ORAU TEAM

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Oak Ridge Associated Universities I Dade Moeller I MJW Technical Services

Page 1 of 46

DOE Review Release 04/18/2013

Document Title:

Dissolution Models for Insoluble Plutonium238

Document Number: ORAUT-OTIB-0083

Revision: 00

Effective Date: 04/12/2013

Type of Document: OTIB

Supersedes: None

Subject Expert(s): Thomas R. LaBone and Elizabeth M. Brackett

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 04/11/2013

Thomas R. LaBone, Document Owner

Concurrence: Signature on File Concurrence Date: 04/11/2013

John M. Byrne, Objective 1 Manager

Concurrence: Scott R. Siebert Signature on File for Concurrence Date: 04/11/2013

Edward F. Maher, Objective 3 Manager

Concurrence: Vickie S. Short Signature on File for Concurrence Date: 04/11/2013

Kate Kimpan, Project Director

Approval: Signature on File Approval Date: 04/12/2013

James W. Neton, Associate Director for Science

New Total Rewrite Revision Page Change

FOR DOCUMENTS MARKED AS A TOTAL REWRITE, REVISION, OR PAGE CHANGE, REPLACE THE PRIOR 

REVISION AND DISCARD / DESTROY ALL COPIES OF THE PRIOR REVISION.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 2 of 46

PUBLICATION RECORD

EFFECTIVE 

DATE

REVISION 

NUMBER DESCRIPTION

04/12/2013 00 New document initiated to consolidate in one document information 

about insoluble Pu-238 that is relevant to dose reconstruction at 

several sites. Incorporates formal internal and NIOSH review 

comments. Training required: As determined by the Objective 

Manager. Initiated by Thomas R. LaBone.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 3 of 46

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE PAGE

Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 5

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6

1.1 Purpose........................................................................................................................ 6

1.2 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.0 Limiting Dissolution Types........................................................................................................ 8

3.0 Calculations for Limiting Dissolution Types ............................................................................ 10

4.0 A Discussion of Dissolution Models........................................................................................ 26

5.0 A Discussion of the Wing-9 Plutonium-238 Cermet................................................................ 39

6.0 Attributions and Annotations .................................................................................................. 44

References ........................................................................................................................................ 45

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2-1 Summary of limiting dissolution type versus the duration of a chronic inhalation intake of 

238Pu ........................................................................................................................................8

2-2 Summary of limiting dissolution type versus the time after an acute intake a single urine 

sample is collected...................................................................................................................9

3-1 Example of limiting dose calculation for 238Pu......................................................................... 11

3-2 10-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d......................................................................................... 12

3-3 100-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d....................................................................................... 13

3-4 400-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d....................................................................................... 14

3-5 1,000-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.................................................................................... 15

3-6 10,000-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.................................................................................. 16

3-7 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 2 days later .......................................................... 17

3-8 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 5 days later .......................................................... 18

3-9 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 10 days later ........................................................ 19

3-10 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 15 days later ........................................................ 20

3-11 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 40 days later ........................................................ 21

3-12 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 100 days later ...................................................... 22

3-13 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 400 days later ...................................................... 23

3-14 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 1,000 days later ................................................... 24

3-15 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 4,000 days later ................................................... 25

3-16 Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 10,000 days later ................................................. 26

4-1 Summary of dissolution rate constants in both the standard and alternate forms ................... 29
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 4 of 46

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES TITLE PAGE

1-1 LANL urinary excretion curve modeled with type S and type J dissolution types ...................... 6

1-2 Mound urinary excretion curve fit with type L 238Pu .................................................................. 7

1-3 Evaluation of a single positive urine result on day 365 assuming an acute intake 

occurred at the midpoint between the positive result and a less-than result 1 year earlier........ 8

4-1 Standard and alternate forms of the ICRP Publication 66 dissolution model .......................... 27

4-2 238Pu dissolution curve ........................................................................................................... 28

4-3 Dissolution curve for type M material...................................................................................... 28

4-4 Rate of dissolution for type M material ................................................................................... 29

4-5 Dissolution curve for type S material ...................................................................................... 30

4-6 Dissolution curve for type S material ...................................................................................... 31

4-7 Rate of dissolution for type S material.................................................................................... 31

4-8 Dissolution for type J material ................................................................................................ 32

4-9 Dissolution curve for type J material....................................................................................... 32

4-10 Dissolution rate for type J material ......................................................................................... 33

4-11 Urine data from 1971 LANL case modeled with type J 238Pu.................................................. 33

4-12 Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 1 .......................................................................... 34

4-13 Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 2 .......................................................................... 35

4-14 Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 3 .......................................................................... 35

4-15 Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 4 .......................................................................... 36

4-16 Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 5 .......................................................................... 36

4-17 Dissolution curve for type L material ...................................................................................... 37

4-18 Dissolution curve for type L material ...................................................................................... 37

4-19 Rate of dissolution for type L material .................................................................................... 38

4-20 Comparison of rate of dissolution curves for types J (in red) and L (in blue) material ............. 38

5-1 Type J dissolution parameters in IMBA .................................................................................. 40

5-2 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 1 with type J plutonium............................................ 41

5-3 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 2 with type J plutonium............................................ 41

5-4 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 3 with type J plutonium............................................ 41

5-5 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 4 with type J plutonium............................................ 42

5-6 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 5 with type J plutonium............................................ 42

5-7 Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 6 with type J plutonium............................................ 42

5-8 Fit of type J 238Pu to urinary excretion data ............................................................................ 43

5-9 Figure 4-8 with expanded time scale to show details at time of intake.................................... 44
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 5 of 46

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Bq becquerel

d day

DCF dose conversion factor

DOE U.S. Department of Energy

dpm disintegrations per minute

HRTM human respiratory tract model

ICRP International Commission on Radiological Protection

IMBA Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis

IREP Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program

IRF intake retention fraction

LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

ORAU Oak Ridge Associated Universities

RTG radioisotopic thermoelectric generator

SNAP Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power

SRDB Ref ID Site Research Database Reference Identification (number)

Sv sievert

TIB technical information bulletin

U.S.C. United States Code

§ section or sections
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 6 of 46

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Technical information bulletins (TIBs) are not official determinations made by the National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) but are rather general working documents that provide 

historical background information and guidance concerning the preparation of dose reconstructions at 

particular sites or categories of sites. They will be revised in the event additional relevant information 

is obtained about the affected site(s). TIBs may be used to assist NIOSH staff in the completion of 

individual dose reconstructions.

In this document, the word “facility” is used as a general term for an area, building, or group of 

buildings that served a specific purpose at a site. It does not necessarily connote an “atomic weapons 

employer facility” or a “Department of Energy (DOE) facility” as defined in the Energy Employees 

Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 [42 U.S.C. § 7384l(5) and (12)].

1.1 PURPOSE

This TIB reviews two specific examples of non-standard urinary excretion patterns following intakes of 

238Pu and provides parameters for their use in IMBA. These parameters are not intended to be 

applied to all 238Pu dose assessments. Site profiles provide guidance as to when a specific model is 

appropriate and under what circumstances it should be considered,

1.2 OVERVIEW

Workers who are exposed to 238Pu can exhibit a wide variety of urinary excretion patterns that are 

indicative of very different dissolution rates of the plutonium in the lung. For example, Guilmette, 

Griffith, and Hickman (1994) described the urinary excretion resulting from exposures to 238Pu at three 

different facilities, and the urinary excretion patterns were very different. Perhaps the most interesting 

excretion patterns were those observed after the acute exposures of seven individuals at the Los 

Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Wing-9 facility (Facility 1 in Guilmette et al.) in 1971 to a 238Pu 

cermet. These individuals exhibited nonmonotonic urinary excretion patterns like the one shown in 

Figure 1-1, which suggests that the 238Pu (type J in the plot) was very insoluble at the time it was 

inhaled and became more soluble over a period of time. 

Figure 1-1. LANL urinary excretion curve modeled with type S and type J 

dissolution types.

1.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

1.0E+02

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (pCi/day)

Predicted Type J

Predicted Type S

Observed
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 7 of 46

This behavior has not been observed with 239Pu and is linked to the fact that 238Pu has a specific 

activity about 270 times higher than that of 239Pu (Mewhinney and Diel 1983). The high specific 

activity of the 238Pu causes aggregate recoil of 238Pu particles and radiation damage to the structure of 

the material. This results in relatively insoluble compounds like 238Pu oxide being more soluble than 

239Pu oxide in aqueous environments like those in the human body.

The increasing solubility over time depicted in Figure 1-1 was modeled using the type J dissolution 

type, which refers to the dissolution model proposed by James et al. (2003) (see the discussion in 

Sections 3.0 and 4.0). A dissolution model that better describes 238Pu urinary excretion patterns that 

have been observed at Mound was derived from five Mound intake cases that were reported by 

Woods and Sheehan (1971) (see Section 3.2). An example is shown in Figure 1-2. The Moundspecific dissolution type is called type L to distinguish it from type J. The type L dissolution type has a 

greater initial solubility than type J and also has a higher rate of dissolution. The type L and type J 

dissolution models use custom dissolution functions within the framework of the standard ICRP 

Publication 66 respiratory tract model (ICRP 1994). The use of such custom dissolution functions is 

the approach recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 

ICRP (2000, Section 5.5.2) and allows the models to be implemented in Integrated Modules for 

Bioassay Analysis (IMBA).

Figure 1-2. Mound urinary excretion curve fit with type L 238Pu.

The nonmonotonic urinary excretion curves that result from inhalation intakes of materials like type L 

238Pu are of interest for dose reconstruction for two reasons. First, the urinary excretion rate can be 

relatively low immediately after the inhalation intake – right when it might be expected to be highest 

with type M or S plutonium. This can result in an intake not being confirmed if urine bioassay alone is 

used to confirm the intake and no additional urine samples are collected.

Second, for a positive urine result not associated with a known intake the current practice is to apply 

the ICRP recommendation in Publication 78 of assigning the intake date to the midpoint between the 

positive result and the last “less-than” result (ICRP 1998). With type M and type S plutonium the 

magnitude of an intake calculated from a single urine sample increases as the elapsed time between 

the assumed intake and the sample increases. There is a period for type J and type L materials 

where this relationship is reversed – the intake calculated from a single urine sample increases as the 

elapsed time between the intake and the sample decreases. These relationships are illustrated in 

Figure 1-3.

1.0E-01

1.0E+00

1.0E+01

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Time After Intake (day)

Pu-238 in Urine (pCi/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 8 of 46

Figure 1-3. Evaluation of a single positive urine result on day 365 assuming 

an acute intake occurred at the midpoint (day 183) between the positive 

result and a less-than result 1 year earlier (day 0).

2.0 LIMITING DISSOLUTION TYPES

There are certain intake scenarios in which the assumption of standard type M or S plutonium results 

in higher organ dose estimates than the assumption of type L plutonium, and there are scenarios in 

which the assumption of type L plutonium results in higher dose estimates. In Section 4, evidence is 

presented that supports the assertion that type J plutonium is a material that would be rarely 

encountered in the workplace. For this reason type J plutonium is not considered in this section and 

will be addressed on a case-by-case basis. The dissolution types that result in the highest organ 

doses for typical dose reconstruction scenarios are identified in Tables 2-1 and 2-2. The calculations 

that were used to construct these tables are given in Section 3. The overall conclusion is that 

standard plutonium dissolution types (M and S) should be assumed for cases when urine samples 

were collected more than 2 weeks after an acute intake and for chronic intakes in excess of 3 months 

in duration. Under these conditions types M and S will result in the highest organ doses for all organs 

(i.e., type M or S plutonium is limiting). The type L dissolution type should be used for cases that do 

not meet these criteria. Therefore, type L will in practice be added to the evaluation regimen and 

applied in the same fashion as types M and S, selecting whichever results in the largest dose for the 

particular case

Table 2-1. Summary of limiting dissolution type versus the duration of a chronic 

inhalation intake of 238Pu. The urine sample is assumed to be collected at the 

end of the chronic intake.

Organ or tissue

Chronic intake period (d)

10,000 1,000 400 100 40 10

Adrenals S S S S L L

Urinary bladder S S S S L L

Brain S S S S L L

Breast S S S S L L

Gall bladder S S S S L L

Heart wall S S S S L L

Kidneys S S S S L L

Liver S S S S L L

1.0E-09

1.0E-08

1.0E-07

1.0E-06

1.0E-05

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Days After Last Less-Than Urine Result

Pu-238 in Urine 

Type J

Type S

Urine Result

midpoint
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 9 of 46

Organ or tissue

Chronic intake period (d)

10,000 1,000 400 100 40 10

Muscle S S S S L L

Ovaries S S S S L L

Pancreas S S S S L L

Testes S S S S L L

Thyroid S S S S L L

R.B.M. S S S S L L

Bone surface S S S S L L

Stomach S S S S L L

S.I. S S S S L L

U.L.I. S S S S L L

L.L.I. S S S S L L

Skin S S S S L L

Spleen S S S S L L

Thymus S S S S L L

Uterus S S S S L L

ET S S S S S S

Lung S S S S S S

Colon S S S S L L

ET1 S S S S S L

ET2 S S S S S S

LN(ET) S S S S S S

BBsec S S S S S L

BBbas S S S S S L

bb S S S S S S

AI S S S S S S

LN(TH) S S S S S S

Esophagus S S S S L L

Table 2-2. Summary of limiting dissolution type versus the time after an acute 

intake a single urine sample is collected.

Organ or tissue

Day sample collected after acute intake (d)

10,000 1,000 400 100 40 15 10 2

Adrenals M S S S S S L L

Urinary bladder M S S S S S L L

Brain M S S S S S L L

Breast M S S S S S L L

Gall bladder M S S S S S L L

Heart wall M S S S S S L L

Kidneys M S S S S S L L

Liver M S S S S S L L

Muscle M S S S S S L L

Ovaries M S S S S S L L

Pancreas M S S S S S L L

Testes M S S S S S L L

Thyroid M S S S S S L L

R.B.M. M S S S S S L L

Bone surface M S S S S S L L

Stomach M S S S S S L L

S.I. M S S S S S L L

U.L.I. M S S S S S L L

L.L.I. M S S S S S L L

Skin M S S S S S L L

Spleen M S S S S S L L
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Thymus M S S S S S L L

Uterus M S S S S S L L

ET S S S S S S S L

Lung S S S S S S S L

Colon M S S S S S L L

ET1 S S S S S S S L

ET2 S S S S S S S L

LN(ET) S S S S S S S S

BBsec S S S S S S S L

BBbas S S S S S S S L

bb S S S S S S S L

AI S S S S S S S S

LN(TH) S S S S S S S S

Esophagus M S S S S S L L

3.0 CALCULATIONS FOR LIMITING DISSOLUTION TYPES

The general approach was to examine the dose to organs from various exposure scenarios to 

determine if and when type L 238Pu would deliver a dose that is higher than that from type M or S 

238Pu. If type L delivers the highest dose, it is “limiting” and the case should be evaluated using the 

type L dissolution model. Each of Tables 3-2 through 3-16 consists of three parts (see example in 

Table 3-1):

• A: The first is a matrix of intake-to-organ dose conversion factors (DCFs) for 238Pu. The DCF 

for acute intakes give the 50-year committed organ dose in sievert per unit intake whereas for 

chronic intakes the DCFs give the 50-year committed organ dose in sievert per total intake. 

For example, in the case of a 10-day chronic intake of 1 Bq/d the total intake is (10 d)(1 Bq/d) 

= 10 Bq. The DCFs are given for 5-μm activity median aerodynamic diameter type L, M, and 

S 238Pu.

• B: The second matrix contains the urine intake retention fractions (IRFs) for the given time 

after an acute intake or the start of a chronic intake. For an acute intake, IRF(t) is the fraction 

of a unit intake in the 24-hour urine sample collected on day t after intake. For a chronic 

intake, IRF(t) is the becquerels of 238Pu in the 24-hour urine sample collected on the last day 

after the end of the chronic intake. For example, in the case of a 10-day chronic intake, the 

urine sample is collected from t = 9 days to t = 10 days.

• C: The third matrix gives the organ dose H in sievert implied by 1 Bq/d of 238Pu excreted on 

day t, as shown in Equation 3-1:

( )   =    

1 

( )

Bq H DCF

IRF t (3-1)

For a given intake scenario the organ doses are calculated for all organs and solubility types of 

plutonium. The solubility type with the highest dose is referred to as the “limiting” solubility type. The 

results are summarized in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. In general, the standard type M and type S 238Pu are 

limiting if:

• The urine sample was collected more than approximately 2 weeks after an acute inhalation 

intake, or

• The chronic intake period is longer than approximately 3 months and the urine sample was 

collected at the end of the chronic intake period.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 11 of 46

Table 3-1. Example of limiting dose calculation for 238Pu (100-day chronic intake). A is the matrix of 

DCFs for an intake rate of 1 Bq/d (total intake of 100 Bq), B are the Bq in the urine on the last day of 

the chronic intake period, and C are the doses implied by observing 1 Bq in the urine sample.

A C

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-04 3.590E-05 1.950E-04 2.793E-01 1.629E+00 9.515E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-02 1.690E-03 9.490E-03 1.357E+01 7.667E+01 4.631E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-03 1.050E-04 5.900E-04 8.456E-01 4.763E+00 2.879E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-03 1.070E-04 6.010E-04 8.598E-01 4.854E+00 2.933E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-03 4.070E-04 2.230E-03 3.183E+00 1.846E+01 1.088E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-02 7.950E-03 4.490E-02 6.438E+01 3.607E+02 2.191E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-04 1.370E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.215E-01 3.811E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-04 1.380E-05 7.820E-05 1.123E-01 6.260E-01 3.816E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-04 1.450E-05 7.890E-05 1.130E-01 6.578E-01 3.850E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-04 1.630E-05 8.060E-05 1.137E-01 7.395E-01 3.933E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

ET 1.520E-03 8.110E-03 2.460E-03 1.080E+00 3.679E+02 1.200E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-03 5.130E-03 2.970E-03 1.670E+00 2.327E+02 1.449E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-04 1.530E-05 7.970E-05 1.130E-01 6.941E-01 3.889E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-03 3.020E-03 3.080E-03 2.245E+00 1.370E+02 1.503E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-03 8.110E-03 2.460E-03 1.080E+00 3.679E+02 1.200E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-04 1.320E-02 2.430E-04 1.556E-01 5.988E+02 1.186E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-03 8.120E-03 7.760E-03 4.519E+00 3.684E+02 3.787E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-04 9.500E-04 9.000E-04 5.557E-01 4.310E+01 4.392E+00 S

bb 2.460E-03 3.570E-03 2.970E-03 1.748E+00 1.620E+02 1.449E+01 S

AI 1.040E-03 7.160E-03 1.600E-03 7.390E-01 3.248E+02 7.808E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-04 4.450E-02 7.280E-04 3.148E-01 2.019E+03 3.552E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

B

Type M Type S Type L

IRF 1.407E-03 2.204E-05 2.049E-04
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 12 of 46

Table 3-2. 10-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Urinary bladder 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Brain 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Breast 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Gall bladder 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Heart wall 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Kidneys 3.930E-05 3.590E-06 1.950E-05 6.216E-02 5.208E-01 3.357E+00 L

Liver 1.910E-03 1.690E-04 9.490E-04 3.021E+00 2.452E+01 1.634E+02 L

Muscle 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Ovaries 1.190E-04 1.050E-05 5.900E-05 1.882E-01 1.523E+00 1.016E+01 L

Pancreas 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Testes 1.210E-04 1.070E-05 6.010E-05 1.914E-01 1.552E+00 1.035E+01 L

Thyroid 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

R.B.M. 4.480E-04 4.070E-05 2.230E-04 7.085E-01 5.904E+00 3.839E+01 L

Bone surface 9.060E-03 7.950E-04 4.490E-03 1.433E+01 1.153E+02 7.729E+02 L

Stomach 1.580E-05 1.370E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.987E-01 1.344E+00 L

S.I. 1.580E-05 1.380E-06 7.820E-06 2.499E-02 2.002E-01 1.346E+00 L

U.L.I. 1.590E-05 1.450E-06 7.890E-06 2.515E-02 2.103E-01 1.358E+00 L

L.L.I. 1.600E-05 1.630E-06 8.060E-06 2.530E-02 2.365E-01 1.387E+00 L

Skin 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Spleen 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Thymus 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

Uterus 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

ET 1.520E-04 8.110E-04 2.460E-04 2.404E-01 1.176E+02 4.234E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-04 5.130E-04 2.970E-04 3.717E-01 7.442E+01 5.112E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-05 1.530E-06 7.970E-06 2.515E-02 2.220E-01 1.372E+00 L

ET1 3.160E-04 3.020E-04 3.080E-04 4.998E-01 4.381E+01 5.302E+01 L

ET2 1.520E-04 8.110E-04 2.460E-04 2.404E-01 1.176E+02 4.234E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-05 1.320E-03 2.430E-05 3.464E-02 1.915E+02 4.183E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-04 8.120E-04 7.760E-04 1.006E+00 1.178E+02 1.336E+02 L

BBbas 7.820E-05 9.500E-05 9.000E-05 1.237E-01 1.378E+01 1.549E+01 L

bb 2.460E-04 3.570E-04 2.970E-04 3.891E-01 5.179E+01 5.112E+01 S

AI 1.040E-04 7.160E-04 1.600E-04 1.645E-01 1.039E+02 2.754E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-05 4.450E-03 7.280E-05 7.006E-02 6.455E+02 1.253E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-05 1.360E-06 7.810E-06 2.499E-02 1.973E-01 1.344E+00 L

IRF 6.323E-04 6.893E-06 5.810E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 13 of 46

Table 3-3. 100-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-04 3.590E-05 1.950E-04 2.793E-01 1.629E+00 9.515E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-02 1.690E-03 9.490E-03 1.357E+01 7.667E+01 4.631E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-03 1.050E-04 5.900E-04 8.456E-01 4.763E+00 2.879E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-03 1.070E-04 6.010E-04 8.598E-01 4.854E+00 2.933E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-03 4.070E-04 2.230E-03 3.183E+00 1.846E+01 1.088E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-02 7.950E-03 4.490E-02 6.438E+01 3.607E+02 2.191E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-04 1.370E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.215E-01 3.811E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-04 1.380E-05 7.820E-05 1.123E-01 6.260E-01 3.816E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-04 1.450E-05 7.890E-05 1.130E-01 6.578E-01 3.850E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-04 1.630E-05 8.060E-05 1.137E-01 7.395E-01 3.933E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

ET 1.520E-03 8.110E-03 2.460E-03 1.080E+00 3.679E+02 1.200E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-03 5.130E-03 2.970E-03 1.670E+00 2.327E+02 1.449E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-04 1.530E-05 7.970E-05 1.130E-01 6.941E-01 3.889E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-03 3.020E-03 3.080E-03 2.245E+00 1.370E+02 1.503E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-03 8.110E-03 2.460E-03 1.080E+00 3.679E+02 1.200E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-04 1.320E-02 2.430E-04 1.556E-01 5.988E+02 1.186E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-03 8.120E-03 7.760E-03 4.519E+00 3.684E+02 3.787E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-04 9.500E-04 9.000E-04 5.557E-01 4.310E+01 4.392E+00 S

bb 2.460E-03 3.570E-03 2.970E-03 1.748E+00 1.620E+02 1.449E+01 S

AI 1.040E-03 7.160E-03 1.600E-03 7.390E-01 3.248E+02 7.808E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-04 4.450E-02 7.280E-04 3.148E-01 2.019E+03 3.552E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-04 1.360E-05 7.810E-05 1.123E-01 6.170E-01 3.811E-01 S

IRF 1.407E-03 2.204E-05 2.049E-04
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 14 of 46

Table 3-4. 400-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Urinary bladder 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Brain 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Breast 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Gall bladder 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Heart wall 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Kidneys 1.570E-03 1.440E-04 7.810E-04 5.514E-01 2.035E+00 7.789E-01 S

Liver 7.660E-02 6.770E-03 3.790E-02 2.690E+01 9.569E+01 3.780E+01 S

Muscle 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Ovaries 4.760E-03 4.200E-04 2.360E-03 1.672E+00 5.936E+00 2.354E+00 S

Pancreas 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Testes 4.860E-03 4.280E-04 2.410E-03 1.707E+00 6.050E+00 2.404E+00 S

Thyroid 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

R.B.M. 1.790E-02 1.630E-03 8.900E-03 6.286E+00 2.304E+01 8.876E+00 S

Bone surface 3.620E-01 3.180E-02 1.790E-01 1.271E+02 4.495E+02 1.785E+02 S

Stomach 6.320E-04 5.480E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.746E-01 3.112E-01 S

S.I. 6.320E-04 5.510E-05 3.130E-04 2.220E-01 7.788E-01 3.122E-01 S

U.L.I. 6.350E-04 5.820E-05 3.160E-04 2.230E-01 8.226E-01 3.151E-01 S

L.L.I. 6.420E-04 6.530E-05 3.230E-04 2.255E-01 9.230E-01 3.221E-01 S

Skin 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Spleen 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Thymus 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

Uterus 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

ET 6.070E-03 3.240E-02 9.850E-03 2.132E+00 4.580E+02 9.823E+00 S

Lung 9.420E-03 2.050E-02 1.190E-02 3.308E+00 2.898E+02 1.187E+01 S

Colon 6.380E-04 6.120E-05 3.190E-04 2.241E-01 8.650E-01 3.181E-01 S

ET1 1.260E-02 1.210E-02 1.230E-02 4.425E+00 1.710E+02 1.227E+01 S

ET2 6.070E-03 3.240E-02 9.850E-03 2.132E+00 4.580E+02 9.823E+00 S

LN(ET) 8.760E-04 5.290E-02 9.710E-04 3.076E-01 7.477E+02 9.684E-01 S

BBsec 2.540E-02 3.250E-02 3.100E-02 8.920E+00 4.594E+02 3.092E+01 S

BBbas 3.130E-03 3.800E-03 3.600E-03 1.099E+00 5.371E+01 3.590E+00 S

bb 9.840E-03 1.430E-02 1.190E-02 3.456E+00 2.021E+02 1.187E+01 S

AI 4.150E-03 2.860E-02 6.410E-03 1.457E+00 4.042E+02 6.393E+00 S

LN(TH) 1.770E-03 1.780E-01 2.910E-03 6.216E-01 2.516E+03 2.902E+00 S

Esophagus 6.320E-04 5.450E-05 3.120E-04 2.220E-01 7.703E-01 3.112E-01 S

IRF 2.847E-03 7.075E-05 1.003E-03
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 15 of 46

Table 3-5. 1,000-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-03 3.590E-04 1.950E-03 8.573E-01 2.057E+00 9.613E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-01 1.690E-02 9.490E-02 4.166E+01 9.682E+01 4.679E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-02 1.050E-03 5.900E-03 2.596E+00 6.015E+00 2.909E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-02 1.070E-03 6.010E-03 2.639E+00 6.130E+00 2.963E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-02 4.070E-03 2.230E-02 9.772E+00 2.332E+01 1.099E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-01 7.950E-02 4.490E-01 1.976E+02 4.555E+02 2.214E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-03 1.370E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.849E-01 3.850E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-03 1.380E-04 7.820E-04 3.446E-01 7.906E-01 3.855E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-03 1.450E-04 7.890E-04 3.468E-01 8.307E-01 3.890E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-03 1.630E-04 8.060E-04 3.490E-01 9.338E-01 3.974E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

ET 1.520E-02 8.110E-02 2.460E-02 3.316E+00 4.646E+02 1.213E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-02 5.130E-02 2.970E-02 5.126E+00 2.939E+02 1.464E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-03 1.530E-04 7.970E-04 3.468E-01 8.765E-01 3.929E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-02 3.020E-02 3.080E-02 6.893E+00 1.730E+02 1.518E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-02 8.110E-02 2.460E-02 3.316E+00 4.646E+02 1.213E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-03 1.320E-01 2.430E-03 4.777E-01 7.562E+02 1.198E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-02 8.120E-02 7.760E-02 1.387E+01 4.652E+02 3.826E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-03 9.500E-03 9.000E-03 1.706E+00 5.443E+01 4.437E+00 S

bb 2.460E-02 3.570E-02 2.970E-02 5.366E+00 2.045E+02 1.464E+01 S

AI 1.040E-02 7.160E-02 1.600E-02 2.269E+00 4.102E+02 7.888E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-03 4.450E-01 7.280E-03 9.663E-01 2.549E+03 3.589E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-03 1.360E-04 7.810E-04 3.446E-01 7.791E-01 3.850E-01 S

IRF 4.584E-03 1.746E-04 2.028E-03
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 16 of 46

Table 3-6. 10,000-day chronic exposure of 1 Bq/d.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/intake) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Brain 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Breast 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Heart wall 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Kidneys 3.930E-02 3.590E-03 1.950E-02 2.981E+00 3.275E+00 2.992E+00 S

Liver 1.910E+00 1.690E-01 9.490E-01 1.449E+02 1.542E+02 1.456E+02 S

Muscle 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Ovaries 1.190E-01 1.050E-02 5.900E-02 9.026E+00 9.578E+00 9.051E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Testes 1.210E-01 1.070E-02 6.010E-02 9.178E+00 9.760E+00 9.220E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-01 4.070E-02 2.230E-01 3.398E+01 3.712E+01 3.421E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E+00 7.950E-01 4.490E+00 6.872E+02 7.252E+02 6.888E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-02 1.370E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.250E+00 1.198E+00 S

S.I. 1.580E-02 1.380E-03 7.820E-03 1.198E+00 1.259E+00 1.200E+00 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-02 1.450E-03 7.890E-03 1.206E+00 1.323E+00 1.210E+00 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-02 1.630E-03 8.060E-03 1.214E+00 1.487E+00 1.236E+00 S

Skin 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Spleen 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Thymus 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

Uterus 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

ET 1.520E-01 8.110E-01 2.460E-01 1.153E+01 7.398E+02 3.774E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-01 5.130E-01 2.970E-01 1.782E+01 4.679E+02 4.556E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-02 1.530E-03 7.970E-03 1.206E+00 1.396E+00 1.223E+00 S

ET1 3.160E-01 3.020E-01 3.080E-01 2.397E+01 2.755E+02 4.725E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-01 8.110E-01 2.460E-01 1.153E+01 7.398E+02 3.774E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-02 1.320E+00 2.430E-02 1.661E+00 1.204E+03 3.728E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-01 8.120E-01 7.760E-01 4.824E+01 7.407E+02 1.190E+02 S

BBbas 7.820E-02 9.500E-02 9.000E-02 5.931E+00 8.666E+01 1.381E+01 S

bb 2.460E-01 3.570E-01 2.970E-01 1.866E+01 3.256E+02 4.556E+01 S

AI 1.040E-01 7.160E-01 1.600E-01 7.888E+00 6.531E+02 2.455E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-02 4.450E+00 7.280E-02 3.360E+00 4.059E+03 1.117E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-02 1.360E-03 7.810E-03 1.198E+00 1.241E+00 1.198E+00 S

IRF 1.318E-02 1.096E-03 6.518E-03
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 17 of 46

Table 3-7. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 2 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 3.007E-02 2.646E-01 5.671E+00 L

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 1.462E+00 1.246E+01 2.760E+02 L

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 9.106E-02 7.740E-01 1.716E+01 L

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 9.259E-02 7.887E-01 1.748E+01 L

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 3.428E-01 3.000E+00 6.486E+01 L

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 6.933E+00 5.860E+01 1.306E+03 L

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.010E-01 2.271E+00 L

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 1.209E-02 1.017E-01 2.274E+00 L

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 1.217E-02 1.069E-01 2.295E+00 L

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 1.224E-02 1.202E-01 2.344E+00 L

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.163E-01 5.978E+01 7.154E+01 L

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 1.798E-01 3.782E+01 8.638E+01 L

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 1.217E-02 1.128E-01 2.318E+00 L

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 2.418E-01 2.226E+01 8.958E+01 L

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.163E-01 5.978E+01 7.154E+01 L

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 1.676E-02 9.730E+01 7.067E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 4.867E-01 5.986E+01 2.257E+02 L

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 5.984E-02 7.003E+00 2.617E+01 L

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 1.882E-01 2.632E+01 8.638E+01 L

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 7.958E-02 5.278E+01 4.653E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 3.390E-02 3.280E+02 2.117E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.209E-02 1.003E-01 2.271E+00 L

IRF 1.307E-04 1.357E-06 3.438E-07
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 18 of 46

Table 3-8. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 5 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 1.006E-01 7.894E-01 3.117E+00 L

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 4.887E+00 3.716E+01 1.517E+02 L

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 3.045E-01 2.309E+00 9.430E+00 L

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 3.096E-01 2.353E+00 9.606E+00 L

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 1.146E+00 8.950E+00 3.564E+01 L

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 2.318E+01 1.748E+02 7.177E+02 L

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 3.013E-01 1.248E+00 L

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 4.043E-02 3.035E-01 1.250E+00 L

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 4.068E-02 3.188E-01 1.261E+00 L

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 4.094E-02 3.584E-01 1.288E+00 L

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 3.889E-01 1.783E+02 3.932E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 6.013E-01 1.128E+02 4.747E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 4.068E-02 3.364E-01 1.274E+00 L

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 8.086E-01 6.641E+01 4.923E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 3.889E-01 1.783E+02 3.932E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 5.604E-02 2.903E+02 3.884E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 1.627E+00 1.786E+02 1.240E+02 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 2.001E-01 2.089E+01 1.439E+01 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 6.295E-01 7.850E+01 4.747E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 2.661E-01 1.574E+02 2.557E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 1.134E-01 9.785E+02 1.164E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.043E-02 2.991E-01 1.248E+00 L

IRF 3.908E-05 4.548E-07 6.257E-07
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 19 of 46

Table 3-9. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 10 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 2.556E-01 1.596E+00 2.038E+00 L

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 1.242E+01 7.512E+01 9.920E+01 L

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 7.739E-01 4.667E+00 6.167E+00 L

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 7.869E-01 4.756E+00 6.282E+00 L

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 2.914E+00 1.809E+01 2.331E+01 L

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 5.892E+01 3.534E+02 4.693E+02 L

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.090E-01 8.163E-01 L

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 1.028E-01 6.134E-01 8.174E-01 L

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 1.034E-01 6.445E-01 8.247E-01 L

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 1.041E-01 7.245E-01 8.425E-01 L

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 9.886E-01 3.605E+02 2.571E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 1.528E+00 2.280E+02 3.104E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 1.034E-01 6.801E-01 8.331E-01 L

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 2.055E+00 1.342E+02 3.219E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 9.886E-01 3.605E+02 2.571E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 1.424E-01 5.867E+02 2.540E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 4.136E+00 3.609E+02 8.111E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 5.086E-01 4.223E+01 9.407E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 1.600E+00 1.587E+02 3.104E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 6.764E-01 3.183E+02 1.672E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 2.881E-01 1.978E+03 7.609E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.028E-01 6.045E-01 8.163E-01 L

IRF 1.538E-05 2.250E-07 9.567E-07
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 20 of 46

Table 3-10. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 15 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 3.503E-01 1.934E+00 1.598E+00 S

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 1.702E+01 9.105E+01 7.779E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 1.061E+00 5.657E+00 4.836E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 1.078E+00 5.765E+00 4.926E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 3.993E+00 2.193E+01 1.828E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 8.075E+01 4.283E+02 3.680E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.381E-01 6.402E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 1.408E-01 7.435E-01 6.410E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 1.417E-01 7.812E-01 6.467E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 1.426E-01 8.782E-01 6.607E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.355E+00 4.369E+02 2.016E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 2.094E+00 2.764E+02 2.434E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 1.417E-01 8.243E-01 6.533E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 2.816E+00 1.627E+02 2.525E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.355E+00 4.369E+02 2.016E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 1.952E-01 7.112E+02 1.992E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 5.668E+00 4.375E+02 6.361E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 6.970E-01 5.118E+01 7.377E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 2.193E+00 1.923E+02 2.434E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 9.269E-01 3.858E+02 1.311E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 3.948E-01 2.398E+03 5.967E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.408E-01 7.327E-01 6.402E-01 S

IRF 1.122E-05 1.856E-07 1.220E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 21 of 46

Table 3-11. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 40 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 4.381E-01 2.126E+00 9.424E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 2.129E+01 1.001E+02 4.587E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 1.327E+00 6.217E+00 2.851E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 1.349E+00 6.336E+00 2.905E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 4.994E+00 2.410E+01 1.078E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 1.010E+02 4.707E+02 2.170E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.112E-01 3.775E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 1.761E-01 8.171E-01 3.779E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 1.772E-01 8.586E-01 3.813E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 1.784E-01 9.652E-01 3.895E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.694E+00 4.802E+02 1.189E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 2.620E+00 3.038E+02 1.435E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 1.772E-01 9.060E-01 3.852E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 3.523E+00 1.788E+02 1.489E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.694E+00 4.802E+02 1.189E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 2.441E-01 7.816E+02 1.174E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 7.090E+00 4.808E+02 3.750E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 8.717E-01 5.625E+01 4.350E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 2.742E+00 2.114E+02 1.435E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 1.159E+00 4.240E+02 7.733E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 4.938E-01 2.635E+03 3.518E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.761E-01 8.053E-01 3.775E-01 S

IRF 8.971E-06 1.689E-07 2.069E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 22 of 46

Table 3-12. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 100 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 5.743E-01 2.245E+00 6.972E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 2.791E+01 1.057E+02 3.393E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 1.739E+00 6.565E+00 2.110E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 1.768E+00 6.690E+00 2.149E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 6.547E+00 2.545E+01 7.973E+00 S

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 1.324E+02 4.971E+02 1.605E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.566E-01 2.792E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 2.309E-01 8.628E-01 2.796E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 2.324E-01 9.066E-01 2.821E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 2.338E-01 1.019E+00 2.882E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 2.221E+00 5.071E+02 8.796E+00 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 3.434E+00 3.207E+02 1.062E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 2.324E-01 9.566E-01 2.850E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 4.618E+00 1.888E+02 1.101E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 2.221E+00 5.071E+02 8.796E+00 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 3.201E-01 8.253E+02 8.689E-01 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 9.295E+00 5.077E+02 2.775E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 1.143E+00 5.940E+01 3.218E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 3.595E+00 2.232E+02 1.062E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 1.520E+00 4.477E+02 5.721E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 6.474E-01 2.782E+03 2.603E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.309E-01 8.503E-01 2.792E-01 S

IRF 6.843E-06 1.599E-07 2.797E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 23 of 46

Table 3-13. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 400 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 1.070E+00 2.137E+00 8.648E-01 S

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 5.200E+01 1.006E+02 4.209E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 3.240E+00 6.250E+00 2.617E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 3.294E+00 6.369E+00 2.665E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 1.220E+01 2.423E+01 9.890E+00 S

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 2.467E+02 4.732E+02 1.991E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.155E-01 3.464E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 4.302E-01 8.215E-01 3.468E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 4.329E-01 8.631E-01 3.499E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 4.356E-01 9.703E-01 3.575E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 4.139E+00 4.828E+02 1.091E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 6.398E+00 3.054E+02 1.317E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 4.329E-01 9.108E-01 3.535E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 8.604E+00 1.798E+02 1.366E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 4.139E+00 4.828E+02 1.091E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 5.963E-01 7.858E+02 1.078E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 1.732E+01 4.834E+02 3.442E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 2.129E+00 5.655E+01 3.991E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 6.698E+00 2.125E+02 1.317E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 2.832E+00 4.262E+02 7.096E+00 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 1.206E+00 2.649E+03 3.229E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 4.302E-01 8.096E-01 3.464E-01 S

IRF 3.673E-06 1.680E-07 2.255E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 24 of 46

Table 3-14. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 1,000 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 1.648E+00 2.071E+00 1.447E+00 S

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 8.008E+01 9.751E+01 7.044E+01 S

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 4.989E+00 6.058E+00 4.379E+00 S

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 5.073E+00 6.174E+00 4.461E+00 S

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 1.878E+01 2.348E+01 1.655E+01 S

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 3.799E+02 4.587E+02 3.333E+02 S

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.904E-01 5.797E-01 S

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 6.624E-01 7.962E-01 5.805E-01 S

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 6.666E-01 8.366E-01 5.857E-01 S

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 6.708E-01 9.405E-01 5.983E-01 S

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 6.373E+00 4.679E+02 1.826E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 9.853E+00 2.960E+02 2.205E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 6.666E-01 8.828E-01 5.916E-01 S

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 1.325E+01 1.742E+02 2.286E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 6.373E+00 4.679E+02 1.826E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 9.182E-01 7.616E+02 1.804E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 2.667E+01 4.685E+02 5.760E+01 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 3.279E+00 5.481E+01 6.681E+00 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 1.031E+01 2.060E+02 2.205E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 4.360E+00 4.131E+02 1.188E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 1.857E+00 2.568E+03 5.404E+00 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 6.624E-01 7.847E-01 5.797E-01 S

IRF 2.385E-06 1.733E-07 1.347E-06
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 25 of 46

Table 3-15. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 4,000 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 4.052E+00 3.275E+00 3.901E+00 M

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 1.969E+02 1.542E+02 1.899E+02 M

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 1.227E+01 9.579E+00 1.180E+01 M

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 1.248E+01 9.762E+00 1.202E+01 M

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 4.620E+01 3.713E+01 4.461E+01 M

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 9.342E+02 7.253E+02 8.983E+02 M

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.250E+00 1.562E+00 M

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 1.629E+00 1.259E+00 1.564E+00 M

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 1.640E+00 1.323E+00 1.578E+00 M

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 1.650E+00 1.487E+00 1.612E+00 M

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.567E+01 7.399E+02 4.921E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 2.423E+01 4.680E+02 5.942E+01 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 1.640E+00 1.396E+00 1.594E+00 M

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 3.258E+01 2.755E+02 6.162E+01 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 1.567E+01 7.399E+02 4.921E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 2.258E+00 1.204E+03 4.861E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 6.558E+01 7.408E+02 1.552E+02 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 8.064E+00 8.667E+01 1.801E+01 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 2.537E+01 3.257E+02 5.942E+01 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 1.072E+01 6.532E+02 3.201E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 4.568E+00 4.060E+03 1.456E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 1.629E+00 1.241E+00 1.562E+00 M

IRF 9.698E-07 1.096E-07 4.999E-07
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 26 of 46

Table 3-16. Acute exposure of 1 Bq with urine sample 10,000 days later.

Organ or 

tissue

DCF (Sv/Bq) Implied dose (Sv) Limiting 

solubility 

Type M Type S Type L Type M Type S Type L type

Adrenals 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Urinary bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Brain 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Breast 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Gall bladder 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Heart wall 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Kidneys 3.930E-06 3.590E-07 1.950E-06 7.144E+00 5.402E+00 7.021E+00 M

Liver 1.910E-04 1.690E-05 9.490E-05 3.472E+02 2.543E+02 3.417E+02 M

Muscle 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Ovaries 1.190E-05 1.050E-06 5.900E-06 2.163E+01 1.580E+01 2.124E+01 M

Pancreas 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Testes 1.210E-05 1.070E-06 6.010E-06 2.199E+01 1.610E+01 2.164E+01 M

Thyroid 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

R.B.M. 4.480E-05 4.070E-06 2.230E-05 8.144E+01 6.125E+01 8.029E+01 M

Bone surface 9.060E-04 7.950E-05 4.490E-04 1.647E+03 1.196E+03 1.617E+03 M

Stomach 1.580E-06 1.370E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.062E+00 2.812E+00 M

S.I. 1.580E-06 1.380E-07 7.820E-07 2.872E+00 2.077E+00 2.815E+00 M

U.L.I. 1.590E-06 1.450E-07 7.890E-07 2.890E+00 2.182E+00 2.841E+00 M

L.L.I. 1.600E-06 1.630E-07 8.060E-07 2.908E+00 2.453E+00 2.902E+00 M

Skin 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Spleen 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Thymus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

Uterus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

ET 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 2.763E+01 1.220E+03 8.857E+01 S

Lung 2.350E-05 5.130E-05 2.970E-05 4.272E+01 7.720E+02 1.069E+02 S

Colon 1.590E-06 1.530E-07 7.970E-07 2.890E+00 2.302E+00 2.869E+00 M

ET1 3.160E-05 3.020E-05 3.080E-05 5.744E+01 4.545E+02 1.109E+02 S

ET2 1.520E-05 8.110E-05 2.460E-05 2.763E+01 1.220E+03 8.857E+01 S

LN(ET) 2.190E-06 1.320E-04 2.430E-06 3.981E+00 1.986E+03 8.749E+00 S

BBsec 6.360E-05 8.120E-05 7.760E-05 1.156E+02 1.222E+03 2.794E+02 S

BBbas 7.820E-06 9.500E-06 9.000E-06 1.421E+01 1.430E+02 3.240E+01 S

bb 2.460E-05 3.570E-05 2.970E-05 4.472E+01 5.372E+02 1.069E+02 S

AI 1.040E-05 7.160E-05 1.600E-05 1.890E+01 1.077E+03 5.761E+01 S

LN(TH) 4.430E-06 4.450E-04 7.280E-06 8.053E+00 6.697E+03 2.621E+01 S

Esophagus 1.580E-06 1.360E-07 7.810E-07 2.872E+00 2.047E+00 2.812E+00 M

IRF 5.501E-07 6.645E-08 2.778E-07

4.0 A DISCUSSION OF DISSOLUTION MODELS

The standard (left) and alternate (right) representations of the dissolution model in the ICRP 

Publication 66 human respiratory tract model (HRTM) are shown below in Figure 4-1 (ICRP 1994).

These two models are mathematically equivalent; that is, values for the parameters in the models can 

be selected so that identical rates of dissolution and absorption into the blood stream will result. The 

alternate form of the dissolution model can be used to represent the fraction F(t) of the initial contents 

of the rapid and slow compartments that has not yet dissolved as:

- - ( ) (1 ) r s k t k t Ft fe f e = +− r r (4-1)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 27 of 46

Figure 4-1. Standard (left) and alternate (right) forms of the ICRP 

Publication 66 dissolution model (ICRP 1994).

As discussed below, this formulation is useful for incorporating experimental dissolution data into the 

HRTM.

An in vitro lung solubility test is a method for estimating the rate at which inhaled material will dissolve 

in the lungs. The static method (Ansoborlo et al. 1999) consists of placing a sample of the material of 

interest between two permeable membranes. The test assembly is immersed in simulated lung fluid 

and allowed to sit for a period of time, during which some of the material between the membranes 

dissolves and goes into solution. After a prescribed length of time the test assembly is placed in fresh 

simulated lung fluid and the old fluid is analyzed to measure how much material has dissolved. This 

procedure is repeated over time and the undissolved fraction F(t) at each time is plotted versus time. 

For example, the dissolution data for 238Pu from an actual incident (Cheng et al. 2004) at LANL is 

shown in Figure 4-2 along with theoretical curves for type M and type S 238Pu.

The experimental data were fit with a sum of two exponentials, the coefficients and rate constants of 

which correspond to the coefficients and rate constants of the dissolution model F(t) (e.g., fr = 0.023).

In a dissolution test on material that dissolved exactly like standard type M material, the dissolution 

curve in Figure 4-3 would be produced (note the linear-log scales). The parameters of the type M 

dissolution model, along with the parameters of other models, are presented in Table 4-1.

Two important characteristics of this curve are:

• Approximately 10% of the material dissolves rapidly (in less than a day), which is why the 

curve starts out at 0.9 on the y-axis rather than 1.0.

• Essentially all of the material dissolves in about 1,000 days.

The instantaneous rate at which the material is dissolving as a function of time is shown in Figure 4-4. 

(The curve in Figure 4-4 is the negative of the derivative of the curve in Figure 4-3 in relation to time.)

When material dissolves it goes to the bloodstream and part of it goes to the urine. Therefore, the 

urinary excretion rate of the material, 238Pu in this case, would be expected to be highest shortly after 

the intake and then decrease monotonically. This is indeed what happens. The large rapidly 

dissolving fraction and overall high dissolution rate are what makes it relatively easy to detect intakes 
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 28 of 46

Figure 4-2. 238Pu dissolution curve.

Figure 4-3. Dissolution curve for type M material.

Days

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

 Fraction Pu activityRemaining in the Filter 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Filter Section 4

Filter Section 5

Type S Material

Type M Material

Fitted Curve

A/Ao = 0.023 exp(-0.298T)+0.977 exp(-6.09x10-4 T)

Type S

Type M

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 29 of 46

Table 4-1. Summary of dissolution rate constants in both the 

standard and alternate forms (with IMBA notation).

IMBA OTIB-83 M S J L

Spt kpt 90 100 0.00189 0.02

St kt,blood 0.005 0.0001 0.000257 0.003341

Sp kp,blood 10 0.1 1.00E-06 1.00E-06

Sr kr 100 100.1 0.001891 0.02

Ss ks 0.005 0.0001 0.000257 0.003341

Fr fr 0.09995 0.001 -0.156671 -0.20048

Figure 4-4. Rate of dissolution for type M material.

of type M 238Pu by urine bioassay. The corresponding curves for type S material are given in 

Figures 4-5 to 4-7, with Figure 4-6 being Figure 4-5 with an expanded scale on the y-axis.

The plot in Figure 4-6 shows that the rapidly dissolving fraction for type S material is approximately 

100 times smaller (0.1 ÷ 0.001 = 100) than the rapidly dissolving fraction for type M. This, combined 

with the much lower dissolution rate (compare the scale of the y-axis in Figure 4-7 to that of Figure 4-

4) means that the urinary excretion rate after an intake of type S 238Pu will be much lower than that 

after an intake of type M 238Pu.

The dissolution model developed by James et al. (2003) for the 238Pu cermet inhaled by the LANL 

workers in 1971 is referred to here as type J (see Section 4 for more details). The parameters for 

type J material are given in Table 4-1, and the dissolution curves expected from an in vitro lung 

solubility test of this material are given in Figures 4-8 to 4-10. Two important aspects of these curves 

are:

• Very little of the type J material dissolves in the first few months after the intake. In other 

words, type J material has essentially no rapidly dissolving fraction. Comparison of Figure 4-6 

(type S) to Figure 4-9 (type J) makes this clear.

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

Time (days)

Rate of Dissolution
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• The rate of dissolution is very low initially, increases over time, and peaks about 1,000 days 

after intake (Figure 4-8).

The practical implication of this behavior is that the urinary excretion rates after an intake of type J 

238Pu will be very low initially, increase over time, and peak at about 1,000 days after intake (the time 

of the peak in Figure 4-8). The nonmonotonic dissolution results in a nonmonotonic urinary excretion 

curve. This is illustrated in Figure 4-11, which shows the 238Pu urinary excretion data for one of the 

1971 LANL workers modeled with the type J model.

Figure 4-5. Dissolution curve for type S material.

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved
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Figure 4-6. Dissolution curve for type S material (expanded y-axis).

Figure 4-7. Rate of dissolution for type S material.

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0.99

0.992

0.994

0.996

0.998

1

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

2 .10 5

4 .10 5

6 .10 5

8 .10 5

Time (days)

Rate of Dissolution
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Figure 4-8. Dissolution for type J material.

Figure 4-9. Dissolution curve for type J material (expanded y-axis).

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0.99

0.992

0.994

0.996

0.998

1

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 33 of 46

Figure 4-10. Dissolution rate for type J material.

Figure 4-11. Urine data from 1971 LANL case modeled with type J 238Pu.

The dissolution model for the 238Pu oxide that was inhaled by the Mound workers in 1968 (as 

described by Woods and Sheehan 1971) is referred to here as type L. The parameters for type L 

material were estimated by starting with the type J parameters and modifying them iteratively until an

acceptable fit to the urinary excretion data was obtained. The parameters for type L material are 

1 10 100 1 .

103 1 .

104

0

5 .10 5

1 .

10 4

1.5 .

10 4

2 .10 4

Time (days)

Rate of Dissolution

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

1

2

3

4

5

6

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (pCi/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 34 of 46

given in Table 4-1, and the fits to the urine bioassay data are shown in Figures 4-12 to 4-16. (The 

value of kr for Case 1 is 2 times the value given in Table 4-1 for Type L material; that is, the initial 

dissolution rate for Case 1 was twice that of the other four cases.)

The expected dissolution curves from an in vitro lung solubility test of type L material are given in 

Figures 4-17 through 4-19. The dissolution rate curve for type L material (Figure 4-19) resembles the 

dissolution rate curve for type J material (Figure 4-10) in that it is nonmonotonic. Perhaps for this 

reason the two types of material are frequently discussed together as if they were the same. 

However, if the dissolution rate curves for type L and type J material are presented on the same plot 

(Figure 4-20) the differences in the materials becomes apparent:

• Type L material has a much higher rapidly dissolving fraction than type J material.

• The dissolution rate for type L is much higher than for type J.

• The dissolution rate (and therefore the urinary excretion rate) for type L peaks in about 

100 days versus 1,000 days for type J.

High specific activity 238Pu materials experience self-irradiation damage and fragmentation to some 

extent even if the materials do not happen to be in the lung (Icenhour 2005). This results in the 

eventual formation of more soluble 238Pu compounds as the initially insoluble material ages (ORAUT

2008), which in turn tends to support a higher short-term urinary excretion rate. The practical 

Figure 4-12. Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 1.

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

1

10

100

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (dpm/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 35 of 46

Figure 4-13. Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 2.

Figure 4-14. Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 3.

1 10 100 1 .

103 1 .104

0.01

0.1

1

10

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (dpm/day)

1 10 100 1 .

103 1 .104

0.01

0.1

1

10

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (dpm/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 36 of 46

Figure 4-15. Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 4.

Figure 4-16. Fit of type L 238Pu to urine data from Case 5.

10 100 1 .103 1 .

104 1 .

105

0.01

0.1

1

10

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (dpm/day)

1 10 100 1 .

103 1 .104

0.01

0.1

1

10

Time After Intake (days)

Pu-238 in Urine (dpm/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 37 of 46

Figure 4-17. Dissolution curve for type L material.

Figure 4-18. Dissolution curve for type L material (expanded y-axis).

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0.99

0.992

0.994

0.996

0.998

1

Time (days)

Fraction Not Dissolved
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 38 of 46

Figure 4-19. Rate of dissolution for type L material.

Figure 4-20. Comparison of rate of dissolution curves for types J (in red) and L (in blue)

material.

consequence of this is that, even if it is present, type L or J 238Pu eventually partially degrade into 

more soluble forms that more closely resemble standard dissolution types.

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

5 .10 4

0.001

0.0015

0.002

Time (days)

Rate of Dissolution

1 10 100 1 .103 1 .104

0

5 .10 4

0.001

0.0015

0.002

Time (days)

Rate of Dissolution
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 39 of 46

In summary, parameters for a dissolution model (type L material) based on exposures of Mound 

personnel is presented here. 

5.0 A DISCUSSION OF THE WING-9 PLUTONIUM-238 CERMET

One of the primary industrial applications of 238Pu uses its high specific activity in a radioisotopic 

thermoelectric generator (RTG) to generate heat, which is in turn converted to electricity. These 

RTGs are used when a reliable, compact source of electricity is needed (e.g., deep space missions). 

One type of RTG was fabricated out of an extremely stable ceramic 238Pu (DOE 1993, Section 

2.2.1.2) that was designed to survive reentry into the earth’s atmosphere from space. In 1971, seven 

individuals in Wing-9 at LANL were working with such an RTG in a glovebox when they were 

inadvertently exposed to airborne material that was released through a hole in the glove. The 

material was described as a ceramic 238Pu with a molybdenum binder. There are few other details on 

the specifics of this event; the available information comes from brief descriptions in the open 

literature like those by Miller, Inkret, and Martz (1999), Guilmette, Griffith, and Hickman (1994), and 

Hickman et al. (1995).

Discussions with individuals who were involved in the event that were published in 1995 indicate that 

they were disassembling Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP)-19 RTGs, which were used on 

the Pioneer deep space probes and the Transit navigation satellites (LANL 1995, pp. 137, 145). 

SNAP-19s were constructed from 238Pu cermet (DOE 1993, Table II.3). A “cermet” is a composite 

material composed of a metal and a ceramic, which are molybdenum and high-fired plutonium oxide, 

respectively, in this case. A cermet is produced by coating high-fired plutonium oxide with 

molybdenum and then heating the mixture under extreme pressure. The cermet is technically the 

chunk of material, not the ingredients that go into it. This means that to be exposed to a plutoniumbearing cermet, there must be a mechanism that generates a respirable airborne aerosol from the 

chunk of material.

The principal investigator present during the Wing 9 event wrote a report in 1975 in which he 

discussed the results of studies on the degradation of the capsule that was used to keep the 

plutonium from dispersing as a result of a launch accident (Mulford 1975). The RTG that was the 

source of the contamination that night was designated1 TF-1, and it had been subjected to a fairly 

violent vibration test meant to reproduce launch conditions and then destructively analyzed (cut open) 

(Mulford 1975). Some contamination was always produced in a test like this, but if the cermet disks 

did not fit snugly in the outer capsule a relatively large amount of respirable cermet aerosol could be 

produced (Johnson 2008). It appears that TF-1 was subjected to a vibration test that created 

powdered cermet of respirable size in the RTG. The RTG was cut open, and it released the cermet 

powder into the hot cell. Because of over pressurization in the containment (the operation had to be 

performed in an inert atmosphere) and a leak in a manipulator boot, the respirable aerosol was 

released into the cold area where the seven workers were exposed.

Three different models are known to have been used to evaluate the urinary excretion data from the 

workers involved in the Wing 9 incident. For the first, LANL developed an in-house model that was 

described briefly by Miller, Inkret, and Martz (1999), but it has not been published in a peer-reviewed 

journal. The model is based on ICRP Publication 30 models (1979) but uses rate functions rather 

than rate constants; that is, the rate constants in the model change over time. For the second, 

Hickman used a modified Mewhinney “beagle” model to evaluate the urinary excretion data from the 

LANL workers. This is a custom compartmental model based on neither the Publication 30 nor the 

Publications 66 and 68 (ICRP 1994, 1995) models. In the third, James et al. (2003) modeled the 

urinary excretion and autopsy data from one of the individuals involved in the LANL incident. They

 1 Indicating that it was for a Transit satellite rather than a Pioneer probe.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 40 of 46

found that the case could be adequately modeled using the standard Publications 66 and 68 

biokinetic model with the modified dissolution function shown in Figure 5-1 (as entered into IMBA).

Figure 5-1. Type J dissolution parameters in IMBA.

The James et al. (2003) model is considered to be the most appropriate of the three because:

• The model uses a custom dissolution function within the framework of the standard ICRP 

Publications 66 and 68 models (ICRP 1994, 1995). The use of custom dissolution functions is 

the approach recommended in ICRP (2000, Section 5.5.2) and it allows the model to be 

implemented in IMBA.

• The custom dissolution function is based on human urinary excretion and autopsy data.

• The model was published in a peer-reviewed journal; it is not an in-house model.

• As shown below, the model provides an acceptable fit to the urinary excretion data of six of the 

seven the workers exposed the ceramic 238Pu at LANL in 1971 (the urine data for the seventh 

worker are not available).

Fits to six of the LANL ceramic 238Pu cases are shown in Figures 5-2 through 5-7.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 41 of 46

 Figure 5-2. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 1 with type J plutonium.

 Figure 5-3. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 2 with type J plutonium.

 Figure 5-4. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 3 with type J plutonium.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 42 of 46

Figure 5-5. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 4 with type J plutonium.

 Figure 5-6. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 5 with type J plutonium.

Figure 5-7. Fit to urinary excretion from LANL Case 6 with type J plutonium.

No other known occupational exposure cases with urinary excretion patterns that exhibited the 

extreme initial insolubility in the LANL Wing 9 cases have been observed at LANL or elsewhere in the 

DOE complex2

. For example, a LANL case with an excretion pattern similar to what might be 

 2 This is in agreement with comments made by [Name Redacted], the former [Title Redacted] at LANL, and the personal 

experiences of [Name Redacted], the former [Title Redacted] at SRS.
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 43 of 46

expected from type J material was described by Miller et al. (2002) and is shown in Figures 5-8 and 5-

9.3

Figure 5-8. Fit of type J 238Pu to urinary excretion data. The intake was a known 

incident that occurred on October 31, 1980 (red arrow on the plot).

The observed urinary excretion shortly after the intake (0.02 pCi/day on 11/3/1980), which is key in 

detecting intakes by urine bioassay, is over 20 times higher than what the type J model predicts on 

the same day (9.43E-4 pCi/day). The main point here is that 238Pu compounds can exhibit a range of 

solubility characteristics and that the behavior of the LANL 238Pu cermet in the Wing 9 incident, 

especially the initial solubility, should be considered to be extreme rather than typical.

 

3 There is a considerable amount of variability in the daily excretion rates, which suggests that these were not true 

24-hour urine samples.

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

3/16/77 12/11/79 9/6/82 6/2/85 2/27/88 11/23/90 8/19/93

Date

Pu-238 in Urine (pCi/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 44 of 46

Figure 5-9. Figure 5-8 with expanded time scale to show details at time of intake.

6.0 ATTRIBUTIONS AND ANNOTATIONS

All information requiring identification was addressed via references integrated into the reference 

section of this document.

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

9/17/78 4/5/79 10/22/79 5/9/80 11/25/80 6/13/81 12/30/81

Date

Pu-238 in Urine (pCi/day)
Document No. ORAUT-OTIB-0083 Revision No. 00 Effective Date: 04/12/2013 Page 45 of 46

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