IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 19-1295

Filed July 1, 2020

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MICHAEL J. KELLY

AND JAMI R. KELLY

Upon the Petition of

MICHAEL J. KELLY,

Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning

JAMI R. KELLY, n/k/a JAMI R. MASON,

Respondent-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Pottawattamie County, Kathleen A. 

Kilnoski, Judge.

A mother appeals a custody modification and contempt ruling. AFFIRMED.

P. Shawn McCann of McGinn, Springer & Noethe, Council Bluffs, for 

appellant.

Justin A. Quinn, Omaha, Nebraska, for appellee.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and May and Greer, JJ.
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TABOR, Presiding Judge.

In a modification ruling, the district court directed Michael Kelly and Jami 

Mason to share the physical care of their two children. The court also declined to 

hold Michael in contempt of the divorce decree. Jami appeals those two rulings. 

Like the district court, we find Michael showed a substantial change in 

circumstances to justify modification. And Jami did not prove that Michael willfully 

violated the decree. We thus affirm the district court’s order.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

Michael and Jami married in 1997 and divorced in December 2013. Their 

two children—A.J.K. born in 2002, and C.J.K, born in 2006—are the subjects of 

this appeal. This modification does not affect Jami’s older son, C.M.K., who is now 

an adult. The decree awarded physical care to Jami and provided Michael with 

liberal visitation. At that time, both parents lived in Council Bluffs.

A few months after the decree issued, Jami moved across the state to 

Muscatine to be with her fiancé, Lonnie Mason. Her older son, C.M.K., then 

seventeen, wanted to stay with Michael in Council Bluffs. To address those 

circumstances, Michael sought to modify the decree. Before hearing, the parties 

reached a stipulated modification agreement, which the court approved in 

September 2015. C.M.K. would stay in Council Bluffs and the younger children 

would relocate with Jami.

Almost three years later, Michael again petitioned to modify the decree.1 

The petition asserted that by agreement of the parties, A.J.K. and C.J.K. were 

 

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In the petition, Michael asked for “sole physical care.” The district court believed 

“at trial it was clear that he wanted shared physical care.”
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living with him and attending school in Pottawattamie County. The petition also 

alleged Jami was involuntarily committed for attempting suicide and was not stable 

enough to care for the children. 

In her answer, Jami explained she was currently living in Muscatine where 

she “completed a divorce from her second husband.” She acknowledged the civil 

commitment, but denied attempting suicide. She also admitted the children were 

now attending school in Council Bluffs. And she shared her plans to move back 

to Pottawattamie County. 

In December 2018, the district court granted Michael’s request to suspend 

his child support payments because he was caring for the children. Then in 

January 2019, Jami applied for a rule to show cause why Michael should not be 

held in contempt of the custody provisions of the decree. The application asserted 

she had “reestablished herself back in the Council Bluffs area” and notified Michael 

that the children should return to her physical care. In February 2018, the parties 

mediated a parenting plan to “improve their communications for the benefit of the 

children.” 

In June 2019, the district court held a combined hearing on Michael’s 

modification petition and Jami’s contempt application. Michael testified at the 

hearing that he was no longer concerned about Jami’s mental health. He also 

asked for joint physical care with a “week on week off” schedule.

In a July 2019 order, the court modified the 2013 and 2015 custody orders—

ordering the parents to have joint physical care of A.J.K. and C.J.K. The court 
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dismissed the application for contempt. Jami challenges those decisions on 

appeal.2

II. Scope and Standards of Review

We apply two different standards of review in this appeal. For the

modification of custody, we review the record de novo. In re Marriage of Zabecki, 

389 N.W.2d 396, 398 (Iowa 1986). “At the same time, we recognize the virtues 

inherent in listening to and observing the parties and witnesses.” In re Marriage of 

Pendergast, 565 N.W.2d 354, 356 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). So, although they are not 

binding, we give weight to the district court’s findings of fact. See id. On the court’s 

refusal to hold Michael in contempt, we review for an abuse of discretion. See In 

re Marriage of Swan, 526 N.W.2d 320, 327 (Iowa 1995) (noting Iowa Code section

598.23 (1993) provides that a person who willfully disobeys the decree “may be 

cited and punished” for contempt).

III. Analysis

A. Modification to Shared Physical Care

In bringing the modification action, Michael had a heavy burden to show the 

conditions since the decree was entered in 2013 (and modified in 2015) had so 

“materially and substantially changed that the children’s best interests make it 

expedient” to approve the requested modification. See In re Marriage of Jacobo, 

526 N.W.2d 859, 864 (Iowa 1995) (holding party who seeks modification must 

show by preponderance of the evidence that a substantial change in 

circumstances arose since the decree’s last modification). The changed 

 

2 Jami may directly appeal dismissal of her application to punish for contempt. 

See State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 231 N.W.2d 1, 4 (Iowa 1975).
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circumstances had to meet three criteria: (1) the court did not contemplate them 

when entering the decree; (2) they were “more or less permanent, not temporary,” 

and (3) they related to the welfare of the children. See In re Marriage of Frederici, 

338 N.W.2d 156, 158 (Iowa 1983).

Jami claims Michael did not provide “any evidence that there has been a 

permanent change in circumstances that affects the children’s wellbeing.” She 

contends that by the time of trial, the children were back in her physical care as 

“originally awarded in the decree and reaffirmed in the 2015 stipulated 

modification.”

While technically true, Jami’s contention oversimplifies the situation, 

skipping the four plus years she spent in Muscatine. To that point, the district court 

identified “several changes affecting the children” that occurred since the 2015 

stipulated modification order. The court chronicled that Jami’s second marriage 

was “plagued by verbal and emotional abuse” which led her to ask Michael to care 

for the children while she obtained a divorce. Michael agreed and enrolled the 

children in Council Bluffs schools for the 2018 academic year. Only after she fully

transitioned back to her parents’ Pottawattamie County home in early 2019 was 

Jami in a position to resume physical care of the children. 

Remarriage and moving residences sometimes qualify as material and 

substantial changes in circumstances to support a custody modification. Dale v. 

Pearson, 555 N.W.2d 243, 245 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996) (explaining distance may 

present “obstacles to regular and active visitation by the noncustodial parent”). 

Here, we are faced with the inverse situation. Jami divorced her second husband 

and moved closer to Michael since the 2015 modification. These changes 
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presented the opportunity for Michael to have greater physical and emotional 

contact with the children. In fact, he accommodated Jami’s request to take 

physical care of them, at least until she recovered her stability. Like the district 

court, we find Michael demonstrated a substantial change in circumstances related 

to the welfare of the children.

Next, Jami argues Michael did not meet the second element necessary to 

a modification petition, that he had the superior parenting ability. See Frederici, 

338 N.W.2d at 158 (“A parent seeking to take custody from the other must prove 

an ability to minister more effectively to the children’s well-being.”); but see 

Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002) (clarifying that when 

parents are “on equal footing” in a joint-physical-care modification case, the

question is which parent can render “better” care). But Michael was not seeking 

to wrest physical care from Jami nor did he want to move from joint physical care 

to placing the children in his physical care. Instead he wanted to be on equal 

footing with Jami by moving from her physical care to their shared care. Because 

he was not requesting transfer of physical care to him, he was not required to show 

he could minister to the children’s needs more effectively than Jami.3 See In re 

Marriage of Ruckman, No. 13-1920, 2014 WL 3748601 at *8 (Iowa Ct App. July 

30, 2014) (analyzing conditional provision in decree and granting modification to 

joint physical care); see also Buschbom v. French, No. 07-1036, 2008 WL 680404, 

at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2008) (“Because we affirm joint physical care, we 

 

3 We also find it significant that Jami trusted Michael to be the primary caregiver

for the children while she wrapped up her second divorce.
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need not consider the issue of who can more effectively minister to the son’s 

needs.”).

Rather, the question was whether joint physical care was in the children’s 

best interests. See generally Hensch v. Mysak, 902 N.W.2d 822, 824 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 2017). When determining physical care, we are guided by the factors in Iowa 

Code section 598.41(3) (2019) and the additional considerations in In re Marriage 

of Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166 (Iowa 1974). See In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 

N.W.2d 683, 696 (Iowa 2007). In deciding if shared care is appropriate we 

concentrate on these four factors: (1) approximation (replicating the historical caregiving arrangement between the parents); (2) the parents’ ability to communicate 

and show mutual respect; (3) the degree of conflict between the parents; and 

(4) how much the parents agree in their approach to daily matters. Hansen, 733 

N.W.2d at 697–99. We’ll review the most critical factors in turn.

As a starting point, the district court believed both parents were suitable 

caregivers for the children. Jami was thirty-nine and worked as a dental hygienist. 

At the time of the hearing, she was living with her parents in Crescent, Iowa, just 

north of Council Bluffs but was looking for independent housing. She had secured 

work as a dental assistant in Omaha. Michael was forty-one and retired from the 

Air Force. He received Veterans Administration disability payments because of

serious lung issues. He was remarried and had two young children with his second 

wife. Both Jami and Michael have good insight into their children’s strengths and 

needs. Both parents strived to improve the children’s academic success. Like the 

district court, we find both Michael and Jami are loving and engaged parents 

capable of raising healthy children.
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Still, Jami complains the district court gave too little attention to the fact that 

Michael assaulted her in 2013. Yet contrary to her complaint, the court addressed 

this issue head-on: “The assault was more than six years ago. There is no 

evidence that Michael ever violated the no contact order resulting from his

conviction for simple assault.” Jami also expressed concern about Michael’s 

membership in the Sons of Silence, a motorcycle club. Michael testified he did not 

expose the children to any inappropriate activities of the club. The district court 

accepted his assurances, as do we. 

Particular to shared care, the district court thoroughly analyzed the four 

Hansen factors. On approximation, the court found both parents were “hands-on” 

and had, at different times, been the primary caregiver. As for their ability to 

communicate and show mutual respect, the court accepted an exhibit of text 

messages that showed the parents’ cordial and professional exchanges about the 

children. The court disagreed with Jami’s perspective that Michael had 

“manipulated” her and the children. To the contrary, the court found Michael was 

capable of communicating respectfully about parenting issues. Optimistically, the 

court found “both parties are intelligent and capable of communicating better in the 

future.” Similarly, the court did not detect a high degree of conflict between the 

parents. Notably, they made efforts to mediate their disagreements. And the court

viewed their approach to discipline and other day-to-day parenting methods to be 

compatible. At bottom, the court found the children would benefit from spending 

the maximum time with both parents. 
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We see the record in much the same light as the district court. While their 

relationship is somewhat strained, these parents remain good candidates for 

providing shared care. We thus affirm the modification.

B. Refusal to Hold Michael in Contempt 

As a separate matter, Jami argues the district court should have found 

Michael in contempt of the amended decree for refusing to return the children to 

her custody in December 2018. She contends he willfully denied her parenting 

time and visitation until the court’s February 2019 order denying Michael’s request 

to temporarily modify the previous physical care order.

To convict Michael of contempt, Jami had to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that he willfully violated a court order. See Iowa Code § 598.23(1); Gimzo 

v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 561 N.W.2d 833, 835 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). The district court 

found her proof came up short. The court determined:

Jami did not provide direct communication to Michael about her 

returning to her parents’ home until after his child support obligation 

was suspended. Michael believed the parties had agreed that the 

children would stay in Council Bluffs, with him. Jami had not 

responded to Michael’s requests to participate [in] mediation 

(required under the court’s general order in custody cases), and her 

attorney had communicated that once she returned to Council Bluffs, 

she would participate in mediation. . . . 

Once the February 2019 order was entered, Michael followed 

it. The court does not find that any disobedience to the earlier 

decrees by Michael was willful.

We find substantial evidence in the record to support the district court’s decision. 

Amro v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 429 N.W.2d 135, 140 (Iowa 1988). Given the fluidity of the 

physical care situation in late 2018 and early 2019, Jami failed to show Michael 

willfully violated a court order. After reviewing the record, we conclude the district 
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court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to find Michael in contempt.

AFFIRMED.