors near the rail siding. One former employee stated 

that the wooden tanks for processing the slag were located outdoors (Personal Communication 
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2009b), but this statement does not agree with information in the Construction Completion 

Report (Dowling 1944). 

Four operators handled the slag-leaching process that involved 200 manhours per week (MED 

1944). The maximum throughput rate was 10 tons of slag per month (MED 1944), and a total of 

152 tons of slag was processed from July 1944 through January 15, 1946 (Battelle 2007, 

Appendix AA; Mears 1946, p. 30).1 Based on a slag throughput rate of 10 tons per month, 

40 barrels would need to be processed monthly. In its review of Appendix AA, SC&A assumed 

that 10 tons per month was the output of treated (acid-leached) slag (SC&A 2010). However, 

NIOSH suggested at the November 4, 2010, TBD-6001 Work Group meeting that SC&A had 

misinterpreted the value of 10 tons per month (from MED 1944, p. 29) as product output, rather 

than slag input. The MED 1944 Data Sheet for Industrial Hazard Rating states, “ACTUAL 

QUANTITY (MONTHLY RATE – 10 tons).” The Data Sheet is ambiguous and the 10 tons 

could be either input or output. However, Mears (1946) states that “Approximately 152 tons of 

C-2 slag were processed ...,” suggesting that the 10 tons per month cited in MED 1944 was 

input. 

Using the NIOSH interpretation for throughput, it would appear that the plant had significant 

excess capacity, since processing 10 tons of slag would require only a single digester batch each 

month. Given the 2-day turnover rate cited above, the slag treatment plant had the capacity to 

process about 45 batches per month. It is surprising that this much over capacity would have 

been designed into the plant, since MED and Hooker engineers presumably had reasonable 

knowledge as to the quantities of slag and HCl available. One worker involved in slag handling 

said that they initially dumped about 25 barrels per day, and that this was later increased to about 

40 barrels per day (Personal Communication 2009a). This would set the monthly slag input at 

195 to 300 tons, well above either the NIOSH or SC&A estimate. 

Finding B: NIOSH should review its estimate of the monthly slag throughput at Hooker to 

ensure that all relevant data have been considered. 

The start date for the operations period is based on the date that the cinder block building was 

completed and turned over to operations (Dowling 1944, p. 112). The end date was based on the 

termination date for Contract No. W-7405-eng-28, the P-45 production contract (Mears 1946, 

p. 29). Mears (1946, p. 29) cites the start date of July 1945, rather than July 11, 1944. We 

believe that the cited date of July 1945 is in error. The assumption made by NIOSH in 

Appendix AA is claimant favorable, since the operating period may have actually been shorter. 

 

The residual period began on January 15, 1946, and continued through October 11, 1976. The 

end date was established based on a site survey by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 

The survey determined that residual radioactivity levels were below limits for unrestricted 

release of the site (DOE 1985, p. 100). A Hooker employee stated in 1979 that, “Acid handling, 

conveyor, and concrete pad for uranium ore handling have long since been removed. Disposition 

unknown” (Olotka 1979). 

1

 Another source states that the plant was shut down in October 1945 (Young 1985). The NIOSH 

assumption that shutdown occurred on January 15, 1946, is claimant favorable. 
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NOTICE:

It is possible that some slag remained at the Hooker Site for a considerable period after cessation 

of operations. AEC correspondence in 1958 discusses shipment of C-oxide slag located at 

Hooker Electrochemical to the Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Keller 1958). In the PER, 

NIOSH states that this material was located at the Lake Ontario Ordnance Works (LOOW), not 

at Hooker (NIOSH 2010, p. 14). NIOSH does not explain why they assumed that the material 

was at the LOOW rather than at Hooker as stated by Keller (1958). Saprie (1957) confirms the 

presence of 18,132 kg of C-slag at Hooker, based on an April 30, 1957, inventory. (See 

Finding D below.) 

It should also be noted that the dates for the operating period proposed in Appendix AA are less 

inclusive than the dates proposed by the petitioners and accepted by NIOSH for the class to be 

evaluated (see Introduction above). As discussed above, the basis of the dates for the operating 

and residual periods are reasonably well documented and consistent with Appendix AA. 

Observation A. NIOSH should explain why they accepted the petitioners’ assumptions 

regarding the duration of the operating period, since we are not aware of any evidence to 

support the extended operating period. 
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3.0 NIOSH APPROACH TO ESTIMATING BOUNDING DOSES IN THE 

PETITION EVALUATION REPORT 

Although workers at Hooker were presumably subjected to thorough periodic medical 

monitoring and examinations, no documentation was uncovered by NIOSH in their data capture 

efforts. According to Mears (1946), medical examinations for employees included: 

 Complete pre-employment physical examination 

 Complete monthly urinalyses 

 Complete monthly blood counts 

 Pre-employment serology 

 Pre-employment chest x-ray 

NIOSH concluded that: 

Based on its Hooker Electrochemical research and data capture efforts, NIOSH 

determined that it does not have access to any site-specific internal, external, or 

area monitoring for Hooker Electrochemical workers that were involved with 

radiological work or potentially exposed to residual radiation during the time 

period under evaluation. (NIOSH 2010, Section 3.1) 

To compensate for this lack of site-specific data, NIOSH, examined C-2 slag exposures at other 

facilities in the MED complex where similar material was processed/handled. This approach for 

the use of surrogate data provides a better focus on process similarities than the approach 

adopted in Appendix AA. In Appendix AA, NIOSH selected data for a different type of scrap 

recovery process than was implemented at Hooker. The revised approach is more compatible 

with the surrogate data criteria recently approved by the Advisory Board on Radiation and 

Worker Health (ABRWH). 

 

3.1 BOUNDING INTERNAL EXPOSURES 

To estimate internal exposures from slag handling and processing, NIOSH collected C-2 slag 

data from ElectroMet, Mallinckrodt (MCW), and Fernald for use in the PER. These data are 

reproduced here in Exhibit 1. The highest observed uranium air concentration, 839 dpm/m3

, was 

a breathing zone sample for an operator dumping a drum of C-liner (slag) from a drum dumper at 

Fernald. In Appendix AA to TBD-6001, NIOSH assumed that the median exposure for a scrap 

recovery operator was 822 dpm/m3

. This median value of 822 dpm/m3 is virtually identical to 

the maximum value observed when actually handling slag. It should be noted that in Appendix 

AA, NIOSH assumed that the median value was a constant, bounding value. If NIOSH had 

chosen to use the maximum observed air concentration from handling C-2 slag rather than the 

median determined from Appendix AA, they would have arrived at essentially the same 

bounding value for inhalation exposure during the operation period. Thus, use of the median 

value as proposed in Table AA.1 of Appendix AA is a bounding value. 

However, as SC&A noted in its review of Appendix AA, while the values in Table AA.1 are 

bounding, the values were based on assumptions that raise questions of plausibility when using 
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surrogate data. The use of data on slag handling as was done in the PER is scientifically sound 

and constitutes a more plausible approach to bounding inhalation intakes than the use of scrap 

recovery data from Battelle 2006. 

 

Finding C: NIOSH should consider revising Appendix AA to base internal exposures on 

surrogate slag handling data, rather than on surrogate data from TBD-6001 scrap recovery 

operations. 

While Finding C relates to Appendix AA of TBD-6001, it also relates to the PER, since NIOSH 

links the two documents in demonstrating its ability to “estimate the maximum radiation dose, 

for every type of cancer for which radiation doses are reconstructed, that could have been 

incurred in plausible circumstances by any member of the class.” Specifically, NIOSH states in 

Section 7.1.1 of NIOSH 2010 that: 

NIOSH considers the data utilized in this evaluation report of sufficient quality 

and quantity to support the Battelle-TBD-6001 Appendix AA methodology as a 

bounding dose reconstruction approach for Hooker Electrochemical internal 

doses. 

We believe that plausibility of the Appendix AA methodology would be enhanced if it were 

based on slag handling rather than scrap recovery data. We recognize that the numerical values 

would be essentially the same, based on the discussion provided above. 

3.2 BOUNDING EXTERNAL EXPOSURES 

NIOSH recovered data on external exposures to C-2 slag from the LOOW and from the St. Louis 

Airport Storage Site. Data from the St. Louis Airport Site are particularly useful for a bounding 

calculation. MCW stored C-2 slag at the Airport Site from 1946 to 1953. This slag was 

produced by the same process used by ElectroMet (i.e., reduction of UF4 with magnesium in a 

reaction bomb). As described in Section 2 above, the slag from ElectroMet was shipped to 

Hooker for acid leaching. 

MCW conducted a radiological survey of the Airport Site slag pile in 1948 and determined that 

the exposures measured “on top of pile at waist height” were 1.6 mrep/hr gamma and 

11.5 mrep/hr beta (Caplan 1949).2

 By comparison, in TBD-6001, NIOSH assumed a median

photon exposure rate of 0.08 mR/hr (0.528 mR/calendar-day × 365 calendar-days/300 work-days 

× 1 work-day/8 hr) for a scrap recovery operator working 48 hours per week.3

 The exposure of 

0.528 mR/calendar-day was pro-rated in Appendix AA based on the time a worker at Hooker 

would spend handling barrels of slag (i.e., one day per month). 

 

 2

 The rep (or mrep) is an historical unit (roentgen-equivalent-physical), which is variously equated to 83 to 

95 ergs/g. It is claimant favorable to assume that roentgens (R or r in the records), rep, and rem are equivalent 

[ORAUT-TKBS-0028-6 (ORAUT 2005)]. 3

 This median exposure is calculated assuming that the average exposure to a worker standing 1 m from a 

55-gal drum of uranium is 0.28 mR/hr, and that the GSD of the lognormal distribution is 5 (Battelle 2006, 

Sections 7.1 and 7.2). 
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NIOSH concluded in Section 7.3.1 of the PER that: 

The exposure rate listed for the Saint Louis Airport Storage site in 1948 is cited 

as being on top of the slag storage pile. Although the size of this pile is not 

known, based on the generation rate cited in 1945 (80,000–90,000 pounds every 

month to six weeks) (Simons, 1945), it would easily exceed any quantity of 

material that would be handled or stored at the Hooker Electrochemical site. 

Based on these data, a bounding deep and shallow dose can be based on the 

values measured in 1948 (11.5 mrep/hr beta and 1.6 mrep/hr gamma). 

The statement that bounding deep and shallow doses can be based on the values measured in 

1948 appears to be at odds with a statement made previously in the PER. In Section 7.1.3, 

NIOSH states the following: 

NIOSH considers the data utilized in this evaluation report of sufficient quality 

and quantity to support the Battelle-TBD-6001 Appendix AA methodology as a 

bounding dose reconstruction approach for Hooker Electrochemical external 

doses. 

Finding D: NIOSH should clarify whether 1.6 mrep/hr for gamma and 11.5 mrep/hr for beta or 

the values contained in Tables AA.3 or AA.4 of Appendix AA should be used for a bounding 

calculation. 

3.2.1 External Photon Exposure 

SC&A ran a separate calculation to determine whether a photon dose of 1.6 mrep/hr was, indeed, 

bounding. We assumed that the slag, containing 0.2% natural uranium, formed a pile of infinite 

thickness, and obtained dose conversion factors for U-238, U-234, Th-234, and Pa-234m from 

Table III.7 of Federal Guidance Report (FGR) No. 13 (EPA 1999). With these assumptions, we 

calculated a dose rate of 0.009 mrem/hr. If the slag contained 1% U, the external dose rate 

would be 0.043 mrem/hr. Clearly, using a gamma dose of 1.6 mrep/hr is bounding. However, 

we are troubled by the fact that measured dose is so high. To achieve a dose of this level, the 

infinitely thick slag pile would need to contain about 40% U. As another reality check, we note 

that a worker standing 1 m from a large uranium slab (40 × 60 × 10 cm) would receive a photon 

dose of 0.145 mrem/hr (Anderson and Hertel 2005). 

 

Since there are large differences between the various estimates of external exposure based on 

calculations and measurements, we ran an MCNP calculation as described in Appendix A. The 

MCNP calculation was designed to mimic the geometry and slag composition that existed at 

Hooker. The calculated dose to a worker standing 1 ft from a barrel of slag containing 1% U was 

0.015 mR/hr, a value consistent with that calculated using FGR No. 13. 

 

Finding E: While clearly bounding, the measured gamma dose from the St. Louis Airport Site 

slag pile may not be representative of C-2 clag. 
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3.2.2 External Exposure to Non-Penetrating Radiation 

Turning next to the measured non-penetrating dose of 11.5 mrep/hr, we note that this is not a 

contact dose, but rather a dose measured waist-high. The appropriateness of using this value to 

bound the dose to the hands and arms, as proposed by NIOSH, requires further examination. For 

example, a beta dose of 66 mrep/hr was measured at the edge of a slag barrel at MCW Plant 4 

(ORAUT 2009, Table A-33). This measurement suggests that the dose to the hands and arms 

might not be bounded by using the measured value of 11.5 mrep/hr for the Airport Site. 

With regards to the skin other than the hands and arms, NIOSH has proposed using a relationship 

where the non-penetrating dose to the balance of the body is 10 times the photon dose at 1 ft 

(Battelle 2006, Section 3.3.1). Anderson and Hertel (2005) determined that the photon dose 

(including Bremsstrahlung) at 1 ft from a uranium slab is 2.08 mrem/hr. Thus, the beta dose to 

other skin on a worker’s body can be estimated to be 20.8 mrem/hr for a worker in close 

proximity to large natural uranium source at all times. Since a worker would not be exposed to a 

pure uranium source and since a worker’s exposure to the source would not be full time, a value 

of 20.8 mrem/hr for beta exposure to skin other than the hands and arms should be bounding. 

In TBD-6001 (Table 3.4), NIOSH cites the beta surface dose rate from a natural uranium slab as 

233 mrad/hr. This is apparently a measured value. NIOSH assumed that this was the arithmetic 

mean of a lognormal distribution with an assumed geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 5. 

They further assumed that the worker spent 50% of the time with his hands in contact with the 

uranium slab, incurring a dose of 33.2 mrem/hr. This methodology was carried forward to 

Appendix AA (Table AA.3), where the dose was pro-rated to 11 mR/calendar-day, based on 

handling barrels of slag 1 day per month. 

Unlike the photon dose, the argument that a beta dose of 11.5 mrep/hr is bounding is less clear. 

We believe that the beta dose model in TBD-6001 is flawed, because there is no scientific basis 

for the assumption that the surface exposure of 233 mrad/hr is the arithmetic mean of a 

lognormal distribution with a GSD of 5. If 233 mrad/hr is a measured value, then it is highly 

unlikely that the measurement uncertainty would support a GSD of 5. This suggests that 

assuming a median value of 33 mrem/hr is not warranted as the appropriate metric for exposure 

to a uranium slab 50% of the time. (Note that in Appendix AA the median is used as the 

bounding value and not as input to a distribution.) 

These various estimates of beta dose described above are summarized in Table 3-1. 

Table 3-1. Estimates of Surface Dose Rates 

Dose Rate Basis for Dose Rate Estimate 

11.5 mrep/hr Measured waist high above slag pile 

233 mrad/hr Contact dose from natural uranium slab 

20.8 mrem/hr 10 times calculated photon dose (including Bremsstrahlung) at 1 ft (proposed for skin other 

than hands and arms) 

33.2 mrem/hr Calculated median based on average of 233 mrad/hr, GSD of 5 and 50% of time in contact 

with source based on TBD-6001. Basis for Appendix AA, Table AA.3 calculations 

66 mrep/hr Measured at edge of slag barrel 
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Since creating plausible, bounding estimates from the information provided in Table 3-1 

involves a significant measure of subjective judgment, we performed the MCNP calculations 

presented in Appendix A. The calculated contact dose was 0.85 mrem/hr, which is about a factor 

of 40 lower than that used in Table AA.3 of Appendix AA. It is about a factor of 14 lower than 

the measurements made at the Airport Site slag pile. Thus, either the measured value at the St. 

Louis Airport site or the value based on TBD-6001 should provide a reasonable basis for a 

bounding calculation. However, for reasons discussed above, we believe that the measured data 

from the slag pile are a more plausible source of surrogate data. 

3.3 BOUNDING DOSES DURING THE RESIDUAL PERIOD 

3.3.1 External Exposure during the Residual Period 

The PER notes that external doses during the residual period in Appendix AA are based on 

exposure to surface contamination at the end of the operating period with no diminution during 

the residual period. The specific methodology is based on Table 7.3 of TBD-6001, which lists 

the median exposure to an operator standing on a contaminated surface as 0.376 mR/calendarday. NIOSH provided information to assist SC&A in understanding the source of this exposure 

metric, since it could not be readily derived from the information in TBD-6001 (Allen 2010). 

The starting point was general area samples taken near a scrap processing furnace (TBD-6001, 

Table 8.23), which list average general area values of 900 dpm/m3

 (trays) and 200 dpm/m3

(calciner), yielding an overall average general area value of 550 dpm/m3

. This was converted to 

a geometric mean (GM) of 151 dpm/m3, based on a lognormal distribution with a GSD of 5. 

Assuming deposition for 1 year at a deposition velocity of 7.5E-04 m/s, the contamination factor 

is 2.37E+04 m and the annual areal deposition is 3.57E+06 dpm/m2 (151 dpm/m3 × 

2.37E+04 m). From this, the external exposure rate can be determined to be 0.002 mR/hr (or 

0.013 mR/calendar-day) using the conversion factor in Table 3.10 of TBD-6001 of 

5.61E-10 mR/hr per dpm/m2. Due to spreadsheet error, the hourly exposure had been calculated 

to be 0.376 mR/calendar-day. In this calculation, no credit is taken for the fact that the surface 

contamination is only 0.2% U, and no credit is taken for possible source term reduction during 

the residual period. Thus, an external exposure during the residual period of 0.013 mR/calendarday should be bounding, based on the model and assumptions used by NIOSH. 

However, one can question the average general area air sample of 550 dpm/m3 on which the 

deposition estimate is based. This dust level was obtained from scrap recovery operations, which 

are questionable surrogates for slag processing. To further explore this issue, we examined the 

airborne dust sample data from C-2 slag handling reported in Tables 6-1, 6-2, and 6-3 of the PER 

(see Exhibit 1). Most of the data reported in those tables are breathing zone data, which would 

overstate surface deposition. The values are summarized in Table 3-2. The cited values are 

generally the average of several samples, but are individual measurements in some cases. 

It is apparent from Table 3-2 that an average concentration of 550 dpm/m3

 is bounding, even 

though it is based on operations different from those involved in slag handling. 
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Table 3-2. Airborne Dust Concentrations from Handling C-2 Slag 

Data Source in NIOSH 2010 Average Concentration (dpm/m3) 

Table 6-1 (ElectroMet) 456, 398 

Table 6-2 (Mallinckrodt) 154, 80, 200, 245, 112, 154, 77, 149, 27, 81, 57 

Table 6-3 (Fernald) 247, 191, 255, 206, 224, 13, 309, 63, 78, 480, 682 

Considered on another level, the model for external exposure based on surface deposition prior 

to the end of operations may not be appropriate at Hooker. As described in Section 2 above, 

about 20 tons of slag remained at Hooker, at least until sometime in 1958. The presence of this 

slag is not explicitly considered in the surface deposition model, although it could be argued that 

assuming a constant source term throughout the residual period in some way compensates for the 

presence of slag after cessation of operations. As described in Section 3.2, a worker standing on 

a surface of infinite depth contaminated with 0.2% uranium would receive a miniscule dose of 

0.009 mrem/hr, which is not significantly different from the external exposure of 0.002 mR/hr 

calculated from the surface deposition model. 

Finding F: The PER should recognize that slag was present during the residual period, at least 

through 1958, and ensure that this information is incorporated into the bounding external 

exposure calculation for the residual period. 

3.3.2 Internal Exposure during the Residual Period 

According to Section 7.2.2 of the PER: 

Battelle-TBD-6001 Appendix AA presents an assessment of internal exposures 

during the residual period based on the deposition of airborne contamination 

during one year of operations and the subsequent resuspension of this material, 

resulting in an inhalation intake estimate of 1 pCi/d. 

 

Appendix AA used a resuspension factor of 1E-06/m to estimate the dust concentration during 

the residual period. In its review of Appendix AA, SC&A requested that NIOSH provide 

clarification as to how the value of 1 pCi/d was calculated (see discussion of Finding 7 in 

Section 4.0). If slag handling was primarily done outdoors and the screened slag was then 

conveyed inside the cinder block building for acid digestion, one could consider the use of 

general area data from Fernald as a surrogate source (Exhibit 1, Table 6-3). The maximum 

measured value was 39 dpm/m3

. Based on 1 year’s deposition and a resuspension factor of 

1E-06/m, the resuspended air concentration would be 0.92 dpm/m3 (39 dpm/m3 × 0.00075 m/s × 

3.15E07 s/yr × 1E-06/m). This is equivalent to an inhalation intake of 3.2 pCi/calendar-day 

(0.92 dpm/m3

 × 9.6 m3/day × 6 days/week × 50 weeks/yr × 1 pCi/2.22 dpm × 1 yr/365 days). 

 

While we do not know how NIOSH arrived at a value of 1 pCi/d for the inhalation dose during 

the residual period, based on the scoping calculation provided here, it appears that a value on the 

order of 3 pCi/calendar-day is appropriate for outdoor slag handling operations. This value (i.e., 

3 pCi/calendar-day) is not significantly different from that proposed by NIOSH. 
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As discussed in greater detail in Section 4 (Findings 8 and 9), use of a resuspension factor of 

1E-06/m may not be bounding. For workers employed during the first 1 to 3 years at the 

beginning of the residual period, higher resuspension factors will lead to higher exposures. For 

workers whose employment begins later in the residual period, a resuspension factor of 10-6/m 

can become limiting, because higher resuspension factors result in early depletion of the source 

term. 

Finding G: Depending on employment history, use of a resuspension factor of 1E-06/m for the 

residual period may not be bounding when calculating inhalation doses. If NIOSH believes that 

use of this resuspension factor is appropriate, they should provide justification describing, for 

example, clean-up procedures conducted after the cessation of operations. 
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4.0 SC&A REVIEW OF APPENDIX AA TO TBD-6001 

In its review of Appendix AA, SC&A made a number of findings (SC&A 2010). The findings 

are reviewed here in the context of whether they are strictly site profile issues or whether they 

have relevance to NIOSH’s ability to estimate maximum radiation doses under plausible 

circumstances, as stated in the PER. Assessment of the claimant-favorability and plausibility of 

the approach to dose reconstruction in Appendix AA is of particular importance, since NIOSH 

concluded in the PER for SEC-00141 that use of Appendix AA provided a suitable bounding 

approach. However, see the discussion in Section 3.2 regarding which source(s) to use for 

bounding external doses. 

The findings from SC&A 2010 are discussed below, and the discussion will indicate that the 

exposures can be bounded, although in some instances, SC&A takes issue as to how the 

bounding calculations are done. 

Finding 1: NIOSH should re-examine the assumption that dumping of barrels could be done in 

1 day per month. 

This finding was based on the presumption that it would be necessary to process 100 tons of slag 

(containing 0.2% U) per month to obtain 10 tons of product (containing 2% U). Based on 

500 lbs of slag per barrel, this would require processing 400 barrels per month. SC&A did not 

believe that 400 barrels could be processed in only 1 day per month. However, NIOSH pointed 

out at the November 4, 2010, TBD-6001 Work Group meeting that SC&A had misinterpreted the 

value of 10 tons per month (from MED 1944, p. 29) as product output rather than slag input. 

MED 1944 characterized the feed as, “ACTUAL QUANTITY (MONTHLY RATE – 10 tons.” 

The Data Sheet is ambiguous and the 10 tons could be input or output. However, Mears (1946) 

states that, “Approximately 152 tons of C-2 slag were processed...,” suggesting that the 10 tons 

per month cited in MED 1944 was input. Based on this assumption regarding the input value, 

only 40 barrels would need to be processed monthly to achieve the specified slag input of 10 tons 

per month. 

In an interview with NIOSH, a former AWE worker at Hooker notes that they initially handled 

25 wooden barrels per day, but later increased this to processing 40 barrels per day (Personal 

Communication 2009a). Barrel handling was done in a building where only [redact] workers 

were present. Barrels were delivered to the building each night after the operators had left. The 

barrels were opened and the material was dumped on the floor. Material was then sifted through 

a grate. Material that did not pass through the grate was shoveled back into barrels, which were 

resealed and removed during the night when new barrels of slag were delivered. Initially, 

material passing through the grate was shoveled onto a conveyor, which carried material through 

a hole in the wall and out of the building to an unknown destination. Subsequently, the material 

passing through the grate was deposited directly on the conveyor, resulting in the increased 

throughput of approximately 40 barrels per day. The worker stated that he began this work about 

March 1944 and continued [redact] for about a year. The worker thought that the slag 

processing operation was over by [redact] (i.e., March or April 1945). 
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SC&A believes that the assumption that only about 10 tons of slag were processed monthly 

needs to be re-examined in view of the worker interview cited above and the large capacity of 

the slag-handling plant. This is a site profile issue. 

Finding 2: NIOSH should account for all activities causing inhalation exposure, not just those 

involved in dumping barrels of C-2 slag. 

In Table AA.1, “Internal Dose Pathways,” of Appendix AA, NIOSH lists 156 pCi/d as the 

inhalation intake for an operator. According to NIOSH, this value is based on Table 8.29 of 

TBD-6001, where a median inhalation intake rate of 2,920 pCi/calendar-day is quoted for a scrap 

recovery furnace operator (1951 and earlier) handling trays of scrap. Multiplying the median 

intake by the exposure factor of 5% for barrel handling, the calculated daily exposure for an 

operator would be 146 pCi/d (2,920 pCi/calendar-day × 0.05 exposure days/calendar-day), a 

value similar to that in Table AA.1. SC&A felt that NIOSH had ignored exposure from other 

operations, such as slag digestion and filtration. NIOSH pointed out at the November 4, 2010, 

Work Group meeting that the difference between 146 pCi/calendar-day for barrel handling and 

156 pCi/calendar-day cited in Table AA.1 is attributable to these other operations. Presumably, 

the balance of the time (i.e., 95%) was assigned to filtration operations, where the median daily 

weighted average (DWA) was 10.7 pCi/calendar-day for a filtration operator (TBD-6001, 

Table 8.29). SC&A (2010) made an independent estimate of exposure to filtration and digestion 

operations and concluded that the incremental exposure would be about 23 pCi/calendar-day. 

SC&A believes that this small difference will not significantly affect dose reconstructions and 

that this finding has been resolved. For reasons subsequently discussed under Finding 3, SC&A 

believes that an inhalation intake of 156 pCi/calendar-day is bounding. 

Finding 3: While SC&A does not agree with some of the underlying assumptions in their 

approach [to estimating intakes], the NIOSH approach appears to be bounding for dose 

reconstruction. However, our independent analyses indicate that the values for intake rates are 

unrealistically high. 

This is not an SEC issue. A bounding analysis can be done but, as SC&A pointed out in its 

review of Appendix AA, there are other operations evaluated in TBD-6001 that could be 

considered as more appropriate surrogates for the acid leaching and filtration operations at 

Hooker than handling trays of uranium compounds during scrap reprocessing. For example, one 

could consider use of the data from concentrates in Table 8.2 of TBD-6001. Since the 

minimum, maximum, and average values for concentrates do not fit a lognormal distribution, 

Strom (2007, Section 2.1.2.4) recommends using the average and an assumed GSD of 5 to 

calculate lognormal parameters. This approach results in a 95th percentile value of 153 dpm/m3

, 

which is equivalent to an inhalation intake of 544 pCi/calendar-day. The concentrates contain an 

average of 80% U3O8 (Christofano and Harris 1960) or 68% U. Adjusting the concentrate 

exposure for the uranium content of the slag (68%/0.2%) results in an estimated inhalation intake 

of 1.6 pCi/calendar-day, as compared to 156 pCi/calendar-day in Table AA.1 of Appendix A. 
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Finding 4: NIOSH should correct the external exposure rates in Table AA.3. 

This is not an SEC issue. NIOSH advised SC&A that values in Table AA.3 are in error and will 

be corrected when Appendix AA is revised. Continued use of the current version of Table AA.3 

until the appendix is revised is claimant favorable, since the corrections will reduce the external 

exposure. The values in Table AA.3, when corrected, will still be bounding, since conservative 

assumptions based on uranium compounds rather than slag were used to develop the external 

exposure estimates. 

Finding 5: Rather than applying the values in Table 7.3 [of TBD-6001] as default/bounding 

values, NIOSH should derive the correct external dose values using MicroShield or MCNP. 

This is not an SEC issue. The uranium source term for materials handling in Table 7.3 of TBD6001 is based on exposure to 55-gallon drums containing loosely packed uranium (or U308) with 

a density of 1.6 g/cm3 that has decayed for 100 days after refining. Based on the specific activity 

of natural uranium of 684 pCi/mg U, the drum would contain 1.09E+06 pCi/cm3. The equivalent 

U content in the C-2 slag would be 4.35E+03 pCi/cm3

, based on an MgF2 density of 3.18 g/cm3

(0.002g U/g MgF2 × 3.18 g MgF2/cm3 × 684 pCi/mg U × 1,000 mg/g). The fact that the curie 

density in 55-gallon drums is about 2.5 orders of magnitude greater than in the C-2 slag supports 

the use of the median from Table 7.3 as the upper bound for material handling exposures at 

Hooker. However, the use of a drum of uranium as a surrogate for a drum of slag raises 

questions of plausibility. As discussed in Section 3.2 and Appendix A, SC&A subsequently 

conducted MCNP calculations demonstrating that the value of 0.08 mR/hr assumed by NIOSH is 

bounding, as compared to the value of 0.015 mR/hr calculated here using MCNP. 

Finding 6: NIOSH should consider whether use of shallow dose estimates based on slag 

sampling is a more plausible approach than pro-rating exposures from a large uranium object. 

Alternatively, NIOSH could consider using a conservative estimate of the concentration of 

uranium in the barrel, and take into consideration self-shielding and the shielding from the 

barrel wall using MicroShield or MCNP. 

This is not an SEC issue. It raises the question as to whether there are better (more plausible) 

techniques to estimate shallow doses. For example, NIOSH has suggested in its review of 

Petition SEC-00141 for Hooker that a value of 11.5 mrep/hr be used for shallow dose, based on 

measurements taken in 1948 at the top of a pile of C-liner slag at the St. Louis Airport Storage 

Site (NIOSH 2010). Estimates of exposure to the hands could then be based on the time spent 

per day with the hands in contact with the barrels of slag and the number of days per month that 

barrels were handled. However, as discussed under Finding 5 above regarding photon exposure, 

an alternative, scientifically sound approach would be to calculate the shallow dose exposure 

using MCNP. SC&A has subsequently conducted such calculations and demonstrated that the 

assumptions used by NIOSH are bounding. 
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Finding 7: NIOSH should provide an example calculation showing how they arrived at an 

inhalation intake of 1 pCi/calendar-day [for the residual period].

This is not an SEC issue; rather it is just a request for clarification of the calculational 

methodology. 

Finding 8: NIOSH should justify the use of a resuspension factor of 1E-06/m. 

Finding 8 and Finding 9 are inter-related and integral with SC&A’s critique of ORAUT-OTIB0070 for the Procedures Work Group. If one determined that a resuspension factor of 1E-06/m 

was appropriate for a given site at the beginning of the residual period based, for example, on 

evidence that some clean-up had been done when operations were terminated, one can estimate 

the decay constant and the life of the source based on the equation λ = 24KnH/day, where λ is 

the source term decay constant, K is the resuspension factor (m-1), H is the room height (m), and 

n is the air turnover rate (hr-1). Assuming values of K = 10-6/m, n = 1/hr, and H = 5 m, the 

decay constant is 0.012%/day. In this example, the source term would be substantially depleted 

in about 23 years, based on the assumed exponential decay. If, on the other hand, the 

resuspension factor was 1E-04/m based on regular foot and vehicle traffic continuing to disturb 

the surface, the decay constant would be 1.2%/day and the source term would be depleted in 

about 83 days. Thus, for two workers employed at the beginning of the residual period, with one 

having his exposure based on a resuspension factor of 10-4/m and the other having his exposure 

based on a resuspension factor 10-6/m, the worker with exposure based on the higher 

resuspension factor would receive the higher dose as long as his employment duration during the 

residual period was less than 23 years.. However, if a worker was hired after the first year or so 

of the residual period, his exposure would be lower based on the higher resuspension factor. A 

resuspension factor should be selected based on the conditions extant at the beginning of the 

residual period, and a decay rate consistent with that resuspension factor should be used. 

In the case of Hooker, the dust source term, based on a resuspension factor of 10-6/m, was not 

subject to exponential decay, but rather was held constant at its initial value. This would result 

in a bounding inhalation exposure value for all workers whose employment began about 1 to 

2 years after the beginning of the residual period. This would also result in a bounding exposure 

during the first year of the residual period for any workplace environment where use of a 

resuspension factor of 10-6/m is specifically justified. For situations where the worker was 

employed at the beginning of the residual period and workplace conditions support assumption 

of a higher resuspension factor, then use of 10-6/m may not be claimant favorable. 

We recognize that exposures during the residual period are very small, but the calculational 

approach should justified and scientifically sound. 

 

Finding 9: NIOSH should justify that the approach taken to calculate inhalation exposures 

during the residual period is bounding, and takes into consideration SC&A’s review of ORAUTOTIB-0070. 

As discussed under Finding 8, we believe that use of the source term decay rate should be 

consistent with the assumed value for the resuspension factor. Resuspension factors should be 
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based, to the extent possible, on expected site conditions at the end of operations. It is not 

possible to define a set of parameters (i.e., resuspension factor and source term depletion) that is 

bounding without consideration of the worker’s employment history relative to the dates of the 

residual period. 

 

This is not an SEC issue, but rather an issue as to how to do a bounding calculation. 

Finding 10: NIOSH needs to correct the calculation of external exposure during the residual 

period and revise the basis for converting this exposure to pCi/calendar-day. 

Table 7.3 of TBD-6001 lists the median exposure to an operator standing on a contaminated 

surface as 0.376 mR/calendar-day. NIOSH provided information to assist SC&A in 

understanding the source of this exposure metric, since it could not be readily derived from the 

information in TBD-6001 (Allen 2010). The starting point was general area samples taken near 

a scrap processing furnace (TBD-6001, Table 8.23), which list average values of 900 dpm/m3

(trays) and 200 dpm/m3 (calciner), yielding an average value of 550 dpm/m3. This was 

converted to a GM of 151 dpm/m3

, assuming that the data were described by a lognormal 

distribution with a GSD of 5. Assuming deposition for 1 year at a deposition velocity of 

7.5E-04 m/s, the contamination factor is 2.37E+04 m and the annual areal deposition is 

3.57E+06 dpm/m2 (151 dpm/m3 × 2.37E+04 m). From this, the exposure rate can be determined 

to be 0.002 mR/hr using the conversion factor in Table 3.10 of TBD-6001 of 5.61E-10 mR/hr per 

dpm/m2. Due to spreadsheet error, the hourly exposure had been calculated to be a factor of 100 

higher. 

This is not an SEC issue. 
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5.0 REFERENCES 

Allen, David 2010. E-mail from David Allen (CDC/NIOSH/OD) to W. C. Thurber (SC&A, 

Inc.). Re: Hooker A Question or Two. June 16, 2010. 

Anderson, J.L. and N.E. Hertel 2005. “Bremsstrahlung Doses from Natural Uranium Ingots.” 

Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2005), Vol. 115, No. 1-4, pp. 298–301. 

Battelle 2006. Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Refined Uranium and Thorium, 

Rev. FO. Battelle Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. Battelle-TBD-6001 

December 13, 2006. SRDB Ref ID: 30673. 

Battelle 2007. Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers the Refine Uranium and Thorium – 

Appendix AA Hooker Electrochemical Company. Battelle-TBD-6001, Appendix AA. June 15, 

2007. 

Caplan, K.J. 1949. Health Problems at the Airport Properties, correspondence to H. E. Thayer from 

K. J. Caplan (MCW). August 11, 1949. SRDB Ref ID: 11193.

Christofano, E. and W.B. Harris, 1960. “The Industrial Hygiene of Uranium Refining.” Env. 

Health 1(5):74-96. 

DOE 1977. Formerly Utilized MED/AEC Sites Remedial Action Program, Radiological Survey 

of the Hooker Chemical Company, Niagara Falls, New York, Final Report. U.S. Department of 

Energy, Washington, DC. SRDB Ref ID: 10797. 

DOE 1985. Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Report Elimination Report for Occidental 

Chemical Corporation (Former Hooker Electrochemical Company) Niagara Falls, New York, 

U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. SRDB Ref ID: 11002, p. 59. 

Dowling, Francis A., c. 1944. Completion Report, Construction of Hooker Electrochemical 

Company P-45 Plant. Contract No. W-7405-ENG-28. Tonawanda Area-Manhattan District. 

SRDB Ref ID: 11002, pp. 102–112. 

EPA 1999. Cancer Risk Coefficients for Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides. Federal 

Guidance Report No. 13. EPA-402-R-99-001. Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. 

Keller, C.A 1958. Letter from C.A. Keller, Production Division, USAEC to J.P. Murray Y-12 

Plant Superintendent, Transfer of Niagara Falls Slag to Y-12. June 24 1958. SRDB Ref ID: 

64932. 

Mears, B.J. 1946. Medical Clearance on Terminated Madison Square Area Contracts. War 

Department, U.S. Engineer Office. SRDB Ref ID: 17125, pp 29–30. 

MED 1944. Medical Section – Manhattan District, Data Sheets for Industrial Hazard Rating. 

Manhattan Engineer District. SRDB Ref ID: 16323, pp. 29–30. 
Effective Date: 

January 19, 2011 

Revision No. 

0 – Draft 

Document No. 

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Page No. 

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 This report has been reviewed for Privacy Act information and has been cleared for distribution. 

However, this report is pre-decisional and has not been reviewed by the Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker 

Health for factual accuracy or applicability within the requirements of 42 CFR 82. 

NOTICE:

NIOSH 2010. SEC Petition Evaluation Report: Petition SEC-00141 (Hooker Electrochemical). 

Rev. 0. March 3, 2010. 

Olotka, F.T. 1979. Letter to Mr. William E. Mott, Acting Director, Environmental Control 

Technical Division, Department of Energy, Washington, DC, SRDB Ref ID: 11002, p. 39. 

ORAUT 2005. Weldon Spring Plant – Occupational External Dosimetry, ORAUT-TKBS-0028-

6, J. Langsted and C. Little, Rev. 00, Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

June 24, 2005. 

ORAUT 2008. Dose Reconstruction during Residual Radioactivity Periods at Atomic Weapons 

Employer Facilities. ORAUT-OTIB-0070, Revision 00. Oak Ridge Associated Universities 

Team, Cincinnati, Ohio. March 10, 2008. 

ORAUT 2009. Basis for Development of an Exposure Matrix for the Mallinckrodt Chemical 

Company St. Louis Downtown Site and the St. Louis Airport Site, St. Louis, Missouri, ORAUTTKBS-0005, Rev. 02 PC-1, Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team, Cincinnati, Ohio. May 

25, 2009. 

Personal Communication 2009a. Personal Communication with Former Hooker 

Electrochemical “Yard Gang” Employee; Telephone Interview conducted by the Oak Ridge 

Associated Universities Team (ORAUT); December 12, 2009. SRDB Ref ID: 77828. 

Personal Communication 2009b. Personal Communication with Former Hooker 

Electrochemical Chemical Engineer/Operator; Telephone Interview by the Oak Ridge 

Associated Universities Team (ORAUT); December 12, 2009. SRDB Ref ID: 77827. 

Personal Communication 2010. Letter to Dr. Henry Anderson, Chair, TBD-6001 Work Group. 

Re: SEC Tracking Number – SEC-00141. August 2, 2010. 

Sapirie, S.R. 1957. Low Grade Uranium Residues Stored at the Niagara Falls Site, New York, 

correspondence from S.R. Sapirie (AEC) to D.F. Musser (AEC). May 29, 1957. SRDB Ref ID: 

6341 

SC&A 2010. Review of the NIOSH Site Profile for the Hooker Electrochemical Company. 

Battelle-TBD-6001, Appendix AA. Contract No. 200-2009-28555. SCA-TR-SP2010-0034. 

September 2010. 

Simons, F.W. 1945. Shipment Security Survey at Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, correspondence that 

includes summary of shipments; F. W. Simons; February 15, 1945; SRDB Ref ID: 9161.

Strom, D.F. 2007. Default Assumptions and Methods for Atomic Weapons Employer Dose 

Reconstructions. Battelle-TIB-5000, Rev. 00, Effective date: April 2, 2007. 

Young, Charles D. (Aerospace Corporation) 1985. Letter to Arthur Whitman DOE), Update of 

Responses to Hooker (OCC) Interrogatories. February 28, 1985. Ref ID 11002, pp. 63-71.
Effective Date: 

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Exhibit 1: Tables Reproduced from the NIOSH SEC Petition Evaluation Report, Petition 

SEC-00141, Rev. 0, Report Submittal Date May 3, 2010 

Table 6-1: Pertinent Air Monitoring Data from ElectroMetallurgical Corporation 

Date Description Measurement Reference

December 24, 1947 

March 30, 1948 

May 14, 1948 

Bomb Room, Barrel Slag 

and weigh 

456 dpm/m3 

(average of unknown samples) SRDB Ref ID: 8917, p. 7 

August 17–19, 1949 Shovels slag into lean and 

rich drums 

398 dpm/m3 

(average of 3 samples) SRDB Ref ID: 8930, p. 19 

 

Table 6-2: Summary of Pertinent Air Monitoring Data from the Mallinckrodt Facility 

 

Date Description Measurement Reference

1948 

(Plant 4) 

Slag Man 

(DWA) 

2.2 (times tolerance) 

(154 dpm/m3

) SRDB Ref ID: 9340, p. 4 

1949 

(Plant 4) 

Slag Man 

(grinding C-Special) 

80 dpm/m3 

(average of 3, high 100, low 70) SRDB Ref ID: 9340, p. 50 

1949 

Air concentration posted 

on building layout—cited 

as “slag dumpster” 

200 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 11553 

1949 Slag Grinding 

245 dpm/m3

 average 

194 dpm/m3

 min 

288 dpm/m3

 max 

SRDB Ref ID: 11553 

1949 DWE 

(slag handling) 

1.6 x MAC-AEC Study (112 dpm/m3

) 

2.2 x MAC-Mallinckrodt Study (154 dpm/m3

) SRDB Ref ID: 11553 

1950 

(Plant 4) 

Slag Man 

(DWA) 

1.1 (times tolerance) 

(77 dpm/m3

) SRDB Ref ID: 9341, p. 5 

1951 

(Plant 6E) 

Unloaders 

(removing C-Special 

drum) 

149 dpm/m3

 

(average of 2, high 237, low 60.8) SRDB Ref ID: 9343, p. 19 

1952 Changing C-oxide and 

slag-liner drums 27 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 20657 

1953 Changing C-oxide and 

slag-liner drums 81 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 20657 

1953 Changing C-oxide and 

slag-liner drums 57 dpm/m3

 SRDB Ref ID: 20657 
Effective Date: 

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Table 6-3: Summary of Pertinent Air Monitoring Data from Fernald 

Date Description Measurement Reference

1956 BZ-dumping can of C-liner into dumping station 

(respirator worn) 247 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 34544 

1956 BZ-dumping can of C-liner into dumping station 

(respirator worn) 191 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 34544 

1956 BZ-dumping can of C-liner into dumping station 

(respirator worn) 255 dpm/m3

 SRDB Ref ID: 34544 

1956 BZ-dumping can of C-liner into dumping station 

(respirator worn) 206 dpm/m3 SRDB Ref ID: 34544 

1956 Dumping C-liner at 2nd floor dumping station, dry area 3.21 x MAC 

(224 dpm/m3

) 

(average of 4, above) 

SRDB Ref ID: 41025 

1958 BZ-[redact] chipping magnesium from C-liner and 

uranium at the outside William Mill 

(no respirator worn) 

 

Note: 3 samples total – samples may run high and low 

due to the wind change (this was an outside operation) 

262 dpm/m3

 

659 dpm/m3

 

519 dpm/m3

SRDB Ref ID: 42627 

1958 BZ-[redact] dumping drum of C-liner from the 2nd floor 

drum dumper 

 

Note: 3 samples total 

793 dpm/m3

 

829 dpm/m3

 

424 dpm/m3

SRDB Ref ID: 42627 

1959 Evaluation of emptying gondola loaded with C-liner from 

Mallinckrodt (material removed from gondola and 

dropped onto pad) 

– equipment used: crane with clam 

– material was moist and damp 

 

Note: 29 samples total, all sample results are GA samples 

downwind of operation 

13 dpm/m3

 (average) 

3 dpm/m3

 (min) 

38 dpm//m3 (max) 

SRDB Ref ID: 42628 

1959 Phase III of airport scrap evaluation (cleaning out loose 

material with push broom) 

– material was dry and very dusty 

 

Note: 12 samples total, all sample results are BZ samples 

309 dpm/m3

 (average) 

195 dpm/m3

 (min) 

627 dpm/m3

 (max) 

SRDB Ref ID: 42628 

1959 Part of evaluation of C-liner in gondola at rail line at east 

end of Plant 8 (car emptied by crane) 

 

Laborer cleaned at angles and bends where the crane 

could not reach 

– material was partially moist and dry. In some places, 

the material was very hard 

 

Note: 25 samples total, all sample results are BZ samples 

63 dpm/m3

 (average) 

15 dpm/m3

 (min) 

181 dpm/m3

 (max) 

SRDB Ref ID: 42628 

1959 Evaluation of handling Mallinckrodt airport scrap 

(BZ hand shoveling airport scrap into 30 gallon drums) 

– material was damp and cakey with no visible dust (no 

respirator worn) 

 

Note: 11 samples total, all sample results are BZ samples 

59 dpm/m3

 (average) 

19 dpm/m3

 (min) 

108 dpm/m3

 (max) 

SRDB Ref ID: 42628 
Effective Date: 

January 19, 2011 

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Table 6-3: Summary of Pertinent Air Monitoring Data from Fernald 

Date Description Measurement Reference

NOTICE:

1959 BZ [redact] dumping drum of slag liner into outside 

crusher dumping station 

(No respirator worn) Ventilation was said to appear very 

effective 

 

Note: 4 samples total, all sample results are BZ samples 

78 dpm/m3

 (average) 

32 dpm/m3

 (min) 

110 dpm/m3

 (max) 

SRDB Ref ID: 42628 

Exhibit 1 References 

Brealia [sic], A.J. 1949. Electro Metallurgical Co. Occupational Exposure to Radioactive Dust 

August 17–19, 1949. November 10, 1949. SRDB Ref ID: 8930. [A.J. Breslin, New York 

Operations Office, Atomic Energy Commission] 

Caplan, K.J. 1949. From K.J. Caplan (MCW) to Thayer (AEC), Subject: Dust Study at MCW 

Plant 4. February 2, 2949. SRDB Ref ID: 11553. 

Caplan, K.J. 1951. From K.J. Caplan (MCW) to Thayer (AEC), Subject: Results of Dust Study 

Six-E. February 26, 1951. SRDB Ref ID: 9343. 

Huelston, D.J. 1950a. From D.J. Huelston (MCW) to K.J. Caplan (MCW), Subject: 

Mallinckrodt Chemical Works Plant Four Dust Study. March 1, 1950. SRDB Ref ID: 9340. 

Huelston, D.J. 1950b. From D.J. Huelston (MCW) to K.J. Caplan and Mason (MCW), Subject: 

Mallinckrodt Chemical Works Plant Four Dust Study Recheck. June 1, 1950. SRDB Ref ID: 

9341. 

MCW no date: MCW Plant 6E, Occupational Exposure to Airborne Contaminants, MCW-18. 

References a study done November 18–20, 1953. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, Industrial 

Hygiene Branch, Health and Safety. SRDB Ref ID: 20657. 

NLO 1956. Analytical Data Sheet Plant 8, BZ Results. Fernald. National Lead of Ohio. SRDB 

Ref ID: 34544. 

NLO 1958. Plant 8 Analytical Data Sheet, Air Dust, 1957–1970. Fernald. National Lead of 

Ohio. March 7 to October 13, 1958. SRDB Ref ID: 42627. 

NLO 1959. Plant 8 Analytical Data Sheet, Air Dust, 1957–1970. Fernald. National Lead of 

Ohio. February 6 to December 24, 1959. SRDB Ref ID: 42628. 

Schumann and Stefanec 1956. C.B. Schumann and A.J. Stefanec (NLO) to R.C. Heatherton 

(NLO), Subject: Exposure Study of Plant 8 to Airborne Radioactive Dust. December 31, 1956. 

SRDB Ref ID: 41025. 

Various, 1947–1948, Reports on Dust Hazards at Electrometallurgical Company; various 

authors; dates from December 1947 through May 1948; SRDB Ref ID: 8917.
Effective Date: 

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Exhibit 2: Reproduction of Slag Plant Operating Instructions 

HOOKER ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPANY 

NI

 FORM-672 4.42 

AGARA FALLS, N.Y. 

 September 12, 1944 

OUTLINE FOR OPERATING C-2 SLAG PLANT 

Reproduction of Slag Plant Operating Instructions

 C-2 slag is a mixture of fine and coarse material. The operation is 

designed to concentrate the slag and reduce its bulk. There are two main parts 

in the operation: 

1. ACID TREATMENT The fines are dissolved in acid to remove lime. 

The filter cake from this reaction is one form of this product. 

2. SCREENING The rejects from screening the feed are barreled as a 

second form of product. 

PROCEDURE

 Charge two or three feet of water into an empty tank equipped with an 

agitator. 

 Add 50 barrels of lime as rapidly as possible. The coarse screen rejects should be collected in wooden barrels. 

 Acid should be turned into the tank as soon as three barrels have been 

added. Slag should be added steadily and rapidly, so that the tank does not turn 

acid. 

 After the slag has been added, continue adding acid until the pH of the 

solution has dropped to 5. (It is necessary to take frequent tests toward the end 

of the reaction, since the pH of the solution will drop rapidly once the lime has 

been dissolved. If the pH drops lower than five, the metal agitator and pipe will 

chew out rapidly. 

 When the pH has dropped to 5, discontinue the acid addition and allow the 

tank to digest for 6 hours, testing the pH hourly. 

 When the six hour digestion period is complete, it is necessary to adjust 

the pH. THE SOLUTION MUST BE ALKALINE – pH 7 OR ABOVE, BEFORE 

FILTERING. Drop in one bag of lime; then test the pH. Add more lime if necessary to 

make the necessary adjustment. One bag of lime should usually suffice. 

 Next filter the batch, recycling to the same tank until the filtrate 

runs clear; then run the filtrate to D tank. 

 After the filtration is complete, wash the press for at least 12 hours. 

The wash water may be run to the sewer. 

 IT IS MOST IMPORTANT THAT ALL THE DISPOSAL ACID BE USED 

FOR C-2 SLAG. Each hour that acid runs to the lime pit is wasted time for the slag 

plant. The work SHOULD be planned with this in mind. 

 The lumps should be rescreened if necessary to free them from fines. The 

barrels should be reheaded, weighed and stenciled with the net weight, name, (C-2 

LUMPS) and lot number. The batch number should also be included. 
Effective Date: 

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NOTICE:

 The filer cake should be packed in metal drums, closed and stenciled 

with the name (C-2 CONC), net weight and lot number. 

 Before dumping the filtrate in C tank, a quart sample should be taken and 

given to the control chemist for testing. If O K, the batch may be dumped into the 

sewer. If not, see AVT for further instructions. 
Effective Date: 

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APPENDIX A: EXTERNAL EXPOSURE TO BARREL OF C-2 SLAG 

SC&A calculated the following dosimetric quantities, utilizing the Los Alamos Monte Carlo 

code MCNPX (LANL 2009): 

 Exposure rate 

 Ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), from photon radiation 

 Ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), from neutron radiation 

 Skin dose from beta radiation 

The radiation source was 500 lb (226.8 kg) of C-2 slag in a 

50-gal wooden whiskey barrel. MED (1944, p. 29) cited the 

approximate composition of the slag as follows: 90% MgF 

[sic], 10% CaO, 1% X. “MgF” is actually MgF2, while “X” 

stands for uranium, which was rarely identified as such during 

the Manhattan Project. In a section entitled “Description of 

Operation,” MED (1944, p. 30) states, “Slag is received in 

barrels containing about 500 lbs.” Three paragraphs later is the 

statement, “Slag is concentrated from about 1 lb. to 5 or 10 lbs. 

by weight.” Allen (2007) apparently interpreted this to mean 

that 1 lb of uranium was contained in 500 lb of slag. One would then have to ask if the same 

500 lb batch would, at the end, contain 5–10 lb of uranium. It is reasonable, based on the entry 

in the data sheet, to assume that the statements 

meant to say 1 lb uranium per 100 lb slag, etc. 

Figure A-1. Array of 

Whiskey Barrels 

(Kentucky Barrels 2003)

Kentucky Barrels (2003) describes its 53-gal 

barrels as being made from 1-in-thick staves of 

American oak (see Figure A-1).4

 The dimensions 

are given as 53 gallon, 36-in tall, 21-in diameter at 

the top and bottom, and 24-in diameter in the 

middle. SC&A constructed an MCNP model of 

the barrel, representing the outer and inner 

surfaces by ellipsoids of revolution that 

conformed to the above dimensions. The interior 

of the barrel is bounded by an ellipsoid and by 

two horizontal planes, spaced symmetrically with 

respect to the center, that delineate the top and 

bottom of the cavity. The positions of the planes 

were adjusted to produce a 53-gal interior volume. 

All the linear dimensions were then reduced in 

equal proportions to produce a 50-gal volume, as 

cited by MED 1944. A cross-sectional view of the MCNP model is shown in Figure A-2. 

Figure A-2. Cross-Section of MCNP 

Model of Slag in a Whiskey Barrel 

4

 Kentucky Barrels (2003) states, “By law Bourbon must be made in NEW American white oak barrels.” 

This ensures a supply of used whiskey barrels, which were thus available for transporting slag. 
Effective Date: 

January 19, 2011 

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Health for factual accuracy or applicability within the requirements of 42 CFR 82. 

Lee et al. (2003) reported the composition of oak wood as cellulose (49.3%, w/w), hemicellulose 

(25.9%, w/w), and Klasson lignin (21.7%, w/w). “The Composition of Oak . . .” (n/d) (a Web 

document without a listed author or publisher) lists proportions of cellulose, hemicellulose, 

lignin, and other components in various American and European oaks. Cellulose is the main 

component cited in both references, and is the only one comprising a single chemical compound. 

In the present analysis, SC&A modeled the oak as being composed of cellulose, which has the 

chemical formula (C6H10O5)x. Dharmadhikari (2008) reports that the density of staves cut from 

American oak ranges from 0.60 to 0.84 g/cm3

. SC&A assumed a density equal to the lower end 

of the range, as that would result in the least attenuation of direct penetrating radiation, leading to 

higher dose rates from external exposure at the side of the barrel, and would therefore be 

claimant favorable. 

The composition of the slag, calculated from information in MED 1944, is shown in Table A-1. 

Table A-1. Composition of C-2 Slag 

Compound Fraction 

UO2 1.13% 

MgF2 88.98% 

CaO 9.89% 

Total 100.00% 

The uranium in the slag is assumed to have the isotopic ratio of natural uranium. Uranium-238 is 

assumed to be in secular equilibrium with its short-lived progeny; 234Th, 234mPa, and 234Pa. The 

6.7-hour 234Pa is the product of the isomeric transition of 234mPa, which occurs in 0.16% of the 

disintegrations. Uranium-235 is assumed to be in secular equilibrium with 231Th. 

There are three sources of external exposure to direct penetrating radiation; atomic x-rays and 

gamma rays emitted by the radionuclides in the slag, bremsstrahlung x-rays generated by beta 

rays, and neutrons resulting from spontaneous fission of the uranium isotopes and from the (α,n) 

reaction (alpha rays impinging on nuclei of light elements in the slag). SC&A calculated the 

neutron emission by means of the Sources4C computer code (LANL 2002). Although 19F, the 

only stable isotope of fluorine, has a relatively high cross-section for the (α,n) reaction, the 

relatively low energies of the uranium alpha particles produce a low neutron yield, despite the 

high fraction of fluorine in the slag. Most of the neutrons calculated by the code were from the 

spontaneous fission of 238U. 

In our model, the barrel is located in the center of a stylized cylindrical room, 3-m high, with a 

radius of 5 m, that is filled with moist air. The walls, floor, and ceiling are concrete that is 

optically thick. The dose rates from direct penetrating radiation were calculated at 1 ft 

(30.48 cm) and at 1 m from the exterior of the barrel, at a height of 44.2 cm (one-half the height 

of the barrel) above the floor. The results of the analysis are shown in Table A-2. 
Effective Date: 

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 Table A-2. Exposure to Direct Penetrating Radiation From Barrel of C-2 Slag 

Ambient dose equivalent—H*(10) Exposure rate 

Radiation (mrem/h) (mR/h) 

1 ft 1 m 1 ft 1 m 

Discrete photonsa 1.56E-02 3.71E-03 1.34E-02 3.15E-03 

Continuous photonsb 2.20E-03 5.29E-04 1.81E-03 4.32E-04 

Neutrons 7.51E-05 2.04E-05 ─ ─

Total 1.78E-02 4.25E-03 1.52E-02 3.59E-03 

a

 Atomic x-rays and gamma rays, which have discrete energies

b

 X-rays generated by beta-bremsstrahlung, whose energy spectra form a continuum

The ambient dose equivalents from photon and neutron radiation were calculated by applying the 

conversion coefficients listed by ICRP 1996, Tables A.21 and A.42, respectively, to the photon 

and neutron fluences calculated in the MCNP simulation. The dose rates to the skin from beta 

rays were calculated by applying the conversion coefficients listed by ICRP (1996, Table A.43) 

to the electron fluence, which was averaged over the top surface of the slag (contact dose), as 

well as over a circular area 1 ft above the surface. These results are shown in Table A-3. 

Table A-3. Dose to the Skin From Beta Rays From Barrel of C-2 Slag (mrem/h) 

Location Dose rate 

Contact 0.85 

1 ft 7E-05 

If we assume that, for the purpose of estimating external exposure, a worker spent one-half of the 

time that he was in the vicinity of the slag at a distance of 1 ft from the barrel and the other half 

of the time at 1 m from the barrel, his average exposure rate would have been 9.4 × 10-3 mR/h. 

Allen (2007) assigned the external exposure rates from the scrap recovery operation listed by 

TBD-6001 (Battelle 2006, Table 7.3). The median external exposure of the operator from 

material handling is listed as 0.44 mR per calendar day, assuming a 40-h work-week. This 

equates to an average exposure rate of 0.08 mR/h (0.44 mR/d × 365 d/y ÷ 2000 h/y = 0.08 

mR/h), about 9 times higher than calculated in our analysis. The non-penetrating (beta) dose to 

the hands is listed as 182 mrem per calendar day, which is equal to 33.2 mrem/h. This is about 

40 times higher than the contact dose rate listed in Table A-3. 

If we were to assume that, as stated by Allen (2007), the elemental uranium concentration in the 

slag were 0.2% instead of 1%, all the calculated dosimetric values listed in Tables A-2 and A-3 

would be reduced by approximately a factor of 5. 
Effective Date: 

January 19, 2011 

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NOTICE:

References

Allen, D. 2007. “Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Refined Uranium and 

Thorium: Appendix AA – Hooker Electrochemical Company,” Battelle-TBD-6001, Appendix 

AA, Rev. 0. 

Battelle-TBD-6001 2006. Site Profiles for Atomic Weapons Employers that Refined Uranium 

and Thorium, Rev. FO. Battelle Team Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. December 13, 

2006. SRDB Ref ID: 30673.

Dharmadhikari, M. 2008. “Oak Wood Composition.” 

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/NR/rdonlyres/173729E4-C734-486A-AD16-

778678B3E1CF/73960/OakWoodComposition.pdf

ICRP 1996. “Conversion Coefficients for use in Radiological Protection against External 

Radiation,” International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 74. Annals 

of the ICRP, 26 (3/4). Tarrytown, New York: Elsevier Science, Inc. 

Kentucky Barrels LLC. 2003. “Vintage Kentucky Whiskey Barrels.” 

http://www.kentuckybarrels.com/vintage-barrels.html

Lee, P.C., S.Y. Lee, S.H. Hong, H.N. Chang, and S.C. Park 2003. “Biological Conversion of 

Wood Hydrolysate to Succinic Acid by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens.” Biotechnology 

Letters 25, 111–114. mbel.kaist.ac.kr/lab/publication/int109.pdf

LANL and Texas A&M University. 2002. SOURCES-4C: Code System For Calculating 

alpha,n; Spontaneous Fission; and Delayed Neutron Sources and Spectra. RSICC Code Package 

CCC- 661. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. 

LANL 2009. MCNP5/MCNPX: Monte Carlo N–Particle Transport Code System Including 

MCNP5 1.60 and MCNPX 2.6.0 and Data Libraries, RSICC Code Package CCC-740 [Computer 

software and manual]. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. 

MED 1944. Medical Section – Manhattan District, Data Sheets for Industrial Hazard Rating. 

Manhattan Engineer District. SRDB Ref ID 16323, pp. 29–30. 

“The Composition of Oak and an Overview of its Influence on Maturation.” n/d In The 

Composition of Oak. homedistiller.org/oak.pdf.