# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _
No. 1 7- 14 02

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Mar cu s Lam on t Eas on

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of Ark an sa s - Li tt le Ro ck

__ __ __ __ __ __
Su bm it te d: Jan ua ry

12 , 20 18 Fil ed : M ay

25 , 20 18

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re LOKEN, GRUEND ER, an d KELLY, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ __ LOKEN, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

A jury co nv ic te d Mar cu s Lam on t Ea s o n o f two co un ts of be in g a fel on in

po ss es si on of a fir earm an d amm u n i t i o n i n vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 ),
92 4( e)(1 ), an d 31 47 (1 ). At se nt en ci ng th e di st ric t co ur t de te rm in ed th at Easo n ha d 1

The Hon or ab le Su sa n W eb be r Wr i g ht
, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e 1 East ern Dis tri ct of Ark an sa s.at le as t th ree pr io r co nv ic ti on s fo r a v i o l e n t fel on y or se rio us dr ug of fen se , m ak in g hi m su bjec t to se nt en ci ng un de r th e Arm ed Care er Cri m in al Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e). The co ur t de te rm in ed t h a t h is ad vi so ry gu id el in es se nt en ci ng ran ge was 26 2- 32 7 m on th s im

pr is on m en t an d im

po se d a 30 0- m on th se nt en ce. Easo n ti m el y
ap pe al ed

. W it h th e a p p e a l p e nd in g, th e Su pr em e Co ur t de ci de d Jo hn so n v. Uni te d
St at es , whi ch in va li da te d th e “ res id ua l cl au se ” of th e ACCA. 13 5 S. Ct

. 25 51
, 25 57 (2 01 5)

. W e affi rm ed Easo n ’s co nv ic ti on bu t, in li gh t of Jo hn so n, va cat ed hi s

s e n t e n ce an d rem an de d fo r res en te nc in g be cau se th e reco rd di d no t es ta bl is h t h a t , wit ho ut th e res id ua l cl au se , he ha d at le as t th ree pr io r ACCA pr ed ic at e co nv ic ti on s. Uni te d S ta te s v . Easo n, 8 29 F.3d 63 3, 6 40 -4 2 (8 th Cir . 20 16 ).

On rem an d, th e di st ric t co ur t reo pe ne d th e se nt en ci ng reco rd

. The go ve rn m en t in tro du ced st at e co ur t reco rd s ad dr es si ng whe th er Easo n’s 20 06 co nv ic ti on s fo r th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery u nd er Ark . C od e Ann . § 5- 2 6

- 30 5, an d fir st de gr ee ba tt ery

un de r Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 13 -2 01
, are vi ol en t fel on ie s un de r th e ACCA’s fo rce cl au se

. The di st ric t co ur t co ns id ered th is ev id en ce, ap pl y in g th e m od ifi ed cat eg or ic al

ap pr oa ch us ed to de te rm in e whe th er v io la ti on s of t he se di vi si bl e st at ut es co ns ti tu te vi ol en t fel on ie s fo r ACCA pu rp os es

. See Uni te d St at es v. Parr ow, 84 4 F.3 d 80 1, 80 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 16 ). The co ur t ag ai n co nc lu de d t h a t Ea so n is an arm ed care er cri m in al wit h a 26 2- 32 7 m on th ad v i s o r y g u id el in es ran ge

. Tak in g in to acco un t hi s

r e h a b il it at iv e co nd uc t aft er th e in it ia l se nt en ce, th e co ur t im po se d a red uc ed 26 2

-

m on th sen te nc e. Easo n a pp eal s, ra is in g t hr ee s en te nc in g i ss ue s. We affir m

.

I. Reo peni ng the Se nten ci ng Reco rd

At th e or ig in al se nt en ci ng , Easo n ob je c te d to th e ACCA’s res id ua l cl au se as

un co ns ti tu ti on al ly va gu e bu t co nc ed ed th at he qu al ifi ed as an arm ed care er cri m in al if th e res id ua l cl au se was va li d. The di st ric t c o u r t o v erru le d hi s ob jecti on to th e

res id ua l cl au se an d de te rm in ed th at Easo n’s Ark an sas ro bbe ry an d ba tte ry co nvi ct io ns

were ACCA vi ol en t fel on y pr ed ic at es , wit ho ut ex pla in in g whe th er it was ru li ng un de r

-2

-th e res id ua l cl au se , th e fo rce cl au se , or bo th

. On ap pe al
, Ea s o n co nc ed ed hi s

co nv ic ti on fo r de li ve ry of co cai ne was an ACCA pr ed ic at e dr ug of fen se

. W e

co nc lu de d th at hi s co nv ic ti on fo r ro bb ery un de r Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 12 -1 02 di d no t
qu al ify un de r th e fo rce cl au se as co ns tru ed in Jo hn so n v. Uni te d St at es , 55 9 U.S. 13 3,
14 0 (2 01 0)

. Easo n, 82 9 F.3 d at 64 1- 42

. Thu s , w h e t he r Easo n ha s th ree ACCA

pr ed ic at e co nv ic ti on s tu rn ed on whe th er hi s Ark an sa s co nv ic t i o n s fo r th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery an d firs t deg ree bat te ry are vi ol en t fel on ie s un de r th e ACCA force cl au se

. W e rem an de d fo r res en te nc in g be cau se th e reco rd di d no t in cl ud e st at e co ur t jud ic ia l reco rd s es ta bl is hi ng whi ch su bd iv isi on of th e Ark an sa s th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery st at ut e Eas on vi ol at ed . Id. at 64 2, 6 42 n.8

.

On ap pe al
, Easo n arg ue s th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in al lo win g th e go ve rn m en t to

su p p l e m en t th e reco rd at res en te nc in g wit h st at e co ur t jud ic ia l reco rd s es ta bl is hi ng th at hi s pr io r th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery co n v i c t io n was fo r a vi ol at io n of Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 26 -3 05 (a)( 1)
, an d hi s fir st de gr ee ba tt ery co nv ic ti on was fo r a vi ol at io n of Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 13 -2 01 (a)( 8)

. Our re m an d di d no t in st ru ct th e di st ric t co ur t whe th er it co ul d or co ul d no t reo pe n th e reco rd

. Id

. at 64 2. The la w in th is cir cu it is well est ab li sh ed :

Onc e a se nt en ce ha s be e n v a cat ed or a fin di ng rel at ed to

se nt en ci ng ha s be en r e v e rs ed an d th e cas e ha s be en rem an de d fo r
res en te nc in g, th e di s t r i c t co ur t can he ar an y rel ev an t ev id en ce on th at is su e th at it co ul d ha ve he ard at th e fir st he ari ng

. The se nt en ci ng co ur t

m us t, ho wev er, ad he re to an y li m it at io ns im po se d on it s fu nc ti on at

res en te nc in g b y

th e ap pe ll at e co ur t.

Uni te d St at es v. Co rn el iu s, 96 8 F.2 d 70 3, 70 5 (8 th Ci r. 19 92 ) (ci ta ti on s om it te d) ; se e Uni te d St at es v. Dun la p, 45 2 F.3 d 74 7, 74 9- 50 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ) (“ Bec au se no th in g in

ou r or ig in al rem an d or de r pr ecl ud ed th e go ve rn m en t fro m pr es en ti ng it s ev id en ce at

res en te nc in g, we ca nn ot say tha t t he di st ric t co ur t er red in all owi ng it to do so .”).

-3

-Ig no rin g th es e co nt ro ll in g au th o r i t i e s , Easo n rel ie s on cas es whe re, in

rem an di ng fo r res en te nc in g, we di d di rect th e di st ric t co ur t no t to reo pe n th e reco rd

. In th es e cas es , we fo cu se d on whe th er th e go ve rn m en t an d th e di st ric t co ur t ha d rel ie d

on a m is ta ke n un de rs ta

ndin g of th e go ve rn in g se nt en ci ng pr in ci pl es an d, in pa rti cu la r, whe th er we de em ed th e go ve rn m en t’s fai lu re of pro of at th e in it ia l sen te nc in g to be

ex cu s a b l e

. S e e Uni te d St at es v. Dawn, 68 5 F.3 d 79 0, 79 8 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ); Uni te d
St at es v. W il li am s, 62 7 F.3 d 32 4, 32 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ); Uni te d St at es v. Kin g, 59 8 F.3 d
10 43
, 10 50 (8 th Ci r. 20 10 ). W he n we ha ve no t gi ve n th is di rect io n, th e di st ric t co ur t

“ can he ar an y rel ev an t ev id en ce

. . . i t co ul d ha ve he ard at th e fir st he ari ng .”
Co rn el iu s, 96 8 F.2d at 70 5. W he th er to al lo w ei th er part y to ex pa nd th e se nt en ci ng

reco rd is of c ou rs e an ex erci se of t he co ur t’s s ub st an ti al ev id en ti ary di sc ret io n.

Here, th e di st ric t co ur t care fu ll y co ns id ered whe th e r to reo pe n th e reco rd to ad m it st at e co ur t reco rd s rele va nt to th e fo rce cl au se qu es ti on

. The co ur t no te d th at Easo n’s res en te nc in g to ok pl ace in li gh t of si gn ifi c a n t ch an ge s in th e la w th at no w
req ui red th e go ve rn m en t to es ta bl is h t h a t Easo n’s pr io r ba tt ery co nv ic ti on s were vi ol en t fel on y pr ed ic at es un de r th e fo rce cl au se

. “ It di d no t o c c u r t o m e th at th e

res id ua l cl au se wou ld be de cl ared vo id fo r va gu en es s be cau se ot he r co ur ts ha d up he ld it ,” th e co ur t ex pl ai ne d. The co ur t co nc lu de d it was ap pr op ria te to reo pe n th e reco rd be cau se th is ch an ge in th e la w o bl ig ed it “ to co ns id er e v i d e n c e th at I di dn ’t t hi nk I ha d t o c on si de r be fo re.” Th is rul in g was no t an ab us e o f th e co ur t’s d is cret io n.

II . The Fo rce Cl au se Is su es

Eve n as su m in g th e reco rd was pr op erl y reo pe ne d on rem an d, Easo n arg ue s th e di st ric t c o u r t e r red in ru li ng th at hi s 20 06 co nv ic ti on s fo r th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery un de r Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 26 -3 05 (a)( 1)
, an d firs t deg ree ba tt ery un de r Ark

. Co d e A n n

. § 5- 13 -2 01 (a)( 8)
, are vi ol en t fel on ie s un de r th e ACCA’s fo rce cl au se

. Rev ie win g th is is su e de no vo , we di sa gr ee. The fo rce cl au se de fin es vi ol en t fel on ie s
to in cl ud e “ an y cri m e pu ni sh ab le by im pr is on m en t fo r a te rm ex ceed in g on e y ear

. . .

-4

-th at ha s as an el em en t th e us e, at te m pt ed us e, or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo r c e
ag ai ns t th e pe rs on of an ot he r.” 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( e)(2 )(B) (i)

. The Su pr em e Co ur t ha s de fin ed th e wor d “ fo rce” as m ean in g “ vi ol en t fo rce -- th at is
, fo rce cap ab le of cau si ng ph y si cal pa in or in

jury to an ot he r pe rs on .” Cu rti s J o h n s o n , 55 9 U.S. at 14 0.
Howev er, the fo rce req ui red is “ on ly th at de gr ee of fo rce nec es sa ry to in fli ct pa in

-- a sl ap in th e fac e, fo r ex am pl e.” Id . at 1 43

.

Easo n’s co nv ic ti on fo r th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery was a vi ol at io n of § 5- 26

- 30 5( a)(1 ) of th e Ark an sa s Co de : “ (a) A pe rs on co m m it s do m es ti c ba tt eri n g i n t he th ird d e g r e e i f

: (1 ) W it h th e pu rp os e of cau si ng ph y si cal in jury to a fam il y or ho us eh ol d m em

be r, th e pe rs on cau se s ph y si cal in jury to a fam il y or ho us eh ol d memb e r .” In Uni te d St at es v. St ark s, 67 4 Fed

. App x. 58 0, 58 2 (8 th Ci r. 2 0 1 6 )
, de c i d e d aft er ou r rem an d in Easo n, we he ld th at th ird de gr ee do m es ti c ba tt ery in vi ol at io n of A r k. Co de Ann

. § 5- 26 -3 05 (a)( 1) is a vi ol en t fel on y un de r th e fo rce cl au se . Accor d Un it ed Sta te s v . Mo or e, 71 3 F ed . App x. 5 11 , 51 4 (8 th Cir . 20 17 ).

Easo n’s co nv ic ti on fo r fir st de gr ee ba tt ery was a vi ol at io n of § 5- 13 -2 01 (a)( 8) of th e Ark an sa s C o d e : “ (a) A pe rs on co m m it s ba tt ery in th e fir st de gr ee if

. . . (8 )
W it h th e pu rp os e of cau si ng ph y si cal in jury to an ot he r pe rs on , th e pe rs on cau se s
p h ys i cal in

jury to an y pe rs on by m ean s of a fir earm .” Acco rd in g to th e ch arg in g do cu m en t, co nf

irmed by th e pl ea he ari ng tra ns cri pt , Easo n was ch arg e d w i th

pu rp os efu ll y cau si ng ph y si cal in jury to a pe rs on wit h a fire arm . In Un it ed Sta te s v

. W in st on , 84 5 F.3 d 87 6, 87 8 (8 th C i r 2 0 1 7)
, we he ld th at se co nd de gr ee ba tt ery in vi ol at io n of Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 13 -2 02 (a)( 2) is a vi ol en t fel on y , co nc lu di ng t h at

“ [p ]hy si cal fo rce mea n s f o r ce cap ab le of cau si ng ph y si cal pa in or in jury to an ot he r
pe rs on

. . . an d it is im

po ss ib le to cau se bo di ly in jury wit ho ut us in g fo rce ‘capab le of ’

pr od uc in g t ha t re su lt .”

The se pr io r de ci si on s are co nt ro ll in g an d es ta bl is h t ha t Easo n’s ba tt ery

co nv ic ti on s were vi ol en t fel o n y c o n vi ct io ns un de r th e ACCA fo rce cl au se

. Easo n

-5

-arg ue s th at ot he r ci rcu it s di st in gu is h be twee n th e in fli ct io n of ph y si cal in jury an d th e

us e of ph y si cal fo rce, bu t ou r de ci si on to th e co nt rary in W in st on is co nt ro ll in g. He fu rth er arg ue s th at ei th er st at ut e co ul d be vi ol at ed wit ho ut th e us e of vi ol en t ph y si cal fo rce, su ch as by po is on in g, or wit h th e us e of m in or fo rce, su ch as in fli ct in g a br ui se

. Howev er,“ th e pr op er in qu iry is whe th er th e co nd uc t en co m pa ss ed by th e el em en ts of th e of fen se , i n th e or di na ry cas e, in vo l v e s th e us e, at te m pt ed us e, or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce ag ai ns t th e pe rs on of an ot he r.” Uni te d St at es v. Py le s, No. 17 -2 11 6, sl ip op

. at 3 (8 th Ci r. 20 18 ) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

. Easo n ha s no t ci te d, an d we ha ve no t fo un d, an y Ark an sa s cas e in whi ch th e d efen da nt was c ha rg ed wit h v io la ti ng eit he r
st at ut e by th e us e of no n- vi ol en t fo rce. “ Befo re we co nc lu de t h a t a st at e st at ut e

swe ep s m or e br oa dl y th an th e fed eral de fin it io n of vi ol en t fel on y , t h e r e mu s t be a real is ti c pr ob ab il it y , no t a th eo ret ic al poss ibi lit y , tha t the sta tu te en co m

pa ss es co nd uc t th at do es no t in vo lv e th e us e or th reat en e d us e of vi ol en t fo rce.” Uni te d St at es v. Swo pe s, 8 86 F.3d 66 8, 6 71 (8t h C ir. 2 01 8) (en ba nc ) (q uo ta ti on om it te d)

.

II I. An I ss ue Fir st Rai se d o n Appea l

W he n a de fen da nt is se nt en ced as an arm ed care er cri m in al
, U.S.S

. G

. §§ 4B 1. 4( b) (3 )( A) & 4B 1.4 (c)( 2) en ha nc e hi s ad vi so ry gu id el in es ran ge by inc re as ing th e ba se of

fen se le ve l fro m 33 to 34 an d th e Cri m in al His to ry Cat eg or y fro m IV to VI if he us ed or po ss es se d th e fir earm or am m un it io n in co nn ect io n wit h a c r i me o f vi ol en ce as defi ne d in U.S.S.G. § 4B1 .2. Easo n’s Pres en te nc e In ve st ig at io n Rep or t

reco m m en de d th es e en ha nc em en ts , no ti ng a te rro ris ti c th reat en in g ch arg e pe nd in g in

st at e co ur t reg ard in g hi s fir earm po ss es si on of fen se , an d no ti ng th at po li ce res po nd ed

to an ag gr av at ed ass au lt in co nn ect io n wi th th e am m un it io n p os se ss io n o ffen se

.

On app eal
, Easo n arg ue s for th e fir st ti m e th e di st ric t co ur t erred in im po si ng th e s e en ha nc em en ts be cau se Ark an sa s co nv ic ti on s fo r te rro ris ti c th reat en in g an d

ag gr av at ed as sa ul t a r e no t, cat eg or ic al ly, cri m es of vi ol en ce un de r U.S.S.G. § 4B 1.2 (a). W e rev ie w th is se rio us ly de fau lt ed cl ai m , if at al l, fo r pl ai n er r o r

. W e

-6

-he ld th at te rro ris ti c th reat en in g is a vi ol en t fel on y in Uni te d St at es v. Bo az, 55 8 F.3 d

80 0, 80 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ). W e ne ed no t co n s i d e r Easo n’s co nt en ti on th at Bo az was

ov erru le d b y

th e Su pr em e Co ur t’s d eci si on in Cu rti s J oh ns on

.

Dete rm in in g un de r § 4B 1.4 (b )(3 )(A) whe th er de fen da nt us ed or po ss es se d th e

un la wfu ll y po ss es se d fir earm in c o n n e c t i o n wit h a cri m e of vi ol en ce is th e sa m e in qu iry as whe th er he warra nt s a § 2K2 .1(b )(6 )(B) en ha nc em en t be cau se he us ed or
po ss es se d th e fir earm in co nn ect io n wit h an ot he r f e l on y of fen se

. Uni te d St at es v. Howar d, 41 3 F.3 d 86 1, 86 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 05 ). Thi s is no t a cat eg or ic al in qu iry; it tu rn s

on th e fact s of de fen da nt ’s of fen se of co nv ic ti on

. Here, as Easo n di d no t co nt es t th e

en ha nc em en t at se nt en ci ng , th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t id en ti fy a sp e c i f i c c r i m e of vi ol en ce as a ba si s fo r th e en ha nc em en t. Bu t th is was no t erro r, m uc h le ss pl ai n erro r, if t h e f a c t s su rro un di ng th e of

fen se of co nv ic ti on su pp or t a ch arg e th at Easo n’s fir earm or am

m un it io n po ss es si on was in co nn ect io n wit h co nd uc t th at co ns ti tu te d a cri m e of vi ol en ce. See Uni te d St at es v. Pat e, 85 4 F.3 d 44 8
, 45 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 17 ); Uni te d S ta te s v . Dani el s, 6 25 F.3d 52 9, 5 34 (8t h C ir. 2 01 0)

.

Fo r th is in qu iry, ou r rev ie w of th e fact s ne ed lo ok no fart he r th an ex cerp ts fro m

ou r pr io r op in io n, Eas on , 82 9 F .3d at 6 35 -3 6:

“ On Ju ne 16 , 2 01 2, in Nor th Lit tl e Ro ck , Ar ka ns as , Ea so n was in vo lv ed in a do m es ti c in ci de nt wit h hi s th en -g irl fri en d, Sh ei la Nob le

. Nob le ’s m ot he r rep or te d th e di st ur ba nc e to th e po li ce, an d th en cal le d ag ai n to rep or t th at Easo n was ‘sho ot in g up ’ be hi nd he r ho us e.

. . . Po li ce Serg ean t Terry Kuyken da ll he ard th e di sp at ch an d so on
sp ot te d Eas on walk in g a nd carr y in g a bl ack t-s hi rt i n h is lef t h an d. . . .

“ Kuyken da ll st op pe d Eas on , p at te d hi m do wn, an d wait ed fo r ba ck up . After ba ck up arri ve d, Ku y ke nd al l s earc he d t he area wher e h e b el ie ve d Easo n had th ro wn

so m et hi ng an d fo un d a .45 -cal ib er pi st ol lying on th e gr ou nd in th e pa th whe re Easo n ha d be en walk in g. Late r, Kuyken da ll al so fo un d two .45 -cal ib er sh el l cas in gs in th e

-7

-area of th e rep or te d sh oo ti ng , whi ch he de em ed to be fro m a gu n li ke th e on e he ha d

reco ve red

.

“ On Apr il 9, 20 13
, whi le on pr et ria l rel eas e, Easo n was in vo lv ed in an in ci de nt

a t t h e res id en ce of Hiawa th a W il li am s

. . . . Easo n was en ga ge d to W i l l i a ms ’s da ug ht er, Eric a Dav is
, an d he an d Dav is ha d a di sp ut e. W he n Wi l l i am s sa w th at Easo n ha d a fir earm , he ran ne xt do or an d bo rro wed a .38 0 pi st ol

. W il li am s ret ur ne d

to hi s ho m e an d fir ed a warn in g sh ot , whi ch hi t th e cei li ng im m ed ia te ly ab ov e hi m on th e fro nt po rch

. . . . Easo n th en le ft th e res id en ce. As W il li am s ret ur ne d to hi s be dr oo m , he he ard a sh ot fir ed

. Alt ho ug h h e d i d n o t se e th e sh oo te r, W il li am s be li ev ed it was Easo n.

. . . Dete ct iv e Gib bo ns of th e Nor th Lit tl e Ro ck Po li ce fo un d

a 9- m il li m et er bu ll et in W il li am s’s be dr oo m cl os et an d a sp en t s he ll cas in g ne arb y

.

“ The jury ret ur ne d gu il ty ve rd ic ts on bo th co un ts -- Co un t 1, fo r po ss es si on of th e .45 -cal ib er pi st ol th at Offi cer Kuyken da ll ret rie ve d, an d Co un t 2, fo r po ss es si on of th e 9 -m il li m et er am m

un it io n fo un d i n Wil li am s’s cl os et .”

Am pl e ev id en ce su pp or ts a fin di ng th at Easo n’s fir earm po ss es si on co nv ic ti on

res ul te d fro m hi s sh oo ti ng at pe op le in a do m es ti c si tu at io n, an d hi s am m un it io n
poss es si on co nv ic ti on in vo lv ed sh oo ti ng at Hiawa tha W ill ia m s w hil e W ill ia m s’ s ba ck

w as tu rn ed

. It is irr el ev an t wha t st at e co ur t ch arg es were fil ed as a res ul t of th es e in ci de nt s. The qu es ti on is whe th er Easo n co ul d ha ve be en ch arg ed wit h a cri m e o f vi ol en ce fo r th is vi ol en t co nd uc t. The an swe r is ob vi ou s, as ou r pr io r cas es up ho ld in g th e en ha nc em en t whe n a de fen da nt ’s fir earm po ss es si on of fen se in vo lv ed a sh oo ti ng

or an at te m

pt ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce m ak e cl ear. See D a n i e ls
, 62 5 F.3 d at 53 4; Uni te d S ta te s v . Jo ne s, 4 85 Fed . Ap p’x 84 8, 85 0 (8 th Cir . 20 12 ); c f. Pat e, 85 4 F .3d

at 45 1- 52 (§ 2 K2.1 (b )(6 )(B) en ha nc em en t). Th ere was no pl ai n e rro r.

Fo r th es e rea so ns , we affi rm

.

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