Affirmed; Opinion Filed June 21, 2018.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-17-01482-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF C.E.C., A MINOR CHILD

On Appeal from the 255th Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DF-08-10464

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Lang, Brown, and Whitehill

Opinion by Justice Lang

Appellant (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights

respecting his daughter, C.E.C. Following a bench trial, the trial court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that (1) Father committed three statutory predicate acts supporting 

termination and (2) termination of Father’s parental rights was in C.E.C.’s best interest.

Additionally, the trial court appointed C.E.C.’s paternal grandmother (“Grandmother”) and her 

husband, Randy, (collectively, “petitioners”) as “sole managing conservators” of C.E.C. and 

ordered two permanent injunctions against Father respecting access to C.E.C.

In three issues on appeal, Father contends (1) the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support a finding that termination of his parental rights is in the best interest of 

C.E.C. and (2) the trial court abused its discretion by appointing petitioners as sole managing 
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conservators and ordering the permanent injunctions against Father. We decide Father’s three 

issues against him. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL CONTEXT

C.E.C. was born in 2006. On May 26, 2016, an “Original Petition to Terminate Parent–

Child Relationship of [Father]” was filed by Grandmother, who at that time was temporary sole 

managing conservator of C.E.C.1 The live petition at the time of trial requested involuntary 

termination of Father’s parental rights based on six of the acts and omissions enumerated in family 

code section 161.001(b)(1) and the best interest of C.E.C. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(b)(1)–(2) (West Supp. 2017).2 Also, petitioners sought adoption of C.E.C. 

At trial, Father appeared by telephone and through his appointed counsel. Father testified 

in part (1) in January 2010, he “pleaded guilty to attempted receipt of child pornography”; (2) since 

that time, he has been in federal prison for that offense; (3) he is serving a 210-month sentence and 

expects to be released in 2024; (4) although his mother, i.e., Grandmother, claims he sent her a 

letter from prison admitting to sexual conduct with minors, he did not write or sign any such letter; 

(5) he has never physically, sexually, or emotionally abused C.E.C.; and (6) he believes he is “a 

good father.” Father stated he was asking (1) that his parental rights not be terminated; (2) that he 

be allowed “future contact” with C.E.C.; and (3) that C.E.C. not be placed in the care of 

Grandmother because Grandmother “is a danger to her” and placement with Grandmother is not 

in C.E.C.’s best interest. Further, (1) a copy of Father’s 2010 plea agreement was entered into 

 

1 The original petition was subsequently amended to add Randy as a petitioner and also seek termination of the parental rights of C.E.C.’s

mother. At the start of trial, the trial court severed “mother’s portion” from this case for determination at a later time. 

2 The provisions of family code section 161.001 cited in the live petition in this case have been amended. See Act of May 26, 2017, 85th Leg., 

R.S., ch. 317, § 12, eff. Sept. 1, 2017; Act of Mar. 30, 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., ch. 1, § 1.078, sec. 161.001, 2015 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 1, 18–20. 

Former subsection 161.001(1) is now designated as subsection 161.001(b)(1) and former subsection 161.001(2) is now designated as subsection 

161.001(b)(2). FAM. § 161.001. The language contained within the subsections relevant to this case remains the same and the amendments do not 

affect the resolution of this appeal. See id. We cite the current version of the statute in this opinion. See In re A.R.M., No. 05-17-00539-CV, 2018 

WL 1559820, at *2 n.2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 30, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op.).
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evidence and (2) Father testified his plea was voluntary and he “gave complete and truthful 

information” in that plea agreement.

Additionally, Father testified on cross-examination (1) at the time of his arrest, he was 

living in Grandmother’s home; (2) multiple computers found in that home contained a total of 

more than 1,200 images and videos of child pornography; (3) those computers were owned by 

Grandmother; and (4) he recently attempted to contact C.E.C., but Grandmother has not allowed 

C.E.C. to visit or speak with him since receiving the letter described above.

Grandmother testified she is a licensed provider of “in home child care” and has been “in 

that industry” for more than twenty years. She stated she sought to terminate Father’s parental 

rights to C.E.C. after Father sent her a handwritten letter from prison in 2016 “saying not only did 

he look at children,” but also “sexually assaulted [C.E.C.]” when she was three and one-half years 

old. Grandmother testified Father stated in that letter that he (1) is a “violent sexual predator”;

(2) “if given the opportunity, may likely attempt to sexually abuse a minor female in the future”; 

and (3) believes his parental rights respecting C.E.C. should be terminated. A copy of the letter 

described by Grandmother was admitted into evidence over Father’s objection.

Further, Grandmother testified she believes termination of Father’s parental rights would 

be in C.E.C’s best interest. Specifically, Grandmother stated (1) it is her belief that C.E.C. believes

Father “sexually abused her”; (2) C.E.C. has been in therapy respecting that matter; 

(3) Grandmother is concerned Father will try to harm C.E.C. mentally and physically if he has 

access to her; and (4) termination would “give [C.E.C.] some closure” and “let[] [her] know that 

she’s in a safe place, and that her biological father . . . can never hurt her or bother her until she’s 

ready to talk to him.” Also, Grandmother testified (1) C.E.C. is currently “thriving” in her care and 

knows Grandmother and Randy “want to adopt her so she won’t have to go back to live with her 

mother or see her father”; (2) “[t]here’s no reason” to allow Father “access to” C.E.C.; and (3) as 
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a “self-admitted violent sexual predator,” Father cannot “provide any kind of emotional support 

for [C.E.C.].” 

On cross-examination, Grandmother testified Father “has not been able to provide financial 

support to his child” while he has been in prison, but has attempted to contact Grandmother to

“provide emotional support for the child.” She stated that since receiving the letter described 

above, she has not “been in contact with Father regarding the wellbeing of the child” or allowed 

Father to speak with C.E.C. Further, Grandmother stated she is certain Father wrote and signed 

that letter because “I know his handwriting” and Father told her in a telephone call from prison 

that he wrote the letter. Additionally, Grandmother stated (1) she testified at Father’s “detention 

hearing” in 2010 that she was responsible for the production of two “nude imagines [sic]” of C.E.C.

found in her home; (2) her child care business was “at one point” “placed under investigation by 

the department of protective services” and was “forcibly shut down” by them in January 2010, but 

is currently operating legally; (3) she was “accused of harming a child” approximately a year and 

a half ago, but “the case was closed”; (4) she has never physically abused any of her children and 

has never “been verbally, or physically, or emotionally abusive towards C.E.C.”; (5) in July 2016, 

police were called to her home regarding a reported “assault” of her nephew by Randy, but it was 

“a big misunderstanding” and no one was arrested or cited; (6) prior to receiving the letter 

described above, she took C.E.C. to visit Father in prison twelve or thirteen times; (7) those visits 

went “okay” and one of the visits was “nice,”; (8) sometimes C.E.C. was “withdrawn” and “kind 

of sad” after the visits, and (9) prior to Grandmother’s receipt of the letter described above, C.E.C. 

was “in therapy” because of “sexual misconduct with an uncle” on “the stepfather’s side” that 

occurred while she was living with her mother. 

Tony Godwin testified he is a detective with the Garland Police Department. He stated he 

serves on a task force that assisted federal agents with the child pornography investigation that 
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resulted in Father’s arrest and incarceration. The images found in that investigation involved 

children “at the same age range” as those “that were in his presence in the day care that his mother 

ran.” Godwin testified that, given the offense for which Father was convicted, he feels strongly 

that Father should not be around children because “the past tells me that his pattern of behavior 

has been horrific for a long time” and “the recidivism rate for something like this is very high.”

Also, Godwin testified he believes termination of Father’s parental rights would be in C.E.C.’s 

best interest. 

Alyssa Green testified she taught C.E.C. in fourth grade two years ago and has “kept in 

touch” with Grandmother since that time. Green stated (1) Grandmother has played a supportive 

role in C.E.C.’s life, (2) C.E.C. “has consistently improved while she’s been in [Grandmother’s] 

care” and is “nurtured” and “thriving” in the care of Grandmother, (3) she does not “have any 

concerns” respecting Grandmother, and (4) she believes “it would be harmful” for C.E.C. to be 

removed from Grandmother. 

Patricia Keyhoe testified she was C.E.C.’s fifth grade teacher. She testified Grandmother 

has been “very involved” in C.E.C.’s life and C.E.C. is “thriving” in Grandmother’s care. Keyhoe

stated she believes it would be in C.E.C.’s best interest to remain in Grandmother’s care and it 

would be detrimental to C.E.C. to remove her from Grandmother. On cross-examination, Keyhoe 

testified she has never met Father and C.E.C. has not talked to her about him.

Randy testified he and Grandmother were married in January 2016. He has never met 

Father. He stated that during a previous marriage, he and his then-wife were foster parents for 

several teenagers. During that time, “at least three” allegations against him were investigated by 

“Child Protective Services,” but “nothing occurred from them.” He is not aware of any other 

instances in which CPS has been called regarding him. Also, he stated (1) he knows of only one 

instance involving a report of domestic violence at Grandmother’s home, which occurred when 
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C.E.C.’s mother “showed up and got violent there,” and (2) he has never witnessed Grandmother 

being verbally, physically, or sexually abusive in any way. 

Randy testified Father has not supported C.E.C. financially for at least two years prior to 

the filing of the petition in this case. He stated Father’s contact with C.E.C. during her visits to 

prison was supervised by a friend of the family on two occasions and was otherwise supervised by 

Grandmother. Further, Randy stated he has “concerns” that C.E.C. will be “manipulated” 

emotionally and “possibly hurt physically” if “exposed to her biological father.” 

Jarrod Opel testified he is an investigator with Child Protective Services. He investigated 

allegations made in 2015 respecting C.E.C.’s mother. At that time, Father was in prison and those 

allegations did not involve him. Opel stated he met with C.E.C. and she “was doing very well” in 

Grandmother’s care. Further, Opel stated (1) he visited Grandmother’s home and found it 

“appropriate” for C.E.C.; (2) Grandmother is “very vested in making sure [C.E.C.] is thriving,”; 

(3) he has no concerns about Grandmother; and (4) he believes termination of Father’s parental 

rights is in C.E.C.’s best interest.

During closing, counsel for Father stated in part,

Your Honor, . . . we are asking that termination not take place at this time based on 

the testimony today. . . . 

. . . . 

We are also requesting that the Court allow at least some type of phone 

contact if the child desires to have it. And if the child does, that the petitioners select 

a reasonable time of day and allow some type of Skype or FaceTime.

. . . .

[Father] is requesting that the petitioner set up some type of personal e-mail 

account for the child and allow the child to respond with her father on a regular 

basis as long as the communication is supervised by petitioners.

. . . .

. . . If my client is released, we’re also asking that he allow—if allowed by 

his probation officer to attend school activities, [sic] if the child wishes to visit.

. . . .

And Your Honor, just one more thing that I meant to add. If the Court does 

deem that termination is in the child’s best interest, we’re asking for the same type 

of requested relief that we would have done under a possessory conservatorship,
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which would include supervised access at all times, cards, pictures, and letters, and 

all other requests that was previously—or just recently requested of the Court.

At that point, C.E.C.’s amicus attorney stated, “Your Honor, . . . I believe it is not in the 

child’s best interest to have any access to [Father], who is currently incarcerated because of child 

pornography. And there is no situation in which the child needs access or even communication 

with [Father].”

The trial court signed an October 27, 2017 order in which it stated in part that it finds by 

clear and convincing evidence that (1) Father “knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that has 

resulted in the parent’s: conviction of an offense and imprisonment and inability to care for the 

child for not less than two years from the date of filing of the petition” and (2) “termination is in 

the best interest of the child.” Further, the trial court (1) appointed Grandmother and Randy “sole 

managing conservators” of C.E.C. and (2) ordered permanent injunctions against Father “sending 

any written or electronic correspondence to any school that the child currently attends, or any

schools the child attends in the future, or the residence of the paternal grandparent” and “attempting 

to contact the child by telephone.” This appeal timely followed.

II. TERMINATION OF FATHER’S PARENTAL RIGHTS 

A. Standard of Review

Because termination of parental rights is complete, final, and irrevocable, the evidence in 

support of termination must be clear and convincing before a court may involuntarily terminate a 

parent’s rights. In re N.T., 474 S.W.3d 465, 474–75 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, no pet.); see also

In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 502–03 (Tex. 2014); In re J.D.B., 435 S.W.3d 452, 462 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2014, no pet.). “Clear and convincing evidence” is “the measure or degree of proof that will 

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations 

sought to be established.” N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 475 (quoting FAM. § 101.007).
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On appeal, we apply a standard of review that reflects the elevated burden at trial. Id. This 

means both legal and factual sufficiency review of a decree terminating parental rights require a 

reviewing court to consider all the evidence to determine whether the fact-finder could reasonably 

form a firm belief or conviction that the grounds for termination are proven. J.D.B., 435 S.W.3d 

at 462 (citing In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 265–66 (Tex. 2002)). Further, under both the legal and 

factual sufficiency standards, the appellate court must defer to the fact-finder’s determinations as 

to witness credibility. N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 475. 

In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency in a termination case, we view the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the finding. J.D.B., 435 S.W.3d at 462; In re T.A.D., 397 S.W.3d 

835, 839 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.). We “consider all the evidence, not just that which 

favors the verdict,” and we assume the fact-finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if 

a reasonable fact-finder could do so. J.D.B., 435 S.W.3d at 462–63 (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 

570, 573 (Tex. 2005)). We disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could have 

disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id. at 463; see In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d 101, 116 

(Tex. 2014).

When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a termination finding, 

an appellate court asks whether, in light of the entire record, the evidence is such that a fact-finder 

could reasonably form a firm conviction about the truth of the allegations. N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 

475. We must give due consideration to evidence that the fact-finder could reasonably have found 

to be clear and convincing. A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 503. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed 

evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so 

significant that a fact-finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the 

evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266).
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B. Applicable Law

The trial court may terminate the parent–child relationship if the fact-finder finds by clear 

and convincing evidence that the parent committed one or more of the acts and omissions 

enumerated in family code section 161.001(b)(1) and termination is in the child’s best interest. 

FAM. § 161.001(b)(1)–(2). The acts and omissions in section 161.001(b)(1) include that “the parent 

has: . . . knowingly engaged in criminal conduct that resulted in the parent’s: (i) conviction of an 

offense; and (ii) confinement or imprisonment and inability to care for the child for not less than 

two years from the date of filing the petition.” Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(Q).

A judicial determination of the “best interest” of a child “is not dependent upon, or 

equivalent to, a finding that the child has been harmed by abuse or neglect or is in danger of such 

harm.” In re M.J.P., No. 05-16-01293-CV, 2017 WL 655955, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 17, 

2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). Rather, “best interest” is “a term of art encompassing a much broader, 

facts-and-circumstances based evaluation that is accorded significant discretion.” Id. (quoting In 

re Lee, 411 S.W.3d 445, 460 (Tex. 2013) (orig. proceeding)); see also In re C.R., 263 S.W.3d 368, 

375 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (“[P]arental rights may not be terminated merely because 

a child might be better off living elsewhere.”). In reviewing a fact-finder’s best interest finding, 

we consider several nonexclusive factors, including (1) the child’s desires, (2) the child’s current 

and future emotional and physical needs, (3) current and future emotional and physical dangers to 

the child, (4) the parental abilities of those seeking custody, (5) the programs available to help 

those individuals promote the child’s best interest, (6) those individuals’ plans for the child, (7) the 

home’s or proposed placement’s stability, (8) the parent’s acts or omissions indicating that the

existing parent–child relationship is not a proper one, and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or 

omissions. Id. (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976)). An absence of 

evidence of some Holley factors does not preclude a finding that termination is in the child’s best 
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interest, particularly if undisputed evidence shows that the parental relationship endangered the 

child’s safety. In re A.R.M., No. 05-17-00539-CV, 2018 WL 1559820, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

Mar. 30, 2018, no pet. h.) (mem. op.) (citing N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 477). Further, the same evidence 

can be relevant to both section 161.001(b)(1) termination grounds and the child’s best interest. In 

re D.W., 445 S.W.3d 913, 925 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied). 

C. Application of Law to Facts

In his first issue, Father contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to show 

termination of his parental rights was in the best interest of C.E.C. According to Father, there was 

little or no evidence as to several Holley factors and “based on the record, a reasonable fact-finder 

could not form a firm conviction or belief that termination of [Father’s] parental rights is in the 

best interest of [C.E.C.].” 

The first Holley factor is C.E.C.’s desires. There is no direct testimony as to those desires. 

Father cites evidence that, prior to Grandmother’s receipt of the letter described above, at least one 

of C.E.C.’s visits to see him in prison was “nice.” Additionally, he states without citation to 

authority or to the evidence that “[i]f the child desires to see her father again in the future, it is in 

her best interest to not have her father’s rights terminated.” “[E]vidence that a child . . . enjoys 

visits is only marginally relevant to a best interest finding.” Id. at 926. On this record, we conclude 

this factor is neutral, weighing neither in favor of nor against termination of parental rights. See

id.

Next, we consider together the second, fourth, and fifth Holley factors. The second factor 

considers the child’s current and future physical and emotional needs, the fourth factor considers 

the parental abilities of the person seeking custody, and the fifth factor considers the programs 

available to assist the person seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child. Father 

argues it is “not necessary” to terminate his parental rights for C.E.C.’s physical needs to be met
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or for her to continue therapy and continue to thrive in school. Further, he asserts he has “provided 

emotional support to C.E.C.” In support of that assertion, he cites Grandmother’s testimony that 

he has attempted to contact her to provide C.E.C. emotional support. Also, Father states that he 

“expresses serious concerns about the current home of the child” and cites testimony by him that

Grandmother is “telling [C.E.C.] a bunch of stories that I have abused her as a child.” According 

to Father, his testimony “calls into question the emotional needs of the child and the need for her 

to maintain a relationship with her father, at least a legal relationship, so that the child can be aware 

of the truth and hear her father’s side of the story.” The record shows the testimony cited by Father 

respecting the “stories” told by Grandmother was objected to by C.E.C.’s amicus attorney on the 

grounds of hearsay and speculation and those objections were sustained by the trial court. Father 

does not complain on appeal as to the trial court’s ruling respecting that evidence. However, even 

assuming without deciding that all evidence cited by Father is to be considered in this Court’s 

analysis, the evidence in the record also includes testimony by Grandmother that (1) Father sent 

her a handwritten letter from prison in 2016 “saying not only did he look at children,” but also 

“sexually assaulted [C.E.C.]” when she was three and one-half years old; (2) Father stated in that 

letter that he is a “violent sexual predator,” “may likely attempt to sexually abuse a minor female 

in the future,” and “believes his parental rights respecting C.E.C. should be terminated”; and (3) as 

a “self-admitted violent sexual predator,” Father cannot “provide any kind of emotional support 

for [C.E.C.].” Additionally, the record shows (1) Father did not testify as to any program available 

to him respecting C.E.C.’s future physical and emotional needs and (2) three witnesses, i.e., Green, 

Keyhoe, and Opel, testified C.E.C. is thriving in Grandmother’s care. On this record, we conclude 

these factors weigh in favor of termination of Father’s parental rights. See M.J.P., 2017 WL 

655955, at *7 (addressing second, fourth, and fifth Holley factors together in case involving 
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termination of parental rights of father incarcerated for sexual assault of child); see also N.T., 474 

S.W.3d at 475 (appellate court must defer to fact-finder’s determinations as to witness credibility). 

The third Holley factor is the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the

future. Father asserts he (1) “poses no danger to [C.E.C.’s] physical well-being while he is 

incarcerated”; (2) “was not involved in any CPS investigations involving the child or her family”; 

and (3) “poses no emotional danger to [C.E.C.], but rather, “has provided emotional support.” In 

support of those assertions, Father cites Grandmother’s testimony described above that he has 

attempted to contact her to provide C.E.C. emotional support. Also, Father (1) contends 

“[e]motional danger could occur to the child if [Father’s] rights are terminated, allowing 

Petitioners to continue to lie or confuse the child about [Father]” and (2) states without citation to 

authority or to the record that “[e]motional danger will occur to the child if she is not allowed to 

continue a relationship with her father.” However, as described above, the record also shows 

(1) Father stated in the letter described by Grandmother that he is a “violent sexual predator” and 

“may likely attempt to sexually abuse a minor female in the future”; (2) Godwin testified Father 

should not be around children because “the past tells me that his pattern of behavior has been 

horrific for a long time” and “the recidivism rate for something like this is very high”; (3) both 

Grandmother and Randy testified they are concerned Father will try to harm C.E.C. physically and 

emotionally if he has access to her; and (4) Grandmother stated termination would “give [C.E.C.] 

some closure” and “let[] [her] know that she’s in a safe place, and that her biological father . . . 

can never hurt her or bother her until she’s ready to talk to him.” We conclude this factor weighs 

in favor of termination of Father’s parental rights to C.E.C.

Next, we consider together the sixth and seventh Holley factors, the plans for the child and 

the stability of the home or proposed placement. As described above, petitioners sought adoption 

of C.E.C. “so she won’t have to go back to live with her mother or see her father.” Father contends 
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(1) there are “other ways to achieve these two goals” without termination of his parental rights; 

(2) “there is no reason why the child cannot see her father; he poses no danger to her”; (3) “[t]here 

was not enough evidence given to prove the stability of the home or proposed placement”; (4) [t]he 

stability of the home was called into question with testimony that the police have had to visit the 

home”; and (5) Grandmother and Randy “have only been married since January 1, 2016; this is 

not long enough to establish stability.” In support of those arguments, Father cites testimony that 

police were called to Grandmother’s home on two occasions. However, the record shows (1) one 

of those visits by police involved violence by C.E.C.’s mother and the other involved “a big 

misunderstanding”; (2) Green testified C.E.C. “has consistently improved while she’s been in 

[Grandmother’s] care” and is “nurtured” and “thriving” in the care of Grandmother; (3) Keyhoe 

testified Grandmother has been “very involved” in C.E.C.’s life and C.E.C. “is thriving” in her 

care; (4) Opel stated Grandmother’s home is “appropriate” for C.E.C. and Grandmother is “very 

vested in making sure [C.E.C.] is thriving,”; and (5) Green, Keyhoe, and Opel testified they do not 

“have any concerns” respecting Grandmother. On this record, we conclude these factors weigh in 

favor of termination of Father’s parental rights. See M.J.P., 2017 WL 655955, at *7. 

Finally, we consider together the eighth and ninth Holley factors, the parent’s acts or 

omissions indicating that the existing parent–child relationship is not a proper one and any excuse 

for the parent’s acts or omissions. Father argues in part,

There is no evidence given that [Father] has done anything which indicates the 

existing parent–child relationship is not appropriate. Throughout the trial, 

Petitioners rely solely on a handwritten letter to demonstrate that it is in the child’s 

best interest that [Father’s] rights be terminated. [Father] vehemently denies writing 

the letter. He denies ever touching his child or any child in an appropriate [sic] way.

(citations to record omitted). Additionally, Father states “[t]here is no evidence provided regarding 

any excuses for the parent’s acts.” As described above, under both the legal and factual sufficiency 

standards, the appellate court must defer to the fact-finder’s determinations as to witness 
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credibility. N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 475. The record shows Grandmother testified Father’s handwritten 

letter stated he “sexually assaulted [C.E.C.]” when she was three and one-half years old,” is a 

“violent sexual predator,” “may likely attempt to sexually abuse a minor female in the future,” and 

believes his parental rights respecting C.E.C. should be terminated. Further, the record contains 

evidence that after writing the letter in question and sending it to Grandmother, Father lied about 

doing so. “Given the gravity of Father’s actions and his failure to recognize that his conduct was 

detrimental” to C.E.C., we conclude these two factors weigh in favor of termination of Father’s 

parental rights. See M.J.P., 2017 WL 655955, at *7. 

As described above, an absence of evidence of some Holley factors does not preclude a 

finding that termination is in the child’s best interest, particularly if undisputed evidence shows 

that the parental relationship endangered the child’s safety. N.T., 474 S.W.3d at 477; A.R.M., 2018 

WL 1559820, at *2. Considering the Holley factors and the record as a whole, we conclude the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination of 

Father’s parental rights was in C.E.C.’s best interest. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72; see also

J.D.B., 435 S.W.3d at 462–63; A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 502–03.

We decide Father’s first issue against him.

III. CONSERVATORSHIP

In a suit affecting the parent–child relationship, the trial court may appoint a sole managing 

conservator. See FAM. §§ 153.005(a), 161.207(a). A managing conservator must be a parent, a 

suitable, competent adult, the Department of Family and Protective Services, or a licensed childplacing agency. Id. § 153.005(b), 161.207(a). “The best interest of the child shall always be the 

primary consideration of the court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of 

and access to the child.” Id. § 153.002.
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In his second issue, Father contends the trial court abused its discretion by appointing 

petitioners as sole managing conservators of C.E.C. because the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support the finding that it is in C.E.C.’s best interest to remain in their home.

However, an order terminating the parent–child relationship divests the parent of all legal rights 

and duties with respect to the child. Id. § 161.206(b). Because we have decided against Father

regarding his challenge to the portion of the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights, that 

order has divested Father of his legal rights and duties respecting C.E.C. See In re D.K.W., Jr., No. 

01-17-00622-CV, 2017 WL 6520439, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 21, 2017, pet. 

denied) (mem. op.). As a result, Father does not have standing to challenge the portion of the order 

appointing petitioners as sole managing conservators of C.E.C. because any alleged error could 

not injuriously affect his rights. Id. (affirming termination of mother’s parental rights and holding 

that mother, who had been divested of her legal rights to child, had no standing to challenge 

conservatorship determination). 

We decide against Father on his second issue.

IV. PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS AGAINST FATHER

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

In lawsuits affecting the parent–child relationship, we review a trial court’s permanent 

injunction contained within an order for an abuse of discretion. See In re S.V., No. 05-16-00519-

CV, 2017 WL 3725981, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 30, 2017, pet. denied) (citing Peck v. Peck, 

172 S.W.3d 26, 36 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied)). “In matters concerning custody, 

control, possession, and visitation, the trial court’s foremost consideration is the best interest of 

the child, and the court has discretion to fashion orders including injunctive relief that are in the 

best interest of the child and consistent with the allegations, general prayers for relief, and 

evidence, without the need for strict proof of the existence of a wrongful act, imminent harm, 
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irreparable injury, and the absence of an adequate remedy at law.” King v. Lyons, 457 S.W.3d 122, 

131 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); accord S.V., 2017 WL 3725981, at *8. 

Additionally, Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 67 provides in part, “When issues not raised by the 

pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects 

as if they had been raised in the pleadings.” TEX.R. CIV. P. 67. “The trial court has broad discretion 

in determining whether an unpleaded issue was tried by consent.” Case Corp. v. Hi-Class Bus. 

Sys. of Am., Inc., 184 S.W.3d 760, 771 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied). 

B. Application of Law to Facts

In his third issue, Father argues the trial court abused its discretion by ordering permanent 

injunctions against him “sending any written or electronic correspondence to any school that the 

child currently attends, or any schools the child attends in the future, or the residence of the paternal 

grandparent” and “attempting to contact the child by telephone.” According to Father, (1) “[n]o 

petitions on file pray for injunctions”; (2) petitioners “did not ask for a trial amendment to add a 

request for a permanent injunction”; (3) there was no evidence and no “trial by consent” as to 

Father contacting the school of C.E.C., sending correspondence to Grandmother’s residence, or 

attempting to make phone calls to C.E.C.; and (4) “the injunctions issued by the [trial] court are 

more comprehensive and restrictive than justified by the evidence and the usages of equity.”

However, the record shows (1) Father testified he was requesting “future contact” with 

C.E.C. and recently attempted to contact her; (2) Grandmother testified Father has attempted to 

contact her to “provide emotional support” to C.E.C., “[t]here’s no reason” to allow Father “access 

to” C.E.C., and she is concerned Father will try to harm C.E.C. mentally and physically if he has 

such access; (3) counsel for Father stated during closing that even in the event termination was 

granted, Father was requesting that the trial court “allow at least some type of phone contact if the 

child desires to have it” and “supervised access at all times, cards, pictures, and letters”; that 
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petitioner “set up some type of personal e-mail account for the child and allow the child to respond 

with her father on a regular basis”; and that “if allowed by his probation officer to attend school 

activities, [sic] if the child wishes to visit”; and (4) C.E.C.’s amicus attorney stated during closing 

“it is not in the child’s best interest to have any access to [Father], who is currently incarcerated 

because of child pornography” and “there is no situation in which the child needs access or even 

communication with [Father].” On this record, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion respecting the injunctive relief in question. See King, 457 S.W.3d at 131; see also S.V., 

2017 WL 3725981, at *8.

We decide Father’s third issue against him. 

V. CONCLUSION

We decide against Father on his three issues. The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

/Douglas S. Lang/

DOUGLAS S. LANG

JUSTICE

171482F.P05
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Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

IN THE INTEREST OF C.E.C., A MINOR 

CHILD

No. 05-17-01482-CV 

On Appeal from the 255th Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DF-08-10464.

Opinion delivered by Justice Lang, Justices 

Brown and Whitehill participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 21st day of June, 2018.