Filed 8/10/23 In re N.F. CA2/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

In re N.F

., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. B3 1 8 674

Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. 1 8 CCJP 03317 B LOS ANGELES COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

Linda P.

,
Defendant and Appellant

.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Cour t of
Los Ange les County, Nichelle L. Blackwell

, Juvenile Court
Referee

. Affirmed

. Liana Serobian , under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant

. Dawyn R. Harrison , County Counsel, Kim Nemoy, Assistant County Counsel, Brian Mahler , Deputy Coun ty Counsel, for P laintiff and Respondent

.

_________________________2 Mother appeals from the juvenile court’s order denying
her post

- permanency Welfare and Institutions Code 1 section 388 petition that asked the court t o grant her reunification services
with her thirteen

- year

- old son N.F

. The juvenile court had
terminated its dependency jurisdiction over N.F. i n January 2021
after appointing paternal uncle as his legal guardian

. Mother
does not contest the merits of the court’s denial of her section
388 pet ition. Rather, s he argues the juvenile court’s legal guardianship order must be reversed because the court and the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (Department) did not c omply with their initial inquiry duties
under the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) and related California law

. 2 We affirm

. BACKGROU ND On May 24, 2018, the Department filed a section
300 petition alleging N.F. (born April 2008) and two of his
half

- siblings

— who are not the sub jects of this appeal

— were
at substantial risk of harm due in part to mother’s substance
abuse issues. The petition included an ICWA

- 010(A) In dian Child Inquiry Attachment form stating mother had denied N ative American ancestry in a face

- to

- face interview

. Mother was present at the May 25, 2018 detention hearing.
The court went “through a series of documents” with her to

1 Undesignated s tatutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

2 B ecause ICWA uses the term “Indian,” we do the same for consistency , although w e recognize other terms are preferred

. ( In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 739

, fn. 1.)3

confirm the information mother had provided, including a “Parental Notification of Indian Status ” form

. 3 The court
confirmed with mother that , as she had indicated by the box
she checked on the form

, she did not have any Indian ancestry

as far as she knew. The court then asked mother , “Do you know if the fathers of the children have any Native American Indian ancestry?” She said

, “ N o.” The court also confirmed N.F.’s father
was deceased. 4 The court thus found it had no reason to know
N.F. or his half

- siblings were Indian children

, and ICWA therefore did not apply. According to the Department’s November 14, 2019 section 366.26 report , t he court ’s order as

to N.F. specifically stated: “ ‘The Court does not have a reason

to know that this is an Indian Child , as defined under ICWA, and does not order notice to any tribe or the BIA. Parents are to keep the Department

, their Attorney and th e Court aware of any new information relating to possible ICWA status. ICWA[

- ]20, the
Parental Notification of Indian Status is signed and filed.’ ” 5 On July 31, 2018, t he court sustained the petition, amended by inter lineation, removed N.F. from mother’ s custody, and granted mother reunification services

. Mother failed

to reunify with N.F. T he court terminated her reunification

3 This form, known as an ICWA

- 020 form, is not part of the record.

4 The Department obtained N.F.’s father ’s death certificate

— he died in July 2011. He an d mother were married

.

5 The record does not include the court’s May 25, 2018 minute order

.4

services in July 2019 and set a section 366.26 hearing to determine N.F.’s permanent plan

. Between late 2019 and early 2021

, the Department reported on N.F.’s adoptability and the family’s circumstances. Mother was serving a prison sentence in Arizona after being convicted of possession of methamphetamine with intent to
distribute. She had not seen N.F. since August 2018 but h ad some monitored phone calls with him. N.F. had been living with paternal uncle in Texas since June 2019. Paternal uncle was

com mitted to providing N.F. with a stable home through legal guardianship , rather than adoption. The Department’ s final
section 366.26 report and December 24, 2020 status review report stated ICWA did not apply and noted the juvenile court’s detention finding that it had no reason to know N.F. was an
Indian child. On January 14, 2021, the court held the section 366.26 hearing. Th e court selected legal guardianship as N.F.’s permanent plan

, appointed paternal uncle as N.F.’s legal guardian , granted mother monitored visitation, and terminated dependency jurisdiction over N.F. with Kinship Guardianship Assistance Payment ( Kin

- G AP) fu nding in place. 6 Mother did

6 “ The Kin

- GAP program is a state program that provides ongoing funding for children who exit the dependency system
to live with relative legal guardians. In ord er t o receive funding under the program the county welfare agency must enter into

a written binding agreement with the relative guardian and dependency jurisdiction must be terminated. (§§ 11386, 11387.) ” ( In re Priscilla D. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 1207, 1211 & fn. 2 .) The court here terminat e d its dependency jurisdiction

. ( Id. at5

not appeal from the juvenile court’s orders or findings made

at the section 366.26 hearing. Almost a year later, on January 10, 2022, mother filed a section 388 petition in propria persona asking the juvenile court

to reinstate reunification services and give her the “ cha [ nc ] e to live together [with N.F.] .” The court set a hearing on mother’s petition for February 24, 2022. In its report responding to mother’s petition, filed February 17, 2022, the Department stated it had been unable

to contact mother. The social worker had tried to locate mother
at the address she gave on her petition

, had left voicemail and text messages at the phone number mother provided asking
mother to call back

, and had sent messages through social medi a platforms asking for a return call

. The social worker spoke

to maternal grandfather at the address mother had provided.
He said mother had moved out three to four months earlier

. He didn’t know her current home address or contact number.
He agreed to give mother the social worker’s information if he had any contact with mother.
N .F. told the social worker he wanted to continue living
with his paternal uncle . He wanted to have calls and visits with
mother but did not want to live with her. He didn’ t know where she was living. The Department recommended the court deny
mother’s section 388 petition.

p. 1216 ; § 366.3, subd. (a)( 3 )

. ) The court nevertheless retained jurisdiction “over the guardianship.”6 The Department’s response included the court’s earlier finding in May 2018 that it had no reason to know N.F. was

an Indian child. At the February 24, 20 22 hearing, the court re

- appointed
counsel for mother and N.F. Counsel, mother ( assisted by a Spanish language interpreter ) , N.F., and paternal uncle appeared remotely by WebEx. Mother’s counsel a sked the court to reinstate mother’s reunification service s due to her changed
circumstances

— she had completed programs in her place of
incarceration and had been released on December 8, 2021

— and argued doing so was in N.F.’s best interests

. She alternatively
asked for a continuance so the social worker could in terview
mother

. The court denied mother’s request for a continuance
and denied the petition. 7 The court ordered : “[N.F.] will continue to reside with his paternal uncle under that legal guardianship,
and the case remains closed through the Kin

- GAP matte r that
I have already closed last year.”
DISCUSSION

1. Applicable law and standard of review

“ T o implement ICWA, the county welfare department
and the juvenile court must determine whether a case involves
an Indian child. ” ( In re Robert F. (2023) 90 Cal.A pp.5th 492

, 499 ( Robert F. )

, review granted July 26 , 2023 , S279743 .) California
law thus imposes on the juvenile court and the Department

7 Mother does not raise any claim of error with respect to the court’s denial of her continuance request. She thus has forfeited the issue. ( Doe v. McLaughlin (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 640, 653 [“An appellant abandons an issue by failing to raise it in the opening brief.” ].)7

“an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a child for whom” a section 300 petition “may be or has been f iled, is

or may be an Indian child. ” ( § 224.2, subd. (a) ; In re Ezequiel G. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 984, 998 ( Ezequiel G. ) .) A n “ ‘Indian
child’ ” is “any unmarried person who is under age eighteen
and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is el igible
for membership in an Indian tribe and is the biological child
of a member of an Indian tribe.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); § 224.1, subd. (a) [adopting federal definition].)

“ ‘ The duty to inquire consists of two phases

— the duty
of initial inquiry and th e duty of further inquiry. ’ . . . [¶] ‘ The duty of initial inquiry applies in every dependency proceeding. ’ ” ( Robert F., supra

, 90 Cal.App.5th at p. 499

. ) The Department’s

“ duty to inquire begins with the initial contact

, including, but

not limited to, asking the party reporting child abuse or neglect whether the party has any information that the child may be

an Indian child .” (§ 224 .2, subd. (a).) “ In addition, ‘ [f]ederal regulations require state courts to ask each participant “ at the commencement ” of a child custody proceeding “ whether
the participant knows or has reason to know that the child is

an Indian child. ” (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) (2022).) ’ ” ( Robert F.

, at p p

. 499

– 500 ; In re Benjamin M., supra , 70 Cal.App. 5th

at p. 741. ) State law, in turn , requires t he juvenile court,

at a party’s first appearance, to ask “each participant present
in the hearing whether the participant knows or has reason

to know that the child is an Indian child” ( § 224.2 , subd. (c) ) and require each party to complete an ICWA

- 020 form ( Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 5.481(a)(2)(C))

. 8 “The parties are instructed to

8 Rules references are to the California Rules of Co urt.8

inform the court ‘if they subsequently receive information that provides reason to know the child is an Indian child.’ (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) (2020); § 224.2, subd. (c).)” ( In re D

. F . (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 558, 566.) And, i f the Department takes a child into its temporary custody under section 306, it “has a duty to inquire whether
that child is an Indian child. Inquiry includes, but is not limited to, asking the c hild, parents , legal guardian, Indian custodian, extended family members, others who have an interest in the child, and the party reporting child abuse or neglect, whether
the child is, or may be, an Indian child.” (§ 224.2 , subd

. (b) ; but see Robert F., supra , 90 Cal.App.5th at pp. 497

– 498 [ county welfare department that took child into protective custody “pursuant to a warrant ,” rather than under section 306

, “ had

no obligation” to ask extended family members about child’s
Indian status under section 224 .2 , subd. (b) ( review granted

on this issue , see S279743 and In re Ja.O. , review granted July 26, 2023, S280572 ) ]

. ) 9
If the initial inquiry gives the juvenile court or Department a “reason to believe that an Indian child is involved,” then the ir duty to “make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian
status of the child” is triggered . (§ 224.2, subd. (e); Ezequiel G.,

supra , 81 Cal.App.5 th at p. 99 9 .) O nce there is a “reason to

9 Extended family members include adults who are the child’s “ grandparent

, aunt or uncle, brother or sister, brother

in

- law or sister

- in

- law, niece or nephew, first or second cousin,

or stepparent.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c) [adoptin g federal definition] .) The record does not indicate whether the Department took N.F. into protective custody under section 306.9

know” an Indian child is involved, formal notice under ICWA
must be give n to the child’s “parents or legal guardian, Indian custodian, if any, and the child’s tribe.” (§ 224.3, subd. (a);
rule 5.481(c)(1) ; 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).) The juvenile court may find ICWA does not apply to a child’s proceeding if it finds the Department’ s duty of inquiry
has been satisfied and there is no reason to know that child
is an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (i)(2); rule 5.481(b)(3)(A).)
T he juvenile court ’s find ing that ICWA does not apply thus

“ ‘ “ implies that .

. . social workers and the cou rt did not know

or have a reason to know the children were Indian children
and that social workers had fulfilled their duty of inquiry.” ’ ” ( In re Josiah T. (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 388, 401.) We generally review the juvenile court’s ICWA findings
for sub stantial evidence, “ ‘ which requires us to determine if reasonable, credible evidence of solid value supports’ the court’s ICWA finding.” ( In re Dezi C. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 769, 7 77
, review granted Sept. 21, 2022, S275578; see also Ezequiel G

. , supra , 8 1 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1004

– 1005 [reviewing juvenile court’s finding that it had no reason to know a child is an
Indian child for substantial evidence

, but reviewing decision
that ICWA inquiry was adequate for abuse of discretion].)
2

. Mothe r’s claim of erro r fails Mother appeal s from the juvenile court’s order and findings made at the hearing on her post

- permanency section 388 petition

. She nevertheless asks us to reverse the court’s legal guardianship order on the ground the court and the Department
f a ile d to comply with their initial and continuing duty of inquiry
under section 224.2 when the Department did not ask paternal uncle or maternal grandfather about N.F.’s Indian status

. The10

Department argues mother forfeited her challenge to the legal guardian ship order by not appealing from it, and it no longer
had an ICWA duty of inquiry at the post

- permanency proceeding. Mother did not file a reply brief to respond to the se arguments. We agree with the Department. As the Department notes, the juvenile cour t did not order

a legal guardianship at the section 388 hearing from which mother appeals. The court selected legal guardianship as N.F.’s permanent plan , and appointed paternal uncle as N.F.’s legal guardian, at the section 366.26 hearing held a year ear lier

on January 14, 2021

. Mother had the right to appeal from the court’s legal guardianship order, including the court’s i mpli cit finding it
continued to have no reason to know N.F. was an Indian child
and the Department had satisfied its duty of ICWA inq uiry. ( See In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5 th 1, 10 [ parent could raise
ICWA err or for first time from order terminating parental rights
made at section 366. 2 6 hearing because order was “necessarily premised on a current finding by the juvenile court that i t had

no reason to know [the child] was an Indian chil d ” ]; In re
Josiah T.

, supra , 71 Cal.App.5th at p. 401 [juvenile court’ s finding that ICWA does not apply “ ‘ “implies that . . . social
workers and the court did not know or have a reason to know
the ch ildren were Indian children and that social workers had fulfilled their duty of inquiry” ’ ” ].) There is no record mother ever appealed from the court’s January 14, 2021 legal guardianship order , however. The time to do so expired many months ago

. ( See § 395, subd. (a)(1); rules 5.585, 8.406(a)(1).)11 Mother cannot now use her appeal from her
post

- permanency section 388 petition to challenge the legal guardianship order and findings made at the section 366.26 hearing

— including the finding that ICWA did no t apply. ( In re
Daniel K. (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 661, 667 [ “ ‘ An appeal from
the most recent order entered in a dependency matter may not challenge prior orders for which the statutory time for filing

an appeal has passed. ’ ” ].) By failing to file a timel y appeal
from the court’s legal guardianship order

— entered at the time the court terminated its dependency jurisdiction

— mother has
forfeited her right to challenge the court’s implied ICWA finding
made as part of that order. As for mother’s appeal from th e court’s denial of her
section 388 petition on the ground the Department’s initial ICWA inquiry was inadequate, mother has failed to demonstrate error.
When the juvenile court establishes a legal guardianship for

a dependent child, the court “may continu e jurisdiction over the child as a dependent child of the juvenile court or may terminate its dependency jurisdiction and retain jurisdiction over the child as a ward of the legal guardianship.” (§ 366.3, subd. (a)(3).) Here, the juvenile court terminate d its dependency jurisdiction

over N.F.

— as required for his guardian to receive Kin

- GAP funding

— and merely retained jurisdiction over the guardianship. ( § § 11361 [ recognizing relative Kin

- GAP legal guardianship
is “the permanent plan ” for the dependent ch ild allowing for dependency to be dismissed as “there is no need for continued governmental intervention in the family life through ongoing, scheduled court and social services supervision of the placement” ]

, 11386 [ eligibility for Kin

- GAP fu nding requires dependency jurisdiction to have been terminated] .)12 Accordingly, as the juvenile court did not vacate its order terminating its dependency jurisdiction over N.F. 10 when it heard mother’s section 388 petition

— and a section 300 petition was
not being filed on N.F.’s behalf

— the court’s and the Department’s continuing duty of inquiry under section 224.2 was not implicated. The situation is thus distinguishable from that in
Isaiah W. There, the parent failed to appeal from a dispositional
order that included th e juvenile court’s finding that ICWA was inapplicable. ( In re Isaiah W., supra , 1 Cal.5 th at p. 10.) Our high court held that, although the parent could not challenge
that order through her appeal from the court’s order terminating her parental rights, b ecause the juvenile court “had a continuing duty to inquire whether [the child] was an Indian child in all dependency proceedings, including a proceeding to terminate parental rights,” the parent could challenge “the juvenile
court’s finding of ICWA’s inap plicability underlying” the order terminating parental rights. ( I bi d .) Thus, the parent’s “inaction in the face of the earlier order d[id] not preclude” the parent from claiming in her current appeal that the court erred in finding
ICWA notice unnecessar y. ( Ibid. )
Th at reasoning does not apply to the court’s order denying mother’s section 388 petition here for the simple reason that the hearing was not a dependency proceeding as N.F. no longer was

a dependent of the juvenile court

. Indeed, when the co urt denied
mother’s request for reunification services, it specifically stated,

10 A court that has dismissed its dependency jurisdiction following the establishment of a legal guardianship may vacate its o rder dismissing its dependency jurisdiction. ( § 366.3, subd. (b)(1); In re Priscilla D. , supra , 234 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216.)13

“ [T]he case remains closed through the Kin

- GAP matter that
I have already closed last year.” (Italics added.) Unlike in
Isaiah W. , there fore, there is no basis for us to infe r the court
made a current no

- ICWA finding when it denied mother’s
section 388 petition. Nor does the record indicate mother
asked the juvenile court to reopen the dependency case based

on new information relating to N.F.’s possible Indian status. (See § 224.2, subd. (i)(2) [juvenile court must reverse its finding ICWA does not apply “ if it subsequently receives information providing
reason to believe that the child is an Indian child and order
the social worker

. . . to conduct further inquiry pursuant t o Section 224.3” ].) Moreover, as the Department asserts, ICWA did not apply

to the post

- permanency hearing on mother’s section 388 petition because it was not an Indian child custody proceeding. ( § 224.1, subd. (d)(1) [defining “ ‘Indian child custody pro ceeding’ ” as
“a hearing during a juvenile court proceeding . . . that may
culminate in ” foster care placement

— including guardianship placement

— termination of parental rights, preadoptive placement, or adoptive placement ] ; see also 25 U.S.C. § 1903(1) .)
I CWA notice must “ be provided for hearing s that may culminate in an order for foster care placement, termination of parental rights, preadoptive placement, or adoptive placement .” (§ 224.3, subd. (a)

. ) The section 366.26 hearing at which the court selecte d legal guardianship as N.F.’s permanent plan was an Indian child custody proceeding ; the post

- permanency section 388 hearing

was not. None of the above outcomes was possible at that hearing

— mother was seeking to reunify with N.F. and for his
ultimate ret urn to her care. ( See In re A.T. (2021) 63 Cal.App.5 th 267, 274 [ ICWA not implicated in a proceeding when dependent14

child is placed with a parent].) ICWA thus did not apply. (25 U.S.C. § 1911(c) [“I n any State court proceeding for the foster care placem ent of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child, the Indian custodian of the child and the Indian child ’ s tribe shall have a right to intervene at any point in the proceeding. ”] .) Accordingly, a s mother has failed to show ICWA or related

sta te law applied to the hearing on her post

- permanency section 388 petition, we find no error.
DISPOSITION
We affirm the juvenile court’s February 24, 2022 order denying mother’s section 388 petition

.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

EGERTON , J.

I concur:

EDMON, P. J

.LAVIN, J., Concurring :
I concur in the judgment. I write separately to clarify that I disagree with the harmless error analysis in In re Dezi C. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 769, review granted September 21, 2022,
S27557 8, and in the majority opinion in In re Ezequiel G. (2022)
81 Cal.App.5th 984

.

LAVIN, J.