Opinion issued November 21, 2023

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The

First District of Texas 

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NO. 01-23-00105-CV

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CITY OF KEMAH, Appellant

V.

CARL JOINER, Appellee

On Appeal from the 10th District Court

Galveston County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 22-cv-2216

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The City of Kemah appeals from the trial court’s denial of its plea to the

jurisdiction. Appellee Carl Joiner, who is the former mayor of the City of Kemah, 

sued the City for a declaratory judgment compelling the City to release an

investigatory report, which Joiner maintained would exonerate him of allegations 
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of wrongdoing. The City sought dismissal on the grounds of sovereign immunity 

and Joiner’s lack of standing. The trial court denied the City’s plea to the 

jurisdiction, and the City appealed.

Because we conclude that Joiner failed to demonstrate a waiver of sovereign 

immunity, we reverse the trial court’s order. We remand to the trial court to afford 

Joiner an opportunity to replead, if possible.

Background

Joiner served as mayor of the City of Kemah from 2015 until 2019 and again

from 2021 until 2023. From 2017 through 2018, the City undertook renovation and 

expansion projects concerning a parking lot, the visitor center, and city hall. In 

April 2021, the City entered into a contract with the law firm of Lewis, Brisbois,

Bisgaard & Smith LLP to investigate whether the contracts for the renovation and 

expansion projects were fulfilled and whether there were any irregularities. 

According to Joiner, “[a] primary purpose behind this investigation was the City’s 

drive to uncover alleged self-dealing, misappropriation of funds and/or

mismanagement on [his] part as Mayor of Kemah during the Renovation Project.”

The law firm prepared a two-part report, which was issued to city council members 

in January and May 2022.

Joiner maintains that, as mayor, he saw the report, but the city council 

refused to release it to the public. In his affidavit, Joiner averred that he asked the 
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city council to release the report to the public “on numerous occasions.” On 

September 21, 2022, Joiner sent a letter to the city council again requesting that the 

report be made public. Joiner asserted that the city council had waived any claim of 

attorney-client privilege when a city council member discussed the purpose of the 

law firm’s investigation at a public meeting. In response to his written request, the 

city secretary sent Joiner an email informing him that Wayne Dolcefino had also 

requested the law firm’s report. In response to Dolcefino’s request, the City sought 

an opinion from the Texas Attorney General on whether it could withhold the 

report on the ground of attorney-client privilege. According to the city secretary, 

the relevant statute afforded the attorney general 45 days in which to respond, and 

that time period had not yet elapsed. The city council did not release the report to 

the public. 

In late November 2022, Joiner filed suit against the City seeking a 

declaratory judgment stating that the law firm’s report is not privileged and 

ordering the City to release it to the public. In response, the City filed an answer 

and a plea to the jurisdiction. The City argued that Joiner lacks standing to sue 

because he was not personally aggrieved by the City’s failure to release the law 

firm’s report. The City also argued that Joiner had not demonstrated a waiver of its 

sovereign immunity. 
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Joiner responded with evidence, which consisted of: Joiner’s affidavit; his 

September 21, 2022 letter to city council members; the September 28, 2022 email 

to Joiner and others regarding Dolcefino’s request, and the City’s submission of 

the issue of releasing the report to the Attorney General for advice. In the letter to 

the Attorney General, the City asserted that it had hired the law firm to perform 

legal services and that the report should be withheld from public disclosure 

because it is confidential and subject to both attorney-client and work-product 

privileges. 

The trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction in an order that stated it 

had considered “the Motion, Plaintiff’s Response, the evidence presented, and 

argument of counsel, if any . . . .” The City appealed.1

Analysis

On appeal, the City argues that the trial court erred by denying its plea to the 

jurisdiction because Joiner lacked standing and failed to demonstrate a waiver of 

the City’s governmental immunity. 

I. Standards of review

Subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to a court’s power to decide a case. 

Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993). The 

1 Three days after the trial court signed its order denying the plea to the jurisdiction, 

the City filed a reply to Joiner’s response to the City’s plea to the jurisdiction. The 

City urged the trial court to strike Joiner’s evidence, and again argued that Joiner 

lacked standing and the City was immune from suit. 
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plaintiff has the burden to affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s jurisdiction. 

Town of Shady Shores v. Swanson, 590 S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. 2019). That burden 

includes the obligation to establish a waiver of sovereign immunity in suits against 

the government. Id.

Governmental units, including cities, are generally entitled to governmental 

immunity from suit unless the Legislature has consented to suit. Dohlen v. City of

San Antonio, 643 S.W.3d 387, 392 (Tex. 2022); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 101.001(3)(B) (defining “governmental unit” to include cities). A city may

challenge a court’s jurisdiction by asserting immunity in a plea to the jurisdiction. 

Christ v. Tex. Dep’t of Transp., 664 S.W.3d 82, 86 (Tex. 2023). When a plea to the 

jurisdiction challenges whether the plaintiff has alleged facts that affirmatively 

demonstrate jurisdiction, we review the trial court’s ruling de novo and based on 

the pleadings. Abbott v. Mexican Am. Legislative Caucus, Tex. House of 

Representatives, 647 S.W.3d 681, 689 (Tex. 2022); see Christ, 664 S.W.3d at 86 

(noting that whether court has subject-matter jurisdiction is question of law). When 

a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, our review 

mirrors that of a traditional summary judgment.2 Abbott, 647 S.W.3d at 689.

2 When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, the 

trial court may review the relevant evidence and determine whether a fact issue 

exists. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. 

2004). When the evidence reveals a question of fact on the jurisdictional issue, the 

trial court cannot grant the plea, and instead the fact issue will be resolved by the 
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II. UDJA does not waive the City’s immunity.

Joiner sued the City, which, as a governmental unit, is immune from suit 

unless the Legislature has waived immunity. See Dohlen, 643 S.W.3d at 392.

Joiner argues that the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, see TEX. CIV. PRAC. &

REM. CODE § 37.004, waives immunity in this case in which he seeks “a 

declaration of rights under a contract.” Appellee’s Br. 13. Section 37.004 provides:

A person interested under a deed, will, written contract, or other 

writings constituting a contract or whose rights, status, or other legal 

relations are affected by a statute, municipal ordinance, contract, or 

franchise may have determined any question of construction or 

validity arising under the instrument, statute, ordinance, contract, or 

franchise and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal 

relations thereunder. 

Id. § 37.004(a). 

The UDJA does not contain a general waiver of sovereign or governmental 

immunity. Swanson, 590 S.W.3d at 552. In City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 

S.W.3d 366 (Tex. 2009), the Supreme Court held that the UDJA waives immunity 

for “claims challenging the validity of ordinances or statutes” by requiring that the 

“relevant governmental entities be made parties.” 284 S.W.3d at 373 n.6 (citing 

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.006(b), requiring governmental entities to be 

made party). But the “UDJA does not waive the state’s sovereign immunity when 

factfinder. Id. at 227–28. If the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a 

question of fact, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of 

law. Id. at 228.
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the plaintiff seeks a declaration of his or her rights under a statute or other law.”

Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Sefzik, 355 S.W.3d 618, 621 (Tex. 2011) (holding that 

“sovereign immunity bars UDJA actions against the state and its political 

subdivisions absent a legislative waiver”). Thus, the UDJA does not waive 

immunity in this case.

III. The Open Meetings Act and the Public Information Act do not waive 

the City’s immunity.

Joiner argues, however, that the City has avoided its duties under the Texas 

Open Meetings Act and the Texas Public Information Act. See TEX. GOV’T CODE

§§ 551.001–.146 (Texas Open Meetings Act); TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 552.001–.376 

(Texas Public Information Act). Neither of these statutes waive immunity in this 

case.

The Texas Open Meetings Act includes a clear and unambiguous waiver of 

immunity but only for a suit brought by mandamus or injunction. Swanson, 590 

S.W.3d at 554 (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 551.141–.142(a)). “[T]he Open 

Meetings Act’s clear and unambiguous waiver of immunity does not extend to 

suits for declaratory relief.” Id. Joiner brought suit for declaratory relief, so the 

Open Meetings Act does not waive immunity in this case.

The Texas Public Information Act includes a clear and unambiguous waiver 

of immunity for “an action for a declaratory judgment or injunctive relief,” but 

only when brought in accordance with section 552.3215 of the Government Code.
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TEX. GOV’T CODE § 552.3215. Section 552.3215 authorizes a district or county

attorney or the attorney general to bring a suit for declaratory or injunctive relief

based on information provided by a person who claims to be a victim of a violation 

of the Public Information Act. Id. Joiner is not a district or county attorney or the 

attorney general, so the Public Information Act does not waive immunity in this 

case. See id.

We conclude that Joiner did not meet his burden to prove a waiver of the 

City’s immunity. We sustain the City’s sole issue.

Conclusion

Because the City retained immunity, the trial court erred by denying its plea 

to the jurisdiction. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s order denying the plea 

to the jurisdiction. Because it is unclear whether it is possible for Joiner to cure the

defects in his pleadings, we remand this case to the trial court to afford Joiner an 

opportunity to replead, if possible. See, e.g., Tex. A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 

S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2007) (requiring opportunity to amend when possible to 

cure pleading defect).

Peter Kelly

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Landau, and Farris.