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The Honorable Arthur J. Tarnow, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District

of Michigan, sitting by designation.

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 14a0470n.06

No. 13-3632

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MARCO GONZALEZ,

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,

Respondent.

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM

THE UNTIED STATES BOARD OF

IMMIGRATION APPEALS

BEFORE: MOORE and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; and TARNOW, District Judge.*

TARNOW, District Judge. Marco Gonzalez petitions for review of a Board of Immigration

Appeals order denying his application for cancellation of removal, asylum, withholding of removal,

and relief under the Convention Against Torture. We DISMISS in part and DENY in part the

petition.

Petitioner is a citizen of Guatemala. Prior to illegally entering the United States in 1993,

Petitioner was abducted by an anti-government guerrilla group while working in a remote area of

Guatemala. The group held him by force in the mountains for several months, during which time the

group forced Petitioner to participate in military training, and punished Petitioner for an escape
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attempt by binding his hands and feet, and keeping him in a cave for three days. During one of the

group’s engagements with government forces, Petitioner successfully escaped and fled to Mexico

for approximately four years before returning to Guatemala in 1992 or 1993. Shortly thereafter,

Petitioner and his father were approached by a second guerrilla group, who demanded food and

money with threat of kidnaping Petitioner. Petitioner then fled to the United States and applied for

asylum.

In 1998, Petitioner was convicted on two counts of uttering a forgery in violation of Florida

law. Petitioner’s application for asylum was denied in April 2007. In June 2007, the Department of

Homeland Security/Immigration and Customs Enforcement (DHS/ICE) initiated removal

proceedings against Petitioner. Petitioner conceded that he is inadmissible for being illegally present

and therefore removable. Petitioner then submitted an application for cancellation of removal in

January 2008.

During Petitioner’s April 27, 2011 immigration hearing, the Immigration Judge (IJ)

pretermitted Petitioner’s application for cancellation of removal, finding that the 1998 conviction

is a crime involving moral turpitude (CIMT). In his May 26, 2011 decision, the IJ found Petitioner

credible, but found that he did not establish a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a

protected ground, and denied the asylum and withholding claims. The IJ also found that Petitioner

is ineligible for protection under the CAT, because he is unable to establish that it is more likely than

not that he will be tortured with the acquiescence of the government if removed to Guatemala.

Finally, the IJ found that Petitioner’s claims for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under

the CAT are barred because he received military-type training from a Tier III terrorist organization,

and that there is no duress exception to this bar.
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On June 14, 2011, Petitioner appealed the ruling of the IJ, and on April 25, 2013, the Board

of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed Petitioner’s appeal. While the BIA found that the bar based

on receiving military-type training did not apply to a deferral of removal claim under the CAT, it

ultimately affirmed the IJ’s conclusion that Petitioner failed to show that it was more likely than not

he would be tortured if removed. The BIA otherwise affirmed the IJ’s decision. 

We review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination, and review the IJ’s decision

to the extent the BIA adopted its reasoning. Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009).

We review questions of law de novo and factual findings under a substantial evidence standard. Id.

Petitioner first argues that the BIA erred in categorizing his conviction of uttering a forgery

as a CIMT, and finding Petitioner ineligible for cancellation of removal.

While the BIA's interpretation of the term ‘crime involving moral turpitude’ is entitled to

Chevron deference, we review its interpretation of a state criminal statute de novo. Ruiz-Lopez v.

Holder, 682 F.3d 513, 516 (6th Cir. 2012). In constructing the term crime of moral turpitude, “the

BIA recently clarified that ‘[a] finding of moral turpitude under the [INA] requires that a perpetrator

have committed the reprehensible act with some form of scienter.’” Id. at 519 (quoting

Silva-Trevino, 24 I. & N. Dec. 687, 706 (B.I.A. 2008)).

Petitioner was convicted under the following criminal statute: [w]hoever utters and publishes

as true a false, forged or altered record, deed, instrument or other writing mentioned in §831.01

knowing the same to be false, altered, forged or counterfeited, with intent to injure or defraud any

person, shall be guilty of a felony of the third degree.” Fla. Stat. §831.02 (1997).

Petitioner argues that the two possible elements of intent included in this statute–the intent

to injure or to defraud–are stated in the disjunctive, and therefore constitute two separate offenses.
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Relying on Valansi v. Ashcroft, 278 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2002), Petitioner asserts that the “intent to

injure” does not meet the definition of a CIMT. However, unlike the statute at issue in Valansi, the

Florida statute includes a knowledge requirement in addition to the intent to injure. See Valansi,

278 F.3d at 210. As the BIA held, “the Florida statue at issue here requires that the offender have

knowledge of the falsehood, in addition to the intent to either defraud or injure, such that the intent

to injure encompasses acting with knowledge that something false that results in harm to another.”

In fact, Valansi differentiates the intent to injure from the intent to defraud by noting that the intent

to injure does not require an element of knowledge. Valansi, 278 F.3d at 211.

Petitioner also argues that the Florida statute falls within the category of “worthless check

convictions” that the BIA has held does not involve moral turpitude “if a conviction can be obtained

without prior proof that the convicted person acted with intent to defraud.” Matter of Balao, 20 I.

& N. Dec. 440, 444 (B.I.A. 1992). While the statute at issue in Matter of Balao does include a

knowledge requirement, it does not include an intent element, and is therefore distinguishable from

the Florida statute. Id. at 443 (quoting 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 4105(a)(1)(1987)). Because all possible

offenses under the Florida statute meet the definition of a CIMT, we need not consider Petitioner’s

specific offense. See Ruiz-Lopez, 682 F.3d at 518. 

Therefore, we find that the BIA did not err in finding Petitioner’s conviction a CIMT and

rendering Petitioner ineligible for cancellation of removal.

Next, Petitioner argues that the BIA erred in finding no duress exception to the bar to relief

based on receiving “military-type training . . . from or on behalf of any organization that, at the time

the training was received, was a terrorist organization.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(VIII). Even

assuming—without deciding—that such an exception exists, our determination that the BIA did not
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err in its classification of Petitioner’s prior conviction as a CIMT deprives us of jurisdiction to

review the BIA’s factual finding that Petitioner failed to prove that he was eligible for asylum or

withholding of removal. See § 1252(a)(2)(C); Ruiz-Lopez, 682 F.3d at 516. Thus, we decline to

answer whether there is a duress exception to the military-training bar and dismiss Petitioner’s

request for review of the BIA’s asylum and withholding-of-removal decisions for a lack of

jurisdiction

Finally, Petitioner requests relief under the CAT. We previously outlined the complex issue

of statutory-interpretation involved in deciding whether the jurisdiction provisions of 8 U.S.C.

§1252(a)(2)(B) and §1252(a)(2)(C) apply to deferral of removal claims under the CAT. See Ali

Kassem Abou Khodr v. Holder, 531 Fed. Appx. 660, 664 (6th Cir. 2013). We need not further

address that issue here as the BIA’s denial of relief under the CAT is supported by substantial

evidence.

As the IJ found, Petitioner did not show that it was more likely than not that he will be

tortured if removed to Guatemala, and that this torture would occur with the “acquiescence of a

public official.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(7); see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(4). While Petitioner may have

shown a well-founded fear of violence, he has failed to provide any evidence of “willful blindness”

on the part of the Guatemalan government. Amir v. Gonzales, 467 F.3d 921, 927 (6th Cir. 2006).

Therefore, the petition for review is dismissed in part and denied in part.