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NIOSH 2002b National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Internal Dose Reconstruction Implementation Guideline. OCAS-IG-002. Rev. 0; August 2002. 

NIOSH 2002c National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH-Interactive RadioEpidemiological Program (NIOSH-IREP) Technical Documentation, Final Report. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Compensation Analysis and Support; Cincinnati, Ohio; June 2002. 

NRC 2002 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Re-Evaluation of the Indoor Resuspension Factor for the Screening Analysis of the Building Occupancy Scenario for NRC's License Termination Rule. NUREG-1720. Draft; June 2002. 

ORAU 1983a Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Call from Mont Mason. Memorandum of telephone conversation between Mont G. Mason of Mallinckrodt and an unnamed employee of Oak Ridge Associated Universities(?). 2 December 1983. 

ORAU 1983b Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Interview with John Harley from NYOO's HASL Concerning Radiation Monitoring Done at HASL. Memorandum to D. Cragle, D. Robie, and W. Tankersley from E. Dupree. 25 March 1983. 

ORAU 1991 Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Mallinckrodt Chemical Works: Four-Plant Study Classifications of Radium, Radon, and Thorium Exposure. Memorandum from J. N. Ingle to Files. 16 September 1991. 

ORAU 1989a Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Mallinckrodt Chemical Works: Radon Dose Assessment. Memorandum to MCW File from J. N. Ingle. 31 October 1989. 

ORAU 1980a Oak Ridge Associated Universities. MCW: Entry of the Film Badge Data onto Computer from Hard Copy Documents. No author listed. 5 August 1980. 

ORAU 1980b Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Radiation Exposure Data, Mallinckrodt Uranium Division Operations, January 1947 through June 1956. Report, no author or data listed. Circa 1980. 

ORAU 1989b Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Relationship Between Breath Radon Measurements and Skeletal Radium Burdens. Memorandum to P. Groer from B. Dolan. 1 September 1989. 

ORAU 2003 Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU). Research file of Mallinckrodt urinalysis data with identifying information deleted. Available via the dose reconstruction project terminal server at: O:\DOE Site Images\_Individual Dosimetry Data_\062503-AWE-Mallinckrodt, MO\Mallinckrodt Dose Folder\MCW_Westbrook.mdb. July 2003. 

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ORAU 1977 Oak Ridge Associated Universities. The MCW 10-01-49 Dust Exposure Evaluation: Facts and Recommendations about a Prime Record. Report, no author or data listed. Circa 1977. 

ORAUT 2003a Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team (ORAUT), Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. External Dose Reconstruction. ORAUT-PROC-0006. Rev. 0; 27 June 2003. 

ORAUT 2003b Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team (ORAUT), Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. Internal Dose Reconstruction. ORAUT-PROC-0003. Rev. 0; 1 May 2003. 

ORAUT 2003c Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team (ORAUT), Dose Reconstruction Project for NIOSH. Technical Information Bulletin:  Dose Reconstruction from Occupationally Related Diagnostic X-ray Procedures. ORAUT-PROC-0006. Rev. 01; 29 December 2003. 

ORAUT 2004 Oak Ridge Associated Universities Team (ORAUT), for NIOSH. Technical Basis Document  for Atomic Energy Operations at the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAP). ORAUT-TKBS-0018. Rev. 0; 16 April 2004. 

ORNL 1981 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Radiological Survey of the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works, St. Louis, Missouri. DOE/EV-0005/27; ORNL-5715; December 1981. 

ORNL 1979 Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Radiological Survey of the St. Louis Airport Storage Site, St. Louis, Missouri. DOE/EV-0005/16; September 1979. 

Raabe 2002 Raabe O. Re: Radon Limits. E-mail message to J. Skowranek regarding NBS Handbook H27; 30 October 2002. Available at http://www.vanderbilt.edu/radsafe/0210/msg00481.html. Accessed 4 April 2003. 

Rochester 1945 Rochester, University of (Rochester). Gamma Radiation from High-Grade My Ore. Report by W. F. Bale. 11 June 1945. 

Rochester 1950 Rochester, University of (Rochester), School of Medicine and Dentistry, Atomic Energy Project.  No subject. Letter from R. Hayes of Rochester to J. Cherry of the Atomic Energy Commission, New York Operations Office. 12 January 1950.  

Rochester 1948a Rochester, University of (Rochester), School of Medicine and Dentistry.  No subject. Letter from R. Hayes of Rochester to B. S. Wolfe of the Atomic Energy Commission. 29 January 1948. 

Rochester 1948b University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry (Rochester). No subject. Letter from R. Hayes of Rochester to Z. Atlas of the Atomic Energy Commission. 18 November 1948. 

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Ross 1975 Ross DM, Campbell CM. A Statistical Summary of ERDA Contractors' Internal Exposure Experience, 1957-1974.  In: Occupational Health Experience with Uranium. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. Arlington, Virginia: ERDA-93; 1975. 

Salmon and Hermann 1993 Salmon R and Hermann OW. ALPHN: A Computer Program for Calculating (α, n) Neutron Production in Canisters of High-Level Waste. ORNL/TM-12239; October 1993. 

Salutsky 1956 Salutsky MI, Shaver K, Elmlinger A, Curtis ML. Separation of Protactinium from Uranium Residues. J Inorg Nucl Chem, 3: 289-295; 1956. 

Sanders 1975 Sanders M. Analysis of Long-Term Data on Uranium in Air at Y-12. In: Occupational Health Experience with Uranium. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. Arlington, Virginia: ERDA-93; 1975: 365-386. 

Schwendiman 1975 Schwendiman LC, Andersen BV, Selby JM, Waite DA. Considerations in Developing a Work Place Standard for Sampling Airborne Uranium. In: Occupational Health Experience with Uranium. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. Arlington, Virginia: ERDA-93; 1975: 420-435. 

Shleien 1992 Shleien B. The Health Physics and Radiological Health Handbook. Revised Edition. Silver Spring, Maryland: Scinta, Inc.; 1992. 

Srivastava 1986 Srivastava GK, Raghavayya M, Kotrappa P, and Somasundaram S. Radium-226 Body Burden in U Miners by Measurement of Rn In Exhaled Breath. Health Physics, 50(2): 217-22; 1986. 

Utnage 1958a Utnage WL. Is There Significant Correlation Between Alpha Surface Contamination and Air Concentration of Radioactive Particles in a Uranium Feed Materials Plant. In: Symposium on  Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. New York City: United States Atomic Energy Commission; HASL-58; 1958: 147-161. 

Utnage 1958b Utnage WL. Laundry Operations in a Uranium Feed Materials Plant. In: Symposium on  Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. New York City: United States Atomic Energy Commission; HASL-58; 1958: 168-171. 

Utnage 1958c Utnage WL. Session IV Discussion. In: Symposium on  Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. New York City: United States Atomic Energy Commission; HASL-58; 1958: 185. 

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Watson 1994 Watson JE, Wood JL, Tankersley WG, West CM.  Estimation of Radiation Doses for Workers Without Monitoring Data for Retrospective Epidemiologic Studies. Health Physics, 67(4): 402-405; 1994. 

Weinstein 1958 Weinstein MS. Environmental Contamination. In: Symposium on  Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. New York City: United States Atomic Energy Commission; HASL-58; 1958: 180-184. 

Wilde 1958 Wilde RM. "Occupational Health Experience with Uranium in Ore Processing Mills. In: Occupational Health Experience with Uranium. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. Arlington, Virginia: ERDA-93; 1975:142-146. 

Wilson 1958 Wilson, RH.  The Hanford Uranium Bio-Assay Program In: Symposium on Occupational Health Experience and Practices in the Uranium Industry. Proceedings of a United States Atomic Energy Commission conference. New York City: U. S. Atomic Energy Commission; HASL-58; 1958. 

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ATTACHMENT A TABLES 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 1 Plants and buildings used at the St. Louis Downtown Site for MED/AEC uranium 

processing work ...................................................................................................................... 167 2 Summary chronology of operations at the Mallinckrodt St. Louis Downtown Site 

(SLDS) and at the St. Louis Airport Storage Site (SLAPS) ...................................................... 170 3 Principal changes made in sites, processes, and equipment................................................... 171 4 Types and quantities of material produced in association with Mallinckrodt uranium 

refining and related operations................................................................................................ 172 5 Functional and process keywords and codes.......................................................................... 177 6 Thorium and daughter content of the AM-7 residue ................................................................ 182 7 Airborne uranium particle size in process areas...................................................................... 182 8 Uranium dust concentrations, Plants 4 and 6, in alpha dpm/m3............................................... 183 9 Uranium dust concentrations, Plants 6E and 7, in alpha dpm/m3 ............................................ 184 10 Early air sample data, short-term sample readings in alpha dpm/m3 ....................................... 184 11 Airborne uranium dust concentrations in Plant 4 Areas, 1948:  AEC versus 

Mallinckrodt measured data .................................................................................................... 185 12 Plant 4 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations ....................................... 186 13 Plant 6 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations ....................................... 187 14 Plant 6E measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations ..................................... 189 15 Plant 7 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations ....................................... 190 16 Plant 7E measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations ..................................... 190 17 Average and highest airborne dust concentrations in the laundry ........................................... 191 18 Job titles and classifications, with geometry factors ................................................................ 192 19 Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 4 ............................................... 196 20 Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 6 ............................................... 197 21 Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 6E............................................. 198 22 Radioactive dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 7 (including the 

Slag Separation Plant) and Plant 7E....................................................................................... 199 23 Early radon data, 1945............................................................................................................ 200 24 Measured radon concentrations, 1947-1949, in units of 1 × 10-10 Ci/L..................................... 201 25 Measured radon concentrations at various indoor and outdoor areas, in units of 1 × 

10-10 Ci/L ................................................................................................................................. 203 26 Potential radon exposures from thorium processing................................................................ 204 27 Contamination levels and associated dose rates from work clothing ....................................... 204 28 Surrogate (comparable) worker inhalation intakes calculated from urinalysis data.................. 205 29A Annual inhalation intakes, Plants 1 and 2,  April 1942-1945.................................................... 207 29B Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 4, October 1942-1958........................................................... 208 29C Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 6, 1946-1958 ........................................................................ 209 29D Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 6E, 1950-1958 ...................................................................... 211 29E Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7, 1951-1958 ........................................................................ 212 29F Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7E, 1955-1957 ...................................................................... 212 30 Annual radon intakes, St. Louis main site, 1942-1958, and SLAPS, 1945-1962...................... 213 31A Annual ingestion intakes, Plants 1 and 2, 1942-1945.............................................................. 215 31B Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 4, October 1942-1958............................................................ 216 31C Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 6, 1946-1958 ......................................................................... 217 31D Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 6E, 1950-1958 ....................................................................... 219 

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31E Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7, 1951-1958 ........................................................................ 220 31F Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7E......................................................................................... 220 32 Exposure rates from K-65 residue and Q-11 ore, in mR/hr...................................................... 221 33 Measured dose rates in various work areas ............................................................................ 222 34 Neutron dose rates and doses from the alpha-neutron reaction sources and from a 

RaBe source ........................................................................................................................... 228 35 External gamma dose rates from processing AM-7 residue to concentrate thorium ................ 229 36 Weekly external dose values, April 1942–December 1945...................................................... 229 37 Monitoring experience from the decontamination/demolition period, 1960-1961 ..................... 230 38 Summary of post-decontamination years exposure data as measured by two 

survey groups ......................................................................................................................... 231 39 Measured data used to produce source terms for decontamination and post-

decontamination exposure calculations................................................................................... 232 40 Annual internal exposures during the decontamination and post-decontamination 

periods.................................................................................................................................... 233 41 Annual external photon organ doses, decontamination and post-decontamination 

periods (rem per year)............................................................................................................. 234 42 Annual external electron organ doses during the decontamination and post-

decontamination periods (rem per year).................................................................................. 236 43 Annual dust inhalation, ingestion, and radon daughter intakes during the SLAPS 

postoperations period ............................................................................................................. 236 44 Annual external gamma organ doses during the SLAPS postoperations period (rem 

per year) ................................................................................................................................. 237  

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Page 167 of 240  Table 1.  Plants and buildings used at the St. Louis Downtown Site for MED/AEC uranium processing work. 

Plant Building Process, function, or area Notes 1 25 Lab quality control, R&D  Project offices 1 Alley south of 25 Pitchblende R&D extraction   1 K1E Temporary pitchblende ore pilot plant  For MED/AEC work, used only from 1944-1946 1 A General plant maintenance (for all of Mallinckrodt)   1 P Engineering Department (for all of Mallinckrodt)  1 X Locker room   1 Z Company headquarters; administrative offices Administrative headquarters for MED work until Plant 6 began operating in 1946 2 38B Personnel change house FUSRAP (2003a) says 38B, but ORAU (Mason 1977) says 38A 2 40 Temporary storage of residues Temporary storage of residues 2 45, 45A Warehouse Raw, in-process, and finished materials 2 47 Warehouse Raw, in-process, and finished materials 2 50 Feed material and product storage, UF4 experiments, mechanical repairs, 

tank storage, other Ore concentrates, UO3 product; tanks of stored process liquids; UF4 experiments performed in the “sulfur burner room” 

2 51 U3O8 feed preparation (nitric acid dissolution), recovery, other   2 51A Denitration of UNH to UO3, reduction of UO3 to UO2   2 51X Temporary canopy enclosure outside for extraction of pitchblende liquor   2 52 Ether extraction to produce uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UNH)   2 52A Miscellaneous(?) re-extraction  Pilot plant for countercurrent ether extraction 2 52X Canopy, temporary structure   2 55 Shotgun lab -- temporary structure This was a special restricted area because of the 100-mg RaBe source used in the neutron 

absorption testing  4 400 Production of UF4, U metal; slag handling, production control laboratory, 

changehouse; metals pilot plant UF4 product, U recast 

4 400, 401 1st floor: casting pilot plant, slag pilot plant, dingot works In casting pilot plant: lead man office and saw room; in slag pilot plant, roll mill, chip burning area, and Hoffman cleanup area; in dingot works, blender, saw area, bomb air cooler, bomb cooling room, breakout grate, furnace tank pit, and furnace residue pit 

4 400 2nd floor: bomb step area; casting area, laboratory area, ceramic pilot plant 

In bomb step area: blending and bomb areas, KB-2 area, bomb tramrail 

4 401, 401A Maintenance, metal storage, and UF4 pilot plant   4 402 Warehouse center   4 403 Machine shop   4 404 Storage room   4 405 Part of the lathe and forging area in 408?   4 406 (A&B) Magnesium storage   4 407? ?   4 408 1st floor: lathe & forging areas; storage of slag, dolomite, KOH, NH3, HF, 

etc. Pilot Lab; furnace; forge press; manipulator; lathe area; slag crushing area; salt bath and quench tanks; slag storage 

4 400 Yards Machine shop (403) yard; guard house and guard tower; incinerator There were also various production dust collectors in these yards outside 406B and 407 6 100 Electrical substation Shed attached to the west end of the building was used for storage of uranium materials. 6 101 Research laboratory, decontamination(?) room, receiving offices Also production offices, shipping & receiving, and decontamination (DX) facilities. Lab had 

hoods, the DX facility a hood. 6 102 Analytical Laboratory (main chemical lab), Control Lab, Metal Lab, Sample 

Prep Lab; possibly an additional R&D lab; lab offices The Control Lab had a hood. There was a dust collector on the roof. 

6 103 Refrigeration (air conditioning), spectrographic laboratory   6 104 Main refinery building: ore to UO3 to UO2 Entire building housed wet processes. Barium sulfate cake, raffinate cake were residue products 6 104 Ore Room digest area, feed makeup area, M-20 area, C-3 area Found to be the most contaminated areas in 1958 due to use when pitchblende was main feed; 

beta, gamma especially high in Ore Room and M-20 areas (latter up to 12 mr/hr)  6 104 Raffinate area, wet pilot plant, ether pilot plant, pot room, pot room 

addition, QM-2 packaging, NA recovery area, MGX area Housed the continuous process equipment  

6 104A, AA Main refinery: ore handling and milling Pitchblende ore (104A) 6 104B Main refinery: pilot plant area Pitchblende 6 105 Main refinery: the “ Ether House” Extraction 6 106 Nitric acid recovery   6 106A Nitric acid recovery   6 107 Nitric acid recovery, tank farm pump house   

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Plant Building Process, function, or area Notes 6 108 Shotgun sample preparation lab Superseded by lab in Building 102? [“Old shotgun lab”] 6 109 Acid unloading station Includes 109, 109A, 109B 6 110 Main warehouse for bagged goods, storage of pitchblende ore and ore 

concentrates, UO3 product Pitchblende ore, ore concentrate, UO3 and UO2 product. Was the receiving warehouse for pitchblende ore arriving by rail. Found to be moderately and uniformly contaminated (including gamma) in 1958 due to trackage, especially on loading platforms. 

6 110A Main warehouse, part used as Ledoux Lab   6 110B Automotive repair   6 111 Sample preparation and LeDoux Lab, north end; maintenance shops in 

the south end The Ledoux Lab included the main lab room, the oven room, the weighing room, and the dry box room; in these areas were a muffle furnace and dry boxes. It was found to be contaminated in 1958; the main(?) room had a walk-in hood behind which the floor was heavily contaminated. 

6 112 Administration (MCW and AEC offices), Health Laboratory, dispensary; maintenance shop, instrument shop, maintenance stores 

This building was 50% offices, uncontaminated, and 50% storeroom and shops, both handling some contaminated materials. 

6 113 Paint shed   6 114 Scale house, temporary storage of residues For temporary storage of residues, including radium-bearing cake (K-65) in drums. Had  interior 

sampling bays and an exterior conveyor. Found to be heavily contaminated in 1958, including some gamma. 

6 115 Boiler house and steam plant   6 119 Steam plant, maintenance storage shed   6 120 & 121 U metal dissolver (120) with digest and recovery area (pitchblende); 

pickling building (121) 120 had a sump; 121 had a derby conveyor and pickler. Found to be heavily contaminated in 1958. 

6 122 Slag recovery pilot plant Found to have loose contamination 6 123 Ammonia & dissociator Ammonia cracking? 6 101 Yard Loading docks Used by Shipping & Receiving. 6 104 Yard   Found to be contaminated in 1958. Gamma background from M-20 cell block. 6 105 Yard Outdoor tanks Concrete, asphalt, gravel all found to be contaminated in 1958. Tanks, sump in the M-70 pit. 

Hole by 105 door due to cave-in caused by sump leakage. 6 106 Yard   Found to be contaminated in 1958. 6  NW Yard Storage yard Found to be contaminated in 1958, including some high gamma spots. 6 108 Yard Laboratory site A laboratory on this site was demolished in 1955, except for the concrete floor. Materials 

handled contained radium. 6 110 Yard Boxcar cleaning site Boxcars that contained pitchblende ore containers were cleaned on the gravel-soil part of this 

yard; there was a 1.5 mR/hr hot spot between the rails and a 5 mR/hr hot spot under the shipping dock in 1958. A sewer ran under or over the yard. 

6 111 Yard   Found to be contaminated in 1958. A sewer ran through the yard. 6 112 Yard Concrete between 112 and 117 The main gate opened into this yard, as did the dispensary doors and a change room. Some 

contamination due to trackage 6 115 Yard Concrete adjacent to the boiler house Dust collector and incinerator created heavy contamination in yard. An ash silo and the Hoffman 

drumming station were located here. 6 116 Yard Storage area Storage of feed materials. Some contamination, including gamma. 

6E 116 (including 116-1 and 116-2) 

UF4-to-metal facility (116-1?) with various operating areas and a maintenance shop, residue recovery area, warehouses (116-1 and 116-2), graphite machining, foremen’s office (116-2), smoking area 

Used for manufacturing UF4 to metal: reduction furnace area (~ 18 furnaces); casting furnace area (with multiple furnaces, 4 hacksaws, Kinney pumps, a crushing station, toilet area); breakout area (with sump, slag conveyor, chipping station, furnace rebuilding station, shop); jolter area (with jolter platform); filling area; center aisle area (with ingot mold station?), generator room, and ingot storage area (with both boxed and finished ingot storage, “pickled derby” shipping enclosure, ingot room with ingot table). Maintenance shop. “F” machine area (2 machines). UF4 slag residues handled in residue recovery area, which included sump, filter, and recovery pit. Warehouse (blender hopper room, mold outgassing room(?), mold furnace room, loading platforms). 

6E 116B Electrical substation   6E 116C Slag (recycle) building (Magnesium fluoride) Slag handling, grinding, and packaging. Had conveyor in (to?) packaging 

room; ball mill; rolling mill; elevator to C-3, hopper. Light dust contamination found in 1958. 6E 117 (including 

117-1 and 117-2) Service building: clean locker room (117-1), regulated locker room (117-2), laundry (117-2), security office (117-1), cafeteria (117-2), other offices and support services 

The laundry and the regulated locker room were the only areas found in 1958 to be contaminated. In laundry: lobby, laundry storage room, and small and large sewers in the laundry pit. Locker rooms: turnstiles. Clean locker room: clean clothes room. 

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Plant Building Process, function, or area Notes 7 700 Warehouse, safety office, electrical and carpenter shops, temporary slug 

machining (fabrication) plant The slug machining area had lathes and an inspection area. 700 was found in 1958 to be lightly contaminated except for the moderately contaminated slug machining area. 

7 701 Slag recovery plant (aka Slag Separation Plant or Slag Processing Plant) Found in 1958 to be heavily contaminated with loose material, especially with high beta, due to substantial amounts of “aged uranium”. It had “Wilfey” tables, pumps, tanks, a ball mill, drum washer w/elevator and sump, and a filter. 

7 703 Hydrofluoric acid vaults, HF tank farm   7 704 HF feed and recovery, HF offgas treatment 704 had sumps, tanks, and a scrubber. 704-707 were all attached and were all found in 1958 to 

be moderately contaminated. 7 705 Main processing area for manufacturing UO2, UF4: packaging station area, 

maintenance shop, reactor area Reactor area had UF4 product hoppers, hydraulic pumps, and access platforms. There were a UO3 feed station, a Hapman UO3 conveyor, blenders, a UO2(3?) packaging station(s), and a screw storage area. Localized contamination was found in 1958 around operating stations; green salt was caked on the roof. See also 704. 

7 706 Warehouse for U materials (UO2, UO3, UF4) Had shipping platform. See also 704. 7 707 Ammonia cracking building (manufacturing H2 and N2 from NH3) See also 704. 7 708 Magnesium storage and packaging building   7 709 HF refrigeration equipment and pump house Contained refrigeration equipment for the GS(?) pit 7 710 NH3 tank farm and pump house, ammonia storage   7 711 Storage shed   7 

(7E) 712 Minor elements production facility This had a change room, a “cold” (nonradioactive) lab, a “hot” lab (with hoods and a sump), and 

a production room (with pumper-decanters, mixer-settlers, settling tank, packaging station, sumps). It was used to process residues to obtain an ionium (Th-230) concentrate. Found in 1958 to have high levels of contamination. 

7 SW Yard Storage of drums, feed materials, and contaminated equipment Moderate contamination was found in 1958, but it was highest where spills had occurred or equipment was stored. 

7 700-701 Yard Secondary gates in 700 yard; conveyor in 701 yard Found in 1958 to have visible fixed contamination, higher near 701. 7 703(?), 704-707, 

and 711 Yards Storage of contaminated equipment in all yards; Th-230 liquor drainage area and boxcar cleaning area in 711 yard 

Screws and tubes were stored in the 704-707 yards. Yards were primarily concrete around Plant 7, except gravel around 703. Highest contamination (both alpha and gamma) found in these yards in 1958 was around 711: in 711 yard, Th-230 liquor was drained to the area by the RR tracks. 

7 706 Yard   UF4, scrap (??) 7 712 Yard Mostly open storage, probably of contaminated scrap Had lean-tos and an open storage bin. There was also a tank farm on a concrete pad at the 

south end of 712. The concrete in this yard was found to be heavily contaminated in 1958 from the activity from boxcars and contaminated scrap. 

The information in this table is drawn from MED 1944p; FUSRAP 2003a ; MCW 1958; MCW 1959; Mason (1977); and ORNL 1981.  Information regarding contamination levels found in 1958 and 1959 is from MCW 1958 and MCW 1959, which are reports on the results of Mallinckrodt’s postoperation survey prior to the start of intensive decontamination. 

Illegible areas in the references are indicated by dots (.....). 

Buildings that were remained after the general demolishment of 1959-1961 are shown in Table 42. 

Plants 1 and 2 were known collectively as “Main Plant”; Buildings 50, 51, 51A, 52, 52A, and 55 were known collectively as Building 51; and all of the Destrehan site was collectively referred to as Plant 6 at times. 

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Table 2.  Summary chronology of operations at the Mallinckrodt St. Louis Downtown Site (SLDS) and at the St. Louis Airport Storage Site (SLAPS). 

April 1942 Plant 2 was used to develop a batch process using ether to extract uranium as UO3 from milled ore and then to convert the UO3 to UO2. Plant 1 was used for developmental work. 

October 1942 Plant 4 was converted for use in the UO2→UF4→U metal process. The ore→UO2 operations continued in Plant 2, while miscellaneous activities related to R&D work continued in Plant 1. 

April 1943 Production of UF4 from UO2 began in Plant 4. 1944 Experimental extraction of uranium using pitchblende ores began in Plant 1. 1945 At some point in 1945 or early 1946, uranium operations at Plant 1 ceased. Plant 2 was apparently still 

used for some metallurgical-type work.  Pitchblende ore began to arrive at the site in greater than research-level quantities in about May 1945. 

1946 Plant 6 began operation in early 1946, with all ore→UO2 production operations shifted there. Uranium operations at Plant 2 ceased in early 1946, the work (including UO3 milling) apparently shifting to Plant 6. Only Plants 4 and 6 were in operation. 

1946-1947 AEC acquires SLAPS in 1946 and Mallinckrodt residues begin to be sent there for storage in about 1947. 1947-1951 Decontamination of Plants 1 and 2, with unrestricted release to Mallinckrodt in 1951. 1948-1949 K-65 residue is brought back from SLAPS for reprocessing. After about 1949, no more K-65 residue is 

sent to SLAPS, only low-radium residues. 1949–1950 In 1949-1950, major improvements were made in dust control at Plants 4 and 6, with the latter shut down 

during part of 1949-1950 for this. Ore milling at Plant 6 stopped in 1950. October 1950 Plant 6E operations began. The UF4→U metal work shifted there from Plant 4, with the UO2→UF4 work 

remaining at Plant 4. Plant 4 was also modified for metallurgical-R&D work and became known as the Pilot Plant; some metal production (derbies, dingots) continued to take place there for experimental purposes. 

1951 Plant 7 operations began in the first half of 1951. At that time, some UF4 production work continued until perhaps 1952 at Plant 4, while the UO3-to-UO2 production at Plant 6 seems to have ended completely. Instead, UO3 was sent to Plant 7 to be converted in a continuous process to UF4. Some recovery and storage operations also shifted to Plant 7. 

1952-1953 At some point, the continuous UO3-to-UF4 process began in Plant 7, after which time Plant 6 made only UO3. 

1954 The Ore Room and K-65 sampling operations in Plant 6 appear to have ended by about August 1954, possibly with the shipment of the last of the pitchblende ore (which would have been processed into at least 1955). It is not clear when the various Plant 6 pilot plant(s) began, but a 1954 start appears reasonable. Also, the Plant 6E Slag Separation Plant started in the first half of 1954. Some reversion of UF4 to  UO2 and UO3 was done in Plant 7. 

1955 In 1955, thorium extraction from AM-7 residue began in Plant 7E and slag processing began in the Slag Separation Plant (Bldg. 701, part of Plant 7). Also, processing of residues to extract thorium began in early 1955 and the processing of a small amount of  “enriched uranium” was done at Plant 7 early in 1955. Predigestion ore grinding ceased. Processing of high-grade pitchblende ore ceased and concentrates became the principal feed material. 

1955 or 1956 In late 1955 or early 1956, dingots began to be produced in Plant 4, with derby production only intermittent; both were for experimental purposes. 

Late 1956 All operations at Plant 4 ceased. 1957–1958 In 1958, all regular site operations ceased, with some Plant 7 activities conituing until July 1958. 

Postprocessing and shutdown-related activities continued into 1958. 1959-1962 The St. Louis site is decontaminated in 1959-1961, with unrestricted release of the site to Mallinckrodt in 

about 1962. 1962 AEC issues a license to a private entity, which then took over control of the SLAPS site. 1976 and 1978 Oak Ridge National Laboratory surveys the St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) for DOE. 1977 Oak Ridge National Laboratory surveys the St. Louis site (SLDS) for DOE. 1986, 1990 Applied Nuclear Safety does some surveys of the St. Louis site (SLDS) for DOE. 1995 FUSRAP takes over the St. Louis site (SLDS) for remediation. 

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Table 3.  Principal changes made in sites, processes, and equipment. Year Plants New method or form Purpose(s) 1942-1943 

4 Converted Plant 4 U metal production from UF4; UF4 production from UO2 

1946 6 Began operation of Plant 6 Increase production, reduce all types of exposures from processing of pitchblende ores 

1946-7 SLAPS Began operation of SLAPS Storage of pitchblende residues 1947 SLAPS Construction of K-65 storage shed Control external dose, radon exposures 1948 4, 6 Start of formal health program Track and reduce exposures 1948 6 Began to use ventilated ore railcars Reduce radon exposures 1948 6 Began reprocessing the K-65 residue Recover residual uranium; concerns regarding 

corroding drums 1949 4 Added ventilation to bomb step and recasting 

furnaces Reduce deposition of volatiles and thus reduce beta exposures; reduce airborne dust levels 

1949 4 Redesigned UO2 and UF4 handling methods (e.g., adding hoods to the tray loading, tray dumping, milling, blending, and packing operations) 

Reduce airborne dust levels, eliminate hand scooping 

1949 6 Added ore room shielding Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Added remote control for filters Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Added K-65 centrifuge shielding Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Added shield tanks Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Added C-3 cell block shielding Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Revised ore house weighing process Reduce gamma exposures 1949 6 Redesigned ore room dust control (drum weighing 

and deheading) Reduce airborne dust levels 

1949 6 Revised UO2 handling (pneumatic unloading and conveying systems) 

Reduce airborne dust levels, eliminate hand scooping 

1949 6 Revised UO3 handling (pneumatic unloading and conveying systems) 

Reduce airborne dust levels; eliminate hand scooping 

1949 6, SLAPS 

Instituted limits on time spent handling ore and K-65 in railcars and at SLAPS 

Control external and radon exposure to individuals 

1950 4 Installed plantwide vacuum cleaning system Enhance dust control and reduce airbornes 1950 6 Installed equipment decontamination room, 

respirator decontamination facility Control contamination 

1950 6E Began operation of Plant 6E Increase production, reduce all types of exposures 1951? 6, 6E? Centralized exhaust ventilation Reduce airborne dust levels 1951 7 Began operation of Plant 7 Increase production, reduce all types of exposures 

1952-3 6 New Ledoux sampling labs with better ventilation Lower airborne dust levels 1952-4 6 Use of pitchblende ore began to be phased out 

and soluble feeds were used increasingly Use other available feeds 

1953 6 Mechanical conveyor facilities provided in the Ore Room Addition for handling ore drum lids 

Decrease airborne dust levels 

1953 6 Increase in capacity of pneumatic gulping system in the Pot Room 

Lower breathing zone and general area airborne dust levels 

1953? 4 Enclosure around upper part of casting furnace Reduce dust levels and beta radiation levels when furnace lid is removed 

1953 4 Enclosure around blender and charging pit Reduce dust levels in general area 1955 6E All-purpose dust hood in the area adjacent to the 

smoking and maintenance areas Reduce dust levels in breaking out ruptured derby furnace shells, rebuilding recast furnaces, dumping waste into drums, and dumping out drum to sort 

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Table 4.  Types and quantities of material produced in association with Mallinckrodt uranium refining and related operations. Material Process or operation Content and form notes Amount 

ORES AND OTHER FEEDS All ores Eldorado processed all the Canadian and part 

of the Congo pitchblende; Vitro, all the vanadium tailings and some Congo ore (Eisenbud 1975). Some milled ore also came from Linde. Mallinckrodt would have received most of the Congo only during and just after the war; Canadian pitchblende and domestic ores were used after that. Pitchblende ores were apparently used exclusively until early 1955. 

  Mallinckrodt processed up to 50,000 tons of ore from 1942-1957 (DOE 1996). Typical amounts in 1945: Eldorado black oxide, 60,000-160,000 lbs/month, average 80,000 lbs/month; Vitro black oxide, 30,000 lbs weekly; Vitro soda salt, 20,000 lbs per 10 days (MED 1945a) 

Belgian Congo ore (Q-11, AQ-4) and leach products (tailings concentrates) 

Most of the pitchblende processed by Mallinckrodt was obtained as a concentrate from the Belgian Congo in 1944 (AEC 1967), processed at Middlesex (AEC 1951b), and shipped to St. Louis in 55-gal drums (AEC 1967). 

Pitchblende ore, up to 65% (DOE 1997, MED 1949) or 70% (Dupree-Ellis et al. 2000) U3O8 by weight; up to 100 mg Ra/ton (Dupree-Ellis et al. 2000); averaged 135 mg Ra/ton (AEC 1949b); 0.185 ppm equilibrium Ra for Q-11 (60%) ores (AEC 1949b); 0.1 Ci/ton (total?), up to 70% U, average U concentration >25%, about 100 mg/ton ore for 25% U (Eisenbud 1975).  Tailings: 30-50% U3O8 (AEC 1951b) 

3400 tons U produced during wartime (through 1944?) (Eisenbud 1975); AEC (1951b) implies that Mallinckrodt was using only Congo ore, Congo ore tailings concentrates, and soda salt around 1951 

Canadian pitchblende ores (Great Bear Lake, Port Hope) 

  Ores at perhaps 10% U (Eisenbud 1975); at 25-30% in 1951 (AEC 1951b) ores and U3O8 concentrate 

850 tons U produced from Canadian ore in wartime (through 1944)  (Eisenbud 1975);  

Domestic ore and tailings: Uravan, Durango, Grand Junction, Naturita (Col); Monticello (Utah) 

  During wartime (through 1946?) vanadium tailings were used, not fresh ore (Eisenbud 1975); <1% U (Eisenbud 1975); shipped as a 20% ore sludge (Eisenbud 1975). The US stimulated domestic production from 1948 on; ores and lower-grade concentrate (DOE 1997). Colorado ores were carnotite type (Eisenbud 1975); N. American ore contained less than 1% U3O8 (AEC 1967) 

850 tons U produced from the vanadium tailings (through 1944) (Eisenbud 1975). It is not clear how much if any of this was used by Mallinckrodt, except such as came as soda salt, etc. 

U3O8 (milled ore or black oxide) 

Ore usually arrived at Mallinckrodt in milled or concentrated form, as black oxide. However, DOE (1997) stated that Mallinckrodt produced black oxide, presumably at Plant 6. 

Originally, (wooden?) beer barrels were used to transport the Congo ore from Eldorado, with wooden bracing in the railcars. This was unsatisfactory so metal containers (barrels) were used. The metal containers weighed about 100 lbs each when full. (MED 1945a) 

Normal in-process inventory circa 1945 was about one month’s production (MED 1946a). 

Ore concentrates (MGX, etc.) 

Special types of ore concentrates, e.g., the MGX, a magnesium uranate prepared in Africa from low-grade ore tailings (AEC 1955a) 

Sodium diuranate (soda salt) 

Na2U2O7. Packed in fiber containers (MED 1945a) 

Vitro converted U ores to sodium diuranate (AEC 1951b; DOE 1997); some apparently also came from Anaconda, Durango, and Fernald (AEC 1956b). Fiber containers weighed about 75 lbs each when full (MED 1945a). 

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Table 4 (Continued) Material Process or Operation Content and Form Notes Amount 

REFINING PRODUCTS UNH (uranium nitrate hexahydrate) 

An intermediate product in the digestion-extraction process: UO2(NO3)·6 H2O 

 Small quantities produced for research purposes as needed (AEC 1951b) 

UO3 (orange oxide) 

Feed digested in nitric acid; precipitation of Ra-Pb w/ sulfuric acid (pitchblende ores); filtration to remove acid-insolubles; sulfate removal w/ Ba salt; centrifuging of solution; boiling of “liquor”; double extraction of U with diethyl ether; water wash to remove uranyl nitrate from ether; dewatering in Sperry press; boiling of molten salt to “hex liquor”; decomposition in pots to form UO3; UO3 “gulped” out of pot using vacuum system, packed in fiber containers for shipment. 

Digestion took 4-8 hours (MED 1946a). Various solid and liquid wastes were produced, including most of the residues listed below. 2.5-gal fiber containers weighed about 75 lbs each when full (MED 1945a).  

Sent to Clinton Engineer Works: 30,000+ lbs monthly prior to 15 DOE 1944 but 15,000 lbs weekly after that (MED 1945a). Plant 6 produced a monthly average of 21 tons in 1950 for R&D work on the continuous UO3-to-UF4 production process (apart from what went into the normal UO3-UO2 production process) and 146 tons in 1Q 1951 as the principal product for the new UO3-to-UF4 process (AEC 1951b). 

UO2 (brown oxide) UO3 was transferred from fiber containers into stainless steel drums, then weighed out on monel trays; reduced with cracked ammonia in batch electric (muffle) furnace to form UO2 (MED 1949a); scooped from trays into fiber containers for transfer elsewhere (MED 1945a). Packed in fiber containers for transfer elsewhere. 

This step took about 7 hours (MED 1946a). 2.5-gal fiber containers weighed about 75 lbs each when full (MED 1945a). There was 349 lbs on a 4-tray charge (MED 1944o). 

By DOE 1942 Mallinckrodt was producing a ton a day (DOE 1996). Mallinckrodt used 32,000 lbs weekly (MED 1944o).  Mallinckrodt produced 2/3 of the US total; 64% of what it made stayed at Mallinckrodt, 20% went to Harshaw, and 16% went to Linde (MED 1949a). In 1944-45, 20,000 lbs monthly went to Linde; 10,000 lbs/week went to Harshaw from Sept-Oct 1944, 28,000 lbs in Nov-Dec 1944, and 13,000 lbs/week after that (MED 1946a). The design capacity of Plant 6 was 200 tons/month, using ore @ 65% U3O8 (AEC 1951b). The monthly averages from Plant 6 were 94 tons in 1947, 246 tons in 1948, 204 tons in 1949, 207 tons in 1950 and 133 tons in 1Q 1951; large-scale production of UO2 (as a separate product) ended in March 1951 (AEC 1951b). Plant 7’s design capacity was 154 tons/month (i.e., could be produced if desired as a tapoff from the continuous UO3-to-UF4 process) (AEC 1951b). 

UF4 (green salt) 

UO2 placed on graphite or nickel trays in graphite or nickel boxes in the hydrofluorination reactor (furnace); HF gas passed over it to form UF4; UF4 removed from furnace and put through pulverizer; UF4 packed into fiber containers (MED 1945a) or 5-gal containers for transfer to Plant 4 or 6E or another site (AEC 1949b). 

Fiber containers weighed about 75 lbs each when full (MED 1945a). In 1944, one control sample was taken per charge; there were 107 runs per week;   535 lbs per week was sent to a recovery tank; and there were 135 lbs per drum and 3375 lbs per lot (MED 1944o). 

Mallinckrodt was the major producer of UF4; up to 1949, some UF4 came from ElectroMet (DOE 1997). Normal in-process inventory circa 1945 was 2 days’ production (MED 1946a). In 1944, 37,000 lbs weekly was produced, of which 11,000 lbs was used at Mallinckrodt to make metal (MED 1944o). In 1945, 8000 lbs/week was being sent to Harshaw and 20000 lbs/week to Iowa State (MED 1945a). Average monthly production in Plant 4 was 76 tons through Dec 1946, 131 tons in 1947, 147 tons in 1948, 151 tons in 1949, 169 tons in 1950, and 189 tons in 1Q 1951 (AEC 1951b). Plant 7’s design capacity was 225 tons/month originally, 375 after expansion (AEC 1951b) (unclear if expansion took place). 

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Material Process or Operation Content and Form Notes Amount U metal in derby form 

Reduction with magnesium in furnace to U metal (slag + derby); slag chipped off to leave derby 

In 1944-1949, there was 135-140 lbs of UF4 per bomb, along with 55 lbs of liner  (MED 1944o, AEC 1949g). A biscuit weighed 92 lbs and was associated with about 122 lb of slag, of which 10 lb was metal; about 80 lbs of sawdust a week was produced; 15 and 2 lbs of samples were sent (weekly?)  to plant and outside labs respectively (MED 1944o). 

In 1944, 7500 lbs of biscuit was produced weekly (MED 1944o). Normal in-process inventory circa 1945 was one week’s production (MED 1946a). 

U metal in billet form Derby was vacuum recast to form the billet   Normal in-process inventory circa 1945 was one week’s production (MED 1946a). In 1945, billets were shipped out every two weeks to Hanford in a carload lot of about 30,000 lbs, from a weekly production of 13,000-15,000 lbs (MED 1945a). Average monthly production in Plant 4 was 33 tons through December 1946, 84 tons in 1947, 102 tons in 1948, 100 tons in 1949, 169 tons in 1950, 189 in 1Q 1951; average monthly production in Plant 6E was 83 tons in 4Q 1950 and 162 tons in 3Q 1951; the latter was said to be AEC’s entire requirement for metal at the time (AEC 1951b). Plant 6E’s design capacity was 150 tons/month originally, 265 tons/month after the expansion of 3Q 1951 (AEC 1951b). 

U metal in dingot form 

A dingot was a single massive ingot needing no recasting. The dingot-making operation was most similar to the regular derby-making operation. After the chipping step, the dingot was pressed into a slab. (AEC 1956a) 

In late 1955 or early 1956, this replaced the derby-billet operation, except for occasional experimental derby production in Plant 4, per AEC (1956a). But AEC (1956c) reported that in mid-1956 (all?) billet recasting was being done in 6E, using new graphite molds. A dingot weighed about 3300 lbs (AEC 1956a). 

Radioactive metal samples 

“Small” samples were sent to Clinton Engineer Works (Y-12) packed in glass tubes and packed into cardboard boxes. “Eggs” were sent to the Chicago Area Engineer (MED 1944o) packed 8 to a box in wooden cardboard boxes. (MED 1945a) 

  A “small sample” was sent daily to Y-12; eggs were sent in 2-3 lots daily, 63 lbs to a lot. (MED 1945a) 

“Tubealloy” Early synonym for uranium (Fleishman-Hilliard 1967), presumably as the metal. Manufactured by Mallinckrodt and shipped to  the Chicago Area Engineer (of MED). 

  150 lbs shipped daily to Chicago (MED 1945a) 

RECYCLED AND RECOVERED MATERIALS Organic solution of Th(NO3)4 

AM-7 residue was processed via a nitric acid strip to concentrate Th-230 in Plant 7E; solution was sent to Mound, residue (AM-9) returned to storage. 

Concentrate had about 1 kg of Th-230, 0.7% alphas from Th-227 & daughters, <0.03% from Th-228. 

350 tons of AM-7 processed for Th- 230 (FUSRAP undated a, AEC 1959); 3600 gal (13,630 l) of Th-230 solution sent to Mound (DOE 2002). 

U slag (derby) Derby slag was scalped or cut off derby and separated into a MgF2 part and a C-liner part; the MgF2 part was sent to Vitro for recovery; the C-liner part was stored as waste. Eventually both parts were processed at Mallinckrodt. 

Some of the C-liner slag was apparently reprocessed to recover U from about 1953 on (AEC 1954f). In 1955, an interim pilot plant at Plant 7 was built to scalp off most of the U-bearing segment of the MgF2 part. 

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Table 4 (Continued) Material Process or Operation Content and Form Notes Amount 

U slag (recast) Recast slag was recovered as residue from the recast furnace. 

As the uranium melted, the slag floated to the top of the crucible and beta-emitting Th-234 and Pa-234 (UX1 and UX2) sublimed and condensed on the underside of the furnace lid; recast furnace slag was thus highly concentrated in UX1-UX2 (AEC 1949, Eisenbud 1975) 

U slag (dingot) Dingot slag was broken off and swept down through a floor grill, collected on a conveyor, put through a grinding series, drummed, and sent to the Slag Building (701) for reprocessing. (MCW 1949h) 

U scrap Miscellaneous material, including some residues, ash from incinerating the UO3 fiber containers, and metal; some oxide and nitrate scrap was sent from the Chicago Area Engineer (MED); some scrap was sent to Du Pont. C-2 scrap was packed in 50-gal whiskey barrels; C-1, C-3, C-4, C-5, and D-2 scrap was packed into 5-gal containers with a steel clamp top. (MED 1945a) 

  Scrap from Chicago Area Engineer, 1945: 1500 lbs oxide type per 2 months, 1500 lbs nitrate type  per 4-5 months. Scrap shipped to Du Pont as follows. C-1, C-3, C-5, D-2: 80,000-90,000 lbs total per 4-6 weeks; C-2: 80,000-90,000 lbs per 5-6 weeks; C-4: 100,000-120,000 lbs per 4 months. (MED 1945a) 

K-65 One source suggests that this residue was “reworked to recover additional uranium values” (i.e., reprocessed?) before transfer to Lake Ontario. 

 Radium-bearing residue   

Sawdust and fiber containers 

Fiber containers were incinerated and processed to recover uranium; sawdust was apparently processed similarly. 

RESIDUES AND OTHER WASTES Pitchblende raffinate (AM-7) 

“Airport cake”; produced as part of the pitchblende digestion process (extraction raffinate); see also Sperry cake 

0.2% U (AEC 1949b); 0.15% U (AEC 1959); 29 ppm Th-232, 3.8 ppm Th-230 (11.6 isot %) (Figgins and Kirby 1962). Pitchblende residues:Th-232/Th-230 ~ 8.  In AEC (1960), sampling in June 1953 showed highest sample at .0038% th and 0.14% U 

33000 lbs/day (AEC 1949b); 74K tons total, 113 tons U stored through at least 1965 (AEC 1960; AEC 1964; ORNL 1979) 

De-thoriated pitch-blende raffinate (AM-9) 

Residue after processing AM-7 for ionium (Th-230) 

 0.12%U (AEC 1959). Carnotite residues: Th-232/Th-230 ~ 15-20 (AEC 1949b) 

Domestic ore raffinate (AM-10) 

“Airport cake”; produced as part of the non-pitchblende digestion process 

Carnotite residues: Th-232/Th-230 ~ 15-20 32.5K tons total, 48 tons U stored through at least 1965 (AEC 1959, AEC 1960; ORNL 1979) 

Pb-Ra precipitate (K-65, gangue lead cake) 

“Lead cake”; a Ra-bearing residue produced as part of the pitchblende digestion process (resulting from addition of sulfuric acid); sent to Lake Ontario or the airport for storage 

750-900 mg Ra/ton (AEC 1949b); 750 mg/ton Ra and 0.2% U (AEC 1949b); up to 300 Ra mg/ton (Eisenbud 1975) 

8000-12000 lbs/day (AEC 1949b) 

Ba sulfate cake (AJ-4) 

Produced as part of the digestion process (resulting from addition of barium carbonate) 

0.28% U (AEC 1959); 1 mg Ra/ton, 0.1% U (AEC 1949b); .1% U, 1E-9 g Ra per g U (AEC AEC 1949m) 

6800 lbs/day total AJ-4 (AEC 1949b); stored: 1.5K tons total unleached (wit 22 tons U), 8.7K tons total leached (with 7 tons U) (FUSRAP undated a, AEC 1960), i.e., 10.2K tons total (with 29 tons U (AEC 1959; ORNL 1979)  

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Table 4 (Continued) Sperry cake Produced in Sperry press from aqueous tails 

from the ether extraction step; some later sent to Mound for processing to extract Pa; apparently a subset of AM-7 

Good source of Pa-231 (2 g/20 tons); per Salutsky (1956), this was a cake @ 50% solids, 1.6 g/cm3 density, 0.1-0.3 ppm Pa-231 

20 tons (AEC 1959) 

Vitro residues (C-6) Sent from Vitro (?) for storage at the airport 0.33% U (AEC 1959). C-6 and V-10 were stored in a total of 2400 drums (FUSRAP undated) 

290 tons total, 1.9 tons U (AEC 1959) 

Bomb furnace residue (C-Special) 

This was from the Mallinckrodt and ElectroMet bomb furnaces and appears to be the same as the “C-liner slag” below. (AEC 1949b) 

  U-containing sands, precipitates (V-10) 

Captured from the Japanese C-6 and V-10 were stored in a total of 2400 drums (FUSRAP undated) 

60 tons total, 0.2 tons U (AEC 1959) 

Dolomite liner (C-liner or C-liner slag) 

Slag material, mainly dolomite, remaining after the derby slag was separated from the derby and the top (MgF2) part of the slag was detached 

<2% U (AEC 1959); 1.6% U (AEC 1959). This remainder slag was produced until early 1953, when dolomite was replaced by recycle magnesium fluoride. Some was reprocessed to recover U from about 1953 on (AEC 1954e). 

7800 tons, 122 tons U (AEC 1959); 4000  tons, 49 tons U I 1964 (ORNL 1979) 

Interim Residue Plant Tailings (C-701, D-701) 

Resulted from scalping the U content from the Mg fluoride slag from 1955 on; 701 apparently refers to Bldg 701 (AEC 1956d) 

 2.1% U (AEC 1959) 7K tons total, 144 tons U (AEC 1959) 

30- and 55-gallon drums 

Empty drums, stored as contaminated waste   55000 (AEC 1959) 

Metal and alloy scrap 

Stored as contaminated waste   3500 tons (AEC 1959) 

Aqueous tails From ether extraction step; filtered and treated with lime; precipitate become airport/Sperry cake, filtrate disposed of as liquid effluent 

See the text for process details. See the keywords table (Table 5) for other code numbers and terms. 

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Table 5.  Functional and process keywords and codes. Plant Keyword or code Note 

 2 MED hazard index number for soluble uranium material  4 MED hazard index number for insoluble uranium material  6 MED hazard index number for nitrous fumes  14 MED code for Building 51  16 MED hazard index number for hydrogen fluoride  32 MED hazard index number for handling of metal  38 MED code for the laboratory area in Plant 2  51 See “Building 51” below  52 MED code for Plant 4  128 MED hazard index number for hydrogen fluoride gas   162, 172, 182 Black oxide (U3O8); could appear as “Chemical 162”, etc.  256 MED hazard index number for radium   264, 272 Orange oxide (UO3); could appear as “Chemical 264”, etc.   306 Brown oxide, i.e., UO2; could appear as “Chemical 306”  512 MED hazard index number for radon  1024 MED hazard index number for solvents  2048 MED hazard index number for radiation   4-bagger Type of dust collector   A In film badge records, denotes “absent”; elsewhere, denotes non-specification grade black 

oxide (U3O8) 6 Acid Acid addition: in ore digestion (nitric) or Pb-Ra precipitation (sulfuric) 7 Adams A type of polishing filter used in Plant 7  6 AEC Atomic Energy Commission   Airport SLAPS, the former airport site later used for waste storage by the AEC 6 AJ-4 Barium sulfate cake produced from pitchblende ore (ore-to-UO3)  AJ-7 Another barium cake 6 AM-7 Raffinate cake produced by treating pitchblende ore 6 AM8 Unclear what this indicates 

4,6,6E,7 Area M Area mechanic 6 Assist LO Assisting the lead operator 6 AQ-4 Pitchblende ore 4 Ballard Vertical turret lathe (manufactured by Ballard) used to scalp the dingot 6 Barium Barium salt addition  Beets(?) See Egg 

4, 6E Billet Final form of uranium metal, produced by recasting from derbies 6 Bird centrifuge Solid-bowl centrifuge (manufactured by Bird) used to separate liquids and solids   Black oxide U3O8 

4, 6 Blender Apparently ore in Plant 6; UF4 + Mg in Plants 4, 6E; slag in Plant 6E 4, 6E BM Bottom man 

6 Boildown A step between digestion and ether extraction 4 Bomb Container for Mg-UF4 in the metal reduction process 

4, 6E Bomb step The UF4-to-derby process 4, 6E Bottom Lower (furnace or F machine) 4, 6E Bottom man Bottom man in the YM-5 production process -- would physically enter the bottom part of the 

furnace in Plant 4 4 Box Crucible holder (external assembly) 

6E Breakout Removal of the derbies from the bombs   Brown Brown oxide, i.e., UO2  Brown monster Apparently the Rockwell furnace(s) (UO3-to-UO2)  Building 51 The 50 series of buildings at Plant 2 (i.e., 50, 51, 51A, 52, 52A, and 55)  Building K Apparently Building K1E in Plant 1 

6E Burnout, burn Crucible burnout (heating)  C On film badge records, denotes no badge issued (“clean”?) 6 C- When followed by a number, denotes material collected by a given dust collector or filter press 

or a type of scrap 6 C-3 (C-3A, etc.) C-3 cell block operations (e.g., centrifuging, packing) related to use of the carbonate leaching 

process to recover uranium from Feinc filter cake (K-65); also dust collection related to this   C-27 Derby chippings (residue)   C-55 As “Chemical K-35”, etc., denotes black oxide (U3O8) (may be scrap) 

4, 6E Cage Scrap holding area 4, 6E Cage man Handled billet and other metal scrap, degreased billets 6E Cap Valved top put on the Mg-UF4 drum for jolting 

 Cats High-grade ore  CB On film badge records, denotes contaminated badge and film 

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Table 5 (Continued) Plant Keyword or code Note 

6 CEN, Cent, Cntr Centrifuge. Also abbreviated CNF?   Chemical Start of some code names; was followed by letters or numbers 4 Chipping Removal of the slag from the derbies using a manual or power hammer   Classifier Equipment used in the Ore Room apparently to sort ore pieces by size 

--- Cleanup Generic for area or item cleanup: see associated keyword (e.g., TA-7)   C-liner Dolomite slag left after the bomb is opened and the derby removed  C-Special Liner slag left on bomb and possible also  derby (had to be chipped off) 6 Cloth Cloth (actual or metal) used to filter solids from liquid streams  Cl Up Cleanup, i.e., cleanup of process area 6 CM Cloth man?   Cocoa Brown oxide, i.e., UO2 

4, 6 Continuous furnace, Cont furn 

Furnace for processing UO3 to UF4 in a continuous run (in Plant 4, experimental process in Pilot Plant) 

  Croppings Chips or pieces taken off derbies, billets, and dingots 6E Crucible, Cruc Crucible or crucible assembly (6 should probably be 6E) 

 Crusher Probably the UO2 crusher (mill)   CS Refinery feed material that was an impure calcium uranate   C-Special Magnesium fluoride slag formed on top of the derby   CX Calcium uranate leach product from the processing of ore tailings at African mills; sent to 

Mallinckrodt for laboratory research and pilot-scale recovery of the uranium   D Radium (the element) 6 D- When followed by a number, denotes a given dust collector or filter press OR the material 

collected there or a type of scrap 7 D-30 Dust collector for the FMFL product (dust is the product)   D-701 Residues collected in the slag grinding area. shipped to slag recovery 6 DA Dissociated (cracked) ammonia or Digest area 

6,6E, 7 Decontamination Generic   Deheading Same as Delidding  Delidding Removing the lid of a drum, usually of ore 

4, 6E Derby Crude uranium metal form produced from UF4 6 Digest, DIG, Dig Digestion process (ore dissolution by acid), digestion area, digestors 4 Dingot “Direct ingot”, an extra-large ingot produced instead of derbies and billets   DR ???   DX Probably decontamination work   E Designates the Mallinckrodt plants in St. Louis   Egg 1.9-kg egg-shaped piece of U metal produced for external assays 6 Ether, Ether House, EH Ether storage, handling for U solvent extraction process 

4, 6 Extra, Extra Man Extra (floating) chemical operator for a process or area (4, 6); possibly also “extraction” (6) 6 Extraction Extraction of uranium in the ether extraction process   F Generic feed material designation for types without a code name 

4, 6E Fce Furnace (metal-making areas)  FD On film badge records, denotes factory-damaged film 6 FE, Fe Feinc (FE Inc) filter (equipment or area) 6 Feed Ore or other feed material; also could indicate main stream of process (i.e., not residue) 6 Feinc String discharge rotary vacuum filter (manufactured by Feinc) used to separate solids from 

liquids  FF On film badge records, denotes film fogged, torn, or open (in badge?) 6 FH Feed hopper? 6 Filter press Press type of filter for separating solids from liquids and leaving a dewatered cake  Fin Slag or magnesium burr on billet, bomb shell lid, etc. that had to be chipped off 

6E F Machine UF4-to-derby bomb filling (“F”) machine: the top is used for the UF4, Mg mixing, the bottom for filling the bomb 

7 FMFL Fluorinated MgF2 liner, used as a low-hydrogen liner in dingot bombs 4, 6 FR, Furnace, Furn Furnace Room 

  Gangue, gangue lead cake The Pb-Ra cake also known as K-65  GL In film badge records, denotes “gone through the laundry” in context of film condition; denotes 

work with gangue lead cake in context of worker area 6 GLC Gangue lead cake, i.e., the Pb-Ra cake also known as K-65   Green Green salt (UF4) 6 Gulping Vacuum-sucking UO3 out of the pot it was produced in into drums   GWT-5 Uranium metal eggs (test samples)   GY-3 U3O8 (black oxide), having a minimum assay of 97% U3O8   H-20 ??? (H2O, i.e., water?) 7 Hapmann, Hapman Conveyor for loose material; typically discharges into a feed hopper 

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Table 5 (Continued) Plant Keyword or code Note 

6 Hex, hex liquor Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate in an aqueous solution 6E Hoffman Dust collector (manufactured by Hoffman) All House Generic for dedicated additive handling and storage building or area 

4, 6E Ingot Same as billet 6 Instrument, Instru, Instr Instrument Shop   Ionium Thorium-230  Iron maiden C-Special, while still attached to derby 

4, 6E Jolter, jolting The jolter-filling machine in UF4-to-U metal production, also the operator; the operation  Juice Orange oxide, i.e., UO3   K-35, K-82 As “Chemical K-35”, etc., denotes black oxide (U3O8) 6 K-65 K-65 (Ra-Pb) residue (gangue lead cake) from the (pitchblende) ore-to-UO3 process 

6E KB-2 Derby form of uranium metal 4 Label Apparently labeling product containers 6 Laboratory, Lab, LAB Any of several laboratories (Analytical, Shotgun, Ledoux, etc.) 6 Laundry For both contaminated and uncontaminated clothing; Mallinckrodt had own laundry from ~ 

1948 on  LB In film badge records, denotes film that was opened (in badge?)   Ld Loading (e.g., TA-7)   LF-9 Brown oxide (UO2)  LFD In film badge records, denotes film lost in the darkroom (torn open)  LFP In film badge records, denotes film lost in plant   LG Lead gangue? See GLC 6 Ledoux (LeDoux) 

Laboratory The raffinate and uranium assay laboratory in Plant 6 

6 Liquor Extracted liquid concentrate, usually after removal of undesirable materials as solids   LL Ledoux Laboratory   LO Lead operator 

4, 6 Loading, Load, Ld Generic: see associated process keyword, e.g., TA-7   Location E The Mallinckrodt St. Louis site (SLDS)   M Powdered magnesium metal, work in the metal-making (derby and billet) areas, or 

maintenance (depending on context) 6 M(+number), M-(+number) (1) Designates tank(s) used in processing. (2) Designates a type of development work, e.g., 

M-1 for slag liner work, M-2 for mold improvement, and M-7 for crucible testing  M-20 Step or tank during which barium sulfate was added  ME Refers to processing of AM-7 raffinate to concentrated liquid Th form (Minor Elements)   MFG, Mfg Manufacturing: generic for Plant 6 and Plant 4 6 MGX, MgX, MGX Process Refinery feed material that was an impure magnesium uranate from the Belgian Congo 4 Mag Room Magnesium [Storage] Room 

1, 2 Main Plant Plants 1 and 2 6, 6E Maintenance, M, MNT Maintenance, presumably process maintenance 

  ME Refers to reprocessing of raffinate to a feed concentrate 7 MFL MgF2 liner (for use in dingot bombs); loosely, also the associated slag used (recycled) in the 

liner 6 Mikro Dust collector (manufactured by Mikro) 6 Mill See Rod mill  Mtns Maintenance 4 Muffle Batch electric (muffle) furnace used to reduce UO3 to UO2   Mx (note lower case) Uranium (generic for the element?)   MX (note upper case) See MGX   My Radium; also, used to indicate a breath radon measurement (since this measurement was 

used to infer radium body burden)   Mz, MZ Radon-222 6 NA, NAH Nitric Acid House 6 Neutral Neutralizing uranium solution (in acidification step?) 6 Niagara, Nia Pressure leaf filter (manufactured by Niagara) used to separate solids from liquids 6 NOK In the re-extraction process, the OK liquor contained the uranium and the NOK liquor 

contained the dross (after filtration, it became raffinate). 6 Ntns Maintenance (Mtns)? 4 Office, OFF Generic for office  OH Hydroxide (e.g., to neutralize excess HF and recover uranium) 6 OK In the re-extraction process, the OK liquor was the uranium-containg liquid sent to the 

boildown tanks 6 Oliver Filter press (manufactured by Oliver)   Orange, orange juice Orange oxide, i.e., UO3 

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Table 5 (Continued) Plant Keyword or code Note 

6 Ore, Ore Room, OR Ore processing, storage before use; also handling of residues   OZ Electrically fused dolomite 

4, 6, 7 Pack, packing, packaging Appears to be generic for packaging 6 Pangborn Type of dust collector (K-65/Ledoux Sample Lab; ore grinding room; C-3) 6 Peterson Type of filter, often in a hood; at least some was used to filter NOK liquor to produce the 

raffinate   PH Power House 

6E Pickling Soaking derbies in acid to remove surface impurities (scale, oxides) All Pilot Plant, PP Plant 4’s name (for metallurgical research and developmental UF4 furnace work), after metal 

production moved to 6E; Plants 1 & 2, around the time Plant 6 started up; a slag recovery pilot plant in 6E; or an unspecified pilot plant at 6  (must be taken from context) 

 Pk Packing (packaging) of a product form All Pl Plant (e.g., Pl. 7 is Plant 7)  Plant 10 The later name of the Plant 4 area (after Plant 4 was dismantled) 2 Plant 51 Building 51 operations in Plant 2 

6E PLO Process Lead Operator? 6 Pot, Pot Room Denitration pot room (producing UO3) 6 Press Filter press 6 Production Engineering, 

Prod Eng, Prod Off Eng Generic for production/process engineering work 

6 Production Office, PO The MCW [Main] Production Office   Project (+ number) Project 89 was Plants 1 and 2; 90, Plant 4 green salt operations; 91, Plant 4 derby production; 

92, Plant 4 recast operations   Q-11 Pitchblende ore, other high-grade ore   QM-2 Orange oxide (UO3) 6 Raffinate, Raff Residues (mainly the cakes) 6 Railcar Railroad car used to transport ore, K-65 residue, and sometimes scrap 6 Rapping Knocking a dust collector (usually the Pangborn) to loosen collected material for removal 

4,7 Reactor Reaction vessel/heater in which UO3 is converted to UO2 with cracked ammonia 4 Recast, Recast Furnace Where derbies were recast into billets 4 Receiving & Shipping Generic? The main Receiving & Shipping area was in Plant 6, but there may have been plant-

specific areas  6 Recovery, REC Nitric oxide recovery (6); slag recovery (7); may have indicated other types of recovery at other 

plants   Regulated Refers to radiologically controlled areas, e.g., the regulated locker room and the general locker 

room    Regulus Same as Derby 6 Reverter (riverter?) Unclear. Appears to be a type of pump or processor used in the recycling of dust collector 

material 7 RMF Recycle magnesium fluoride (from bomb liner residue) 

6E Rockwell Rockwell furnace (UF4-Mg reduction to derby metal) 6 Rod mill Piece of equipment used to grind ore  Rolls Billets 6 Rover Extra pair of hands or swing man?   S As “Chemical S”, denotes sodium salt (sodium diuranate, Na2U2O7)); in urinalysis records, 

denoted sulfate (work) 4 Salt bath Bath in which a dingot is put to heat it   Sample Room Any of several sample rooms, e.g., the K-65 Sample Room 6 Sampler, Spl Generic for sampling or work in a sample room 

SLAPS Sand (1) cake residue or (2) uranium-containing sands captured from the Japanese 6E Saw Sawing off a portion of the metal billet as a sample 6 SC-5 Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UNH) 

6E Scalping Mechanically slicing off slag from the external surfaces of a billet 6 Scrap Usually, scrap left over after cleaning the derbies; miscellaneous scrap 4 Semi-works Term for a facility within a plant, on the scale of or slightly larger than a pilot plant (specifically, 

the dingot operation in Plant 4) 6 Skip hoist Hoist used to raise ore drums, dump them into raw ore bin feeding (ore) rod mill 

6E Slag Byproduct from the Mg-UF4 reduction step (mostly MgF2) 7 Slag Processing Plant Same as Slag Separation Plant 

[4] Slag Shed Storage of the chipped-off bits of slag?   SLAPS, SLAPSS Sl. Louis Airport Storage Site 

6E Slye Dust collector (manufactured by Slye) 6 Shotgun Laboratory Shotgun sample preparation laboratory 6 Shotgun Samp Prep Shotgun sample preparation (lab) 6 Soda salt Na2U2O7 (sodium diuranate, a feed material); perhaps other soluble feed material 

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Table 5 (Continued) Plant Keyword or code Note 

 SP In film badge records, denotes film spoiled in the darkroom (development) process 6 Sperry Filter press (manufactured by Sperry); also, the cake produced (same as or subset of AM-7)   SR Storeroom   SS Stainless steel presses, i.e., the plate and frame filters   SSP Usually refers to stainless steel (filter) presses; may indicate Shotgun Sample Prep Lab   ST Uranium metal scrap 6 Storeroom Generic; the main storeroom was in Plant 6 6 Stripper Unclear; probably piece of equipment rather than operator name 

All T Generic code term for uranium, including as metal (T metal), in compounds (e.g., TO2), and as a daughter indication (e.g., TX1) 

6 T-3 Typo for C-3? 4 TA-7 Green salt (UF4)   TA-7R UF4 produced from UO2 in the experimental continuous reactor  Talcum UF4 6 Thawhouse Building where ore was thawed in winter before undrumming 6 Thief Sampling device that opens at a desired depth into the material 6 THP THP ether? 6 Thumper Device to “thump” feed drum to dislodge material during digestor loading 

4, 6E TM Top man, Top-off man, etc., in the YM-5 production process 4, 6E Top Refers to the upper or top recasting furnace or the top F machine 4, 6E Top man Top man, Top-off man, etc., in the YM-5 production process 

4, 6E, 7 Topping Refers to the operation of adding material to ensure proper fill   Tubealloy Uranium metal (generic term also used roughly to indicate any uranium)  Tumbler, tumbling area UO2 breakup (crushing) area  U In film badge records, denotes “unidentifiable” in context of film condition; elsewhere, usually 

denotes uranium 6, 7 U-CON, U-con Uranium concentrate slurry produced in the Slag Separation (Processing) Plant (7) from reject 

MgF2 material and sent to Plant 6 as a feed material 6 UNH Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UO2(NO3)2 · 6 H2O)   Unld Unloading (e.g., TA-7) 

6E Utility Utility man or “floater” who filled in as needed   UX1, UX2 Old names for Th-234 and Pa-234m respectively  V In film badge records, denotes “on vacation”  V-4 A form of soda salt used as feed material  W In film badge records, denotes “wet from unknown reason” 

All Warehouse, WH Generic: various warehouses were used, with the main one in Plant 6 and later in Plant 7 4 Weigh, check weigh Generic: feed and products were weighed at various points 

6E Wilfey Shaker table (manufactured by Wilfey) used to separate high-U slurry from low-U material   X Generic code term for uranium, including in compounds (e.g., XO2)   Yard Open areas outside buildings and guard stations; used to store drums, unload railcars; even 

used postoperations for decontamination   YB-1 UO2 produced from UO3 in the experimental continuous reactor   Yellow cake The generic form of uranium ore, somewhat preprocessed 4 YM-5 Billet form of uranium metal 

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Table 6.  Thorium and daughter content of the AM-7 residue (“airport cake”). 

Material Concentration, 

ppm Mass, grams 

Specific activity, Ci/g* 

Total curies in ore Notes 

Ore --- 3.18 × 108 --- --- 350 tons processed (see Table 4) Th-230 3.8 1,208 0.0202 24.4 Concentration: Figgins and Kirby 1962 Th-232 29 9,222 1.09 × 10-07 0.00101 Concentration: Figgins and Kirby 1962 *From Shleien 1992 

Isotope Half-life Activity after 15 

years, Ci Percentage of 

original Notes Th-230 Chain 

Th-230 77,000 years 2.44 × 101 ~100%  Ra-226 1,600 years 1.58 x 10-1 0.65% Ignoring Ra-226 decay Rn-222 3.82 days 1.58 x 10-1 0.65% Ignoring Rn-222 decay Po-218 3.05 minutes 1.58 x 10-1 0.65% Ignoring Po-218 decay Pb-214 26.8 minutes    Bi-214 19.9 minutes    Po-214 164 microsecs    Pb-210 22.3 years    Bi-210 5.01 days    Po-210 138 days    

Th-232 Chain Th-232 1.41 × 1010 years 1.01 × 10-3 ~100%  Ra-228 5.75 years 8.46 x 10-4 84% Ignoring Ra-228 decay Ac-228 6.13 hours 8.46 x 10-4 84% Ignoring Ac-228 decay Th-228 1.91 years    Ra-224 3.66 days    Rn-220 55.6 seconds    Po-216 0.15 seconds    Pb-212 10.6 hours    Bi-212 60.1 minutes    

Fifteen years is assumed to be the maximum decay time (1942-1957).  As the second part of the table shows, in 15 years secular equilibrium has not been reached for either the Th-230 chain or the Th-232 chain, although Th-232 is almost there. Thus only the activities of the first few members are shown. 

Table 7.  Airborne uranium particle size in process areas. 

Area Location or source type Method*

Average concentration, 

mg U/m3 

Mass median particle size, 

microns GSD Mallinckrodt UO2 Production Area (Rochester 1948b) 

UO3-to-UO2 conversion <1 foot of the blow pipe F 2.14 1.2 2.34 Tumbling Vicinity of furnace, tumbler tray rack F .11-.46 1.4-1.45 2.5-3.2   C .64-.93    Further from furnace, tumbler rack F .069-095     C .41-.53    Near skip hoist F 2.8-4.2 1.5-1.9 2.45-2.6   C .59-.69    4 feet from skip hoist F 0.75     C 3.5    Back of the skip hoist F  2.6 2.65 Fiberpack packaging  F, C .060-2.2 .72-3.48 2.96-3.03Warehouse Closed containers of UO2 F .017-.033 1.1 2.3 

General (Non-Mallinckrodt) Foundry (Sanders 1975, Table 2) Foundry Depleted U --- --- 2.8 ± 2.7** ---  Enriched U --- --- 3.3 ± 2.2** ---  Enriched U --- --- 2.1 ± 2.0** --- Machining Depleted U, milling dry --- --- 3.0 ± 2.3 --- Extruding Depleted U --- --- 3.2 ± 2.7 --- 

*  This refers to the sampling method. F: filter paper (with air sampling pump) . C: cascade impactor ** 88% of these particles were from particles less than 7 μm. 

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Table 8.  Uranium dust concentrations, Plants 4 and 6, in alpha dpm/m3 (Mason 1958a, Tables 1, 2). Plant 6 

Plant 4 UO3 production UO2 production Misc 

Year UO2 

Production UF4 

Production KB-2 

ProductionYM-5 

Production Warehousing Ore grinding Feed digest Milling Pot room Packaging Load Unload Packaging1943 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1944 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1945 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 1946 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 210 13,300 420 12,600 7,770 1,400 5,320 3,150 11,270 1947 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 210 13,650 420 12,600 7,770 1,400 5,320 3,150 11,270 1948 2,100 2,380 1,190 2,520 210 13,650 420 12,600 7,770 1,400 5,320 3,150 11,270 1949 420 280 280 770 210 13,650 420 12,600 7,770 1,400 5,320 3,150 11,270   --- --- --- --- 70 350 70 0 4,200 700 1,400 700 350 1950 280 140 210 770 70 350 70 * 770 700 1,400 700 350   --- --- --- --- 28 350 70 --- 350 700 700 350 350 1951 280 210 --- --- 35 350 140 --- 140 70 420 210 350 1952 280 210 --- --- 35 210 350 --- 210 140 420 210 350 1953 --- --- --- --- 63 140 49 --- 210 140 420 210 350 1954 --- --- --- --- 21 140 42 --- 140 140 ** ** ** 1955 --- --- --- --- 21 * 56 --- 140 140 --- --- --- 1956 --- --- --- --- 21 --- 28 --- 210 280 --- --- --- 1957 --- --- --- --- 21 --- 56 --- 210 70 --- --- --- 

The first two Plamt 4 processes were supposedly transferred to Plant 7 in 1952-3, the last two to Plant 6E in 1950-1. Compare to information for Plants 6E and Plant 7 (Table 9).  Prior to 1946, the Plant 6 operations were done in Building 51 of Plant 2; all work was transferred to Weldon Spring in March 1957. Note that the figures above reflect chronologically the significant improvements in ventilation and dust control made in 1949. *  Discontinued **  Transferred to Plant 7 in October 1952  

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Table 9.  Uranium dust concentrations, Plants 6E and 7, in alpha dpm/m3 (Mason 1958a, Tables 3, 4).  Plant 6E Plant 7   KB-2 production YM-5 production All operations 

Year Average High Source of  

high reading Average High Source of  

high reading Average High Source of  

high reading 1950 7 21 Charging 70 126 Crucible assembly --- ---   1951 21 56 Residue 77 126 Top furnace --- ---   1952 28 70 Residue 84 161 Burnout 35 112 UO2 dumping 1953 21 84 Charging 35 49 Top furnace 28 119 Furnace operation, 

TA-7 packaging 1954 35 210 Residue 63 119 Bottom furnace 35 490 Sampling, cleanup 1955 112 280 Residue 42 105 Bottom furnace 21 77 UO2 dumping 1956 28 112 Capping 35 42 Bottom furnace 28 56 UO2 dumping 1957 28 105 Burnout 49 84 Bottom furnace 21 56 UO2 dumping 1958 56 147 Breakout 84 147 Bottom furnace 35 98 TA-7 packaging 

Plant 6: KB-2 is the derby form and YM-5 the billet form of uranium metal. Plant 7: Operations were moved to Weldon Spring in 1958. 

Table 10.  Early air sample data, short-term sample readings in alpha dpm/m3. 1943 1944 1945 1946 

Location and operation Value No. of 

Samples Value GSDNo. of 

Samples Value GSDNo. of 

Samples Value GSDNo. of 

SamplesPlant 1         Bldg K, Feinc filtration     60 2   Bldg 25, Laboratory     7 2   Plant 2 (Bldgs 51/51A)         Oxide being added to Tank 1A 153 1       Pot Room, general area 301 1 742 2 511 1   Pot Room, aisle between pots     700 1   Pot Room, (un)loading UO3 2,000 1   2,380 1   Pot Room, chipping, scooping cake 11,300 1       Milling UO3   2,800 3.03 3 3,220 1   Sifting room general area 304 2       Sifting room, sifting 22,50 1       UO2 being weighed 70 1       UO2 unloading   15,540 2     UO2 packaging   65,800 1     Plant 2 (Shotgun Lab, Bldg 55)         Shotgun residue evaporation   62 2     Shotgun residue grinding   97 1.54 4     Plant 4         UF4 general area     49 3   Unloading UF4   6,160 2 91 1 563 2.36 4 Milling UF4   6,062 2 74 2 630 2 Mixing/blending/jolting UF4, Mg   1,960 1   84 2 Bomb area general   5,320 1.22 3     Bomb loading   2,100 1     Bomb unloading   1,154 2.79 4   324 2 Biscuit chipping   4,484 1.27 3   42 1 Biscuit sealing   1,540 1     Slag barreling   210 1.10 4     Crucible burnout   2,100 1     Recast furnace general area   976 2     Recast furnace unloading   700 1     Recast furnace brushing   980 1     Ore milling     720 2.70 4   Ore handling     1,230 2   Plant 6         Ore storage – area       246 4.08 9 Boxcar        504 4.10 3 

The sampling data used to produce the table above are from MED (1943d; 1944b; 1944c; 1944d; 1944e; 1944g; 1944h; 1945d; 1946d; 1946e; MED 1945o) and MCW (1946b; 1946c; 1946d; 1946e; 1946f).  The figure given in the Value column is the median, if there were three or more samples; the mean if there were two samples; and the sole value if there was one sample. 

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Table 11.  Airborne uranium dust concentrations in Plant 4 Areas, 1948:  AEC versus Mallinckrodt measured data (AEC 1949b, Table 3). 

Multiple of “Preferred Level”  ug/m3 Adjusted to dpm/m3 

Activity AEC Mallinckrodt AEC Mallinckrodt AEC MallinckrodtLF-9 Loading       

Operator A 47.7 29.7 2.39E+03 1.49E+03 3.34E+03 2.08E+03 Operator B 47.7 30.7 2.39E+03 1.54E+03 3.34E+03 2.15E+03 

Furnace Tending        Operator A 7.5 5.7 3.75E+02 2.85E+02 5.46E+02 3.99E+02 Operator B 9.1 6.1 4.55E+02 3.05E+02 6.37E+02 4.27E+02 

TA-7 Unloading       Operator A       

- Manual 186 66.8 9.30E+03 3.34E+03 1.30E+04 4.68E+03 - Semi-mechanized  16.4  8.20E+02  1.29E+03 

Operator B       - Manual 186 57.2 9.30E+03 2.86E+03 1.30E+04 4.00E+03 - Semi-mechanized  20.7  1.04E+03  1.45E+03 

TA-7 Mixing & Packing       Operator A 63 13.1 3.15E+03 6.55E+02 4.41E+03 9.17E+02 Operator B 57 24.6 2.85E+03 1.23E+03 3.99E+03 1.72E+03 

Bomb Charging 51 42.4 2.55E+03 2.12E+03 3.57E+03 2.97E+03 Topping 10.4 32.4 5.20E+02 1.62E+03 7.28E+02 2.27E+03 Jolting 51 7.5 2.55E+03 3.75E+02 3.57E+03 5.25E+02 Charge Firing 13.3 13.8 6.65E+02 6.90E+02 9.31E+02 9.66E+02 Derby Unloading       

Operator A 5 9.1 2.50E+02 4.55E+02 3.50E+02 6.37E+02 Operator B 5 18.7 2.50E+02 9.35E+02 3.50E+02 1.31E+03 

Chipping 26.3 11.5 1.32E+03 5.75E+02 1.84E+03 8.05E+02 Slag Handling 1.6 2.2 8.00E+01 1.10E+02 1.12E+02 1.54E+02 Top Furnace Tending       

Operator A 61 36.5 3.05E+03 1.83E+03 4.27E+03 2.56E+03 Operator B 61 23.2 3.05E+03 1.16E+03 4.27E+03 1.62E+03 

Bottom Furnace Tending 73 59 3.65E+03 2.95E+03 5.11E+03 4.13E+03 Sawing 15.8 5.4 7.90E+02 2.70E+02 1.11E+03 3.78E+02 Cage Handling 2.7 52 1.35E+02 2.60E+03 1.89E+02 3.64E+03 Office 0.6 4.1 3.00E+01 2.05E+02 4.20E+01 2.87E+02 Shipping & Receiving 1.6 6.8 8.00E+01 3.40E+02 1.26E+02 4.76E+02 Mechanics 5 10.7 2.50E+02 5.35E+02 3.50E+02 7.49E+02 Carpenter 2 4.6 1.00E+02 2.30E+02 1.40E+02 3.22E+02 Porters 0.8 2.9 4.00E+01 1.45E+02 5.60E+01 2.03E+02 Guards 0.4 1.4 2.00E+01 7.00E+01 2.80E+01 9.80E+01 At the time of this report, AEC’s “preferred level” for U dust in air, 50 μg/m3, was based on an assumption of exposure 8 hrs/day, 6 days/week (AEC 1949b).  Columns 2 and 3 are based on this. 

Columns 4 and 5 represent the values in Columns 2 and 3 respectively multiplied by 50 μg/m3. 

Columns 6 and 7 represent the values obtain by multiplying Columns 4 and 5 respectively by 70 dpm/m3 (assuming 70 dpm/m3 is equivalent to 50 ug/m3). 

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Table 12.  Plant 4 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations.  Weighted average concentration, alpha dpm/m3   

Occupation 5/1956 11/1953 3/1953 6/1950 10/1949 9/1948 5/1948 AEC 1949b AEC 1951aMagnesium operator    35 70     Lime blender    35 70     Slag man    70 105 210 140   Cage man (handler)    190  3640 189 2940  Derby unloader    175 245 1,260 280   Bomb topper    210 280 2,310 840   Charge firing    140 350 980 910   Derby chipper    140 350 910 1,890   Jolter    70 140 490 3,500   Bomb charger    210 490 3,010 3,640   Green lead man    70 140     Cleanup man    140 140     Furnace tender    70 70 350 560   Furnace box puller    35 140 560 630   TA-7 Pilot Plant    980 175     Brown loader    280 350 2,240 3,360   Green packer    245 210 1,750 3,990  7,210 Green miller and mixer    70 140 980 4,690   Green unloader    210 490 1,540 13,020   Plant superintendent 7.3         Technical supervisor 6.6         Engineers 7.3 9.8 14       Chief chemist 5.9         Vacuum fusion chemist 39         Vacuum fusion technician 59         Microscopist 18.4         Chemist 10         Chemical technician 10 4.6 7       Foreman 22.5 6.7 12 35 70 175    Shift foremen 12.4   56 98 175    Lead operator 25 8.2 19 119 63 ---    Dingot/bomb, slag grinding oper 85 33 64 X X X  X  Furnace and saw man 17.5   X X X  X  Casting furnace operator 10.8 110 480     5110  Furnace operator (UF4-derby?)    91 70 570    HF operator    91 70 570    UO3 & Brown packer    217 322 2,730  4200 2,730 Green packing operator    196 315 7,210  4,000; 13,000  Asst green packing operator    112 133 2,800    Residue 27.4         Ceramic 14.8         Vertical lathe 28.5         Forge press lead operator 22         Forge press salt bath man 21.5         Forge press manipulator (oper) 22.6         Forge press operator 21.9         Clerk 5       42  Guard 7.1       28  Porter 40 2.7 5.8     56  Area mechanic --- 22 15 84 112 350  350  

Data from the surveys of 6/50, 10/49, 9/48, and 5/48 is from AEC 1950c; data from the surveys of 3/53 and 11/53 is from AEC1954b; and data from the survey of 5/56 is from AEC 1956a. Other data are from the references given in the column headings. 

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Table 13.  Plant 6 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations.   Weighted average concentration, alpha dpm/m3 

Occupation May 1956 

May 1954 

Oct 1953 

Jan 1953 

Jan 1952 

Aug 1950 1949 

Oct-Nov 1948 

May 1948 

Digest area lead operator 6 60 36 62 140 84  686 280 Digest operator 7.3 37 41 52 370 77  399 490 U-Con man #1 7.3         U-Con man #2 14         Feinc operator 6.2 96 38 110 175 154  980 840 Barium operator   38 130 144 126   280 Feed operator 40.8 23 100 150 110 126  910 476 C-3 wash filter operator  79 32 48 120 116  497 476 C-3 adjustments operator   22 420 120   497 476 C-3 centrifuge operator  42 630 52  140  567 476 Ore Room operator   140 170 370 392 350 13,720 4970 Extraction area lead operator 34 5.4 4       Ether House operator 11     40  46  Ether House lead operator      66  154  Sump recovery operator   8.5 100 76 126  273 364 Raffinate operator 216 11 8 170 68 154  273 364 QM-2 (Orange) packager 268 1,961 120 130 130     Furnace operator 12 33 55 96 150 1,400  5320 24500 Furnace room sampler        3150  Reduction area (furn room) lead oper’r 22 25 28 69 54 147  686  LF-9 (Brown) packager      364  11270 39200 Nitric acid recovery operator 20 9.6 19 44 35 99  46 364 Pot Room operator 234 113 45 190 100 336 770 7,770 32200 Metal dissolver #1 204         Metal dissolver #2 21         MGX operator  29 68 52 94     Utility operator 88 129 94 97      Miller (Mill Room)      X X 12,600 46200 Pilot Plant group leader 7.5 6.9 3.1   105  91 245 Pilot Plant lead operator 7.7 8.8 6.1 77 116 105  91 245 Pilot Plant technician 1,940 9.2 6 77 116 105  91 245 Production superintendent 7.7 8.8 56 25      Experimental continuous furnace      8,540 X X X Asst. production superintendent 18 21 26       General/Asst foreman 14 18 30 50      Foreman 17 21 29 58    161  Technical supervisor 18 21 25 33  52  161  Production Office clerk 9.1 12 18 17  27  161  Production Office secretary 3.4 3.4    27    Shift foreman 19 25 27 81 96   161  Cloth & Training Grp Lead Operator   23 25    2520  Cloth operator  18 19 92  245  665  Trainers      231  2,520  Decontamination man 17 22 19 60 99     Decontamination man 3.5 2.7 2.8 29      Receiving clerk 5.2 19 4.5 10 99 28    Cleanup man 22         Production Research Lab personnel 3.7 2 5 13 30 12  30 245 Ledoux Lab asst technician (raffinate) 15.2 8.1 39       Ledoux Lab technician (raffinate) 12.9 8.1 39 140 420 91  189  Ledoux Lab technician (K-65) 21 7.5 27 440 1,900 1,400  2,100  Ledoux Lab technician (MgF2) 21 7.5 27       

Shotgun Lab analyst 24.1 10 27 23 25 239  24 

(239)  Laboratory personnel 42 2.9 30 23 21         MCW Laboratory west section      21  30 245     MCW Laboratory east section      13  30 245 Powder sample technician 56.5     217?  448  Metal room sampler 420         Outside sampling man 22.5         Sample Room supervisor 41     245  448  Laboratory Office personnel 42 2 5.6       

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Table 13 (Continued)   Weighted average concentration, alpha dpm/m3 

Occupation May 1956 

May 1954 

Oct 1953 

Jan 1953 

Jan 1952 

Aug 1950 1949 

Oct-Nov 1948 

May 1948 

Truck operator 16 19 20 63 75     Truck operator 20 19 20 63 75     Warehouse foreman & Asst Foreman 4.2 2.9 6.2 17  70  161  Warehouse man -- K-65 sampler   350 270 230 84  189 196 Warehouse man 5.8 10 20 38 46 84  189 196 Boiler House operator 9.3 7.3 7.5 8.9 2 36  44  Laundry operator 6.2 19 11 19 4.5 13    Porter 3.9 17 14   39    

General cleanup      39    Change room      48    Lunch room      5.6    

Clothes issue man 18 19 9.4 92      Chief guard 1.7 14 16 14 1.8     Security Office      6.3    Guard 10 13 15 22 1.8 32    Health Office - personnel (office) 1.6 6.7 15 14 0 11    Health Office - personnel 8.1 11 15 14 0   7.0 14 Health Office personnel (plant 

monitor/health surveyor) 10 15 15 14 0 46    Health Office person’l (plant monitor) 15 16 15 14 0     Medic 1.3 3.5 6.3       Nurse  3.5 6.3 42 99     Dispensary & Safety      56  56 175 Instrument Shop technician 12 33 17 40 60 51   252 Instrument Shop machinist 5.5 44 17 27 60 51   252 Maintenance/mechanical supervisor 140 13 10 42 38 50    Maintenance Office clerk 6.5 12 7.7 39      Area mechanic 24 29 28       

Ore & Furnace Room AM      189    Digest & feed AM      133    Raffinate and C-3 AM      161    Ether & NA House AM      77    

Welders, pipefitters, etc.      98  128  Carpenters      66    Stock Room (Storeroom) foreman 3.7 14 22 13 33 21    Stock Room clerk 2.6 9 34 15 33 21    AEC Office personnel  2.2 1.8 6.7 0 Non-det  7.7 33 AEC Engineer  19 9.9 31 7     MCW Office personnel 1.5 2 2.9 0.7 0   7.0 50 MCW engineer 4.2 4.5 5.4 10 7 15    MCW Office messenger 15 14 15 40      MCW Office maintenance 7.5 12 20 10      MCW Office construction expeditor   9.6 29      

Overall average weighted exposure 41 24 25 56 63      Notes 

The first set of 1948 data (Oct-Nov 1948) is from MCW (MCW 1949d (repeated in AEC 1949b  and MCW 1950s), the second set (May 1948). The 1949 and 1950 data  are from MCW (MCW 1950q) and AEC(AEC 1953); the May 1952, January 1953,  and the October 1953 sets of survey data are from AEC (AEC 1954c); the May 1954 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1954d); and the May 1956 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1956b).  For some occupations (mostly office types), the May 1948 concentration was the average in the work area, not a DWE, so that the level shown would be higher than what the worker actually experienced. 

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Table 14.  Plant 6E measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations.   Weighted average concentration, alpha dpm/m3 

Occupation 7/1956 3/1955 6/1954 11/1953 4/1953 10/1952 Lime blender/Slag blender 5.7 11 13 8.9 19 8.9 Jolter 15 79 18 8.9 17 25 Utility operator 50 38 33 32 56 37 Top/Upper “F” machine operator 23 100 46 12 85 25 Bottom/Lower “F” machine operator 29 52 24 13 17 23 Top(ping)-off man 24 113 17 13 17 28 Reduction furnace operator 7.2 20 7.4 6.8 17 14 Breakout operator/man 23 42 28 23 42 25 Residue man 24 300 115 210 80 66 Reduction (KB-2) lead operator 21 36 26 24 36 45 Furnace loaders    23 16 15 Crucible loader 60 19 49 43 130 28 Burnout man 39 31 23 26 26 160 Crucible assembler 42 32 31 58 43 81 Upper/Top furnace operator/man 26 28 30 23 16 21 Bottom furnace operator/man 41 107 118 34 28 68 Saw operator/man 13 425 34 49 17 30 4th or cage saw man  38 21 66 94 17 Cage/cage grinding man 349 35 20 55 166 55 Billet grinder 668 425 34    Brushing man  47     Brushing man/chipper 19 2,110     Recast furnace (YM-5) lead operator 71 30 47 21 19 49 Production machinist 7 11 7.5 10 17 380 Mechanic 73 36 23    Millwright 14 36 23    Maintenance man 27 36 23 53 26 45 Porter 15 23 12 19 8.8 42 Production clerk 9.5 14 7.8 18 13 13 Technical superintendent 4.4 24 15    Technical/Chemical engineer 5.7 24 15 11 16 27 Shift foreman 12 31 23 17 17 44 Foreman/General foreman 6.1 27 19 12 13 20 Lift truck driver 8 22 17 14 15 30 Electrician  35 14 43 34  Decontamination man 15 34 24 21 21  Slag building operator 18 224 110    

Average of all personnel 44 113 30 33 43 55 The 10/52, 4/53, and 2/54 sets of data are from AEC (AEC 1954d); the 6/54 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1954e); the 3/55 survey data are from AEC (1955e); and the 7/56 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1956c). 

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Table 15.  Plant 7 measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations.   Weighted average concentration, alpha dpm/m3 

Occupation 7/1956 3/1955 6/1954 11/1953 4-5/1953 10/1952 9/1951 Utility operator/man 17 18 23 77 14 28 9 Area mechanic 12 12 6 11 63 14 37 Welder 14 13 7 10 14 14   Porter 32 25 13 6 14 14   Lift truck operator/driver 41 26 14 6 14 14   HF operator 5.3 5 5 4 14 14 8 TA-7 hoisting operator 17 11 13 11 14 14   Furnace operator 14 16 10 120 14 21 25 Sampler and cleanup man 9.1 8 8 530 42 28   36’ Level operator 19 6 5 20 14 14   Panel board operator 16 30 16 7 21 21   TA-7 packager 24 49 68 150 56 28 242 QM-2 dumper/hoister 56 74 48 42 63 112 107 Magnesium Room operator 4.5             Foreman 15 16 7 6 14 21 28 Assistant foreman         8 21 22 Asst plant superintendent 32 70 7         Technical supervisor 18 15 6         Engineer   70 7 13 7 14   Lead operator 30 17 9 12 14 21 38 Clerk/Record clerk 20 32 8 6 14 21   Decontamination/-ator 18 17 9 10 14 21   Safety inspector   9 12 16 28     Fire marshal   9 12 16       Safety clerk   14 9 17       

Average for all personnel 19 19 13 57 22 21   The 9/51 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1951a); the 10/52 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1952a); the 4-5/53 and 11/53 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1954f); the 6/54 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1954g); the 3/55 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1955d); and the 7/56 survey data are from AEC (AEC 1956d).  The 5/53 data includes the screw-pulling operation, which was nonroutine. 

Table 16.  Plant 7E measured daily weighted average exposure concentrations. 

Occupation Weighted average concentration, 

alpha dpm/m3, 3/1955 Ionium plant operator 0.06 Ionium plant lead operator 0.1     Overall average 0.07 

Survey data are from AEC (1955e).  The ionium plant was the thorium processing plant, in operation from mid-1955 through March 1957.  Some bench-scale processing was done in the spring of 1955 also. 

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Table 17.  Average and highest airborne dust concentrations in the laundry (alpha dpm/m3) (Utnage 1958b, Table 2). 

 Concentration  Average Worst Operation   

Load washer with coveralls 560 820 Load dryer with coveralls 50 140 Unload dryer with coveralls 20 70 Press white coveralls 40 55 Repair white coveralls 60 90 Sorting to wash 20 870 

Weighted average by job   Washer operator 50  Presser 40  Repairman 40  Sorting and handling 30 140 

Average general air in laundry 20 110 “Worst” measurements for sorting and handling were taken with no ventilation; “Worst” measurements for the general air case were taken with ventilation turned off for 4 hours. 

“Average” measurements were taken with ventilation on. The worst “average” air in the general area case was found in the vicinity of handling and loading into the washer. 

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Table 18.  Job titles and classifications, with geometry factors. Geometry 

classification, % Plant Job title or classification Notes AP ROT ISO 

7 36’ Level operator Subclassification of 7 Furnace operator (rotating jobs): mainly the UO2-to-UF4 reactor area 

--- --- --- 

6E 4th saw man Mostly same as Saw man 90 10   6 AEC engineer Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7 but office was in 6 10 90   6 AEC Office personnel Spent time only in AEC office in Plant 6   100   

All Area mechanic May have worked in all buildings, but appears that he was usually dedicated to one building or process step 

50 50   

6E Asst foreman See Shift foreman 50 50   7 Asst plant superintendent May have been in charge of only Plant 7 or of the whole site 10 90   6 Asst production superintendent Assumed to have spent time in Plants 6, 6E, and 7 production areas as well 

as Plant  6 offices, as the production superintendent did 50 50   

6 Asst warehouse foreman Worked in the U products warehouse, apparently 25 75   6 Bag inspector Checked dust collector bags 75 25   6 Barium operator Worked in the barium salt addition phase of digestion 50 25 25 

6E Billet grinder Cleaned and finished billets after recasting and before shipping 90 10   4, 6E Blender See Lime blender 50 50   

6 Boiler House operator Presumably worked to provide steam for the boildown processes   100   4 Bomb charger Blended UF4, Mg; charged bomb; dumped out dust collectors 75 25   4 Bomb makeup operator Blended UF4, Mg; charged bomb; dumped out dust collectors 75 25   4 Bomb makeup/deslagging 

(slag grinding) operator Performed combined functions of Bomb makeup operator and Slag grinding 

operator 75 25   

6E Bottom “F” machine operator Charged bomb (using F machine): UF4-Mg mixture, Mg 75   25 4, 6E Bottom furnace operator/man Removed assembly from recast furnace, removed mold, put in new assembly 75 25   6E Breakout operator/man Removed (broke out) derby from bomb 75 25   6 Brown furnace operator/ 

unloader/ packager See UO2 operator/unloader/packager 75 25   

6E Brushing man Same as Chipper 75 25   6E Burnout man Removed broken crucible, knocking lid off 80 20   6 C-3 adjustments operator Cleaned wash precipitate filter press; other duties 50 25 25 6 C-3 centrifuge operator Operated and “plowed off” Bird(?) centrifuge (digestion process) 50 25 25 6 C-3 wash filter operator Operated and cleaned the wash precipitate filter press 50 25 25 

6E Cage grinding man Mostly same as Saw man 90 10   4, 6E Cage operator/man Cleaned and finished billets after recasting; handled scrap in cage 90 10   6E Cage saw man Mostly same as Saw man 90 10   6E Capping man Put the valved top on the Mg-UF4 drum for jolting? 75 25  4 Carpenter May have worked in all buildings, not dedicated to one 25 50 25 4 Casting operator/man Operated the billet casting furnace 75 25   6 C. Eng See Chemical engineer 25 75   4 Ceramic (technician?) Split time: ceramic lab (Ceramic Pilot Plant), Production Research Lab 50 50   4 Charger Same as Bomb charger 75 25   4 Charge firing (man) Furnace operator for bomb furnace 75 25   

6E Chemical engineer Worked in production aspects; had production area access 25 75   4 Chemical technician Did chemical analyses in Analytical Lab; possibly some assays 90 10   4 Chemist Did chemical analyses in Analytical Lab; possibly some assays 90 10   4 Chief chemist Did chemical analyses in Analytical Lab; possibly some assays 90 10   6 Chief guard Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7 but base was in Plant 6   100   

4, 6E Chipper Deslagged and cleaned derbies (and dingots?) 75 25   4, 6 Cleanup man Miscellaneous cleanup activities 50 50   

4, 6E, 7 

Clerk Plant 7 clerk worked in Plant 6E as well as inventorying in the Plant 7 production area; Plant 4 clerk may have been same person(s) 

  100   

6 Cloth operator/man Cut and replaced filter cloth for Feinc and similar filters 50 25 25 6 Cloth & Training Group lead 

operator Apparently dual position: coordinated cloth ops, headed Training Grp 10 90   

6 Clothes issue man Issued work and protective clothing in the locker rooms   100   6E Crucible assembler Assembled crucible and mold assembly in billet production process 75   25 6E Crucible loader Loaded the crucible assembly into the recast furnace 75   25 

6,6E,7 Decontamination man Did decontamination in all plants, on boxcars, in Plant 6 Decon Room 50 25 25 7 Decontaminator Same as Decontamination man 50 25 25 

6E Derby chipper Same as Chipper 75 25   4 Derby unloader Unloaded bomb from furnace 75 25   6 Digest area lead operator Worked on the digestion process (up to extraction) 50 25 25 6 Digest operator Worked on the digestion process (up to extraction) 50 25 25 

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Table 18 (Continued) Geometry 

classification, % Plant Job title or classification Notes AP ROT ISO 

4 Dingot operator/forging Prepared, loaded, removed dingot bomb; probably operated furnace 50 25 25 6 Dispensary (personnel) Medical-pharmaceutical personnel; no prod area access assumed   100   

6E Electrician May have worked in all buildings, not dedicated to one 25 50 25 4, 6E, 

7 Engineer Assumed to be the process engineer assigned to individual plant; may have 

worked in all; had production area access 25 75   

6 Ether House operator Worked in the ether house (operating tanks, valves, etc.) 50 50   6 Experimental Continuous 

Furnace Pilot Plant project for eventual plant-scale use in Plant 7  

25 50 25 

6 Extraction area lead operator Worked on the extraction process (up through UO3 production?) 50 25 25 6E Extra man Presumably a “floating” worker (cf. Utility man) 50 50   6E F (machine) charger Loaded Mg, UF4 into bomb and sealed it; may have blended them 75   25 6E F machine operator Charged bomb (using F machine): UF4-Mg mixture, Mg 75   25 6 Feed operator Loaded black oxide and other feeds for digestion; washed out feed Niagara; 

may have handled other aspects of the ore-to-UO3 process 50 25 25 

6 Feed sampling Sampling of feed (soda sat, MGX, etc.) 50 25 25 6 Feinc operator Operated Feinc filter; cleaned out cake; washed out feed Niagara 50 25 25 7 Filter operator Operated solids-removal(?) filters in Slag Separation Plant (Bldg 701) 50 50   7 Fire Marshall Did inspections in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7, but base was in Plant 6   90 10 

All Foreman Apparently dedicated to individual plant, but may have worked in more 50 50   4 Forge press lead operator Operated the forge press in dingot finishing  75   25 4 Forge press manipulator Same as Forge press operator 75   25 4 Forge press operator Operated the forge press in dingot finishing  75   25 4 Forge press salt bath man Operated the salt bath segment of dingot finishing 75 25   

All Fork truck operator/driver Same as lift truck driver; some did work at SLAPS and with railcars 25 75   4 Furnace and saw man Divided duties: see Furnace operator and Saw man 75 25   

4, 6E Furnace loader Loaded bomb or crucible assembly into furnace, depending on plant 75   25 4, 6E Furnace operator Operated recasting (billet) furnace 75   25 

6 Furnace operator Operated the UO3-to-UO2 (Rockwell) furnace 75 25   7 Furnace operator Job (Plant 7) rotated 36’ Level, Panel Board, and Sampler & Cleanup tasks: 

see individual job titles 75 10 15 

4 Furnace puller Unloaded UO2-to-UF4 furnace? 75 10 15 4 Furnace tender Tended UO2-to-UF4 furnace 75   25 

6E Furnace unloader Unloaded bombs from furnace, cleaned out residue(?) 75   25 6, 6E, 

7 General foreman UF4 production (for Plant 6E); or may have spent time in all plants 50 50   

6E Graphite shop personnel Assumed to be doing only clean work manufacturing graphite molds   100   7 Green packager Packaged UF4 (green salt) 75 25   4 Grinding and lead operator Apparently work in the dingot area 50 25 25 

All Guard Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7 and SLAPS but base was in 6   75 25 6 Health Office - office personnet Assumed to spend all time in Health Office   100   6 Health Office - other personnel Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7 but base in 6; assume no production area 

access   100   

6 Health Office - plant monitor Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, 7 but base in 6; production area access 50 50   6 Health Office - health surveyor Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, 7 but base in 6; production area access 50 50   

4, 7 HF operator Spent some time at Bird centrifuge (7), in recovery areas (7), as well as in providing HF for the hydrofluorination process (UO2-to-UF4)(4,7) 

10 90   

7 Hoisting (slag) operator Worked in the Slag Separation Plant (Bldg 701) 50   50 6 Instrument Shop machinist Worked only in Instrument Shop; some equipment contaminated 10 90   6 Instrument Shop technician Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E and 7 but base in 6 (Instrument Shop); 

production area access 25 75   

7E Ionium plant lead operator Th-230 processing (mostly operating chemical tanks and filters) 75 25   7E Ionium plant operator Th-230 processing (mostly operating chemical tanks and filters) 75 25   

4, 6E Jolter “Jolted” (air hammer?) bomb liner, other material to compress, remove 75 25   6 K-65 sampler See Warehouse man: K-65 sampler 90 10   

4, 6E KB-2 lead operator Handled all aspects of derby (KB-2 production) 75 15 10 6 Laboratory Office personnel Worked in the Analytical Lab (Building 102)   100   6 Laboratory personnel Worked in the Analytical Lab (Building 102) 90 10   6 Laundry lead operator Handled operations at the laundry (incl contaminated items) 10 90   6 Laundry operator Laundered work and protective clothing (incl contaminated items) 10 90   

4, 6, 6E,7 

Lead Operator Generic: see specific titles; otherwise, (default) geometry factors at right may be used 

75 25   

6 Ledoux Lab asst tech (raff) Worked in the Ledoux Lab pulverizing, prepping, assaying raffinate 90 10   

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Table 18 (Continued) Geometry 

classification, % Plant Job title or classification Notes AP ROT ISO 

6 Ledoux Lab technician (raff) Worked in the Ledoux Lab pulverizing, prepping, assaying raffinate 90 10   6 Ledoux Lab technician (K-65) Worked in the Ledoux Lab assaying K-65 residue 90 10   6 Ledoux Lab technician (MgF2) Worked in the Ledoux Lab assaying MgF2, incl recycle MgF2 90 10   4 LF-9 (furnace) loader See Furnace loader, Furnace operator for Plant 4 (UO2-to-UF4) 75 25   6 LF-9 unloader/packager See UO2 operator/unloader/packager 75 25   

6E, 7 Lift truck driver (operator) Drove lift truck, handling miscellaneous materials, possibly at all plants, including SLAPS 

25 75   

4, 6E Lime blender Charge blender for derby production 50 50   4 Magnesium operator Handled magnesium storage and disbursal; limited exposure potential? 75 25   7 Magnesium Room operator Handled magnesium storage and disbursal; limited exposure potential?   100   

6E Maintenance man May have worked in all buildings; assume production area access 50 50   6 Maintenance Office clerk Worked only in Maintenance Office   100   6 Maintenance supervisor Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E and 7 but base was in 6 (same person?) 25 75    Manufacturing Generic term for process/storage area work 75 25  

4, 7W Metal fab Metal fabrication, i.e., the derby and recast or dingot areas 50 50  6 MCW engineer Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E and 7 but base was in 6 10 90   6 MCW Lab (personnel) This lab was not the Ledoux, Shotgun, or Research Labs, which were listed 

separately in the records; perhaps the Analytical Lab 25 75   

6 MCW Office construction expeditor 

Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7, but probably only in office and construction areas 

  100   

6 MCW Office maintenance Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7, but apparently only in office areas   100   6 MCW Office messenger Spent time in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7, but probably only in office areas   100   6 MCW Office personnel Spent time only in MCW offices in Plant 6 (Bldg 112?)   100   

All Mechanic See Area mechanic 50 50   6 Mechanic supervisor See Maintenance supervisor 50 50   6 Medic Worked in dispensary presumably, but may have gone into production areas 

on occasion   100   

6 Metal dissolver (#1, #2) Dissolved scrap U metal in acid for recycling as feed? Also spent up to half time in Pot Room 

75 25   

6 Metal room sampler Sampled scrap and other metal for U or content? 75 25   6 MgX operator Processed the MgX feed material 25 50 25 4 Microscopist Worked full-time in the Microscopy Room, probably on U specimens   100   

4, 6 Miller Performed the UF4 pulverizing (4)? Milled UO3 (orange oxide)(6) 50 50   6E Millwright May have worked in all buildings, not dedicated to one 25 50 25 6 Nitric acid recovery operator Worked in the nitric acid recovery area (several buildings) 50 25 25 6 Nurse Worked in dispensary presumably, but may have gone into production areas 

on occasion   100   

4, 6E Office employees Assume they are Plants 4 and 6E production(?) office-only personnel   100   6 Ore Room operator Handled ore, residue: storage, lidding, delidding, cleaning drums 70 20 10 6 Outside sampling man Sampled dust collectors; sampled drums (incl. opening and sealing) 50 50   7 Panel board operator Subclassification of 7 Furnace operator (rotating jobs): vacuuming C-3 into 

reverter, sampling D-30 material, replacing D-30 drums, work at panel board area including reverter operation 

--- --- --- 

6 Pickler Worker in area where derbies were “pickled”, i.e., put into acid bath 75 25   6 Pilot Plant engineer Participated in experimental extraction processes and like activities 25 75   6 Pilot Plant group leader Participated in experimental extraction processes and like activities 75 25   6 Pilot Plant lead operator Participated in experimental extraction processes and like activities 75 25   6 Pilot Plant technician Unclear what activities this Pilot Plant was carrying on 75 25   6 Pipefitter May have worked in all buildings, not dedicated to one 50   50 4 Plant superintendent May have been in charge of only Plant 4 or of the whole site 10 90   

4, 6, 6E, 7 

Porter Some porters may have worked in a janitorial capacity, entering only office areas, while others apparently served production areas; may have worked in several plants or in only one 

  100   

6 Pot Room operator Worked in the denitration (UO2-to-UF4) pot room 50 25 25 6 Powder sample technician Assume mainly did sampling and worked with small samples 75 25   

6E Production clerk Kept records, did inventories; assumed to spend  some time in production area 

  100   

6E Production machinist Spent all time in graphite shop machining molds and the like   100   6 Production Office clerk Kept records, did inventories; assumed to spend some time in production area   100   6 Production Office secretary Assumed spent all time in office   100   6 Prod Research Lab personnel Worked in the Production Research Lab 90 10   6 Production superintendent Spent time in Plants 6, 6E, and 7 production areas and Plant 6 offices 50 50   7 QM-2 dumper Loaded UO3 into trays for the UO3-to-UF4 conversion 75 15 10 

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Table 18 (Continued) Geometry 

classification, % Plant Job title or classification Notes AP ROT ISO 

7 QM-2 hoister Same as QM-2 dumper 75 15 10 6 QM-2 loader See UO3 loader 75 25   6 QM-2 (orange) packager “Gulped” (vacuum-extracted) UO3 out of the pot and into drums; weighing and

making up (weight) in drums, emptying dust collectors 75 15 10 

6 Raffinate operator Handled the various residues from the filters (drummed, sampled); spent up to half time in Pot Room 

75 25   

6E Recast furnace lead operator Operated the billet casting furnace 50   50 6 Receiving clerk Recorded and inventoried incoming shipments of ore and U products 50 50   7 Record clerk (A, B) Kept records of receipts, production, and shipments; some entry into 

production areas and outside areas for inventory and like purposes   100   

6 Reduction (area) lead operator Operated UO2 (Rockwell) furnace; assumed to load UO3, unload UO2 75 25   6E Reduction (area) lead operator Operated the bomb (UF4-to-U metal) furnace 50 25 25 6E Reduction furnace operator Operated the bomb (UF4-to-U metal) furnace 50 25 25 

4,6E Residue man Changed derby chip drums and Hoffman and Mikro dust collectors; cleaned residue from the plate and frame press; picked out KB-2 

75   25 

7 Safety clerk Worked full-time in the Safety Office   100   7 Safety inspector Did inspections in Plants 4, 6, 6E, and 7 (production area access) 10 80 10 4 Salt bath man Same as Forge press salt bath man 75 25   7 Sampler and cleanup man Subclassification of 7 Furnace operator (rotating jobs): sampling UF4, cleanup

of furnace platforms --- --- --- 

6 Sample Room supervisor Supervisor operations in the Sample Room (probably in Bldg 111) 75 25   4,6E Saw operator/man Removed billet from quench tank; ground, sawed, and weighed it 90 10   

6 Security office (personnel) Assumed to be other than guards (e.g., clerical)   100   6,6E Shift foreman Assumed to be generic, although may have covered several plants; default 

geometry factors at right may be used 50 50   

4 Shipping & Receiving (personnel) 

Handled the receipt and shipment of U products 50 50   

6 Shotgun Lab analyst Worked in Shotgun (sample assay) Lab, first in Bldg 55 in Plant 2, then Bldg 108 in Plant 6, then Bldg 102(?) of Plant 6 

90 10   

6E Slag blender Blended C-liner and other slag from Plants 4 and 6 for use in bombs 75 25   6E Slag building operator Ground C-liner and other slag, sorted it via shaker tables, drummed it 75 25   4 Slag man, slag grinding 

operator Mostly the same as Chipper 75 25   

6 Soluble feed operator Loaded soda salt (“diuranate”) at appropriate point in digestion process; see also Feed operator 

75   25 

6 Stockroom clerk Stockroom possibly in Bldg 112. Spent time in Receiving (Bldg 101)   100   6 Stockroom foreman Stockroom possibly in Bldg 112. Spent time in Receiving (Bldg 101)   100   6 Sump recovery operator Worked on U recovery from sump fluids 25 50 25 

6E Supervisor Probably same as Technical supervisor 50 50   7 TA-7 hoisting operator (hoister) Hoisted and loaded UO2 into reactor for conversion to UF4 (TA-7) 25 50 25 

4,7 TA-7 packager Packaged UF4 (green salt) 75 25   4 TA-7 Pilot Plant (personnel) Assumed to be technicians and operators producing UF4 (green salt) 50 50   4 TA-7 unloader (operator) Unloaded UF4 (green salt) from hydrofluorination reactor 50 50   7 Tables operator Worked in the Slag Separation Plant (701) operating shaker tables 25 75   

6E Technical engineer Same as Chemical engineer or (Process) Engineer 25 75   6E Technical superintendent May have spent time in all the plants 25 75   All? Technical supervisor Unclear what duties were; probable frequent production area access 50 50   

 Tinner Type of metal worker 25 50 25 4 Top cleaner Cleaned top furnace in billet (YM-5) production; not Top seat man 75 25   

6E Top “F” machine operator Charged bomb (using F machine): UF4-Mg mixture, Mg 75   25 6E Top furnace operator/man Operated recasting (billet) furnace, removed crucible parts 50   50 6E Top-off operator/man “Topped off” bomb with slag, bolted on lid 75 25   4 Topper Same as Top-off operator? 75 25   4 Top seat man Involved in billet production, furnace area; same as Top-off operator? 75 25   6 Trainer Duties not clear. Assumed to train operators, especially in filter work 10 90   6 Trainman Associated with /oacing/unloading of railcars; perhaps was railcar 

dispatcher/coordinator/inspector; associated with the warehouse 25 50 10 

6 Truck operator/driver Spent time in Plants 6, 6E, and 7 areas; radiation most likely from the back in hauling, the front in loading: * 50 AP, 25 PA, 25 ROT 

*     

6 UO2 (furnace) operator Operated the UO3-to-UO2 (Rockwell) furnace 75 25   6 UO2 unloader/packager Unloaded UO2 from the Rockwell furnace, packaged it 75 25   4 UO3 & brown packer Loaded UO2 into Rockwell furnace; unclear regarding UO2 75 25   

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Table 18 (Continued) Geometry 

classification, % Plant Job title or classification Notes AP ROT ISO 

6 UO3 loader Loader UO3 onto trays and into the Rockwell furnace (may have been collateral duty of the UO2 furnace operator) 

75 25   

6E Upper furnace man Same as top furnace man 50   50 6 U-con man (#1, #2) Handled U-containing slurry from Slag Sep Plant that  went to Plant 6 50 25 25 7 Utility operator/man Worked on various production jobs 50 25 25 

6,6E Utility operator Average of all production jobs for the respective plant 75 25   4 Vacuum fusion chemist Worked in office and vacuum fusion area; did some hands-on U work 90 10   4 Vacuum fusion technician Worked in office and vacuum fusion area; did some hands-on U work 90 10   4 Vertical lathe (operator) Scalped dingot after casting and before forge-pressing 75   25 6 Warehouse foreman Handled storage of ore and U products 25 75   6 Warehouse man: K-65 samplerNew job, 1953: sampled K-65 residue, plus typical warehouse duties 90 10   6 Warehouse man (other) Handled storage of ore and U products 25 75   6 Weighmaster Duties not clear. Assumed to perform or approve ore, K-65 weighings 25 75   

6,7 Welder May have worked in all buildings, not dedicated to one 10 90   6E YM-5 lead operator Worked on billet (YM-5) casting 80 20   

Since these classifications are mostly based on later records (after the UO3-to-UF4 direct process was established at Plant 7), UO2 (brown oxide, LF-9) unloading and packaging classifications and UO3 (orange oxide, QM-2) milling and loading classifications have been added for Plant 6. 

Table 19.  Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 4.   Airborne dust exposures, alpha dpm/m3 

Job title 

Oct 1942 - 1946 1947 

1948 - 1949 1950 1951 

1952 - 1953 

1954 - 1955 

1956-1958 

1957-1958 

Mechanic/Area mechanic 350 350 350 84 15 15 22 22 X Blender/Bomb charger/ Charger/Bomb makeup/ Dingot 

operator/Slag grinding operator 3,010 3,010 3,010 210 64 64 33 85 X 

Cage operator/man 3640 3640 3640 190 X X X X X Carpenter/Other craft 140 140 140 84 15 15 22 22 X Casting operator/Furnace operator/Top seat man 5,100 910 980 140 480 480 110 11 X Lab: ceramics/microscopy X? X? X? X? 18 18 18 18 X Charge firing (man) 931 910 980 140 X X X X X Chemist/Chief chemist/Chemical technician 40 40 40 40 7 7 10 10 X Chipper/Cleanup man/Saw operator/man 1,890 1,890 910 140 140 140 140 140 140 Derby unloader 350 280 1,260 175 X X X X X Foreman/Shift foreman/Engineer/Technical supervisor 175 175 175 56 12 12 10 23 X Forge press operator/lead operator/manipulator* X X X X X 23 23 23 X Furnace and saw man X X X X 18 18 18 18 X Furnace loader (UF4-derby) 3,360 3,360 2,240 280 X X X X X Furnace tender 560 560 350 70 X X X X X Guard/Chief guard 28 28 28 28 28 5.8 2.7 7.1 X HF (fluorination) operator 570 570 570 70 X X X X X Jolter 3,500 3,500 490 70 X X X X X KB-2/YM-5/Dingot lead operator/Furnace puller 931 630 560 35 19 19 8.2 19 X UO2/LF-9 loader/packer 4,200 3,360 2,240 280 X X X X X Lime blender/Magnesium operator 70 70 70 35 X X X X X Miller-mixer (UF4/TA-7)/Top cleaner 4,690 4,690 980 70 X X X X X Office: Plant superintendent/Clerk/Other 42 42 42 42 42 5.8 2.7 7.3 X Porter 112 112 112 56 56 5.8 2.7 40 X Residue man/Salt bath man/Vertical lathe operator X X X X X X 28 28 X Shipping & Receiving 126 126 126 126 15 15 22 22 X Slag man/Slag grinding operator 140 140 210 70 X X X X X TA-7 packager 7,210 7,210 7,210 245 X X X X X TA-7 unloader (operator) 13,000 13,000 1,540 210 X X X X X Topper 840 840 2,310 210 X X X X X Vacuum fusion*: chemist/technician X? X? X? X? X? 59 59 59 X 

This table is derived from the data given in Table 12 and from supplementary information in the references.  An “X” indicates that the job title did not exist during the indicated period.  An “X?” indicates that it is uncertain if the job title existed, i.e., it is not certain when that job began.  * Work started in 1953. 

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Table 20.  Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 6.   Airborne dust exposures, alpha dpm/m3 

Job title 1946 - 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 

1955 - 1958 

AEC engineer X? X? X? 7 31 9.9 19 19 Barium operator 1.8 1.8 126 144 130 38 X X C-3 centrifuge/wash filter/adjustments operator 567 567 140 140 420 630 79 79 Cleanup man/utility operator X X X? 97 97 94 129 88 Cloth operator 665 665 245 245 92 19 18 18 Cloth & Training Group lead operator/trainer 2,520 2,520 231 231 23 25 18 18 Clothes issue man 92 92 92 92 92 9.4 19 18 Crafts: Carpenter/Pipefitter/Welder 126 126 98 28 28 28 29 24 Decontamination man/U-Con man* 99 99 99 99 60 19 22 17 Cloth/Digest/Reduction operator, Outside sampling* 686 686 245 370 92 41 60 22 Dispensary: Nurse/Medic/Other (personnel) 175 175 56 99 42 6.3 3.5 1.3 Boiler/Ether House/Extraction /Nitric acid recovery 

operator 46 46 99 50 44 19 11 34 

“Experimental Continuous Furnace”: Pilot Plant project** X? 8,540 8,540 X? X X X X Feinc/Feed/Soluble feed operator 980 980 154 175 150 100 96 41 Foreman/General foreman/Shift foreman/Technical 

supervisor 161 161 161 96 81 30 25 19 

Furnace operator 24,780 24,780 1,400 150 96 55 33 12 Guard/Chief guard 32 32 32 1.8 22 16 14 10 Health/Security Office personnel; Engineer (MCW, 

chemical) 15 15 15 7 14 15 11 8.1 

Health Office: health surveyor/plant monitor 46 46 46 42 14 15 16 15 Instrument Shop machinist/technician 252 252 51 60 40 17 44 12 Laboratory Office personnel 100 100 10 5.6 5.6 5.6 2 42 Laboratory personnel - generic/MCW/Shotgun 245 245 24 25 23 30 10 42 Laundry operator/lead operator X? X? X? 4.5 19 11 19 6.2 Ledoux Lab technician/assisstant technician - raffinate, 

MgF2 189 189 91 420 140 39 8.1 27 

Ledoux Lab technician (K-65) 2,100 2,100 1,400 1,900 440 27 7.5 21 LF-9/brown/UO2 packager/unloader 38,990 38,990 364 350 350 X X X Maintenance supervisor 50 50 50 38 42 10 13 140 Mechanic/Area mechanic: ore & furnace room, digest & 

feed, raffinate & C-3, Ether House, Nitric Acid House 189 189 2.7 28 28 28 29 24 

Metal dissolver (#1, #2) X? X? X? 204 204 204 204 204 Metal room sampler X? X? X? 420 420 420 420 420 MgX operator 94 94 94 94 52 68 29 29 Miller (UO3/QM-2)*** 12,600 12,600 X X X X X X Office: MCW - Clerk/Maintenance/Messenger/Porter/ 

Expeditor 50 50 50 48 48 20 17 15 

Office: MCW - Other, AEC - all AEC except Engineer 50 50 50 0 6.7 2.9 2.2 2.2 Office: Production - Clerk/Secretary, Receiving - Clerk 161 161 52 99 17 18 19 9.1 Ore Room operator*** 13,720 350 392 370 170 140 140 X Pilot Plant engineer 123 123 53 58 39 3.1 6.9 7.5 Pilot Plant lead operator/group leader 245 245 105 116 77 6.1 8.8 7.7 Pilot Plant technician 245 245 105 116 77 6 9.2 1,940 Pot Room operator 7770 770 336 100 190 45 113 234 Powder sample technician 3150 3150 217 217 57 57 57 57 Prod Research Lab personnel 84 84 12 30 13 5 2 3.7 Production superintendent/Asst production 

superintendent 25 25 25 25 26 56 21 18 

QM-2 (orange) loader 5,320 5,320 1,400 420 420 420 X X QM-2 (orange) packager 1,400 1,400 1,400 420 130 130 120 ***** Raffinate/Sump recovery operator 273 273 154 76 170 8.5 11 216 Sample Room supervisor 448 448 245 245 245 41 41 41 Stockroom foreman/clerk 21 21 21 33 15 34 14 3.7 Truck/forktruck operator/driver 75 75 75 75 63 20 19 20 Warehouse foreman/Assistant foreman/Warehouseman 196 196 84 70 38 20 10 5.8 Warehouse K-65 sampler/Weighmaster**** 196 196 84 230 270 350 350 X? This table is derived from the data given in Table 13 and from supplementary information in the references. 

An “X” indicates that the job title did not exist during the indicated period.  An “X?” indicates that it is uncertain if the job title existed, i.e., it is not certain when that job began. 

*     Outside sampling and U-Con positions began in 1955 **   Pilot Plant work began in 1948. ***  Milling work ended by June 1949. ****   These jobs apparently ended in 1954 or were subsumed in other job titles ***** 1961 dpm/m3 in 1955, 268 in 1956-58 

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Table 21.  Uranium dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 6E.   Airborne dust exposures, alpha dpm/m3 

Job Title Oct 1950 - Dec 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 -1958 

Area mechanic 23 23 23 36 73 Billet grinder 34 34 34 425 668 Blender; Lime/slag blender 8.9 14 13 11 5.7 Bottom/Lower “F” machine operator 23 15 24 52 29 Breakout operator/man 25 33 28 42 23 Brushing man X X X 47 47 Burnout man 160 26 23 31 39 Cage grinding/cage operator/man 55 111 20 35 349 Cage/4th saw man 17 80 21 38 38 Capping man/Crucible assembler 81 51 31 32 42 Chipper/Derby chipper 2,110 2110 2,110 2,110 19 Crafts: Maintenance/Electrician/Mechanic/Millwright; Graphite Shop 45 40 23 36 73 Crucible loader 28 87 49 19 60 Engineer/Chemical engineer/Technical engineer; Superintendent/Supervisor 27 14 15 24 5.7 F (machine) charger/Extra man/Utility operator 37 44 33 38 50 Foreman/Assistant foreman/General foreman 20 13 19 27 6.1 Furnace loader; Reduction furnace operator 15 20 23 23 23 Furnace operator/unloader; Bottom furnace operator; Generic lead operator 68 31 118 107 41 KB-2/Reduction lead operator; Shift foreman; Porter 45 40 26 36 27 Lift truck driver (operator) 30 15 17 22 8 Office employees/Clerk; Production clerk 13 16 7.8 14 9.5 Production machinist 380 14 7.5 11 7 Recast furnaceYM-5 lead operator 49 20 47 30 71 Residue man 66 145 115 300 24 Saw operator/man 30 33 34 425 13 Slag building operator 110 110 110 224 18 Top/Upper/Generic “F” machine operator; Top(-ping) operator; Jolter 28 49 46 113 24 Top/upper furnace operator; Decontamination man 21 21 30 34 26 

This table is derived from the data given in Table 14 and from supplementary information in the references.  An “X” indicates that the job title did not exist during the indicated period.  An “X?” indicates that it is uncertain if the job title existed, i.e., it is not certain when that job began. 

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Table 22.  Radioactive dust daily weighted average exposure levels, Plant 7 (including the Slag Separation Plant) and Plant 7E. 

  Airborne dust exposures, alpha dpm/m3 

Job title 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 – 1958 

Plant 7       Area mechanic; Welder 37 14 37 7 13 14 Asst foreman/Plant superintendent/Engineer 22 21 10 7 70 32 Clerk/Record clerk; Porter 22 21 10 13 32 32 Decontamination man/Decontaminator 161 21 12 9 17 18 Filter/Tables operator* X X X X 9 9 Foreman/Technical supervisor; Safety inspector/Fire marshal 28 28 22 12 16 18 Furnace operator/Utility operator 25 28 67 23 18 17 HF/Magnesium Room operator 8 14 9 5 5 5.3 Hoisting (slag) operator* x X X X 15 15 Lead (UO3-to-UF4, TA-7) Operator; 36’ Level/Panel board operator** 38 21 17 9 30 30 Lift truck driver (operator) 14 14 10 14 26 41 QM-2 dumper/hoister 107 56 61 42 63 112 Safety clerk 17 17 17 9 14 14 Sampler and cleanup man X 28 286 8 8 9.1 TA-7 hoisting operator (hoister) 121 14 13 13 11 17 TA-7 (green/UF4) packager 242 28 103 68 49 24 

Plant 7E (thorium/ionium) process)       Ionium plant operator/lead operator*** X X X X 0.1 0.3 

This table is derived from the data given in Table 15 and from supplementary information in the references.  An “X” indicates that the job title did not exist during the indicated period.  An “X?” indicates that it is uncertain if the job title existed, i.e., it is not certain when that job began. 

UO3 processing operations continued until July 1958 (Mallinckrodt 1994), but most other operations stopped in 1957.  Plant 7E was said to be in its startup phase when the only known measurements were taken in March 1955 (AEC 1955e); these may have been taken as part of bench-scale processing (AEC 1955c). Thus as AEC (1955e) noted, the full processing figures would likely be higher. Thus figures for 1956 and 1957 have been tripled to allow for full processing. Processing ceased at some point in late 1956 or very early 1957, so an end date of March 1957 should be taken. 

*    These positions began after July 1955.  Clearly, this was in the pilot plant (as implied by the information in AEC 1955c). 

**  The 36’ Level operator position began in 1953, the panel board operator position in 1952. 

**The ionium pilot plant work began after July 1955 and continued until March 1957 (AEC 1955c). 

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Table 23.  Early radon data, 1945. 

 % Tolerance Ventilation condition Reference 

Bldg 40 storeroom, 1000 lbs ore and active residues 724 F MED 1945f Bldg 40, center of storeroom between stacks of residue drums <15 F MED 1945j Bldg 40, residue storage: BZ, residue work -- floor covered with residue <24   MED 1945g Bldg K, center of storeroom with ore and residues 90 F MED 1945j Bldg K storeroom, center, 2-3 drums fresh residue and open drums of ore 25 F MED 1945f (Bldg K) Pilot Plant storeroom with 2000-3000 lbs of ore 50 F MED 1945m (Bldg K) Pilot Plant, over digestion tank during addition of ore 147 N MED 1945m (Bldg K) Pilot Plant, center of Pilot Plant during digestion 132 N MED 1945m (Bldg K) Pilot Plant, over digestion tank 15 minutes after digestion 18 N MED 1945m (Bldg K) Pilot Plant, N end, away from operation 216 N MED 1945m Bldg K, N end of room, away from operation <15 N MED 1945h Bldg K, center of room <22 N MED 1945h Bldg K, center of room, no operation 26 N MED 1945j (Bldg K) Pilot Plant, discharge end of Feinc filter during filtration <15 N MED 1945m Bldg K, S end near Feinc filter, not operating 29 N MED 1945j Bldg K, S end of plant near Feinc filter, not operating <15 N MED 1945h Bldg K, vicinity of Feinc filter, no operation <12 W MED 1945f Bldg K, work desks at NE corner 12 W MED 1945f Bldg K, work desks, center of room 12 W MED 1945f Bldg K, alley outside at exhaust <11   MED 1945f Bldg K alley, directly under stack emitting brown fumes <15 N MED 1945j Storeroom on RR siding, between 2 tiers of residue drums, 10’ from each 32   MED 1945g Plant 4, ore storage: center of room with 1800 lbs ore 211 F MED 1945h Plant 4(?), W end of ore room during full operation 65 F, N MED 1945i Plant 4, W end or ore milling area near sifter, full operation 58 F, N MED 1945i Plant 4, center of ore milling room near mill 113 F, N MED 1945i Plant 4, operator’s hand when unloading ball mill, 300 lbs of ore, fan on 407 F MED 1945f Plant 4, near mill, 10 min after unloading, fan on <15 FW MED 1945f Plant 4, opening at top of empty mill <25   MED 1945f Plant 4, ore milling area: no operation for 3 days 30 N MED 1945h Plant 4, residue storage: directly above drums of residue 763   MED 1945g Plant 4, laboratory: center of cage <26 N MED 1945h Plant 6 ore storage warehouse, SE corner 55 N MED 1945k Plant 6 ore storage warehouse, center of empty aisle 21 N MED 1945k Inside [unspecified] lab, no activity <11   MED 1945f 

*  Fan on (F), windows open (W), natural ventilation (N)  The data above was taken at various times in 1945. The tolerance level was 1.0 x 10-10 Ci/L of radon.  “Bldg K” was apparently Building K1E, also known as a pilot plant. 

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Table 24.  Measured radon concentrations, 1947-1949, in units of 1 × 10-10 Ci/L.  1947 1948 1949 

 No. MinMed/Mean Max No. Min

Med/Mean Max GSD No. Min

Med/Mean Max

INDOOR AREAS              Ore Milling     11 0.03 0.39 0.81      Ore Rm: open drums*           0.58 8.50 260Ore Storage     27  0.46  3.28     Ore Storage     58 0.03 0.30 2.86      Thawing oven, K-65                 Heat off, fan off          28  3.84     Heat off, fan on          36  0.60     Heat on, fan on          18  4.06     Outside, heat on          12  1.09     Outside, heat off          24  0.07  Thawing oven, K-65**          4 540 622 805Scalehouse   0.10  21 0.00 4.05 33  44 0.03 0.45 4.4Scalehouse 2  .60  193 0.03 2.02 32.8  158 0.03 1.03  Scalehouse 5 .09 .27 .84          Scalehouse/Ore Storage/Warehouse 4 .55 .69 .92        5.00  Scalehouse Sample Rm 46 0.0 2.40 13 6 0.22 4.10 19      Scalehouse Sample Rm 3 .06 .09 .12 68 0.03 2.84 25      Digest/Feed  4 .05 .23 .52 57 0 0.39 7.8      Extraction Cells      14 0 1.08 4.1      Centrifuge Area  2  .38  74  1.00   74 0.00 0.76 3.86Centrifuge Area      141 0 1.13 12  48 0 1.55 12 Feinc/Filter/C-3/Raffinate/Cloth Storage/Niagara  4 .08 .12 .2 9  0.18  1.98     Feinc/Filter/C-3/Raffinate/Cloth Storage/Niagara      56 0.00 0.05 9.74      Feinc/Filter/C-3/Raffinate/Cloth Storage      186 0 12.3 894  172 0 0.75 468Ledoux Lab      30 0 0.08 0.4      Recovery area (aisle betw Recovery and feed makeup) 4 .05 .16 .31          Sump by M-19, skid of recovery cake beside sump   .26           Maintenance Shop (aisle between shop and Feincs) 4 .04 0.11 .18          Dispensary 3 .04 .07 .11          YARDS AND OTHER OUTDOOR AREAS              General Plant 6     35 0 0.19 2.1      Bldg 104/Scalehouse 3 .07 0.17 .36 9  0.07  1.47     Bldg 104 (Pilot Plant)     7 0 0.15 0.6      Warehouse     17  0.10  2.05     Warehouse exhaust     33 0.1 0.91 3.3      Near warehouse, K-65 drum welding     8  0.11  2.84     Labs, guard office     8  0.06  1.38     Parking lot area     9  0.13  1.56     Scalehouse intake/exhaust     3  0.12  2.06     Scalehouse exhaust     18  0.13  3.08     Scalehouse exhaust     1  0.93       Scalehouse exhaust     24 0 2.2 49      Ore storage intake/exhaust     6  0.68  2.44     Ore storage exhaust     2  0.31  1.77     Railcar, ore, fans on*     2 0.5 <1.00 7      Drums outside Scalehouse     4 0.0 0.39 0.90      K-65 drums in sun**          2 637 654 670SLAPS              In K-65 storage shed     5  4.2  3.2     At K-65 storage shed            19  15 ft from K-65 shed     2 0.04 0.99 24 93     25-30 ft, K-65 shed     2  7.8  1.6   6.6  50 ft from K-65 shed     3  3.8  2.1   4.4  50-120 ft, K-65 shed     13  2.1  5.0     100 ft from K-65 shed            2.4  150 ft from K-65 shed, at guard shack     3 0.00 0.21 1.1 14   1.4  180-250 ft, K-65 shed     5  1.1  5.8     200 ft from K-65 shed            0.94  

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Table 24 (Continued) Values in this and the next table are taken from AEC (AEC 1948b; AEC 1949; AEC 1948j; AEC 1949j) and MCW (various, MCW 1950b; MCW 1948I; MCW 1948e; MCW 1948j; MCW 1948e; MCW 1951c; MCW 1949f).  Where there was only a single measurement for the time period, the value is given above in the Median/Mean column.  Where there were only a minimum, average, and maximum reported, the three values are given above in the Min, Median/Mean, and Max columns.  Where there were two or more measurements and the data were given in full, a lognormal distribution was used for the analysis and the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (GSD) are given above in the Median/Mean and GSD columns. In each case where the number of measurements was given in the reference, the number is given above in the  No. column.  Control readings were taken in the Dispensary.  Measurements were taken at face level whenever possible.  *  The single asterisked items are an exception to the note above. For the Ore Room case, the value in the Min column is the point at which the concentration drops below 1 x 10-10 Ci/L (25 minutes), the value in the Mean column is the average concentration over the elapsed time (i.e., the 25 minutes), and the value in the Max column is the value at time zero. For the railcar case, the value in the Min column is the average of readings at about 3.5 hours (stable concentration), the value in the Mean column is the point at which the concentration drops below 1 x 10-10 Ci/L (about 20 minutes), and the value in the Max column is the average value at time zero.  More information can be found in MCW (MCW 1949m) and MCW (MCW 1948h) respectively.  ** The double asterisked items correspond to samples taken of the standard 30-gallon K-65 drums sitting inside sealed 55-gallon drums (to facilitate sampling) after heating in the thawing oven or being allowed to heat in the sun (MCW 1949r); these thus represent the maximum radon evolved over 2-4 hours of heating, concentrated in the larger drum head space but not actually in the breathing zone.

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Table 25.  Measured radon concentrations, 1950-1957, in units of 1 × 10-10 Ci/L.  1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 

 No. Med/ Mean GSD No. 

Med/Mean GSD No.

Med/Mean GSD No.

Med/Mean GSD No. Min 

Med/ Mean Max GSD Min 

Med/Mean Max No.

Med/Mean GSD No.

Med/Mean GSD

INDOOR AREAS                           Scalehouse    35 0.09 5.9 95 0.09 6.0 66 0.01 5.0               Scalehouse  1.02                         Scalehouse/Ore Storage/Warehouse 

            74  0.01  5.4 5 0.01 1.00       

Scalehouse Sample Room 

                 0.09 0.24 0.50       

Digest/Feed     2 0.05 11    17 0.12 5.2 57  0.03  3.8    18 0.01 5.1 3 0.03 5.5 Extraction Cells     33 0.36 5.9 92 0.37 5.3 59 0.28 3.8 101  0.26  5.8    33 0.01 7.0 3 0.01 8.7 Centrifuge Area  8 0.11 2.3 35 0.06 4.8 95 0.12 5.0 55 0.05 5.6 51  0.07  6.5    7 0.01 5.2 3 0.01 1.0 Feinc/Filter/C-3/ Raffinate/Cloth Storage/Niagara  

 34  34 0.18 3.7 94 0.14 4.1 60 0.10 4.8 114  0.14  6.2 <.01 0.50 1.7 41 0.07 5.8 5 0.01 6.8 

Orange Packing             1 0.12 0.12 0.12           Pot Room             2  0.02  2.2          Ledoux Lab          6 0.10 1.3 10  0.02  3.4          Shotgun Lab             2  0.04  5.8          Other Lab (Research/Con-trol/X-ray/MY) 

            3  0.01  1.0       2 0.04 8.0 

6E Breakout             3  0.01  1.0          6E Recast             4  0.01  1.0          Recovery area             1 0.11 0.11 0.11           Decontamination Room             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Metal Dissolver Bldg             4  0.01  2.6          NA House             3  0.01  16          Ether House             2  0.02  2.7          Refrigeration Room             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Receiving             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Welding Shop             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Millwright Shop             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Electric shop             3  0.01  1.0          Maintenance Shop             3  0.04  6.9          Smoking Room             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Production Office             1 0.01 0.01 0.01           Dispensary             2  0.04  6.1          YARDS AND OTHER OUTDOOR AREAS                     Ether House/ Bldg 109             1 0.01 0.01 0           Drum storage outside Bldg 115 

            3  0.30  8.6          

Values in this and the next table are taken from AEC (AEC 1948b; AEC 1949; AEC 1948j; AEC 1949j) and MCW (MCW various, MCW 1950b; MCW 1948I; MCW 1948e; MCW 1948j; MCW 1948e; MCW 1951c; MCW 1949f).  Where there was only a single measurement for the time period, the value is given above in the Median/Mean column.  Where there were only a minimum, average, and maximum reported, the three values are given above in the Min, Median/Mean, and Max columns.  Where there were two or more measurements and the data were given in full, a lognormal distribution was used for the analysis and the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation (GSD) are given above in the Median/Mean and GSD columns.  In each case where the number of measurements was given in the reference, the number is given above in the  No. column. 

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Table 26.  Potential radon exposures from thorium processing. 

Isotope Maximum  

radon content, Ci Average  

concentration, Ci/L Rn-220 8.46 × 10-4 5.37 × 10-13 Rn-222 0.158 1.00 × 10-10 

The maximum radon content is from Table 6, assuming a 15-year buildup. 

Emanation is based on an assumption of 1% radon content outgassed to the room; this should be conservative, since most rad0j would have been vented when the cake containers were opened in a well-ventilated area, as for ore, or when the cake was in the digestion vessels. The total number of working hours is 2000 per year for 1.75 years (July 1955-March 1957), or 3500 hours. Thus the emanation per working hour is 1% of the maximum ore content, divided by 3500 hours. 

The average concentration is based on a conservative assumption of 2 air changes per hour (i.e., minimal ventilation) in a room measuring 3 m × 3 m × 2.5 m (about 10 ft × 10 ft × 7.5 ft), a conservatively small process area. This gives an air volume of 22,500 liters in the room and an hourly air change volume of 45,000 liters. The emanation per working hour is divided by the air change volume to produce the average concentration. 

Table 27.  Contamination levels and associated dose rates from work clothing. Surface contamination measurements for various types of work clothing 

 Spot Whole garment or group  Item Max Average Max Average Contamination notes 

Regulated coveralls 80% had ≥ 1-2 in2 spot >3000 cpm 

Most coveralls had more than 1 spot >1 mr/hr 

60% had ≥ 1 mrep/hr over whole garment 

1.5 mrep/hr; range, 0.2 to 12; 100% had avg >100 cpm per 2 in2 

Apparent U spots on 70%; area was from 10 cm2 to 30% of total area  

Nonregulated coveralls 30% have more than 1 spot >1000 cpm 

 100% <3 mrep/hr 80% <1 mrep/hr; 0% with avg <100 cpm 

5% visibly contaminated 

Handkerchiefs >1,000 cpm   <300 cpm 10% visibly contaminated Socks   800 cpm 200 cpm  Underwear   800 cpm 200 cpm  Caps    300 cpm Low to moderate Blue smocks >1,000 cpm   200 cpm Low to moderate White smocks >1,000 cpm    More than blue smocks 

(more spots) Lab smocks >1,000 cpm   <300 cpm Low (few spots) Gloves    ~5,000 cpm per 2 in2 All: heavy Shoe covers    >90% have >1,000 cpm “Destrehan”: “high” Gloves, contaminated 

on the inside   47 mrep/hr Range 23-47 mrep/hr Beta dose rate, on contact 

with the inside Shielding of beta radiation by various materials 

Item Distance Reduction factor Std deviation   Coveralls, 9-oz denim 5 inches–3 ft .78 7.5%   Gloves, neoprene-

covered cotton  .50   3 gloves were measured 

Measurements of surface contamination on clothing are from Utnage (1958b); measurements of beta shielding and exposure rates inside gloves are from AEC (AEC 1950j).  Measurements were taken after wearing but before washing; gloves contaminated on the inside were taken at random from workers actually using the gloves and were not discarded gloves.  The beta reduction factor is the ratio of shielded dose rate to unshielded dose rate.  The source was a sheet of uranium metal, 18” x 24”, in equilibrium with UX1 and UX2.  The “smocks” appear to be cover clothing. 

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Table 28.  Surrogate (comparable) worker inhalation intakes calculated from urinalysis data, in pCi/yr. 

Category Type Median or *Actual GSD No. 

Cases Median or *Actual GSD No. 

Cases Median or *Actual GSD No. 

CasesPlant 6  Period 123 Period 1 Period 23  Generic (mixed, miscellaneous, or unknown) 2.51E+04 1.62 21 8.29E+04 1.87 13 2.12E+04 1.78 7  Mostly Cloth, Raffinate, Feinc -- -- -- 5.61E+04 2.71 3 2.87E+04 1.16 3  Mostly Digest 2.10E+04 1.70 3 4.45E+04 2.54 3 *1.98E+04 -- 1  Mostly Ether House 2.19E+04 1.64 5 3.08E+04 1.22 4 2.32E+04 1.00 3  Mostly Packaging -- -- -- 1.28E+05 5.13 3 -- -- --  Mostly Pot Room, Orange Oxide -- -- -- 1.80E+05 2.01 5 2.26E+04 2.32 5   Period 12 Period 1 Period 2  Mostly re Room *2.45E+05-

4.96E+04 -- 2 *4.83E+04 - 

5.96E+04 -- 2 *3.84E+04 -- 1 

Plant 6E  Period 123 Period 1 Period 23  Generic (mixed, miscellaneous, or unknown) 2.98E+04 1.57 12 4.79E+04 2.29 4 3.12E+04 1.55 13  Bomb Step (UF4→Derby) 3.19E+04 1.40 3 2.30E+04 1.51 4 2.59E+04 1.94 6  Recast (Derby→Ingot) *2.49E+04 - 

2.02E+04 -- 2 4.71E+04 1.78 3 3.44E+04 1.66 4 

  Period 12        Graphite Shop 1.56E+04 1.57 3       Plant 4  Period 123 Period 1 Period 23  4 Metal (Derby, Ingot) -- -- -- 1.24E+05 2.54 11 -- -- --  4 Pilot Plant (Dingot, Metallurgical, etc.) *1.65E+04 - 

1.04E+04 -- 2 2.29E+04 2.40 3 2.92E+04 1.62 8 

Plants 4 & 7 

 Period 123 Period 1    

(Green Salt) 

UF4 Production Work, First at 4, Then at 7 1.81E+04 1.57 8 1.18E+05 4.48 7    

Plant 7  Period 23 Period 2     Generic (mixed, miscellaneous, or unknown) 1.67E+04 1.50 16 2.18E+04 1.87 7    Multi-Plant  Period 123 Period 1 Period 23  AEC *7.20E+03 - 

6.94E+03 -- 2 1.96E+04 1.59 5 *6.01E+03 - 1.60E+04 -- 2 

 Decon/Cleanup 1.44E+04 1.23 3 -- --  -- -- --  Boiler House/Power House 1.11E+04 1.22 6 1.73E+04 1.55 6 *1.23E+04 -- 1  Engineering 1.08E+04 1.40 7 3.38E+04 1.55 10 9.71E+03 1.25 10  Instrument Shop 1.26E+04 1.30 6 2.13E+04 1.91 7 -- -- --  Laboratories (Anal., Research, Ledoux, etc.) 1.11E+04 1.50 24 2.30E+04 2.10 22 1.17E+04 1.42 23  Laundry 1.10E+04 1.43 6 1.73E+04 2.82 8 *9.06E+03 - 

I72.20E+04 -- 2 

 Maintenance           Carpenter *9.17E+03 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --  Electrical/Electrician 1.66E+04 1.55 7 5.19E+04 1.63 7 -- -- --  Insulator/Pipe Coverer *3.25E+04 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --  Machinist/Machine Shop *4.17E+04 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --  Mechanic/Millwright 1.75E+04 1.72 10 7.05E+04 1.79 9 2.40E+04 1.66 4  Miscellaneous/Mixed 1.46E+04 1.45 12 3.57E+04 2.22 12 -- -- --  

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Table 28 (Continued) 

Category Type Median or *Actual GSD No. 

Cases Median or *Actual GSD No. 

Cases Median or *Actual GSD No. 

CasesMulti-Plant, Oiler *1.76E+04 -- 1 -- -- -- -- -- --   continued Painter 1.49E+04 1.42 5 1.70E+04 1.56 6 -- -- --  Pipefitter 2.42E+04 2.00 7 2.65E+04 2.33 9 -- -- --  Rigger *3.24E+04 - 

1.48E+04 -- 2 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

 Tinner *2.49E+04 -- 1 *3.23E+04 -- 1 -- -- --  Welder 2.62E+04 1.54 7 3.30E+04 1.35 6 *6.63E+03 - 9.43E+03 -- 2  Office Workers 9.74E+03 1.36 23 1.98E+04 1.66 15 1.10E+04 1.81 6  Porter/Custodian 1.12E+04 1.30 7 2.94E+04 2.45 9 8.55E+03 1.24 3  Safety & Health, Fire 8.23E+03 1.37 3 2.06E+04 1.95 6 1.35E+04 1.87 5  Shipping & Receiving, Warehouse, 

Storeroom, Fork Truck Operator 1.11E+04 1.46 22 1.52E+04 2.32 20 9.63E+03 1.20 3 

 Supervision & Management (where not specified by plant) 

1.95E+04 1.48 7 3.46E+04 2.88 7 -- -- -- 

A lognormal distribution was used. The median and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) are shown. However, where only one or two suitable cases were found, no distribution could be formulated. Thus only the one or two actual results from IMBA are given; this is indicated by an asterisk (*). The non-distribution case figures indicate what may be known regarding the exposure of a comparable worker. 

The sample size was assumed to be 1.4 l; the assumed activity equivalence is .676 pCi per ug nat U (or 676 pCi/mg); the sample data were in mg U/l; and IMBA uses 365 days of exposure per year. Hence the conversion factor for input data in mg U/l was 676 pCi per mg U x 1.4 l = 946 pCi-l/mg, to give pCi; the conversion factor for IMBA output data in pCi/day was 365, to give pCi/year; and the overall conversion factor was thus 3.45 x 104. 

Period 1 is from 1948-1951; Period 2 from 1952-1955; and Period 3 from 1956-1958. Period 123 includes all three periods, Period 23 includes only the last two periods, and so forth. Major improvements were made in 1949-1951. Thus after this period, exposures went down in many areas and for some occupations. Increases in exposures in other areas and for other occupations are likely due to increases in production. 

In IMBA, the assumption was made that all of the uranium measured was U-234 and Type M was used. The daughters assumed to be in equilibrium in the U-238 and U-235 chains must be added by the dose reconstructor when appropriate (see Section 6.1 of the text). 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 207 of 240  

Table 29A.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plants 1 and 2, April 1942-1945. 

Job title Intake, pCi/yr 

Barium operator 1.96E+03 Boiler/Ether House/Nitric acid operator 5.02E+04 Centrifuge/wash filter operator 6.19E+05 Chemist (generic) 2.67E+05 Cloth operator 7.26E+05 Crafts: Carpenter/Pipefitter/Welder 1.37E+05 Digest/Extraction/Reduction operator 7.48E+05 Dispensary: Nurse/Medic/Other (personnel) 1.91E+05 Engineer (research or chemical) 5.02E+04 Feinc/Feed operator 1.07E+06 Foreman//Technical supervisor 1.76E+05 Furnace operator 2.70E+07 Guard/Chief guard 3.49E+04 Health/Safety field personnel 5.02E+04 Health/Security office personnel 1.64E+04 Instrument Shop machinist/technician 2.75E+05 Laboratory (generic) 4.89E+05 Laboratory office personnel 1.09E+05 Laboratory personnel (chemist, technician) 2.67E+05 Maintenance supervisor 5.46E+04 Manufacturing (generic) 7.26E+05 Mechanic/Area mechanic 2.06E+05 Miller (UO3/QM-2) 1.37E+07 Office (generic) 5.46E+04 Office, administrative: Clerk/Office maintenance/Messenger/Porter/AEC 5.46E+04 Office, Production and Receiving: Bookkeeper* 3.13E+05 Office, Production and Receiving: Clerk/Secretary 1.76E+05 Ore Area/Room operator 1.50E+07 Pot Room operator 8.48E+06 Production superintendent/Asst production superintendant 2.73E+04 QM-2 (orange) loader 5.80E+06 QM-2 (orange) packager 1.53E+06 Raffinate/Sump operator 2.98E+05 Stockroom foreman/clerk 2.29E+04 Truck/forktruck operator/driver 8.18E+04 UO2/LF-9/Brown packager/unloader 4.25E+07 Warehouse foreman/assistant foreman/warehouseman/railcar handling 2.14E+05 Workman (generic) 7.26E+05 

The bolded entries represent generic choices if the specific job title cannot be determined. The generic entries represent medians for the job titles associated with the generic process. 

*  The “bookkeeper” title in early film badge records appears to indicate a production area accountability clerk, not an office worker. Thus 25% production area access is assumed. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 208 of 240  

Table 29B.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 4, October 1942-1958. Intake, pCi/year 

Job title Oct 1942 - 

1946 1947 1948 - 1949 1950 1951 

1952 – 1953 

1954 - 1955 1956 

1957- 1958 

Blender/Bomb makeup 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 2.29E+05 6.98E+04 6.98E+04 3.60E+04 9.27E+04 --- Bomb charger/ Charger 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 2.29E+05 6.98E+04 6.98E+04 3.60E+04 9.27E+04 --- Cage operator/man 3.98E+06 3.98E+06 3.98E+06 2.07E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Carpenter/Other craft 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 9.16E+04 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 2.40E+04 2.40E+04 --- Casting operator 5.56E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 5.24E+05 5.24E+05 1.20E+05 1.20E+04 --- Charge firing (man) 1.02E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Chemist/technician: 

miscellaneous 4.36E+04 4.36E+04 4.36E+04 4.36E+04 7.64E+03 7.64E+03 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 --- Chemist/technician: vacuum 

fusion --- --- --- --- --- 6.44E+04 6.44E+04 6.44E+04 --- Chipper 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 9.93E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05Cleanup man 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 9.93E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05Dingot lead operator 1.02E+06 6.87E+05 6.11E+05 3.82E+04 2.07E+04 2.07E+04 8.95E+03 2.07E+04 --- Dingot operator 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 3.28E+06 2.29E+05 6.98E+04 6.98E+04 3.60E+04 9.27E+04 --- Derby unloader 3.82E+05 3.05E+05 1.37E+06 1.91E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Engineer/Technical supervisor 1.91E+05 1.91E+05 1.91E+05 6.11E+04 1.31E+04 1.31E+04 1.09E+04 2.51E+04 --- Foreman/Shift foreman 1.91E+05 1.91E+05 1.91E+05 6.11E+04 1.31E+04 1.31E+04 1.09E+04 2.51E+04 --- Forge press operator/manipulator --- --- --- --- --- 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 --- Furnace and saw man --- --- --- --- 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 --- Furnace loader (UF4-derby) 3.67E+06 3.67E+06 2.44E+06 3.05E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Furnace (recast) operator 5.56E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 5.24E+05 5.24E+05 1.20E+05 1.20E+04 --- Furnace puller 1.02E+06 6.87E+05 6.11E+05 3.82E+04 2.07E+04 2.07E+04 8.95E+03 2.07E+04 --- Furnace tender 6.11E+05 6.11E+05 3.82E+05 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Guard/Chief guard 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 6.33E+03 2.95E+03 7.75E+03 --- HF (fluorination) operator 6.22E+05 6.22E+05 6.22E+05 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Jolter 3.82E+06 3.82E+06 5.35E+05 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- KB-2 lead operator 1.02E+06 6.87E+05 6.11E+05 3.82E+04 2.07E+04 2.07E+04 8.95E+03 2.07E+04 --- KB-2/Derby production (generic 

for reduction operations) 1.02E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 6.98E+04 6.98E+04 3.60E+04 9.27E+04 1.53E+05Laboratory: ceramics/microscopy --- --- --- --- 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 --- Lime blender/Magnesium operator 7.64E+04 7.64E+04 7.64E+04 3.82E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Manufacturing (generic) 1.02E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 2.07E+04 2.29E+04 2.51E+04 2.40E+04 1.53E+05Mechanic/Area mechanic 3.82E+05 3.82E+05 3.82E+05 9.16E+04 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 2.40E+04 2.40E+04 --- Miller-mixer (UF4/TA-7) 5.12E+06 5.12E+06 1.07E+06 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Office: Plant superintendent/ Clerk/Other 4.58E+04 4.58E+04 4.58E+04 4.58E+04 4.58E+04 6.33E+03 2.95E+03 7.96E+03 --- Ore miller/handler 7.86E+05 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Porter 1.22E+05 1.22E+05 1.22E+05 6.11E+04 6.11E+04 6.33E+03 2.95E+03 4.36E+04 --- Residue man --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 --- Salt bath man/Vertical lathe 

operator --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 --- Saw operator/man 2.06E+06 2.06E+06 9.93E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05Shipping & Receiving 1.37E+05 1.37E+05 1.37E+05 1.37E+05 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 2.40E+04 2.40E+04 --- Slag man/Slag grinding operator 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 2.29E+05 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- TA-7 packager 7.87E+06 7.87E+06 7.87E+06 2.67E+05 --- --- --- --- --- TA-7 unloader (operator) 1.42E+07 1.42E+07 1.68E+06 2.29E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Top cleaner 5.12E+06 5.12E+06 1.07E+06 7.64E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Topper 9.16E+05 9.16E+05 2.52E+06 2.29E+05 --- --- --- --- --- Top seat man 5.56E+06 9.93E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 5.24E+05 5.24E+05 1.20E+05 1.20E+04 --- UF4/TA-7/green production 

(generic) 2.80E+06 2.18E+06 8.46E+05 8.40E+04 1.85E+04 1.85E+04 1.65E+04 2.24E+04 --- UO2/LF-9 loader/packer 4.58E+06 3.67E+06 2.44E+06 3.05E+05 --- --- --- --- --- YM-5 lead operator 1.02E+06 6.87E+05 6.11E+05 3.82E+04 2.07E+04 2.07E+04 8.95E+03 2.07E+04 --- YM-5/billet/dingot production 

(generic for recast operations) 3.63E+06 9.95E+05 1.07E+06 1.53E+05 6.98E+04 4.75E+04 3.05E+04 2.07E+04 --- Although plant operations likely ended in 1957, the end year of operations is taken conservatively to be 1958 (see Section 8.0).  The bolded entries represent generic choices if the specific job title cannot be determined. The generic entries represent medians for the job titles associated with the generic process. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 209 of 240  

Table 29C.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 6, 1946-1958.   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1946 - 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 – 1958AEC engineer --- --- --- 7.64E+03 3.38E+04 1.08E+04 2.07E+04 2.07E+04 Barium operator 1.96E+03 1.96E+03 1.37E+05 1.57E+05 1.42E+05 4.15E+04 --- --- C-3 centrifuge/wash filter/ adjustments operator 

6.19E+05 6.19E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 4.58E+05 6.87E+05 8.62E+04 8.62E+04 

Cleanup man/utility operator --- --- --- 1.06E+05 1.06E+05 1.03E+05 1.41E+05 9.60E+04 Cloth operator 7.26E+05 7.26E+05 2.67E+05 2.67E+05 1.00E+05 2.07E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 Cloth & Training Group lead operator/trainer 

2.75E+06 2.75E+06 2.52E+05 2.52E+05 2.51E+04 2.73E+04 1.96E+04 1.96E+04 

Clothes issue man 1.00E+05 1.00E+05 1.00E+05 1.00E+05 1.00E+05 1.03E+04 2.07E+04 1.96E+04 Crafts: Carpenter/Pipefitter/Welder 1.37E+05 1.37E+05 1.07E+05 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.16E+04 2.62E+04 Decontamination man/U-con man* 1.08E+05 1.08E+05 1.08E+05 1.08E+05 6.55E+04 2.07E+04 2.40E+04 1.85E+04 Cloth/Digest/Reduction operator, Outside sampling 

7.48E+05 7.48E+05 2.67E+05 4.04E+05 1.00E+05 4.47E+04 6.55E+04 2.40E+04 

Dispensary: Nurse/Medic/Other (personnel) 

1.91E+05 1.91E+05 6.11E+04 1.08E+05 4.58E+04 6.87E+03 3.82E+03 1.42E+03 

Boiler/Ether Hse/Extraction/Nitric acid rec’y operator 

5.02E+04 5.02E+04 1.08E+05 5.46E+04 4.80E+04 2.07E+04 1.20E+04 3.71E+04 

“Experimental Continuous Furnace”: Pilot Plant project 

--- 9.32E+06 9.32E+06 --- --- --- --- --- 

Feinc/Feed/Soluble feed operator 1.07E+06 1.07E+06 1.68E+05 1.91E+05 1.64E+05 1.09E+05 1.05E+05 4.47E+04 Foreman/General foreman/Shift foreman/Technical supervisor 

1.76E+05 1.76E+05 1.76E+05 1.05E+05 8.84E+04 3.27E+04 2.73E+04 2.07E+04 

Furnace operator 2.70E+07 2.70E+07 1.53E+06 1.64E+05 1.05E+05 6.00E+04 3.60E+04 1.31E+04 Guard/Chief guard 3.49E+04 3.49E+04 3.49E+04 1.96E+03 2.40E+04 1.75E+04 1.53E+04 1.09E+04 Health/Security Office personnel; Engineer (MCW, chemical) 

1.64E+04 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 7.64E+03 1.53E+04 1.64E+04 1.20E+04 8.84E+03 

Health Office: health surveyor/plant monitor 

5.02E+04 5.02E+04 5.02E+04 4.58E+04 1.53E+04 1.64E+04 1.75E+04 1.64E+04 

Instrument Shop machinist/technician 

2.75E+05 2.75E+05 5.56E+04 6.55E+04 4.36E+04 1.85E+04 4.80E+04 1.31E+04 

Laboratory Office personnel 1.09E+05 1.09E+05 1.09E+04 6.11E+03 6.11E+03 6.11E+03 2.18E+03 4.58E+04 Laboratory: chemist/technician (generic/MCW/Shotgun) 

4.89E+05 2.67E+05 2.62E+04 2.73E+04 2.51E+04 3.27E+04 1.09E+04 4.58E+04 

Laundry operator/lead operator --- --- --- 4.91E+03 2.07E+04 1.20E+04 2.07E+04 6.76E+03 Ledoux Lab technician/asst technician - raffinate, MgF2 

2.06E+05 2.06E+05 9.93E+04 4.58E+05 1.53E+05 4.25E+04 8.84E+03 2.95E+04 

Ledoux Lab technician (K-65) 2.29E+06 2.29E+06 1.53E+06 2.07E+06 4.80E+05 2.95E+04 8.18E+03 2.29E+04 LF-9/brown/UO2 packager/unloader 

4.25E+07 4.25E+07 3.97E+05 3.82E+05 3.82E+05 --- --- --- 

Maintenance supervisor 5.46E+04 5.46E+04 5.46E+04 4.15E+04 4.58E+04 1.09E+04 1.42E+04 1.53E+05 Maintenance (generic) 2.06E+05 2.06E+05 2.95E+03 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.16E+04 2.62E+04 Manufacturing/Mfg (generic) 1.07E+06 7.48E+05 2.60E+05 1.77E+05 1.42E+05 4.47E+04 3.60E+04 2.62E+04 Mechanic/Area mechanic: C-3, digest, feed, furnace, Ore Room, raffinate, Ether/Nitric Acid House 

2.06E+05 2.06E+05 2.95E+03 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.16E+04 2.62E+04 

Metal dissolver (#1, #2) --- --- --- 2.23E+05 2.23E+05 2.23E+05 2.23E+05 2.23E+05 Metal room sampler --- --- --- 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 MgX operator 1.03E+05 1.03E+05 1.03E+05 1.03E+05 5.67E+04 7.42E+04 3.16E+04 3.16E+04 Miller (UO3/QM-2) 1.37E+07 1.37E+07 --- --- --- --- --- --- Office (generic) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Office, MCW: Clerk/Office maintenance/Messenger/ Porter /Expeditor 

5.46E+04 5.46E+04 5.46E+04 5.24E+04 5.24E+04 2.18E+04 1.85E+04 1.64E+04 

Office: MCW - Other, AEC - all AEC except Engineer 

5.46E+04 5.46E+04 5.46E+04 0.00E+00 7.31E+03 3.16E+03 2.40E+03 2.40E+03 

Office, Production/Receiving: Clerk/Secretary 

1.76E+05 1.76E+05 5.67E+04 1.08E+05 1.85E+04 1.96E+04 2.07E+04 9.93E+03 

Ore Room operator*** 1.50E+07 3.82E+05 4.28E+05 4.04E+05 1.85E+05 1.53E+05 1.53E+05 --- Pilot Plant engineer 1.34E+05 1.34E+05 5.78E+04 6.33E+04 4.25E+04 3.38E+03 7.53E+03 8.18E+03 Pilot Plant lead operator/group leader 

2.67E+05 2.67E+05 1.15E+05 1.27E+05 8.40E+04 6.66E+03 9.60E+03 8.40E+03 

Pilot Plant technician 2.67E+05 2.67E+05 1.15E+05 1.27E+05 8.40E+04 6.55E+03 1.00E+04 2.12E+06 Pot Room operator 8.48E+06 8.40E+05 3.67E+05 1.09E+05 2.07E+05 4.91E+04 1.23E+05 2.55E+05 Powder sample technician 3.44E+06 3.44E+06 2.37E+05 2.37E+05 6.22E+04 6.22E+04 6.22E+04 6.22E+04 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 210 of 240  

Table 29C (Continued)   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1946 - 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 – 1958Power House (generic) 5.02E+04 5.02E+04 1.08E+05 5.46E+04 4.80E+04 2.07E+04 1.20E+04 3.71E+04 Production Research Lab personnel 

9.16E+04 9.16E+04 1.31E+04 3.27E+04 1.42E+04 5.46E+03 2.18E+03 4.04E+03 

Production superintendent/Asst production superintendant 

2.73E+04 2.73E+04 2.73E+04 2.73E+04 2.84E+04 6.11E+04 2.29E+04 1.96E+04 

QM-2 (orange) loader 5.80E+06 5.80E+06 1.53E+06 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 --- --- QM-2 (orange) packager 1.53E+06 1.53E+06 1.53E+06 4.58E+05 1.42E+05 1.42E+05 1.31E+05 --- Raffinate/Sump recovery operator 

2.98E+05 2.98E+05 1.68E+05 8.29E+04 1.85E+05 9.27E+03 1.20E+04 2.36E+05 

Sample Room supervisor 4.89E+05 4.89E+05 2.67E+05 2.67E+05 2.67E+05 4.47E+04 4.47E+04 4.47E+04 Stockroom foreman/clerk 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 3.60E+04 1.64E+04 3.71E+04 1.53E+04 4.04E+03 Storeroom (generic) 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 3.60E+04 1.64E+04 3.71E+04 1.53E+04 4.04E+03 Truck/forktruck operator/driver 8.18E+04 8.18E+04 8.18E+04 8.18E+04 6.87E+04 2.18E+04 2.07E+04 2.18E+04 Warehouse (generic) 2.14E+05 2.14E+05 9.16E+04 7.64E+04 4.15E+04 2.18E+04 1.09E+04 6.33E+03 Warehouse foreman/assistant foreman/warehouseman 

2.14E+05 2.14E+05 9.16E+04 7.64E+04 4.15E+04 2.18E+04 1.09E+04 6.33E+03 

Warehouse K-65 sampler/weighmaster 

2.14E+05 2.14E+05 9.16E+04 2.51E+05 2.95E+05 3.82E+05 3.82E+05 --- 

Although plant operations may have ended in 1957, the end year of operations is taken conservatively to be 1958 (see Section 8.0).  The bolded entries represent generic choices if the specific job title cannot be determined. The generic entries represent medians for the job titles associated with the generic process. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 211 of 240  

Table 29D.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 6E, 1950-1958.   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title Oct 1950 - Dec 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 -1958

Area mechanic 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 3.93E+04 7.96E+04 Billet grinder 3.71E+04 3.71E+04 3.71E+04 4.64E+05 7.29E+05 Blender; Lime/slag blender 9.71E+03 1.52E+04 1.42E+04 1.20E+04 6.22E+03 Bottom furnace operator 7.42E+04 3.38E+04 1.29E+05 1.17E+05 4.47E+04 Bottom/Lower “F” machine operator 2.51E+04 1.64E+04 2.62E+04 5.67E+04 3.16E+04 Breakout operator/man 2.73E+04 3.55E+04 3.05E+04 4.58E+04 2.51E+04 Brushing man --- --- --- 5.13E+04 5.13E+04 Burnout man 1.75E+05 2.84E+04 2.51E+04 3.38E+04 4.25E+04 Cage grinding/cage operator/man 6.00E+04 1.21E+05 2.18E+04 3.82E+04 3.81E+05 Cage/4th saw man 1.85E+04 8.73E+04 2.29E+04 4.15E+04 4.15E+04 Capping man 8.84E+04 5.51E+04 3.38E+04 3.49E+04 4.58E+04 Chipper/Derby chipper 2.30E+06 2.30E+06 2.30E+06 2.30E+06 2.07E+04 Crafts: Maintenance/electrician/mechanic/millwright; Graphite Shop 4.91E+04 4.31E+04 2.51E+04 3.93E+04 7.96E+04 Crucible assembler 8.84E+04 5.51E+04 3.38E+04 3.49E+04 4.58E+04 Crucible loader 3.05E+04 9.44E+04 5.35E+04 2.07E+04 6.55E+04 Decontamination operator/man 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 3.27E+04 3.71E+04 2.84E+04 Engineer/Chemical engineer/Technical engineer 2.95E+04 1.47E+04 1.64E+04 2.62E+04 6.22E+03 Extra man 4.04E+04 4.80E+04 3.60E+04 4.15E+04 5.46E+04 F (machine) charger 4.04E+04 4.80E+04 3.60E+04 4.15E+04 5.46E+04 Foreman, Assistant/General 2.18E+04 1.36E+04 2.07E+04 2.95E+04 6.66E+03 Foreman, Shift 4.91E+04 4.36E+04 2.84E+04 3.93E+04 2.95E+04 Furnace (recast) operator/unloader 7.42E+04 3.38E+04 1.29E+05 1.17E+05 4.47E+04 Furnace (recast) unloader 7.42E+04 3.38E+04 1.29E+05 1.17E+05 4.47E+04 Furnace (reduction) loader 1.64E+04 2.13E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 Jolter 3.05E+04 5.29E+04 5.02E+04 1.23E+05 2.62E+04 KB-2/derby production (generic for reduction operations) 3.05E+04 4.36E+04 3.05E+04 4.36E+04 2.62E+04 Lead operator (generic) 7.42E+04 3.38E+04 1.29E+05 1.17E+05 4.47E+04 Lift truck driver (operator) 3.27E+04 1.58E+04 1.85E+04 2.40E+04 8.73E+03 Office employees/Clerk; Production clerk 1.42E+04 1.69E+04 8.51E+03 1.53E+04 1.04E+04 Porter 4.91E+04 4.36E+04 2.84E+04 3.93E+04 2.95E+04 Production machinist 4.15E+05 1.47E+04 8.18E+03 1.20E+04 7.64E+03 Recast furnace/YM-5 lead operator 5.35E+04 2.18E+04 5.13E+04 3.27E+04 7.75E+04 Reduction furnace operator 1.64E+04 2.13E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 2.51E+04 Reduction/KB-2 lead operator 4.91E+04 4.36E+04 2.84E+04 3.93E+04 2.95E+04 Residue man (dust collector work) 7.20E+04 1.58E+05 1.25E+05 3.27E+05 2.62E+04 Saw operator/man 3.27E+04 3.60E+04 3.71E+04 4.64E+05 1.42E+04 Slag building operator 1.20E+05 1.20E+05 1.20E+05 2.44E+05 1.96E+04 Superintendent/Supervisor 2.95E+04 1.47E+04 1.64E+04 2.62E+04 6.22E+03 Top/upper furnace operator 2.29E+04 2.29E+04 3.27E+04 3.71E+04 2.84E+04 Top/Upper/Generic “F” machine operator; Top(-ping) operator 3.05E+04 5.29E+04 5.02E+04 1.23E+05 2.62E+04 Utility operator (sump recovery; extra hand) 4.04E+04 4.80E+04 3.60E+04 4.15E+04 5.46E+04 YM-5/billet production (generic for recast operations) 5.35E+04 3.38E+04 3.71E+04 3.93E+04 4.47E+04 

Although plant operations may have ended in 1957, the end year of operations is taken conservatively to be 1958 (see Section 8.0).  The bolded entries represent generic choices if the specific job title cannot be determined. The generic entries represent medians for the job titles associated with the generic process. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 212 of 240  

Table 29E.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7, 1951-1958. Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 – 1958 

Area mechanic 4.04E+04 1.53E+04 4.04E+04 7.64E+03 1.42E+04 1.53E+04Clerk/Record clerk; Porter 2.40E+04 2.29E+04 1.09E+04 1.42E+04 3.49E+04 3.49E+04Decontamination man/Decontaminator 1.76E+05 2.29E+04 1.31E+04 9.82E+03 1.85E+04 1.96E+04Engineer 2.40E+04 2.29E+04 1.09E+04 7.64E+03 7.64E+04 3.49E+04Filter/Tables operator* --- --- --- --- 9.82E+03 9.82E+03Foreman, Asst 2.40E+04 2.29E+04 1.09E+04 7.64E+03 7.64E+04 3.49E+04Foreman 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 2.40E+04 1.31E+04 1.75E+04 1.96E+04Furnace operator 2.73E+04 3.05E+04 7.31E+04 2.51E+04 1.96E+04 1.85E+04HF Room/Magnesium Room operator 8.73E+03 1.53E+04 9.82E+03 5.46E+03 5.46E+03 5.78E+03Hoisting (slag) operator* --- --- --- --- 1.64E+04 1.64E+04Lead (UF4/TA-7) operator 4.15E+04 2.29E+04 1.85E+04 9.82E+03 3.27E+04 3.27E+04Lift truck driver (operator) 1.53E+04 1.53E+04 1.09E+04 1.53E+04 2.84E+04 4.47E+04Panel board/36’ level operator 4.15E+04 2.29E+04 1.85E+04 9.82E+03 3.27E+04 3.27E+04Plant superintendent 2.40E+04 2.29E+04 1.09E+04 7.64E+03 7.64E+04 3.49E+04UO3/QM-2 dumper/hoister 1.17E+05 6.11E+04 6.66E+04 4.58E+04 6.87E+04 1.22E+05Safety clerk 1.85E+04 1.85E+04 1.85E+04 9.82E+03 1.53E+04 1.53E+04Safety inspector/Fire marshal 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 2.40E+04 1.31E+04 1.75E+04 1.96E+04Sampler and cleanup man --- 3.05E+04 3.12E+05 8.73E+03 8.73E+03 9.93E+03Supervisor, Technical 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 2.40E+04 1.31E+04 1.75E+04 1.96E+04TA-7 hoisting operator (hoister) 1.32E+05 1.53E+04 1.42E+04 1.42E+04 1.20E+04 1.85E+04TA-7 (green/UF4) packager 2.64E+05 3.05E+04 1.12E+05 7.42E+04 5.35E+04 2.62E+04UF4/TA-7/Green production (generic for UF4 production 

operations) 4.15E+04 2.29E+04 4.04E+04 1.42E+04 1.96E+04 1.85E+04

Utility operator 2.73E+04 3.05E+04 7.31E+04 2.51E+04 1.96E+04 1.85E+04Welder 4.04E+04 1.53E+04 4.04E+04 7.64E+03 1.42E+04 1.53E+04

The bolded entry represents a generic choice if the specific job title cannot be determined. The generic entry represents a median for the job titles associated with the generic process. 

Table 29F.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7E, 1955-1957.  Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1955 1956 - 1957 Ionium plant operator/lead operator* 1.09E+02 3.27E+02 

* The thorium/ionium (concentration) plant work began after July 1955 and continued until March 1957; thus the annual intakes here should be ratioed by the appropriate number of months worked (i.e., a maximum of 6 in 1955, 12 in 1956, and 3 in 1957). The ionium case should use the isotopic breakdown given in Section 6.1, Item 5. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 213 of 240  

Table 30.  Annual radon intakes, St. Louis main site, 1942-1958, and SLAPS, 1945-1962. General areas  Ore/K-65 open areas  Enclosed work areas  Annual

Worker type Years Occ 

FactorEquil 

Factor Radon, 

pCi/l Occ 

FactorEquil 

FactorRadon, 

pCi/l Occ 

Factor Equil 

Factor Radon, 

pCi/l Intake, WLM 

All plants                       Plants 1, 2, 4, 6, 6E, 7: all workers and years except for those listed below 

All 1.00 0.40 1.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.8E-02

Plants 1 and 2                       Process workers 1944-1945 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 132 0.25 1.00 29 2.9E+00Ore and residue storage workers 1944-1945 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 55 0.25 1.00 32 1.8E+00Laboratory workers 1944-1945 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 26 --- --- --- 8.3E-01Plant 4                       Ore milling and grinding workers 1944-1946 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 112 --- --- --- 3.4E+00Ore storage workers 1944-1946 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 487 --- --- --- 7.4E+00Laboratory workers 1944-1946 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 26 --- --- --- 8.3E-01Plant 6*                       Digest operator 1946-1950 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 394 --- --- --- 1.2E+01Digest operator 1951-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 11 --- --- --- 3.8E-01Digest operator 1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 2.5 --- --- --- 1.2E-01Extraction/Wash filter operator 1946-1950 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 1.1 --- --- --- 8.0E-02Extraction/Wash filter operator 1951-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 31 --- --- --- 9.8E-01Extraction/Wash filter operator 1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 1.0 --- --- --- 7.8E-02Guard office 1946-1954 1.00 0.40 6.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.9E-01Guard office 1955-1957 1.00 0.40 2.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.6E-02Health and Safety,  Engineering, Dispensary 

1946-1954 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 6.3 --- --- --- 3.1E-01

Health and Safety, Engineering, Dispensary 

1955-1957 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 2.0 --- --- --- 1.1E-01

K-65/C-3 centrifuge operator 1946-1950 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 108 --- --- --- 3.3E+00K-65/C-3 centrifuge operator 1951-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 8.5 --- --- --- 3.0E-01K-65/C-3 centrifuge operator 1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 1.0 --- --- --- 7.8E-02Feinc/K-65/raffinate/cloth operator 1946-1950 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 580 --- --- --- 1.7E+01Feinc/K-65/raffinate/cloth operator 1951-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 14.0 --- --- --- 4.7E-01Feinc/K-65/raffinate/cloth operator 1955 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 50 --- --- --- 1.5E+00Feinc/K-65/raffinate/cloth operator 1956-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 6.3 --- --- --- 2.4E-01Laboratory, Ledoux 1946-1954 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 8.3 --- --- --- 4.0E-01Laboratory, Ledoux 1955-1957 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 8.3 --- --- --- 4.0E-01Laboratory, general 1946-1957 1.00 0.40 2.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.6E-02Laboratory, Shotgun 1946-1954 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 4.0 --- --- --- 2.0E-01Laboratory, Shotgun 1955-1957 0.25 0.40 2.0 0.75 0.50 2.0 --- --- --- 1.1E-01Maintenance shop (not other shops) 

1946-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 5.2 --- --- --- 2.0E-01

Maintenance shop (not other shops) 

1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 2.0 --- --- --- 1.1E-01

Ore grinder/miller 1946-1955 0.75 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 39 --- --- --- 6.6E-01Ore Room/Warehouse worker, general 

1946-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.40 0.50 40 0.10 1.00 850 1.1E+01

Ore Room/Warehouse worker, general 

1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 4 --- --- --- 1.7E-01

Process workers not otherwise listed, e.g., porters 

1946-1954 0.75 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 40 --- --- --- 6.7E-01 

Process workers not otherwise listed, e.g., porters 

1955-1957 0.75 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 4.0 --- --- --- 1.3E-01

Recovery area worker 1946-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 16 --- --- --- 5.3E-01Recovery area worker 1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 2.0 --- --- --- 1.1E-01Scalehouse worker 1946-1950 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.40 0.50 158 0.10 1.00 273 7.1E+00Scalehouse worker 1951-1954 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.40 0.50 6.3 0.10 1.00 273 3.5E+00Scalehouse worker 1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 6.3 0.25 1.00 24 8.6E-01Supervisors and foremen 1946-1954 0.75 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 40 --- --- --- 6.7E-01Supervisors and foremen 1955-1957 0.75 0.40 2.0 0.25 0.50 4.0 --- --- --- 1.3E-01Plant 6E                       Process or maintenance worker 1950-1957 1.00 0.40 2.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.6E-02Plant 7                       Process or maintenance worker 1950-1957 1.00 0.40 2.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.6E-02 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 214 of 240  

Table 30 (Continued) General areas  Ore/K-65 open areas  Enclosed work areas  Annual

Worker type Years Occ 

FactorEquil 

Factor Radon, 

pCi/l Occ 

FactorEquil 

FactorRadon, 

pCi/l Occ 

Factor Equil 

Factor Radon, 

pCi/l Intake, WLM 

Plant 7E                       Plant 7E ionium (thorium) operator 

1955-1957 0.50 0.40 2.0 0.50 0.50 100 --- --- --- 3.0E+00

SLAPS*                       Bulldozer operator/crane operator (yard workers) 

1946-1949 0.20 0.40 408 --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.9E+00

Bulldozer operator/crane operator (yard workers) 

1950-1958 0.20 0.40 2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 1.9E-02

Forktruck driver (yard worker) 1946-1949 0.013 0.40 719 0.025 0.50 1160 0.025 1.00 1160 5.7E+00Guard, full-time 1946-1949 1.00 0.40 81 --- --- --- --- --- --- 3.9E+00Guard, full-time 1950-1951 1.00 0.40 2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 9.6E-02Guard, part-time 1952-1958 0.05 0.40 2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 4.8E-03Guard, part-time 1959-1962 0.025 0.40 2 --- --- --- --- --- --- 2.4E-03Warehouse/K-65 worker (K-65) 1946-1949 --- --- --- 0.10 0.50 1160 0.05 1.00 1160 1.4E+01The intakes above should be applied only for applicable years (July 1955-March 1957 for Plant 7E) and ratioed for the appropriate year fractions.  As a default, 0.096 WLM/yr should be used for process workers and 0.048 WLM/yr for all others and a whole year should be assumed.  Note that the breaks in years corresponded to events that altered radon exposure, such as the processing of the K-65 from SLAPS and the cessation of sending it there.  The radon daughter equilibrium factor was taken to be 0.4 in the case of general areas far from a radon source or very open areas (this was used in all areas in ORAUT 2004); 0.5 in the case of radon-prone but relatively well-ventilated or unenclosed areas (this was used for all areas in Applied Nuclear Safety 1986 and Applied Nuclear Safety 1991); and 1.0 in the case of areas enclosed for long periods, such as railcars and the SLAPS sheds.  *  It is not always possible to identify which workers worked wholly at Plant 6 and which spent part of their time at SLAPS; in any case, the SLAPS time constituted only a fraction of the total time of an applicable Plant 6 worker. Hence workers whose job titles fall in both Plant 6 and SLAPS in a given time period should be assigned both the Plant 6 and the SLAPS intakes (i.e., the sum) as their total annual intake. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 215 of 240  

Table 31A.  Annual ingestion intakes, Plants 1 and 2, 1942-1945. Job title Intake, pCi/yr 

Barium operator 3.92E+02 Boiler/Ether House/Nitric acid operator 1.00E+04 Centrifuge/wash filter operator 1.24E+05 Chemist (generic) 5.34E+04 Cloth operator 1.45E+05 Crafts: Carpenter/Pipefitter/Welder 2.75E+04 Digest/Extraction/Reduction operator 1.50E+05 Dispensary: Nurse/Medic/Other (personnel) 3.82E+04 Engineer (research or chemical) 1.00E+04 Feinc/Feed operator 2.14E+05 Foreman//Technical supervisor 3.51E+04 Furnace operator 5.40E+06 Guard/Chief guard 6.98E+03 Health/Safety field personnel 1.00E+04 Health/Security office personnel 3.27E+03 Instrument Shop machinist/technician 5.49E+04 Laboratory (generic) 5.34E+04 Laboratory office personnel 2.18E+04 Laboratory personnel (chemist, technician) 5.34E+04 Maintenance supervisor 1.09E+04 Manufacturing (generic) 1.45E+05 Mechanic/Area mechanic 4.12E+04 Miller (UO3/QM-2) 2.75E+06 Office (generic) 1.09E+04 Office, administrative: Clerk/Office maintenance/Messenger/Porter/AEC 1.09E+04 Office, Production and Receiving: Bookkeeper* 6.26E+04 Office, Production and Receiving: Clerk/Secretary 3.51E+04 Ore Area/Room operator 2.99E+06 Pot Room operator 1.69E+06 Production superintendent/Asst production superintendent 5.45E+03 QM-2 (orange) loader 1.16E+06 QM-2 (orange) packager 3.05E+05 Raffinate/Sump operator 5.95E+04 Stockroom foreman/clerk 4.58E+03 Truck/forktruck operator/driver 1.64E+04 UO2/LF-9/Brown packager/unloader 8.50E+06 Warehouse foreman/assistant foreman/warehouseman/railcar handling 4.27E+04 Workman (generic) 1.45E+05 

*  The “bookkeeper” title in early film badge records appears to indicate a production area accountability clerk, not an office worker. Thus 25% production area access is assumed. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 216 of 240  

Table 31B.  Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 4, October 1942-1958. Intake, pCi/year 

Job title Oct 1942 

- 1946 1947 1948 - 1949 1950 1951 

1952 -1953 

1954 - 1955 1956 

1957-1958 

Blender/Bomb makeup 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 4.58E+04 1.40E+04 1.40E+04 7.19E+03 1.85E+04 --- Bomb charger/ Charger 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 4.58E+04 1.40E+04 1.40E+04 7.19E+03 1.85E+04 --- Cage operator/man 7.94E+05 7.94E+05 7.94E+05 4.14E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Carpenter/Other craft 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 1.83E+04 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 4.80E+03 4.80E+03 --- Casting operator 1.11E+06 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 1.05E+05 1.05E+05 2.40E+04 2.40E+03 --- Charge firing (man) 2.03E+05 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Chemist/technician: miscellaneous 8.72E+03 8.72E+03 8.72E+03 8.72E+03 1.53E+03 1.53E+03 2.18E+03 2.18E+03 --- Chemist/technician: vacuum fusion --- --- --- --- --- 1.29E+04 1.29E+04 1.29E+04 --- Chipper 4.12E+05 4.12E+05 1.98E+05 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04Cleanup man 4.12E+05 4.12E+05 1.98E+05 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04Dingot lead operator 2.03E+05 1.37E+05 1.22E+05 7.63E+03 4.14E+03 4.14E+03 1.79E+03 4.14E+03 --- Dingot operator 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 6.56E+05 4.58E+04 1.40E+04 1.40E+04 7.19E+03 1.85E+04 --- Derby unloader 7.63E+04 6.10E+04 2.75E+05 3.82E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Engineer/Technical supervisor 3.82E+04 3.82E+04 3.82E+04 1.22E+04 2.62E+03 2.62E+03 2.18E+03 5.01E+03 --- Foreman/Shift foreman 3.82E+04 3.82E+04 3.82E+04 1.22E+04 2.62E+03 2.62E+03 2.18E+03 5.01E+03 --- Forge press operator/manipulator --- --- --- --- --- 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 --- Furnace and saw man --- --- --- --- 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 --- Furnace loader (UF4-derby) 7.32E+05 7.32E+05 4.88E+05 6.10E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Furnace (recast) operator 1.11E+06 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 1.05E+05 1.05E+05 2.40E+04 2.40E+03 --- Furnace puller 2.03E+05 1.37E+05 1.22E+05 7.63E+03 4.14E+03 4.14E+03 1.79E+03 4.14E+03 --- Furnace tender 1.22E+05 1.22E+05 7.63E+04 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Guard/Chief guard 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 1.26E+03 5.89E+02 1.55E+03 --- HF (fluorination) operator 1.24E+05 1.24E+05 1.24E+05 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Jolter 7.63E+05 7.63E+05 1.07E+05 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- KB-2 lead operator 2.03E+05 1.37E+05 1.22E+05 7.63E+03 4.14E+03 4.14E+03 1.79E+03 4.14E+03 --- KB-2/Derby production (generic 

for reduction operations) 2.03E+05 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 1.40E+04 1.40E+04 7.19E+03 1.85E+04 3.05E+04Laboratory: ceramics/microscopy --- --- --- --- 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03 --- Lime blender/Magnesium operator 1.53E+04 1.53E+04 1.53E+04 7.63E+03 --- --- --- --- --- Manufacturing (generic) 2.03E+05 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 4.14E+03 4.58E+03 5.01E+03 4.80E+03 3.05E+04Mechanic/Area mechanic 7.63E+04 7.63E+04 7.63E+04 1.83E+04 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 4.80E+03 4.80E+03 --- Miller-mixer (UF4/TA-7) 1.02E+06 1.02E+06 2.14E+05 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Office: Plant superintendent/ Clerk/Other 9.16E+03 9.16E+03 9.16E+03 9.16E+03 9.16E+03 1.26E+03 5.89E+02 1.59E+03 --- Ore miller/handler 1.57E+05 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Porter 2.44E+04 2.44E+04 2.44E+04 1.22E+04 1.22E+04 1.26E+03 5.89E+02 8.72E+03 --- Residue man --- --- --- --- --- --- 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 --- Salt bath man/Vertical lathe 

operator --- --- --- --- --- --- 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 --- Saw operator/man 4.12E+05 4.12E+05 1.98E+05 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04Shipping & Receiving 2.75E+04 2.75E+04 2.75E+04 2.75E+04 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 4.80E+03 4.80E+03 --- Slag man/Slag grinding operator 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 4.58E+04 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- TA-7 packager 1.57E+06 1.57E+06 1.57E+06 5.34E+04 --- --- --- --- --- TA-7 unloader (operator) 2.83E+06 2.83E+06 3.36E+05 4.58E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Top cleaner 1.02E+06 1.02E+06 2.14E+05 1.53E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Topper 1.83E+05 1.83E+05 5.04E+05 4.58E+04 --- --- --- --- --- Top seat man 1.11E+06 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 1.05E+05 1.05E+05 2.40E+04 2.40E+03 --- UF4/TA-7/green production 

(generic) 5.59E+05 4.35E+05 1.69E+05 1.68E+04 3.71E+03 3.71E+03 3.29E+03 4.47E+03 --- UO2/LF-9 loader/packer 9.16E+05 7.32E+05 4.88E+05 6.10E+04 --- --- --- --- --- YM-5 lead operator 2.03E+05 1.37E+05 1.22E+05 7.63E+03 4.14E+03 4.14E+03 1.79E+03 4.14E+03 --- YM-5/billet/dingot production 

(generic for recast operations) 7.26E+05 1.98E+05 2.14E+05 3.05E+04 1.40E+04 9.48E+03 6.10E+03 4.14E+03 --- 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 217 of 240  

Table 31C.  Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 6, 1946-1958.   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1946 - 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 

1955 - 1958 

AEC engineer --- --- --- 1.53E+03 6.76E+03 2.16E+03 4.14E+03 4.14E+03Barium operator 3.92E+02 3.92E+02 2.75E+04 3.14E+04 2.83E+04 8.28E+03 --- --- C-3 centrifuge/wash filter/adjustments operator 1.24E+05 1.24E+05 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 9.16E+04 1.37E+05 1.72E+04 1.72E+04Cleanup man/utility operator --- --- --- 2.11E+04 2.11E+04 2.05E+04 2.81E+04 1.92E+04Cloth operator 1.45E+05 1.45E+05 5.34E+04 5.34E+04 2.01E+04 4.14E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03Cloth & Training Group lead operator/trainer 5.49E+05 5.49E+05 5.04E+04 5.04E+04 5.01E+03 5.45E+03 3.92E+03 3.92E+03Clothes issue man 2.01E+04 2.01E+04 2.01E+04 2.01E+04 2.01E+04 2.05E+03 4.14E+03 3.92E+03Crafts: Carpenter/Pipefitter/Welder 2.75E+04 2.75E+04 2.14E+04 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.32E+03 5.23E+03Decontamination man/U-con man* 2.16E+04 2.16E+04 2.16E+04 2.16E+04 1.31E+04 4.14E+03 4.80E+03 3.71E+03Cloth/Digest/Reduction operator, Outside sampling 1.50E+05 1.50E+05 5.34E+04 8.07E+04 2.01E+04 8.94E+03 1.31E+04 4.80E+03Dispensary: Nurse/Medic/Other (personnel) 3.82E+04 3.82E+04 1.22E+04 2.16E+04 9.16E+03 1.37E+03 7.63E+02 2.83E+02Boiler/Ether Hse/Extraction/Nitric acid rec’y operator 1.00E+04 1.00E+04 2.16E+04 1.09E+04 9.59E+03 4.14E+03 2.40E+03 7.41E+03Experimental Continuous Furnace (Pilot Plant 

project) --- 1.86E+06 1.86E+06 --- --- --- --- --- 

Feinc/Feed/Soluble feed operator 2.14E+05 2.14E+05 3.36E+04 3.82E+04 3.27E+04 2.18E+04 2.09E+04 8.94E+03Foreman/General foreman/Shift foreman/ 

Technical supervisor 3.51E+04 3.51E+04 3.51E+04 2.09E+04 1.77E+04 6.54E+03 5.45E+03 4.14E+03

Furnace operator 5.40E+06 5.40E+06 3.05E+05 3.27E+04 2.09E+04 1.20E+04 7.19E+03 2.62E+03Guard/Chief guard 6.98E+03 6.98E+03 6.98E+03 3.92E+02 4.80E+03 3.49E+03 3.05E+03 2.18E+03Health/Security Office personnel; Engineer (MCW, 

chemical) 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 1.53E+03 3.05E+03 3.27E+03 2.40E+03 1.77E+03

Health Office: health surveyor/plant monitor 1.00E+04 1.00E+04 1.00E+04 9.16E+03 3.05E+03 3.27E+03 3.49E+03 3.27E+03Instrument Shop machinist/technician 5.49E+04 5.49E+04 1.11E+04 1.31E+04 8.72E+03 3.71E+03 9.59E+03 2.62E+03Laboratory Office personnel 2.18E+04 2.18E+04 2.18E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 1.22E+03 4.36E+02 9.16E+03Laboratory: chemist/technician (generic/MCW/ Shotgun) 

5.34E+04 5.34E+04 5.23E+03 5.45E+03 5.01E+03 6.54E+03 2.18E+03 9.16E+03

Laundry operator/lead operator --- --- --- 9.81E+02 4.14E+03 2.40E+03 4.14E+03 1.35E+03Ledoux Lab technician/asst technician – raffinate, 

MgF2 4.12E+04 4.12E+04 1.98E+04 9.16E+04 3.05E+04 8.50E+03 1.77E+03 5.89E+03

Ledoux Lab technician (K-65) 4.58E+05 4.58E+05 3.05E+05 4.14E+05 9.59E+04 5.89E+03 1.64E+03 4.58E+03LF-9/brown/UO2 packager/unloader 8.50E+06 8.50E+06 7.94E+04 7.63E+04 7.63E+04 --- --- --- Maintenance supervisor 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 8.28E+03 9.16E+03 2.18E+03 2.83E+03 3.05E+04Maintenance (generic) 4.12E+04 4.12E+04 5.89E+02 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.32E+03 5.23E+03Manufacturing/Mfg (generic) 2.14E+05 1.50E+05 5.19E+04 3.54E+04 2.83E+04 8.94E+03 7.19E+03 5.23E+03Mechanic/Area mechanic: C-3, digest, feed, 

furnace, Ore Room, raffin., Ether/Nitric Acid House 

4.12E+04 4.12E+04 5.89E+02 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 6.32E+03 5.23E+03

Metal dissolver (#1, #2) --- --- --- 4.45E+04 4.45E+04 4.45E+04 4.45E+04 4.45E+04Metal room sampler --- --- --- 9.16E+04 9.16E+04 9.16E+04 9.16E+04 9.16E+04MgX operator 2.05E+04 2.05E+04 2.05E+04 2.05E+04 1.13E+04 1.48E+04 6.32E+03 6.32E+03Miller (UO3/QM-2) 2.75E+06 2.75E+06 --- --- --- --- --- --- Office (generic) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Office, MCW: Clerk/Office maintenance/ 

Messenger/Porter /Expeditor 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 1.05E+04 1.05E+04 4.36E+03 3.71E+03 3.27E+03

Office: MCW - Other, AEC - all AEC except Engineer 

1.09E+04 1.09E+04 1.09E+04 0.00E+00 1.46E+03 6.32E+02 4.80E+02 4.80E+02

Office, Production/Receiving: Clerk/Secretary 3.51E+04 3.51E+04 1.13E+04 2.16E+04 3.71E+03 3.92E+03 4.14E+03 1.98E+03Ore Room operator*** 2.99E+06 7.63E+04 8.55E+04 8.07E+04 3.71E+04 3.05E+04 3.05E+04 --- Pilot Plant engineer 2.68E+04 2.68E+04 1.16E+04 1.26E+04 8.50E+03 6.76E+02 1.50E+03 1.64E+03Pilot Plant lead operator/group leader 5.34E+04 5.34E+04 2.29E+04 2.53E+04 1.68E+04 1.33E+03 1.92E+03 1.68E+03Pilot Plant technician 5.34E+04 5.34E+04 2.29E+04 2.53E+04 1.68E+04 1.31E+03 2.01E+03 4.23E+05Pot Room operator 1.69E+06 1.68E+05 7.32E+04 2.18E+04 4.14E+04 9.81E+03 2.46E+04 5.10E+04Powder sample technician 6.87E+05 6.87E+05 4.73E+04 4.73E+04 1.24E+04 1.24E+04 1.24E+04 1.24E+04Power House (generic) 1.00E+04 1.00E+04 2.16E+04 1.09E+04 9.59E+03 4.14E+03 2.40E+03 7.41E+03Production Research Lab personnel 1.83E+04 1.83E+04 2.62E+03 6.54E+03 2.83E+03 1.09E+03 4.36E+02 8.07E+02Production superintendent/Asst production 

superintendent 5.45E+03 5.45E+03 5.45E+03 5.45E+03 5.67E+03 1.22E+04 4.58E+03 3.92E+03

QM-2 (orange) loader 1.16E+06 1.16E+06 3.05E+05 9.16E+04 9.16E+04 9.16E+04 --- --- QM-2 (orange) packager 3.05E+05 3.05E+05 3.05E+05 9.16E+04 2.83E+04 2.83E+04 2.62E+04 --- Raffinate/Sump recovery operator 5.95E+04 5.95E+04 3.36E+04 1.66E+04 3.71E+04 1.85E+03 2.40E+03 4.71E+04Sample Room supervisor 9.77E+04 9.77E+04 5.34E+04 5.34E+04 5.34E+04 8.94E+03 8.94E+03 8.94E+03Stockroom foreman/clerk 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 7.19E+03 3.27E+03 7.41E+03 3.05E+03 8.07E+02

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 218 of 240  

Table 31C (Continued)   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1946 - 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 

1955 - 1958 

Storeroom (generic) 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 7.19E+03 3.27E+03 7.41E+03 3.05E+03 8.07E+02Truck/forktruck operator/driver 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 1.64E+04 1.37E+04 4.36E+03 4.14E+03 4.36E+03Warehouse (generic) 4.27E+04 4.27E+04 1.83E+04 1.53E+04 8.28E+03 4.36E+03 2.18E+03 1.26E+03Warehouse foreman/assistant foreman/ 

warehouseman 4.27E+04 4.27E+04 1.83E+04 1.53E+04 8.28E+03 4.36E+03 2.18E+03 1.26E+03

Warehouse K-65 sampler/weighmaster 4.27E+04 4.27E+04 1.83E+04 5.01E+04 5.89E+04 7.63E+04 7.63E+04 --- 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 219 of 240  

Table 31D.  Annual ingestion intakes, Plant 6E, 1950-1958.   Intake, pCi/year 

Job title Oct 1950 - Dec 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 -1958 

Area mechanic 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 7.85E+03 1.59E+04 Billet grinder 7.41E+03 7.41E+03 7.41E+03 9.27E+04 1.46E+05 Blender; Lime/slag blender 1.94E+03 3.04E+03 2.83E+03 2.40E+03 1.24E+03 Bottom furnace operator 1.48E+04 6.76E+03 2.57E+04 2.33E+04 8.94E+03 Bottom/Lower “F” machine operator 5.01E+03 3.27E+03 5.23E+03 1.13E+04 6.32E+03 Breakout operator/man 5.45E+03 7.09E+03 6.10E+03 9.16E+03 5.01E+03 Brushing man --- --- --- 1.02E+04 1.02E+04 Burnout man 3.49E+04 5.67E+03 5.01E+03 6.76E+03 8.50E+03 Cage grinding/cage operator/man 1.20E+04 2.41E+04 4.36E+03 7.63E+03 7.61E+04 Cage/4th saw man 3.71E+03 1.74E+04 4.58E+03 8.28E+03 8.28E+03 Capping man/capper 1.77E+04 1.10E+04 6.76E+03 6.98E+03 9.16E+03 Chipper/Derby chipper 4.60E+05 4.60E+05 4.60E+05 4.60E+05 4.14E+03 Crafts: Maintenance/electrician/mechanic/millwright; Graphite Shop 9.81E+03 8.61E+03 5.01E+03 7.85E+03 1.59E+04 Crucible assembler 1.77E+04 1.10E+04 6.76E+03 6.98E+03 9.16E+03 Crucible loader 6.10E+03 1.89E+04 1.07E+04 4.14E+03 1.31E+04 Decontamination operator/man 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 6.54E+03 7.41E+03 5.67E+03 Engineer/Chemical engineer/Technical engineer 5.89E+03 2.94E+03 3.27E+03 5.23E+03 1.24E+03 Extra man 8.07E+03 9.59E+03 7.19E+03 8.28E+03 1.09E+04 F (machine) charger 8.07E+03 9.59E+03 7.19E+03 8.28E+03 1.09E+04 Foreman, Assistant/General 4.36E+03 2.73E+03 4.14E+03 5.89E+03 1.33E+03 Foreman, Shift 9.81E+03 8.72E+03 5.67E+03 7.85E+03 5.89E+03 Furnace (recast) operator/unloader 1.48E+04 6.76E+03 2.57E+04 2.33E+04 8.94E+03 Furnace (recast) unloader 1.48E+04 6.76E+03 2.57E+04 2.33E+04 8.94E+03 Furnace (reduction) loader 3.27E+03 4.25E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 Jolter 6.10E+03 1.06E+04 1.00E+04 2.46E+04 5.23E+03 KB-2/derby production (generic for reduction operations) 6.10E+03 8.72E+03 6.10E+03 8.72E+03 5.23E+03 Lead operator (generic) 1.48E+04 6.76E+03 2.57E+04 2.33E+04 8.94E+03 Lift truck driver (operator) 6.54E+03 3.16E+03 3.71E+03 4.80E+03 1.74E+03 Office employees/Clerk; Production clerk 2.83E+03 3.38E+03 1.70E+03 3.05E+03 2.07E+03 Porter 9.81E+03 8.72E+03 5.67E+03 7.85E+03 5.89E+03 Production machinist 8.28E+04 2.94E+03 1.64E+03 2.40E+03 1.53E+03 Recast furnace/YM-5 lead operator 1.07E+04 4.36E+03 1.02E+04 6.54E+03 1.55E+04 Reduction furnace operator 3.27E+03 4.25E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 5.01E+03 Reduction/KB-2 lead operator 9.81E+03 8.72E+03 5.67E+03 7.85E+03 5.89E+03 Residue man (dust collector work) 1.44E+04 3.16E+04 2.51E+04 6.54E+04 5.23E+03 Saw operator/man 6.54E+03 7.19E+03 7.41E+03 9.27E+04 2.83E+03 Slag building operator 2.40E+04 2.40E+04 2.40E+04 4.88E+04 3.92E+03 Superintendent/Supervisor 5.89E+03 2.94E+03 3.27E+03 5.23E+03 1.24E+03 Top/upper furnace operator 4.58E+03 4.58E+03 6.54E+03 7.41E+03 5.67E+03 Top/Upper/Generic “F” machine operator; Top(-ping) operator 6.10E+03 1.06E+04 1.00E+04 2.46E+04 5.23E+03 Utility operator (sump recovery; extra hand) 8.07E+03 9.59E+03 7.19E+03 8.28E+03 1.09E+04 YM-5/billet production (generic for recast operations) 1.07E+04 6.76E+03 7.41E+03 7.85E+03 8.94E+03 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 220 of 240  

Table 31E.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7, 1951-1958. Intake, pCi/year 

Job title 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 - 1958 

Area mechanic 8.07E+03 3.05E+03 8.07E+03 1.53E+03 2.83E+03 3.05E+03 Clerk/Record clerk; Porter 4.80E+03 4.58E+03 2.18E+03 2.83E+03 6.98E+03 6.98E+03 Decontamination man/Decontaminator 3.51E+04 4.58E+03 2.62E+03 1.96E+03 3.71E+03 3.92E+03 Engineer 4.80E+03 4.58E+03 2.18E+03 1.53E+03 1.53E+04 6.98E+03 Filter/Tables operator* --- --- --- --- 1.96E+03 1.96E+03 Foreman, Asst 4.80E+03 4.58E+03 2.18E+03 1.53E+03 1.53E+04 6.98E+03 Foreman 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 4.80E+03 2.62E+03 3.49E+03 3.92E+03 Furnace operator 5.45E+03 6.10E+03 1.46E+04 5.01E+03 3.92E+03 3.71E+03 HF Room/Magnesium Room operator 1.74E+03 3.05E+03 1.96E+03 1.09E+03 1.09E+03 1.16E+03 Hoisting (slag) operator* --- --- --- --- 3.27E+03 3.27E+03 Lead (UF4/TA-7) operator 8.28E+03 4.58E+03 3.71E+03 1.96E+03 6.54E+03 6.54E+03 Lift truck driver (operator) 3.05E+03 3.05E+03 2.18E+03 3.05E+03 5.67E+03 8.94E+03 Panel board/36’ level operator 8.28E+03 4.58E+03 3.71E+03 1.96E+03 6.54E+03 6.54E+03 Plant superintendent 4.80E+03 4.58E+03 2.18E+03 1.53E+03 1.53E+04 6.98E+03 UO3/QM-2 dumper/hoister 2.33E+04 1.22E+04 1.33E+04 9.16E+03 1.37E+04 2.44E+04 Safety clerk 3.71E+03 3.71E+03 3.71E+03 1.96E+03 3.05E+03 3.05E+03 Safety inspector/Fire marshal 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 4.80E+03 2.62E+03 3.49E+03 3.92E+03 Sampler and cleanup man --- 6.10E+03 6.23E+04 1.74E+03 1.74E+03 1.98E+03 Supervisor, Technical 6.10E+03 6.10E+03 4.80E+03 2.62E+03 3.49E+03 3.92E+03 TA-7 hoisting operator (hoister) 2.64E+04 3.05E+03 2.83E+03 2.83E+03 2.40E+03 3.71E+03 TA-7 (green/UF4) packager 5.28E+04 6.10E+03 2.25E+04 1.48E+04 1.07E+04 5.23E+03 UF4/TA-7/Green production (generic for UF4 production operations) 8.28E+03 4.58E+03 8.07E+03 2.83E+03 3.92E+03 3.71E+03 Utility operator 5.45E+03 6.10E+03 1.46E+04 5.01E+03 3.92E+03 3.71E+03 Welder 8.07E+03 3.05E+03 8.07E+03 1.53E+03 2.83E+03 3.05E+03 

Table 31F.  Annual inhalation intakes, Plant 7E.  Intake, pCi/year  

Job title 1954 1955 1956 - 1957 Plant 7E (thorium/ionium concentration process)       Ionium plant operator/lead operator* --- 2.18E+01 6.54E+01 

* The thorium/ionium (concentration) plant work began after July 1955 and continued until March 1957; thus the annual intakes here should be ratioed by the appropriate number of months worked (i.e., a maximum of 6 in 1955, 12 in 1956, and 3 in 1957). The ionium case should use the isotopic breakdown given in Section 6.1, Item 5. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 221 of 240  

Table 32.  Exposure rates from K-65 residue and Q-11 ore, in mR/hr (AEC 1949b, Figure 21). 

Source Position Distance, feet Dose rateDose rate 

A Dose rate 

B Dose rate 

C 1 85    3 72.5    5 50    8 37.5    

12 27    18 19    24 12.5    

Drum group centerline perpendicular to long side of railcar, 4 ft from ground 

30 9.4    

96 drums of K-65, along the full width of a railcar and ~46 ft along its length (57 ft) 

Top of railcar Contact 104    2  37 7.75 24 4  24 8.75  6  18 9 9.5 8  16 9.5  

10  14 9.7 6.6 12  12 9.7  14  10.5 9.5 5.5 

One drum group centerline perpendicular to long side of railcar (A); at center door (B); at end (C) 

16  9 8.5  

87 drums of Q-11, distributed in two groups at ends of railcar 

Top of railcar, over one group (A); over empty center (B) 

Contact  21 11  

10 50    25 22    43 13    

5 railcars in a row containing unspecified amount of K-65 

Along a line perpendicular to the axis of the line of railcars, even with the center of the middle car 

50 10.2    The total length of a railcar was given as 57 feet.  

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 222 of 240  

Table 33.  Measured dose rates in various work areas. 

 Exposure, 

% tolerance 

Exposure, mrep/hr or 

mR/hr* Year Reference PLANTS 1 and 2         Soda salt, near-contact: gamma; beta 20; 20 2.5; 13 1943 MED 1944f Soda salt, 6”: gamma; beta 10; 20 1.2; 13 1943 MED 1944f Vanadium sludge, over 1 month old, 10 cm from 216 jar: gamma; beta 1.5; 20 .19; 13 1943 MED 1944f High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: 60”   3.8 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: 45”   6.1 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: 30”   12 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: 15”   29 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: 6”   66 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 55-gal drum, 1000 lbs ore: contact   100 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 15-gal drum, 443 lbs ore: 60”   2.4 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 15-gal drum, 443 lbs ore: 45”   3.6 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 15-gal drum, 443 lbs ore: 30”   7.1 1945 Rochester 1945 High-grade pitchblende ore, 15-gal drum, 443 lbs ore: contact   90 1945 Rochester 1945 Ether extraction tanks 25 3.1 1943 MED 1944f Residue drier (beta only) 120 75 1943 MED 1944f “SM sub 2”: gamma; beta 42; 40 5.2; 25 1943 MED 1944f “SN sub 4”: gamma only 30 3.8 1943 MED 1944f “SB sub 3”: gamma; beta 35; 40 4.4; 25 1943 MED 1944f Tank 1A cake from SN sub 2: gamma; beta 10; 120 1.2; 13 1943 MED 1944f Tank 7 press cake, 10 days old, 10 cm from the edge: gamma; beta 20; 400 2.5; 250 1943 MED 1944f 308 [material] from Tank 7 press cake residue, 10 days old: beta only 400 250 1943 MED 1944f Residue Chem. 4217, 2 months old, 10 cm from 2-lb bottle: gamma; beta 5; 30 .62; 10 1943 MED 1944f Over top of Shed #1 recovery cake: gamma, beta 12; 30 1.5; 19 1943 MED 1944f Acid press cake from tank treatment, 10” above: gamma; beta --- 6.3; 300 1944 MED 1945b Barrel of residue after storage for 6 months, top: gamma; beta --- 6.2;50 1944 MED 1945b Barrel of residue after storage for 6 months, 6’ from side: gamma, beta --- 6.2; 75 1944 MED 1945b Caustic precipitate before it enters the drier, 5-6”: gamma; beta --- 6.2, 450 1944 MED 1945b Plate of residue being dried in oven, 3”, beta only --- 250 1944 MED 1945b Trays in drier, pile, in which NG & SNG residues are dried: 2 “ above: gamma; beta --- 5; 50 1944 MED 1945b 

Trays in the drier, along the axis about 1’: gamma, beta --- 6.2, 250 1944 MED 1945b Flat dish of residue on top of above crucible covering, 3”: gamma; beta --- 0; 1000 1944 MED 1945b Concrete crucible covering, residue cooling for 4 hours, 3” above: beta --- 400 1944 MED 1945b Flat dish of slag dust, 3”, beta only --- 0 1944 MED 1945b Floor of Hood #6, 4”, where most 4th extractions spilled: gamma; beta 50; 30 6.2; 19 1944 MED 1944m Most contaminated part of hood floor where shotgun samples dried: gamma; beta 70; 40 8.8; 25 1944 MED 1944m Shotgun prep lab table top with daily change of brown paper, 4”: gamma; beta --- <13; <25 1944 MED 1945b Lip of evaporating dish with 3rd-extraction liquor, .5”: gamma; beta 50; 30 6.2; 19 1944 MED 1944m Lip of evapor’g dish w/ 4th-extraction liquor, .5” away, 2” above liquor: gamma; beta 100; 600 13; 375 1944 MED 1944m 

Lip of evaporating dish with shotgun sample, .5”: gamma; beta 60; 100 7.5; 62 1944 MED 1944m Lip of evaporating dish containing shotgun sample, 7”: gamma; beta 30; 20 3.8; 13 1944 MED 1944m Lip of evaporating dish containing 5.17-g shotgun sample, 10”: beta only 20 13 1944 MED 1944m Lip of evaporating dish, cleaned, that had held shotgun sample, .5”: gamma; beta 30; 20 2.5; 25 1944 MED 1944m 

3.36 g shotgun sample, 3” above: gamma; beta 200; 1600 25; 1000 1944 MED 1944m 5.15 g shotgun sample in bottom of evaporating dish, 4”: gamma; beta 130; --- 16; >375 1944 MED 1944m 4.31 g shotgun sample, 7”: gamma; beta 100; 400 13; 250 1944 MED 1944m 5.15 g shotgun sample in bottom of evaporating dish, 7”: beta only 700 440 1944 MED 1944m 5.15 g shotgun sample in bottom of evaporating dish, 11”: beta only 340 215 1944 MED 1944m 5.15 g shotgun sample in dish, 11”, through rubber glove: beta only 170 106 1944 MED 1944m Surface of rubber glove above: beta only 20 13 1944 MED 1944m Outside bottom of evaporating dish with 3.36 g sample, .5”: gamma; beta 50; 140 6.2; 88 1944 MED 1944m Bottom of cleaned evaporating dish (had held shotgun sample), 2”: gamma; beta 20; 40 2.5; 25 1944 MED 1944m 

Glass shipping bottle with 3.08-g shotgun sample, 1”: gamma; beta 60; 100 7.5; 62 1944 MED 1944m Shotgun package containing three bottles: gamma; beta --- 2.5; 0 1944 MED 1945b Bottom of package with 5 shotgun samples to be shipped, 2”: gamma; beta 100; 0 13; 0 1944 MED 1944m 

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Table 33 (Continued) 

 Exposure, 

% tolerance 

Exposure, mrep/hr or 

mR/hr* Year Reference PLANT 4         Sublining material, 6” from pail: gamma; beta 42; >400 5.2; >250 1943 MED 1944f Insulating brick from recast furnace: beta only >400 >250 1943 MED 1944f Freshly cast metal: beta only 10 6.2 1943 MED 1944f Green salt, form normally handled, 1”: beta only --- 100 1944 MED 1945b Green salt, contact with tray of green salt: beta only --- 108 1948 MCW 1948a Green salt, exposure to any large surface (tray, open can, etc), 1’: beta only --- 64 1948 MCW 1948a Above bench on which green salt is packed, 4”: gamma, beta --- <13; <25 1944 MED 1945b Bomb step, exposure to large surfaces of green salt, 1’: beta only --- 50 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, loading bomb, full bomb, 1’: beta only --- 53 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, unloading bomb, knockout grate, 1’: beta only --- 3.6 1948 MCW 1948a Bomb step, at edge of unloader jolter, 1’: beta only --- 3 1948 MCW 1948a Top of table where ingot is pushed out of bomb, beta only --- 100 1944 MED 1945b Bomb step, derby transport table, 1’: beta only --- 5.3 1948 MCW 1948a Bomb step, contact with unchipped derby: beta only --- 116   MCW 1948a Bomb step, chipping, 1’ (chipper location): beta only --- 42 1948 MCW 1948a Top of chipper’s table, beta only --- 125 1944 MED 1945b Contact with the chipper’s table: beta only --- 465 1948 MCW 1948a Ingot storage room, 4’ from pile of ripe metal, beta only --- 25 1944 MED 1945b Ingot storage and packing room, 3’ from ore scrap pile in crib, beta only --- 25 1944 MED 1945b Recasting step, cleaning crucible lids and stoppers, 1’ above tray: beta only --- 3000 1948 MCW 1948B Recasting step, cleaning crucible lids and stoppers, chest high: beta only --- 280 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting furnace platform, 6” above, beta only --- 168 1944 MED 1945b Recasting step, above top of furnace immediately after opening, 1’: beta only --- 1450 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, above top of furnace, baffle & crucible lid removed, 1’: beta only --- 650 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, contact with cleaned crucible lid: beta only --- 155 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, chest high while cleaning top of furnace: beta only --- 135 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, cleaning furnace top, edge of top cleaning hood: beta only --- 220 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, inside bottom of furnace before removing rolls, 1’: beta only --- 12 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, inside bottom of furnace after cleaning, 1’: beta only --- 16 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, average for general area of bottom furnace work: beta only --- 16 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, above drum of D-7, 1’: beta only --- 140 1948 MCW 1948a Recasting step, above D-7 table, 1’: beta only --- 270 1948 MCW 1948a Billets stored by desk and scale, gamma+beta   90-270 1953 MCW 1953e Saw with no uranium billet in it, gamma+beta   100-150 1953 MCW 1953e 

Empty furnace, lid off, top center//edge//1 foot, gamma+beta   300-

400//100//70 1953 MCW 1953e Furnace lid and brush, center//edge, gamma+beta   1200//100 1953 MCW 1953e Furnace bottom plate (operator foot position), gamma+beta   800 1953 MCW 1953e Empty furnace, bottom opening, edge//1 foot, gamma+beta   300//100-250 1953 MCW 1953e Used crucible before loading   380 1953 MCW 1953e Sample storage room (Plant 4), beta only --- 25 1944 MED 1945b Storage and packaging, average for general area: beta only --- 3 1948 MCW 1948a Storage and packaging, facing table of derbies, 1’ above table edge: beta only --- 21 1948 MCW 1948a Storage and packaging, surface of cleaned derby: beta only --- 85 1948 MCW 1948a Storage and packaging, box of rolls, 1’ above: beta only --- 5 1948 MCW 1948a Slag from reaction bomb, 4”, beta only --- 250 1944 MED 1945b Bomb step, edge of the slag barrel: beta only --- 66 1948 MCW 1948a Pile of slag in sample aging room, 2”: gamma; beta --- <25, 200 1944 MED 1945b Piece of slag (~30 in3), 1.5”: gamma; beta --- 2.5; 100 1944 MED 1945b PLANT 6         Ore barrels, direct contact with a group --- 200 1947 AEC 1947a Ore drum, 4” away through 2” of steel(?) shielding --- 9.5 1948 AEC 1948a Removing lids from ore drums, hands --- 25-38 1948 AEC 1948d Ore milling feeder tube, 3” away, gamma --- 53 1948 AEC 1948a Ore milling hopper general vicinity, first platform --- 15 1948 AEC 1948a Ore milling hopper, 8” away through 1/8” steel plate shielding --- 40 1948 AEC 1948a Ore milling hopper, 3” away, first platform --- 20 1948 AEC 1948a Ore milling hopper, 35” from revolving ore drum at first platform guardrail --- 7 1948 AEC 1948a Ore milling gas blower, 15” from revolving ore drum --- 9.5 1948 AEC 1948a By Tank M-2 on platform, 5 hrs after addition of 6000 lbs ore: 1 foot 100   1946 MCW 1946a 

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Table 33 (Continued) 

 Exposure, 

% tolerance 

Exposure, mrep/hr or 

mR/hr* Year Reference By Tank M-2, on platform (catwalk): 6”; 18”; 36” from tank 230; 120; 90   1947 AEC 1949f By Tank M-3 on platform while adding ore (2000 lbs in tank): 1 foot 70   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-3, on platform (catwalk): 6”; 18”; 36” from tank 220; 120; 90   1947 AEC 1949f Under Tank M-3, containing GLC: 1 foot 120   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-4, on platform (catwalk): 6”; 18”; 36” from tank 80-200; 50-60; 

40   1947 AEC 1949f 

By Tank M-72, containing wash water: 1 foot 50   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-1, on platform: about 250 gal GLC (3 days old), 1 foot 90   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-1, on platform (catwalk): 6”; 18”; 36” from tank 220; 180; 90   1947 AEC 1949f By Tank M-83: three-quarters full of GLC (2 days old), 1 foot 220   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-83: 6” from tank 500   1947 AEC 1949f At operator position between skid and Tank M-14, on platform: 1 foot 120   1946 MCW 1946a Above skid of GLC on M-14: 1 foot 280   1946 MCW 1946a Between Tanks M-14 and M-20, midway, on platform (catwalk) 350   1947 AEC 1949f By Tank M-14, on platform (catwalk): 6”; 18”; 36” from tank 450; 400; 250   1947 AEC 1949f By Tank M-19, on platform:reslurrying skid cake batch: 1 foot 120   1946 MCW 1946a By Tank M-19, on platform: 18” from tank 300   1947 AEC 1949f By Tank M-19, on top of tank: 1 foot 250   1946 MCW 1946a In front of Feinc filter while filtering reslurry batch: 1 foot 210 (2)   1946 MCW 1946a At Feinc filter GI-4/GI-9: front (walkway); side; back; top (all at 6”) 400; 350; 500; 

900   1947 AEC 1949f 

Near Feinc filter, on platform: gamma min//avg//max   5//16//50 1948 MCW 1948E Feinc cloth change, < 3 feet from Feinc: gamma, beta   30; 69 1951 MCW 1951a Feinc cloth change, general vicinity: gamma, beta   12; Negligible 1951 MCW 1951a Leach (cell) cloth change, < 3 feet: gamma, beta   16; 158 1951 MCW 1951a Leach (cell) cloth change, general vicinity: gamma, beta   10; 40 1951 MCW 1951a Wash (cell) cloth change, < 3 feet:gamma, beta   42; 150 1951 MCW 1951a Wash (cell) cloth change, general vicinity: gamma, beta   17; 48 1951 MCW 1951a Old material work in old cloth room: average gamma, beta   5; 20 1951 MCW 1951a Carrying, laundering Feinc, Leach, & Wash cloths, old cloth room: gamma, beta 

  3; 25 1951 MCW 1951a 

Carrying, repairing Feinc blankets, old cloth room: gamma, beta   6; 30 1951 MCW 1951a Washing Feinc blanket with brush on floor: carrying//changing -- gamma, beta   28; 105//28; 

150 1951 MCW 1951a 

Changing strings, Feinc, Leach, and Wash filters in cells: typical gamma, beta   30;75 1951 MCW 1951a Cloth storage room, gamma   0.3 - 2.0 1955 MCW 1957 Feinc filter plates (removed for cleaning, with some residue caked on them)  <1-5; <10 1950 MCW 1950b Floor surface under Feinc platform: 1 foot 30 (8)  1946 MCW 1946a Floor around Feinc filters: 1 foot 110 (7)  1946 MCW 1946a Feinc filtrate residue, contact (gamma; beta)  >300; >500 1948 AEC 1948k Operator position while filling drums of GLC: about 1 foot 110 (2)  1946 MCW 1946a Skids of acid press cake (2-3 days old): 1 foot 200 (5)  1946 MCW 1946a 55-gal drum: 521 lbs of K-65 less than 24 hours old, side contact (gamma) 275  1949 MCW 1949g GLC (3 days old), centered among 4 barrels; between 2 barrels 150; 120  1946 MCW 1946a 4 drums “aged” K-65, 6 feet --- 28 1947 AEC 1947c 2 drums “aged” K-65, 6 feet --- 23 1947 AEC 1947c Sump recovery skids, all full (1 foot) 80 (5)  1946 MCW 1946a Dempster body of Chem 6BC; Chem 6BP (1 foot) 30; 40  1946 MCW 1946a Scalehouse sample room, sampling K-65: gamma; beta   2.0-4.0; 2.5-5.0 1955 MCW 1955n Scalehouse sample room, carrying K-65 sample pans: gamma; beta   6.0; 12.5 1955 MCW 1955n Sample Prep Room, pile of K-65 in hood: 1 foot 60  1946 MCW 1946a Sample Prep Room, 3-gal bottle of K-65 at equilibrium; 3 2-qt bottles at equil (1 foot) 

160; 100  1946 MCW 1946a 

Sample Prep Room, operator position at Ro-Tap 50  1946 MCW 1946a Sample Prep Room, operator position while milling GLC 130  1946 MCW 1946a Sample Prep Room, near drying oven: 1 foot 20  1946 MCW 1946a Laboratory sample room: center; vault 0; 80  1946 MCW 1946a Analytical Lab, Dry Sample Prep Room, making up shotgun samples: gamma, beta 

3; 1   1956 MCW 1956l 

Shotgun Lab, scooping samples into vats: gamma, beta 3; 8   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, draining residue, 1st ether contact, max (NLO sample): gamma, beta 

5; 8   1956 MCW 1956l 

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Table 33 (Continued) 

 Exposure, 

% tolerance 

Exposure, mrep/hr or 

mR/hr* Year Reference Shotgun Lab, draining residue, later ether contacts, max: gamma, beta 6; 50   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, moving residue to hot plate, max: gamma, beta 6; 25   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, removing material from muffle furnace, max: gamma, beta 8; 30   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, removing material from mold, max: gamma, beta 8; 25   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, paint and place in box: gamma, beta 8; 10   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, counting samples: gamma, beta 2; 2   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, lab assay work 1.5; ND   1956 MCW 1956l Shotgun Lab, general area work 1; ND   1956 MCW 1956l Fork truck driver position while loading GLC(rail?)car 140  1946 MCW 1946a UO2 packing area, cylindrical boxes containing UO2, cover on, beta 4.5  1948 Rochester 1948b UO2 packing area, cylindrical boxes containing UO2, cover off, beta 22.5  1948 Rochester 1948b UO2 packing area, inside 55-gal drum half-filled with UO2, beta 27  1948 Rochester 1948b Warehouse, on 25 cylindrical boxes containing UO2, cover on, beta 15  1948 Rochester 1948b PLANT 6E     Lid cleaner of the furnace enclosures: gamma, beta   170; 7500 1955 MCW 1955t Crucible, large unpainted, contact: gamma, beta   5; 3000 1955 MCW 1955s Crucible, large painted, contact: gamma, beta   4; 1000 1955 MCW 1955s Crucible, small unpainted, contact: gamma, beta   4; 700 1955 MCW 1955s Crucible, small painted, contact: gamma, beta   2; 560 1955 MCW 1955s Painting used crucible: gamma, beta   1; 300 1955 MCW 1955s Painting used crucible, body or arm: gamma, beta   2; 500 1956 MCW 1956k Painting used crucible, hand: gamma, beta   4; 1500 1956 MCW 1956k Assembling used crucible: gamma, beta   1; 70 1955 MCW 1955s Assembling crucible, body at enclosure armhole: gamma, beta  (mR/wk, mrep/wk) 

  36; 2500 1956 MCW 1956n 

Assembling crucible, body: gamma, beta   2; 200 1956 MCW 1956k Assembling crucible, arm: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   74; 17500 1956 MCW 1956n Assembling crucible, arm: gamma, beta   6; 1800 1956 MCW 1956k Assembling crucible, hand: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   78; 25000 1956 MCW 1956n Assembling crucible, hand: gamma, beta   4; 1500 1956 MCW 1956k General crucible assembly area: gamma, beta   ND; 30 1955 MCW 1955s General crucible assembly area work: gamma, beta   0.5; 3 1956 MCW 1956k Crucible assembly operator, wrist: gamma, beta (mR/day, mrep/day)   50; 740 1956 MCW 1956m Adjusting crucible jack: gamma, beta   1; 25 1956 MCW 1956k Assembled used crucible, before loading: gamma, beta   1; 20 1955 MCW 1955s Loading high-carbon/CST, max, body: gamma, beta   1; 20 1956 MCW 1956k Loading high-carbon/CST, max, arm: gamma, beta   2; 120 1956 MCW 1956k Loading high-carbon/CST, max, hand: gamma, beta   6; 300 1956 MCW 1956k Loading crucible: gamma, beta   1; 20 1955 MCW 1955s Lining up crucible: gamma, beta   1; 48 1955 MCW 1955s Handling crucible lid: gamma, beta   1; 300 1955 MCW 1955s Top insulation block: gamma, beta   1; 75 1955 MCW 1955s Fixing stuck (crucible removal) sleeve: gamma, beta   2; 400 1955 MCW 1955s General furnace enclosure area: gamma, beta   0.5; 8 1955 MCW 1955s General furnace enclosure area work: gamma, beta   1; 100 1956 MCW 1956k Crucible loader (top man), wrist: gamma, beta (mR/day, mrep/day)   0; 90 1956 MCW 1956m Cleaning furnace enclosure, body at enc armhole: gamma, beta (mR/wk, mrep/wk) 

  23; 196 1956 MCW 1956n 

Cleaning furnace enclosure, body at enclosure armhole: gamma, beta   1; 100 1956 MCW 1956k Cleaning furnace enclosure, arm: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   23; 488 1956 MCW 1956n Cleaning furnace enclosure, arm: gamma, beta   1; 300 1956 MCW 1956k Cleaning furnace enclosure, hand: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   25; 628 1956 MCW 1956n Cleaning furnace enclosure, hand: gamma, beta   1; 240 1956 MCW 1956k Vacuum-cleaning burners: gamma, beta   1; 120 1955 MCW 1955s Setting crucible over to cool: gamma, beta   1; 25 1955 MCW 1955s Unlidding crucible: gamma, beta   1; 25 1955 MCW 1955s Removing crucible lid, body: gamma, beta   3; 215 1956 MCW 1956k Removing crucible lid, arm: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   22; 506 1956 MCW 1956n Removing crucible lid, arm: gamma, beta   4; 1600 1956 MCW 1956k Removing crucible lid, hand: gamma, beta  (in mR/week, mrep/week)   23; 685 1956 MCW 1956n Removing crucible lid, hand: gamma, beta   8; 2400 1956 MCW 1956k Removing crucibles and slugs from enclosure: gamma, beta   2; 400 1955 MCW 1955s 

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Table 33 (Continued) 

 Exposure, 

% tolerance 

Exposure, mrep/hr or 

mR/hr* Year Reference General burnout area: gamma, beta   1; 8 1955 MCW 1955s General burnout area work: gamma, beta   0.5; 3 1956 MCW 1956k Gen’l burnout area work, body at enclo armhole: gamma, beta  (mR/wk, mrep/wk) 

  22; 200 1956 MCW 1956n 

Burnout operator, wrist: gamma, beta (mR/day, mrep/day)   90; 215 1956 MCW 1956m SLAPS (all as “gamma; beta” except where indicated)        At contact with aged raffinate heaps   0.5-3.3;0.3-0.8 1949 MCW 1949g Fresh raffinate heap, 1 foot   70; 1.6 1949 MCW 1949g Fresh raffinate heap, chest height   33; 1.3 1949 MCW 1949g Fresh raffinate heap, on bulldozer cab pushed into heap   2.7; 1.0 1949 MCW 1949g “C” material heap, top of pile at waist height   11.5; 1.6 1949 MCW 1949g “C” material heap, bulldozer cab pushed into heap (ratioed by raff bulldozer result) 

  7.7; 0.8 1949 MCW 1949g 

Aged BC (barium sulfate cake) heap, top of pile at waist height   10; 3-10 1949 MCW 1949g Aged BC heap bulldozer cab pushed into heap (ratioed by raff bulldozer result)   8.9; 0.13 1949 MCW 1949g Fresh BC (barium sulfate cake) heap, top of pile at waist height   35; 2.5 1949 MCW 1949g Fresh BC heap bulldozer cab pushed into heap (ratioed by raff bulldozer result) 

  2.5; 0.5 1949 MCW 1949g 

K-65 storage shed, 2 feet (gamma only) 17.6 2.2 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 3 feet (gamma only) 12.4 1.6 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 6 feet (gamma only) 9.0 1.1 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 9 feet (gamma only) 7.5 0.94 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 12 feet (gamma only) 6.2 0.78 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 15 feet (gamma only) 4.3 0.54 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 18 feet (gamma only) 3.6 0.45 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 21 feet (gamma only) 2.6 0.33 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 24 feet (gamma only) 1.8 0.23 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 27 feet (gamma only) 1.3 0.16 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 30 feet (gamma only) 0.8 0.10 1948 MCW 1950f K-65 storage shed, 150 feet (gamma only) -- guard shack location 0.032 0.004 1948 MCW 1950f 

PLANT 4, measured beta dose rates analyzed for the design of Plant 6E Meter reading, 

mrep/week 

Worker film badge avg 

beta, mrep/wk Year Reference Green salt, loading and unloading 816 480 1948 MCW 1948b Green salt, box pulling 300 415 1948 MCW 1948b Green salt, milling 432 530 1948 MCW 1948b Green salt, extra man 300 510 1948 MCW 1948b Green salt, lead operator 300 360 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, jolting 600 440 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, charging 600 370 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, topping 600 380 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, furnace tender 500 380 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, unloading 600 460 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, chipping 1900 845 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, lime mixing --- 415 1948 MCW 1948b Bomb step, magnesium mixing --- 300 1948 MCW 1948b Recasting, furnace tending 500 665 1948 MCW 1948b Recasting, top furnace tending 2125 1220 1948 MCW 1948b Recasting, bottom furnace tending 1050 800 1948 MCW 1948b Recasting, sawing >500 535 1948 MCW 1948b Recasting, weighing and packing 613 580 1948 MCW 1948b 

PLANT 6, gamma dose rates at area film badge monitoring locations Meter reading, 

mR/hr Average, 

mR/hr Year Reference Digest area: upper platform 2.5 3.8 1955 MCW 1955c Digest area: lower platform 3 5 1955 MCW 1955c Cell: lower C-3 area (M-14, M-203); upper C-3 area (Olivers); leach area (Olivers) 

2.5; 10; 3 2.6; 14.2; 3.1 1955 MCW 1955c 

C-3: lower platform at M-214; upper platform 2; 2 3.8; 2.4 1955 MCW 1955c Centrifuge area 2 3.4 1955 MCW 1955c Feinc area: lower platform; upper platform; east area 2; 2; 4.5 3.1; 2.0; 6.5 1955 MCW 1955c Cell: Feinc Niagara area 1.5 1.7 1955 MCW 1955c  

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Table 33 (Continued). * The mrep/hr should be assumed for mixed beta-gamma or for beta alone; the mR/hr should be assumed for gamma only (i.e., either when stated explicitly or when it can be assumed, such as from the side of a tank or bottle). Slashes indicate multiple values. ND means not detectable.  Many figures are given in units of per cent of tolerance, defined in MCW (1949f) as “the amount of exposure that a person can receive 8 hrs/day for an indefinite period of time”, presumably corresponding to 100 mR per eight-hour day for gammas and 500 mrep per eight-hour day for betas at the relevant time period.  The exposure rates in mR/hr or in mrep/hr were in most cases converted from the original units of R per 8 hours. MED (1945b) gave beta exposure rate figures in “beta units”, which as MED (1945c) explained, were the same as “T units”, with a T unit being 0.25 “r/hr” of beta radiation. This unit was taken to be 0.25 rep in the table above.  Parentheses indicate the number of measurements, if more than one, used to form the average reported. Data from AEC 1949f were taken at waist height except where indicated.  

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Table 34.  Neutron dose rates and doses from the alpha-neutron reaction sources and from a RaBe source. 

Alpha-neutron source information and dose rates       

Form Source Target 

element(s) Weight in container

Dose rate at 1 foot, rem/hr 

Dose rate at 3 feet, rem/hr 

Annual dose, rem 

U3O8 U natural mix O 100 lbs 1.29E-07 1.44E-08 4.31E-05   U natural mix + daughters O 100 lbs 1.10E-06 1.22E-07 3.67E-04 UO3, UO2 U natural mix O 75 lbs 9.71E-08 1.08E-08 3.24E-05   U natural mix + daughters O 75 lbs 8.27E-07 9.19E-08 2.76E-04 UF4 U natural mix F 75 lbs 6.92E-06 7.69E-07 2.31E-03   U natural mix + daughters F 75 lbs 5.91E-05 6.57E-06 1.97E-02 Na2U2O7 (soda salt) 

U natural mix O, Na 75 lbs 2.61E-07 2.90E-08 8.70E-05 

  U natural mix + daughters O, Na 75 lbs 2.13E-06 2.37E-07 7.11E-04 ThF4 Th-230/Th232 mix F 198 g 4.08E-04 4.53E-05 1.36E-01 

  Th-230/Th-232 mix + daughters F 198 g 8.97E-04 9.96E-05 2.99E-01 

Th(NO3)4 Th-230/Th232 mix O 309 g 4.74E-06 5.26E-07 1.58E-03 

  Th-230/Th-232 mix + daughters O 309 g 1.04E-05 1.16E-06 3.47E-03 

RaBe source information and dose rates         RaBe Ra-226 --- 100 mg Ra 1.60E-02 1.77E-03 4.44E+00 Annual organ doses (based on ThF4 for the alpha-neutron case; Ra-226 for the RaBe case) 

Organ         Alpha-neutron 

dose, rem RaBe dose, 

rem Bladder         2.09E-01 5.00E+00 Bone marrow       1.16E-01 3.37E+00 Bone surface       1.34E-01 3.15E+00 Breast         3.10E-01 5.08E+00 Colon         1.34E-01 4.17E+00 Esophagus       1.17E-01 4.02E+00 Lung         1.62E-01 4.32E+00 Gonads (ovaries)       1.19E-01 4.15E+00 Gonads (testes)       3.39E-01 5.50E+00 Liver         1.78E-01 4.54E+00 Remainder organs       2.57E-01 4.13E+00 Skin         9.64E-09 4.33E+00 Stomach         2.20E-01 4.96E+00 Thyroid         2.95E-01 5.15E+00 

Data used to calculate the alpha-neutron dose rates (except for the assumed amount of U, Th, or Ra material) is from Shleien (1992), Tables 8.4.1, 7.3, and 7.2; Salmon and Hermann (1993), Table 3; DOE (2001a), Table 6-5; Foderaro (1978); and Mlekodaj (2002).  Data used to calculate the RaBe dose rates is from Shleien (1992), Tables 7.5 and 8.4.1, and Foderaro (1978).  In both cases, the dose conversion factors were taken from NIOSH (2002a). The quantities listed correspond to one drum of material for the uranium forms; to one day’s processing for the thorium forms (on a 70-day basis); and to the known RaBe source for the Ra form.  In the alpha-neutron case, the neutron energy was taken as 1.5 MeV because it is the approximate maximum energy for Th-232, the other isotopes also emit neutrons in the range 1.0-2.0, and the flux-to-dose conversion factor varies slowly in this range. For the annual dose, it was assumed that 1 hour /day was spent at 1 foot from the container and three hours/day spent at 3 feet, every working day for a year. In the RaBe case, the neutron energy was taken as 4.0 MeV and it was assumed that 1 hour/day was spent at 1 foot from the unshielded source and 1 hour/day spent at 3 feet, every working day for a year.  (This is conservative since the source was likely to be at least partially shielded when in use and completely shielded when not in use.)   In both cases, the maximum organ dose was based on the maximum annual whole-body dose taken to be the ambient dose. For the alpha-neutron source case, an exposure geometry of 75% AP/25% ROT was assumed, as per Table 18 (for “ionium plant operator”); for the RaBe case, 90% AP/10% ROT was assumed, as per Table 18 (for “Shorgun Lab analyst”).  

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Table 35.  External gamma dose rates from processing AM-7 residue to concentrate thorium. 

Isotope Gam energy,  MeV Freq Ci DR@1 ft, /hr Annual Dose, R Th-230 0.142 0.0007 24.4 2.08E-04 6.93E-02 Th-230 0.143 0.00045 24.4 1.35E-04 4.49E-02 Th-232 0.126 0.0004 0.001 4.32E-09 1.44E-06 Ra-226 0.186 0.0328 0.158 8.26E-05 2.75E-02 Total --- --- 48.959 4.25E-04 1.42E-01 

  Ratio, Ra/Th --- 3.24E-03 2.41E-01 2.41E-01   Ratio, Ra/Total --- 3.23E-03 1.94E-01 1.94E-01 

Note: Assumptions for the annual dose are as for Table 34, i.e., 1 hours per day were spent at one foot from the unshielded source and 3 hours per day at 3 ft for 250 working days. 

Table 36.  Weekly external dose values, April 1942–December 1945. Lognormally distributed doses, rem 

Median weekly photon dose GSD Median weekly electron dose  GSD 0.1 1.85 0.124 1.79 

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Table 37.  Monitoring experience from the decontamination/demolition period, 1960-1961 ( MCW 1961b). General outside air concentration during decontamination and demolition    Airborne activity, in units of 10-13 uCi/cc     

Date sampled Uranium Gross alpha No. samples   Dec 1960 4.0 6.8 16   Jan 1961 7.4 6.5 48   Feb 1961 1.1 1.6 104   Mar 1961 1.4 1.7 141   Apr 1961 2.0 6.9 115   May 1961 2.0 4.0 97   Jun 1961 3.3 5.6 69   Jul 1961 1.6 2.8 48   Aug 1961 1.9 4.1 77   Sep 1961 2.2 2.9 83   Oct 1961 3.8 5.0 77   Nov 1961 12.0 6.7 21   

Weighted average 2.6 4.0 ---   Operational area air concentrations, as airborne alpha activity in uCi/cc  Operation or Area Average High  Cutting and removing iron structures, equipment 8.7 E-11 7.7 E-10  Loading iron, equipment by hand and by lift 8.7 E-11 5.3 E-10  Demolishing wood, concrete, or masonry 2.7 E-11 9.2 E-11  Mechanically loading debris and rubble 1.8 E-11 1.1 E-10  Removing tar and gravel roofs 2.5 E-11 1.5 E-11  Dry-sandblasting the insides of buildings 3.6 E-10 7.4 E-10  General area outside bldgs during inside sandblasting 2.7 E-11 9.5 E-11  Dry-sandblasting outside surfaces 4.2 E-11 1.1 E-10  Shoveling residues into small quarters 2.4 E-10 ---  Jackhammering Gunite from tanks 8.2 E-10 1.8 E-09  Outside hood during removal of Gunite inside hood 3.4 E-12 ---  Cleaning sand, residues from inside vessel after sandblasting 6.4 E-11 ---  Steam cleaning of nonsalvageable materials 2.0 E-12 ---  Source sampling with wire brush inside pipe after solvent soaking 8.8 E-10 ---  Stack exhaust area, from dust collector-hood setup 3.3 E-11 ---  General air in building during period of inactivity 1.4 E-11 ---  Concentrations of uranium in urine, in mg/L    Sample type Average Range  

Pre-exposure sample 0.007 0.002 - 0.013  Equipment removal phase Monday before work sample 0.010 0.005 - 0.008    Friday after work sample 0.025 0.003 - 0.078  

Pre-exposure sample 0.005 0.001 - 0.014  Decontamination and demolition Monday before work sample 0.019 0.003 - 0.058    Friday after work sample 0.036 0.006 - 0.271    Termination sample 0.017 0.006 - 0.027  Special operations Sandblasting   0.031 0.007 - 0.080    Torch-cutting stainless steel 0.032 ---    Cutting, wrecking a rod mill 0.098 0.061 - 0.135    Dismantling vacuum, dust collector 0.065 ---    Stripping wiring, metal from bldgs 0.045 0.007 - 0.158  Film badge data        Gamma Beta 

User Annual 

average, rem Highest quarterly 

reading, rem 

Highest monthly 

reading, rem Annual average, 

rem 

Highest monthly 

reading, rem Contractor 0.04 0.15 0.08 0.3 0.29 AEC 0.1 --- --- 0.6 --- MCW 0.2 --- --- 0.8 --- AEC/MCW --- --- 0.14 --- 0.15 Visitor --- --- 0.05 --- --- 

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Table 38.  Summary of post-decontamination years exposure data as measured by two survey groups. 

1981 1986 1990  Overall averages, 1981 

Plant Bldg 

Remaining 

Radon daughters, 

WL Radon Yearly Avg, WLM/yr 

Radon Yearly Avg, 

WLM/yr  Source BG Average measured levels 

at St. Louis Site 1 K1E 0.009-0.02 0.05 0.12  Radon in air <1 pCi/L 0.4 – 37 pCi/L, avg daytime; 

69 pCi/L max  25-1 0.001  0.01  Radon daughters 

in air <0.01 WL 0.0009-0.07 WL, avg 

daytime concentration  25-2 0.0009  0.01  Gamma from Ra, 

U daughters 8 μR/hr 8-290 μR /yr @ 1 m above 

floor  38         40        2 50 0.0003        51 0.0005 0.02 0.01      51A  0.02 0.01      52A 0.07        52 0.0007-

0.001  0.00     

6 100   0.02      101  0.10 0.01     

6E 116-1  0.00 0.04      116-2   0.00      116B   0.01      117-1   0.00      117-2   0.00     7 700   0.00      704  0.03 0.00      705   0.00      706   0.00      708   0.01     

Measurements are from ORNL (1981) and Applied Nuclear Safety (1986; 1990).  

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Table 39.  Measured data used to produce source terms for decontamination and post-decontamination exposure calculations. 

      Internal exposure External exposure 

Plant Case Dose 

potential Surface alpha, dpm/100 cm2 

Volume alpha, pCi/g

Maximum average 

gamma, mR/hr

Typical average 

gamma, mR/hr

Maximum average beta, 

mrep/hr 

Typical average beta, 

mrep/hr 4 Decon Low 4.4E+03 1.0E+04 8.0E-02 2.4E-02 1.3E+01 7.5E+00     Moderate 8.3E+03 4.2E+04 3.0E-01 9.0E-02 2.4E+01 1.4E+01     High 1.7E+04 8.1E+04 2.0E+00 6.0E-01 4.7E+01 2.7E+01 6 Decon Low 1.2E+02 1.0E+01 1.0E-01 1.2E-02 1.0E+00 1.2E-01     Moderate 3.9E+03 7.7E+02 2.5E-01 2.9E-02 2.0E+00 2.4E-01     High 6.0E+04 3.0E+03 3.0E+00 1.7E+00 3.9E+01 4.6E+00 

6E Decon Low 4.0E+02 0.0E00 1.0E-01 5.0E-02 2.0E-01 4.3E-02     Moderate 2.7E+03 3.8E+02 5.0E-01 1.0E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-01     High 3.5E+04 1.6E+03 1.4E+00 5.0E-01 1.2E+01 2.5E+00 7 Decon Low 8.5E+01 0.0E+00 5.0E-02 2.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.7E-02     Moderate 2.8E+03 1.9E+02 1.0E-01 4.0E-02 1.7E+00 2.9E-01     High 1.2E+05 2.6E+02 2.5E-01 1.0E-01 1.8E+01 3.0E+00 1 Post-decon --- --- --- 8.7E-02 2.1E-02 8.9E+00 9.0E-01 2 Post-decon --- --- --- 2.1E-02 1.0E-02 9.7E+00 2.3E-01 

6E Post-decon Low 1.2E+03 0.0E+00 5.4E-02 1.7E-02 5.0E-01 1.0E-01     Moderate 3.0E+03 3.8E+02 8.1E-02 4.2E-02 7.5E-01 2.5E-01     High 4.5E+03 1.6E+03 1.6E-01 8.3E-02 1.5E+00 5.0E-01 7 Post-decon Low 1.0E+03 0.0E+00 8.1E-03 3.2E-03 2.5E-01 1.0E-01     Moderate 2.8E+03 1.9E+02 1.6E-02 8.1E-03 5.0E-01 2.5E-01     High 7.5E+03 2.6E+02 3.2E-02 1.6E-02 1.0E+00 5.0E-01 

The data in this table was extracted from MCW (1958), MCW(1959), MCW (1961a), and ORNL (1981).  For the Plants 6E and 7 post-decontamination dose rates, the beta/gamma ratio was assumed to be the same as for the corresponding decontamination maximum case. For both decontamination and post-decontamination cases, the High maximum was taken as the maximum average or representative maximum for the respective plant; the High typical value was the average of the non-zero average levels, hence is conservative. Similarly, the Moderate maximum and the Low maximum were the respective middling and low averages. The Moderate and Low typical values were ratioed from the High typical values.  For the Plants 1 and 2 case, the maximum averages were derived from the highest representative measurements in each building and the maximum building in each plant was chosen to be representative of all buildings in that plant. Also for Plants 1 and 2, the measured beta-gamma dose rate was assumed to be all beta, for conservatism and in default of other information; the gamma measurements are based on true gamma-only readings taken with a different instrument than was used to measure the beta-gamma level. The beta-gamma measurements were taken at less than 1 inch (the MCW references) or at 1 cm (ORNL 1981), while the gamma measurements were generally at 3 feet (1 m). .

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Table 40.  Annual internal exposures during the decontamination and post-decontamination periods. Annual average exposure, 1959-1961     Decontamination Plant 4 Plant 6 Plant 6E Plant 7     

Low 8.39E+02 1.98E+01 6.86E+01 1.46E+01     Moderate 1.77E+03 6.67E+02 4.66E+02 4.82E+02     Inhalation, pCi High 3.48E+03 1.03E+04 6.02E+03 1.97E+04     Low 1.43E-02 3.73E-04 1.30E-03 2.76E-04     Moderate 2.69E-02 1.25E-02 8.76E-03 9.09E-03     Radon, WLM High 5.36E-02 1.95E-01 1.14E-01 3.73E-01     Low 1.75E+01 4.13E-01 1.43E+00 3.04E-01     Moderate 3.68E+01 1.39E+01 9.72E+00 1.00E+01     Ingestion, pCi High 7.25E+01 2.15E+02 1.25E+02 4.11E+02     

Annual average exposure, 1962-1995 (1959-1995 for Plants 1 and 2) Plant 1 Plant 2  Post-decontamination  

1959-1965 1966-1975 1976-1985 1986-1995 1959-1965 1966-1975 1976-1985 1986-1995 Inhalation, pCi 3.77E+01 3.78E+01 3.80E+01 3.77E+01 3.77E+01 3.78E+01 3.80E+01 3.77E+01 Radon, WLM 4.25E-01 4.17E-01 4.04E-01 3.92E-01 1.42E+00 1.39E+00 1.35E+00 1.31E+00 Ingestion, pCI 7.84E-01 7.87E-01 7.92E-01 7.85E-01 7.84E-01 7.87E-01 7.92E-01 7.85E-01 

Plant 6E Plant 7 Post-decontamination 1959-1965 1966-1975 1976-1985 1986-1995 1959-1965 1966-1975 1976-1985 1986-1995 Low 9.12E+00 5.72E+00 5.75E+00 5.70E+00 4.75E+00 4.77E+00 4.79E+00 4.75E+00 Moderate 1.71E+01 1.72E+01 1.73E+01 1.72E+01 1.47E+01 1.48E+01 1.49E+01 1.48E+01 Inhalation, pCi High 3.35E+01 3.36E+01 3.37E+01 3.36E+01 3.76E+01 3.77E+01 3.79E+01 3.76E+01 Low 4.54E-03 4.45E-03 4.31E-03 4.18E-03 3.78E-03 3.71E-03 3.60E-03 3.48E-03 Moderate 1.13E-02 1.11E-02 1.08E-02 1.04E-02 1.06E-02 1.04E-02 1.01E-02 9.75E-03 Radon, WLM High 1.70E-02 1.67E-02 1.62E-02 1.57E-02 2.84E-02 2.78E-02 2.70E-02 2.61E-02 Low 1.90E-01 1.19E-01 1.20E-01 1.19E-01 9.90E-02 9.93E-02 9.99E-02 9.90E-02 Moderate 3.57E-01 3.58E-01 3.60E-01 3.57E-01 3.07E-01 3.08E-01 3.10E-01 3.07E-01 Ingestion, pCi High 6.97E-01 6.99E-01 7.03E-01 7.00E-01 7.83E-01 7.86E-01 7.90E-01 7.84E-01 

Inhalation and radon data in this table was calculated with the RESRAD-BUILD computer code (ANL 2003), using measured data from MCW (1958; 1959; 1961a). Both surface contamination and bulk floor and wall contamination were taken into account in calculating the inhalation and radon contributions. Ingestion data were calculated using the ingestion model of OCAS (2004).  “High” exposure potential represents those working in the most contaminated areas, i.e., the former process areas; “Moderate”, those accessing less contaminated areas or infrequently accessing former process areas; and “Low”, those accessing uncontaminated areas.  Plants 1 and 2 did not have enough data for these classifications to be applied.  The Plants 1 and 2 inhalation and ingestion figures were taken to be the same as the Plant 7 figures since the post-D&D contamination figures as given in ORNL (1981) for them were similar to the data for Plant 7.  ORNL (1981) showed that while most radon daughter readings were similar in all of the plants, there was one significantly higher reading in both Plant 1 and Plant 2.  Thus the Plants 1 and 2 readings are the Plant 7 readings multiplied by the factor of difference for the respective buildings (15 for Plant 1 and 50 for Plant 2).  This should be quite conservative since the measured Plant 1 and 2 readings were maxima. 

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Table 41.  Annual external photon organ doses, decontamination and post-decontamination periods (rem per year). 

Decontamination years (1959-1961)      Plant 4 Plant 6 Plant 6E Plant 7 

Organ Type Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Min 5.6E-02 2.1E-01 1.4E+00 4.9E-02 1.2E-01 3.0E+00 9.2E-02 2.9E-01 1.1E+00 4.0E-02 8.1E-02 2.0E-01 Mode 1.1E-01 4.1E-01 2.7E+00 9.7E-02 2.4E-01 5.8E+00 1.8E-01 5.7E-01 2.1E+00 7.9E-02 1.6E-01 4.0E-01 

Bladder 

Max 2.9E-01 1.1E+00 7.2E+00 2.5E-01 6.4E-01 1.5E+01 4.7E-01 1.5E+00 5.5E+00 2.1E-01 4.2E-01 1.0E+00Min 3.8E-02 1.4E-01 9.5E-01 3.4E-02 8.4E-02 2.0E+00 6.2E-02 2.0E-01 7.2E-01 2.7E-02 5.5E-02 1.4E-01 Mode 7.4E-02 2.8E-01 1.9E+00 6.6E-02 1.6E-01 4.0E+00 1.2E-01 3.9E-01 1.4E+00 5.4E-02 1.1E-01 2.7E-01 

Bone (red marrow) 

Max 2.0E-01 7.3E-01 4.9E+00 1.7E-01 4.3E-01 1.0E+01 3.2E-01 1.0E+00 3.7E+00 1.4E-01 2.8E-01 7.1E-01 Min 6.7E-02 2.5E-01 1.7E+00 6.0E-02 1.5E-01 3.6E+00 1.1E-01 3.5E-01 1.3E+00 4.9E-02 9.7E-02 2.4E-01 Mode 1.3E-01 4.9E-01 3.3E+00 1.2E-01 2.9E-01 7.0E+00 2.2E-01 6.9E-01 2.5E+00 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 4.8E-01 

Bone (surface) 

Max 3.5E-01 1.3E+00 8.6E+00 3.1E-01 7.7E-01 1.8E+01 5.7E-01 1.8E+00 6.6E+00 2.5E-01 5.0E-01 1.3E+00Min 5.9E-02 2.2E-01 1.5E+00 5.2E-02 1.3E-01 3.1E+00 9.7E-02 3.1E-01 1.1E+00 4.3E-02 8.5E-02 2.1E-01 Mode 1.2E-01 4.3E-01 2.9E+00 1.0E-01 2.6E-01 6.1E+00 1.9E-01 6.1E-01 2.2E+00 8.3E-02 1.7E-01 4.2E-01 

Breast (female) 

Max 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 7.6E+00 2.7E-01 6.7E-01 1.6E+01 5.0E-01 1.6E+00 5.8E+00 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 1.1E+00Min 5.0E-02 1.9E-01 1.3E+00 4.5E-02 1.1E-01 2.7E+00 8.3E-02 2.7E-01 9.6E-01 3.6E-02 7.3E-02 1.8E-01 Mode 9.9E-02 3.7E-01 2.5E+00 8.7E-02 2.2E-01 5.3E+00 1.6E-01 5.2E-01 1.9E+00 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 3.6E-01 

Colon 

Max 2.6E-01 9.7E-01 6.5E+00 2.3E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E+01 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 4.9E+00 1.9E-01 3.7E-01 9.4E-01 Min 3.9E-02 1.5E-01 9.8E-01 3.5E-02 8.7E-02 2.1E+00 6.4E-02 2.1E-01 7.5E-01 2.8E-02 5.7E-02 1.4E-01 Mode 7.7E-02 2.9E-01 1.9E+00 6.8E-02 1.7E-01 4.1E+00 1.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E+00 5.5E-02 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 

Esophagus 

Max 2.0E-01 7.5E-01 5.0E+00 1.8E-01 4.5E-01 1.1E+01 3.3E-01 1.1E+00 3.8E+00 1.5E-01 2.9E-01 7.3E-01 Min 6.0E-02 2.3E-01 1.5E+00 5.3E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E+00 9.9E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E+00 4.4E-02 8.7E-02 2.2E-01 Mode 1.2E-01 4.4E-01 2.9E+00 1.0E-01 2.6E-01 6.3E+00 1.9E-01 6.2E-01 2.3E+00 8.5E-02 1.7E-01 4.3E-01 

Eye 

Max 3.1E-01 1.2E+00 7.7E+00 2.7E-01 6.9E-01 1.7E+01 5.1E-01 1.6E+00 5.9E+00 2.2E-01 4.5E-01 1.1E+00Min 4.8E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 2.5E+00 7.9E-02 2.5E-01 9.1E-01 3.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.7E-01 Mode 9.4E-02 3.5E-01 2.3E+00 8.3E-02 2.1E-01 5.0E+00 1.5E-01 4.9E-01 1.8E+00 6.8E-02 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 

Gonads (ovaries) 

Max 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 6.1E+00 2.2E-01 5.4E-01 1.3E+01 4.0E-01 1.3E+00 4.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 8.9E-01 Min 6.3E-02 2.3E-01 1.6E+00 5.5E-02 1.4E-01 3.3E+00 1.0E-01 3.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.5E-02 9.1E-02 2.3E-01 Mode 1.2E-01 4.6E-01 3.1E+00 1.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.5E+00 2.0E-01 6.5E-01 2.3E+00 8.9E-02 1.8E-01 4.4E-01 

Gonads (testes) 

Max 3.2E-01 1.2E+00 8.0E+00 2.9E-01 7.1E-01 1.7E+01 5.3E-01 1.7E+00 6.1E+00 2.3E-01 4.7E-01 1.2E+00Min 5.2E-02 1.9E-01 1.3E+00 4.6E-02 1.1E-01 2.8E+00 8.5E-02 2.7E-01 9.9E-01 3.7E-02 7.5E-02 1.9E-01 Mode 1.0E-01 3.8E-01 2.5E+00 9.0E-02 2.2E-01 5.4E+00 1.7E-01 5.3E-01 1.9E+00 7.3E-02 1.5E-01 3.7E-01 

Liver 

Max 2.7E-01 1.0E+00 6.6E+00 2.4E-01 5.9E-01 1.4E+01 4.4E-01 1.4E+00 5.1E+00 1.9E-01 3.8E-01 9.6E-01 Min 5.1E-02 1.9E-01 1.3E+00 4.5E-02 1.1E-01 2.7E+00 8.4E-02 2.7E-01 9.7E-01 3.7E-02 7.4E-02 1.8E-01 Mode 1.0E-01 3.8E-01 2.5E+00 8.9E-02 2.2E-01 5.3E+00 1.6E-01 5.3E-01 1.9E+00 7.2E-02 1.4E-01 3.6E-01 

Lung 

Max 2.6E-01 9.8E-01 6.6E+00 2.3E-01 5.8E-01 1.4E+01 4.3E-01 1.4E+00 5.0E+00 1.9E-01 3.8E-01 9.5E-01 Min 4.6E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E+00 4.1E-02 1.0E-01 2.4E+00 7.5E-02 2.4E-01 8.7E-01 3.3E-02 6.6E-02 1.7E-01 Mode 9.0E-02 3.4E-01 2.2E+00 7.9E-02 2.0E-01 4.8E+00 1.5E-01 4.7E-01 1.7E+00 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 3.2E-01 

Remainder organs 

Max 2.4E-01 8.8E-01 5.9E+00 2.1E-01 5.2E-01 1.3E+01 3.9E-01 1.2E+00 4.5E+00 1.7E-01 3.4E-01 8.5E-01 Min 4.9E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.3E-02 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 8.0E-02 2.6E-01 9.3E-01 3.5E-02 7.1E-02 1.8E-01 Mode 9.6E-02 3.6E-01 2.4E+00 8.5E-02 2.1E-01 5.1E+00 1.6E-01 5.0E-01 1.8E+00 6.9E-02 1.4E-01 3.5E-01 

Skin 

Max 2.5E-01 9.4E-01 6.3E+00 2.2E-01 5.6E-01 1.3E+01 4.1E-01 1.3E+00 4.8E+00 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 9.1E-01 Min 5.7E-02 2.1E-01 1.4E+00 5.1E-02 1.3E-01 3.0E+00 9.4E-02 3.0E-01 1.1E+00 4.1E-02 8.3E-02 2.1E-01 Mode 1.1E-01 4.2E-01 2.8E+00 9.9E-02 2.5E-01 6.0E+00 1.8E-01 5.9E-01 2.1E+00 8.1E-02 1.6E-01 4.0E-01 

Stomach 

Max 2.9E-01 1.1E+00 7.3E+00 2.6E-01 6.5E-01 1.6E+01 4.8E-01 1.5E+00 5.6E+00 2.1E-01 4.2E-01 1.1E+00Min 6.2E-02 2.3E-01 1.6E+00 5.5E-02 1.4E-01 3.3E+00 1.0E-01 3.3E-01 1.2E+00 4.5E-02 9.0E-02 2.2E-01 Mode 1.2E-01 4.6E-01 3.0E+00 1.1E-01 2.7E-01 6.5E+00 2.0E-01 6.4E-01 2.3E+00 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 4.4E-01 

Thymus 

Max 3.2E-01 1.2E+00 8.0E+00 2.8E-01 7.1E-01 1.7E+01 5.2E-01 1.7E+00 6.1E+00 2.3E-01 4.6E-01 1.2E+00Min 6.9E-02 2.6E-01 1.7E+00 6.1E-02 1.5E-01 3.7E+00 1.1E-01 3.7E-01 1.3E+00 5.0E-02 1.0E-01 2.5E-01 Mode 1.4E-01 5.1E-01 3.4E+00 1.2E-01 3.0E-01 7.2E+00 2.2E-01 7.2E-01 2.6E+00 9.8E-02 2.0E-01 4.9E-01 

Thyroid 

Max 3.6E-01 1.3E+00 8.9E+00 3.2E-01 7.9E-01 1.9E+01 5.9E-01 1.9E+00 6.8E+00 2.6E-01 5.2E-01 1.3E+00Min 4.8E-02 1.8E-01 1.2E+00 4.2E-02 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 7.9E-02 2.5E-01 9.1E-01 3.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.7E-01 Mode 9.4E-02 3.5E-01 2.3E+00 8.3E-02 2.1E-01 5.0E+00 1.5E-01 4.9E-01 1.8E+00 6.8E-02 1.4E-01 3.4E-01 

Uterus 

Max 2.5E-01 9.2E-01 6.2E+00 2.2E-01 5.5E-01 1.3E+01 4.1E-01 1.3E+00 4.7E+00 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 8.9E-01 Min 7.6E-02 2.9E-01 1.9E+00 6.7E-02 1.7E-01 4.1E+00 1.3E-01 4.0E-01 1.5E+00 5.5E-02 1.1E-01 2.8E-01 Mode 1.5E-01 5.6E-01 3.7E+00 1.3E-01 3.3E-01 7.9E+00 2.4E-01 7.8E-01 2.8E+00 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 5.4E-01 

Whole-body dose rate 

Max 3.9E-01 1.5E+00 9.8E+00 3.5E-01 8.7E-01 2.1E+01 6.4E-01 2.1E+00 7.5E+00 2.8E-01 5.7E-01 1.4E+00Post-decontamination years (1962-1995)          

  Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 6E Plant 7 Organ Type Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High 

Min --- --- 5.5E-02 --- --- 1.9E-02 3.8E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 6.5E-03 1.5E-02 3.0E-02 Mode --- --- 1.1E-01 --- --- 3.7E-02 7.5E-02 1.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E-02 2.9E-02 5.8E-02 

Bladder 

Max --- --- 2.8E-01 --- --- 9.6E-02 2.0E-01 3.9E-01 7.8E-01 3.3E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 Min --- --- 3.7E-02 --- --- 1.3E-02 2.6E-02 5.1E-02 1.0E-01 4.4E-03 1.0E-02 2.0E-02 Mode --- --- 7.3E-02 --- --- 2.5E-02 5.1E-02 1.0E-01 2.0E-01 8.7E-03 2.0E-02 3.9E-02 

Bone (red marrow) 

Max --- --- 1.9E-01 --- --- 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.6E-01 5.3E-01 2.3E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-01  

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 235 of 240  

Table 41 (Continued) Post-decontamination years (1962-1995)          

  Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 6E Plant 7 Organ Type Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High 

Min --- --- 6.6E-02 --- --- 2.3E-02 4.6E-02 9.1E-02 1.8E-01 7.8E-03 1.8E-02 3.6E-02 Mode --- --- 1.3E-01 --- --- 4.4E-02 9.0E-02 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 1.5E-02 3.5E-02 7.0E-02 

Bone (surface) 

Max --- --- 3.4E-01 --- --- 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 4.7E-01 9.4E-01 4.0E-02 9.2E-02 1.8E-01 Min --- --- 5.8E-02 --- --- 2.0E-02 4.0E-02 8.0E-02 1.6E-01 6.9E-03 1.6E-02 3.1E-02 Mode --- --- 1.1E-01 --- --- 3.9E-02 7.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 1.3E-02 3.1E-02 6.1E-02 

Breast (female) 

Max --- --- 3.0E-01 --- --- 1.0E-01 2.1E-01 4.1E-01 8.2E-01 3.5E-02 8.0E-02 1.6E-01 Min --- --- 5.0E-02 --- --- 1.7E-02 3.4E-02 6.8E-02 1.4E-01 5.9E-03 1.3E-02 2.7E-02 Mode --- --- 9.7E-02 --- --- 3.3E-02 6.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-02 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 

Colon 

Max --- --- 2.6E-01 --- --- 8.7E-02 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 7.0E-01 3.0E-02 6.9E-02 1.4E-01 Min --- --- 3.9E-02 --- --- 1.3E-02 2.7E-02 5.3E-02 1.1E-01 4.6E-03 1.0E-02 2.1E-02 Mode --- --- 7.6E-02 --- --- 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-01 2.1E-01 8.9E-03 2.0E-02 4.1E-02 

Esophagus 

Max --- --- 2.0E-01 --- --- 6.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 5.4E-01 2.3E-02 5.3E-02 1.1E-01 Min --- --- 5.9E-02 --- --- 2.0E-02 4.1E-02 8.2E-02 1.6E-01 7.0E-03 1.6E-02 3.2E-02 Mode --- --- 1.2E-01 --- --- 4.0E-02 8.1E-02 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 1.4E-02 3.1E-02 6.3E-02 

Eye 

Max --- --- 3.1E-01 --- --- 1.0E-01 2.1E-01 4.2E-01 8.4E-01 3.6E-02 8.2E-02 1.6E-01 Min --- --- 4.7E-02 --- --- 1.6E-02 3.3E-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 5.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02 Mode --- --- 9.2E-02 --- --- 3.1E-02 6.4E-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 

Gonads (ovaries) 

Max --- --- 2.4E-01 --- --- 8.2E-02 1.7E-01 3.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 Min --- --- 6.2E-02 --- --- 2.1E-02 4.3E-02 8.5E-02 1.7E-01 7.3E-03 1.7E-02 3.3E-02 Mode --- --- 1.2E-01 --- --- 4.1E-02 8.4E-02 1.7E-01 3.3E-01 1.4E-02 3.3E-02 6.5E-02 

Gonads (testes) 

Max --- --- 3.2E-01 --- --- 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 4.4E-01 8.7E-01 3.8E-02 8.5E-02 1.7E-01 Min --- --- 5.1E-02 --- --- 1.7E-02 3.5E-02 7.0E-02 1.4E-01 6.0E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02 Mode --- --- 1.0E-01 --- --- 3.4E-02 6.9E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-02 5.4E-02 

Liver 

Max --- --- 2.6E-01 --- --- 8.9E-02 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 7.2E-01 3.1E-02 7.1E-02 1.4E-01 Min --- --- 5.0E-02 --- --- 1.7E-02 3.5E-02 6.9E-02 1.4E-01 6.0E-03 1.4E-02 2.7E-02 Mode --- --- 9.9E-02 --- --- 3.4E-02 6.8E-02 1.4E-01 2.7E-01 1.2E-02 2.7E-02 5.3E-02 

Lung 

Max --- --- 2.6E-01 --- --- 8.8E-02 1.8E-01 3.6E-01 7.1E-01 3.1E-02 7.0E-02 1.4E-01 Min --- --- 4.5E-02 --- --- 1.5E-02 3.1E-02 6.2E-02 1.2E-01 5.3E-03 1.2E-02 2.4E-02 Mode --- --- 8.8E-02 --- --- 3.0E-02 6.1E-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 1.0E-02 2.4E-02 4.8E-02 

Remainder organs 

Max --- --- 2.3E-01 --- --- 7.9E-02 1.6E-01 3.2E-01 6.4E-01 2.7E-02 6.2E-02 1.2E-01 Min --- --- 4.8E-02 --- --- 1.6E-02 3.3E-02 6.6E-02 1.3E-01 5.7E-03 1.3E-02 2.6E-02 Mode --- --- 9.4E-02 --- --- 3.2E-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 2.6E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 5.1E-02 

Skin 

Max --- --- 2.5E-01 --- --- 8.4E-02 1.7E-01 3.4E-01 6.8E-01 2.9E-02 6.7E-02 1.3E-01 Min --- --- 5.6E-02 --- --- 1.9E-02 3.9E-02 7.7E-02 1.5E-01 6.7E-03 1.5E-02 3.0E-02 Mode --- --- 1.1E-01 --- --- 3.7E-02 7.6E-02 1.5E-01 3.0E-01 1.3E-02 3.0E-02 5.9E-02 

Stomach 

Max --- --- 2.9E-01 --- --- 9.8E-02 2.0E-01 4.0E-01 7.9E-01 3.4E-02 7.8E-02 1.6E-01 Min --- --- 6.1E-02 --- --- 2.1E-02 4.2E-02 8.4E-02 1.7E-01 7.2E-03 1.6E-02 3.3E-02 Mode --- --- 1.2E-01 --- --- 4.1E-02 8.3E-02 1.6E-01 3.3E-01 1.4E-02 3.2E-02 6.4E-02 

Thymus 

Max --- --- 3.1E-01 --- --- 1.1E-01 2.2E-01 4.3E-01 8.6E-01 3.7E-02 8.5E-02 1.7E-01 Min --- --- 6.8E-02 --- --- 2.3E-02 4.7E-02 9.4E-02 1.9E-01 8.1E-03 1.8E-02 3.7E-02 Mode --- --- 1.3E-01 --- --- 4.6E-02 9.3E-02 1.8E-01 3.7E-01 1.6E-02 3.6E-02 7.2E-02 

Thyroid 

Max --- --- 3.5E-01 --- --- 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 4.8E-01 9.7E-01 4.2E-02 9.5E-02 1.9E-01 Min --- --- 4.7E-02 --- --- 1.6E-02 3.3E-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 5.6E-03 1.3E-02 2.5E-02 Mode --- --- 9.3E-02 --- --- 3.2E-02 6.4E-02 1.3E-01 2.5E-01 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 

Uterus 

Max --- --- 2.4E-01 --- --- 8.3E-02 1.7E-01 3.3E-01 6.7E-01 2.9E-02 6.5E-02 1.3E-01 Min --- --- 7.5E-02 --- --- 2.6E-02 5.2E-02 1.0E-01 2.1E-01 8.9E-03 2.0E-02 4.0E-02 Mode --- --- 1.5E-01 --- --- 5.0E-02 1.0E-01 2.0E-01 4.0E-01 1.7E-02 3.9E-02 7.9E-02 

Whole-body dose rate 

Max --- --- 3.9E-01 --- --- 1.3E-01 2.7E-01 5.3E-01 1.1E+00 4.6E-02 1.0E-01 2.1E-01 Data in this table was calculated using measured data from MCW (1958; 1959; 1961a) as given in Table 39 above.  Both maximum average and typical average dose rates at 1 meter (3 feet) were taken into account in calculating the effective gamma (photon) whole-body exposure rates; it was assumed that a worker spent two hours per day (500 hours per year) in the area of maximum dose rate and six hours per day (1500 hours per year) in the area of typical dose rate. The base gamma annual exposures are shown as the whole-body exposure rates above.  The Min, Mode, and Max values were taken to correspond to the effective dose rates at 1 m, 1 foot (30 cm), and 1 cm from the contaminated surface, as per NIOSH direction.  Organ dose conversion factors for the ambient dose equivalent (H*(10) to HT) from NIOSH (2002a) were applied to produce the organ doses from photons.  A geometry of 50% AP and 50% ROT was used and it was assumed that 100% of the exposure was due to photons in the 30-250 keV range.  “High” exposure potential represents those working in the most contaminated areas, i.e., the former process areas; “Moderate” represents those accessing the less contaminated areas or infrequently accessing the former process areas; and “Low” represents those accessing the uncontaminated areas.  Plants 1 and 2 did not have enough data for these classifications to be applied.  

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 236 of 240  

Table 42.  Annual external electron organ doses during the decontamination and post-decontamination periods (rem per year). Decontamination years (1959-1961)                         Plant 4 Plant 6 Plant 6E Plant 7 Organ Type Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High 

Skin Min 2.0E+00 3.8E+00 7.4E+00 7.8E-02 1.6E-01 3.0E+00 1.9E-02 1.2E-01 1.1E+00 8.7E-03 1.5E-01 1.5E+00  Mode 3.7E+00 6.8E+00 1.3E+01 1.4E-01 2.8E-01 5.5E+00 3.4E-02 2.2E-01 2.0E+00 1.6E-02 2.7E-01 2.8E+00  Max 1.8E+01 3.3E+01 6.4E+01 6.8E-01 1.4E+00 2.6E+01 1.6E-01 1.1E+00 9.6E+00 7.6E-02 1.3E+00 1.3E+01

Breast Min 8.0E-01 1.5E+00 2.9E+00 3.1E-02 6.1E-02 1.2E+00 7.5E-03 4.8E-02 4.3E-01 3.4E-03 5.8E-02 6.0E-01   Mode 1.4E+00 2.7E+00 5.2E+00 5.5E-02 1.1E-01 2.2E+00 1.3E-02 8.7E-02 7.8E-01 6.2E-03 1.0E-01 1.1E+00  Max 6.9E+00 1.3E+01 2.5E+01 2.7E-01 5.3E-01 1.0E+01 6.5E-02 4.2E-01 3.7E+00 3.0E-02 5.0E-01 5.2E+00

Testes Min 3.9E-01 7.2E-01 1.4E+00 1.5E-02 3.0E-02 5.9E-01 3.7E-03 2.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.7E-03 2.9E-02 2.9E-01   Mode 7.1E-01 1.3E+00 2.6E+00 2.7E-02 5.4E-02 1.1E+00 6.6E-03 4.3E-02 3.8E-01 3.0E-03 5.1E-02 5.3E-01 

  Max 3.4E+00 6.3E+00 1.2E+01 1.3E-01 2.6E-01 5.1E+00 3.2E-02 2.1E-01 1.8E+00 1.5E-02 2.5E-01 2.5E+00Post-decontamination years (1962-1995)                       Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 6E Plant 7 Organ Type Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High Low Moderate High 

Skin Min 5.3E-02 1.0E-01 6.7E-01 1.4E-02 2.8E-02 6.0E-01 4.6E-02 8.7E-02 1.7E-01 3.2E-02 7.2E-02 1.4E-01   Mode 9.6E-02 1.9E-01 1.2E+00 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 1.1E+00 8.3E-02 1.6E-01 3.1E-01 5.7E-02 1.3E-01 2.6E-01   Max 4.6E-01 9.0E-01 5.8E+00 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 5.2E+00 4.0E-01 7.5E-01 1.5E+00 2.8E-01 6.3E-01 1.3E+00

Breast Min 2.1E-02 4.1E-02 2.6E-01 5.4E-03 1.1E-02 2.4E-01 1.8E-02 3.4E-02 6.8E-02 1.2E-02 2.8E-02 5.7E-02   Mode 3.7E-02 7.3E-02 4.7E-01 9.8E-03 2.0E-02 4.2E-01 3.3E-02 6.1E-02 1.2E-01 2.2E-02 5.1E-02 1.0E-01   Max 1.8E-01 3.5E-01 2.3E+00 4.7E-02 9.4E-02 2.0E+00 1.6E-01 2.9E-01 5.9E-01 1.1E-01 2.5E-01 4.9E-01 

Testes Min 1.0E-02 2.0E-02 1.3E-01 2.7E-03 5.3E-03 1.2E-01 8.9E-03 1.7E-02 3.3E-02 6.1E-03 1.4E-02 2.8E-02   Mode 1.8E-02 3.6E-02 2.3E-01 4.8E-03 9.6E-03 2.1E-01 1.6E-02 3.0E-02 6.0E-02 1.1E-02 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 

  Max 8.8E-02 1.7E-01 1.1E+00 2.3E-02 4.6E-02 1.0E+00 7.7E-02 1.4E-01 2.9E-01 5.3E-02 1.2E-01 2.4E-01 Data in this table was calculated using measured data from MCW (1958; 1959; 1961a) as given in Table 39 above.  Both maximum average and typical average dose rates at about 1 cm were taken into account  in calculating the effective electron (beta) base exposure rates; it was assumed that a worker spent two hours per day (500 hours per year) in the area of maximum dose rate and six hours per day (1500 hours per year) in the area of typical dose rate. The base annual exposures are shown as the skin exposures above.  The Min, Mode, and Max values were taken to correspond to the effective dose rates at 1 cm, 1 foot (30 cm), and 1 meter from the contaminated surface, as per NIOSH direction.  Organ dose conversion factors for conversion from skin dose to breast and testes doses were taken from ICRP (996); these are 0.49 for the breast and 0 .24 for the testes. In addition, a factor of .8 was used to account for clothing coverage for the breast and testes doses.  “High” exposure potential represents those working in the most contaminated areas, i.e., the former process areas; “Moderate” represents those accessing the less contaminated areas or infrequently accessing the former process areas; and “Low” represents those accessing the uncontaminated areas.  Plants 1 and 2 did not have enough data for these classifications to be applied. 

Table 43.  Annual dust inhalation, ingestion, and radon daughter intakes during the SLAPS postoperations period.  Inhalation intakes, pCi/yr Ingestion intakes, pCi/yr Radon intakes, WLM/yr 1959-1960 1961-1962 1959-1960 1961-1962 1959-1960 1961-1962 Bulldozer/crane operators 8.81E+03 --- 1.84E+02 --- 4.75E+00 --- Other material workers (e.g., riggers) 8.81E+03 --- 1.84E+02 --- 4.75E+00 --- Health & Safety workers 4.41E+03 --- 9.18E+01 --- 2.38E+00 --- AEC 4.41E+03 1.49E-04 9.18E+01 3.10E-06 2.38E+00 2.28E-01 Guards 7.14E+02 1.00E-03 1.49E+01 6.46E-06 1.54E+00 1.54E+00 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 237 of 240  

Table 44.  Annual external gamma organ doses during the SLAPS postoperations period (rem per year). 

 1959-1960 1959-1960 1959-1960 1961-1962 Organ Bulldozer driver, rigger Health & Safety, AEC Guard Guard 

Bladder 1.32E-01 6.60E-02 4.28E-02 1.32E-02 Bone (red marrow) 1.30E-01 6.50E-02 4.21E-02 1.30E-02 Bone (surface) 2.14E-01 1.07E-01 6.92E-02 2.14E-02 Breast (female) 1.47E-01 7.34E-02 4.75E-02 1.47E-02 Colon 1.31E-01 6.53E-02 4.23E-02 1.31E-02 Esophagus 1.27E-01 6.33E-02 4.10E-02 1.27E-02 Eye 1.60E-01 8.00E-02 5.18E-02 1.60E-02 Gonads (ovaries) 1.33E-01 6.65E-02 4.31E-02 1.33E-02 Gonads (testes) 1.39E-01 6.96E-02 4.51E-02 1.39E-02 Liver 1.39E-01 6.95E-02 4.50E-02 1.39E-02 Lung 1.49E-01 7.44E-02 4.82E-02 1.49E-02 Remainder organs 1.34E-01 6.70E-02 4.34E-02 1.34E-02 Skin 1.52E-01 7.60E-02 4.92E-02 1.52E-02 Stomach 1.38E-01 6.89E-02 4.46E-02 1.38E-02 Thymus 1.42E-01 7.10E-02 4.60E-02 1.42E-02 Thyroid 1.84E-01 9.19E-02 5.95E-02 1.84E-02 Uterus 1.24E-01 6.21E-02 4.03E-02 1.24E-02 Measured whole-body dose rate 2.50E-01 1.25E-01 8.10E-02 2.50E-02 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 238 of 240  

APPENDIX A 

Notes on How the “Tolerance” or “Preferred” Level for  Insoluble Uranium Compounds in Air Was Calculated in 1948 

(From AEC 1949b) 

Assumptions 1. The “tolerance” alpha radiation level to the lung is 30 mrep/week or 4.3 mrep/day. 2. The fraction of inhaled material retained in the lungs and pulmonary lymphatic tissue is 0.25. 3. The biological half-life of insoluble uranium compounds in the lung is 90 days. 4. The weight of a pair of lungs is 1000 grams. 5. An individual inhales 10 cubic meters per 8-hour working day. 

Calculations 1. μCi/g in lung required to deliver 4.3 mrep/day: =      (5.2 × 107) (0.0043)       2.2 × 106 × 60 × 24 × 8.86  where 

5.2 × 107 = number of MeV/g in one rep 0.0043 rep/day = daily acceptable dose rate 2.2 × 106 = number of dis/min per μCi 60 × 24 = number of minutes per day 8.86 = sum of energies of alpha radiation from U-238 and U-234 in equilibrium, in 

MeV 

=  8 × 10-6  μCi/g 

2. Total μCi in lungs for 4.3 mrep/day: 

=  1000 × 8 × 10-6 =  8 × 10-3 μCi 

 3. μCi per 10 m3 (inhaled in 8 hours) which will give 8 × 10-3 μCi to the lung at equilibrium (assuming 

exposure every day)   =  2.54 × 10-4 μCi per 10 m3  

 where 

8 × 10-3 = μCi in lungs at equilibrium 0.25 = fraction of inhaled material deposited in the lung 90 = assumed biological half-life in the lungs, in days 1.4 = factor to convert half-life to mean life 

4. μCi per m3: 

=  2.54 × 10-5  =  56 dpm per m3 

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5. Adjustment for actual exposure occurring up to 6 days a week, when 7 days was assumed: 

56 dpm * (7 days/6 days) = 65 dpm (i.e., 5-6 days per week actually, since 56 dpm * (7 days/5 days) = 78 dpm 

and 

=  70 dpm per m3 =  50 μg per m3 

Note: As AEC 1949b states, these calculations use no factor to account for nonuniform distribution in the lungs. It is also stated that the acceptable weekly dose rate for alpha dust exposures was going to be changed (presumably by AEC) to either 30 mrep/week or 15 mrep/week. 

Effective Date: 03/10/2005 Revision No. 02-A Document No. ORAUT-TKBS-0005  Page 240 of 240  

APPENDIX B 

Example Calculation of Daily Weighted Average Exposure (DWE) 

 Calculation for Continuous Experimental Furnace Operators (from MCW 1950s) 

Operation Minutes 

per event # events, day shift 

# events, night shift

Total time, day 

shift 

Total time, 

night shiftMeasured alpha conc, dpm/m3 

Conc times total time, day shift 

Conc times total time, night shift 

Filling hopper 1.75 10 10 18 18 131000 (avg of 3) H 153000 L 102000 

2,358,000 2,358,000 

Removing bottle 3 16 15 48 45 1640 (avg of 3) H 3440 L 265 

78,720 73,800 

Dumping bottles into drum 3.5 3 3 10 10 181000 (avg of 2) H 236000 L 125000 

1,810,000 1,810,000 

Sampling the drum 1 3 3 3 3 407 (avg of 3) H 569 L 234 

1,221 1,221 

General air, furnace area       276 259 238 (avg of 6) H 908 L 8.5 

65,688 61,642 

General air, sampling area       60 60 175 (avg of 4) H 191 L 131 

10,500 10,500 

General air, smoking room       50 40 314 (avg of 3) H 378 L 248 

15,700 12,560 

General air, locker room       15 5 4.2 (avg of 5) H 6.5 L 0.7 

63 21 

General air, change room       15 15 68 (avg of 5) H 101 L 19 

1,020 1,020 

General air, lunchroom       30 40 1.27 (avg of 8) H 2.0 L 0.56 

38.1 50.8 

TOTAL --- --- --- 525 495 --- 4,340,950 4,328,815 Average --- --- --- 505 ---     

 Average alpha concentration  =  4340950  =  8596  dpm/m3  505  Average “times tolerance” exposure  =  8596  =  123  70 

 Note:  H and L denote the high and low values respectively.