# Patent

## Title
Methods and systems of temperature based alarms, esophageal cooling and/or automatic interrupt (shut-off) during a cardic ablation procedure

## Abstract

A method and system for increasing safety of cardiac ablation procedures comprises a computer based system that monitors the esophageal temperature. During atrial fibrillation ablations, based on a pre-determined increase in esophageal temperature, the computer based system activates different levels of alarm(s), and/or initiates ablation energy interrupt based on pre-defined programmed values. In one embodiment, an esophageal cooling means is incorporated for cooling the esophagus during the procedure. If the temperature starts to increase a cooling means can be initiated and/or an ablation interrupt means is activated based on pre-determined events.

## Background
This application claims priority date of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/630,771 filed on Dec. 19, 2011 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to atrial fibrillation ablations, more specifically to method and system for increasing safety of atrial fibrillation procedures by monitoring esophageal temperature.
BACKGROUND
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia. It affects 1% to 2% of the general population with an important increase in incidence with age. In the United States it is estimated that over 5 million people have atrial fibrillation, and because of our aging population the prevalence of this arrhythmia will increase significantly over the next decade.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and in particular, a general decrease in quality of life for those afflicted with atrial fibrillation. AF can also cause tachycardia mediated cardiomyopathy or worsening of pre-existing heart failure. Moreover, AF is known to increase the mortality risk 1.5-2 fold with the risk for stroke five-fold. Patients are at an increased risk of stroke unless they are treated adequately with anticoagulants. Anticoagulant treatment however, increases the patient's risk of bleeding, which carries with it is own set of dangers. Medications currently available for treating atrial fibrillation have proven to be only moderately effective in decreasing the incidence of recurrent atrial fibrillation, and these medications do not decrease the patient's risk of having a stroke.
One method of treating atrial fibrillation has been to perform ablation of selected areas of the left atrium. There is strong evidence to suggest that ablating these areas of the left atrium serves to cure or prevent further incidences of atrial fibrillation, which thereby has shown to reduce the risk of stroke and reduce the necessity of anticoagulant therapy. Typically, ablation of this type is carried out via an intravascular catheter using radiofrequency or microwave energy to cause thermal changes to the selected parts of the left atrial tissue.
Besides having a good safety profile, catheter ablation therapy for AF has proved effective in establishing and maintaining sinus rhythm. Ablation for atrial fibrillation is now the most commonly performed procedure in most laboratories.
The posterior wall of the left atrium is particularly targeted for ablation because the pulmonary veins enter the atrium at this area of the left atrium, encircling the pulmonary veins with continuous rings of lesions in this procedure. The esophagus may however be, in a position so as to overlie one or more of these circles, thereby making the desired encirclement difficult or impossible.
A significant and lethal complication of atrial fibrillation ablation is the accidental creation of an atrial esophageal fistula following the development of lesions on the posterior wall of the left atrium. Because the esophagus is generally in close position to the posterior wall of the left atrial, thermal injury may be communicated to the esophageal wall resulting in disruption of the wall and formation of the atrial esophageal fistula. Thermal esophageal lesions are believed to be precursors of fistula formation. Post ablation esophageal wall changes (erosion or ulceration) are reported to occur in up to 47% of patients. Real time temperature monitoring can detect rapid esophageal heating during radiofrequency ablation.
Although the pathophysiology of left atrial-esophageal (LA-Eso) fistula formation is not fully understood, it is clear that thermal injury to the esophagus during ablation of the LA posterior wall plays a crucial role in triggering the cascade of events that eventually result in the development of LA-Eso fistula.
Currently, the most commonly used clinical strategy to minimize esophageal thermal injury during AF ablation involves limiting the magnitude of power 25 to 35 W, as well as the duration (<30 s), of RF applications placed along the posterior wall of the LA. A major limitation of this approach is that it fails to account for the variability in the thickness of the posterior LA wall and the presence of peri-esophageal connective tissue—important determinants of esophageal heating. Thus, empirically limiting the power and duration of RF applications may be insufficient to prevent esophageal thermal injury in all patients. RF power delivery during AF ablation, guided by luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring is associated with less frequent esophageal injury compared with a strategy of power limitation alone.
Also, it is known that successful atrial fibrillation ablation may require the introduction of lesions near the location of the inferior right pulmonary vein, which is located in close proximity to the phrenic nerve. Thus, it has become more common for accidental injury to the phrenic nerve to occur. The phrenic nerve is responsible for operation of the diaphragm, and thus, injury to the phrenic nerve can be quite catastrophic.
Luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring is the most common strategy to minimize esophageal injury during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures.
In addition to the foregoing, fractionated electrograms and vagal plexi are also frequently present on the posterior wall of the left atrium. These are also common targets of atrial fibrillation ablation. Again, the location of the esophagus may hinder application of this sufficient energy to successfully ablate enough energy of the left atrium to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation.
Since esophageal injury during RF ablation in the left atrium is thermal injury, and because of the need for preventing injury to the esophagus, there is a real need for a method and system for,

    
    
        a) activating various levels of alarms based on esophageal temperature monitoring,
        b) cooling the esophagus, and/or
        c) automatically interrupting the energy delivery of the ablation circuit, whenever the esophageal temperature reaches a pre-determined critical level.
    
    


SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
The current disclosure discloses novel methods and system for increasing safety of atrial fibrillation ablations by monitoring and interrupting energy delivery of ablation procedure, based on increases in the esophageal temperature.
The method and system of this disclosure comprises a computer with software configured and programmed to set one or more alarms and/or computer based interrupt (shut-off) based on pre-selected levels during a cardiac ablation procedure, more specifically an atrial fibrillation procedure. Such levels can be, but not limited to, elevation in temperature level(s), or time duration of such elevation of temperature levels. The physician may select the level(s) or settings of one or more variables to suit individual patient needs. The method is configured to either set off alarm(s) or shut off the energy for the procedure or both. The baseline temperature, elevation in temperature level(s), or time duration or delay of such elevation of temperature levels have a range for the physician to select from. The range for duration may be from milli-seconds to several seconds.
Accordingly, one objective of the disclosure is for a computer to monitor esophageal temperature and sound different levels of alarms or interrupt energy delivery based on pre-determined (threshold) levels of increases in the esophageal temperature.
In one aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a first level pre-determined threshold, an audio alarm is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a first level of pre-determined threshold, an audio and visual alarm is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a second level pre-determined threshold, a higher level of audio alarm is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a second level predetermined threshold, a higher level of audio and visual alarm is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a first level of predetermined threshold, a siren is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a second level predetermined threshold, a higher level of a siren is activated.
In another aspect of the disclosure, when esophageal temperature increases above a predetermined threshold, the ablation energy to the heart tissue is interrupted.
In another aspect of the disclosure, the ablation energy to the heart tissue is interrupted based on increase in temperature and time duration of elevated temperature.
In one embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and interrupt logic is in a stand-alone computer in parallel to the patient monitoring system.
In another embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and/or interrupt logic is in a stand-alone computer where the esophageal signals to the stand-alone computer are obtained from the patient monitoring system.
In another embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and interrupt logic is in a stand-alone computer used independently of the patient monitoring system.
In another embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and interrupt logic and circuitry is incorporated within the patient monitoring system.
In another embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and interrupt logic and circuitry is incorporated within a 2-D or 3-D mapping system.
In another embodiment, the computer logic for esophageal temperature monitoring and corresponding alarms and interrupt logic and circuitry is incorporated within the ablation generator system.
In another aspect of the procedure, a method of eliminating/minimizing esophageal temperature related injury during atrial fibrillation cardiac ablation procedure is provided.
In another aspect of the disclosure, esophageal injury during ablation is minimized by cooling the esophagus, if the esophageal temperature increases.
In another aspect of the disclosure, the esophagus is cooled by cold saline which is brought into a balloon adapted to in the esophagus.
In another aspect of the disclosure, the cooling of the esophagus is done using gases.
In another aspect of the disclosure, cooling of the esophagus is done with in combination with alarms.
In another aspect of the disclosure, cooling of the esophagus is done with in combination with ablation energy interrupt.
Various other features, objects and advantages of the disclosure will be made apparent from the following description taken together with the drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For the purpose of illustrating this disclosure, there are shown in accompanying drawing forms which are presently preferred, it being understood that the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the precise arrangement and instrumentalities shown.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the concept of alarms and computer controlled interrupt based on esophageal temperature for atrial fibrillation ablations.
FIG. 2A depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals from the patient are split and slaved into another computer for monitoring, analyzing and interrupting atrial fibrillation ablation procedure.
FIG. 2B depicts one implementation of the system and method.
FIG. 3 depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals from the patient are brought into another computer from the patient monitoring system.
FIG. 4 depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals are brought into a computer for monitoring without using the patient monitoring system.
FIG. 5 depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals are monitored by the patient monitoring system and the logic for alarms and automatic interrupt is incorporated into the patient monitoring system.
FIG. 6 depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals from the patient are split and slaved into a 2-D or 3-D mapping system, and where the logic for alarms and automatic interrupt is incorporated within the 2-D or 3-D mapping system.
FIG. 7 depicts a general setup of the concept where the esophageal signals from the patient are split and slaved into the ablation generator, and the logic for alarms and automatic interrupt is incorporated into the ablation generator system.
FIG. 8A shows an example of graphical display and graphical interface of the concept.
FIG. 8B shows an example of graphical display and graphical interface of the concept with adjustable time delay.
FIG. 9A depicts schematically the overall concept of the system, with the circuit interrupt in the ground loop portion of the circuit.
FIG. 9B depicts in block diagram the concept with computer controlled esophageal cooling means.
FIG. 9C depicts the embodiment where the cooling means comprises a saline bag filled with cold saline that can be used for cooling the esophagus.
FIG. 9D shows an example of graphical display and graphical interface of the concept with Auto esophagus cooling.
FIG. 10 is an electrical schematic for the control of the relay switch.
FIG. 11 shows one example of the relay switch.
FIG. 12 is an overall flow diagram of the method of the concept



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE
The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the disclosure. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the disclosure. The scope of the disclosure should be determined with reference to the claims.
This disclosure is targeted to preventing or minimizing thermal injury to the esophagus or the vagus nerve(s) during ablation in the atrium, for treatment of atrial fibrillation. Accordingly, as shown in conjunction with FIG. 1 signals are typically and routinely recorded from an esophageal temperature probe 112 which is in a patient's esophagus 110. The temperature information is typically processed by a computer 103 comprising a processor 100 with algorithms 102 for pre-determined events, and displayed on a patient monitor which may be a stand-alone patient monitor or part of an anesthesia monitoring setup, or a cardiac recoding/monitoring system. During an atrial fibrillation ablation procedure this monitoring is typically done by an anesthesiologist, a nurse or an electrophysiologist performing this procedure. In the method and system of this disclosure, various levels of alarms and controls are incorporated within the monitoring system, such that at a programmable level there is an alarm indication that the temperature on the esophageal probe 112 has increased by a pre-determined level selected by the physician. This is shown in blocks 103 and 105 in FIG. 1. A second level(s) of alarms may also be established, indicating a further level of increase at the esophageal temperature probe. Finally, upon reaching a higher predetermined level of temperature increase, the computer may activate an interrupt means which may be a relay switch 106 or any other types of circuit breakers without limitation, which interrupts the energy delivery to the ablation circuit. At that point the physician either re-positions the catheter to another position in the atrium which is further away from the esophagus or waits for the temperature in the esophageal probe to come back down before resuming the ablation at that point.
This concept and various embodiments are described below in conjunction with FIGS. 2A-7. Shown in FIG. 2A is a schematic block diagram of one preferred embodiment of the disclosure. As shown in the figure an esophageal probe 112 is placed in the patient 80, such that the temperature probe 111 (usually a thermistor or a thermocouple) is in the esophagus 110 at the level of the left atrium 113, preferably at the level of the tip of the ablation catheter, and generally close to the ablation catheter which is in the left atrium 113.
In one preferred embodiment the signal from the esophageal probe 112 is spilt or the signal is slaved 88 into an interface box 89 such that the information can be analyzed by a computer of the patient monitoring system 86, which is typically observed and monitored visually by the anesthesiologist or a nurse, and an additional computer 103 comprising processor 100 and algorithms 102 (software which is configured and programmed as described in the disclosure). In this disclosure, software and algorithms may be used intechangeably.
The slaved signals 88 which are brought into the separate computer 103 (via the interface box 89) are analyzed and displayed 101. The display is both in the form of graphs and digital readout of temperature, and is described later in conjunction with FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9D. The computer 103 comprises software which is configured and programmed to monitor temperature levels, and trigger one or more level(s) of alarm(s) and/or activate ablation interrupt, when predetermined threshold limits are reached. In one aspect, at the start of the ablation procedure the baseline temperature of the patient is set into the computer by the operator. This value acts as the baseline for any increase in temperature as the ablation procedure progresses, and various lesions are delivered. Typically numerous lesions are delivered during the course of the ablation procedure. Without limitation in one embodiment, there are two levels of alarms, after which an automatic interrupt takes over computer controlled by a relay switch or other interrupt means. In another embodiment, there are more than two levels of alarms.
The following description is meant to be illustrative and not limiting. In one embodiment the first alarm is set to a first value, which is a threshold value that can be easily entered or adjusted on the graphical interface of the computer (shown later in conjunction with FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9D). When the first level of alarm is reached there is both sound warning and an optional light warning coming from the interface box (or the computer). When the second level of alarm is reached, both the audio and visual levels get stronger (or more intense). Finally, when the temperature reaches the next level, which is pre-determined or pre-defined by the healthcare operator, there is a computer controlled temporary interrupt or shut-off of the energy delivery from the ablation generator 104. As shown in conjunction with FIG. 2A, upon detection of the limit by the software the computer 103 gives a command signal via the interface box 89, such that the relay switch 108 (as one example of interrupt means) which is placed in the ablation circuit is opened and the energy delivery is interrupted. At this point, the physician either repositions the catheter to a site further away from the esophagus 110, or waits for the temperature to come back down. The ablation energy delivery can be re-started at any time by simply re-setting the switch using either a software or a hardware switch.
In the example of the above embodiment, say the physician has the first alarm set to a level of 0.25° C., the second alarm set to a level of 0.50° C., and the third alarm set to a level of 1.0° C. When the temperature increases to above 0.25° C. of the baseline, a beep or buzzer sound is activated along with the flashing light. At this point the physician may steer the catheter to a site which is further away from the esophagus 110 or may hold off on the energy delivery, or may finish the current burn being aware that this is the first alarm. If the temperature continues going up, and reaches the pre-determined threshold for the second level of alarm, the physician may more readily interrupt the ablation burn, unless at a critical point or seconds away from finishing the current burn. If at any time, the temperature reaches the threshold for automatic interrupt or shut-off, a command signal from the computer 103 via the output side of the interface box 89, opens the relay switch 108 interrupting the ablation circuit, and stopping the energy delivery to the tissues. At this point the physician or the operator resets the circuit. Again the physician may keep ablating after moving the catheter to a site which is further away from the esophagus 110 or wait until the temperature drops back down to a normal level before ablating again.
An example of first alarm may be a buzzer, a tone, or intermittent beeps. In such a case the second alarm may be a higher level of buzzer, tone, or more frequent beeps indicating a higher level of concern than the first alarm. In the case of a flashing light or LED, the second level of alarm may be more rapid and more intense flashing or higher frequency of LED flashing. There may also be an additional voice message also reciting the values of the temperature measurement. The above are examples only, and are not meant to be limiting. In the case of an automatic computer based interrupt or shut-off, the software may be configured and programmed such that as the temperature drops back to a pre-determined normal level, the system switch will reset itself.
Since sustained elevated temperatures may be related to thermal injury, in one embodiment the automated shut-off may be a combination of higher than baseline temperature and time duration. For example the elevated temperatures stay at a higher level for an adjustable and programmable period of time. Therefore in this embodiment the auto shut-off is based on increases in temperature and time duration of elevated temperature.
Shown in FIG. 2B is a block and circuit diagram for one implementation of this disclosure. Other functionally equivalent circuitry can also be used. The temperature sensor setup in block 300 outputs a voltage that varies with temperature 301, in a thermister based system. The analog voltage signal is converted to digital signal by the ADC 303 and transformed to an impedance change 302 where RRef is a reference resistor chosen close to operating impedance of the temperature sensor. Shown in block 304, the impedance is converted to a temperature change using sensor specifications.
The temperature is compared to the first threshold 306 and if it's greater, an LED 307 and sound alarm 309 are activated. As shown in 308, if the temperature exceeds the second threshold, a relay is also activated that switches off the ablation generator 104 or interrupts the energy delivery. Using similar methodology, more than one level of alarm may be use (not shown in the figure).
It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art, that the above concept can be practiced in various ways. For example, as shown in conjunction with FIG. 3, instead of splitting or slaving the temperature signal into both the patient monitor and another computer 103, the second set of signals to computer 103 may be gotten directly from the patient monitoring system 86 into the interface box. This simplifies the connections, providing that there is an output available from the patient monitoring system 86.
In one embodiment, the concept may be practiced independent of the patient monitoring system or anesthesia monitoring system. In this embodiment, as shown in conjunction with FIG. 4, the esophageal temperature probe 112 is connected directly to the interface box 89, which sends signals to the computer 103 which has the processor 100 with software configured and programmed with algorithms 102 capable of detecting pre-determined events. In this embodiment the anesthesiologist is relieved of the burden of monitoring esophageal temperature.
In one embodiment, the algorithms for detection of esophageal temperature alarm 102, limits and logic for automatic computer shut-off or interrupt 106 may be incorporated into the computer of a patient monitoring system 86. This embodiment is shown schematically in conjunction with FIG. 5. The esophageal probe 112 is connected to the monitoring system or anesthesia monitoring system 86 in the usual manner. In this embodiment, the software with algorithms 102 of the system 116 is configured and programmed to incorporate the algorithms for detection of out of range limits. Further, under conditions where an automatic interrupt or shut-off is warranted, an interface unit 117 connects to the relay switch 108 (or other interrupt means) for the shut-off or interrupt. In this embodiment, the patient monitoring system 116 is also configured with audio alarms, visual alarms, and voice messages 105. The advantage of this embodiment is that a second parallel computer is not required.
In another embodiment, the software algorithms for esophageal temperature monitoring and out-of-range limit alarms may be incorporated into a 2-D cardiac electrophysiology recording or monitoring system, or a 3-D cardiac mapping system. This is shown in conjunction with FIG. 6. Examples of 2-D cardiac electrophysiology systems include, the CardioLabTM system of GE Healthcare, CR Bard's recording system, and electrophysiology recording system marketed by St. Jude Medical. Examples of 3-D mapping systems include Biosense Webster's CartoTM mapping system, St Jude's NavixTM mapping system, and a mapping system by Boston Scientific's Rhythmia Medical's mapping system. In this embodiment, as shown in conjunction with FIG. 6, the esophageal probe 112 signal is slaved 88 into the electrophysiology monitoring or recording system 118 via an interface box 89. In this embodiment, the software of the monitoring system or mapping system 120 is configured and programmed such that the algorithms for detection of out of range limits for esophageal temperature are incorporated. As shown in FIG. 6, the system 120 also controls the automatic shut-off or interrupt and the audio, visual and voice messages 105.
In another embodiment, the algorithms for temperature monitoring and out of range limit alarms may be incorporated in the ablation generator system 104M. This is shown in conjunction with FIG. 7. In this embodiment, the standard ablation generator 104 is modified such that the controller in the modified ablation generator 104M comprises software which is configured and programmed to handle the algorithms for temperature monitoring from the esophagus 110, and implement out of range limit alarms 105 and computer shut-off or interrupt 106. As shown in FIG. 7, in this embodiment, the temperature probe signals are slaved and are connected to the modified ablation generator 104M via an interface box 89. The logic functions of alarms 105 and interrupt 106 are now configured and programmed 102 within the ablation generator 104M.
As was shown in FIG. 3, the computer 103 has a display 101. This is shown in conjunction with FIGS. 8A & 8B as display 126. There is both a digital display 128, and an analog display 130. At the beginning of the atrial fibrillation ablation procedure the baseline temperature 142 is updated. Following that, the computer program tracks the temperature relative to the baseline 142. First alarm (Alarm 1) 132 can be turned ON or OFF. In one example, there is a simple sliding scale to program the threshold level for the first alarm provided it is turned ON. Similarly, a second alarm (Alarm 2) 134 (shown in FIG. 8B) can be turned ON or OFF. If Alarm 2 is turned ON, the threshold level for Alarm 2 is greater than Alarm 1, and can be adjusted simply by the sliding scale in this example.
In addition to the first and second alarms, there is an Auto shut-off feature 136 also. The Auto shut-off 136 feature may be used in conjunction with Alarm 1 and Alarm 2, or the two alarms may be turned OFF and Auto shut-off 136 may used alone by itself. The threshold criteria for the Auto shut-off 136 can be entered in a similar manner by adjusting the sliding scale. There is a Reset button 138 for bringing all the values to default values, and adjusting the parameters again. As shown in the figure, there is a Bypass button 140, to take the computer and system out of the loop from the ablation procedure, if an operator so desires for any reason.
FIG. 8B shows an example of graphical display and graphical interface of the concept with two levels of alarms, alarm 1 and alarm 2.
It will be clear to one skilled in the art that various different softwares may be used in implementing this concept and methodology. Program code can be written using one of several commercially available software packages. The software that can be used for this purpose is LAB WINDOWS/CVI, LABVIEW (National Instruments Corp.), C+, Microsoft Visual C++, Dot Net framework, MATLAB, and Microsoft Visual Basic, among others. Use of these or other comparable languages for this purpose that are available now or developed in the future, is considered within the scope of the disclosure. Testing of applicant's prototype has been performed using Microsoft visual C++, LabView and MATLAB.
FIG. 9A summarizes schematically the ablation circuit and its relation to esophageal temperature monitoring circuit and automatic interrupt of ablation energy delivery. Signal from the esophageal probe 112 is brought into the computer 103 via the interface box 89. Computer 103 comprises software configured and programmed with algorithms 102 capable of detecting pre-determined events and computer based interrupt of energy delivery. When a pre-determined threshold criteria is met, the control switch will interrupt the ablation energy delivery to the circuit. As shown in the figure, energy interrupt means 106 is placed in the return path of the ablation circuit. Alternatively, the energy interrupt means 106 can also be placed on the catheter side of the circuit.
In one aspect of the disclosure, instead of just indicating alarms and interrupting energy delivery, active attempt is made to cool the esophagus. In one aspect active cooling of the esophagus is performed by itself. In another aspect of the disclosure active cooling of the esophagus is performed in conjunction with various alarm(s) and automatic interrupt.
Shown in conjunction with FIG. 9B, as before a temperature probe 112 is inserted into the esophagus 110. Additionally, apparatus for cooling the esophagus is also inserted. In one aspect it is a saline balloon which is flushed with cool saline from an external saline bag. For the practice of this disclosure any other means of cooling the esophagus 110 may be used. As shown in FIG. 9B the esophageal cooling apparatus is controlled by a controller based on pre-programmed algorithms.
Saline or salt water typically freezes at 39° F. Therefore, without limitation in one embodiment temperatures in the range of approximately 40° F. and 55° F. may be used. Other temperatures may also be used. The decision of the temperatures will generally be determined by the physician or the staff.
Shown in FIG. 9C is one embodiment of this invention. As shown in the figure, in this embodiment a modified esophageal temperature probe 318 includes a balloon 310 which can be filled with cold saline to cool the temperature of the esophagus 110. The cold saline is supplied from a saline bag 314 which may be placed on a stand similar to a saline drip, which is common in procedure rooms. As also shown in the figure, the flow of cold saline is controlled by controller 103, which receives its input from the temperature probe based on the programmed values. It may also be controlled by a separate controller. Therefore in one embodiment as the esophageal temperature reaches a pre-determined level, an alarm may be activated. Additionally, as the esophageal temperature reaches the next pre-determined level, cool saline may be deposited in a balloon or pouch 310 which is located adjacent to the temperature probe 111 inside the esophagus. Further, if the temperature increases further to a next pre-determined level, the ablation energy may be interrupted. All of the above events will be activated according to the program setting as entered by the operator. FIG. 9E shows the display for this embodiment.
It will be clear to one skilled in the art that pre-determined event(s) can trigger alarm(s), an energy interrupt means, or esophageal cooling means or any combination there of.
The circuitry for one example of the control switch is shown in conjunction with FIGS. 10 and 11. FIG. 10 shows a simplified circuit to drive a relay coil 48, which interrupts the ground loop side of the ablation circuit. As shown in the figure, when the logic level control 54 goes high, there is current flow at the base of transistor Q1 (54), and transistor Q1 conducts, energizing the Relay coil 48. The logic level control 54 is high only when certain pre-determined conditions are met. The pre-determined conditions are derived by analysis of signals and are based on safety conditions for esophageal temperature change.
Most ablation generators on the market have maximum impedance cut-off and delta impedance cut-off features. In this feature, when the impedance increases over the adjusted maximum cut-off value or is infinite (e.g. if the connection to the catheter is broken) the ablation generator will switch off automatically and an error message “Impedance too high” will be displayed in one example.
Using this feature of the ablation generator, shown in FIG. 11 is one implementation for practicing this method. In this embodiment, Logic High energizes the relay, thereby shutting off the ablation generator.
As shown in conjunction with FIG. 11, a relay switch circuitry is connected in the ground patch electrode 23. In this configuration, a transistor Q1 54 performs the switching. When the Logic Out Line from the DAQ goes “high”, the relay is energized. Power to the circuit may be supplied by a wall transformer or laptop power supply. The logic out line from DAQ is controlled by the software.
FIG. 12 depicts a flowchart of a typical procedure. The flowchart 350 begins at block 352 where the equipment is set up and connected to the patient. The procedure begins as shown in block 354. The temperature probe is positioned in the esophagus, block 356 and the program is started block 360. The operator enters pre-determined levels for one or more alarms 360 as determined by the physician. The operator also enters per-determined level of temperature increase for ablation interrupt 362, also as determined by the physician. The ablation catheter is then positioned and ablation energy is started as shown in step 364.
While this disclosure has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teaching of the invention with departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of interrupting energy delivery during an atrial fibrillation ablation procedures, comprises the steps of:
providing an esophageal temperature sensing means for a patient,
providing a computer comprising a processor and software configured and programmed for detecting at least one predetermined event(s) based on said esophageal temperature and capable of activating an energy delivery interrupt means, wherein the software is incorporated in an electrophysiology monitoring/recording system which may be one of GE's CardioLab® system, St Jude's EP Workmate® systems, CR Bard's LabSystemTM PRO or any FDA approved cardiac monitoring/recording system,
defining limits of said at least one predetermined event(s), wherein said at least one predetermined event(s) comprises the operator selected predetermined esophageal temperature level(s),
detecting said at least one predetermined event(s) by said software, and
initiating automatically said energy delivery interrupt means whereby energy delivery is interrupted during a cardiac ablation procedure.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said energy delivery interrupt means comprises a relay switch or an alternate device capable of interrupting the ablation energy circuit.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said software may be one from a group comprising LAB WINDOWS/CVI, LABVIEW (National Instruments Corp.), C+, Microsoft Visual C++, Dot Net framework, MATLAB, and Microsoft Visual Basic, or any functional equivalent software language.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein, said predetermined event(s) is time duration of elevated esophageal temperature level.

5. A method of interrupting energy delivery during an atrial fibrillation ablation procedures, comprises the steps of:
providing an esophageal temperature sensing means for a patient,
providing a computer comprising a processor and software configured and programmed for detecting at least one predetermined event(s) based on said esophageal temperature and capable of activating an energy delivery interrupt means, wherein said software is incorporated in a cardiac mapping system which may be one of Biosense Webster's CartoTM mapping system, St Jude Medical's NavixTM/VelocityTM mapping system, mapping system available from Rhythmia Medical/Boston Scientific or any FDA approved cardiac mapping system,
defining limits of said at least one predetermined event(s), wherein said at least one predetermined event(s) comprises the operator selected predetermined esophageal temperature level(s),
detecting said at least one predetermined event(s) by said software, and
initiating automatically said energy delivery interrupt means whereby energy delivery is interrupted during a cardiac ablation procedure.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein said energy delivery interrupt means comprises a relay switch or an alternate device capable of interrupting the ablation energy circuit.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein said software may be one from a group comprising LAB WINDOWS/CVI, LABVIEW (National Instruments Corp.), C+, Microsoft Visual C++, Dot Net framework, MATLAB, and Microsoft Visual Basic, or any functional equivalent software language.

8. The method of claim 5 wherein, said predetermined event(s) is time duration of elevated esophageal temperature level.

9. A system for activating one or more alarm(s) and/or interrupting energy delivery during a cardiac ablation procedure, comprises:
an esophageal temperature sensing means capable of sensing temperature from esophagus of a patient,
a computer comprising a processor and software configured and programmed for detecting at least one pre-determined esophageal temperature level(s) selected by an operator, and initiating alarm(s) and an energy interrupt means, based on reaching said at least one pre-determined level(s) of esophageal temperature, wherein said computer is an electrophysiology (EP) mapping system, which may be one of one of Biosense Webster's CartoTM mapping system, St Jude Medical's NavixTM/VelocityTM mapping system, mapping system available from Rhythmia Medical/Boston Scientific or any FDA approved cardiac mapping system, and
an energy delivery interrupt means, to activate said alarm(s) and/or interrupt energy delivery.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein said energy delivery interrupt means comprises a relay switch or an alternate device capable of interrupting the ablation energy circuit.

11. The system of claim 9, wherein said software may be one from a group comprising LAB WINDOWS/CVI, LABVIEW (National Instruments Corp.), C+, Microsoft Visual C++, Dot Net framework, MATLAB, and Microsoft Visual Basic, or any functional equivalent software language.

12. The system of claim 9 wherein, said predetermined event(s) is time duration of elevated esophageal temperature level.

13. A system for activating one or more alarm(s) and/or interrupting energy delivery during a cardiac ablation procedure, comprises:
an esophageal temperature sensing means capable of sensing temperature from esophagus of a patient,
a computer comprising a processor and software configured and programmed for detecting at least one pre-determined esophageal temperature level(s) selected by an operator, and initiating alarm(s) and an energy interrupt means, based on reaching said at least one pre-determined level(s) of esophageal temperature, wherein said computer is part of a cardiac monitoring/recording system, which may be one of one of GE's CardioLab® system, St Jude's EP Workmate® systems, CR Bard's LabSystemTM PRO or any FDA approved cardiac monitoring/recording system, and
an energy delivery interrupt means, to activate said alarm(s) and/or interrupt energy delivery.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein said energy delivery interrupt means comprises a relay switch or an alternate device capable of interrupting the ablation energy circuit.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein said software may be one from a group comprising LAB WINDOWS/CVI, LABVIEW (National Instruments Corp.), C+, Microsoft Visual C++, Dot Net framework, MATLAB, and Microsoft Visual Basic, or any functional equivalent software language.

16. The system of claim 13 wherein, said predetermined event(s) is time duration of elevated esophageal temperature level.