SECOND DIVISION

DOYLE, C. J.,

MILLER, P. J., and REESE, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

May 15, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A0611; A17A0783. JOHNSON v. THE STATE.

MILLER, Presiding Judge.

After Joshua Johnson was indicted for armed robbery (OCGA § 16-8-41),

aggravated assault (OCGA § 16-5-21), and misdemeanor obstruction of a law

enforcement officer (OCGA § 16-10-24), defense counsel requested an evaluation of

Johnson’s competency. The trial court ordered a psychological evaluation, held a

hearing as required by Sell v. United States, 539 U. S. 166 (123 SCt 2174, 156 LE2d

197) (2003), and ordered Johnson be involuntarily medicated in order to make him

competent to stand trial. Johnson now appeals, arguing that the trial court failed to

follow the test under Sell. For the reasons that follow, we agree and vacate the trial

court’s order and remand the case for further proceedings.
In Sell, 

the Supreme Court of the United States established a four-part test for

determining the rare instances when it is constitutionally permissible to

involuntarily medicate a mentally ill criminal defendant for the sole

purpose of making him competent to stand trial.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Warren v. State, 297 Ga. 810, 812 (1) (778 SE2d

749) (2015). 

[T]he first part of the [Sell] test generally presents a legal question and

thus should be reviewed de novo on appeal, while the remaining three

parts present primarily factual questions and thus should be reviewed

only for clear error by the trial court.

(Citations and footnote omitted.) Id.

So viewed, the evidence showsthatJohnson wasindicted in October 2015. On

February 1, 2016, at the request of defense counsel, the trial court ordered the

Georgia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities

(“Department of Behavioral Health”) to conduct an evaluation of Johnson’s

competency to stand trial as well as his criminal responsibility at the time of the

alleged acts. 

2
A psychiatrist, Deepti Vats, interviewed Johnson in February 2016 and

determined thatJohnson is incompetent to stand trial. Notably, Dr. Vatsreported that

when Johnson was first brought into the jail he had “slurred and scarce speech with

a tangential thought process. He responded by giving inappropriate answers and

making inappropriate expressions. [H]e had a history of being on medications, but

was not currently prescribed any medications.” 

Dr. Vats diagnosed Johnson with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic

disorders, and he reported that Johnson had taken the anti-psychotic medications

Haldol and Risperdal in the past. Dr. Vats also reported that Johnson has delusions

of grandeur and symptoms of mental illness characterized by his delusions; his

symptoms seriously impair his competency to stand trial; and he lacks the ability to

assist his attorney because he cannot provide an accounting of his actions with respect

to the charged crimes. Dr. Vats concluded that, “to a reasonable degree of medical

certainty,” Johnson is not competent to stand trial. Dr. Vats also found that nothing

during the interview suggested that Johnson was malingering or faking either

incompetence or insanity. 

More than six months after Dr. Vats determined thatJohnson wasincompetent

to stand trial, the trial court held the Sell hearing at issue in this case. At the hearing,

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the State presented the testimony of two witnesses, Psychologist Amy Gambow and

Psychiatrist Kelly Coffman Neither Dr. Vats nor Dr. Koster testified at the Sell

Hearing.

1

Dr. Gambow is a post-doctoral fellow in clinical psychology. Although Dr.

Gambow is not yet Board Certified or licensed to practice as a psychologist in

Georgia, the trial court allowed her to testify as an expert over defense counsel’s

objection. Dr. Gambow testified that she works for the psychiatry and law service,

which runsthe “in-jail restoration programwithin the FultonCounty jail” (hereinafter

the “Program”), and she provides clinical services to inmates, like Johnson, who are

found incompetent to stand trial. 

Dr. Gambow first met with and examined Johnson beginning in March 2016,

she reviewed his medical records from the jail, and she determined that Johnson was

a good candidate for the Program. Johnson entered the Program on April 27, 2016,

and participated in group sessions for the first two days, however, Johnson refused

to participate in the Program after that time, so he was transferred out of the Program

on June 1, 2016. Johnson refused to take any antipsychotic medications through this

1 According to the trial court’s order in this case, another psychiatrist, Felicitas

Koster, also evaluated Johnson and determined that he is not competent to stand trial.

Dr. Koster’s full report is not part of the record on appeal.

4
time. Dr. Gambow testified that Johnson is schizophrenic, but she could not answer

the State’s question regarding the type of medication Johnson should be given

because medication is not her area of expertise. 

Dr. Coffman, the only other witness who testified at the Sell hearing, is a Board

certified psychiatrist and assistant professor at Emory University, specializing in

forensic psychiatry. Dr. Coffman serves as the medical director of the Program, she

performs court-ordered evaluations forFulton County, and she supervisesthe forensic

psychiatry fellows in their medical treatment of inmates in the Program.

While Johnson was in the Program, Dr. Coffman periodically and briefly

checked-in with Johnson. Dr. Coffman also met with Johnson for about 25 minutes

on September 15, just a few days before the Sell hearing. Prior to that meeting, Dr.

Coffman had not seen Johnson in “quite some time.” Dr. Coffman testified that

Johnson is schizophrenic, he is not competent to stand trial, and he will not become

competent to stand trial without medication. 

Dr. Coffman opined that antipsychotic drugs would likely improve Johnson’s

symptoms. Nevertheless, Dr. Coffman testified that Johnson has not taken any

medication for at least a year, and Dr. Coffman admitted that she did not know

whether Johnson has done well on medication in the past or what medications he had

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previously taken because Johnson did not give the doctorsin the Program permission

to look at his hospital records. Dr. Coffman also admitted that without Johnson’s

medication history there was no way to know whether Johnson was at risk of having

any side effects, and that the administration of antipsychotic medications could not

be justified on any grounds other than competency. 

Although Dr. Coffman testified that there are several medications used to treat

schizophrenia, she did not provide any testimony regarding a proposed treatment plan

for Johnson, such as the proper dosages of these medicines, how long each

medications should be tried, what should be done if Johnson developed side effects

from any of the medications, or whether certain medications are medically

appropriate for Johnson. 

Following the Sell hearing, the trial court entered an order (hereinafter the

“First Order”) in which it found that Johnson is not competent to stand trial and

ordered that he be involuntarily medicated. In its order, the trial court adopted an

unsigned and unauthenticated two-page “Proposed Treatment Plan” which is not

otherwise a part of the record on appeal and was not admitted at the Sell hearing.

2

2 The trial court noted in its order that the Proposed Treatment Plan was

prepared by a doctor, Dr. Koster The record showsthat Dr. Koster was a fellow in the

Program, however, Dr. Koster did not testify at the Sell hearing, and no evidence was

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Johnson filed an appeal of the First Order, which forms the basis of the appeal

in Case No. A17A0611. He also sought an emergency stay of that order, which this

Court granted. Thereafter, upon the State’s motion, and without holding a new

hearing, the trial court entered a revised order (hereinafter the “Revised Order”),

providing that Johnson be forcibly medicated to restore his competency for trial.

3

Johnson’s appeal from the Revised Order forms the basis of the appeal in Case No.

A17A0783.

Upon a thorough review of the limited record in both of these appeals, we find

that the Revised Order is wholly insufficient under Sell to support the trial court’s

conclusion thatJohnson can be involuntary medicated for the sole purpose of making

him mentally competent to stand trial.

In Case No. A17A0783, Johnson argues that the trial court failed to follow the

four-part Sell test in its Revised Order when it ordered that he be forcibly medicated

admitted at the hearing regarding her credentials. 

3

Johnson’s argument that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter the Revised

Order is meritless. The trial court maintains jurisdiction over the injunctive relief

granted to the State, including anymodification or stay of thatrelief. See Warren, 297

Ga. at 833 (3) (b) (“either the government or the defendant may move to revise the

court’s Sell order if circumstances change during a defendant’s treatment”); OCGA

§ 5-6-45 (a) (notice of appeal acts as supersedeas only in criminal cases “where a

sentence of death has been imposed or where the defendant is admitted to bail”).

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to restore his competency for trial.

4 We agree because the Revised Order is

insufficient to justify Johnson’s involuntary medication for the sole purpose of

making him mentally competent to stand trial.

An individual has a significant constitutionally protected liberty

interest in avoiding the unwanted administration of antipsychotic drugs.

The interference is particularly severe when, as in this case, the

medication in question is an antipsychotic, for the use of such

medications threatens an individual’s mental, as well as physical,

integrity. On the physical side, there is the violence inherent in forcible

medication, compounded when it comes to antipsychotics by the

possibility of serious, even fatal, side effects. But it is the invasion into

a person’s mentalstate that truly distinguishes antipsychotics, a class of

medications expressly intended to alter the will and the mind of the

subject.

4

Johnson also contends that the trial court erred by holding a Sell hearing to

determine whether he should be forciblymedicated withoutJohnson having first been

declared incompetent to stand trial. We reject this contention, even though Johnson

has apparently not yet entered a plea of incompetency, “[c]onstitutional guarantees

require the trial court to inquire into competency . . . if evidence of incompetence

comes to the court’s attention.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Jackson v. State,

294 Ga. 431, 434 (5) (754SE2d 322) (2014). In this case, the limited record on appeal

does notshow what behavior Johnson engaged in that caused defense counsel and the

trial court to inquire into his competency.

8
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Warren, supra, 297 Ga. at 830 (3) (b).

Consequently, before the State can obtain an order to involuntarily medicate a

defendant, 

the State must demonstrate the following: (1) important governmental

interests are at stake; (2) involuntary medication will significantly

further those governmental interests; (3) involuntary medication is

necessary to further those governmental interests; and (4) the

administration of the drugs to be used is medically appropriate for the

defendant.

(Citation omitted.) Id. at 812 (1).

With regard to the first element of the Sell test,

the Government’s interest in bringing to trial an individual accused of

a serious crime is important. That is so whether the offense is a serious

crime against the person or a serious crime against property. In addition

the Government has a substantial interest in timely prosecution and a

concomitant, constitutionally essential interest in assuring that the

defendant’s trial is a fair one.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Warren, supra, 297 Ga. at 826 (3) (a). With

regard to the second element of the test, the trial court

mustfind that administration of the drugsissubstantially likely to render

the defendant competent to stand trial and, at the same time, that

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administration of the drugs is substantially unlikely to have side effects

that will interfere significantly with the defendant’s ability to assist

counsel in conducting a trial defense, thereby rendering the trial unfair.

(Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Id. at 828 (3) (b).

The third part of the Sell test requires the trial court to conclude that

involuntarymedication is necessaryto further the governmental interests

in proceeding with the defendant’s prosecution. To reach this

conclusion, the court must find that any alternative, less intrusive

treatments are unlikely to achieve substantially the same results, and the

court also must consider less intrusive means for administering the

drugs, e.g., a court order to the defendant backed by the contempt

power, before considering more intrusive methods.

((Citation and punctuation omitted.) Warren, supra, 297 Ga. at 833-834 (3) (c).

“The fourth and final part of the Sell test requires the trial court to conclude

that administration of the drugs is medically appropriate, i.e., in the patient’s best

medical interest in light of his medical condition.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Id. at 837 (3) (d).

Here, the record shows that the State has fundamentally failed to meet its

burden under the four-part Sell test. Warren,supra, 297 Ga. at 812 (1). Moreover, the

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trial court’s Revised Order again fails to properly evaluate the four factors necessary

to overcome Johnson’s constitutionally protected liberty interest.

Notably, the record merely shows that Johnson is schizophrenic, and he has

reportedly taken the anti-psychotic medications Haldol and Risperdal in the past. The

record contains no evidence regarding the proposed medications and dosages

recommended to restore Johnson’s competency, other than the unsigned and

unauthenticated appendix to the Revised Order, which was apparently prepared by

a fellow in the Program who did not testify at the Sell hearing. See Warren, supra,

297 Ga. at 828 (3) (b). Moreover, the Proposed Treatment Plan does not set forth the

duration for which the specified medications would be tried, except to state that the

proposed protocol will be enforced involuntarily at 90 day intervals. Finally, there is

no evidence or testimony in the record that the administration of specific medications

is medically appropriate for Johnson or linking specific possible side effects to

specific medications. See Warren, supra, 297 Ga. at 828 (3) (b).

We therefore conclude that the Revised Order inCase No. A17A0783 islegally

insufficient to justify Johnson’s involuntary medication for the sole purpose of

making him mentally competent to stand trial. Warren, supra, 297 Ga. at 838 (4).

Consequently, we vacate the trial court’s Revised Order and remand the case for

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further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including a new Sell hearing if the

State elects on remand to pursue its motion for involuntary medication. See id. In

A17A0611, we dismiss the appeal as moot.

5

Judgment vacated and case remanded inA17A0783. Appeal dismissed as moot

in A17A0611. Doyle, C. J., and Reese, J., concur.

5

In light of our holding that the Revised Order is insufficient to justify

Johnson’s involuntary medication, we need not address his remaining enumerations

of error. 

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