[Cite as Allen v. Jackson, 2014-Ohio-5793.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio 

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 101193 

JANET J. ALLEN

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT 

vs. 

ANDREW JACKSON

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE 

JUDGMENT: 

AFFIRMED 

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-13-800771 

BEFORE: Jones, P.J., E.A. Gallagher, J., and Kilbane, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 31, 2014 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT 

Gerald R. Walton 

John J. Schneider 

Gerald R. Walton & Associates 

2800 Euclid Avenue 

Suite 320 

Cleveland, Ohio 44115

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 

Milton D. Jefferson 

11502 Nelson Avenue 

Cleveland, Ohio 44105 

Joseph W. Jasper, Jr. 

614 West Superior Avenue 

Suite 940 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 

 

LARRY A. JONES, SR., P.J.: 
{¶1} This case involves car repairs made to plaintiff-appellant Janet Allen’s 2001 Ford 

Focus by AJ Automotive, which is owned by defendant-appellee, Andrew Jackson. A jury found 

in favor of Jackson and Allen has appealed. 

Procedural History and Facts

{¶2} In February 2013, Allen sued Jackson, alleging breach of contract, negligence, fraud, 

and a violation of the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act. Jackson moved for summary 

judgment, which the trial court denied. Allen submitted an expert report from Dean Stecker, the 

mechanic who examined her car after she had it towed to his repair shop. Allen also filed a 

motion in limine to preclude any expert testimony from defense witnesses because Jackson had 

not submitted an expert report. The court granted the motion in limine and the matter proceeded 

to a jury trial at which the following pertinent evidence was presented. 

{¶3} In 2006, Allen purchased a used Ford Focus with over 42,000 miles on it. She 

began experiencing problems with the car’s engine in the summer of 2009. Allen’s uncle tried to 

fix the car, but was unable to. Allen had her car towed to AJ Automotive on Carnegie Avenue in 

Cleveland for repairs. At this time, the car had 81,765 miles on it. Allen’s mother handled all 

the conversations with AJ Automotive and paid the invoices. Allen’s mother surmised that the 

engine needed to be rebuilt and she told AJ Automotive that her budget did not allow for a brand 

new engine. 

{¶4} The Ford was at AJ Automotive for repairs from September 24, 2009 until October 

26, 2009. Keith Dillard, AJ Automotive’s service manager, testified that when Allen’s car was 

first towed to the repair shop, the top portion of the motor was disassembled. Once their 

mechanic reassembled the motor, they discovered more needed to be done to fix the car. Dillard 

faxed multiple estimates to Allen’s mother and the final estimate was $1,816.70. 
{¶5} Chad Padgett, the mechanic at AJ Automotive who installed the engine and did the 

other repairs to the car, testified that when Allen initially brought the car in, the engine was “half 

tore apart.” Padgett testified that a subcontractor from Clark Automotive worked on the Ford’s 

engine, but he personally inspected the engine to make sure everything was in working order 

before he reinstalled it. 

{¶6} Allen picked her car up on October 26, 2009, but brought it back about a week later, 

on November 3, complaining of leaking antifreeze. At this time, the car had 82,084 miles on 

it. Padgett installed a new overflow bottle and replaced the overflow cap. Padgett testified that 

the car was not overheating when he replaced the overflow bottle; he pressure-checked everything 

and it checked out okay. 

{¶7} Allen picked her car up November 6 but had it towed back to the shop on November 

9 claiming it was overheating. Dillard testified that the coolant fan, radiator, and thermostat 

needed to be replaced. Padgett admitted that it was unusual for a radiator “and all that stuff” to 

go bad in three days’ time but “we’re dealing with old cars,” “bumps,” and “living in Cleveland.” 

 The invoice for the repairs totaled $501.80. 

{¶8} Allen returned to AJ Automotive on December 15, 2009 because her car “still wasn’t 

running right.” The shop replaced the dipstick tube. The cost to install a new oil dipstick tube 

and seal was $137.55. The car had 83,226 miles on it. 

{¶9} In January 2010, Allen had her car towed to AJ Automotive complaining that the 

“engine was knocking.” According to Dillard, Allen’s mother said she was not going to put any 

more money into the car but expected it to be repaired. Dillard told her mother that they would 

inspect the car to see what was wrong with it and whether any necessary repairs would be covered 

by her warranty. But, Dillard told Allen’s mother, if there were repairs that were not covered by 
warranty, she would be charged for them. 

{¶10} Allen’s mother consulted with her attorney and had the car towed to DAD’s 

Automotive. Dillard testified that AJ Automotive did not inspect the car at the January 2010 

visit. 

{¶11} Dean Stecker, owner of DAD’s Automotive and a master mechanic, testified that 

Allen’s car was towed to his shop for a second opinion. The car sat on his outdoor, unsecure lot 

for a couple of months until he inspected it, due in part to a lack of communication by Allen’s 

mother. 

{¶12} According to Stecker, one of the pistons was missing from its cylinder, so the car 

was running on three cylinders instead of four. Stecker located the missing piston in the trunk of 

Allen’s car; the piston was destroyed. According to Stecker, someone must have physically 

removed the piston and to do so “is a big job.” Stecker testified that it was possible to drive a 

four-cylinder car on only three cylinders, but the operator would probably feel the engine shake 

and “miss,” and anyone driving the car with a missing piston would definitely know something 

was wrong with the car. 

{¶13} Stecker reviewed the invoices from AJ Automotive and opined that Allen had been 

charged for a head gasket that had never been replaced; the car still needed a new head gasket 

when he inspected it. He also opined that Allen’s car had signs that it had been overheating for 

some time. 

{¶14} Stecker testified that “the engine had a problem and was never repaired correctly 

because the pressure of that piston coming up into the cooling system would have caused the 

coolant reservoir to go bad, would cause the radiator to go bad due to pressure.” 

{¶15} Stecker admitted that Allen’s car sat on his unsecured lot for more than two months 
before he inspected it. When he began to work on the car, he noticed that the starter wires were 

unconnected, which meant that the car was inoperable. 

{¶16} DAD’s automotive charged Allen’s mother $210 for repair work that included 

installing the starter wires, removing the cylinder head, as well as the diagnostic work involved in 

determining that the piston had been removed. Allen did not want to pay to have the car repaired 

and sold it for parts for $250. 

{¶17} Padgett testified that all four pistons were in the vehicle when he performed the 

engine work on the car in September and October 2009: “I went over the motor myself 

personally, all the pistons were in the vehicle. If the piston was not in the vehicle, [it] would not 

run. * * * The engine would smoke, smoke would come out the exhaust if a piston was missing 

out of the engine.” On cross-examination, Padgett was asked how he would know whether Clark 

Automotive, that had worked on the engine for AJ Automotive, had correctly installed all new 

pistons in Allen’s car. Padgett responded: 

I visually inspected it and I see everything that is new that is in the car or I would 

make a complaint. * * * I cannot visibly see the [cylinder] rings without me 

disassembling the motor. You can see the new pistons, you can see the new rods. 

 You can see that. 

{¶18} Padgett insisted the subcontractor from Clark Automotive installed the new pistons. 

 Padgett further testified, “If you’re saying that on 10/26 that the vehicle was released missing a 

piston, I’m pretty sure on 10/27 the customer would be back complaining about a missing piston.” 

 Padgett also insisted that he personally installed the new head gasket on the car and that both he 

and Dillard road tested the vehicle after the engine work was complete and before it was released 

to Allen in October 2009, and the car was running fine. 

{¶19} Dillard testified that after the initial repairs to the engine were made, and up until 

January 2010, Allen returned to the repair shop with “non-engine related complaints.” Dillard 
testified “[y]ou can’t determine normal wear and tear [and] when something’s going to go out on 

a used vehicle. All I can go on is what was properly functioning fine when it left our care.” 

Dillard insisted he road tested the car with Allen before she drove it home. Allen, on the other 

hand, testified that she never took a test ride in the car with anyone from AJ Automotive. 

{¶20} Jackson testified that he owned AJ Automotive and reviewed Allen’s invoices 

personally and with Dillard and Padgett. Jackson testified they did the repairs at a “low, low 

cost” because he (Jackson) knew Allen’s mother was on a budget. He remembered going over 

the first two invoices with Allen’s mother in his office sometime in November 2009 and Allen’s 

mother agreed that the work needed to be done. 

{¶21} Jackson testified that he agreed to accept a partial payment on the third invoice and 

allow Allen’s mother to pay it off over time: 

Prior to her doing any work on [November] 9th * * * she [Allen’s mother] told me 

that she had spent too much money already on this car on these two invoices * * * 

we had a discussion about whether or not she could afford the radiator work and all 

that. At that point I agreed with Ms. Allen, I understood and [said] I want to work 

with you, I know that this is expensive for you and I’m willing to * * * let [you] 

make a down payment. 

{¶22} The jury found in favor of Jackson and AJ Automotive. Allen moved for a 

judgment nothwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial, which the trial court denied. 

{¶23} Allen filed a timely appeal. 

Assignments of Error

I. Defendant invited error by attempting to elicit expert testimony that had been 

previously precluded. 

II. Defendant invited error by arguing facts not in evidence. 

III. The trial court erred in that the judgment of the court is an abuse of discretion 

and contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. 

Law and Analysis
{¶24} In the first and second assignments of error, Allen claims that defense counsel acted 

inappropriately when the attorney elicited improper opinion testimony from AJ Automotive’s 

mechanic in contravention of the motion in limine and by making statements during closing 

argument that were not part of the evidence presented at trial. 

{¶25} First, Allen claims that defense counsel erred when he questioned Padgett about the 

missing piston and then asked him about a photograph of the car that had been offered into 

evidence. We disagree. 

{¶26} During his direct examination, counsel asked Padgett what would happen if there 

was a piston missing from the vehicle. Padgett responded that the engine would smoke, oil 

would come out, there would be a fire in the motor, and “it would be disastrous.” Allen’s 

attorney then objected and the trial court sustained the objection. 

{¶27} We do not find that defense counsel’s question was offered as a way to elicit 

improper opinion or expert testimony. Padgett was not offered as an expert nor did defense 

counsel inquire of Padgett about his expertise in the field of automotive mechanics. Plaintiff’s 

theory was that AJ Automotive performed substandard work or installed substandard parts on 

Allen’s car. To refute that theory, counsel was questioning Padgett about the work he performed 

on Allen’s car, and the mechanic was explaining how a car with a missing piston could not run 

properly; thereby, supporting the defense’s theory that AJ Automotive was not liable for the 

condition of Allen’s car. 

{¶28} Defense counsel then inquired about a photograph that Allen had offered into 

evidence, but Padgett did not reply before Allen’s attorney requested a sidebar. After the 

sidebar, defense counsel ended his direct examination of Padgett and no further questions were 

asked about the photograph. 
{¶29} Even if Padgett’s response to defense counsel’s line of questioning was improper, 

the trial court sustained Allen’s objection to defense counsel’s question and later instructed the 

jury as follows: 

Evidence Stricken. Questions to which the Court sustained an objection or 

statements or answers ordered stricken which you were instructed to disregard are 

not evidence and must be treated as though these were never heard. 

Objections and Speculation. You must not guess why the Court sustained an 

objection to any question or what the answer to such a question might have been. 

You must not consider as evidence any suggestion included in a question that was 

not answered. 

{¶30} A jury is presumed to follow instructions issued by the trial court. Bell v. Mt. Sinai 

Med. Ctr., 95 Ohio App.3d 590, 599, 643 N.E.2d 151 (8th Dist.1994). Absent more, we will 

presume the jury did so in this case. 

{¶31} Allen also claims that defense counsel made inappropriate remarks in closing 

arguments by telling the jury someone other than AJ Automotive must have tampered with or 

tried to fix Allen’s car. But defense counsel was making references to testimony introduced at 

trial with inferences drawn from that testimony. As an advocate for his client, defense counsel 

was setting forth a theory for the jury to explain how Allen’s car might have ended up as it did 

absent his client being liable for its condition. 

{¶32} Trial counsel is generally accorded considerable latitude in closing argument. Durst 

v. Van Gundy, 8 Ohio App.3d 72, 455 N.E.2d 1319 (10th Dist.1982). “A [party] may freely 

comment in closing argument on what the evidence has shown and what reasonable inferences the 

[party] believes may be drawn therefrom.” Peffer v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 94356, 2011-Ohio-450, ¶ 27, citing State v. Clay, 181 Ohio App.3d 563, 

2009-Ohio-1235, 910 N.E.2d 14, ¶ 47 (8th Dist.). Opening and closing statements are also not 

evidence. Peffer at id., citing State v. Spaqi, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 69851, 1997 Ohio App. 
LEXIS 713 (Feb. 27, 1997). Here, the trial court instructed the jury as such, and, again, the 

jury is presumed to follow the proper instructions of the trial court. 

{¶33} Therefore, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing 

defense counsel to make these comments in closing arguments; the inferences counsel made can 

be drawn from the testimony given in this case. 

{¶34} In light of the above, we do not find any prejudicial misconduct during the case in 

chief or defense counsel’s closing argument. The first and second assignments of error are 

overruled. 

{¶35} In the third assignment of error, Allen asserts that the trial court’s judgment should 

be reversed and a new trial ordered because the jury’s verdict in favor of Jackson and AJ 

Automotive was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶36} The manifest weight of the evidence involves a party’s burden of persuasion and is 

“quantitatively and qualitatively different from” the sufficiency of the evidence. Eastley v. 

Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 19, 23. In Eastley, the Ohio 

Supreme Court made it clear that the standard of review for manifest weight of the evidence set 

forth in State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), applies in civil as well as 

criminal cases. Eastley at ¶ 17. In Thompkins, the Ohio Supreme Court described manifest 

weight of the evidence as follows: 

Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of credible 

evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other. 

It indicates clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be 

entitled to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find 

the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be 
established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on 

its effect in inducing belief.” 

(Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 387, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th Ed.1990). 

{¶37} In assessing whether a jury’s verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, 

we examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the 

witnesses’ credibility, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury 

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the verdict must be 

overturned and a new trial ordered. State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 

(1st Dist.1983). 

{¶38} In weighing the evidence, we are guided by a presumption that the findings of the 

trier of fact are correct. Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 

1273 (1984). This presumption arises because the trier of fact had an opportunity “to view the 

witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations 

in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Id. Thus, “to the extent that the 

evidence is susceptible to more than one interpretation,” we will “construe it consistently with the 

jury’s verdict.” Berry v. Lupica, 196 Ohio App.3d 687, 2011-Ohio-5381, 965 N.E.2d 318, ¶ 22 

(8th Dist.), citing Ross v. Ross, 64 Ohio St.2d 203, 414 N.E.2d 426 (1980). See also Seasons 

Coal at 80, fn. 3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191-192 

(1978) (When conducting a manifest weight of the evidence review, ““every reasonable 

presumption must be made in favor of the judgment[.] * * * If the evidence is susceptible of more 

than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is * * * 

most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.”’) 

{¶39} Allen argues that Padgett’s claim that her engine had a complete overhaul was not 
credible since Padgett testified he never saw an invoice from Clark Automotive showing the work 

had been done, could not verify Clark Automotive’s work unless the engine block was 

disassembled, and was not an expert. Allen points to her expert’s testimony that it was obvious 

from his examination of her car’s engine that AJ Automotive claimed to do work it did not do; 

therefore, “the greater of the preponderance of the evidence clearly established that quality of the 

repairs or the issues claimed to have been fixed were not.” According to Allen, the jury lost its 

way and should have found that AJ Automotive never took care of the car’s underlying 

overheating problems and, as supported by her expert’s testimony, the engine problems 

“probably” began because of engine overheating. 

{¶40} However, the jury, as trier of fact, was in the best position to judge the credibility of 

witnesses and resolve any conflicts in the evidence. Dillard testified that Allen brought her car 

in with over 82,000 miles on it, and AJ Automotive overhauled the engine and test drove the car 

before returning it to her in October 2009. Padgett testified that he checked over the work that 

Clark Automotive did before he installed the engine, saw that all the pistons were in place, and 

installed the new head gasket. 

{¶41} When Allen returned on November 3, she did not complain of engine trouble. 

Allen claimed her car was leaking antifreeze and AJ Automotive determined she needed a new 

overflow bottle and cap. At this visit, Padgett performed pressure checks and concluded that 

the car did not need a new radiator. Three days later, Allen returned because her car was 

overheating. Although Padgett and Dillard admitted it was strange that a radiator would go bad 

three days after it checked out fine, they both also testified that it was not unusual for things to 

quickly deteriorate on a high-mileage older car. 

{¶42} When Allen returned in January, no one at AJ Automotive examined the car before 
it was towed to DAD’s Automotive. Stecker testified that he did not inspect the car for a couple 

of months, due in part to a lack of communication from Allen’s mother, and it sat on his 

unsecured lot from January until May of 2011. From October 26 through December 15, Allen 

put almost 1,500 miles on the car, which already had over 80,000 miles on it. And after Allen 

initially had the engine rebuilt by AJ Automotive in October 2009, she returned with complaints 

that were unrelated to the engine. 

{¶43} Thus, although the car went through a series of costly repairs and Allen was left still 

without a working vehicle, and although her car was missing a piston and the starter wires were 

unconnected when Stecker finally inspected it, the jury found that AJ Automotive was not liable. 

In light of the above, we do not find that the jury’s verdict was against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. 

{¶44} The third assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶45} Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the Cuyahoga County 

Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules 

of Appellate Procedure. 

 

LARRY A. JONES, SR., PRESIDING JUDGE 

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., and 

MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR