Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the P ACIFIC R EPORTER

. Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email corrections@akcourts.gov.

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

CHENA OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY, P.C. and DALE HARDY, CNM,

Petitioners,

v.

LAUREN BRIDGES, on behalf of S.B., her minor child; and BANNER

MEDICAL GROUP d/b/a Fairbanks

Memorial Hospital and Tanana Valley Clinic,

Respondents.

BANNER MEDICAL GROUP d/b/a

Fairbanks Memorial Hospital and

Tanana Valley Clinic,

Petitioner,

v.

LAUREN BRIDGES, on behalf of S.B., her minor child; CHENA

OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY, P.C., and DALE HARDY, CNM,

Respondents. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Supreme Court Nos. S-17464/17473 (Consolidated)

Superior Court No. 4FA-17-01308 CI

O P I N I O N

No. 7580

– January 21, 2022Petitions for Review from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Fourth Judicial District, Fairbanks, Michael A. MacDonald, Judge.

Appearances: Scott J. Gerlach and Max D. Holmquist, Jermain Dunnagan & Owens, P.C., Anchorage, for Petitioner and Respondent Chena Obstetrics & Gynecology, P.C. Howard A. Lazar, Delaney Wiles Inc., Anchorage, for Petitioner and Respondent Dale Hardy, CNM. John J. Tiemessen, Clapp Peterson Tiemessen & Thorsness, LLC, Fairbanks, for Petitioner and Respondent Banner Medical Group d/b/aFairbanks MemorialHospital and TananaValley Clinic. Robert John, Law Office of Robert John, Fairbanks, for Lauren Bridges, on behalf of S.B., her minor child, Respondent.

Before: Bolger, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, and Borghesan, Justices. [Carney, Justice, not participating.]

BORGHESAN, Justice.

I. INTRODUCTION

After Lauren Bridges’s daughter S.B. was born severely disabled, Bridges

sued the many healthcare providers involved in S.B.’s birth. When Bridges’s attorneys

failed to timely oppose the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, the superior

court granted summary judgment and then final judgment in favor of all defendants.

Bridges then moved for relief from judgment under Alaska Civil Rule 60(b). 1 The

1 Alaska Civil Rule 60(b) provides, in relevant part:

(b) On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party’s legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons:

(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect; (continued...)

-2- 7580superior court found that her attorneys’ neglect was inexcusable, precluding relief under

Rule 60(b)(1), but granted relief under Rule 60(b)(6) to avoid injustice. The defendants

petitioned this court for review.

We hold that the superior court did not abuse its discretion in finding the

neglect of Bridges’s counsel inexcusable and denying relief under Rule 60(b)(1). But

we reverse the superior court’s decision granting relief under Rule 60(b)(6). An

attorney’s neglect, whether excusable or inexcusable, cannot be grounds for relief from

judgment under Rule 60(b)(6) unless the attorney abandons the client. Because that is

not what the record shows, we reverse the superior court’s ruling and remand for entry

of judgment in favor of the defendants.

II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

A. Facts

In July 2010 Lauren Bridges gave birth to S.B. at Fairbanks Memorial

Hospital. S.B. was transferred to Providence Alaska Medical Center and diagnosed with

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. 2 During her hospitalization at Providence, S.B.

developed microcephaly. 3 She now has cerebral palsy, seizures, and developmental

delays.

1 (...continued)

. . . . (6) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.

2 Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is defined as “generally permanent brain injury resulting from lack of oxygen or inadequate blood flow to the brain.” S TEDMAN ’ S

M EDICAL D ICTIONARY (2014).

3 Microcephaly means “[a]bnormal smallness of the head.” S TEDMAN ’ S

M EDICAL D ICTIONARY (2014).

-3- 7580B. Proceedings

1. Initial proceedings

In January 2017 Bridges brought a medical malpractice suit on S.B.’s

behalf. Bridges alleged that negligent care during labor and delivery caused S.B.’s

irreversible brain damage and resulting hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, seizures,

cerebral palsy, and developmental delays. Following procedural clarifications, the

named defendants were Dale Hardy, a certified nurse-midwife who had assisted with the

delivery; Hardy’s employer, Chena Obstetrics and Gynecology, P.C. (Chena); and

Banner Medical Group d/b/a Fairbanks Memorial Hospital and Tanana Valley Clinic

(Banner).

Anchorage attorney Michele Power filed the complaint. In June the court

granted permission to appear pro hac vice on Bridges’s behalf to Michigan attorneys

Todd Schroeder, Richard Counsman, and Brian McKeen. 4

2. Summary and final judgment

a. Hardy and Chena’s motion for summary judgment

In May 2018 Hardy, joined by Chena, sought summary judgment. 5 Hardy

presented a nurse-midwife’s expert opinion that his treatment of Bridges had met the

relevant standard of care. Bridges did not file a timely opposition, and in June the court

granted summary judgment in favor of Hardy and Chena.

4 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 81(a)(2) (allowing out-of-state attorneys to appear in “a particular action or proceeding” in Alaska upon motion and court approval).

5 Alaska R. Civ. P. 56(c) (authorizing superior court to grant summary judgment if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law”).

-4- 7580Bridges moved for reconsideration. She argued that Hardy’s summary

judgment motion “is prematurely brought before the Court and should be denied” and

that “[a]s discovery progresses, [Bridges] will raise genuine issues of material fact

against Mr. Hardy.” Chena and Hardy opposed reconsideration, pointing out that

Bridges’s late-filed motion for reconsideration had “failed to present any admissible

evidence to rebut the expert affidavit.” The court denied reconsideration.

b. Banner’s motion for summary judgment

In May 2018 Banner moved to compel Bridges to provide responses to

Banner’s discovery requests. Although the responses had been due in March, and

although Banner had repeatedly inquired about the status of the responses, it still had not

received them. Banner then filed a second motion to compel in June, claiming that

Bridges had “served Banner with a set of severely deficient discovery responses” and

had failed to respond to Banner’s attempt to confer about the deficiencies. The court

granted both motions to compel.

Banner then moved for summary judgment in July, relying on affidavits in

which a neonatologist and an obstetrician opined that Banner’s employees had met the

requisite standards of care. Bridges did not timely oppose the motion, and the court

granted it ten days after the deadline passed. Four days later the court processed — but

did not accept for filing — Bridges’s late opposition to summary judgment, which

included two expert affidavits and a request for oral argument.

In August Bridges moved for reconsideration of Banner’s summary

judgment. Bridges also attempted to file a motion under Civil Rule 56(f) for more time

to oppose summary judgment, 6 but the motion was not accepted for filing. The court

6 Alaska R. Civ. P. 56 (f) (“Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the motion that the party cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts (continued...)

-5- 7580explained that Bridges had already late-filed her response to Banner’s summary

judgment motion, that her response had not been accompanied by a motion to accept late

filing, and that judgment had already been entered by the time Bridges’s response was

received. Bridges then filed a motion contending that her response had been erroneously

rejected by the court clerk and arguing that the court should accept her late opposition

to Banner’s summary judgment. After a delay caused by Bridges’s improper service,

Banner responded to the motion and asked that it be struck from the record.

c. Final judgment

Chena, Hardy, and Banner all sought entry of final judgment, and in

October the superior court granted final judgment in their favor. First, it noted that

because over 30 days had passed since Bridges’s motion for reconsideration, “that

motion is taken as denied.” 7 Second, the court granted Banner’s motion to strike

Bridges’s response. Third, the court ruled that “because all of plaintiff’s claims have

been dismissed and relief denied, entry of final judgment is appropriate.” The court

issued a separate order noting that Bridges’s counsel had consistently failed to comply

with requirements for pleadings filed by pro hac vice counsel and that future noncompliant filings would be rejected. 8

6 (...continued) essential to justify the party’s opposition, the court may refuse the application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just.”).

7 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 77(k)(4) (providing that a motion for reconsideration not “ruled upon by the court within 30 days from the date of the filing of the motion . . . shall be taken as denied”).

8 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 81(a)(2) (providing that if counsel appears pro hac

vice “all documents requiring signature of counsel for a party may not be signed solely by such attorney, but must bear the signature also of local counsel with whom the (continued...)

-6- 75803. Civil Rule 60(b) motion for relief from judgment

On the same day final judgment was entered, Bridges sought relief from

both summary judgment orders under Alaska Civil Rule 60(b).

Bridges first argued that under Civil Rule 60(b)(1) she was entitled to relief

due to “mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect.” Contending that her

attorneys’ staff had improperly calendared the date for response to Hardy’s summary

judgment motion, she argued that this clerical error led to her late filing and constituted

excusable neglect. Regarding her response to Banner’s summary judgment motion, she

argued that it was filed “only days after the deadline” and that “any neglect should be

deemed excusable” because she had been waiting for notarized affidavits from her

experts and had filed the response promptly once the affidavits were received.

Bridges alternatively argued that the court should grant relief under

Rule 60(b)(6). Relief is available under this subsection of the rule for “any other reason

justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.” This ground “is reserved for

extraordinary circumstances not covered by the preceding clauses” of the rule. 9 Bridges

argued that extraordinary circumstances were present because “[Bridges] has the

required expert support through proper affidavits to show that questions of material fact

exist which would normally prevent a grant of summary judgment.” Further, she argued

that there would be no prejudice to the defendants because they “would then only be put

in a position to have to defend a meritorious lawsuit, which . . . puts [them] in the same

position they were in prior to the grant of summary judgment.” After a delay caused by

8 (...continued) attorney is associated”).

9 Hartland v. Hartland , 777 P.2d 636, 645 (Alaska 1989).

-7- 7580Bridges’s improper service, Banner, Chena, and Hardy each opposed the Rule 60(b)

motion.

4. Hearing on Rule 60(b) relief

A hearing on the Rule 60(b) motion was held in January 2019. Bridges’s

counsel McKeen began by describing the history of the case. He indicated that the court

could take testimony from himself or from Bridges’s counsel Counsman; the court

directed McKeen to “[c]ontinue on as you see fit.” McKeen continued to describe the

case without being sworn in.

McKeen claimed that his firm’s failure to timely respond to Hardy and

Chena’s summary judgment motion was because of differences between Michigan and

Alaska procedure. In Michigan, he said, “We are used to the hearing date triggering the

due date for the response.” He also claimed that Power had failed to alert pro hac vice

counsel to the motion’s due date, and mentioned as a “mitigating factor” that Counsman

is “essentially a single parent” who was responsible for his daughter’s wedding

preparations the previous August.

McKeen then addressed Banner’s motion for summary judgment,

emphasizing that Bridges’s counsel had not received the motion until July 11 even

though it was filed on July 2. 10 He indicated that it “was a matter of some considerable,

you know, logistical challenge” to get notarized affidavits fromplaintiff’s experts “in the

time frame that was required.” He said that Counsman had emailed Banner’s counsel to

ask for additional time to respond to the motion but that Banner had declined to provide

an extension, even though McKeen “would have expected” a courtesy extension.

Counsman then “somehow, perhaps because of distractions with the impending wedding

preparations, . . . had it in his mind that the response was due on July 27th.” When

The record indicates that Banner’s motion for summary judgment, which was filed on July 2, was returned to Banner for additional postage on July 6.

-8- 7580 10Counsman ultimately filed the response, it was “[t]echnically” “three or perhaps four

days too late,” which McKeen argued caused “zero prejudice.” McKeen also claimed

that Counsman had had three different legal assistants since the case had started and that

“it is extremely difficult to hire good paralegal talent” in Detroit.

The court explained that Rule 60(b) relief is available only if the movant

can show a valid argument on the merits and pointed out that Bridges still had not filed

an expert affidavit to rebut Hardy and Chena’s motion for summary judgment. McKeen

replied that although he was new to Alaska procedure, he had “read Rule 60 over and

over and over again,” and did not “see where there’s any provision in there that requires

affidavits.” He also indicated that he could provide the court an affidavit from a certified

nurse-midwife “within a very short period of time.” At the end of the hearing, McKeen

said that if the court wished, Bridges’s counsel would submit an affidavit. The court said

that it would leave that to counsel’s discretion.

Two days after the hearing, Bridges moved to allow the filing and

consideration of a certified nurse-midwife’s affidavit. The affidavit expressed the expert

opinion that Hardy had violated the standard of care. The accompanying motion argued

that after the court granted Hardy’s motion for summary judgment, Bridges had “lacked

a vehicle by which [Bridges] could submit an appropriate affidavit to the Court to show

that [Bridges] could indeed show that a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Bridges

argued that the court should deem the affidavit timely filed under Alaska Civil Rules

-9- 75806(b)(2) and 94. 11 Chena, Hardy, and Banner opposed Bridges’s motion to allow the

affidavit.

5. Superior court’s orders granting relief from judgment and defendants’ petitions for review

In early April the court granted Bridges’s Rule 60(b) motion as well as her

motion to file the expert’s affidavit. The order held that Bridges’s “claims for relief

under [Alaska Civil] Rule 60(b)(1) are without merit.” Nonetheless, it concluded that

relief was warranted under Rule 60(b)(6) “because of the injustice that will result if this

case is not allowed to proceed on the merits.” Because the “prejudice suffered by the

defendants is largely limited to the costs associated with the post-summary judgment

proceedings,” it could be “alleviated by an award of actual reasonable attorney’s fees and

costs assessed under Rule 95(a).” The court therefore granted Bridges’s Rule 60(b)

motion and allowed her to oppose the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. It

also ordered that a hearing be held to address sanctions against Bridges’s attorneys.

Chena, Hardy, and Banner moved for reconsideration, which the court denied.

Hardy, Chena, and Banner petitioned for review of the order granting

Bridges’s Rule 60(b) motion, and we granted review.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“A trial court’s ruling on an Alaska Civil Rule 60(b) motion is reviewed for

abuse of discretion; it will not be disturbed unless we are left with ‘the definite and firm

11 Alaska R. Civ. P. 6(b) (“[T]he court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion . . . (2) upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect . . . .”); Alaska R. Civ. P. 94 (providing rules “may be relaxed or dispensed with by the court in any case where it shall be manifest to the court that a strict adherence to them will work injustice”).

-10- 7580conviction on the whole record that the judge ha[s] made a mistake.’ ” 12 “We review de

novo issues concerning the interpretation of civil rules, adopting the rule of law that is

most persuasive in light of precedent, policy and reason.” 13

IV. DISCUSSION

The superior court denied relief under Rule 60(b)(1) but granted relief

under Rule 60(b)(6). Hardy, Chena, and Banner argue that the superior court abused its

discretion by granting relief under Rule 60(b)(6); Bridges responds that we may affirm

on the alternative ground that the superior court abused its discretion by not granting

relief under Rule 60(b)(1). 14 To address these issues in a logical sequence, we first

consider Rule 60(b)(1), then Rule 60(b)(6).

A. The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Refusing To Grant Relief Under Rule 60(b)(1).

Bridges argues that the superior court erred by failing to grant relief under

Rule 60(b)(1), which permits the court to grant relief from judgment due to “mistake,

12 Williams v. Williams , 252 P.3d 998, 1004 (Alaska 2011) (alteration in original) (quoting Thomas v. Thomas , 581 P.2d 678, 679 (Alaska 1978)).

13 Bravo v. Aker , 435 P.3d 908, 912 (Alaska 2019) (quoting Cooper v. Thompson , 353 P.3d 782, 786 (Alaska 2015)).

14 Bridges also argues that we may affirm the superior court’s decision on the alternative ground that it erred by denying her requests under Rule 56(f) for a continuance to obtain affidavits supporting her opposition to summary judgment. Although generally true that we may affirm the superior court on any ground evident in the record, Gilbert M. v. State , 139 P.3d 581, 586 (Alaska 2006), this rule does not apply here the way Bridges suggests. Her Rule 56(f) requests were all filed and denied prior to final judgment. But Bridges did not appeal the court’s final judgment, and she thus has waived the opportunity to challenge it or any procedural rulings leading to it. Bridges instead sought relief under Rule 60(b). The court granted her motion, and Hardy, Chena, and Banner then petitioned for our review. Our review thus is limited to the superior court’s order granting Bridges relief from final judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).

-11- 7580inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect.” First, she argues that her counsel’s neglect

was excusable. Second, she argues that even if her counsel’s neglect is inexcusable, it

falls within what she calls an “injustice exception” that permits relief under

Rule 60(b)(1). Neither argument is persuasive.

1. The superior court did not abuse its discretion by finding the failures of Bridges’s counsel inexcusable.

We clarified our approach to excusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1) in

Erica G. v. Taylor Taxi, Inc

. 15 In that case, we quoted the Second Circuit’s description

“of excusable neglect as a somewhat elastic concept that may encompass delays caused

by inadvertence, mistake, or carelessness, at least when the delay was not long, there is

no bad faith, there is no prejudice to the opposing party, and movant’s excuse has some

merit .” 16 We went on to state “that to seek relief on this basis a party must show both

neglect and a valid excuse for that neglect” and that “there must be a causal link between

the excusable neglect and the party’s failure to timely act; the failure must be the result

of the excusable neglect.” 17

As an initial matter, no admissible evidence supports the excuses proffered

by Bridges’s counsel at the January 2019 hearing. Counsel’s unsworn statements were

not testimony.

15 357 P.3d 783 (Alaska 2015).

16 Id. at 787 (emphasis in original) (quoting LoSacco v. City of Middletown

, 71 F.3d 88, 93 (2d Cir. 1995)). Erica G. adopted the same standard for excusable neglect in interpreting Alaska Civil Rules 6 and 60(b)(1). Id

. at 787-78.

17 Id

. at 787 (emphasis in original) (first quoting Coppe v. Bleicher , No. S13631, 2011 WL 832807, at *5 (Alaska Mar. 9, 2011); and then quoting Alaska R. Civ.

P. 6(b)(2)).

-12- 7580But even if we consider these unsworn representations as admissible

evidence, the superior court did not abuse its discretion by finding these excuses

insufficient. Whether pro hac vice counsel missed Hardy and Chena’s summary

judgment motion response deadline because office staff incorrectly calendared it or

counsel miscalculated it due to unfamiliarity with Alaska procedure, neither mistake

excuses local counsel’s failure to correct the error. And deciding to wait for expert

affidavits before opposing Banner’s summary judgment — i.e., knowingly missing a

response deadline while waiting for the relevant evidence without asking the court for

an extension — is simply no excuse at all. Counsel’s explanations make discerning the

actual reason for the failures difficult. In addition to claiming that counsel purposely

waited for expert affidavits before opposing Banner’s summary judgment, Bridges’s

counsel also represented that his colleague had the wrong date in mind because he was

busy planning his daughter’s wedding. The fact that several of these excuses were not

mentioned until the hearing further supports the superior court’s decision not to credit

them. These inconsistent and insufficient explanations are very similar to the “shifting”

and “myriad” explanations in Erica G. , which “undercut even those that most closely

resemble excusable neglect.” 18 The superior court did not abuse its discretion by holding

that Bridges’s attorneys’ errors were not excusable. 19

18 Id

. at 784, 788.

19 Bridges contends that Erica G. adopts the standard for excusable neglect

under federal C ivil Rule 60 set forth in Pioneer Investment S ervices Co. v. Brunswick

Associates Ltd. Partnership

, 507 U.S. 380 (1993). She then analogizes to federal cases interpreting Pioneer to argue that her counsel’s neglect was excusable

. These cases do

not alter the analysis, however, as even under Pioneer

, courts must consider the proffered

reason for counsel’s neglect. Id

. at 395. And the superior court did not abuse its

discretion by concluding that Bridges’s reasons were insufficient.

-13- 75802. Attorney neglect that is not excusable does not warrant relief under Rule 60(b)(1), even to prevent injustice.

Bridges argues that even if her attorneys’ neglect is not excusable, she is

entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(1) to avoid injustice, citing our decisions in Erica G

. 20

and Farrell ex rel. Farrell v. Dome Laboratories, Inc., a Division of Miles Laboratories,

Inc

. 21 In Farrell we stated that although “an attorney’s failure to advance a legal

argument or claim, whether attributable to mistake, inadvertence or neglect, typically

does not warrant relief,” an exception is recognized “where the failure to provide relief

would result in an injustice.” 22 Bridges contends that this exception “would then apply

in this case if the mistakes of counsel were inexcusable.” But that is an incorrect reading

of Farrell , the decisions it relied on, and Erica G.

In Farrell we supported our statement about an “exception” by citing two

Seventh Circuit decisions involving excusable neglect. 23 In A. F. Dormeyer Co. v. M.

J. Sales & Distributing Co. default judgment was entered after defendant’s attorney

timely mailed an answer to plaintiff but failed to file it with the court. 24 The appellate

court vacated the entry of default, holding that the failure to file “was attributable to

‘mistake’ and ‘excusable neglect’ within the meaning of Rule 60(b).” 25 And in Fleming

v. Huebsch Laundry Corp. the defendant stipulated to a consent judgment after being

20 357 P.3d. 783.

21 650 P.2d 380 (Alaska 1982).

22 Id. at 384.

23 Id

. at 384 n.14.

24 461 F.2d 40, 41 (7th Cir. 1972).

25 Id

. at 43.

-14- 7 580misled about liability by a government agency. 26 The appellate court found grounds for

vacating the judgment under Rule 60(b) “under the subdivision of excusable neglect.” 27

By citing these cases for the “exception,” Farrell established that although

an attorney’s failure to advance a legal claim due to mistake, inadvertence, or neglect is

usually inexcusable, in exceptional cases an attorney’s neglect may be excusable and can

therefore be grounds for relief under Rule 60(b)(1). 28 This was the case in both

Dormeyer and Fleming : Even though the attorney in Dormeyer failed to properly serve

the answer on the court and the attorney in Fleming failed to properly interpret the law,

their conduct was nonetheless deemed excusable neglect. The Farrell “exception” is

therefore similar to the U.S. Supreme Court’s statement in Pioneer that “[a]lthough

inadvertence, ignorance of the rules, or mistakes construing the rules do not usually

constitute ‘excusable’ neglect, it is clear that ‘excusable neglect’ . . . is a somewhat

‘elastic concept’ and is not limited strictly to omissions caused by circumstances beyond

the control of the movant.” 29 This reading of Farrell is consistent with the language of

Rule 60(b)(1) itself, which refers only to “excusable neglect” and makes no exception

26 159 F.2d 581, 583 (7th Cir. 1947).

27 Id

. at 585.

28 It is worth noting that this discussion in Farrell was dicta. We did not
resolve the issue of whether relief under Rule 60(b)(1) was proper by deciding whether

counsel’s neglect was excusable or whether injustice existed. 650 P.2d at 384. Instead

we concluded that the motion for relief under Rule 60(b)(1) was untimely because it was filed more than a year after the judgment. Id

.

29 Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P’ship

, 507 U.S. 380, 392 (1993) (footnote omitted) (quoting 4A C. W RIGHT & A. M ILLER

, F EDERAL P RACTICE AND

P ROCEDURE § 1165, at 479 (2d ed. 1987)).

-15- 7580for injustice. It also explains why cases since Farrell have not discussed or applied an

“exception” for inexcusable neglect under Rule 60(b)(1). 30

Nor did our decision in Erica G. expand Farrell to create an “injustice

exception.” In Erica G. , after affirming the superior court’s ruling that the excuses

tendered by counsel were not valid, we also quoted Farrell in pointing out that Erica had

“not carried her burden of demonstrating that . . . ‘the failure to provide relief would

result in an injustice.’ ” 31 Bridges emphasizes that we used this language only after

determining that Erica’s counsel’s neglect was inexcusable; from this she reasons that

a court may grant relief under Rule 60(b)(1) for inexcusable neglect if not doing so

would cause injustice.

Bridges misreads Erica G. We stated that to succeed Erica would have had

to show both “the existence of ‘mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect’ ”

and “that the superior court’s refusal to relieve her from the final judgment was

‘manifestly unreasonable.’ ” 32 Our discussion of whether Erica had shown that denying

relief would result in injustice pertains to that latter question. There is no indication that

we intended to depart from the framework established by the rule’s text and precedent

by relieving the movant fromhaving to show that the neglect was “excusable” —i.e. that

30 For example, one year after Farrell , we held in Rill v. State, Department of Highways , 669 P.2d 573, 576 (Alaska 1983), that Rule 60(b)(1) could not apply when an attorney’s neglect was inexcusable. Justice Rabinowitz in dissent argued for a more expansive definition of “excusable neglect,” but he did not suggest that inexcusable neglect could be grounds for relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(1), even to avoid injustice. Id. at 577-78 (Rabinowitz, J., dissenting).

31 357 P.3d 783, 789 (Alaska 2015) (footnote omitted) (quoting Farrell , 650 P.2d at 384).

32 Id. (first quoting Alaska R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1), and then quoting Ranes & Shine, LLC v. MacDonald Miller Alaska, Inc. , 355 P.3d 503, 508 (Alaska 2015)).

-16- 7580“ movant’s excuse has some merit .” 33 The superior court did not abuse its discretion by

declining to grant relief to Bridges under Rule 60(b)(1) after finding her attorneys’

neglect was inexcusable.

B. Granting Relief Under Rule 60(b)(6) Due To Bridges’s Counsels’ Neglect Was Error.

In addition to Rule 60(b)’s five specific grounds for relief, the rule permits

a court to grant relief for “any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the

judgment.” Yet that broad language is limited by the “mutual exclusivity rule”: Grounds

for relief described in the first five subsections of Rule 60(b) cannot be grounds for relief

under the sixth subsection. 34

Quoting our decision in Farrell , the superior court reasoned that although

an attorney’s “mistake, inadvertence or neglect[] typically does not warrant relief” under

Rule 60(b)(1), “[a]n exception to this general rule is recognized . . . where the failure to

provide relief would result in an injustice.” The court granted Bridges relief under

Rule 60(b)(6) because of the “injustice that will result if this case is not allowed to

proceed on the merits.”

The superior court’s reading of the Farrell decision and resulting

interpretation of Rule 60(b)(6) were erroneous. Because of the rule of mutual

exclusivity, garden-variety attorney mistakes and inexcusable neglect that do not merit

relief under Rule 60(b)(1) cannot support relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).

And although attorney neglect so gross as to constitute abandoning the client might be

grounds for relief under Rule 60(b)(6), the record in this case does not support relief on

this theory. We therefore reverse the grant of relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).

33 Id. at 787 (emphasis in original) (quoting LoSacco v. City of Middletown

, 71 F.3d 88, 93 (2d Cir. 1995)).

34 See Farrell , 650 P.2d at 385.

-17- 75801. We did not hold in Farrell that relief for attorney neglect is available under Rule 60(b)(6) to avoid injustice.

Our Farrell decision does not authorize relief from judgment under

Rule 60(b)(6) for inexcusable attorney neglect, even to avoid injustice. Our reference

to injustice in that case pertained only to Rule 60(b)(1). 35 This is clear from our refusal

to entertain relief on that ground because the motion was not filed within a year of the

judgment from which relief was sought 36 — a limit that applies to Rule 60(b)(1), but not

Rule 60(b)(6). 37

Moreover, in Farrell we expressly declined to consider whether the

attorney’s neglect justified relief under subsection (b)(6) because of the mutual

exclusivity rule. “It is well settled that clause (6) and the first five clauses of Rule 60(b)

are mutually exclusive. Relief under clause (6) is not available unless the other clauses

are inapplicable.” 38 We reasoned that the attorney’s neglect “may have been cognizable

under clause (1) had [a] motion for relief been filed in a timely fashion.” 39 Because the

movant did not point to anything suggesting “something more than one of the grounds

stated in the first five clauses,” we concluded that “[t]he mutual exclusivity rule therefore

bar[red] relief under clause (6).” 40 Although Farrell does not rule out the possibility of

35 Id. at 384-85.

36 Id. at 384.

37 See Alaska R. Civ. P. 60(b) (“The motion shall be made within a reasonable time, and for reasons (1), (2) and (3) not more than one year after the date of notice of

the judgment

. . . .”).

38 Farrell

, 650 P.2d at 385 (footnote omitted).

39 Id.

40 Id. (quoting 11 C. W RIGHT & A. M ILLER

, F EDERAL P RACTICE AND (continued...)

-18- 7580relief under Rule 60(b)(6) for attorney neglect, it certainly does not hold that relief for

attorney neglect is available under that rule to avoid injustice.

2. Bridges is not entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(6).

The petitioners argue that attorney neglect is never grounds for relief from

judgment under Rule 60(b)(6) due to the mutual exclusivity rule. As explained above,

we held in Farrell that “[r]elief under clause (6) is not available unless the other clauses

are inapplicable,” 41 and we have applied this rule consistently in our decisions. 42

Bridges argues that we should adopt an approach taken by several federal

courts holding that gross attorney neglect may be grounds for relief under

subsection (b)(6). Although federal courts recognize the mutual exclusivity rule when

interpreting the analogous federal rule, several circuit courts have also held that gross

attorney neglect may be grounds for relief under subsection (b)(6). Chena and Hardy

argue that our precedents explicitly exclude the possibility of relief based on attorney

neglect under subsection (b)(6), no matter what variety. But we have not applied the

mutual exclusivity rule in such airtight fashion. 43

40 (...continued)

P ROCEDURE

, § 2864 ,at 220 (1973)).

41 Id.

42 See, e.g. , Williams v. Crawford

, 982 P.2d 250, 255 n.16 (Alaska 1999) (“Although clause six is a ‘catch-all’ provision, relief under clause six is not available

unless the other clauses are inapplicable.”); Hartland v. Hartland

, 777 P.2d 636, 645 (Alaska 1989) (“Relief under clause (6) is not available unless the other clauses are inapplicable.”); O’Link v. O’Link

, 632 P.2d 225, 229 (Alaska 1981) (“Clause (6) is

reserved for extraordinary circumstances not covered by the preceding clauses.”).

43 In two unpublished cases, we have directly stated that Rule 60(b)(6) relief

is excluded by the mutual exclusivity rule even in cases of inexcusable attorney neglect.

In Coppe v. Bleicher we wrote that the plaintiff’s “major complaint is that her trial (continued...)

-19- 7580Some of our decisions suggest that attorney neglect can in rare

circumstances be grounds for relief under Rule 60(b)(6). For example, our first case

articulating the mutual exclusivity rule was O’Link v. O’Link

. 44 Noting the mutual

exclusivity rule, we analyzed under Rule 60(b)(6) the appellant’s claim that he had been

“ill-advised by his attorney”; finding no “extraordinary circumstances” we decided that

the claim “fit[] neatly into subsection (b)(1)” and denied relief. 45 Our language left open

the possibility that even if a claim falls under another subsection, relief might be

availableunderRule60(b)(6) in“extraordinarycircumstances.” 46 Similarly, in Hartland

v. Hartland we noted the mutual exclusivity rule before concluding that the case failed

to “present an extraordinary case for relief under [subsection] (b)(6).” 47 We noted that

even if there were malpractice as alleged, it was “highly questionable” whether that

43 (...continued) attorney performed incompetently; this claim falls under Civil Rule 60(b)(1) and precludes relief under Civil Rule 60(b)(6).” No. S-13631, 2011 WL 832807, at *7 (Alaska Mar. 9, 2011). We were even more explicit in Coty v. Century Enterprises, Inc. : “ ‘[A]n attorney’s failure to act responsibly towards his or her clients when the attorney could be expected to do so constitutes inexcusable neglect’ for which the aggrieved client may not seek relief from judgment under Rule 60(b).” No. S-8471, 1999 WL 33958776, at *1 (Alaska Sept. 29, 1999) (alteration in original) (quoting Hartland , 777 P.2d at 645). As unpublished cases, however, Coppe and Coty do not have precedential

value. See Alaska R. App. P. 214(d). And we have not explicitly held that relief is unavailable for inexcusable attorney neglect under Rule 60(b) in any published cases.

44 632 P.2d at 229.

45 Id

. at 229-30.

46 Id

.

47 777 P.2d at 645.

-2 0- 7580“appreciably affected the result.” 48 Our language again left open the possibility of relief

under Rule 60(b)(6) in an “extraordinary case.” 49

Other decisions suggest attorney neglect may be grounds for relief under

only subsection (b)(1). In Neilson v. Neilson a father moved for 60(b) relief from a child

custody agreement, citing “bankruptcy, poverty, medical conditions, and his attorneys’

performance.” 50 Analyzing his claims under Rule 60(b)(6), we wrote that the factors the

father cited, “and especially any neglect on his attorneys’ part, fall under the first clause

of the Rule 60(b) umbrella: mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect.” 51

Noting that Rule 60(b)(1) relief was time-barred, we concluded “that the superior court

did not abuse its discretion in denying [the father’s] motion for relief under

Rule 60(b)(6).” 52 This case is not directly on point because we were not presented with

an argument that inexcusable attorney neglect could be cognizable under Rule 60(b)(6).

Our decision in Rill v. State, Department of Highways touches on the issue

of gross neglect by an attorney but, contrary to Bridges’s suggestion, does not resolve

it. 53 In that case, Justice Rabinowitz disagreed with the court’s definition of “excusable

neglect” and offered his own definition: “Rule 60(b)(1) can properly be read to include

within the notion of ‘excusable neglect’ instances in which an attorney wholly fails to

represent the client’s interests, assuming that the client reasonably believed that the

48 Id

.

49 Id

.

50 914 P.2d 1268, 1270-72 (Alaska 1996).

51 Id. at 1272.

52 Id.

53 669 P.2d 573, 575-76 (Alaska 1983).

- 21- 7580attorney would provide such representation.” 54 The Rill majority addressed the dissent

in a footnote: “The arguments raised by Justice Rabinowitz in his dissent relate much

more to Civil Rule 60(b)(6), which permits a judgment to be set aside for ‘any other

reason justifying relief,’ than they relate to ‘excusable neglect’ under Civil

Rule 60(b)(1).” 55 Bridges claims that this footnote is equivalent to a holding that Justice

Rabinowitz’s definition of excusable neglect “would provide a basis for relief under

Civil Rule 60(b)(6).” We disagree. The court did not endorse that standard for relief

under subsection (b)(6). In fact it expressed skepticismthat gross attorney neglect would

be appropriate grounds for relief under that subsection. 56 But because the parties did not

invoke subsection (b)(6) in seeking relief, the court did not definitively answer this

question.

Looking to federal law, we observe that the majority of circuit courts that

have addressed this issue recognize gross attorney misconduct as a grounds for relief

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6). 57 The Third, Sixth, Ninth, and D.C.

54 Id. at 578-79 (Rabinowitz, J., dissenting) (footnote omitted).

55 Id. at 576 n.1 (majority opinion).

56 Id. (stating that “it is unnecessary for [us] to set forth our disagreements

with Justice Rabinowitz’s analysis” (emphasis added)).

57 Chena and Hardy argue that Bridges has waived this argument by failing

to raise it before the superior court. We disagree. Bridges argued that she was entitled

to Rule 60(b)(6) relief in her initial Rule 60 motion to the superior court. She now cites

federal precedent to rebut the petitioners’ counterargument that Rule 60(b)(6) relief is

unavailable due to the mutual exclusivity rule. Bridges’s failure to anticipate and rebut

this counterargument in her opening Rule 60 motion does not preclude her from responding to the argument now.

-22- 7580Circuits have all joined this line of cases, 58 while the Seventh and Eighth Circuits have

explicitly declined to do so. 59 The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Community Dental

Services v. Tani is representative of the majority rule, holding that “where the client has

demonstrated gross negligence on the part of his counsel, a default judgment against the

client may be set aside pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6).” 60 The court reasoned:

First, [Rule 60(b)(6)] is remedial in nature and thus must be liberally applied. Second, judgment by default is an extreme

measure and a case should, “whenever possible, be decided

on the merits.” Additionally, our holding makes common

sense, as is evident from the facts in the case before us. When an attorney is grossly negligent, as counsel was here,

the judicial system loses credibility as well as the appearance of fairness, if the result is that an innocent party is forced to

suffer drastic consequences. [ 61 ]

Our precedents express similar principles. Like the Ninth Circuit, we have

held that “Rule 60(b) in general, and clause (6) in particular, should be liberally

construed to enable courts to vacate judgments whenever such action is necessary to

58 See, e.g.

, Cmty. Dental Servs. v. Tani , 282 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2002); Shepard Claims Serv., Inc. v. William Darrah & Assocs. , 796 F.2d 190, 195 (6th Cir. 1986); Boughner v. Sec’y of Health, Educ. &Welfare , 572 F.2d 976, 978 (3d Cir. 1978);

L.P. Steuart, Inc. v. Matthews , 329 F.2d 234, 235 (D.C. Cir. 1964).

59 See Dickerson v.Bd. of Educ. , 32 F.3d 1114, 1118 (7th Cir. 1994) (“Indeed, this court has recently held that counsel’s negligence, whether gross or otherwise, is never a ground for Rule 60(b) relief.”); Heim v. Comm’r , 872 F.2d 245, 248 (8th Cir. 1989) (concluding errors committed by an attorney, “even accepting the designation of gross negligence, do not constitute an adequate showing of ‘exceptional circumstances,’ ” and therefore do not warrant relief).

60 282 F.3d at 1169.

61 Id. at 1169-70 (citations omitted) (quoting Falk v. Allen , 739 F.2d 461, 463 (9th Cir. 1984)).

-23- 7580accomplish justice.” 62 We too have observed that “[t]he law favors deciding cases on

their merits.” 63 And we agree with the Ninth Circuit that holding the client responsible

for the neglect of an attorney who effectively abandoned her undermines the credibility

of the legal system. For these reasons, we do not rule out the possibility that gross

neglect by an attorney may justify relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).

We hold, however, that to warrant relief under Rule 60(b)(6) gross attorney

neglect must rise to the level of abandoning the client. To allow relief under

Rule 60(b)(6) for attorney neglect merely because it is gross (as opposed to ordinary)

would be inconsistent with the principle that the attorney is the client’s agent, 64 negate

Rule 60(b)(1)’s express terms providing that only “excusable” neglect is grounds for

relief from final judgment, and run counter to the mutual exclusivity rule. In Tani , for

instance, counsel failed to file a timely answer, failed to serve the answer on opposing

counsel, failed to obey a court order to serve the answer and to call opposing counsel,

and failed to file an opposition to the resulting motion for a default judgment. 65 The

Ninth Circuit concluded that counsel had “virtually abandoned his client by failing to

proceed with his client’s defense despite court orders to do so.” 66 Such abandonment is

62 O’Link v. O’Link

, 632 P.2d 225, 230 (Alaska 1981).

63 Shea v. State, Dep’t of Admin., Div. of Ret. & Benefits

, 204 P.3d 1023, 1029 (Alaska 2009) (quoting Sheehan v. Univ. of Alaska

, 700 P.2d 1295, 1298 (Alaska 1985)).

64 See Link v. Wabash R.R. Co.

, 370 U.S. 626, 633-34 (1962) (noting that the

client “voluntarily chose this attorney as his representative in the action, and he cannot

now avoid the consequences of the acts or omissions of this freely selected agent”).

65 282 F.3d at 1166-67.

66 Id. at 1170; see also 12 J AMES W. M OORE

, ET AL

., M OORE ’ S F EDERAL

P RACTICE ¶ 60.48[4][b] (3rd ed. 2016) (stating that relief for inexcusable neglect should ordinarily not be available under federal Rule 60(b)(6) but that “[a] different situation is (continued...)

-24- 7580a prerequisite for relief based on attorney neglect under Rule 60(b)(6). As Justice

Rabinowitz wrote in his dissenting opinion in Rill , in most cases “the client ‘voluntarily

chose th[e] attorney as his representative . . . and [therefore] cannot . . . avoid the

consequences of the acts and omissions of his freely selected agent.’ ” 67 But that

rationale is unpersuasive “in cases in which the attorney has provided no representation

at all.” 68 The kind of attorney conduct that is grounds for relief under Rule 60(b)(6) must

be different not only in degree but also in kind from garden-variety neglect, whether

excusable or inexcusable.

The record in this case does not establish abandonment that can justify

relief from judgment. Bridges’s attorneys failed to oppose Chena and Hardy’s summary

judgment request, but moved for reconsideration shortlyafter itwas grantedand opposed

Chena’s motion for final judgment. They failed to respond to Banner’s first set of

discovery requests until compelled, but did ultimately respond, albeit with “severely

deficient” responses. They were late in opposing Banner’s summary judgment motion

and requested an extension of time to oppose summary judgment, but then moved for

relief under Rule 60. It is true that many of these filings were late, improperly served,

or lacked necessary signatures under Rule 81(a)(2). But this record suggests that

Bridges’s attorneys failed to understand both Alaska’s procedural rules and its

substantive framework for medical malpractice; it does not suggest that they abandoned

66 (...continued) presented, however, when an attorney abandons his or her client without notice; having severed the principal-agent relationship, the attorney no longer acts, or fails to act, as the client’s representative” and that [a]bandonment leaves the client responsible for his or her own conduct, but not for the attorney’s conduct”).

67 Rill v. State, Dep’t of Highways , 669 P.2d 573, 578 (Alaska 1983) (Rabinowitz, J., dissenting) (alterations in original) (quoting Link , 370 U.S. at 633-34).

68 Id.

-25- 7580their client. Bridges’s attorneys did not cease acting as her agent. Rather, they acted as

her agent, but did so unsuccessfully. This performance does not justify relief under

Rule 60(b)(6). 69 Bridges’s remedy is not relief under Rule 60(b), but an action against

her attorneys. 70

V. CONCLUSION

We therefore REVERSE the superior court’s decision granting Bridges

relief from judgment and REMAND for entry of judgment in favor of the defendants.

69 Banner also argues that 60(b)(6) relief is unavailable because Bridges deliberately waited to respond to Banner’s motion for summary judgment until she had received expert affidavits. Because we reverse on a different ground, we need not reach this argument.

70 See Rill , 669 P.2d at 576 n.1.

-26- 7580