[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 19

- 13857 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency No. A205

- 766

- 906

JOSE LEONARDO MARTINEZ CASTRO, KAREN SOBEIDA LOPEZ DE MARTINEZ, MARIA JOSE MARTINEZ LOPEZ, SEVERIN DANIEL MARTINEZ LOPEZ, Petitioners,

versus U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.

________________________ Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________ ( June 29, 2020 ) Before BRANCH , LAGOA, and HULL , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 1 of 122 Jose Mart inez Castro 1 (“Martinez Castro”) petitions for review of the order by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeal from the
decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) . The IJ’s decision den ied Martine z Castro’s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment , 8 C.F.R. § 208.16 (“CAT”). 2 T he government has moved for summary disposition of the petition an d to stay the briefing schedule. Because Martinez Castro has abandoned his argument on a determinative issue

— whether the government of his home county is unable or unwilling to protect him

— w e agree that summary denial is appropriate. Accordingly, we grant the g overnment’s motion for summary disposition , deny the petition , and deny as moot the motion to stay the briefing schedule.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEEDURAL BACKGROUND
Martinez Castro, a citizen and native of Honduras, entered the United States at Miami International Airport on or about January 1 5 , 2013

. In May 2013, the Department of Homeland Security served Martinez Castro with a notice to appear,

1 Jose Martinez Castro is the lead petitioner , and his wife, Karen Sobeida Lopez de Martinez, and their children, Maria and Severin Martinez Lopez, are co

- petitioners. Because the co - petitioners are derivatives on Martinez Castro’s asylum application, we refer to the claims as Martinez Castro’s claims

.
2 The IJ denied Martin ez Castro’s application for relief under CAT. Martinez Castro raises no challenge the denial of this form of relief on appeal. We, therefore, need not address that claim. See Sepuleda v. U.S. Att’y Ge n . , 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005).

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 2 of 123 charging him with remova bility under 8 U.S.C. § 1 182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) as an immigrant who was not in possession of a valid entry document at the time of application for admission. In September 2013, Martinez Castro appeared before an IJ and, through counsel, conceded removability. Marti nez Castro then filed a form I

- 589 application for asylum, withholding of removal , and CAT relief . Martinez Castro checked boxes on the application indicating that he was seeking asylum or withholding of removal based on political opinion and membership i n a particular social group. On the application, h e stated that he was a member of the Association of Judges and Magistrates of Honduras, a “legal organization , whose principles are to promote justice, honesty, the defense of the rights of its members, an d the respect and independence of judges and magistrates. ” Martinez Castro attached an affidavit to his application, in which he stated that h e was a criminal pre

- trial judge in the Honduran judicial system. He stated that he was persecuted based on his membership in a particular social group of

“ Honduran justices, judges, magistrates, prosecutors and private attorneys that are opposed to the general criminal element existing in the country and corrupt practices perpetrated by government officials .” He also stated that he and his family were threatened by an international criminal organization that had corrupted certain members of the Honduran judicial system. He had been assigned a case involving

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 3 of 124 the criminal organization and had made several find ings against it. His persecution arose from those findings, as well as from his social group ’ s opposition to corrupt practices within the Honduran government. He believed that he and his family would continue to be persecuted for the same reasons if they returned to Honduras. Martinez Castro further attested that the Honduran government could not protect the country ’ s honest judges, prosecutors, and attorneys from the criminal element and that f rom January 2010 to July 2013, a total of sixty

- four judges, magistrates, prosecutors, and private attorneys had been killed

. He also stated that t he Honduran government was considering a course of action for protection from the general
criminal element and that the United Nations made efforts to intervene on beha lf of the group. Martinez Castro claimed that in December 2012, defense attorneys in two cases to which he was assigned moved for consolidation of the cases and that two judges from his courthouse attempted to pressure him into granting the motion. Sho rtly thereafter, o n January 11, 2013, he and his family had just returned home from a church gathering when two men with guns approached them and handed him

a note. The note stated that “ blood would run ” if he did not cooperate with the criminal organization, including consolidating the two cases, dismissing one of the cases, and ordering the release of three defendants while they awaited trial. The note instructed him not to tell anyone what happened, f or his safety and that of his family, Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 4 of 125 and that the organization had people watching him at all times. The men fired several shots at Martinez Castro ’ s truck, where his children were asleep in the
backseat

. Neither of his children were injured. Martinez Castro believes that the two judges who approached him about the cases had been corrupted by the criminal organization.
Martinez Castro then purchase d plane tickets and fle d with his wife, Karen Sobeida Lopez de Martinez (“Lopez de Martinez”), and their c hildren to the United
States. While at the airport in Honduras, Martinez Castro called the commissioner in charge of protecting human rights in the northern zone of Honduras and explained the situation. The c ommissioner stated that he would file a formal complaint with the prosecutor ’ s office. Martinez Castro later learned that in response to the complaint, the Honduran police had gone to their house and inspected their truck. In January 2015, at a hearing before the IJ, Martinez Castro testified to the same facts described in his affidavit. Lopez de Martinez testified before the IJ in October 2017

. In February 2018, the IJ denied Martinez Castro ’ s application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief. The IJ found that Martinez Castro and Lopez de Martinez were credible , but that the actions of the criminal organization did not rise to the level of persecution. Although Martinez Castro established a subjective fear of future persecution , he did not establish that his fear was ob jectively Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 5 of 126 reasonable. T he IJ further noted that Martinez Castro had presented no argument regarding persecution on account of political opinion. T he IJ stated that he would consider only whether Martinez Castro had established relief on account of his

me mbership in a particular social group. The IJ concluded that Martinez Castro ’ s proposed social group of “justices, judges, magistrates, prosecutors, and private attorneys who are opposed to the general criminal element existing in the country and to the c orrupt practices perpetrated by Honduran government authorities” was not cognizable because it lacked immutability, particularity, and social distinction , and that Martinez Castro had not established a nexus between his membership in the group and his past harm. The IJ also found that Martinez Castro had not established that the Honduran government would be unable or unwilling to protect him because : (1) the case that he was assigned shows that the Honduran government was attempting to prosecute the members of the criminal organization; and (2) the Supreme Court of Justice of Honduras was making an effort to protect its judicial officers. Accordingly , the IJ
denied Martinez Castro ’ s application for asylum. T he IJ denied Martinez Castro’s application for withholding of removal b ecause he could not establish eligibility for asylum and also concluded that Martinez Castro was not eligible for CAT relief.
Martinez Castro filed a notice of appeal to the BIA, arguing that the IJ erred by holding that: (1) the actions of the criminal organization did not rise to the level

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 6 of 127 of persecution; (2) his fear of future persecution was not objectively reasonable; and (3) he was not a member of a particular social group and did not establish a nexus between his harms and the particular social group. In his appellate brief before the BIA, Martinez Castro argued that the IJ erred by finding that the acts of the criminal organization did not rise to the level of persecution. He also argued that the IJ erred by concluding that his proposed social group lacked immutability. Martinez Castro, however, did not challenge the IJ’s decision relating to political opinion or to re lief under CAT. The BIA dismissed Martinez Castro ’ s appeal on two grounds

. First , the BIA agreed with the IJ ’ s conclusion that his proposed particular social group was not cognizable because it lacked immutability, particularity, and social distinction. Second, t he BIA upheld the IJ ’ s finding that Martinez Castro had not established that the Honduran government was unable or unwilling to protect him because the police were willing to investigate his case and the Honduran government had taken steps to protect judges and magistrates in cities with high crime rates. Accordingly,
the BIA concluded that Martinez Castro had not established his eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal. The BIA declined to address his remaining arguments

on appeal. Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 7 of 128 This petition for review ensued , and t he government moved for summary disposition and to stay the briefing schedule. Martinez Castro filed no opposition to
the government’s motion

. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“ We review the BIA ’ s decision as the final judgment, unless the BIA has expressly adopted the IJ ’ s decision, in which case we review the IJ ’ s decision as well. ” Carrizo v. U.S. Att ’ y Gen. , 652 F.3d 1326, 1330 (11th Cir. 2011)

. W e also

“ review both the IJ ’ s and BIA ’ s decision to the extent t hat the BIA agreed with the
IJ ’ s findings or relied on his reasoning, even if the BIA did not use ‘ magic words ’ and state that it was ‘ adopting ’ the IJ ’ s findings or reasoning. ” Mu Ying Wu v. U.S.
Att ’ y Gen. , 745 F.3d 1140, 1153 (11th Cir. 2014)

. “[ W ] e r eview conclusion s of law de novo and factual determinations under the substantial evidence test.” Gonzalez
v. U.S. Att ’ y Gen. , 820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016)

. “ Whether an asserted group qualifies as a ‘ particular social group ’ under the INA is a question of law. ” Id. (quoting Malu v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 764 F.3d 1282, 1290 (11th Cir. 2014). We review a finding as to whether an applicant suffered past persecution under the substantial evidence test and will affirm where the finding is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole. See Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 492 F.3d 1223, 123 0

– 34 (11th Cir. 2007); Silva
v. U.S. Att ’ y Gen. , 448 F.3d 122 9, 1237 (11th Cir. 2006)

.

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 8 of 129 III. ANALYSIS The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to an applicant who is determined to be a refugee as defined under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”)

. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). Th e INA defines a “refugee,” in relevant part,

as: any person who is outside any country of such person ’ s nationality

. . . and who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of pers ecution or a well

- founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion

. . . . Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant bears the burden to establis h , with specific and cre dible evidence, past persecution, or a well

- founded fear of future persecution , on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion

. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B); accord Diallo v. U.S. Att’y
Gen. , 596 F.3d 1329, 1332 (11th Cir. 2010) ; Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006).
T o establish asylum eligibility, the applicant “ must show not only past persecution or a well

- founded fear of future persecution, but also that she is unable

to avail herself of the protection of her home country. ” Lopez v. U.S. Att ’y Gen. , 504 F.3d 1341, 1345 (11th Cir. 2007)

. “I n all cases, the persecution must be ‘ “by government forces” or “by non

- government groups that the government cannot

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 9 of 1210 control.” ’” Al i v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 931 F.3d 1327, 1331 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Sama v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 887 F.3d 1225, 1231

– 32 ( 11th Cir. 2018))

. Thus, “[a] n applicant for asylum who alleges persecution by a private actor must prove that his home country is unable or unwilling to protect him

. ” Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 605 F.3d 941, 9 50 (11th Cir. 2010)

. Summary disposition is proper where “the position of one of the parties is clearly right as a matter of law so that there can be no substantial question a s to the outcome of the case, or where, as is more frequently the case, the appeal is frivolous.” Groendyke Transp., Inc. v. Davis , 406 F.2d 1158, 1162 (5th Cir. 1969).

“ When an appellant fails to offer argument on an issue, that issue is abandoned. ” Sepulveda v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 401 F.3d 1226, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2005). A party adequately raises an issue by “specifically and clearly identif [ying] ” the issue in its initial brief. Access Now, Inc. v. S w. Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 20 04) )

. The party must “plainly and prominently” raise the issue

. Id. ( quoting United States v. Jernigan , 341 F.3d 127 3 , 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003))

. A passing reference to an issue does not raise a claim for review. See Sepulveda , 401 F.3d at 1228 n.2; se e also Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen

. , 561 F.3d 1275, 1278

– 79 (11th Cir. 2009). Likewise, “[a] bandonment of an issue can also occur when passing references appear in the argument section of an opening brief, particularly when the references are mere ‘ background ’ to the appellant ’ s main arguments or when they

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 10 of 1211 are ‘ buried ’ within those arguments. ” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co. , 739 F.3d 678, 682 (11th Cir. 2014)

. “ Moreover, a party may not incorporate by reference arguments presented below, but must specifically and clearly identify the issues presented for appellate review. ” Patel v. U.S. Att ’ y Gen ., 787 F. App ’ x 663, 667 n.2 (11th Cir. 2019) (unpublished). Here, t he BIA dismissed Martinez Castro’s appeal of the IJ’s decision on two grounds: (1) Martinez Castro’s proposed social group was not cognizable ; and (2) Martinez Castro did not sufficiently establish that the Honduran government was or is unable or unwilling to protect him. A review of Martinez Castro’s petition before this Court shows that Martinez Castro challenges only the first of these grounds. Martinez Cast ro does not identify the “unable or unwilling” finding as an issue for review, nor does he devote a discrete section of argument to it . Indeed, Martinez Castro does not articulate any argument that the IJ and the BIA erred in finding that he did not estab lish that the Honduran government is either unable or unwilling to protect him. As already noted, “ [a] n applicant for asylum who alleges persecution by a private actor must prove that his home country is unable or unwilling to protect
him .” Ayala , 605 F. 3d at 9 50; see also Ali , 931 F.3d at 1331

. Here, Martinez Castro does not “plainly and prominently” offer argument on a determinative issue, and we
therefore conclude that he has waived any challenge to the finding that he did not establish that the Honduran government is unable or unwilling to protect him.

Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 11 of 1212 B ecause Martinez Castro alleged persecution by a private actor, his abandonment of any challenge to the “unable or unwilling” finding is dispositive of
his claim of persecution on accoun t of a statutorily protected ground. Accordingly, because the government’s argument is correct as a matter of law and there is no substantial question about the outcome of the case, the government’s motion for summary disposition is GRANTED and its motion to stay the briefing schedule is DENIED AS MOOT

. PETITION DENIED. Case: 19-13857 Date Filed: 06/29/2020 Page: 12 of 12