HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

[REF. 2 ] and in Table 3 indicate that 10 to 25 per cent of accelerator personnel
accounted for roughly 50 per cent of the radiation exposure entries appearing in the
summaries. However, the inadequacy of existing neutron personnel monitoring
techniques in the intermediate energy range, as well as the insufficient knowledge with
regard to any detecting device in the high-energy ranges, implies that the film badges
do not yield conservative estimates of an individual's radiation history.

It is recommended then that particle accelerator personnel should rely on
periodic stray radiation measurements, as well as on the film badge data. It is
emphasized that using ionization chamber instrumentation to obtain estimates of the
stray neutron fluxes in terms of equivalent Po-Be neutron fluxes is, on the other hand,
conservative since neutrons in the Po-Be energy range are regarded as the most
hazardous. Furthermore, by inferring the importance of the fast neutron portion of the
spectrum from strictly fast neutron measurements, it is believed confidently that the
degree of conservatism in survey techniques will not become excessive.

In the high-energy ranges the picture appears to be less sanguine. The
response of biological materials and survey instrumentation detectors to high-energy
particles near meson producing devices is virtually unknown. It is hoped that the use of
large quantities of moderating material in conjunction with the BF3 chamber, as well as
nuclear track techniques and possibly threshold detectors, may eventually ease this

problem. It was pointed out in Report NYO-4699 that linear energy transfer
considerations indicate that very high energy particles are less deleterious to biological
systems than lower energy particles of a higher specific ionization. However, it is
emphasized once more that this conjecture should be examined carefully in view of the
empirical data. Thus the recommendation that was made in Report NYO-4699 is
repeated, namely, that research should be undertaken on the biological effects due to

very high energy radiation, as well as on the necessary radiation dosimetry.
Increases in the efficiencies of existing particle accelerators, as well as the

increase in the number of machines used in research and industry, indicate the need for
a more serious consideration of shielding design. The survey experience has shown
that the augmentation of the beam current of existing machines usually resulted in the
need for additional shielding to offset the increased stray radiation levels. Often the
supplemental shielding used up valuable floor space in accelerator experimental areas.
Consequently adequate radiation shielding can be an important economic
consideration, as well as simply one of radiation protection.

It is felt that a necessary condition for an adequate shield design is the
attenuation of stray radiation levels in routinely occupied places to some fairly small
fraction of the maximum permissible level. The effect of external radiation beams in
these occupied areas should also be very small. Great care should be exercised in
employing accelerator use factors and personnel work factors in permitting
radiation levels above this fraction of the maximum permissible level. Many of the
newer high-energy machines are actually in use much more than 40 hr/wk, and
often some of the personnel work for long periods of time on extended
experiments. Consequently it is recommended that the attenuation afforded by a shield
should be determined for the optimum beam condition, with respect to stray radiation
levels, and for an occupancy factor of unity (i.e., the work areas are in use 40 hr/wk. It is

-13-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

newer machines, in general, are in more remote locations; therefore, the principal
radiation protection problem has to do with the unknowns in high-energy radiation
dosimetry. As pointed out in the earlier report, personnel monitoring records show that
the bulk of the measurable radiation exposures represent relatively few of the
accelerator experimenters.”

p. 1 cont’d. "The 23 radiation surveys were performed at the sites listed in Table 1.
The energy of the accelerated particle at the time of the survey is also shown. The
nature of the resulting radiation field for given beam conditions is discussed in Sec. 6.

The technique of an individual survey is determined by the nature of the available
instrumentation and by the characteristics of the accelerator. An electron accelerator
survey will consist principally of evaluating the x-radiation levels resulting from
interactions of the beam electrons with the target materials and the various accelerator
parts. The stray neutron problem was often of secondary importance, although
neutrons were the principal component of the stray radiation levels at two sites, a
betatron and a large linear accelerator which produced 500-Mev electrons at the time
of the survey. Both cases are discussed later.” (emphasis added)

p. 2 (not numbered) Table 1 list three "Betatrons": measured particle energy 22.5 MEV
at Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases, NY on Dec 21, 1954; University of
Illinois: 22.5 MEV Betatron, 300 MEV Betatron measurement date Oct.7, 1955.

p. 3 Loc map of facilities. 3. Instrumentation and Calibration. text...

p. 4 Instrumentation questions related to measuring photons and neutrons. RBE for
neutrons = 10 required a BF3 meter to be added as a third neutron measuring device.

p. 5 Schematic diagrams of Fig. 2 Graphite-C02 ionization chamber (approximately half-
size), and Fig. 3 BF3 ionization chamber (approximately actual size).

p. 6 Photon/neutron ratio was determined by measurements to be 0.0039
mrep/hr/n/cm2-sec compared to 0.0052 and 0.0046 (same units) in two other cited
references.

"Gross disagreements between the predicted and observed tissue equivalent
dose rates indicated important departures of the stray radiation spectra from the
calibration radiation spectra. It was found that most discrepancies between the
predicted and observed tissue dose rates could be explained, at least qualitatively, by
apparent differences between the energies of stray neutrons and of Po-Be neutrons."

p. 9 Table 3, states that U. IL had 16 film badged person-operators of the cyclotron and
2 Betatrons. FB data from 4 persons accounted for 46% Of 73 measured dose entries
for the doses received and recorded in the table. U. IL FB records were between Sept.
10, 1954 -> Jan. 10, 1957 (* biweekly period).

p. 10 Memorial NY Betatron: "6 INDIVIDUAL SURVEYS
6.1 Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases

-4-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

4. 17. F. P. Cowan, Technical Discussion of the Brookhaven Off-site Personnel
Monitoring Service, Ra-Det, 6: 23-30 (1953), Official Use Only. (This is REF 17 of
main REF 2)

5. 20. "Permissible Dose from External Sources of lonizing Radiations," National

Committee on Radiation Protection, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 59,
Sept. 24, 1954. (This is REF 20 of main REF 2)

6. GSI AR Exhibit 7. Leone J, Furler M, Oakley M, Caracappa P, Wang B, Xu XG.
Dose mapping using MCNP5 mesh tallies. Health Physics 88(Suppl. 1): 531-533,
2005. (calculated vs measured data agreement + 2.5 to 5%) [GSI AR Exhibit #7]

7. Juste B, Miro R, Morera D, Diez S, Campayo JM, Verdu G. MCNP5 Monte Carlo
simulation of amorphous silicon EPID dosimetry from MLC radiation therapy
treatment beams. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2012:5786-89. [Full
citation and abstract attached] (calculated vs measured data agreement + 2%)
URL: http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/23367244.

Attachment A: Reference 3 Bibliographic Citation
(see following page 17)

Respectfully submitted,
Somme
¥ A p

TINT a eile Shei SANE

Daniel W. McKeel, Jr., M.D. 8.19.2013
Co-founder SINEW
_GSI SEC-00105 co-petitioner

-17-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

GROUND FLOOR

vestiause | STAIR=] TRANSFORMER || MECHANICAL
. war Lovo VAULT EQUIPMENT
r CHAMBER a RooM
| " RESEARCH
SWITCH DARK "
IsTock BOARD RM
aM Room |] *TM ROOM
—— den he, ol
MACHINE CORRIDOR
SHOP ———— ete —
r Giass shop |/ELE |icHeml] B A COE J
RM |L_ CONTROL ROOM
Lg Baie,
IG F
22-Mev BETATRON || 75-Mev BETATRON
K

Fig, 26—-University of Illinois 22~Mev betatron layout,
54

p. 55 Table 31. (Oct. 7, 1955) Ratios obs./calc. vary widely 0.05 to 2.70. MLD is
exceeded in lines 1 and 2 = 1.60 and 133 Juno.

p. 56 22 MEV U. IL Betatron concluded: "Because of the generally low levels measured
at the time of the survey, only one recommendation was made. It was suggested that
the area immediately in front of the entrance to the vault, location B, be roped off and
placarded with an appropriate radiation warning sign when the betatron is in operation.
However, this radiation warning sign should not be displayed when the accelerator is
off."

p. 64 Section 6.13 Univ. of Illinois Medical School:
"The University of Illinois Medical School 25-Mev betatron is located in the basement of
a laboratory building connected to the hospital by an underpass. Figure 32 shows the
floor plan of the area surrounding the accelerator, with the locations numbered where
radiation measurements were made. Further measurements were made in the loading
area adjacent to, and directly above, the betatron vault and also in the nurses’ quarters
across the courtyard. Readings were taken in the nurses' basement lounge, as well as
in the first and second floor rooms facing the loading area. During the survey the
betatron was operated at 22.5 Mev, the beam intensity being 75 r/min at 84 cm from the
target.

Table 38 lists the observed neutron and gamma-ray intensities at the locations
labeled on Figs. 32 and 33. Readings higher than the maximum permissible were
found at several points. Three instruments recorded a high neutron flux, both fast

-9-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

X-RAY BEAM <
4 FT CONCRETE WINDOW
ZL LZ
| j a ¥
| f= 7 8—
<—~-—.TABLE CONSOLE
z |
4FT
4
DESK

Fig. 5— Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases 22.5-Mev betatron
layout, Dec. 21, 1954 (not to scale}.

p. 46 thru 51 University of Illinois (IL) Cyclotron...

p. 51 thru 52 (text) U. IL Large Betatron (300 MEV) continues...

p. 53 Table 29 end of corridor Loc 2 = 3.49 MPD [maximum permissible dose]

p. 54 22-MEV Betatron begins (text and facility diagram) diagram shows thicker outside

walls than interior walls but no measurements of wall thickness nor descriptions of wall
materials.


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

* (quote) The measurements were made when this betatron produced x rays
by bombarding a platinum target, located inside the "doughnut," with 22.5-Mev
electrons. The survey was conducted during different beam orientations in the control
room and in the corridor approaching the accelerator room proper. One reason for the
additional measurements inside the vault was to attempt a determination of the
importance of photoneutrons produced unintentionally in the betatron components. The
only neutron detecting devices available for this study, other than the tissue equivalent
ionization chamber, were the AEC No. SPC-6A fast neutron dosimeter and the AEC No.
SBX-21A fast neutron scintillation counter. Both instruments were affected by x-ray pile-
up in the exposed locations. (emphasis added; GS! Betatron target was also platinum)

* No neutrons were detected in the control room, although it was possible that
low-energy neutrons were present, since both survey meters are insensitive to neutron
energies below 0.2 to 0.4 Mev. Measurements made with NTA film indicated also that
the neutron levels were low; however, as mentioned above, NTA film also cuts off at a
few hundred kev. Results obtained with the tissue equivalent ionization chamber at the
locations in Fig. 5 are shown in Table 4.

No special recommendations regarding the operation of the betatron were made
on the basis of this survey. Radiation levels in the control room appeared to be well
below the maximum permissible for continuous occupation." (end quote)

p. 11 Fig. 5 and Table 4 of stray radiation measurements at Memorial Betatron facility.
Wails of the shooting room are drawn as "4 ft. concrete." A window and a thin door are
shown. The table gives doses for photons only in mrep/hr. (highest 15 mrep/hr with
“beam monitor 100 r/min").


Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information - - Document #4306039 7/27/13 6:34 AM

——S
sure Hive:

INFORMATION BRIDGE

STRAY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT PARTICLE ACCELERATOR SITES
Description/Abstract

Stray radiation measurements made at 23 particle accelerator sites are summarized and discussed. Conclusions with regard to safe accelerator operation
are drawn, as well as general conclusions regarding radiation dosimetry, maximum permissible levels, and instrumentation. (auth)
Dol 10.2172/4306039
Creator/Author: McLaughlin, J.E. Jr. ; O'Brien, K. ; Solon, L.R. ; Zila, A.V. ; Lowder, W.M. ; Blatz, H.
Publication Date: 1958 Oct 34
OSTI Identifier: OSTI ID: 4306039
Report Number(s): NYO-4699(Suppl. 1)
DO}: 10.2172/4306039
Resource Type: Technical Report
Resource Relation: Other Information: Orig. Receipt Date: 31-DEC-58
Research Org: New York Operations Office. Health and Safety Lab., AEC; and Division of Research, AEC

Sponsoring Org: US Atomic Energy Commission
PHYSICS; ACCELERATORS; BACKGROUND; DOSEMETERS; INSTRUMENTS: MEASURED VALUES; RADIATION DOSES;

Subject: RADIATIONS; SAFETY
Country of .
Publication: United States
Language: English

Availability: NTIS

Update Date; 2011 Mar 03
Full Text

sr 8 Mb

or

‘search, view and/or download individual pages

Cite

Select a citation type to copy/paste or download the reference.

EndNote

Word Cloud

1985 accelerator area DEAM betaron v9 CHAMDE cont ose during energy equivalent fast fg hu Mixes tnd hgh jonizaton level LEVELS locaton locations made maximum measurements
med mrep near NEULFON neutrons operation pamissibe FACALION cate ay room SEC stiots shoud say suvey table target issue university vaut zns

More Like This

Radiological impact of high-energy accelerators on the environment

Recent trends in particle accelerator radiation safety

First Measurements of the Longitudinal Bunch Profile at SLAC Using Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation at 28GeV

8190 computer controlled radiation monitoring and safety interlock system

Practical neutron dosimetry at high energies

http: /www.osti.gov/bridge/ product. biblio.jsp?osti_id=4306039 Page 1 of 1


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

N
= 7
7 — 7 SS
I-ALANDING 2 3] Ih,
h 8 aNprLvOR | leary
REVERSING = pe
| |p REVERSE |
SwiTce LIFT. = ff 4 ea
re

EARTH
j c FILL

Fig. 25—~ University ot iltinvis 300-Mev betatron layout.


Dragon, Karen E. (CDC/NIOSHI/EID)

From: DanMcKeel :

Sent: Monday, August 19, 2013 5:56 PM

To: NIOSH Docket Office (CDC)

Ce: danmckeei: : -

Subject: McKeel white paper: AEC NYO-4699 Stray radiation measurements
Attachments: McKeel_NYO-4699_8.19.13.pdf

Dear NIOSH Docket office,
Attachment: <McKeel_NYO-4699_8.19.13.pdf> 421K (PDF)
Please consider my new white paper, "A Review of AEC Report NYO-4699: Accelerator (Including Betatron) Stray
Radiation Measurements and Film Badge Data at 23 Sites" by Daniel W. McKeel, Jr., MD, for posting under GSI
Docket 140. Please use this title in the listing. Thank you.

--Dan McKeel Monday 8.19.13

Daniel W. McKeel, Jr., MD
GSI SEC-00105 co-petitioner


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

PATIENTS’ BENCHES \
3

BETA-

| N
| { TRON

6

Fig. 32—-University of Illinois Medical School betatron layout.

p. 66 Table 38 Radiation levels at U IL Med School Betatron Sept 1956:

Key data: MPD delivered 1.0, 2.21, 6.4, 5.74, ~40. [At or above MLD at 5 measured
locations). Tissue dose mrep/hr Calc./obs. ratio varies wildly again. Calc. = 0.026 to
15.5; observed = 0.020 to 15.5.

p. 67 Fig 33 U IL Med School Betatron courtyard and nurses quarters area.

-11-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

and thermal, in the passageway in front of the door to the betatron vault. This
high level has at least five times the maximum permissible flux of «30 n/cm2-sec
for fast neutrons. (emphasis added)

Considerably higher readings were recorded at the face of the concrete
loading platform directly above the betatron vault. In a localized area a radiation
intensity of approximately 40 times the maximum permissible was observed
(location 7), whereas in regions a few feet away the intensity was considerably lower
but still above the permissible (i.e., location 18). These readings indicated that a narrow
beam of neutrons and gamma rays was coming directly from the betatron
through the thinnest portion of the concrete shield. This beam was apparently
directed toward the nurses’ quarters. Measurements made there Indicated the
presence of levels in excess of the permissible in the first floor shower room near
the stair well. Measurable Intensities somewhat less than the permissible were found
at several other locations on the first two floors.

It should be noted that the maximum permissible levels referred to, and which
appear in Table 38, are applicable to a 40-hr/wk occupancy time in a regulated area.
For unregulated areas, such as the courtyard and nurses’ quarters, weekly
permissible levels should be reduced by a factor of 10, and thus the MPD fractions
for these areas should be increased by the same factor. Personnel occupancy time in
radiation areas is an important factor to be considered before evaluating the
significance of the radiation levels encountered.

An examination of the data indicates inconsistencies in some of the neutron
flux measurements. It is felt that this is due primarily to a pile-up effect, resulting in
spurious counts produced in the hand survey instruments by the pulsed radiation from
the betatron. In this case the ionization chambers would be the most reliable. Those
estimates of the neutron flux, based primarily on the portable survey meters where pile-
up was thought to have a significant effect, are indicated in Table 38 by an asterisk.
Wherever possible, permissible levels are estimated from the readings of the BF3-CO2
ionization chamber combination since this was not affected by gamma-ray pile-up.

In order to reduce the radiation levels observed in the loading area and nurses’
quarters, it was recommended that additional concrete shielding be placed at location 7
along the ground next to the loading dock. To reduce these levels to the permissible,
this additional concrete should be at least 10 ft long and 3 ft thick and about the same
height as the loading dock, extending in from the outer end of the dock. A gamma
survey should be undertaken after installation to check the effectiveness of the
additional shielding.

It was recommended that all personnel involved in the routine operation of
the betatron wear neutron-gamma film badges.

Because of the high neutron fluxes observed in the passage in front of the
door to the betatron vault, it was recommended that this area be enclosed or
otherwise protected from the intrusion of personnel during the operation of the
betatron.” (emphasis added throughout for bolded text)

p. 65 Photo of U. of Chicago Cockroft-Walton accelerator (not betatron) + Fig 32

[NOTE. Place Fig. 32 U IL Medical School betatron layout diagram here]

-10-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

. "(c) 22-Mev Betatron. The 22-Mev illinois betatron produced about 9.5-Mev
electrons on the date of the survey. The dose rate 100 cm from the molybdenum target
was about 60 r/min. The betatron was pulsed about 180 times/sec with a pulse duration
of 1 usec. Radiation measurements were made at the locations appearing in Fig. 26.

"Stray radiation levels near the 22-Mev betatron observed on the date of the
survey are shown in Table 31. The levels were uniformly low except in the control room,
locations A through D. A slight "hot" spot was encountered at location H (4 to 5
mr/hr), presumably due to the thinner shielding between this place and the
betatron proper. Significant neutron levels seemed to be present according to the
BF3-CO2 measurements, although no substantiating measurements were made. In
locations D and E these fluxes are much less important in terms of the maximum
permissible level than the corresponding x-ray dose rate. (emphasis added)

"The last column in Table 31 lists the fraction of the MPD rate represented by the
total (first-collision) dose rate as measured by the TE ionization chamber, except
location B.

"The gradient of radiation levels between locations A and B is considerable. A
person must remain 23.5 hr In location A with the betatron on before

accumulating a weekly MPD, but at location B the weekly MPD can be obtained in
about 20 min. (emphasis added)

"No significant levels were encountered outside the chain-link fence south of the
betatron.

"Betatron operations employing higher energies and other targets will, of course,
require a reevaluation of the stray radiations."

[NOTE: Insert here: Grab copy of Figures 25 and 26, U. IL 300 Mev and 22-Mev
betatron layouts showing location B in one corner near door of the control room!]


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

{The front title page is marked: This document is “PUBLICLY RELEASABLE:
HUGH KINSER, Authorizing Official
Date: 1-25-11”]

p. 2 blank (physical)
p. 3 DISCLAIMER (physical)
p. 4 DISCLAIMER (physical)

p. 5 (physical) Abstract partly scratched through or sloppily underlined but all still
readable: 6 lines long. The complete abstract reads as follows:

"This is a supplement to Report NYO-4699 performed under the Continuing
Accelerator Survey Program. Stray radiation measurements made at 23 particle
accelerator sites are summarized and discussed. Conclusions with regard to safe
accelerator operation are drawn, as well as radiation dosimetry, maximum permissible
levels, and instrumentation." (emphasis added)

p. 7 (iii) <==pages not numbered until this one "iii."

p. 8 (iv) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... especially everyone who assisted in the Accelerator
Survey Program ... Irving Kingsley (HASL) ... D. J. Stearman of the University of Illinois

p. 9-12 (v thru viii) Table of Contents and Tables: Last Table and entry:
“42 Summary of Radiation Levels at University of Michigan Synchrotron (December
1956), p. 73”

p. 13 (number 1; note: the actual bottom of page numbers will be used in this review
from this point forward)

p. 1 STRAY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT PARTICLE ACCELERATOR SITES
1 INTRODUCTION

“Stray radiation surveys performed in 1953 and 1954 at 15 particle accelerator
sites by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL) of the New York Operations Office
were summarized earlier.1. This second report presents data and conclusions obtained
during subsequent surveys conducted at 23 machines between December 1954 and
December 1956. Thus the two reports represent a fairly complete picture of the
radiation problems generally encountered at accelerators, including the five
synchrocyclotrons in the United States as well as several other very high energy
machines.

The measurements indicated that the radiation problems at older accelerators,
most of which are located on university campuses, have tended to be a little
troublesome with regard to unregulated outside areas and classroom buildings. The

-3-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

pointed out that the high cost of most accelerators necessitates almost continuous use
as opposed to occasional use of the older machines.

The specific value of the fraction of the maximum permissible radiation level
chosen by the shield designer should depend upon the individual site requirements.
However, in view of the increases of beam currents accomplished in many existing
accelerators, it is felt that shielding should be designed to permit no more than one-
fourth the maximum permissible radiation level, or about 2 mrem/hr. Fast neutrons

appear to be the determining component of the stray radiations, and

consequently a possible difficulty in radiation detection is emphasized.
In the energy range 3 to 10 Mev, 30 n/cm2-sec for 40 hr is taken to correspond to

0.30 rem in that period. Thus the fast neutron flux in areas adjacent to a shield designed
according to the criteria discussed above would not exceed about 8 n/cm2-sec, about
the lower limit of the measuring ability of most existing portable fast neutron
instruments."

p. 75

"It is emphasized that reducing radiation levels to one-fourth the maximum
permissible level is an inadequate criterion when uncontrolled areas are involved.
Rather, the level in these places should not exceed one-tenth of the MPD, and actually
the shielding should be designed to permit only a small fraction of one-tenth of the
MPD.

Since the early work reported in Report NYO-4699, the accelerator survey

technique has been greatly improved. Beginning in early 1953, the surveys
conducted at 36 different machines have shown that the ionization chamber

—vibrating-reed electrometer combinations have been particularly dependable even
during surveys performed far from the New York area, as mentioned earlier.
Consequently the bulk of the instrumental refinement or development work at HASL will
consist in improving the ionization chambers. One type of chamber that is being
considered for use as an x-ray dosimeter consists of an iron vessel filled with argon.
This device is expected to have roughly only one-seventh the sensitivity to 4-Mev
neutrons exhibited by the present graphite-CO2 chamber.

On a mass basis both chambers are equally sensitive to x rays. Further work on
the polyethylene-moderated BF3 chamber is also planned because of its sensitivity to
scattered neutrons.

It had been hoped that the size of the instrumentation could be materially
reduced. However, any such reduction seems unlikely until a portable battery-operated
lightweight vibrating reed electrometer, or equivalent instrument capable of measuring
10~14 amp reliably, is developed for field use.

The possible importance of r-f energy at high-energy machines in producing
injury was discussed. No further work in this direction has been carried out; on the other
hand, there have been no reported cases of r-f injuries to accelerator personnel."

p. 75 REF. 1-16 of NYO-4699(Suppl.1):

+ Reference 1: 1.L. R. Solon, J. E. McLaughlin, Jr., and H. Blatz, Stray Radiation
Measurements at Particle Accelerator Sites, Report NYO-4699, June 1, 1956, p. 25.

-14-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

NYO-4699(Suppl. 1) (1957) REF. 3 underscores the importance of neutron doses and
the difficulty in accurately measuring these doses using instrumentation or film badges.
GSI had neither of these data. Petitioners assert the neutron flux situation in the Old
(relatively isolated) and New (connected to Building 10) Betatron was (a) different, and
(b) very complex as attested to by REF. 3. Because of these facts, the MCNPx
modeled, but not validated data, used by both NIOSH and SC8&A for GSI is also
scientifically indefensible as being sufficiently accurate. Incorporating this reference
measured Betatron and film badge data into the existing MCNPx model would enhance
the accuracy of external photon and neutron exposure data in a revised Appendix BB.

4, The measured photon and neutron doses and film badge measurements at the
Betatron facilities in REF 3 should be factored into the MCNPx models NIOSH and
SC8&A have used to assign external doses at GSI in 2008 and 2012. That is, the model
MCNPx input assumptions and output values need to be adjusted to accordingly using
this best available surrogate data.

5. Every possible effort by both NIOSH and SC&A should be undertaken to locate
and review REF. 2, NYO-4699 (1956), the predecessor book that is the precursor to this
NYO-4699 Supplement 1 (1957) paper. Whether or not this paper could be classified
needs to be determined. It was for sale to the public in 1956 and is probably not
classified.

References

1. TBD-6000 work group transcript 3/28/12 (288 pgs., 650 KB PDF), found at URL:
http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pubm2012.html#mar28
{Note, should be read in conjunction with TBD-6000 work group transcript
3/15/12 (341 pgs., 641 KB PDF), found at URL:
http://;www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pubm2012.htmi#mar15]

2. L. R. Solon, J. E. McLaughlin, Jr., and H. Blatz, Stray Radiation Measurements at
Particle Accelerator Sites, Report NYO-4699, June 1, 1956. (REF 1 of main REF
3)

Full Reference: This is a 62 page book, date 1956, sold through the US

Government: Office of Technical Services, US Dept. of Commerce, 1956.

3. J. E. McLaughlin, Jr., Keran O'Brien, Leonard R. Solon, Albert V. Zua,
Wayne M. Lowder, and Hanson Blatz, NYO-4699(Supplement 1), “Stray radiation
measurements at Particle Accelerator sites,” Health and Safety laboratory AEC
and Division of Research AEC, April 1, 1957. 20 references. (86 page PDF file).
Found at URL: www.osti.gov/bridge/serviets/purl/4306039-Gel6fn/ [8 MB PDF]

-16-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data
A Summarization of REFERENCE 3
Filename: OSTI_NYO-4699_supp!1.txt

7.27.13 Sat. - Today and yesterday Dan McKeel ran searches for "Betatron uranium”
with 474 hits and located OSTI report NYO-4699(Suppl1) (1956) [REF. 3]. This is a
terrific resource. Follows an overview of the contents of this report that are directly
relevant to the GS! AWE site and its two Allis-Chalmers, Donald Kerst U. IL.-derived,
24-25 MEV Betatrons for which the ABRWH, TBD-6000 work group, SC&A and NIOSH
have no (zero) measured data to validate the Attila and MCNP5 computer codes they
used to simulate, in silico, the GSI “New”' Betatron photon, neutron and beta doses for
the covered period 1952-1966. Radiation doses from the “Old” Betatron, which was
used for all of the GSI NDT contract work for the AEC on MCW uranium between 1952
and 1963, has not been ascertained or bounded in compliance with OCAS-IG-003. In
those years, the Old Betatron was the only Granite City, IL, GSI Betatron unit, as the
other Betatron was used for NDT at the GS! Eddystone Division in Eddystone, PA.

The SEC petitioners, in their Administrative Review request concerning GSI
SEC-00105 that began processing 5/17/13, cited this lack of modeling and bounding for
the GSI Old Betatron, using measured Betatron data for model validation, as discrete
omission errors on the part of NIOSH that merit reversing the HHS Secretary's decision
to deny certified by letters from her dated 3/6/13.

NYO-4699 (Supplement 1) (1957) deals with stray radiation measurements and film
badge readings at accelerator facilities. Thus, it is directly relevant to GSI Betatron
operations. Presumably, NYO-4699 (1956) should also contain data relevant to GSI.

Complete Reference 3 citation: (8.16.13 Friday, DWM Jr., based on the OST! (DOE
database resource) downloaded PDF) file [Also see Attachment A]:

1 (physical)

p.

“Stray radiation measurements at particle accelerator sites.”
Health and Safety Laboratory

New York Operations Office, AEC

and Division of Research, AEC

April 1, 1957

' The terms Old and New Betatron at GSI refer to the fact that from 1952-1963 the sole Betatron used at
the Granite City EEOICPA covered facility for US Government/AEC NDT uranium contract work with the
Uranium Division of Mallinckrodt Chemical Works (MCW) work was a government owned unit that is now
teferenced as the GSI Old Betatron. The term "New Betatron” derives from the fact that GSI closed the
Eddystone Division sometime during 1963 and moved castings operations, and its A-C 25 MEV Betatron,
to GSI in Illinois where a new facility was built at 1417 State Street in Granite City 300 yards away from
the Old Betatron facility and very close to, and connected with, the GSI “10 building.” Thus, from 1963
through June 1966 of the covered period there were two Allis-Chalmers 24-25 MEV Betatrons operating
at GSI to perform AEC/MCW uranium NDT contract work.

-2-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

White Paper:
“HASL NYO-4699: The Missing Betatron Stray Radiation

Monitoring Measurements and Film Badge Data
Applicable to the General Steel Industries
(GSI) AWE Site in Granite City, Illinois”

by

Daniel W. McKeel, Jr., M.D.
GSI SEC-00105 co-petitioner
(August 19, 2013)

There is an absolute lack of real, measured Betatron particle accelerator stray
radiation data for the General Steel Industries (GSI) AWE EEIOCPA site.

At the 3/28/12 meeting of the ABRWH TBD-6000 work group (WG), Dan McKeet
posed the following question to all WG participants: Board members Paul Ziemer (WG
chair and former ABRWH chair), Wanda Munn, John Poston Sr., and Josie Beach;
NIOSH (DCAS) members Dave Allen and James Neton; and SC&A members John
Mauro and Robert Anigstein: “Can any of you cite a publication that provides measured
monitoring data from operating Betatrons?” No one answered in the affirmative [REF 1].

The subject of this paper is a series of reports from the AEC Health and Safety
Laboratory (HASL) under the rubric of NYO-4699 [REFS 2 and 3]. These papers
provide careful x-ray, gamma photon and fast and thermal neutron radiation
measurements and concomitant film badge readings at dozens of university and DOE
facilities. REF. 3 includes measurements from 22 Mev and 300 Mev Allis-Chalmers
Betatrons at three sites: Memorial Hospital in New York and the University of Illinois
Champaign-Urbana; and the U. Illinois medical school. In addition, these papers offer
comments and suggestions on adequacy of radiation measuring devices, of radiation
shielding in current use, and of adequacy of neutron detection systems including film
badges for high Mev sources such as particle accelerators.

NYO-4699(Suppl. 1) also references important information about the Brookhaven
National Laboratory Off-site Monitoring Service [REF 4] and about NCRP radiation
standards in 1954 [REF 5].

The author also provides [REFS 6 and 7] to the Board, to NIOSH, and to the
TBD-6000 work group in further support of his contention that peer reviewed scientific
journals insist that computer-generated dosimetry models based on transport codes
such as MCNPx insist on close agreement (+10 to 20% was the figure McKeel cited)
between modeled (in silico simulated or virtual) and measured data. The TBD-6000 WG
and NIOSH and SC8&A have resisted this assertion, saying that such rigid scientific
validation with real measured data is not necessary under EEOICPA.


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

[NOTE: Place Fig 33 grab image here]

DORMITORY | LOADING INCINER:
|
FIRST FLOOR || 1g oOCK TO
| 12. 1N. GARBAGE!
na 18 + 8] gTowace
ral
nurses) !7}[>2-_- Sm
RECREATION ~ TTT] es in. BETA-|
LOUNGE — - EARTH FILL - — | |CONCRETE | TRON
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
jae BEDROOM
BEDROOM
10 8
SHOWER —
room 9} |6 (BETA-|
igs 7 TRON}
13 Loo
STAIR WELL
PARKING LOT
PLS

Fig, 33— University of Hhnois Medical School betatron, courtyard and adjacent
area.

p. 74 Section 7 report CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:
"It was concluded in Report NYO-4699 that accelerator workers, in general, are
not receiving excessive radiation doses. The film badge summaries reported earlier

-12-


HASL NYO-4688 Stray Betatron Radiation Monitoring Data

Note: DWM Jr | have been unable to locate this reference online 8.16.13]

p. 76 REF. 17-20 of NYO-4699(Suppl.1).

~-end of references and REF. 3 document

GSI SEC-00105 Co-petitioner Dan McKeel’s
Concluding Comments and Executive Summary:

1. This paper and the preceding NYO-4699 (1956) paper not yet located are
perhaps the most relevant in existence related to stray radiation measurements at
Betatron facilities at the General Steel Industries (GSI) plant, a covered EEOICPA site,
at 1417 State Street in Granite City, IL. It fills a gaping current hole in providing highly
relevant direct measured data, and film badge data, on Allis-Chalmers 22.5 and 300
MEV Betatrons (electron particle accelerators operating in x-ray mode from an internal
target) and Betatron operators at Memorial Hospital, NY and University of Illinois and its
medical school.

2. NIOSH, DOE, the Board and SC&A need to answer why it is that they have not
mentioned this 1957 paper and its 1956 predecessor paper from the New York Office of
the AEC, Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL) given that 22 meetings have been held
regarding the GS! site: Procedures Review work group (n=4); TBD-6000/6001 Appendix
BB (n=4); TBD-6000 work group (n=13); May 25, 2013 TBD-6000 WG technical call
meeting (n=1).

«In 2006 Dan McKeel and SINEW submitted an extensive list of questions to
DOE and its chief historian, Roger Anders regarding the GS! and Dow IL AWE sites.
One of the questions was whether the AEC had a Betatron research program. His
answer was no such records existed “at Germantown.” This paper proves there was an
active AEC Accelerator Survey Program during the 1950s.

+ Recent DOE documents also proved the AEC was conducting Betatron NDT
R&D on MCW uranium billets with a uranium shield built at MCW in the last quarter of
1952.

* On 3/28/13 Dan McKeel queried the TBD-6000 work group whether it’s
members could cite a single reference from the world’s literature on A-C Betatron
radiation dosimetry actual measurements. The answer was complete silence.

* On 7/27/13 Dan McKeel asked NIOSH SEC counselor Josh Kinman could he
locate this paper in the NIOSH site research database (SRDB). The answer on 7/30/13
was “no.”

Yet this paper, REF. 3, which is identified as being “Publicly Releasable” as of
1/25/2011, was located by McKeel in the OSTI database, which NIOSH site profile and
SEC evaluation reports frequently cite as being a primary, standard search data
resource for pertinent documents.

3. Petitioners assert that NIOSH and SC&A have seriously underestimated the
importance of neutron doses from 24-25 Mev Betatron operations at GSI 1952-1966.

-15-