- 466 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### M illard 

### G utter 

### C ompa n y 

### , a c orpora

doi ng busi n ess as 

### M illard 

### R oo 

### G utter 

### , appella n t 

### , v



### . A meri c a n 

### F I n sura nc e 

### C ompa n y 

### , appe ___ N.W.2d ___

Filed July 13, 2018. No. S-17-485.

1. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. The question of jurisdiction is a ques

tion of law, upon which an appellate court reaches a conclusion indepen

dent of the trial court. 2. Costs: Appeal and Error. The decision of a trial court regarding taxing of costs is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 3. Judgments: Words and Phrases. A judicial abuse of discretion exists when the reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition. 4. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an inde

pendent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the court below. 5. Dismissal and Nonsuit. Generally speaking, under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-601 and 25-602 (Reissue 2016), a plaintiff has the right to dismiss an action without prejudice any time before final submission of the case, so long as no counterclaim or setoff has been filed by an opposing party. 6. ____. The statutory right to voluntary dismissal under Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-601 and 25-602 (Reissue 2016) is not a matter of judicial grace or discretion, but neither is it absolute or without limitation. 7. ____. Under certain circumstances, a district court has the authority to deny a voluntary dismissal pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-601 and 25-602 (Reissue 2016) and may attach conditions to the dismissal where justice and equitable principles so require. 8. Summary Judgment: Dismissal and Nonsuit. A motion for summary judgment can be a final submission that will prevent voluntary dismissal under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-601 (Reissue 2016). Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/ 08/10/2018 09:09 AM CDT- 467 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466

9. Dismissal and Nonsuit: Costs. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-602 (Reissue 2016) gives plaintiffs in district court the right to dismiss their action without prejudice, upon payment of costs, when no counterclaim or setoff has been filed by the opposing party. 10. Costs. Litigation expenses are not recoverable unless provided for by statute or a uniform course of procedure. 11. Costs: Legislature. It is within the province of the Legislature to desig

nate specific items of litigation expense which may be taxed as costs. 12. Trial: Evidence: Costs. The electronic presentation of evidence is not a taxable cost. 13. Juries: Costs. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 33-138(3) (Reissue 2016), the payment of jurors for service in the district and county courts shall be made by the county.


### Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: H ora c 

### J. W heelo c k 

### , Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed

Theodore R. Boecker, Jr., of Boecker Law Office, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

Joel D. Nelson and Joel Bacon, of Keating, O’Gara, Nedved & Peter, L.L.O., for appellee.

Donald W. Kleine, Douglas County Attorney, and Cortney M. Wiresinger for amicus curiae Douglas County, Nebraska.

H eavi c a n 

### , C.J., M iller



### - L erma n 

### , C assel 

### , S ta 

### F u n ke 

### , J

S ta c y 

### , Millard Gutter Company, a corporation doing business as Millard Roofing and Gutter (Millard Gutter), filed this civil action against American Family Insurance Company (American Family) in the Douglas County District Court. Just prior to jury selection, Millard Gutter filed a voluntary dismissal without prejudice. The district court held a hearing, after which it entered a judgment of dismissal and taxed costs to Millard Gutter, including expenses incurred by American Family in setting up courtroom technology and expenses incurred by Douglas County in compensating prospective- 468 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### jurors. Millard Gutter appeals, arguing that once it filed a vol

untary dismissal, the district court lacked authority to make any further rulings. Alternatively, Millard Gutter argues the district court erred in taxing technology expenses and jury expenses as costs. We conclude, on the facts of this case, that Millard Gutter’s voluntary dismissal had no effect on the district court’s author

ity to make further rulings. But we find the court erred in taxing technology expenses and jury expenses as costs. We therefore reverse that portion of the judgment, and in all other respects we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND After a 2013 hailstorm, Millard Gutter performed roof repairs for approximately 48 homeowners in the Omaha area, all of whom were insured with American Family. In connec

tion with those repairs, Millard Gutter took assignments of any right the homeowners had to insurance proceeds due under their homeowners’ policies. The validity of the assignments is not at issue in this appeal. In 2015, Millard Gutter filed suit, as assignee of the home

owners, against American Family. Millard Gutter’s complaint alleged claims for (1) breach of contract, (2) bad faith, (3) violations of the Unfair Insurance Trade Practices Act, 1 

### and (4) violations of the Unfair Insurance Claims Settlement Practices Act. 2 

### American Family’s answer admitted that it issued insurance policies to the Omaha homeowners and had an obligation to pay for covered losses caused by the hailstorm, but denied that Millard Gutter had valid assignments. American Family raised several affirmative defenses, including that it was enti

tled to a credit or setoff for payments previously made to the homeowners under the insurance policies. American Family’s

1 Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 44-1521 to 44-1535 (Reissue 2010).

2 Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 44-1536 to 44-1544 (Reissue 2010 & Cum. Supp.

2016).- 469 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### answer also alleged that Millard Gutter’s claims were frivo

lous and requested an award of costs and attorney fees under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-824 (Reissue 2016).

1. A meri c a n 

### F amily 

### M ove 

### P

artial 

### S ummary 

### J ud g 

### American Family moved for partial summary judgment on three of Millard Gutter’s four claims for relief. The court granted the motion and entered summary judgment in favor of American Family on the claims alleging (1) bad faith, (2) violations of the Unfair Insurance Trade Practices Act, and (3) violations of the Unfair Insurance Claims Settlement Practices Act. Neither party asked the court to direct the entry of a final judgment under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315 (Reissue 2016), and the court did not do so. The only claims to survive summary judgment were Millard Gutter’s claims for breach of contract, which were set for trial on January 23, 2017. The parties were given a special jury set

ting to minimize the risk that trial would need to be continued to accommodate other cases on the court’s docket. Trial was expected to last 5 days.

2. M illard 

### G utter 

### F il



### V

olu n tary 

### D ismis 

### During its final trial preparations, Millard Gutter discovered “underbilling issues” on some of the roof repairs, and decided to dismiss its breach of contract claims without prejudice rather than proceed to trial; it planned to refile the action later and seek additional damages. Thus, on the morning of January 23, 2017, just minutes before trial was set to begin, Millard Gutter filed a voluntary dismissal without prejudice pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-601 (Reissue 2016).

3. C ourt 

### H olds 

### H eari ng o n 

### V o 

### D ismissal a n d 

### C os 

### Immediately after learning Millard Gutter had filed a volun

tary dismissal, the district court held a hearing on the record- 470 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### to discuss the effect of the filing and to address taxable costs. When asked what effect the voluntary dismissal should have on the claims previously resolved on summary judgment, Millard Gutter replied, “Our position is all we’re voluntarily dismissing without prejudice are the claims that have not already been dismissed, so the remaining claims are what we are dismissing.” When addressing costs, the hearing focused on the expenses incurred by American Family in setting up courtroom tech

nology for use during the scheduled trial and the expenses incurred by Douglas County to bring in prospective jurors.
(a) Courtroom Technology Expenses American Family hired a court reporting firm to equip the courtroom with electronics and display screens for use dur

ing the 5-day trial. It was undisputed that the firm spent sev

eral hours over 2 days setting up the technology at a cost of $1,650. American Family asked that this expense be taxed to Millard Gutter. Millard Gutter stipulated to the reasonableness of the charges, but took the position that courtroom technol

ogy expenses were not properly taxable as costs. American Family made no request for other costs or attorney fees and did not ask for a determination of frivolousness under § 25-824.
(b) Jury Expenses With the parties’ knowledge, the court summoned 40 pro

spective jurors, rather than the usual 25, out of concern that potential juror conflicts might exist with American Family. These prospective jurors were called exclusively for this case and were waiting at the courthouse when the voluntary dis

missal was filed. During the hearing on costs, the court remarked, “It cost the taxpayers approximately $2,000 to have 40 jurors ready to go this morning, and that includes the . . . $35 fee for each juror and then approximately $15 in mileage for each juror . . . .” The court suggested an evidentiary hearing be held later in the- 471 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### day to permit the clerk of the Douglas County District Court to testify and “get it down to the penny.” Millard Gutter declined an evidentiary hearing on the issue and stipulated that juror fees and mileage totaled $2,000, but argued such expenses were not properly taxable as costs.

4. O rder of 

### D ismissal 

### T

axatio n of 

### C os 

### The court announced its ruling from the bench. It held the prior summary judgments in favor of American Family would “remain in place” on the claims of bad faith, violations of the Unfair Insurance Trade Practices Act, and violations of the Unfair Insurance Claims Settlement Practices Act. It further held it would dismiss “the remaining breach of con

tract” claims without prejudice, pursuant to the voluntary dismissal. The court taxed costs to Millard Gutter, including $1,650 for technology expenses incurred by American Family and $2,000 “to be paid to the Douglas County District Court clerk’s office for the 40 jurors that were specifically assigned to this case.” Subsequently, the court entered a judgment of dismissal, styled as an order, consistent with its ruling from the bench. In addition to taxing technology costs and jury costs, the judg

ment taxed “all court costs” to Millard Gutter. The judgment also imposed certain procedural conditions in the event Millard Gutter refiled the action against American Family, but because neither party has assigned error to such conditions, we do not address them further.

5. M illard 

### G utter 

### ’ s 

### M ot

to 

### A lter or 

### A m 

### Millard Gutter filed a timely motion to alter or amend. It argued the district court had no authority to rule on any issue after the voluntary dismissal was filed. In the alternative, Millard Gutter argued that neither jury expenses nor technol

ogy expenses were properly taxable as costs. The district court overruled the motion to alter or amend in all respects. Millard- 472 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### Gutter timely appealed, and we moved the appeal to our docket on our own motion. 3



### II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR Millard Gutter assigns, restated and consolidated, that the district court erred in (1) making any rulings after the volun

tary dismissal was filed, (2) determining technology expenses and jury expenses were taxable costs, and (3) overruling the motion to alter or amend.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW [1] The question of jurisdiction is a question of law, upon which an appellate court reaches a conclusion independent of the trial court. 4 

### [2,3] The decision of a trial court regarding taxing of costs is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. 5 

### A judicial abuse of discretion exists when the reasons or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a sub

stantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition. 6 

### [4] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an inde

pendent conclusion irrespective of the decision made by the court below. 7



### IV. ANALYSIS

1. V olu n tary 

### D ismis 

### Millard Gutter argues that once the voluntary dismissal without prejudice was filed, it had the effect of withdrawing

3 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Supp. 2017).

4 Klingelhoefer v. Monif , 286 Neb. 675, 839 N.W.2d 247 (2013); Kansas Bankers Surety Co. v. Halford , 263 Neb. 971, 644 N.W.2d 865 (2002).

5 O’Brien v. Cessna Aircraft Co ., 298 Neb. 109, 903 N.W.2d 432 (2017).

6 Id.

7 Amend v. Nebraska Pub. Serv. Comm. , 298 Neb. 617, 905 N.W.2d 551

(2018).- 473 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

Cite as 300 Neb. 466



### the entire case from the court’s consideration. According to Millard Gutter, the voluntary dismissal “automatically ter

minated the jurisdiction” of the district court 8 

### and the court thereafter lacked authority to make any further rulings regard

ing the case. We disagree. The ability of a plaintiff to voluntarily dismiss his or her claim without prejudice is codified in § 25-601 and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-602 (Reissue 2016). 9 

### Section 25-601 provides that “[a]n action may be dismissed without prejudice to a future action (1) by the plaintiff, before the final submis

sion of the case to the jury, or to the court where the trial is by the court . . . .” A related statute, § 25-602, applies to cases pending before a district court or appellate court. At the time Millard Gutter filed its voluntary dismissal, § 25-602 provided: The plaintiff, in any case pending in the district or Supreme Court of the state, shall, when no counterclaim or setoff has been filed by the opposite party, have the right in the vacation of any of said courts to dismiss his said action without prejudice, upon payment of costs, which dismissal shall be, by the clerk of any of said courts, entered upon the journal and take effect from and after the date thereof. We note that the Legislature recently amended § 25-602 pri

marily to update terminology, 10 

### but those amendments do not affect our analysis in this case. [5,6] Generally speaking, under §§ 25-601 and 25-602, a plaintiff has the right to dismiss an action without preju

dice any time before final submission of the case, so long as no counterclaim or setoff has been filed by an opposing

8 Brief for appellant at 6.

9 See Holste v. Burlington Northern RR. Co. , 256 Neb. 713, 592 N.W.2d 894

(1999).

10 See 2018 Neb. Laws, L.B. 193, § 9.- 474 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

MILLARD GUTTER CO. v . AMERICAN FAMILY INS. CO.

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### party. 11 

### We have stated that the statutory right to voluntary dismissal under §§ 25-601 and 25-602 is not a matter of judicial grace or discretion, 12 

### but neither is it absolute or without limitation. 13 

### [7] Under certain circumstances, 14 

### a district court has the authority to deny a voluntary dismissal pursuant to §§ 25-601 and 25-602 and may attach conditions to the dismissal where justice and equitable principles so require. 15 

### And we have repeat

edly stated that despite a plaintiff’s statutory right to voluntary dismissal, trial courts have discretion to protect the “‘“rights which have accrued to [a] defendant”’” in the action “‘“such as the preservation of a counterclaim, the restitution of property of which he has been deprived, the recovery of his costs, and the like.”’” 16 

### Here, we apply the plain language of §§ 25-601 and 25-602 and conclude that at the time Millard Gutter filed its volun

tary dismissal, it had no such right under either statute. As

11 Kansas Bankers Surety Co., supra note 4. See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-603 (Reissue 2016) (defendant in “any case” has right to proceed to trial on counterclaim or setoff “although the plaintiff may have dismissed the action or failed to appear”).

12 Holste, supra note 9; Schroeder v. Schroeder , 223 Neb. 684, 392 N.W.2d

787 (1986); Dawson v. Papio Nat. Resources Dist. , 210 Neb. 100, 313 N.W.2d 242 (1981), modified on denial of rehearing 210 Neb. 612, 316 N.W.2d 311 (1982).

13 See, Holste, supra note 9; Horton v. State , 63 Neb. 34, 88 N.W. 146

(1901).

14 See Holste, supra note 9 (court can deny party’s voluntary dismissal

where party is necessary party to another claim in same action). See, also, Vose v. Müller , 48 Neb. 602, 67 N.W. 598 (1896) (explaining court can deny plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal in replevin action if plaintiff obtained possession of property through prejudgment order of delivery).

15 See, Holste, supra note 9; Schroeder, supra note 12; Dawson, supra note 12; Feight v. Mathers , 153 Neb. 839, 46 N.W.2d 492 (1951); Blue River Power Co. v. Hronik , 116 Neb. 405, 217 N.W. 604 (1928).

16 Kansas Bankers Surety Co., supra note 4, 263 Neb. at 978, 644 N.W.2d at

870, quoting Feight, supra note 15. Accord Dawson, supra note 12.- 475 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### we explain below, there was a final submission that precluded voluntary dismissal under § 25-601, and a setoff had been filed that precluded voluntary dismissal under § 25-602.
(a) Final Submission Under § 25-601 Section 25-601 provides that a plaintiff may dismiss an action without prejudice any time before final submission to the jury or the court. Millard Gutter claims that its voluntary dismissal was filed before final submission for purposes of § 25-601, because the breach of contract claim had not yet been submitted to the jury. But Millard Gutter’s argument ignores the fact that at the time it filed its dismissal, summary judgment had been entered on three of its four claims. We have not squarely addressed whether a summary judg

ment motion can constitute a final submission for purposes of § 25-601. But our case law demonstrates that a final submis

sion can occur on a motion. In a bench trial, we have treated a motion for directed verdict at the close of the plaintiff’s case as a final submis

sion preventing voluntary dismissal under § 25-601. 17 

### And in a jury trial, we have treated a defendant’s motion for directed verdict as a final submission under § 25-601 once the par

ties argued their positions on the motion. 18 

### In doing so, we reasoned that a motion for directed verdict is a final sub

mission that limits the right of voluntary dismissal, because “the court is called upon to determine as a matter of law whether there are any issues arising from the facts submit

ted which present a jury question.” 19 

### This same rationale applies to motions for summary judgment. We have also explained that if the court overrules the motion for directed verdict, there is no longer a final submission and the plaintiff

17 See Gydesen v. Gydesen , 188 Neb. 538, 198 N.W.2d 67 (1972).

18 See, Collection Specialists v. Veseley , 238 Neb. 181, 469 N.W.2d 549

(1991); Miller v. Harris , 195 Neb. 75, 236 N.W.2d 828 (1975); Fronk v. Evans City Steam Laundry Co. , 70 Neb. 75, 96 N.W. 1053 (1903).

19 Miller, supra note 18, 195 Neb. at 78, 236 N.W.2d at 830.- 476 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### regains the right to dismiss the action if he or she chooses, because at that point, “fact issues remain to be determined by the jury, and those issues have not yet been submitted to the jury.” 20 

### To date, our only case addressing summary judgment and § 25-601 is Kansas Bankers Surety Co. v. Halford

. 21 

### In that case, the defendant filed a motion for summary judgment and submitted a brief to the court in support. On the day the plain

tiff’s brief was due, the plaintiff instead filed a dismissal with

out prejudice, which the court granted that same day. On those facts, we concluded the plaintiff retained the statutory right to voluntary dismissal without prejudice, because the defendant “had not filed a setoff or counterclaim” and “[t]here was no relief requested by [the plaintiff] that was pending at the time of [the] dismissal other than [the defendant’s] motion for sum

mary judgment . . . .” 22 

### Our statement regarding summary judgment could have been more precise, but we take this opportunity to clarify that we were not suggesting such a motion could not be a final submission under § 25-601. Rather, we were emphasizing that a final submission does not occur until argument is complete or has been waived; and where argument is allowed by brief, final submission will not occur until the briefing is complete or until the time for submitting briefs has expired. 23 

### Because the voluntary dismissal in Kansas Bankers Surety Co. was filed before the time for briefing had expired, the summary judgment motion was not a final submission for purposes of § 25-601. [8] We now hold, as we have with motions for directed verdict, that a motion for summary judgment can be a final

20 Id.

21 Kansas Bankers Surety Co., supra note 4.

22 Id. at 979, 644 N.W.2d at 871.

23 See Plattsmouth Loan & Bldg. Ass’n v. Sedlak , 128 Neb. 509, 259 N.W. 367 (1935).- 477 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### submission that will prevent voluntary dismissal under § 25-601. In this case, the district court granted summary judgment on three of Millard Gutter’s four claims; thus, there was a final submission regarding some, but not all, of Millard Gutter’s claims. In this respect, we emphasize that a final sub

mission should not be confused with a final judgment. Here, the district court did not direct the entry of final judgment pursuant to § 25-1315(1), so its ruling on the sum

mary judgment motions was the product of a final submis

sion, but was not a final judgment for purposes of appeal. 24 

### Consequently, the district court was free to revise or vacate the summary judgments at any time prior to entry of judgment adjudicating all of the claims and rights of the parties. 25 

### Had the court here revised or set aside the summary judg

ments, it may have affected our final submission determina

tion under § 25-601. But the court’s judgment in this case did neither. To the contrary, the district court’s judgment not only incorporated by express reference its prior summary judgment rulings in favor of American Family, but also excepted those prior rulings from the dismissal without prejudice. Because the summary judgments in favor of American Family were the product of final submissions that were not revised or set aside before Millard Gutter’s voluntary dismissal was filed, Millard Gutter had no statutory right under § 25-601 to voluntarily dismiss these claims without prejudice. 26


### (b) Setoff Under § 25-602 [9] Millard Gutter’s right to voluntary dismissal of its remaining breach of contract claims was affected by § 25-602. As previously stated, that statute gives plaintiffs in district court the right to dismiss their action without prejudice, upon

24 See, John P. Lenich, There’s No Escape: The Plaintiff’s Right to Dismiss

After the Submission of a Motion for Summary Judgment or a Motion to Dismiss in Nebraska , 1 Neb. L. Rev. Bull. 31 (2009).

25 See § 25-1315(1).

26 Accord Lenich, supra note 24.- 478 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### payment of costs, when no counterclaim or setoff has been filed by the opposing party. In this case, the answer filed by American Family included allegations that it was entitled to a setoff for payments previ

ously made to the homeowners in the event it was determined that additional sums were owed under the insurance contracts. Consequently, to the extent Millard Gutter sought voluntary dismissal of its remaining breach of contract claims, it had no right to do so under § 25-602, because a setoff related to those claims was filed by American Family and American Family was ready to proceed to trial on the setoffs. 27 

### Of course, in response to Millard Gutter’s filing, the court had discretion to grant a dismissal without prejudice, 28 

### which it ultimately did as to the breach of contract claims but not as to the claims on which summary judgment had been granted as a matter of law. Given the procedural posture of this case at the time Millard Gutter filed its dismissal, it had no statutory right to voluntary dismissal under either § 25-601 or § 25-602. Consequently, the district court’s authority to make further rulings in the case was unaffected by the filing, and Millard Gutter’s first assignment of error is without merit.

2. T axable 

### C ost 

### The district court’s judgment taxed “all court costs” to Millard Gutter and, in addition, ordered it to pay $1,650 for technology expenses incurred by American Family and $2,000 to “reimburse the tax payers of Douglas County” for the expenses associated with bringing in 40 jurors for trial. On appeal, Millard Gutter argues that neither the technology expenses nor the expenses of securing jurors are properly taxed
as costs. [10,11] Since as early as 1922, this court has recognized that litigation expenses are not recoverable costs unless provided

27 See § 25-603.

28 See, e.g., Tuttle v. Wyman , 149 Neb. 769, 32 N.W.2d 742 (1948).- 479 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### for by statute or a uniform course of procedure. 29 

### And while our cases have not always been consistent in their treatment of taxable costs, we recently recommitted to the basic principle that “it is within the province of the Legislature to designate specific items of litigation expense which may be taxed as costs.” 30 

### To that end, we have expressly disapproved of our prior cases which permitted the recovery of litigation expenses without an explicit basis in statute or uniform procedure. 31 

### In an action for the recovery of money, taxable costs upon final judgment are governed by Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-1708 and 25-1710 (Reissue 2016). Section 25-1708 governs costs upon judgment in favor of a plaintiff, and § 25-1710 governs costs upon judgment in favor of a defendant. Both statutes allow for the recovery of “costs,” but neither specifies which costs are recoverable. Under such circumstances, we have held a party may recover “the costs of the filing of the action, and any other expenses that are specifically delineated as taxable costs by statute.” 32 

### Here, American Family obtained a judgment in its favor on three of the four claims asserted by Millard Gutter. To the extent the judgment here directed Millard Gutter to pay “all court costs,” Millard Gutter assigns no error. Our analysis is limited to whether a statute or uniform course of procedure authorized the district court to tax as costs the expenses associ

ated with courtroom technology or securing jurors. We find no such authorization.
(a) Technology Expenses American Family hired a company to equip the court

room with electronics and display screens for use during the

29 See, McGill v. Lion Place Condo. Assn ., 291 Neb. 70, 864 N.W.2d 642 (2015), citing Toop v. Palmer , 108 Neb. 850, 189 N.W. 394 (1922).

30 City of Falls City v. Nebraska Mun. Power Pool , 281 Neb. 230, 235, 795

N.W.2d 256, 260 (2011).

31 McGill, supra note 29.

32 Id . at 95, 864 N.W.2d at 661.- 480 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### scheduled trial. The expense for this service was stipulated to be $1,650. There is no dispute that the charges were fair and reasonable, and no claim that the presentation of evidence would not have been enhanced by the use of such technology. The question presented is whether litigation expenses associ

ated with courtroom technology are properly taxable as costs. [12] In City of Falls City v. Nebraska Mun. Power Pool

, 33 

### this court specifically held that the electronic presentation of evidence is not a taxable cost, noting that no Nebraska statute or uniform course of procedure authorizes it as such. We are aware that federal courts have allowed taxation of costs asso

ciated with the electronic display of trial exhibits as a form of “exemplification” under 28 U.S.C. § 1920 (2012), 34 

### but Nebraska has no corollary to this federal statute. Therefore, we must find the district court abused its discretion in taxing these technology expenses as costs.

(b) Jury Expenses The parties stipulated that the cost of bringing in 40 pro

spective jurors for the trial in this case was $2,000. The district court found that “under the circumstances it is fair, just, and equitable to order [Millard Gutter] to pay such costs and reimburse the tax payers of Douglas County, Nebraska.” Accordingly, as part of the judgment, Millard Gutter was directed to pay $2,000 to the clerk of the Douglas County District Court. [13] Under Nebraska law, the “[p]ayment of jurors for service in the district and county courts shall be made by the county.” 35 

### Each juror is statutorily entitled to receive $35 for each day “employed in the discharge of his or her duties,” plus mileage at the statutory rate “for each mile necessarily

33 City of Falls City, supra note 30.

34 See id . See, also, e.g., Marmo v. Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc. , 457 F.3d 748 (8th Cir. 2006).

35 Neb. Rev. Stat. § 33-138(3) (Reissue 2016).- 481 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### traveled.” 36 

### The statute also permits jurors to voluntarily waive such payment. 37 

### Millard Gutter argues that the expense of bringing in jurors is a governmental cost and not a cost properly taxable to the parties. Millard Gutter notes that in criminal cases, we have expressly held it is error to tax such costs 38 

### and further argues there is no statute or uniform procedure that permits a court to tax jury expenses as costs in a civil case. American Family counters that juror compensation may properly be taxed as costs, and relies on our reasoning in Frazer v. Myers 39 

### as support for this proposition. In Frazer , the jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff in a breach of contract case. The court’s judgment directed each party to pay their own costs, but, in addition, taxed to the defendant a $5 “jury fee” and a $1 “trial fee.” 40 

### The defendant asked that these costs be “retaxed” against the plaintiff, and the trial court refused. 41 

### On appeal, we found this was error, reasoning: Plaintiff voluntarily went into court and demanded a trial and judgment upon his cause of action. Defendant by the process of the court was compelled to appear. Plaintiff could not obtain his judgment without a trial. He could not have a trial without a jury, unless the intervention of a jury was waived, not only by himself, but by the defendant. No cases in point are cited, and we have

36 § 33-138(1).

37 § 33-138(4).

38 See, State ex rel. City of St. Paul v. Rutten , 177 Neb. 633, 130 N.W.2d 558 (1964) (error to tax convicted defendant with payment of juror compensation, meals, and mileage); State v. Jungclaus , 176 Neb. 641, 126 N.W.2d 858 (1964) (error to tax convicted defendant with paying for juror meals, lodging, and mileage because no statute authorized taxing such items as costs).

39 Frazer v. Myers , 95 Neb. 194, 145 N.W. 357 (1914).

40 Id. at 197, 145 N.W. at 358.

41 Id.- 482 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### neither the time nor inclination to look for them, but as a case of first impression it appears to us quite clear that these two items were costs made by plaintiff, and, under the judgment of the court, that each party should pay his own costs, they should have been taxed against the plaintiff. 42 

### The reasoning in Frazer is not compelling support for the proposition that jury expenses are properly taxable as costs. More importantly, Frazer is contrary to our recent reaffir

mation of the principle that “it is within the province of the Legislature to designate specific items of litigation expense which may be taxed as costs” 43 

### and our express disapproval of prior cases that permitted recovery of litigation expenses with

out an explicit basis in statute or uniform procedure. 44 

### Douglas County filed an amicus curiae brief, directing our attention to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1711 (Reissue 2016). That statute applies in equity actions, and permits an appellate court, in its discretion, to “tax as costs the actual fees and expenses necessitated by such jury [where a jury is demanded in the district court] if the court finds that the appeal was taken or the original filing was made for a frivolous or capricious reason.” 45 

### Douglas County concedes this statute does not apply to the present case, but suggests the statute shows that the Legislature has, under certain circumstances, defined taxable costs to include jury expenses. Section 25-1711 illustrates that when the Legislature wants to make jury fees and expenses a taxable cost, it knows how to do so. To date, it has authorized only appellate courts to tax jury fees and expenses, and then only in very limited

42 Id

. 43 City of Falls City, supra note 30, 281 Neb. at 235, 795 N.W.2d at 260.

44 See McGill, supra note 29.

45 See Langel Chevrolet-Cadillac v. Midwest Bridge , 213 Neb. 283, 329

N.W.2d 97 (1983) (reiterating § 25-1711 applies to equitable actions—not those involving recovery of money).- 483 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### circumstances. Because § 25-1711 does not apply—either fac

tually or procedurally—to this case, it provides no authority for taxing Millard Gutter with jury fees and mileage. Finally, we are urged by American Family and Douglas County to conclude that even if no other statute authorizes a district court to tax jury expenses as costs, it is permissible to assess jury costs against a party who brings or defends a civil action that alleges a claim or defense which a court determines is frivolous or made in bad faith under § 25-824. We express no opinion on whether jury costs can be assessed under § 25-824, because there was no finding of frivolousness in this case that would bring this action within the purview of that statute. We also express no opinion on whether there are any circumstances under which a district court, as a court of general jurisdiction having the inherent power to do all things necessary for the proper administration of justice and equity within the scope of its jurisdiction, 46 

### might impose upon a party the expense incurred by a county to provide a jury panel in a civil case. Although on appeal American Family alludes to this inherent authority, the district court based its decision on its authority to tax costs and not upon its inherent power. Nebraska law mandates that jurors shall be paid “by the county” 47 

### for their service in district court. The parties direct us to no other statute that authorizes a trial court to tax, as costs in a civil action, the sums paid to pay jurors for their service and mileage. We share the trial court’s frustration that Millard Gutter waited until 40 prospective jurors were present at the courthouse to dismiss its remaining claims, and we do not condone the needless waste of taxpayer resources that resulted from this tactic. But we are also mindful that shifting the expense of juror fees and mileage from the government to the parties under certain circumstances could have a chilling effect

46 See Holt County Co-op Assn. v. Corkle’s, Inc. , 214 Neb. 762, 336 N.W.2d 312 (1983).

47 § 33-138(3).- 484 - N ebraska S upreme C ourt A dva nc e S 300 N ebraska R eport

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### on exercising the constitutional right to a jury trial. 48 

### Questions of whether, or under what circumstances, the governmental expense of juror fees and mileage should be taxed as costs in a civil action are matters of public policy in the province of the Legislature. 49 

### In the absence of a statute or uniform course of procedure that authorized the district court to tax jury expenses as costs, we must find the district court abused its discretion in awarding these costs.

3. M otio n to 

### A lter 

### A me n d 

### J ud g 

### Millard Gutter assigns the trial court erred in denying its motion to alter or amend the order taxing costs. Given our resolution of this appeal, it is unnecessary to address this assignment. 50



### V. CONCLUSION At the time Millard Gutter filed its dismissal, it had no statutory right to voluntary dismissal under either § 25-601 or § 25-602. For that reason, the district court’s authority to make further rulings in the case was unaffected by that fil

ing. However, because there is no statute or uniform course of procedure authorizing the district court to tax as costs the expenses associated with courtroom technology or juror fees and mileage, we must find the district court abused its discre

tion in taxing such expenses as costs. We therefore reverse the judgment of the district court to the extent it taxed such costs, and in all other respects, we affirm. A ffirmed i n part 

### , a n d i n part rever 

### W ri g ht 

### and K el c h 

### , JJ., not participati

48 See Neb. Const. art. I, § 6.

49 See City of Falls City, supra note 30.

50 In re Interest of Josue G. , 299 Neb. 784, 910 N.W.2d 159 (2018) (appellate court not obligated to engage in analysis unnecessary to adjudicate case and controversy before it).