Final Report 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 

ADVISORY BOARD ON DOSE RECONSTRUCTION 

TASK 1 ― SITE PROFILE REVIEWS 

SUBTASK 1 

SITE PROFILE REVIEW PROCEDURES 

Contract No. 200-2004-03805 

Prepared by 

S. Cohen & Associates, Inc. 

McLean, Virginia 

and 

Saliant, Inc. 

Jefferson, Maryland 

May 13, 2004 
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 

ADVISORY BOARD ON DOSE RECONSTRUCTION 

CONTRACT NO. 200-2004-03805 

TASK 1 ― SITE PROFILE REVIEWS 

SUBTASK 1 

SITE PROFILE REVIEW PROCEDURES

SC&A Standard Operating Procedure 

for Performing Site Profile Reviews 

Revision 1, May 13, 2004 

Task Manager: ________________________ __ 5/13/04______________ 

Joseph Fitzgerald, MS, MPH Date 

Project Manager: ________________________ ___5/13/04_____________ 

John Mauro, PhD, CHP Date
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 i Site Profile Review Procedures 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 

2.0 Objectives ............................................................................................................................1 

2.1 Objective 1: Completeness of Data Sources...........................................................2 

2.2 Objective 2: Technical Accuracy............................................................................2 

2.3 Objective 3: Adequacy of Data...............................................................................2 

2.4 Objective 4: Consistency among Site Profiles........................................................2 

2.5 Objective 5: Regulatory Compliance......................................................................2 

3.0 Procedural Approach ...........................................................................................................3 

4.0 Roles, Responsibilities, and Deliverables............................................................................4 

4.1 Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health...................................................4 

4.2 SC&A.......................................................................................................................4 

4.3 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and Oak Ridge 

Associated Universities............................................................................................4 

4.4 Procedures................................................................................................................5 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 1 Site Profile Review Procedures 

SITE PROFILE REVIEW PROCEDURE 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) site profile database is 

designed to support the conduct of individual dose reconstructions under the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 (EEOICPA or the Act) by compiling 

data other than dosimetric information, such as that related to facility operations and processes 

over time; radiological source term characterization; chemical and physical forms of the 

radionuclides; and historic workplace conditions and practices. Specific radiological information 

includes potential types of exposure, types of material, and various details about the dosimetry 

program [i.e., limits of detection, frequency of badge exchange, multiple badging, types of 

radiation exposure monitored (or not monitored), medical exposure information, in vitro 

(bioassay) monitoring, in vivo (whole body counting) monitoring, and action levels]. The 

Advisory Board will be responsible for the selection of the site profiles for review. 

S. Cohen and Associates (SC&A) will evaluate the approach taken in the NIOSH site profiles to 

gauge the adequacy, completeness, and validity of the information consistent with the methods 

stipulated in Title 42, Part 82, of the Code of Federal Regulations (42 CFR 82), and in the 

NIOSH External Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline (OCAS-IG-001) and Internal 

Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline (OCAS-IG-002). The review process outlined 

and the lines of inquiry provided in this procedure are directed at “sampling” site profile analysis 

and data for validation purposes, not to provide a rigorous quality control process whereby actual 

analyses or calculations are duplicated or verified. Not all the lines of inquiry presented 

necessarily would be applicable for a particular site profile, nor would they all be used. The 

scope and depth of review sampling would be focused on aspects or parameters of the site profile 

that would be deemed particularly influential in deriving dose reconstructions or bridging 

uncertainties encountered. 

It is apparent from the first 2 years of dose reconstruction under the Act that the role of site 

profiles has assumed a level of significance even greater than was previously assumed. As it has 

become clearer that primary sources of occupational dose data at Department of Energy (DOE) 

sites may be more suspect and less reliable as reviews go further back in time, the profiles have 

become the critical instrument by which missing dose or operational uncertainties are bridged 

and older dosimetry data are interpreted. As such, they have become the primary means by 

which many individual dose reconstructions are derived. 

2.0 OBJECTIVES 

Given this essential role, it is essential that these documents be reviewed for their completeness, 

technical accuracy, adequacy of data, consistency among the various sites, and compliance with 

stated objectives, as defined in 42 CFR Part 82 and other supporting standards and guidelines. 

The Site Profile Reviews will meet the following objectives: 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 2 Site Profile Review Procedures 

2.1 Objective 1: Completeness of Data Sources 

• To identify the principal sources of data and information that were used to write 

each of the Site Profiles. 

− Did the Site Profile make use of all available information considered relevant 

and significant to dose reconstruction? 

− Conversely, are there other sources of available data considered 

relevant/significant that were not used and should have been used? 

2.2 Objective 2: Technical Accuracy 

• To critically assess how the sources of data identified in the Site Profile were used 

in developing technically defensible guidance or instructions as cited in the Site 

Profile/Technical Basis Document. 

The review procedure for this element should, therefore, address the question(s) 

of whether proper technical use was made of the available data. 

2.3 Objective 3: Adequacy of Data 

• To determine whether the resultant data and guidance contained in the Site Profile 

are sufficiently detailed and complete for use in dose reconstruction, or in 

instances where no or limited data provide a defensible surrogate approach to 

dose reconstruction. 

2.4 Objective 4: Consistency among Site Profiles 

• As the review progresses through Site Profiles/Technical Basis Documents 

(TBDs), our procedural review will identify key elements common to all Site 

Profiles and assess the degree of consistency among them, identify areas of 

inconsistencies, and determine the potential significance of any inconsistency 

with regard to dose reconstruction. 

2.5 Objective 5: Regulatory Compliance 

• To determine whether the Site Profile/Technical Basis Documents (TBDs) are 

consistent and compliant with the following: 

− Stated policy and directives contained in Final Rule and 42 CFR Part 82 

− Guidance and protocols defined in OCAS-IG-001 and OCAS-IG-002 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 3 Site Profile Review Procedures 

3.0 PROCEDURAL APPROACH 

Consistent with the objectives presented in Section 2.0, the elements of this review, as specified 

in the statement of work for this task, will include the following, as deemed appropriate: 

• Interviews with NIOSH, ORAU or ORAU subcontractor personnel

responsible for the development of the site profile. 

• Evaluation of whether NIOSH identified, evaluated, and where appropriate, 

incorporated, all relevant data sources (e.g., DOE, AWE, CDC, EML, NRC, 

EPA, External Health and Safety Regulators, GAO, DNFSB, Congressional 

Hearing Records, other research programs, research publications, publications 

regarding the history of the DOE complex, or administrative records) within the 

site profile. 

• Review of dose estimates resulting from the site profiles to determine adequacy 

and validation of the data and assumptions (data adequacy to be reviewed with 

regard to any parameters affecting dose calculations, e.g., radionuclide(s), 

chemical form, and particle size), and any parameter needed in the determination 

of an individual’s exposure (e.g., specific process information and job 

descriptions). 

• Interviews with site “experts” (those with longstanding knowledge of processes, 

materials, events, and exposures, etc., such as employees, employee 

representatives, advocacy organizations, and health and academic researchers). 

• Comparison of different categories of information to check for consistency and 

to determine which types of data can be used to complement the basic site and 

individual dosimetric data being used for dose estimation.

SC&A’s procedural approach to this task is three-fold: 

(1) To conduct a broad (“horizontal”) review and evaluation of the type and 

nature of information collected and data used in the site profiles to ascertain 

its adequacy and completeness as a basis for dose reconstruction: This will 

be accomplished by reviewing what information sources are relied upon for each 

particular site and whether they can be considered “necessary and sufficient” to 

develop valid site profiles. 

(2) To conduct a sampling (“vertical”) probe of key dosimetric parameters, 

assumptions, and operational issues that are found to be most influential in 

establishing the site profile dose models from which individual dose 

reconstructions are derived: The validity of these analytic benchmarks will be 

reviewed by a multidisciplinary set of experts who will focus on the respective 

technical basis documents (e.g., internal dosimetry, external dosimetry, 

occupational medical dose, occupational environmental dose, etc.) that contribute 

to an overall site profile. 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 4 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(3) To ascertain whether the site profile worst-case estimates “bound” the 

available data and assumptions that can be made for the site in question, 

taking into consideration missing dose, suspect dosimetry, uncertain source 

terms, operational history and actual practice: If it can be demonstrated that 

such estimates may not be “claimant-favorable” or that sufficient uncertainty 

exists, such issues will be highlighted for Board attention by the SC&A review. 

Finally, it is recognized that the scope and complexity of site profiles will vary considerably, 

with those for atomic weapons employer (AWE) sites often being based on limited records and 

accounts, with large sites such as Savannah River and Hanford having a large spectrum of source 

terms and a long history of operations and successive contractors. These procedures will be 

adjusted for each review accordingly to assure that the scope and depth of review is tailored to 

the site profile being reviewed. 

4.0 ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND DELIVERABLES 

4.1 Advisory Board on Radiation and Worker Health 

The Board will select all site profiles to be reviewed by SC&A, specifying approximately 10-12 

DOE site profile reviews and 2-4 AWE site profile reviews the first year. The Board will review 

and approve all contractor review procedures. The Board will routinely review progress being 

achieved in the site profile reviews and address issues it determines to be of significance. 

4.2 SC&A 

SC&A will develop and maintain this Site Profile Review Procedure, and review all site profiles 

stipulated by the Board. The contractor will be responsible for the following deliverables to be 

provided the Board: (1) Site Profile Review Procedure; (2) monthly summary of progress for all 

site profile procedures; (3) a final report for each site profile review, and (4) a final summary 

report with aggregate findings. SC&A will identify information or data sources needed to 

support its site profile review, and submit any requests for such information through its 

designated POC at NIOSH. SC&A will keep the Board informed of emerging issues from its 

review and promote active dialogue regarding the significance and implications of findings, and 

what courses of action may be warranted by the contractor as these reviews proceed. 

4.3 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and Oak Ridge Associated 

Universities

NOISH will make available for interview those individuals responsible for the development and 

approval of site profiles selected by the Board for review. NIOSH will identify and make 

available information and data sources used or considered for use in the site profiles, including 

pertinent documentation. In addition, NIOSH will provide an interface with ORAU and DOE 

regarding requests for information, and DOE site and/or DOE contractor site or personnel access 

to provide an official basis for such requests and to facilitate responsiveness. 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 5 Site Profile Review Procedures 

4.4 Procedures

The following sequence of steps will be taken to conduct Site Profile Reviews, as illustrated 

below and described in subsequent accompanying text (corresponding to lettering indicated 

below). 

D 

F 

Final Report 

Board 

Acceptance

C1

D1

A 

B 

Initial 

Profile 

Review 

C C2

Interview 

Site 

Profile 

Authors 

Review 

completeness & 

adequacy of info 

sources 

E

Review of 

Site 

Operational 

Information

Review of 

Dosimetric 

Technical 

Bases 

Interview 

Site 

“Experts” 

F1

Internal 

QA Review Briefing for 

Board review 

findings findings

• External 

• Internal 

• Medical 

• Occupational 

 Environmental 

comments 

input 

findings findings 

input input 

draft

Integrate 

Findings & 

Prepare 

Report 

Personnel assigned 

Schedule defined 

SPR’s 

assigned 

by SC&A 

Board 

selects 

profiles

H 

G 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 6 Site Profile Review Procedures 

A. Selection of Site Profiles for Review 

The Advisory Board will select site profiles for review and will provide guidance as to preferred 

sequence, albeit contractor resources, clearances and other logistical issues will need to be 

addressed. 

B. Assignment of Site Profile Reviewers 

The SC&A Site Profile Manager will assemble a team of site profile reviewers with expertise 

and experience appropriate to the site profile to be reviewed. Reviewers will be drawn from a 

roster of qualified personnel who have been determined not to have any conflicts of interest. 

Typical teams will consist of 2-3 health physics and operational experts, led by a designated 

team leader, supported by specialists, as needed, who will be identified to the Advisory Board in 

the monthly status report. As a function of personnel availability and qualifications, the 

contractor may field 2-3 site profile reviews at a time to better pace the complement of profiles 

assigned for the year. 

C. Initial Review of Profile 

The site profile reviewers will conduct a detailed review of site profiles, including all associated 

technical basis documents, and pertinent referenced documentation. The objective of this initial 

stage of the review is to become familiar with what information sources proved most influential 

in developing the profile, and what assumptions and analyses were critical to its ultimate 

findings. Lines of inquiry that will be important at this point include the following: 

(1) What sources of data were relied upon; what information was considered 

“authoritative” and for what reason? For example, how was the validity of air 

sampling, film badge, TLD, and bioassay data assessed for various periods and 

across facilities? What acceptance criteria did the profilers use? 

(2) What assumptions were made in the formulation of the site profile, why they were 

necessary, and are they adequately supported? For example, to what extent are 

the “correction factors” that have been applied to dosimetry over time at various 

DOE sites been accepted as is, or have they been evaluated to ascertain their 

validity? 

(3) To what extent were unplanned, but relatively common events taken into 

consideration to assure a claimant-favorable assessment? For example, 

“blowouts” of uranium metal reduction furnaces were known to have occurred on 

some frequency in uranium processing plants in the reduction of UF4 to U metal; 

also, pyrophoric fires involving uranium or plutonium fines were a frequent 

occurrence in the early years. 

(4) What are the worst-case dose-estimate scenarios presented and are they 

adequately supported by the data presented and assumptions made? For example, 

where upper or lower bounds of exposure are assigned for specific operations or 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 7 Site Profile Review Procedures 

cohorts of workers, are these truly bounding or do they miss significant outliers or 

underestimate potential dose due to lack of dose or monitoring records? 

(5) What data “gaps,” particularly missed dose, are identified and addressed in the 

site profiles, and is the proposed treatment of the issue sound? For example, how 

are short-term contamination incidents addressed? How is badge or dosimeter 

location on the body addressed? 

(6) Is the operational history provided complete and adequate for characterizing 

sources of occupational dose? Are all productions involving radioactive material 

accounted for, including potential contaminants or decay products? Are all 

episodic releases and contamination incidents accounted for and considered? 

(7) Is the dosimetry history provided complete and adequate for characterizing 

measurement technology, standards and practices over time at the facilities in 

question? For example, how are accidents and spills addressed, and what is 

known about those workers assigned to cleanup or decontamination with respect 

to work designations, badging and bioassay monitoring? 

(8) Has the site profile assessed all the facilities and processes on the site to identify 

the (1) radionuclides that were processed, (2) the trace contaminants in the 

radionuclides that were processed, (3) the solubilities of the radionuclides of 

interest, and (4) evidence about particle sizes in the workplace. Have all of these 

items been examined with due regard to the changes over time that may have 

taken place in each of them? 

The following review activities will proceed on parallel tracks in support of the above initial 

review. 

C.1 Interviewing Site Profile Authors

As part of the initial detailed review of site profile materials, it may be necessary to interview the 

authors and contributors responsible for their development. The objective of this activity is to 

ascertain why and how specific information was used, analyses were conducted, and assumptions 

were made in producing the profile materials being reviewed. It is also an opportunity to clarify 

questions from the site profile reviewers arising from their initial review. The following 

“general” lines of inquiry will be pertinent in this activity (would also include site-specific 

questions and issues based on preliminary review of site profile). 

(1) What information or data sources represented principal sources and references for 

the profile? Why was this information relied upon and how was it determined to 

be comprehensive? What other information was identified, sought, but ultimately 

could not be included? Why was it not used? What is the significance of the 

information not included? 

(2) Beyond the actual dose records provided by DOE to NIOSH, what secondary 

sources of information were relied upon? How are worker representative and 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 8 Site Profile Review Procedures 

other “site expert” interview data used to create a site profile that is more realistic 

in terms of what assumptions are reasonable for making dose estimates? 

(3) How significant were identified gaps in records (e.g., over time, between coworkers, for certain operations, for specific monitoring categories)? How were 

these gaps bridged in the profile? 

(4) Did the site profilers review overall deficiencies that have been identified in 

DOE’s worker exposure records, such as those described by the Tiger Teams 

between 1989 and 1992? 

(5) What individual dose records are largely lacking or unreliable for sites, facilities, 

or categories of workers? What approach or techniques were employed to 

approximate a conservative dose range, i.e., a “worst-case dose estimate,” and 

why? 

(6) How did the site profilers decide that the information at hand was sufficient for 

the site profile? How was the decision to evaluate secondary sources of 

radiological exposure information made? How was the data collection and dose 

estimate analysis process conducted? 

(7) What past radio-epidemiological or health effects research studies were 

considered to be authoritative for purposes of these profiles and why? Were the 

principal investigators for these studies interviewed or consulted in the 

compilation of the profiles? 

(8) As these profiles are considered “living” documents, what would the profilers 

identify as subjects or areas of the profiles that could benefit from additional 

information which is now available or may be available in the future for 

incorporation? 

Interviews with site profile personnel will be conducted either in conference calls or in person, 

with the latter option reserved for instances where the efficiency of review requires it. 

C.2 Review of Completeness and Adequacy of Information Sources

SC&A will determine whether the NIOSH contractor appropriately identified, evaluated, and 

incorporated all relevant data sources by comparing the extent to which such information is 

present in the profile with what can be identified via an independent review of such sources of 

information. The objective of this activity is to ascertain whether sources of pertinent 

information for the site profile were identified and obtained in a comprehensive manner. Data 

sources that will be scanned include the following: 

• Department of Energy

− Field Offices

− Operating contractors

− Institutional histories

− Inspector general files
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 9 Site Profile Review Procedures 

− Headquarters and field oversight reports

− Radiation exposure assessments

• Atomic Weapons Establishment

• Centers for Disease Control

• Nuclear Regulatory Commission

• Environmental Protection Agency

• General Accounting Office

• Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board

• Congressional Hearing Records

• State environmental and safety regulatory agencies

• National Academy of Science

• Administrative/court records

• Department of Defense

• Environmental Monitoring Laboratory (formerly HASL)

• Workers compensation records

• Worker and public advocacy groups

• Historic records in private hands

It is anticipated that a baseline of what relevant information is contained in these and other data 

sources will be established at the onset, facilitating subsequent comparisons with site profile 

information. 

D. Review of Site Operational Information 

For many DOE and AWE sites, reliable dosimetry records may be lacking, particularly for 

workers from the 1940s to 1960s. In these instances, historic operational information that 

includes the nature of operations, radiological source terms in use, process material 

concentrations, and location and time periods of worker activities may be the only data available 

from which dose estimates can be derived. The objective of this activity is to survey information 

at the DOE site or in AWE records to ascertain whether the site profiles adequately reflect at 

least the following information, as applicable: 

• Operational processes over time, including improvements, upgrades, 

modifications and terminations (important because worker exposures are often 

higher during major process changes)

• Historic radiological inventory, source terms, and movement through facility 

(“mass balance”) to include feed material, products, and byproduct and waste 

streams 

• Any unplanned events, including radiological over-exposures, contaminations, 

releases, spills, criticality incidents, and unusual occurrences 

• Changes in contractor management and attendant changes in safety policies, 

procedures and practices (important because new contractors import new 

radiation protection programs and operational practices)
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 10 Site Profile Review Procedures 

• Applicable standard operating procedures, memorandum, directives, or recorded 

practices governing onsite management of radioactive materials and processes 

• Actual historic operational practices established by first-hand accounts, i.e., by 

site “experts” (important because actual DOE contractor facility practices often 

varied from documented procedures)

• Historic radiation protection programs in place, including personnel monitoring 

requirements, protective equipment practices, dosimetric techniques and 

technologies in use, and procedural enforcement history (important to determine 

whether and to what degree the dosimetry program reflected actual potential 

exposures possible)

• Worker rosters with identifiers, work assignments and location, as well as 

summary of work histories sufficient to determine what categories of workers 

were assigned to what type and locations of radiological work 

The foregoing information will be used in a comparative manner to ascertain whether the site 

profiles are complete in how they characterize, from a historic standpoint at a particular site, 

what radiological materials were present and in what concentrations and chemical or physical 

forms, what worker cohorts may have been in proximity with sources of exposure and whether 

certain activities or unplanned events may have made such exposure likely, and what 

administrative procedures, operational practices, protective equipment use, and facility 

conditions may have influenced the likelihood of such exposure. 

The following review activity will proceed on parallel tracks in support of the site operations 

review. 

D.1 Interviewing Sources of Site Knowledge

SC&A, as necessary, will conduct one-on-one or group interviews with selected sources 

including worker representatives, worker advocacy organizations, individuals with site 

“expertise” due to past employment or familiarity with operational history, and others who can 

verify the adequacy of site profile information that has been collected for the site profiles. 

Interviews will be conducted where convenient for these individuals or groups, including near 

the actual site in question. The objective of this activity is to avail the review of the first-hand 

experience and recollection of individuals who through their association with the site in question 

have original perspectives and information regarding site practices and exposure history. 

Lines of inquiry would include the following: 

(1) How did actual radiation protection practice compare with documented policy and 

procedures? 

(2) Were there instances of obvious “missed dose,” e.g., not wearing or improperly 

wearing dosimeters, non-recording of dose, etc.? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 11 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(3) Were there any incidents involving potential radiation exposure, whether reported 

or unreported? 

(4) Were there special work activities or facility modifications that constituted 

process changes that increased radiation exposure potential? 

(5) Were workers concerned about past exposure or radiation protection practices? 

How did management respond and what, if any, changes occurred in onsite 

practice? 

(6) Did workers wear protective equipment as required? 

(7) Was the protective equipment free of radiological contamination? 

(8) Were radiological jobs planned for exposure minimization (e.g., ALARA)? 

(9) What was the general housekeeping in the facility? Was radiological 

contamination common during the history of the facility? 

(10) Were there special feed materials introduced or contaminants of concern 

identified for which radiation exposure may figure? 

(11) Were there certain work activities at the facility that were considered “hotter” jobs 

from the standpoint of potential radiation exposure? 

(12) Were safety procedures followed literally and did management assure that they 

were enforced uniformly? 

(13) In terms of conduct of operation, were workers permitted to smoke, eat or drink in 

control areas? Was protective clothing and equipment worn in these areas; was 

egress monitoring conducted? 

(14) Were negative or “zero” doses recorded on periodic dosimetric records despite 

known exposure to significant radiation sources? 

(15) Were zeros entered into the dose record when dosimeters were not turned in or 

lost? 

(16) Were records and other documentation of radiation exposure discarded or retained 

by management? 

(17) Were there cases of over-exposed film and how were they treated? 

(18) Are the exchange frequencies of dosimeters reported by workers, their 

representatives, and other knowledgeable sources consistent with one another and 

with site procedures? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 12 Site Profile Review Procedures 

The information gleaned from these interviews will be used to ascertain the validity and 

completeness of information collected, assumptions made, and analyses conducted in 

corresponding site profiles. Discrepancies or issues surfaced in this manner will be pursued 

through reviews of other information sources, as well as additional interviews for corroboration. 

E. Dosimetric Technical Basis: Internal, External, Medical, and Occupational 

Environmental 

In reviewing Technical Basis Documents as part of the site profiles, SC&A will compile both 

general and site-specific lines of inquiry as a means to “test” the adequacy and completeness of 

these documents, including underlying validity of assumptions, treatment of uncertainties, 

reflection of operational history, and conservatism of characterized dose ranges. The following 

lines of inquiry are illustrative of general questions that can be posed to ascertain whether the 

profile reflects key considerations germane to characterizing the exposure history at the site. The 

questions are written in a format that can be used as guidance for site profile reviewers and also 

site profile preparers. 

Review of External Dose Reconstruction 

• Assumptions 

(1) List Major Assumptions made in each profile – for each, are they valid 

and or claimant-favorable? 

(2) Develop a list of claimant-favorable assumptions/practices/dose 

reconstruction methods used at each facility, type of workplace, or for 

each individual with significant potential for exposure. Are they reflected 

in the site profile? 

• Worker Exposure Categories, Exposure Potential, and Recorded Dose 

(1) Identify Worker Groups as to monitoring practices and review how the 

site management dealt with each group. Was the approach valid? If not, 

what additional steps and information are required to correct the 

insufficiency? 

The workers are divided into the following groups: 

− Workers who were not monitored for radiation exposure 

− Workers who should have been, but were not monitored 

− Workers who were monitored inadequately for radiation exposure 

− Workers whose monitoring records are incomplete or missing 

− Workers who were monitored adequately for radiation exposure 

(2) What types of potential exposure were present, i.e., photon, neutron, 

electron, etc.? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 13 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(3) What energy ranges were personnel exposed to? 

− Photons E<30 keV, 30-250 keV and >250 keV 

− Neutrons E<10 keV, 10-100 keV, 100-2000 keV, 2-20 MeV and 

 >20 MeV 

− Electrons E>14 keV 

(4) When was neutron monitoring implemented at the site? 

(5) Have neutron doses been adequately determined, especially during the 

early periods when tissue equivalent proportional counters, moderated 

boron tri-fluoride (BF3) detectors or NTA film was used? When did the 

site convert to TLD dosimeters? 

(6) Was there a significant potential for skin contamination that could cause a 

shallow dose due to electrons that should be included in the dose 

reconstruction for claimants who have skin cancer? What skin monitoring 

and decontamination facilities did the site management provide? 

(7) What is the site’s radiological inventory, and for each worker group, 

which radionuclides were common in the work place and should be 

considered in determining the dose? 

• Types of Dosimeters 

(1) When did the site convert from NTA film to TLD? 

(2) When did the facility begin using multi-shielded film badges or multielement TLDs? Did they keep up in a timely fashion with upgrades in 

dosimeter technology. 

(3) How did the site deal with the over-response of early film badges to lowenergy photons? Were scientific studies conducted to determine exposure 

geometry and energy distribution? 

(4) What did the site report as the uncertainty for each type of dosimeter 

used? At very low doses, how did the site deal with potential increase of 

dosimeter uncertainty at low doses? 

(5) Did the site take into account the fading of the film badge dosimeter 

especially in high temperature environments (resulting in a slight decrease 

in measured dose) and the spurious luminescence in the annealing process 

in TLD dose determination (resulting in an overestimation of true dose)? 

(6) What were the minimum and maximum detection levels of each dosimeter 

and was each MDL consistent with current practice at the time? To which 

energy range did this MDL apply? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 14 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(7) What were the capabilities of the dosimetry system, such as the response 

to different types and energies of radiation, particularly in mixed fields? 

(8) How did the site calibrate the respective monitoring systems? What were 

the similarities of methods of calibration to sources of exposure in the 

workplace?

• Missed or Unmonitored Dose 

(1) Did the site profilers evaluate the statistical procedures used by the site for 

determining missed dose? 

(2) What statistical procedures did the site profilers use to make their own 

missed dose estimates, and how did they validate these procedures? 

(3) What dosimetry recording practices, especially in the 1940s to 1960s, led 

to “missed dose?” What did management do about this? Is the 

reconstruction of “missed dose” valid or does more work need to be done 

to properly document “missed dose?” 

− Were dosimetry readings below the limit of detection discarded?

− Did the dosimetrist not record the open window dose in the official 

records? 

(4) If the evaluated dose was less than the LOD, did the site use the HalfLimit of Detection (LOD/2) – registering the dose as being half of the 

LOD resulting in a slightly positive bias/overestimate as recommended by 

the National Research Council) as a claimant-friendly practice or was the 

dose in this case registered as zero? 

(5) Was a “recording level” adopted for registering the doses, or were all 

doses above zero recorded? Was this “recording level” equal to the Limit 

of Detection? 

(6) Did the site profilers use a log normal distribution (that dominates in the 

low-dose region) to determine “missed dose?” 

(7) Did the site profilers use LOD times the number of zero measurements to 

get the upper 95% dose? 

(8) How did the site profilers determine “missed dose” when multiple 

monitoring badges were worn during a particular monitoring period? In 

using the LOD/2 method, was the number of zero measurements based on 

the number of routine monitoring intervals in a given year? 

(9) Do zeros in the dose record indicate dose below LOD or a missed dose 

because of procedural or estimation problems? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 15 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(10) Have the site profilers documented and reported the potential for 

significant “missed dose” among workers at the plutonium finishing 

facilities and the neutron source production areas? 

(11) How are short-term, high-contamination episodes being handled? What is 

the approach for missing data on such episodes? 

(12) What are the assumptions regarding doses for workers who were not 

monitored for some or the entire period of their employment? Is it 

reasonable, given process data, fluctuations in job assignments, process 

upsets, accidents, lack of data on when these process upsets happened to 

assign group doses to these workers based on general air sampling or 

breathing zone (BZ) sampling? 

(13) What assumptions were used for missed dose in the case of workers who 

lost their dosimeters and subsequently entered workplaces without them? 

• Photon Dose (Questions marked with an asterisk are also relevant to missing 

dose as applied to photons and neutrons.) 

(1) Did the site dosimetrist interpolate correctly between two periods for 

which monitoring data is available before and after an incomplete or 

missing period of monitoring?* 

(2) Was the potential under-reporting of dose due to some workers being 

issued multiple dosimeters taken into account? If so, what estimation 

procedure was used to ensure that the estimate would be systematically 

claimant-favorable?* 

(3) If incomplete data is either before or after monitoring data, did the 

dosimetrist accurately extrapolate from adjacent (near-by) time periods to 

get a dose estimate? Was this a reasonable procedure in the specific 

circumstances to which it was applied?* 

(4) When no personal monitoring data is available, did the site dosimetrist 

rely on the appropriate hierarchy of data in the following order: co-worker 

data, radiation survey data, and then source term data? When co-worker 

data was used, was the claimant-favorable approach used to find the 

maximum reasonable worker dose with the group?* 

(5) When determining potential dose to a worker when only survey data is 

available, did the dosimetrist take into account that such exposure would 

likely be for 8 hours/day, 5 days a week and 50 weeks per year. If 

exposure was known, was the dose determined using the actual exposure 

period?* 

(6) If reconstruction of a dose is necessary from source term, did the site 

conduct an investigation to determine if the process is sufficiently similar 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 16 Site Profile Review Procedures 

to other operations at the monitored facility such that other worker data or 

survey data could be used to estimate workplace exposure levels? Was a 

program such as Microshield used to facilitate the computation from 

source term information? 

(7) Whatever program was used, does the computation seem valid and are the 

input parameters valid?* 

(8) If dose reconstruction had to be done only based on administrative or 

radiological monitoring controls (least desirable method resulting in gross 

overestimation of dose), was the dose determined from the threshold for 

required monitoring, the radiation posted limits, or the annual radiation 

dose limits? Did the application of one of these limits seem to be valid?* 

(9) In computation of uncertainty associated with dose determination, did the 

site use the midpoint of the dose range as the most likely estimate and 

determine the maximum dose using the upper 95% of a lognormal 

distribution?* 

(10) How were the relative positions of the organ, dosimeter, and the source of 

radiation taken into account in determining organ dose? 

(11) Was there any kind of individual shielding used at the workplace, such as 

lead apron? Was the photon dosimeter used over or under the apron, or 

were two dosimeters worn? 

• Neutron Dose 

(1) Did the site use the appropriate radiation weighting factors for dose 

reconstruction and reporting of dose? 

(2) During the early periods when boron-lined pocket ionization chambers 

were used to measure slow or thermal neutrons, did the site take into 

account the high degree of uncertainty when using these dosimeters to 

assess exposure to fast neutrons? 

(3) Did the site take into account that NTA film was unable to accurately 

measure neutrons below about 500 keV? 

(4) Did the uncertainty the site found associated with neutron monitoring 

follow a normal distribution and was the uncertainly about 10% to 25% 

(based on a comprehensive review of neutron dosimeter response 

uncertainty at 12 DOE sites)? 

(5) Was the dose from intermediate energy neutrons treated as a missed dose 

since dose due to neutrons between thermal energies (0.025 eV) and the 

NTA threshold of 500 keV was not measured and therefore not reported? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 17 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(6) If accurate stay times are available at the site for workplace neutron 

exposures and if numerous neutron dose rate measurements exist, did the 

site develop a reasonable estimate of dose derived from recorded 

exposures below the limit of detection? 

(7) Did the site take into account that the reported limit of detection/reporting 

limit for the neutron dosimeter in the early 1950s was 90 mrem and 

therefore a dose under the reporting limit may represent a “missed dose?” 

(8) Did the site take into account that there are two components of neutron – 

“missed dose,” i.e., the “missed dose” due to the high value of the lower 

detection limit, and also the restricted energy range for neutron monitoring 

using film badges? 

(9) When no personal monitoring data is available, did the site dosimetrist 

rely on the appropriate hierarchy of data in the following order: co-worker 

data, workplace radiation survey data, and then source term data? When 

co-worker data was used, was the claimant-favorable approach used to 

find the maximum reasonable worker dose within the group? 

(10) If the workplace involved working with critical assemblies or reactors, 

were neutron dose rate measurements conducted to verify adequate 

shielding of the reactor so as to more accurately evaluate estimated 

exposures? 

(11) Did the site use instrumentation that reported dose rate or fluence? 

Fluence allows for easy conversion to organ dose if used (as long as the 

neutron energy spectrum is known). 

(12) Did the site review and document sources of uncertainty i.e., duration of 

exposure, distance from the source, variations in shielding thickness and 

the uncertainty of the initial neutron fluence? Did they use the most 

reasonable value for each parameter to determine the central estimate? 

Did they use claimant-favorable assumptions to estimate the upper bound 

of the distribution? 

• Electron Dose 

(1) Are high-energy (E>1.0 MeV) electrons encountered in workplaces at the 

site. If so, they can be significant for breast and testicular cancers. Were 

such exposures adequately documented and doses reported? 

(2) If the average beta energy is below 500 keV (as in most cases), has the 

dose been measured and such exposures documented so that this 

information is available for individuals with skin cancer? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 18 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(3) Were doses measured as a shallow dose (Hp(10)) at a depth of 0.07 mm in 

tissue using a tissue-equivalent TLD? 

(4) Did the site dosimetrist have information about where the dosimeter was 

worn (inside or outside clothing), electron energy spectra, and response of 

film dosimeter? 

(5) Was the program VARSKIN used to estimate skin dose? If not, is the 

other method of estimation as valid in determining skin dose? 

(6) Did the dosimetrist take into account while conducting dose reconstruction 

for skin cancer, the following multiple parameters: average area of 

measurement probe and average area of actual contamination. 

(7) When no personal monitoring data is available, did the site dosimetrist 

rely on the appropriate hierarchy of data in the following order: co-worker 

data, workplace radiation survey data, and then source term data? When 

co-worker data was used, was the claimant-favorable approach used to 

find the maximum reasonable worker dose with the group? 

• Site or Facility Dose Reconstruction Parameters 

(1) What were the administrative practices adopted by the site and/or facilities 

on the site to calculate and record personnel dose based on technical, 

administrative, and statutory compliance considerations? 

(2) Were there workplace radiation fields that included mixed types of 

radiation, variations in exposure geometries, and environmental 

conditions? 

(3) What was the nature of the radiation workplace-monitoring program and 

was it adequate? Did the site use portable radiation instruments, make 

contamination surveys, and establish area controls? Were personal 

dosimeters, area monitors, air monitors, etc., used, and in each case, were 

they state-of-the-art at the time, and when portable instruments were used, 

were they properly calibrated? 

(4) What were the weekly, monthly or annual dose control limits in use at the 

time of dose recording or estimation? How did they change over time? 

What are the current dose control limits? In the early days, did higher 

dose control limits result in more significant “missed dose?” 

(5) Were special intercomparisons made between dosimeter evaluations to 

evaluate the dosimeter’s energy response for lower energy (i.e., 

E<100keV) photons that are significant at plutonium facilities? 

(6) In effecting the calibration of a dosimetry system used at a site, did the site 

evaluate the dosimetry system’s response characteristics to each radiation 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 19 Site Profile Review Procedures 

type, energy, and angle of incidence, the methodology used to calibrate the 

dosimetry system, and the similarity between the radiation fields used for 

calibration and those present in the workplace? 

(7) Did the site properly evaluate the workplace radiation fields? Are there 

significant complex beta, photon and neutron fields in, for example, 

reactor areas, irradiation fuel processing, plutonium handling, neutron 

source production, and radioactive waste facilities? If so, have they been 

evaluated accurately? 

(8) Was the fraction of the total dose in each neutron energy group determined 

by dividing the neutron spectra into the four lower neutron energy groups? 

Does the site have neutron exposures in the highest neutron energy range 

(E>20 MeV) and if so, what special facility enhancements such as 

shielding were made to minimize personal exposures? 

(9) Is high scatter of neutrons from shielding in plutonium storage facilities 

(shown by a increasing neutron to photon ratio) a problem at a site, and if 

so, what radiation controls were put in place to minimize personnel 

exposure? 

(10) What assumptions were made about Pu-240 content of plutonium and 

proximity of workers to sources containing Pu-240? 

(11) If neutron radiation is present in routine work areas during reactor 

operations, does the site use the most claimant-favorable neutron to 

photon ratio? Based on review of 100 workers at Hanford from 1959-

1961, the most favorable neutron to photon ratios ranged from 0.13 to 0.73 

with a weighted average of 0.26. 

(12) Were adjustment factors used to arrive at the estimate of dose? If so, how 

were they derived? How do adjustment factors affect the quality of dose 

data and the process for making claimant-favorable assumptions? 

(13) Were extremity exposures estimated from whole body dose? How sound 

was this practice? How was non-uniform exposure to skin estimated? 

(14) Did the site use a claimant-favorable standard uncertainty estimate of 50% 

for neutron dosimetry between 1971 and 1985? Starting in 1985, did the 

site use a standard uncertainty of 15% in neutron-recorded doses? 

(15) Is the correct NCRP 38 neutron quality factor used for the four typical 

neutron energy groups? What are the average quality factors used at the 

site? Were the ICRP 60 neutron-weighting factors used correctly? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 20 Site Profile Review Procedures 

Review of Internal Dose Reconstruction 

• Assumptions 

(1) List Major Assumptions; for each, are they valid and/or claimantfavorable? 

(2) Develop a list of claimant-favorable assumptions/practices/dose 

reconstruction methods used at each facility, type of workplace, or for 

each individual with significant potential for exposure. 

(3) The following questions should be reviewed in the site TBDs for internal 

dose reconstruction: 

− Were the radiation environments characterized in the best way 

possible? 

− Were the worker exposures in each radiation environment well 

defined, or in the most plausible claimant-friendly way? 

− Was the time the worker spent in the radiation environment well 

defined, or in the most plausible claimant-friendly way? 

− Are individual monitoring data and workplace monitoring data 

available to evaluate the worker’s dose? 

• Facility Data: Characterization of the radiation environments to which workers 

were exposed 

− Evaluate how dose reconstruction data is organized and handled with 

respect to: 

(1) Characterization of the different working environments in the 

facility, description of the installation, engineering controls. 

(2) Characterization of the source term. 

(3) Stage of activities in the installation: construction, operation, 

decommissioning. 

(4) Modifications to the source or to the installation. 

(5) Description of the work done in each location, description of all 

processes for each work location. 

(6) Extent of encapsulation and containment of sources. 

(7) Potential for exposures of the workers in each working 

environment, considering all possible actions involving the 

sources, the way workers operate with or near the sources. 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 21 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(8) Radioprotection practices in each working environment, changes in 

the protection practices, potential impact of radioprotection 

practices for workers exposure. Acceptable limits of exposure and 

changes. 

(9) Operational, maintenance, and administrative procedures, 

including accountability of the radioactive sources, occupational 

protection and safety measures local rules, and restriction of 

access. Modifications introduced to these procedures. 

(10) Information about accidents, failures, and other events that could 

have lead to exposures. 

(11) Showering and washing facilities and storage of personal clothes. 

(12) Organizational structure, distribution of work among different 

groups of workers and distribution of individual tasks within 

different groups of workers. 

• Characterization of source term in each working environment: Evaluate adequacy 

of information collected in relation to the following items: 

(1) What are the primary radionuclides at each facility/work site? Have the 

radiological impurities present been accounted for in determination of 

dose (normally minimal)? 

(2) In evaluation of source term data, can published values for resuspension 

factors be used in lieu of adequate source term data? 

(3) Has the site profile addressed the dispersible quantity of material available 

and the fraction of this quantity that actually produces airborne 

contamination in the individual’s breathing zone? 

(4) Are particle size distribution studies available for each working 

environment? Are particle size distribution studies for similar facilities 

and processing of radioactive material available? Was the ICRP default 

AMAD 5μm used because there was no other data available that could 

lead to a better estimation of the AMAD? 

(5) Were the chemical compounds known? Were the appropriate absorption 

types chosen for the radionuclide compounds with potential for 

inhalation? 

(6) Were radionuclides present that could have been classified as gases or 

vapors, as recommended by the ICRP? How were they treated? For 

radionuclides that could be present as particulates or in the gas/vapor 

form, which form was assumed or which mixture was assumed and why? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 22 Site Profile Review Procedures 

• Workers exposure in each radiation environment: Evaluate adequacy of 

information collected and analyzed with respect to the following items: 

(1) Which specific tasks were assigned to the worker? Which locations was 

the worker able to enter? How did his tasks change with time? Why did 

his task change? 

(2) How was the distribution of work among different groups of workers? 

How was the distribution of individual tasks within different groups of 

workers? Did workers occasionally substitute in other jobs? 

(3) What was the most plausible mode of intake? Inhalation? What was the 

potential for ingestion? What were the hygienic habits rules for cigarette 

smoking or eating and drinking in the radiation area or radiation adjacent 

areas? What was the potential for placing contaminated hands or glove 

contaminated covered hands in the mouth? Was there potential for 

absorption through skin? 

(4) How much physical effort was necessary to perform the work? Should the 

ICRP default ventilation workers parameter for light work be used or 

should the heavy worker parameters be used? 

(5) Is there evidence of adequate respiratory protection breathing apparatus 

being worn in areas of airborne contamination? Has this been adequately 

addressed in determining individual, group or workplace area dose? 

(6) Did the site or facility use HEPA filtered respirators and if so were the 

associated inhalation doses adjusted by the appropriate respiratory 

protection factors? 

(7) Did the site profilers take into account how respirators were stored, so as 

to determine the potential for contamination of the respirators? 

(8) Is there particular recorded documentation of acute or accidental exposure 

to an individual or group? If so, is there good environmental data to 

document the extent of the exposure? Do workers interviewed understand 

how, when, and where they were exposed? 

(9) How was exposure to radon handled? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 23 Site Profile Review Procedures 

• Exposure time periods: Evaluate how much information was collected and 

analyzed with respect to the following: 

(1) What was the most plausible time pattern for the worker’s exposure? 

(2) If specific periods of inhalation and or ingestion are not known, was it 

assumed that a constant chronic exposure existed for the entire period of 

employment? 

(3) If a chronic exposure is the most plausible pattern of exposure, were 

working schedules, weekends, and vacation periods taken into 

consideration? 

(4) If it was necessary to assume a scenario, was it based on producing the 

highest committed dose to the organ of interest from exposure to the date 

of diagnosis of the cancer? Is each scenario a credible one? 

• Bioassay Data: Evaluate the adequacy of information collected and analyzed for 

the following: 

(1) Are there bioassay data available for periods of potential inhalation, 

ingestion, injection or absorption? How did the site profilers establish the 

validity of this data? 

(2) What type of bioassay measurements are available, i.e., urinalysis, fecal 

samples, in vivo measurements, breath radon and/or thoron results, nasal 

smears? Is the sampling screen capable of detecting each radionuclide of 

interest? 

(3) Which limitations in technology existed in each period of time? For each 

time period of exposure, which radionuclides or which isotopes were not 

detected because of this limitation in technology? 

(4) How was the bioassay-monitoring program conducted? What was the 

frequency of the monitoring program? What criteria were used to assign a 

bioassay-monitoring program to a worker? 

(5) What were the criteria for initiating a special bioassay in the installation? 

Which results or assumptions triggered the initiation of a bioassay 

program? 

(6) What was the minimal detectable dose for bioassay monitoring? 

(7) What was the potential for undetected doses for workers included in the 

bioassay program? What was the potential for undetected doses for 

workers not included in the bioassay program? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 24 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(8) How was the schedule of the bioassay program in relation to vacation and 

weekends? 

(9) If more than one bioassay method was used, how were they scheduled? 

Can data from two bioassay methods be used to complement each other? 

(10) If different bioassay methods were used to monitor different groups of 

workers, which criteria were used? 

(11) How were the bioassay data recorded? Which data were recorded? Were 

they specified by site? Is the dose record complete for all the exposure 

time of the worker? Is the dose record usable for dose reconstruction? 

(12) What were the reporting levels, MDA/reporting levels for bioassay, and 

decision levels used in the early days of weapons production, and how did 

they change with time? Have these been adequately taken into account in 

determining the 95% confidence level? 

(13) Are there bioassay data that record intake? Was it assumed that the acute 

inhalation occurred on the first day of exposure (conservative assumption - 

unless time or exposure is specifically known), or was it assumed that the 

exposure occurred midway between the two samples dates (the standard 

approach – can provide a means of estimating the intake date)? 

(14) Did site procedures account for possible periods of small multiple intakes 

that eventually could lead to a detectable bioassay result? 

(15) Have calculated bioassay values been based on the higher of the MDA or 

the actual result plus two standard deviations? 

(16) Are there any anomalous bioassay result(s), and were they evaluated for 

possible removal from the data set? 

(17) Were gaps in internal dosimetry data (bioassay data) filled by interpolating 

between existing bioassay data, air sampling, etc., or use of co-worker 

data? 

(18) Have the detection limits, minimum detectable levels, and/or action levels 

been adequately documented and properly utilized, especially in 

determining “missed dose” from recorded zero exposures? 

(19) What types of bioassay measurements are available, i.e., urinalysis, fecal 

samples, in vivo measurements, breath radon and/or thoron results? Is the 

sampling screen capable of detecting each radionuclide of interest? 

(20) Were the laboratories where the samples were analyzed certified by EML 

as having passed then-prevailing quality standards? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 25 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(21) Are there bioassay data that record intake? Was it assumed that the acute 

inhalation occurred on the first day of exposure (conservative assumption - 

unless time or exposure is specifically known) or was it assumed that the 

exposure occurred midway between the two samples dates (the standard 

approach – can provide a means of estimating the intake date)? 

(22) Has the appropriate biokinetic model been used to determine the actual 

intake or uptake? 

(23) Have calculated bioassay values been based on the higher of the MDA or 

the actual result plus two standard deviations? 

(24) Are there anomalous bioassay results, and were they evaluated for 

possible removal from the data set? 

• Whole Body Counting 

(1) How does the site’s WBC capability compare with typical current 

minimum detectable levels (MDAs) shown below? How did they vary in 

the early days, and is this a source of overestimation or underestimation of 

dose determined from WBC? (SRS ORAUT TKBS-003 Table 4.2.1-2, 

page 74 of 232) 

Radionuclide MDA (nCi) 

M-54 3.4 

Co-60 2.9 

Zn-65 6.1 

Ru-106 36 

Sb-125 14 

Cs-134 3.8 

Cs-137 4.1 

Ce-144 69 

Eu-152 18 

Eu-154 8.4 

U-235 14 

Np-237 14 

(2) How does site chest counting capability compare with typical current 

minimum detectable levels (MDAs) shown below assuming 2.5 cm chest 

wall thickness? How did they vary in the early days, and is this a source 

of overestimation or underestimation of dose determined by chest 

counting? (SRS ORAUT TKBS-003 Table 4.2.2-1, page 76 of 232) 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 26 Site Profile Review Procedures 

Radionuclide MDA (nCi) Radionuclide MDA (nCi) 

Ce-144 0.31 Pu-238 58 

Eu-152 0.056 Pu-239 130 

Th-228 3.2 Pu-240 47 

Th-232 3.1 3% Pu 110 

DU 1.2 6% Pu 96 

RU 8.31 2%Pu 70 

HEU 5.2 Am-241 0.10 

U-234 30 Am-243 0.12 

U-235 0.10 Cm-242 28 

U-236 89 Cm-244 37 

U-238 1.1 Cf-252 32 

Np-237 0.31 

 

(3) How were the MDAs calculated? How did they change with time? 

(4) Which methods of in vivo detection were used? Which kinds of detectors 

were used along the time? 

(5) Which geometry was used for the detectors?

(6) What were the measurement procedures? Were routinely monitored 

workers measured before entering contaminated areas? Were they 

required to change their clothes? Were they required to wash before 

monitoring? Which procedures were followed in cases of accidents or 

suspected exposures? 

(7) How was the counting position determined? How far were the detectors 

from the body? 

(8) How reproducible were in vivo results? 

(9) How long was the counting time?

(10) How was background radiation accounted for? 

(11) How was radiation from natural sources or fallout present in the individual 

body accounted for? 

(12) How was calibration for each nuclide done? 

(13) What quality assurance procedures were followed along the time?

(14) What procedures were used to determine a body burden from in vivo 

results? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 27 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(15) How was the body burden (BB) of a nuclide determined from the 

measurement of daughter nuclides (U, Th)? How was a BB determined 

from the counting of an associated nuclide (Pu-Am)? 

(16) Were workers measured after chelation treatment for contamination? 

How were these data treated? 

(17) Are there reports of interferences from radiopharmaceuticals given to the 

workers because of diagnosis or treatment? 

In Vitro Bioassay Analysis 

• Urinalysis 

(1) Which methods for urine bioassay were used? How were they changed 

along the time? 

(2) What was the MDA for each method? How were they calculated? How 

did they change with time? 

(3) When were isotopic differentiating methods begun to be used? 

(4) Which criteria were used to assign workers to a urine bioassay program? 

(5) Which nuclides were the in vitro urinalysis programs aimed to detect? 

Did the program take into account the solubility of the compound? 

(6) How were nuclides not detected in urinalysis accounted for? How were 

results from detected radionuclides used to assign the exposures of 

undetected radionuclides? 

(7) Which procedures were used for urine collection? Were samples collected 

at the workplace? Were samples collected at home? Which measures, if 

any, were taken to prevent external contamination? Were 24-hour 

samples collected? Were samples collected in a different time protocol 

(e.g., two 12-hour samples, morning samples, after vacation samples, after 

weekend samples, weekend samples, etc)? Were the samples collected in 

relation to a standard or minimum volume, independent of the time? Were 

the samples collected in a standard or minimum volume in assigned time 

protocol? 

(8) How were results reported: By volume? By 24-hour excretion? By x 

number of hours to excretion? Were results normalized? Was the 

normalization based on sampling information? Was normalization based 

on standard volume excreted in 24 hours? What standard volume was 

used? Were other normalization methods used? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 28 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(9) Which analytical procedures were used? How was recovery in the 

analytical procedure measured (chemical yield)? Were the samples 

analyzed in total? Was only an aliquot analyzed? What were the 

potentials for not accounted losses in the analytical procedure or from 

sedimentation on the walls of the sampling containers? What was the 

length of sample storage? How were samples preserved? 

(10) Which procedures were used for counting calibration? 

(11) How were tracer interferences accounted for? 

(12) Which procedures gave results in mass concentration? How were they 

translated into activity concentration? 

(13) What quality assurance procedures were followed along the time?

(14) Were uncertainties reported? How were they calculated? 

(15) How were normal excretions of natural radionuclides accounted for? 

(16) Were urine samples measured after chelation treatment for contamination? 

How were these data treated? 

(17) Are there reports of interferences from radiopharmaceuticals given to the 

workers because of diagnosis or treatment? 

(18) How was the tritium urinalysis program conducted?

(19) In doing in vitro analysis for tritium, did the site initially use 1 uCi/L as 

the reported MDA, and have they been able to attain the currently 

acceptable MDA of 0.02 uCi/L? Did the site in the early days only 

evaluate tritium bioassay results greater than 5 uCi/L and, if so, is there a 

potential for “missed dose?” 

(20) In doing in vitro analysis for uranium, did the site apply the upper limit at 

the 99% confidence level for analytical noise and set this at 0.15 

dpm/1.5L. Was this applied to all historical samples? 

(21) In doing in vitro analysis for radiostrontium, did the site use the claimantfriendly approach that the results are all from Sr-90 even though negligible 

levels of Y-91 were also grown in from Sr-90; and that the reporting level 

is assumed to be the same as for the beta component of the fission product 

analysis. 

• Fecal Analysis 

(1) Which methods for feces bioassay were used? How were they changed 

along the time? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 29 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(2) What was the MDA for each method? How were they calculated? How 

did they change with time? 

(3) When were isotopic differentiating methods begun to be used? 

(4) Which criteria were used to assign workers to a feces bioassay program? 

(5) Which nuclides were the in vitro feces analysis aimed to detect? Did the 

program take into account the solubility of the compound? 

(6) How were nuclides not detected in feces analysis accounted for? How 

were results from detected radionuclides used to assign the exposures of 

undetected radionuclides? 

(7) Which procedures were used for feces collection? Were samples collected 

at the workplace? Were samples collected at home? Which measures, if 

any, were taken to prevent external contamination? Were 24-hour 

samples collected? Were samples collected in a different time protocol 

(e.g. after vacation samples, after weekend samples, weekend samples, 

etc)? 

(8) How were results reported: By mass? By 24-hour excretion? By grams 

of feces ash? Were results normalized? Was the normalization based on 

sampling information? Was normalization based on standard mass 

excreted in 24 hours? What standard mass was used? Were other 

normalization methods used? 

(9) Which analytical procedures were used? How was recovery in the 

analytical procedure measured (chemical yield)? Were the samples 

analyzed in total? Was only an aliquot analyzed? What were the 

potentials for not accounted losses in the analytical procedure or from 

sedimentation on the walls of the sampling containers? What was the 

length of sample storage? How were samples preserved? 

(10) Which procedures were used for counting calibration? 

(11) How were tracer interferences accounted for? 

(12) Which procedures gave results in mass concentration? How were they 

translated into activity concentration? 

(13) What quality assurance procedures were followed along the time?

(14) Were uncertainties reported? How were they calculated? 

(15) How were normal excretions of natural radionuclides accounted for? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 30 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(16) Were feces samples measured after chelation treatment for contamination? 

How were these data treated? 

(17) Are there reports of interferences from radiopharmaceuticals given to the 

workers because of diagnosis or treatment?

(18) In doing fecal sample analysis since the 1950s, did sites use typical MDAs 

of 7 pCi (Am-241), 300 pCi (Pu-238) and 600 pCi (weapons grade 

plutonium)? If not, what is the basis for not using these typical MDAs? 

• Other Bioassay Methods 

(1) Are other bioassay results reported (e.g., nasal smears, blood samples, 

tissue samples from wound, breath)? How were they analyzed? How 

were they interpreted? 

(2) Are there reports of skin contamination measurements? How were they 

interpreted? 

• Physical Samples ― Air Sampling 

(1) Was an air-sampling program routinely conducted? When was it 

conducted? 

(2) Which kind of air sampling program was conducted? Were static 

samplers used? How many were used for area characterization? In which 

locations were they fixed in relation to the sources and in relation to the 

workers? At what height? 

(3) Was particulate air sampling (PAS) used? 

(4) What were the characteristics of the samplers? What was the sampling 

rate of the samplers? How did they change with time? 

(5) For which kind of results was the air-sampling program designed? For 

which nuclides were the air-sampling programs designed? 

(6) Which methods were used to measure the concentration of particles 

present in the environment? What were the MDAs? What method was 

used to calculate the MDAs? How did they change with time? 

(7) Was there a maximum detectable activity? 

(8) Was there any information of particle sizes available from air sampling 

(inhalable fractions or respirable fractions)? 

(9) Was the sampling designed to provide information on particle size 

distribution? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 31 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(10) When did isotopic differentiating methods start to be used? 

(11) How were nuclides not detected in air samples accounted for? How were 

results from detected radionuclides used to assign the exposures of 

undetected radionuclides? 

(12) How were results reported: By concentration in air volume? By 

concentration in y hours sampling? Were results normalized? Was the 

normalization based on standard volume intake in working hours? What 

standard volume was used? Were other normalization methods used? 

(13) Which analytical procedures were used? 

(14) Which procedures gave results in mass concentration? How were they 

translated into activity concentration? 

(15) What quality assurance procedures were followed along the time?

(16) Were uncertainties reported? How were they calculated? 

(17) How were natural radionuclides (especially radon progeny) present in air 

accounted for?

• Surface Sampling 

(1) Were surface samples taken routinely? What was the frequency? 

(2) What was the purpose of the surface sampling program? 

(3) How were surface samples obtained? 

(4) How were the results interpreted? 

• Record keeping 

(1) What was the record keeping practice in the facility? Which 

documentation was required to be kept? Which results from the 

monitoring program were recorded? How did record requirements change 

with time? 

(2) How detailed are the records? Which information on individual 

monitoring programs did they contain? 

(3) Which recording levels were used? How did they change with time? 

(4) Did records contain dose assessments? Were the processes used for 

computing the dose registered? Can dose records be used to reestimate 

organ doses using current ICRP methodologies? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 32 Site Profile Review Procedures 

Occupational Medical Exposure 

The purpose of this procedure is to evaluate the occupational medical technical basis document, 

where compiled, to ascertain whether the profile is representative, adequate, and complete, given 

the available information and data. 

The following lines of inquiry are illustrative of the general questions that can be used: 

• Medical Exposure From Medical Exams 

(1) Are cited medical records complete with respect to the type, number, and 

dates of all required occupational x-rays? How was this verified by site 

profilers? If gaps exist, what assumptions were made? 

(2) Are all possible x-ray exams and retakes received accounted for so as to 

be claimant-favorable? 

(3) Is it clear from the profile what type of x-ray equipment was used for PA 

and lateral chest films? What type of x-ray film was used? 

(4) Does the profile clarify whether photofluorography was used for PA chest 

views? How reliable is the information obtained on photofluorographic 

use as to when, where, and how any such exams were performed? 

(5) Does the profile address what is known about the x-ray performance 

characteristics for required occupational chest x-rays which influence 

exposure potential to a claimant? What information was provided on such 

parameters as half value layer, mA, timer, geometry, kVp, collimation, 

film type, focal spot, and rectification of x-ray machines in use over time? 

(6) What was the x-ray output of such x-ray equipment? If measurements are 

available, how were they evaluated in the profile to ascertain measurement 

accuracy, precision, limits of detection, etc? 

(7) If information on x-ray characteristics and outputs are inadequate or 

unknown, what other sources of information were used to provide data 

that is claimant-favorable? 

(8) How much reliance was placed on NCRP 102 with respect to “use” tables 

to estimate x-ray output based on characteristics of kVp, HVL, mA and 

x-ray time? If the site reviewer did not use these or similar reference 

standards, what assurances can be given that x-ray output was not 

underestimated? 

(9) What were the procedures for estimating doses to the workers who 

operated chest and other x-ray equipment? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 33 Site Profile Review Procedures 

• Dose conversion 

(1) In converting x-ray exposure to organ dose, how was the x-ray output in 

roentgens at a certain distance converted to skin entrance kerma in rads or 

cGys? Was ICRP 74 used for air kerma conversion? Were inverse square 

calculations performed for converting air kerma dose to the distance the 

patient is from the x-ray machine? 

(2) Is the site profiler using the current ICRP methods to calculate organ dose 

so that older ICRP or NCRP publications may not underestimate the organ 

dose to the claimant? 

(3) Did the site profiler account for the PA geometry of the chest x-ray 

(entrance exposure at the back) and not the AP geometry (front) common 

for radiation badge dosimetry? The same question applies to the lateral 

view. 

Occupational Environmental Dose 

Site Profiles are expected to address unmonitored exposures, which include internal and external 

exposures that might have been received by a claimant who was an onsite nonradiation/unmonitored worker. Potential claimants of this type would be heavily represented by 

construction, maintenance, administrative, and security personnel, most of whom would have 

been employed onsite during regular working hours of 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through 

Friday. 

In the absence of monitoring data, site profiles will need to address the procedure for estimating 

doses for these classes of personnel. Among the decisions that would need to be made would be 

whether it is appropriate to use source terms estimated for offsite exposures, such as those found 

in site studies commissioned by the CDC, for estimating onsite doses, and if so, for which set(s) 

of unmonitored personnel such source terms might be used. 

Site profile reviews will examine whether and how such an assessment was made. Specifically, 

the following considerations will be taken into account in evaluating technical basis documents: 

(1) Do the source terms whose purpose was for estimating offsite exposure cover all 

the principal routes and situations of exposure of unmonitored workers? For 

instance, did the sites burn wastes containing radionuclides that may not have had 

significant offsite impacts, but may have had considerable onsite impact? 

(2) Were significant local radiation fields that would not be part of an offsite study 

encountered by some groups of workers? Have these situations been assessed in 

terms of their dose potential relative to doses derived from offsite emissions? 

(3) Offsite doses from operating facilities are typically dominated by the air pathway 

(and pathways deriving from the air pathway). How were the doses from onsite 

liquid discharges, such as those into holding ponds or seepage basins factored into 

potential source terms for unmonitored workers? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 34 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(4) How was exposure to resuspended radionuclides handled for unmonitored 

workers?

(5) Was the study assessed for accuracy and completeness in terms of its suitability 

for use in onsite dose reconstruction? 

(6) Were the estimates of source terms peer-reviewed? 

(7) Are onsite air, soil, and vegetation monitoring data compatible with those derived 

from stack source terms used for dose reconstruction? If not, how are the 

discrepancies to be resolved? 

Once the above issues are addressed and a decision is made to use source terms derived for 

offsite estimation for worker doses, the modeling should include the following considerations: 

(1) Identification and characterization of dominant source terms. What is the identity 

of radionuclides that were released? At what elevation (e.g., at ground level 

versus elevated release height)? 

(2) How were building wake effects and other local factors incorporated into 

estimating onsite doses? 

(3) What were the total curies released in a given year and/or source term release 

rates (i.e., Ci/sec released)? How did continuous releases compare in importance 

to episodic releases? 

(4) Were meteorological factors evaluated in order to ensure a reliable prediction of 

contaminant dispersion or air concentration at discrete onsite locations where 

workers were exposed. How were administrative workers, who may have been 

mostly in well-defined locations, distinguished from workers who typically 

moved from one location to another on the site? How were episodic exposures 

handled for this latter group of workers? 

(5) What assumptions were used regarding the time of day, frequency, or duration of 

airborne releases. What approach was used for modeling episodic releases and 

accidents. 

(6) What data was used to model these exposures and determine their applicability or 

appropriateness in deriving unmonitored doses? 

(7) Has time of release been considered with respect to time of exposure? Were the 

releases continuous and chronic? Or were releases episodic and/or occurred 

predominantly during select working hours of the day (i.e., between 9:00 am, and 

5:00 p.m./Monday through Friday), when most of the site maintenance and 

construction workers would have been onsite? 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 35 Site Profile Review Procedures 

(8) What sources of data were used to estimate internal dose to workers outside the 

facilities? Did the site profiles incorporate dose from sources such as air 

concentrations resulting from the individual facility releases, from ground 

releases, and from resuspension of radioactive materials in the soil? 

(9) Did the site profiles consider exposure to unmonitored workers from external 

exposure to ambient radiation and releases of noble gases to the air? 

(10) What atmosphere dispersion models were used at the site, and are they currently 

used models or best available at the time of dose reconstruction? 

(11) Were average and maximum annual intakes developed for radionuclides 

potentially important for internal dose reconstruction for occupational 

environmental dose? 

(12) Did unmonitored workers spend significant time or minimal time in areas of 

potential radionuclide intake? If the unmonitored worker worked in multiple 

areas, did the site profile address potential dose to workers in each of these areas? 

• Development of Probability Distribution For the Dose and Overall Uncertainty 

Analysis 

(1) How was dose reconstruction uncertainty assessed? Is this uncertainty 

assessment conservative, reasonable, and efficient? 

(2) How are the probability distributions for the various parameters, such as 

air concentrations particle sizes, and external and internal dose 

measurements determined for the purpose of developing a joint probability 

distribution for each year for which dose is estimated? How are site and 

individual dose parameters combined to yield the probability distribution 

for each year of dose estimation? [Note: characterization of the 

probability distribution of the dose is required for each year of the dose 

estimate under 42 CFR 82.19. Without this distribution, a 99% IREP 

calculation cannot be done.] 

• Secondary Sources of Occupational Exposure Data 

It is clear from 42 CFR Part 82 that secondary sources of radiological exposure 

data are to be reviewed where uncertainties become significant enough or where 

clear gaps in the record exist, i.e., “missing dose.” The judgment to evaluate 

secondary sources is a subjective one, based on professional judgment regarding 

the reliability of primary sources of information (i.e., recorded individual dose), 

and the availability and applicability of secondary sources. At most sites, this is 

not a mere academic exercise given that the reliability of recorded dose often 

diminishes as a function of how far back in time dose measurements were made 

and recorded. Site profile reviews need to examine how this judgment ― to seek 

secondary sources of dose data ― was reached by site profilers, for what workers 

at what locations and at what time periods, and to what extent and in what manner 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 36 Site Profile Review Procedures 

secondary sources of radiological data were evaluated. Finally, to what extent do 

the secondary sources of data envelope the individual recorded dose? 

Secondary sources of occupational dose data would include, but not necessarily 

be limited to, the following: 

− Air sampling data (area and breathing zone) 

− Contamination survey records 

− Environmental monitoring documentation 

− Incident/Accident reports 

− Area monitoring and survey data 

− Filter activity readings 

− Radiation “field” measurements and estimates 

F. Integrate Findings and Prepare Report for Advisory Board 

Integrate information and findings from each element of site profile review, evaluate overall 

adequacy and completeness using the following acceptance criteria, and provide conclusions in 

the form of a draft report to the Advisory Board. 

Acceptance criteria: 

(1) Are all pertinent and significant sources of information identified, included and 

accurately represented in the site profile? 

(2) Are the assumptions made in analyses and dose estimations contained in the site 

profile sufficiently supported, valid and claimant-favorable? 

(3) Are “missing dose” and other uncertainties associated with site dose estimations 

provided in site profiles addressed adequately? 

(4) Are postulated “worst-case” dose estimate scenarios truly reflective of supporting 

operational and dosimetric data? 

(5) Is the body of information in the site profile sufficient upon which to base 

individual dose reconstructions? 

Conclusions on the foregoing criteria, as well as supporting information, will be provided to the 

Board in a final draft report following completion of internal SC&A quality assurance review. 

The report may contain recommendations for further information gathering or evaluation, as 

appropriate. 

 

G. Briefing for Advisory Board; Provision of Board Comments/Questions

The site profile review leader will provide a briefing on the submitted draft report permitting at 

least 30 days for review following receipt. The Board (or a designated subpanel) will provide 

the contractor any observations, comments and questions regarding the site profile review during 

the briefing, and subsequent to the briefing, convey a formal set of comments and questions for 
Contract No. 200-2004-03805 37 Site Profile Review Procedures 

followup and reflection in the final evaluation report. The Board may request that the contractor 

extend or expand its review to address specific issues or questions; it may also request additional 

supporting information from either NIOSH or the contractor. Upon receipt of the Board’s 

feedback, the contractor will project time and resources necessary to respond to the Board and 

provide same to the Board as soon as possible. 

H. Submission of Final Site Profile Review Report 

Upon acceptance of a submitted draft report by the Board (or a designated subpanel), the 

contractor will submit a final report to the Board completing obligations for that particular site 

profile review. At the Board’s discretion, it may reopen a site profile evaluation at any time 

upon notification of the contractor.