ORAU TEAM

Dose Reconstruction

Project for NIOSH

Oak Ridge Associated Universities I Dade Moeller & Associates I MJW Corporation

Page 1 of 21

Document Title:

Lawrence Livermore National 

Laboratory – Site Description

Document Number: ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 

Revision: 00

Effective Date: 07/29/2005

Type of Document: TBD 

Supersedes: None

Subject Expert: Jay J. Maisler

Document Owner

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 07/19/2005

Jay J. Maisler, Site Profile Team Leader

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 07/20/2005

Judson L. Kenoyer, Task 3 Manager

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 07/26/2005

Richard E. Toohey, Project Director

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 07/29/2005

James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

 New Total Rewrite Revision Page Change

DOCUMENTS MARKED AS A TOTAL REWRITE, REVISION, OR PAGE CHANGE REPLACE THE PRIOR REVISION. 

PLEASE DISCARD / DESTROY ALL COPIES OF THE PRIOR REVISION.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 2 of 21

PUBLICATION RECORD

EFFECTIVE 

DATE

REVISION

NUMBER DESCRIPTION

05/13/2005 00-A New technical basis document for the Lawrence Livermore National 

Laboratory – Site Description. Initiated by Jay Maisler.

06/15/2005 00-B Incorporates internal review comments. Initiated by Jay J. Maisler.

07/06/2005 00-C Incorporates resolution of NIOSH comments. Initiated by Jay J. 

Maisler.

07/29/2005 00 First approved issue. Training required: As determined by the Task 

Manager. Initiated by Jay J. Maisler.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 3 of 21

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section

Publication Record..................................................................................................................................

Page

2

Acronyms and Abbreviations..................................................................................................................5

2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................6

2.2 Site Description..............................................................................................................................6

2.3 Major Facilities Descriptions and Activities ....................................................................................8

2.3.1 Buildings (Main Site).............................................................................................................8

2.3.2 Southeast Quadrant (Main Site) .........................................................................................17

2.3.3 Site 300...............................................................................................................................17

2.3.4 Nuclear Weapons Testing...................................................................................................18

References ...........................................................................................................................................19

Glossary................................................................................................................................................20

Attachment A. Building Number Cross Reference...............................................................................21
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 4 of 21

LIST OF TABLES

Table 

2-1 Summary of major buildings and activities ...................................................................................

Page

7

2-2 Individual building activities and associated radionuclides.........................................................10

A-1 Cross reference of main site building number changes in 1966 ................................................21

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 

2-1 Aerial view of LLNL main site .......................................................................................................

Page

6

2-2 Map of LLNL main site .................................................................................................................8

2-3 Site 300 map with bunkers and air-sampling stations ..................................................................9
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 5 of 21

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Ci curie 

HEPA high-efficiency particulate air

LINAC linear accelerator

LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

LPTR Livermore Pool Type Reactor

kg kilogram

MeV megavolt-electron, 1 million electron volts

mi mile

MV megavolt

NTS Nevada Test Site

U.S.C. United States Code

U-AVLIS uranium atomic vapor laser isotope separation

USEC United States Enrichment Corporation
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 6 of 21

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Technical Basis Documents and Site Profile Documents are general working documents that provide 

guidance concerning the preparation of dose reconstructions at particular sites or categories of sites. 

They will be revised in the event additional relevant information is obtained about the affected site(s). 

These documents may be used to assist the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in 

the completion of the individual work required for each dose reconstruction.

In this document the word “facility” is used as a general term for an area, building, or group of 

buildings that served a specific purpose at a site. It does not necessarily connote an “atomic weapons 

employer facility” or a “Department of Energy facility” as defined in the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 [42 U.S.C. Sections 7384l(5) and (12)]. 

This technical basis document, which is part of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) 

Site Profile, describes the site (Section 2.2) as well as major facilities and activities at them.

2.2 SITE DESCRIPTION

LLNL was founded in 1952 on the site of a closed U.S. Naval Air Station. It was known originally as 

the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore then later as the Lawrence Radiation 

Laboratory at Livermore. LLNL consists of two sites, the main Laboratory site, which is in a densely 

populated 1.5-mi2 area in Livermore, California (Figure 2-1), and the 11-mi2 Explosive Test Site near 

Tracy, California, which is also known as Site 300.

Figure 2-1. Aerial view of LLNL main site (LLNL 2005a).

In the beginning, the Laboratory’s single mission dealt with thermonuclear weapons development. 

Over the years, the mission expanded to include diverse scientific and engineering research activities. 

These activities, not all of which were related to the development of nuclear weapons have included 

the following (DOE 1992): 

• Research, development, and test of the nuclear weapons life cycle and related tasks

• Strategic defense research emphasizing kinetic- and directed-energy weapons

• Arms control and treaty verification technology
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• Inertial confinement fusion for weapons physics research and for civilian energy applications

• Atomic vapor laser isotope separation for defense and commercial applications

• Magnetic fusion, including leadership of the U.S. effort on the International Thermonuclear 

Experimental Reactor

• Other energy research in basic energy sciences, atmospheric sciences, fossil energy, and 

commercial nuclear waste

• Biological, ecological, atmospheric, and geophysical sciences relevant to weapons, energy,

health, and environmental issues, including assessment and guidance in the event of 

accidents and other emergencies

• Charged-particle beam and free-electron laser research for defense and energy applications

• Advanced laser and optical technology for military and civilian applications

• Support of the U.S. intelligence community, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission, and other Federal agencies

• Participation in the nationally directed initiative to understand the human genome at the 

molecular level

Table 2-1 provides a general description of LLNL buildings and activities. In 1966, building numbers 

were changed; some of these changes are cross-referenced in the table. In addition, the Site 300 

buildings changed from the 300 series to the 800 series (e.g., 301 changed to 801). Attachment A 

provides a complete cross reference from the old to the current building numbers, with the exception 

of the 300 to 800 change. Unless noted otherwise, this document uses the current building numbers.

Table 2-1. Summary of major buildings and activities. 

Old building 

numbers

Current building

numbers Description

101, 102, 106, 

117, 118, 147, 

176, 192

221, 222, 223, 224, 

232, 233, 234, 167, 

168, 169

Chemistry: Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fission products, 

enriched uranium, depleted uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, 

Pu-239, Am-241, others

153, 154, 157, 

173, 180, 194

171, 173, 174, 175, 

176, 177, 194, 210, 

212, 241, 243, 421, 435

Physics: Accelerators, various activation products, H-3, others

103, 114, 125, 

127, 174, 175

215, 243, 253, 321, 

419, 514, 

Lab services: Various radioactive materials

110 261 Critical Test Facility

115 327 Radiography

121 412 Hot cells: High beta waste, Sr-90

170 131 Weapons engineering

171 332 Metallurgical chemistry: Also known as Plutonium Facility

172 331 Gaseous Chemistry: Also known as Tritium Facility

182 162, 165, 166 Laboratory Services: 55 Ci Co-60 (1958)

190 251 Chemistry Heavy Elements Facility: Cm-244, Am-241, U-233, Pu-239, 

others

193 281 Livermore Pool Type Reactor (LPTR)

Site 300 Explosives Testing: Linear accelerators, depleted uranium, H-3, 

radiography
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2.3 MAJOR FACILITIES DESCRIPTIONS AND ACTIVITIES 

This section discusses activities in the various buildings at the LLNL main site and Site 300. The 

discussion for each of the buildings or building complexes provides information on the general nature 

of activities at that facility. Figure 2-2 is a map of the main site, and Figure 2-3 is a map of Site 300. 

Table 2-2 summarizes building activities and radionuclides that workers could have encountered. 

Section 2.3.1 describes the buildings, Section 2.3.2 describes known soil contamination in the 

Southeast Quadrant of the main site, Section 2.3.3 describes Site 300, and Section 2.3.4 describes 

personnel involvement in nuclear weapons testing. 

Figure 2-2. Map of LLNL main site (DOE 1992, Figure A-7). 

This discussion is not intended as a complete radiological history, but rather as a discussion to 

familiarize dose reconstructors with the types and variety of activities that have occurred at LLNL. 

Other sections of the LLNL Site Profile provide information about radiological conditions at various 

facilities throughout the LLNL site in relation to external and internal dosimetry as well as 

environmental occupational dose. 

2.3.1

Building 121

Buildings (Main Site)

The Test Program facility, Building 121, is in the southwest quadrant of the LLNL site. Operations in 

this facility have included the use of X-ray and electron generators, high-voltage pulsers, lasers, 

mechanical and electronic equipment, and use of radioactive and toxic materials to perform 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 9 of 21

Figure 2-3. Site 300 map with bunkers and air-sampling stations (Gallegos 

et al. 2002, Figure 5-3). 

measurements for the development of diagnostic techniques for interpretation of experiments on 

nuclear weapons.

Other operations included laser irradiation of toxic materials, a Febetron electron beam to develop 

diagnostic systems for gathering data from nuclear tests, measurement of leakage current on 

resistance of photoconductive detectors when illuminated by laser light, concurrent operation of 

multiple Class III and IV lasers, a ruby laser, a mode-locked flash lamp pumped dye laser, and a 

nitrogen laser with dye cell for the purpose of pico- and nanosecond pulse generation used for streak 

camera calibrations.

This facility also housed the Pulsed Calibration Laboratory, Hyjacs X-ray Laboratory, and Vacuum 

Barrier Permeation Leak Testing Laboratory (DOE 1992).

Building 131

The Building 131 complex is a large office and laboratory facility housing both the Mechanical and 

Electrical Engineering Divisions. The shops and laboratories have supported weapons testing and 

assembly as well as microelectronic and microfabrication work. In addition, the facility has a high bay 

containing a large laboratory and shop operation as well as a Materials Management Vault that has 

stored controlled materials to support the weapons testing program. 

The use of radiation sources has been limited primarily to the high bay area, and sealed sources or 

radioactive material in solid form has been used. Small antistatic blowers containing sealed sources 

have been used in the microfabrication laboratories. Use of a hood or glovebox enclosure has been 

required for operations that could potentially expose workers (DOE 1992). Nondestructive use of 

depleted uranium was reported in the documentation.
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Table 2-2. Individual building activities and associated radionuclides. Current building #

(old #)

a Building activity Radionuclides

131 Mechanical & Engineering Divisions, 

Weapons 

Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238

132 Analytical & Nuclear Chemistry Labs; 

forensic Sciences Center

H-3, Co-60, Sr-90, Cs-137, Th-228, Th-230, Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238, 

Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-241, Pu-242, Am-241

151 Isotope Sciences, Environmental 

Services Lab

H-3, C-14, Na-22, corrosion products, mixed fission products, transuranics, 

uranium, plutonium, thorium

162, 165, 166

(182A-E)

Lab services 55 Ci Co-60 source (1958)

167, 168, 169 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others 

171 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

173 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

174 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

175 U-AVLIS U-234, U-235, U-238

176 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

177 U-AVLIS U-234, U-235, U-238

179 U-234, U-235, U-238

194 LINAC N-13, O-15, Na-22, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238

210 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

212 Physics and Space (rotating target 

neutron source)

H-3 

215 Lab services Various radioactive materials not specified

221 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others

222 Chemistry H-3, C-14, Co-60, Ni-63, Th-232, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, Cm-244, 

Am-241, fission products, others 

223 Chemistry Co-60, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Am-241, Am-243, 

Cm-244, fission products, others

224 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others 

226 H-3, U-238

227 U-234, U-235, U-238

231 Safeguards and engineering The-232, U-234, U-235, U-238

232 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others

233 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others

234 Chemistry Various radioactive materials including Co-60, fissions products, enriched 

uranium, natural uranium, U-233, Cm-244, Am-241, others

235 Characterization studies and ion beam 

experiments 

Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-241, Pu-242, Am-241 

241 Physics: Accelerators H-3, C-14, P-32, Th-232, U-234, U-235, U-238, various activation products

243 Lab services Various radioactive materials not specified

251

(190) 

Heavy Element Facility U-233, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-243, Am-241, Cm-243, Cm-244, Cm-248, Cf-252

253 Labs and counting rooms H-3, C14, P-32, Sr-90, Y-90, Cs-137, Bi-214, Po-218, Ra-226, Th-230, U-234, 

U-235, U-238, Np-237, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Am-241

254 Bioassays and analytical services H-3, C14, P-32, P-33, S-35, Sr-90, Y-90, I-125, Po-209, Ra-226, Th-230, 

U-232, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238, Np-237, Np-239, Pu-238, Pu-239, 

Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Am-241, Am-243, Cm-242, Cm-244, Cf-249, Cf-252

255 Calibration laboratory H-3, C14, P-32, S-35, Sr-90, Y-90, I-125, I-131, Th-230, Th-232, U-233, 

U-234, U-235, U-236, U-238, Np-237, Np-239, Pu-239, Pu-242, Am-241, 

Am-243, Cm-242, Cm-244, Cf-252

261

(110)

Critical test facility U-235, Pu-239

281

(193)

Reactor; tracer and dissolution studies During reactor operations, fission and activation products. Later, trace 

amounts of various radionuclides. 

282 Neutrino detection experiments H-3

292 Residual contamination rotating target 

neutron source

H-3
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 11 of 21

Table 2-2 (Continued). Site activities by building and associated radionuclides.

Current building #

(old #)

a Building activity Radionuclides

298 Laser fusion program H-3, U-234, U-235, U-238

321A Milling and shaping U-234, U-235, U-238

321B Milling and shaping U-234, U-235, U-238

321C Milling, machining and shaping U-234, U-235, U-238

322 Maintenance and engineering U-234, U-235, U-238 

327

(115)

Maintenance and engineering; 

radiography

U-234, U-235, U-238

331

(172)

Gaseous chemistry; Tritium Facility H-3 (HT, HTO), U-238

332 

(171)

Metallurgical chemistry; Plutonium 

Facility

Pu-239, transuranics 

341 Lasers Directorate U-234, U-235, U-238

361 Research and development H-3, C-14, P-32, P-33, S-35

362 Research and development H-3, C-14

363 Research and development H-3, C-14 

364 Research and development H-3, C-14, P-32

365 Research and development H-3, C-14

366 Research and development H-3, P-32, P-33

377 Research and development H-3, P-32, Ni-63

378 Co-57, Co-60, Sr-85, Cd-109, Cs-134, Cs-137, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, 

Pu-236, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-242, Pu-244, Np-237, Am-241, Am-243

381 H-3

391 H-3

412 (121) Hot cells: High beta waste Ni-59, Ni-63, Sr-90

421 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

435 Physics: Accelerators Various activation products, H-3, others

491, 492, 493, 494 U-AVLIS U-238

513 Waste processing H-3, C-14, P-32, K-40, Mn-54, Co-57, Co-60, Sr-90, Nb-95, Zr-95, Ru-106, 

I-125, I-131, Ba-133, Cs-134, Cs-137, Cs-138, Ce-141, Ce-144, Eu-152, 

Eu-154, Eu-155, Tl-206, Bi-212, Bi-214, Pb-210, Pb-212, Pb-214, Ra-223, 

Ra-226, Ra-228, Ac-228, Pa-231, Th-226, Th-227, Th-228, Th-232, Th-234, 

U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, 

Am-241, Cm-244, Cf-249

514 Waste processing H-3, Be-7, C-14, Na-22, P-32, S-35, K-40, Sc-46, Cr-51, Fe-55, Mn-54, Co-56, 

Co-57, Co-58, Co-60, Ni-63, Zn-65, Y-88, Sr-89, Sr-90, Nb-94, Nb-95, Zr-95, 

Ru-103, Ru-106, Cd-109, Sb-125, I-125, I-131, Ba-133, Cs-134, Cs-137, 

Ce-139, Ce-141, Ce-144, Gd-148, Pm-147, Sm-151, Eu-152, Eu-154, Eu-155, 

Hf-172, Lu-173, Lu-174, W-185, Po-209, Po-210, Bi-207, Bi-210, Pb-210, 

Ra-226, Th-228, Th-229, Th-230, Th-232, U-232, U-233, U-234, U-235, 

U-236, U-237, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Pu-244, 

Np-237, Np-239, Am-241, Am-243, Cm-244, Cf-249

514 Tank Farm Waste processing H-3, Be-7, C-14, Na-22, P-32, P-33, S-35, K-40, Sc-46, Cr-51, Fe-55, Fe-59, 

Mn-54, Co-56, Co-57, Co-58, Co-60, Ni-59, Ni-63, Zn-65, Y-88, Y-91, Sr-90, 

Nb-95, Mo-99, Tc-99, Ru-103, Ru-106, Cd-109, Sn-113, Ag-110m, I-125, 

I-131, Sb-110m, Sb-124, Sb-125, Te-132, Ba-133, Ba-140, Cs-134, Cs-136, 

Cs-137, La-140, Ce-139, Ce-141, Ce-144, Nd-147, Pm-147, Gd-148, Sm-151, 

Eu-152, Eu-154, Eu-155, Eu-156, Tb-160, Hf-172, Hf-181, Lu-173, Lu-174, 

W-185, Au-195, Hg-203, Bi-207, Bi-210, Po-209, Po-210, Pb-210, Ra-226, 

Pa-233, Th-228, Th-229, Th-230, Th-232, U-232, U-233, U-234, U-235, 

U-236, U-237, U-238, Pu-236, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, 

Pu-244, Np-237, Np-239, Am-241, Am-243, Cm-244, Cf-249 

612 Waste storage and repackaging H-3, Be-7, C-14, Na-22, P-32, P-33, S-35, Cl-36, K-40, Sc-46, Cr-51, Fe-55, 

Mn-54, Co-56, Co-57, Co-58, Co-60, Ni-63, Zn-65, Se-75, Y-88, Y-91, Sr-85, 

Sr-89, Sr-90, Kr-85, Nb-94, Nb-95, Zr-90, Zr-95, Mo-99, Tc-99, Rh-102, 

Rh-103, Rh-103m, Ru-106, Cd-109, Cd-115, Ag-110m, I-125, I-131, Sb-124, 

Sb-125, Ba-133, Ba-140, Cs-134, Cs-137, Ce-139, Ce-141, Ce-144, Nd-147, 

Pm-147, Pm-151, Sm-151, Gd-146, Gd-148, Eu-149, Eu-152, Eu-154, 

Eu-155, Eu-156, Tb-160, Hf-172, Lu-173, Lu-174, Ta-182, W-185, Ir-192, 

Au-195, Pt-195m, Hg-203, Bi-207, Bi-210, Po-209, Po-210, Pb-210, Ra-223, 

Ra-226, Th-228, Th-229, Th-230, Th-232, Th-234, U-232, U-233, U-234, 

U-235, U-237, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Pu-244, 

Np-237, Np-239, Am-241, Am-242, Am-242m, Am-243, Am-244, Cm-244, 

Cf-249, Cf-250
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Table 2-2 (Continued). Site activities by building and associated radionuclides.

Current building #

(old #)

a Building activity Radionuclides

612 Yard Waste storage H-3, C-14, P-32, S-35, K-40, Cr-51, Mn-54, Co-57, Co-60, Ni-59, Ni-63, 

Se-75, Sr-90, Nb-95, Tc-99, Sb-125, Cs-134, Cs-137, Ce-144, Pm-147, 

Sm-151, Eu-152, Eu-154, Eu-155, Bi-207, Bi-214, Ra-226, Ra-228, Th-228, 

Th-230, Th-232, Th-234, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, Pu-238, Pu-239, 

Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Pu-244, Np-239, Am-241, Am-242, Am-243, 

CM-243, Cm-244, Cm-253 

625 Waste operations H-3, C-14, P-32, K-40, Mn-54, Co-57, Co-60, Y-88, Sr-90, Zr-95, Ru-106, 

Cd-109, Sb-125, Ba-133, Cs-134, Cs-137, Ce-141, Ce-144, Eu-152, Eu-154, 

Eu-155, Bi-214, Pb-212, Pb-214, Pa-231, Ra-226, Ra-228, Th-228, Th-230, 

Th-232, Th-234, U-233, U-234, U-235, U-238, U-239, Pu-238, Pu-239, 

Pu-240, Pu-241, Pu-242, Np-237, Am-241, Am-243, Cm-243, Cm-244, 

Cm-253

2561 U-234, U-238

Site 300 – Explosives testing: linear accelerators, depleted uranium, H-3, radiography.

801 Flash X-ray (FXR) linear accelerator H-3, N-13, Ar-41, U-234, U-235, U-238 

810A U-234, U-235, U-238

810B U-234, U-235, U-238

827 Industrial radiography (portable X-ray 

machines)

Radionuclides not specified

823 Portable 9-MV Varian accelerator Radionuclides not specified 

850 H-3, U-234, U-235, U-238

851 100-MeV LINAC H-3, N-13, O-15, Ar-41, U-234, U-235, U-238

865 Advanced Test Accelerator Various activation products

300 Pit 7 H-3

300 Well 8 Spring H-3 

a. Source: LLNL (2005b).

Building 132

Building 132 provides office and laboratory space for a range of activities including the Directorate 

Offices for Chemistry and Materials Sciences; laboratories in the Analytical and Nuclear Chemistry 

Division and the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division; and Nonproliferation Arms Control 

and International Security Directorate Forensic Sciences Center offices and laboratories. The facility 

consists of the Defense Program Research Facility (132N) and the Nuclear Test Technology Complex 

(132S). 

Radiological activities have been limited and included operations associated with the use of X-ray 

generators, electron beam generators, laser equipment, and sealed radioactive sources (DOE 1992).

Building 151

Building 151 houses the Isotope Sciences Division, which applies nuclear and isotope sciences to a 

wide range of problems including stockpile stewardship, nonproliferation, safeguard technologies, 

forensic science, and waste characterization and analysis. In addition, Building 151 contains the 

Chemistry and Materials Sciences Environmental Services laboratory where samples of waste 

streams and environmental media (air, water, soil, etc.) have been analyzed for their radionuclide 

content.

Buildings 175 and 177

Buildings 175 and 177 were part of the Uranium Atomic Vapor Laser Isotope Separation (U-AVLIS) 

program affiliated with the United States Enrichment Corporation (USEC). In June 1999, USEC 

suspended further development of the U-AVLIS technology. Building 175 is sometimes referred to as 

the MARS Facility (for Mirror Advanced Reactor System), which used an electron beam to vaporize 

natural or depleted uranium for evaluation of ion extraction, source development, and material 

handling subsystems.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 13 of 21

Building 177 underwent decontamination and decommissioning in early 2002, and the sampling 

system was removed.

Building 190

Building 190 is operated by the Physics Department and has included a 10-MV tandem accelerator 

laboratory, accelerator mass spectrometry, and other accelerator uses (DOE 1992).

Building 193

The Livermore Pool Type Reactor was operated from Building 193 from 1957 to 1980.

Building 194

Building 194 is operated by N-Division for the Physics and Space Technology Directorate (formerly 

the Physical Sciences Directorate). The facility has included a high-energy (100 MeV) linear 

accelerator (LINAC) and research laboratories. The accelerator beam has produced small quantities 

of short-lived air activation products.

Building 212

Building 212 is administered by the Physics and Space Technology Directorate for miscellaneous 

physics experiments. Historically, the building housed a Cockcroft Walton accelerator and a 90-inch 

cyclotron. Experiments include the use of uranium, plutonium, and tritium. Radionuclide emissions 

are a result of contamination from past operations of the rotating target neutron source, which is no 

longer in operation.

Building 222 Complex

The Building 222 Complex in the southwest quadrant of the LLNL at the Livermore site consists of 

nine buildings (221 through 229) and several trailers. The complex includes chemical laboratories, 

offices, and machining and storage facilities. The wide range of work performed here includes the 

bench-scale synthesis and testing of chemical compounds, intralaboratory and consulting services, 

chemical analysis, bench-scale polymers and composite technology development, and other special 

bench-scale research and development projects (DOE 1992).

The chemistry facility, Building 222, is the main facility for the study of analytical and physical 

chemistry at LLNL. Buildings 224 and 226 are used for environmental analytical work. Building 225 

activities have included energy research, surface science, and other similar bench-scale research. 

Building 227 has provided a facility for polymer research and work associated with LLNL intelligence 

and treaty verification support. Building 228 is the waste retention system for Building 226. 

Building 229 has stored beryllium hydride.

The hazards associated with the Building 222 Complex include handling small quantities of hazardous 

materials involved in research and development activities. These include radioactive materials, laser 

dyes, high explosives, solvents, inorganic acids, bases and salts, organic compounds, halogens, 

organometallics, and inorganic compounds (DOE 1992). 

Building 231

The Development and Assembly Facility, Building 231, is a large experimental, manufacturing, 

assembly, test, and materials-handling facility in the southwestern quadrant of the site. Building 231 

houses research and development activities conducted by Chemistry and Materials Science 

(Materials Division), Engineering (Engineering Sciences, Materials Fabrication, Nuclear Energy 

Systems, Nuclear Test Engineering, and Weapons Engineering Divisions), Safeguards and Security 

(Materials Management Division), and Special Projects Program (J Division). Management oversight 

for Building 231 is provided by the Engineering Directorate through Engineering Sciences Division.
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Small amounts of depleted uranium have been used in Building 232. 

Building 235

Building 235 is a part of the Chemistry and Materials Sciences Directorate known as the Weapons 

Materials Research and Development Facility. Operations in the facility began in 1987 and have 

included examination of material structure, surface, and subsurface; precision cutting; ion implanting; 

and metallurgical studies. Most of the depleted uranium in this building has been used for 

characterization studies; some has been used for ion beam implantation experiments.

Building 241

Building 241 is administered by the Chemistry and Material Sciences Directorate for material 

properties research and testing as well as study of soil bacteria. The history of the facility included the 

use of a LINAC. 

Building 251

Building 251 is the Heavy Element Facility managed by the Safety, Security, and Environmental 

Protection Directorate as a standby, nonoperational facility in which transuranic isotopes are stored 

until they can be disposed. One area of the facility has been hardened to resist damage from 

earthquakes. Room air in the hardened area is exhausted through two high-efficiency particulate air 

(HEPA) filters; glovebox exhausts are triply HEPA filtered. Exhausts from the unhardened areas are 

also HEPA filtered and are continuously sampled by sample filter systems.

Buildings 253, 254, and 255

Building 253 houses the Hazards Control Department, and the facility includes laboratories for the 

chemical analysis and counting of radioactive samples. Hazards Control also operates Building 254 

to conduct bioassays and provide analytical services and Building 255, which houses a radiation 

calibration and standards laboratory. 

Many operations involve the use of sealed sources.

Building 281

Building 281 is part of the Energy and Environment Directorate. Tracer work, dissolution studies, and 

flow studies have been conducted in this building.

The Livermore Pool Type Reactor was operated from Building 281 (which was Building 193 before 

1966). The reactor operated from 1957 to 1980.

Building 282

Building 282 contains residual contamination from past operations.

Building 292

Building 292 contains residual contamination from the past operation of a rotating target neutron 

source. Emissions result from tritium-contaminated water that leaked from an underground storage 

tank. Vegetation in the area transpires water with elevated tritium concentrations.

Building 298

Building 298 is the Fusion Target Fabrication Facility, a part of the Laser Fusion Program. Small 

amounts of tritium have been used in this facility in conjunction with fusion target research and 

development.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 15 of 21

Building 321 Complex

Buildings 321, 321A, 321B, and 321C are the Material Fabrication facility. Operations in this complex 

include milling, shaping, and machining of depleted uranium. Uranium pieces were worked in single 

locations or were moved from machine to machine. In addition, depleted uranium parts occasionally 

underwent heat treatment. The amount of depleted uranium handled depended on programmatic 

demands and varied from month to month. Machining only occurred in 321C.

Building 327

Building 327 is a radiography facility and, along with Building 239, has conducted nondestructive 

evaluation in support of LLNL Site 300, Nevada Test Site (NTS), Tonopah Test Range, DOE 

contractor laboratories, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Equipment in these 

buildings has included lasers, linear accelerators, isotope sources, and flash X-ray equipment (DOE

1992). 

Building 331

Building 331 is the Hydrogen Research Facility or Tritium Research Facility. The building houses the 

tritium research facility and associated laboratories. The bulk of the tritium inventory is in elemental 

form or metal hydrides capable of being turned into elemental form by heating. A small amount of 

tritium has been used for labeling compounds or synthesizing lithium hydride. There has been no 

deliberate experimental use of tritiated water. Some tritiated water is formed in the tritium cleanup 

systems during the removal of tritium from glovebox atmospheres (DOE 1992).

Building 332

Building 332 is the Plutonium Facility. Exhausts from glovebox operations and the workplace are 

triply HEPA filtered. Exhausts are monitored with both continuous filter sampling and 

plutonium-specific, continuous real-time monitors. The major activities at the facility have included 

testing plutonium-bearing engineering assemblies, developing and demonstrating improved plutonium 

fabrication techniques, and fundamental and applied research in plutonium metallurgy.

Building 334

Building 334, the Hardened Engineering Test Building, is in the southwest quadrant of the LLNL site 

and provides laboratory space. This facility performs two main activities. The first is intrinsic radiation 

measurements. Nonexplosive, plutonium-bearing assemblies are used in these experiments to 

determine the occupational radiation exposure to personnel during transportation, storage, and 

handling of nuclear weapons. The second activity is physical testing of components to various 

combinations of vibration, acceleration, mechanical and thermal shock, and thermal cycling. These 

tests simulate the harsh conditions to which the components could be subjected over their lifetime in 

storage, transportation, and use.

Building 341

Building 341 is one of the Lasers Directorate facilities. Experimental studies include the use of 

high-energy electrical systems, explosives, high-velocity experiments using gun systems, 

development and testing of optics, laser systems, flash X-ray generators, and hydro-diagnostics 

equipment.

Building 361 Complex

The research complex for the Biology and Biotechnology Research Directorate includes Buildings 

361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 and 367. Building 365 contains small amounts of tritium, 14C and 35S 

used in animal research and incorporated in animal carcasses stored frozen pending disposal. The 

building air is filtered through at least two HEPA filters and one charcoal filter before being exhausted. 

Most of the organs that contained radionuclides have been removed from the animals for 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 16 of 21

examination. The radionuclide sources in Building 361 include tritium, 14C, 32P, 33P, and 35S, mostly 

incorporated as constituent atoms (tracers) in organic compounds.

Building 378

Building 378 is part of the Energy and Environment Directorate. Small quantities of radioactive 

tracers have been handled in this building.

Building 391

Building 391 is the Inertial Confinement Fusion Laser Facility. The building contains a master 

oscillator room and film calibration facility; a laser bay and switchyard; a 10-beam target bay; a Nova 

2-beam target bay; and Nova power-conditioning and control systems. Radiation and radioactive 

materials may be encountered in the form of neutrons, X-rays, and possible contamination of the 

target chamber with tritium.

Building 412

Building 412 is used for environmental research and includes service shops and laboratories in which 

experiments involving lasers and spectrometers are conducted. Other experiments have involved 

extremely high temperatures and pressures. The eastern section of the building contains six hot cells 

that are no longer used. These cells and the associated air filtration and scrubber system are 

contaminated with low levels of mixed fission products and are in caretaker standby condition with a 

maintenance and monitoring program (DOE 1992).

Building 435

Building 435 houses two magnetic fusion energy experiments: the Sustained Spheromak Physics 

Experiment, operated by the Physics and Advanced Technology Directorate, and the Davis Diverted 

Tokamak, operated by the University of California, Davis, Department of Applied Science. 

Experiments are conducted in these facilities on the confinement and heating of plasmas as part of 

the U.S. Fusion Energy Program. Plasmas are formed in large vacuum vessels and studied using 

diagnostics including a laser interferometer and laser Thompson scattering (DOE 2004). This building 

has also housed the Sherwood Project (magnetic fusion energy experiment) and the International 

Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor.

Building 490 Complex

This complex of buildings in the northern quadrant of the LLNL at the Livermore site includes 

Buildings 490, 491, 492, 493, and 494. The complex supports operation of the laser demonstration 

facilities (Buildings 490, 492, and 494) and the separator demonstration facilities (Buildings 490, 491, 

493, and 494) as well as related research and development activities. Chemical processing has been 

performed in Building 494.

The operations performed at the 490 Complex supported both the U-AVLIS process for uranium 

enrichment and waste treatment development activities. In June 1999, USEC suspended further 

development of the U-AVLIS technology. The Separator Demonstration Facility in Building 490 

contained the uranium separator and areas for receipt, inspection, and storage of the separator pod 

assemblies and parts. Pods were transported for refurbishment from Building 490 to Building 491 

through an enclosed transporter equipped with a HEPA filter and an inert gas supply.

Building 491 housed the separator pod disassembly area, oxidation ovens, grit blasters, coating 

equipment, change rooms, a receiving and shipping area for component storage and assembly of 

sealed containers of natural or depleted uranium and of small quantities of enriched uranium. 

Building 493 was used for component storage and assembly and for sealed storage of U-AVLIS feed, 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 17 of 21

classified materials, and low-level radioactive wastes. Building 493 stored up to 80,000 kg of uranium 

at one time. 

Buildings 513 and 514 Area

Building 513 is operated by the Radioactive and Hazardous Waste Management Division. The 

Stabilization Unit is a mechanized mixing device used to make homogeneous mixtures of waste. 

Solidification agents are added during mixing to transfer sludges to solids. The Microfiltration Unit 

filters out waste radioactive particles. Small quantities of waste materials are sampled, treated, and 

stored. No releases are assumed to occur from waste storage because the wastes are fully 

contained.

Building 514 and the 514 open area are operated by the Radioactive and Hazardous Waste 

Management Division. The wastewater treatment tank farm and storage tank area process the liquid 

waste from facilities on site. The treatment process can involve any of batch chemical treatment

consisting of neutralization, flocculation, oxidation, reduction, precipitation, separation, or filtration. 

Areas used for storage are not considered to release radionuclides because the wastes are fully 

contained.

Building 612 Area

Building 612 is operated by the Radioactive and Hazardous Waste Management Division. It is a 

facility where waste has been repackaged for shipment off site. The Building 612 Yard is operated by 

the Radioactive and Hazardous Waste Management Division. The Yard consists of several areas 

where containers of radioactive wastes are stacked outdoors. The containers, which are not air tight, 

can outgas tritium.

Building 625

Building 625 is operated by Radioactive and Hazardous Waste Management. The building houses 

the handling and storage of wastes that are not subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery 

Act, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos, and transuranic wastes. 

2.3.2

The Southeast Quadrant of the Livermore site has slightly elevated levels of 239Pu in the surface soil 

and air (presumably from resuspension). The source of the 239Pu was past waste management 

operations.

Southeast Quadrant (Main Site)

2.3.3

Explosives tests in which radionuclides can be present have been conducted on open-air firing tables. 

These tests have depleted uranium material as part of the material inventory. There are multiple tests 

per year. Air activation products are created at the flash X-ray and LINAC. Experiments involving 

tritium were conducted in the past as well. 

Site 300

Throughout its history, Site 300 has included several LINACs and flash X-ray units. These devices 

include: 

• XR2 Machine, late 1950s 

• ASTRON LINAC, 1963

• Electron Test Accelerator, 1983

• Electron Test Accelerator II, late 1980s
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 18 of 21

Some selected operations at Site 300 are discussed below.

Bunker 801

Bunker 801 is the Contained Firing Facility but in the past has been used with open-air firing tables. 

This facility contained the Flash X-Ray (FXR) LINAC, which began operations in 1982. Workers could 

have encountered depleted uranium, tritium, and accelerator-produced air activation products.

Bunker 851

This facility housed a 100-MeV LINAC. Open-air firing tables were also used. Workers could have 

encountered depleted uranium, tritium, and accelerator-produced air activation products. 

Bunker 865

The Advanced Test Accelerator is housed in Bunker 865. Workers are likely to have encountered 

accelerator-produced air activation products. 

2.3.4

LLNL personnel supported a variety of nuclear weapons testing from 1952 through the late 1980s. 

Specific information about these tests is not provided in the Site Profile. Individual exposure records 

should include information for personnel who traveled to the Nevada Test Site, Pacific Proving 

Ground, or other nuclear weapons testing locations (Alaska, Colorado, New Mexico, and Mississippi). 

These records should include external dosimetry results as well as any bioassay that might have been 

performed.

Nuclear Weapons Testing

For external dose, LLNL employees working at the NTS may have been double badged, wearing 

dosimetry from both the NTS and LLNL. For other nuclear weapons tests, only LLNL dosimetry was 

provided. For internal dose, LLNL might have performed bioassay upon a worker’s return to LLNL.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 19 of 21

REFERENCES 

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), 2004, Draft Site-wide Environmental Impact Statement for 

Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Supplemental Stockpile 

Stewardship and Management Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, DOE/EIS0348, U.S. Department of Energy, February.

Cited References

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), 1992, Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Impact 

Report for Continued Operation of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia 

National Laboratories, DOE/EIS-0157, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

Gallegos, G. M., et al., 2002, Environmental Report 2001, UCRL-50027-01, Lawrence Livermore 

National Laboratory, Livermore, California, September 1, 2002. 

LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), 2005a, “Laboratory Fact Sheet”, Lawrence 

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California. 

http://www.llnl.gov/llnl/about/facts.jsp, accessed May 9

LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), 2005b, “LLNL Building Index: Pre 1966 and Post 

1966,” facsimile to J.J. Maisler (Integrated Environmental Management, Inc.), February 15, 

Livermore, California. 

Harrach, R. J., et al., 2003, LLNL NESHAPs 2002 Annual Report, UCRL-ID-113867-03, Lawrence 

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, June 1.

Other References

LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), 2005, “About CMS,” Lawrence Livermore National 

Laboratory, Livermore, California.

http://www-cms.llnl.gov/about/history.html, accessed May 9

LLNL (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), 2005, “Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 

Timeline of Laboratory History,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, 

California. 

http://www.llnl.gov/timeline, accessed May 9

SAIC (Science Applications International Corporation), 1993, Review of Tritium Operations, 

Emissions, and Measurements in the Livermore Valley, Report 01-0223-02-0116-00, 

Pleasanton, California, January.
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/29/2005 Page 20 of 21

GLOSSARY

depleted uranium

The uranium remaining after removing 235U from natural uranium. The remaining isotopic 

content is typically on the order of 99.8% 238U, 0.2% 235U, and a trace amount (0.001%) of 234U. 

dosimetry

The science of assessing absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose equivalent, etc., 

from external and internal sources of radiation.

Febetron

A field emission beta ray device that produces high-energy pulses.

fission products

Isotopes formed during fission of uranium or plutonium.

flash X-ray

A linear-induction electron beam accelerator.

natural uranium

Uranium is a naturally occurring radioactive element consisting of three isotopes: 238U 

(99.276%), 235U (0.719%), and a trace amount of 234U (0.0057%). 

transuranic elements

Elements with an atomic number greater than uranium (92). 
Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0035-2 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 07/

2

9/2005 Page 21 of 21

ATTACHMENT A. BUILDING NUMBER CROSS REFERENCE

Table A-1. Cross reference of main site building number changes in 1966 (LLNL 2005b).

Building name

Old 

number

Current 

number

Dept. of Applied Sciences 615

Dept. of Applied Sciences 616

Storage 284

Chemistry 101 222

Development & Assembly 102 221

Security Vault 103 215

Chemistry Storage 104 228

Maintenance Shop 105 211

Chemical Engineering 106 223

High Explosive Chemistry 107A 225

High Explosive Chemistry 107B 226

High Explosive Chemistry 107C 227

Field Test Staging 108 141

EE Field Test Staging 108-116 141

Accounting 109 214

Critical Test 110 261

Auditorium 111 123

Experimental Physics 112 121

Administration-P 112 415

Mechanical Shops 113 415

Mech. Shop/Lunch Room 114 321

ME Nondestruct. Test Lab 115 327

High Explosive Chemistry 117 224

Process Research 118 234

1st Plating 119 433

Computer 120 115

Computer Programming 120C 116

Computer 120D 117

Biomedical Lab. 121 412

Cold Storage 121B 414

Marine Biology Lab. 121C 413

Theoretical and Comp. 122 113

Telephone Central 123 313

Craft Material Assembly 124A 512

Equipment Storage 124B 515

Assay Lab. 125 419

Craft Shops 126 511

Waste Disposal 127 514

Temp. Lab. and Shop 128 516

Warehouse 129 517

East Cafeteria 130 312

Experimental Phys. & Engr. 131 315

Administrative-Q 132 314

Administrative-Unclassified 133 310

Heating Plant 134 401

Garage 135 402

Graphic Arts 136 316

Gas Cylinder Dock 137 518

Garage 138 403

Police 139 416

Development Lab. 140A 326

Sheet Metal Shop 140B 322

Administrative-Unclassified 143 319

Administrative-P 144 219

Emergency Water Reservoir 145A 318

Multipurpose 145B 317

Building name

Old 

number

Current 

number

Dormitory 146 213

Chem. High Pressure Lab. 147 232

Fire House 148 323

Maintenance Shop 149A 324

Utilities Control 149B 325

Assembly and Test 150 432

Mechanical Engineering 151 217

Experimental Phys. & Engr. 152 218

Accelerators 153 212

Scintillator 153C 210

Special Research 154A 171

Special Research 154B 176

Special Research 154C 173

Special Research 154D 174

Special Research 154E 177

Special Research 154F 175

Experimental Phys. & Engr. 155 216

Experimental Phys. & Engr. 156 426

Experimental Physics 157 431

Research Power Supply 158 423

Electrical Substation 159 424

Central Stores 160 411

Central Stores 160C 410

Glove Box Storage 160D 417

Experimental Phys. & Engr. 161 119

Warehouse 166 404

Warehouse 167 405

Power Supply 168 434

Mechanical Engineering 170 131

Metallurgical Chemistry 171 332

Gaseous Chemistry 172 331

Diagnostic Engineering 173A 243

Refractory Materials 173B 241

High Pressure 174 243

Hazards Control 175 253

Toxicology 175C 254

Classified Storage 176 233

Paint Shop 177 418

[No Building Name] 178 333

Salvage 179 523

Experimental Physics 180 435

Power Supply 180A 435

Experimental Physics 180B 442

Coil Shop 181A 443

Magnet Coil Storage 181B 444

Special Research 182A 166

Special Research 182B 165

Special Research 182C 162

Special Research 182D 165

Special Research 182E 165

Detonator Research 183A 345

Detonator Research Mag. 183B 344

Pulsed Energy Research 184 341

Biomedical 185 362

Biomedical 187 361

[No Building Name] 188 437

Building name

Old 

number

Current 

number

Animal House 189 363

Diagnostic Chemistry 190 251

Radiochemistry 191 151

Special Research 192A 169

Special Research 192B 168

Special Research 192C 167

Pool Type Reactor 193 281

Electron-Positron Accel. 194 194

Instrument Calibration 196 283

Water Pump House 197 295

West Cafeteria 199 125

Experimental Physics 200 111

[No Building Name] 203 314

Plant Engineering & Pers. 205 311

Storage 214 321

[No Building Name] 216 142

[No Building Name] 222 617

Storage 223 614

Dry Waste 224 612

[No Building Name] 225 613

Propane Plant/Compressor 230A 622

Propane Plant/Vaporizer 230B 623

[No Building Name] 248 315

[No Building Name] 254 181

Special Research 255 186

[No Building Name] 257 256

[No Building Name] 260 256

[No Building Name] 268 400

[No Building Name] 269 239

[No Building Name] 271 334

[No Building Name] 272 242

[No Building Name] 273 244

[No Building Name] 275 255

[No Building Name] 280 445

[No Building Name] 285 461

[No Building Name] 286 378

[No Building Name] 287 377

Animal House 289 364

Cow Barn 290 592

Sheep Shed 291 593

[No Building Name] 292 595

[No Building Name] 293 594

[No Building Name] 294 282

[No Building Name] 296 299

Classified Waste Disposal 297 297

[No Building Name] 298 499

[No Building Name] 299 399