Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 1 of 56

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT 

EDGEROCK DEVELOPMENT, LLC

Maggie L. Smith 

Darren A. Craig 

Frost Brown Todd LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ZPS

WESTFIELD, LLC

Nathaniel M. Uhl 

Jenny R. Buchheit 

Adam M. Alexander 

Ice Miller LLP 

Indianapolis, Indiana 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT FIRST

BANK RICHMOND

Scott J. Fandre 

David M. Johnson 

Krieg DeVault LLP 

Mishawaka, Indiana 

James E. Carlberg 

Nathan T. Danielson 

Bose McKinney & Evans LLP 

Indianapolis Indiana 

Ronald L. Cross 

Boston Bever Forrest Cross & Sicmann 

Richmond, Indiana 

ATTORNEYS FOR AMICUS CURIAE

INDIANA BANKERS ASSOCIATION IN

SUPPORT OF APPELLANT FIRST BANK

RICHMOND

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES C.H.

GARMONG & SON, INC., AND 

SIGNWORKS, INC.

Peter S. French

Jeffrey D. Stemerick

Neil R. Peluchette

Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

FOX CONTRACTORS CORP.

Robert W. Eherenman

Melanie L. Farr

Haller Colvin PC

Fort Wayne, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR AMICI

CURIAE INDIANA

CONSTRUCTORS, INC., 

INDIANA BUILDERS

ASSOCIATION, AND

ASSOCIATED GENERAL

CONTRACTORS OF INDIANA, 

INC., IN SUPPORT OF

APPELLEES

Joseph M. Leone

Michael F. Drewry

Sean T. Devenney

Drewry Simmons Vornehm, LLP

Carmel, Indiana
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 2 of 56

Thomas W. Dinwiddie

Daniel R. Kelley

Dinsmore & Shohl LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

EdgeRock Development, LLC; 

ZPS Westfield, LLC; First Bank 

Richmond,

Appellants/Cross-Appeal 

Appellees/Defendants/Counterclaim 

Plaintiffs),

v.

C.H. Garmong & Son, Inc. and 

Signworks, Inc.; and Fox 

Contractors Corp.,

Appellees/Plaintiffs/Counterclaim 

Defendants,

and

Fox Contractors Corp.,

Appellee/Cross-Appeal 

Appellant/Plaintiff/Counterclaim 

Defendant.

January 19, 2024

Court of Appeals Cause No.

22A-PL-1968

Appeal from the Hamilton 

Superior Court

The Honorable David K. Najjar, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No. 

29D05-1912-PL-11500

Consolidated with Court of 

Appeals Cause No. 22A-PL-1993

Opinion by Judge Bradford

Judges Riley and Weissmann concur.

Bradford, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 3 of 56

Case Summary

[1] EdgeRock Development LLC (“EdgeRock”) contracted with C.H. Garmong & 

Son, Inc. (“Garmong”), Fox Contractors Corp. (“Fox”), and Signworks 

(“Signworks”) to complete the “Trails of Westfield” (the “Project”), a 

commercial building project along State Road 32 in the City of Westfield (the 

“City”). The Project included work that was to be completed on five different 

parcels of land, which were owned by three different entities. EdgeRock owned 

two of the parcels, which were secured by a mortgage that had been executed in 

favor of First Bank Richmond (“First Bank”). ZPS Westfield, LLC (“ZPS”) 

owned two of the parcels and contracted directly with EdgeRock for the work 

that was to be completed on its land in connection with the Project and paid its 

financial obligations outlined in its contract with EdgeRock in full. 

[2] EdgeRock, however, failed to satisfy its financial obligations under its contracts 

with Garmong, Fox, and Signworks, all three of which sought to encumber 

certain parcels connected with the Project with mechanic’s liens and filed 

breach-of-contract actions against EdgeRock. After finding, inter alia, that the 

mechanic’s liens filed in connection with the Project were valid and had priority 

over a portion of First Bank’s mortgage interest in EdgeRock’s property, the 

trial court entered judgment against EdgeRock and in rem judgments against 

EdgeRock’s and ZPS’s property. The trial court also determined that 

EdgeRock was entitled to recover certain road-impact fees (the “RIF Funds”) 

that had been paid in connection to the Project by the City. 
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[3] ZPS and EdgeRock challenge the trial court’s determinations regarding the 

validity of Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens. ZPS also challenges the 

inclusion of uninstalled material in Signworks’s mechanic’s lien against its 

property as well as the propriety of the prejudgment interest awarded to 

Signworks. First Bank challenges the trial court’s determination that the 

mechanic’s liens had priority over part of its recorded mortgage interest.

EdgeRock challenges various summary judgment rulings made by the trial 

court, and multiple parties challenge the trial court’s determination that 

EdgeRock is entitled to receive the RIF Funds. 

[4] We conclude that (1) both Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens against ZPS’s 

and EdgeRock’s property are invalid; (2) the cost of uninstalled material should 

not have been in included in Signworks’s mechanic’s lien on ZPS’s property 

and ZPS should not have been ordered to pay prejudgment interest to 

Signworks; (3) to the extent that priority questions remain, First Bank’s 

mortgage interest, in its entirety, has priority; (4) the trial court did not err in 

making the challenged summary judgment rulings; and (5) distribution of the 

RIF Funds is stayed pending a ruling by the Hamilton Commercial Court in a 

related matter regarding the priority of the secured interests in the funds and 

any future ruling from this court regarding the RIF Funds should be consistent 

with that of the Hamilton Commercial Court. We further conclude that the 

trial court erred in denying First Bank’s request for attorney’s fees but that no 

party is entitled to an award of appellate attorney’s fees. In addition, we note 

that EdgeRock has not challenged the judgments against it relating to the 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 5 of 56

breach-of-contract claims brought by Garmong, Fox, and Signworks, and our 

conclusions relating to the validity of the mechanic’s liens do not alter those 

judgments against EdgeRock in any way. Pursuant to our above-stated 

conclusions, we therefore affirm the judgment of the trial court in part, reverse 

in part, and remand with instructions. 

Facts and Procedural History

I. Initiation of the Project

[5] In 2015, EdgeRock and its investors purchased numerous separate parcels of 

undeveloped land totaling seventeen acres along State Road 32 in the City. The 

parcels were subsequently divided into Lots 1 through 5 as depicted below:

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 5 p. 82. The five lots were then zoned as follows:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 6 of 56

• Lot 1 was zoned for retail business (and would eventually become a 

Starbucks);

• Lot 2 was zoned for retail business (and would eventually become a Penn 

Station and Forum Credit Union);

• Lot 3 was zoned for retail business (and would eventually become a Crew 

Carwash);

• Lot 4 was zoned for multi-family apartments; and 

• Lot 5 was zoned for retail business. 

EdgeRock sold Lots 1 and 2 to ZPS in 2017, and, at some point, sold Lot 3 to 

Dahm No. 49, LLC (“Dahm”).1 EdgeRock maintained ownership of Lots 4 

and 5.

[6] After purchasing Lots 1 and 2, ZPS contracted with EdgeRock to build two 

structures and install related infrastructure on its property. ZPS’s development 

agreement for the construction and infrastructure on its property called for ZPS 

to pay EdgeRock a total of $1,720,000.00. It is undisputed that ZPS paid the 

entire amount it owed to EdgeRock, making its final payment in August of 

2018.

[7] EdgeRock then contracted with Garmong to perform not only the work on 

ZPS’s property, but also work on the properties owned by EdgeRock and 

Dahm. The total EdgeRock-Garmong contract amount was $3,253,390.00. 

The EdgeRock-Garmong contract broke down the cost of Garmong’s work into 

two categories: “Lots 1 & 2” totaling $1,172,114.00 and “Infrastructure” 

totaling $1,730,284.00. Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 240. The contract also 

1

 Dahm was not a party to the underlying litigation and does not participate in this appeal. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 7 of 56

included $110,000.00 in contingency funds and an eight percent management 

fee ($240,992.00) payable to Garmong. Garmong later submitted several 

change orders, including Change Order 3 in the amount of $434,528.00, which 

included work on Lot 3. ZPS was not a party to the EdgeRock-Garmong 

contract. Fox had a subcontract with Garmong, which included work on all 

five lots. 

[8] As part of the Project, the City contracted with EdgeRock to build 175th Street 

(which would run to the north of Lots 4 and 5 and to the south of Lots 1, 2, and 

3) and install related infrastructure (the “175th-Street Project”). The 175thStreet Project was to be funded, at least in part, by RIF Funds issued by the 

City. The 175th-Street Project included “17.6 acres,” with ZPS’s property 

making up 10.2% of the total acreage of the project and EdgeRock’s property 

making up 58.6% of the total acreage. Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 9 p. 36. The 

remaining acreage came from Dahm’s property. EdgeRock contracted directly 

with Fox to complete the 175th-Street Project, which included building 175th 

Street and installing related infrastructure. The EdgeRock-Fox contract was for 

a total of $1,831,008.25. ZPS was not a party to the EdgeRock-Fox contract. 

Its sole involvement was quitclaiming certain land needed to construct 175th

Street to the City.

[9] In September of 2018, EdgeRock contracted with Signworks to install two signs 

on ZPS’s property for a total price of $115,521.33. ZPS was not a party to the 

EdgeRock-Signworks contract.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 8 of 56

II. Issues with Payment/Garmong’s First Mechanic’s 

Lien

[10] As the Project moved forward, EdgeRock’s payments to Garmong became 

somewhat sporadic. EdgeRock paid invoices that had been submitted by 

Garmong on December 11, 2017, April 17, 2018, and June 1, 2018. EdgeRock 

did not pay invoices that were submitted by Garmong on March 7, 2018, June 

20, 2018, July 30, 2018, August 24, 2018, September 25, 2018, and October 30, 

2018. On December 4, 2018, following five months of nonpayment from 

EdgeRock, Garmong filed a notice of intention to hold a mechanic’s lien, and 

recorded a mechanic’s lien in the amount of $2,140,722.51. The lien was 

recorded on December 5, 2018 (the “2018 Garmong Lien”).

III. First Bank Mortgage

[11] During late 2018 or early 2019, EdgeRock sought financing from First Bank “to 

refinance the existing mortgages” on the planned development “and pay for the 

construction work” that had thus far been completed. Ultimately, EdgeRock 

received a $4,900,000.00 commercial loan from First Bank “to reimburse for 

land development expense[s] and payoff existing mortgages on Lots 4 and 5.” 

Ex. Vol. 19 p. 125. In return, First Bank received a mortgage interest on Lots 4 

and 5 (the “First Bank Mortgage”); an assignment of EdgeRock’s interests in an 

agreement with Citizens Wastewater of Westfield, LLC; a secured interest in 

the RIF Funds; and guaranty from EdgeRock’s executives, Austin Dalton and 

R. Birch Dalton. First Bank’s loan documents included: (1) a UCC financing 

statement signed by EdgeRock, granting the Bank a security interest in the RIF 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 9 of 56

Funds; (2) a Security Agreement executed by EdgeRock, granting First Bank a 

security interest in the RIF Funds; and (3) a UCC financing statement filed with 

the Indiana Secretary of State, covering collateral including the RIF Funds.

[12] The First Bank Mortgage was duly recorded on February 25, 2019. It is 

undisputed that proceeds from the loan were distributed as follows:

Amount Purpose

$2,140,722.51 Payment to secure release of the 2018 Garmong 

Lien

$250,000.00 Payment of Blocked Interest Account Funds (used 

for payment of loan interest)

$45,431.00 Payment of loan origination fee

$3500.00 Payment of appraisal fee

$1000.00 Payment of appraisal review fee

$46.00 Payment of fee for flood determination

$23.00 Payment of wire and UCC filing fees

$9269.00 Payment of various title company charges

$165.00 Payment of recording charges

$2,028,443.62 Payment to Acquisition Lenders to secure release 

of the Acquisition Mortgage

$15,000.00 Payment of EdgeRock’s legal fees

$5000.00 Payment of insurance premium

$401,399.87 Payment to EdgeRock

The amounts tendered to the Acquisition Lenders equaled the amounts 

remaining due under their respective acquisition promissory notes and served to 

secure release of the Acquisition Mortgage. Following Garmong’s receipt of 

the $2,140,722.51, the 2018 Garmong Lien was released.

[13] A condition of the First Bank Mortgage had been that First Bank would 

“receive a first priority mortgage on Lots 4 and 5.” Tr. Vol. 6 p. 117. First 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 10 of 56

Bank had not been made aware prior to the closing of the First Bank Mortgage 

that Garmong “had an outstanding claim for work performed of over $1 million 

in addition to the Garmong mechanic’s lien of $2.1 million that was being paid 

off at the closing.” Tr. Vol. 6 p. 117. 

IV. Continued Issues with Payment

[14] Garmong submitted an invoice to EdgeRock on November 19, 2018, in the 

amount of $299,155.84. This invoice had not been included in the 2018 

Garmong Lien because the due date for payment had not passed as of the date 

that the lien had been recorded. EdgeRock did not pay this invoice. Garmong 

submitted another invoice to EdgeRock in the amount of $643,886.80 on 

January 23, 2019. EdgeRock did not pay this invoice.

[15] According to the terms of its subcontract with Garmong, Fox was to receive 

$1,315,000.00. According to the terms of its direct contract with EdgeRock, 

Fox was to receive $1,831,008.25. Fox was not paid in full for its work done 

under either contract. 

[16] Signworks submitted invoices to EdgeRock on November 29, 2018, January 28, 

2019, and April 17, 2019. EdgeRock, however, did not make any payments to 

Signworks outside of its initial $3000.00 deposit.

V. The Mechanic’s Liens

[17] On June 24, 2019, Signworks recorded a mechanic’s lien against Lot 1 in the 

amount of $48,992.29 and a separate mechanic’s lien against Lot 2 in the 
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amount of $59,039.04. On August 30, 2019, Fox recorded mechanic’s liens—

each in the sum of $1,213,228.23—against ZPS’s Lots 1 and 2 and EdgeRock’s 

Lots 4 and 5. On September 4, 2019, Garmong recorded mechanic’s liens 

against Lots 4 and 5 in the amount of $1,009,055.62. The next day, Garmong 

recorded mechanic’s liens against Lots 1 and 2 in the same amount. On 

September 10, 2019, Fox recorded additional mechanic’s liens against Lots 1, 2, 

4, and 5, each in the amount of $500,053.43. Litigation under cause number 

29D05-1912-PL-11500 (“Cause No. PL-11500”) soon followed.

VI. Lien Foreclosure Proceedings

[18] On December 9, 2019, Garmong filed suit under Cause No. PL-11500 against 

EdgeRock, ZPS, First Bank, Fox, and Signworks, seeking to foreclose its 

mechanic’s liens and alleging breach of contract, unjust enrichment, and 

damages. On March 4, 2020, Fox filed cross-claims against EdgeRock and 

ZPS, seeking to foreclose its mechanic’s liens and alleging breach of contract, 

unjust enrichment, and violation of personal liability notice. On March 10, 

2020, Fox filed a third-party complaint against the City in which it indicated 

that it had named the City “as a party to assert any interest it may have in the 

Edge[R]ock Property and/or ZPS property.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 3 pp. 

152, 153. On May 29, 2020, Garmong requested leave to amend its complaint 

to dismiss its claims against Signworks and to add Signworks as a plaintiff to its 

complaint. The trial court granted Garmong’s motion and Garmong filed an 

amended complaint listing Signworks as a plaintiff rather than a defendant. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 12 of 56

Counterclaims were subsequently filed against Garmong by EdgeRock and 

Fox. The trial court scheduled trial starting on January 21, 2021.

VII. The RIF Funds

[19] On February 19, 2021, the City filed a motion for interpleader, in which it 

sought “an order requiring the deposit of funds with the Court, declaring that 

[the City] has satisfied its obligation under the [RIF] Credit Agreement, and 

that its property is not encumbered by any parties to this matter, and ordering 

its dismissal with prejudice.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 16 p. 12. The City 

claimed that it “is in no position to determine how much should be disbursed to 

each party that completed work on 175th.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 16 p. 15. 

Fox responded claiming that it “is the only party in this lawsuit which 

performed any work and supplied any materials for the construction of 175th

Street and the relocation of the Anna Kendall Drain [(the “Drain”)]. Fox is 

entitled to all of the funds that will be interpleaded by [the City].” Appellants’ 

Jt. App. Vol. 16 p. 28. First Bank also claimed to be entitled to the RIF Funds. 

While ZPS did not assert a formal claim for the RIF Funds in Cause No. PL11500, it asserted a priority interest in the RIF Funds in a separately filed 

lawsuit in the Hamilton Commercial Court, under cause number 29D02-2107-

PL-5088 (“Cause No. PL-5088”). This lawsuit, which was filed on July 20, 

2021, remains pending.2

2

 The proceedings in the commercial court action were stayed by order of the court on June 21, 2022.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 13 of 56

VIII. Competing Motions for Partial Summary 

Judgment

[20] On May 7, 2020, EdgeRock filed a motion for partial summary judgment. On 

December 7, 2020, ZPS filed a motion for partial summary judgment. Ten days 

later, the trial court issued an order holding all motions for summary judgment 

in abeyance until trial began on January 21, 2021.

[21] On January 28, 2021, following the first two days of trial, the trial court issued 

an order informing the parties that it would “consider summary judgment 

motions prior to the next hearing date on April 9, 2021.” Appellants’ Jt. App. 

Vol. 16 p. 77. The trial court further ordered that 

The parties are given until February 12, 2021[,] to file any new or 

amended motions for summary judgment. The parties shall be 

given until March 15, 2021[,] to file any responses to summary 

judgment motions. A hearing will be set for the Court to hear 

arguments on all summary judgment motions on March 24, 

2021[.]

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 16 p. 77. Signworks, Fox, and Garmong moved for 

partial summary judgment on February 12, 2021. Also on February 12, 2021, 

ZPS and EdgeRock filed amended motions for partial summary judgment.

IX. The Trial Court’s Orders

[22] On April 7, 2021, the trial court issued an order granting Garmong’s motion for 

partial summary judgment and denying EdgeRock’s motion for partial 

summary judgment. In this order, the trial court found that Garmong’s 
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mechanic’s liens against EdgeRock’s property were valid and that summary 

judgment relating to Change Order 3 was improper because a material dispute 

remained as to whether Change Order 3 had been approved by EdgeRock. The 

trial court further found that the 175th-Street Project and the relocation of the 

Drain were never part of the EdgeRock-Garmong contract; the consequential 

damages waiver barred EdgeRock’s claim for rent abatement, loss of future 

business, and tortious interference with banking relationships; EdgeRock’s 

tortious interference claims are barred by the waiver; and rent abatement paid 

to ZPS is barred by the waiver.

[23] On April 28, 2021, the trial court issued an order granting in part and denying 

in part ZPS’s motion for partial summary judgment. In this order, the trial 

court found that ZPS was entitled to summary judgment on the unjust 

enrichment claims brought by Garmong and Signworks. The trial court found 

that summary judgment relating to the validity of Garmong’s and Fox’s 

mechanic’s liens filed against ZPS’s property was improper because issues of 

material fact remained as to whether the liens were valid, specifically whether 

the liens were overstated. In denying summary judgment on the question of 

whether the mechanic’s liens were valid, the trial court found, as a matter of 

law, that Fox’s mechanic’s lien had been timely filed. The trial court further 

found that ZPS was entitled to summary judgment on Garmong’s, Signworks’s, 

and Fox’s requests for attorney’s fees, stating that it is undisputed that ZPS had 

paid EdgeRock “all that it was obligated to pay under the terms of the 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 15 of 56

Development Agreement,” and, as a result, “Garmong, Signworks, and Fox 

may not recover attorney’s fees” from ZPS. Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 83.

[24] On May 12, 2021, the trial court issued an order granting in part and denying in 

part Fox’s motion for partial summary judgment. In this order, the trial court 

found, as a matter of law, that Fox’s liens on EdgeRock’s property were valid, 

but found that issues of material fact existed as to the validity of Fox’s liens on 

ZPS’s property.

[25] Also on May 12, 2021, the trial court issued an order granting Signworks’s 

motion for partial summary judgment. In this order, the trial court found that 

Signworks’s mechanic’s liens against ZPS’s property were “valid as a matter of 

law.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 100.

[26] Trial continued on all remaining issues. After the conclusion of trial, on May 

25, 2022, the trial court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and 

judgment. With respect to Garmong’s claims against EdgeRock and ZPS, the 

trial court concluded as follows: (1) EdgeRock had breached its contract with 

Garmong; (2) Garmong was entitled to foreclose its liens on EdgeRock’s 

property; (3) Garmong’s liens on ZPS’s property were valid and were not 

overstated; (4) Garmong had not breached its contract with EdgeRock; (5) there 

was no basis for EdgeRock’s slander-of-title or fraud claims; and (6) there was 

no basis for ZPS’s slander-of-title claims.

[27] With respect to Fox’s claims against EdgeRock and ZPS, the trial court 

concluded that EdgeRock had breached its contract with Fox. The trial court 
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further concluded that Fox’s mechanic’s liens against both EdgeRock’s property 

and ZPS’s property were valid and that Fox was entitled to foreclose its liens.

[28] With respect to Signworks’s claims, the trial court concluded that EdgeRock 

had breached its contract with Signworks. As a result of the breach, Signworks 

was entitled to recover attorney’s fees from EdgeRock.

[29] With respect to questions relating to lien priority, the trial court concluded as 

follows: (1) First Bank only had priority for the first $2,140,722.51 of its loan to 

EdgeRock; (2) mechanic’s liens take priority from the date the contractor begins 

work; (3) equitable subrogation is not compatible with the Indiana Mechanic’s 

Lien Statute (the “IMLS”) and does not apply; (4) even if equitable subrogation 

could apply, the equities favor Garmong and Fox; (5) First Bank’s equitable 

estoppel argument fails; (6) the “specific project” language of Indiana Code 

section 32-28-3-5(d) did not encompass First Bank’s entire loan; and (7) First 

Bank was entitled to the RIF Funds. 

[30] Based on these conclusions, the trial court ordered the following:

1. Judgment is entered in favor of Garmong and against 

[EdgeRock] on Count 3 of Garmong’s Amended Complaint in 

the amount of $943,042.64, plus interest on the balance at the 

rate of at 12% per year accruing from February 23, 2019 (the due 

date of the final invoice). The interest accrued through May 25, 

2022 is $367,709.12, making the total judgment on Count 3 of 

Garmong’s Amended Complaint as of today’s date 

$1,310,751.76, plus court costs.

2. Judgment in rem is entered in favor of Garmong on Count 
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1 of Garmong’s Amended Complaint against [EdgeRock’s] Lots 

4 and 5 in the amount of $943,042.64, plus interest on the 

balance at the rate of at 12% per year accruing from February 23, 

2019 (the due date of the final invoice), plus Garmong’s 

reasonable attorney’s fees. The interest accrued through May 25, 

2022 is $367,709.12, making the total in rem judgment on Count 

1 of Garmong’s Amended Complaint against [EdgeRock’s] Lots 

4 and 5 as of today’s date $1,310,751.76, plus Garmong’s 

reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs.

3. Judgment in rem is entered for Garmong on Count 2 of 

Garmong’s Amended Complaint against ZPS’s Lots 1 and 2 in 

the amount of $943,042.64[,] plus interest on the balance at the 

rate of at 12% per year accruing from February 23, 2019 (the due 

date of the final invoice). The interest accrued through May 25, 

2022 is $367,709.12 making the total judgment as of today’s date 

$1,310,751.76, plus court costs.

4. Judgment is entered in favor of Signworks and against 

[EdgeRock] on Count 6 of Signworks’[s] Amended Complaint in 

the amount of $93,268.37, plus interest on the balance at the rate 

of 1.75% per month from April 30, 2019 (the due date of the final 

invoice), plus reasonable attorney’s fees. The interest accrued 

through May 25, 2022 is $60,100.60, making the total judgment 

on Count 6 of Signworks’[s] Amended Complaint as of today’s 

date $153,368.97, plus attorney’s fees and court costs.

5. Judgment in rem is entered in favor of Signworks on Count 

5 of Signworks’[s] Amended Complaint against ZPS’s Lots 1 and 

2 in the amount of $93,268.37, plus interest on the balance at the 

rate of 1.75% per month from April 30, 2019 (the due date of the 

final invoice). The interest accrued through May 25, 2022 is 

$60,100.60 making the total in rem judgment on Count 5 of 

Signworks’ Amended Complaint against ZPS’s Lots 1 and 2 as of 

today’s date $153,368.97 plus court costs.

6. Judgment is entered in favor of [Fox] on its crossclaim 
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against [EdgeRock] on breach of contract in the amount of 

$1,301,531.37, plus court costs.

7. Judgment in rem is entered in favor of [Fox] on its crossclaim against the [EdgeRock] Real Estate in the amount of: (a) 

$202,623.56 (the amount due under the Garmong Subcontract); 

and (b) $1,166,728.23 (the amount of due under the [EdgeRock] 

Contract), plus court costs and attorney’s fees.

8. Judgment in rem is entered in favor of [Fox] on its crossclaim against the ZPS Real Estate in the amount of (a) 

$202,623.56 (the amount due under the Garmong Subcontract); 

and (b) $1,166,728.23 (the amount of due under the [EdgeRock] 

Contract), plus court costs....

10. Judgment is entered in favor of Garmong and against 

[EdgeRock] and ZPS on all remaining counterclaims.

11. Judgment is entered in favor of Fox and against 

[EdgeRock] on all remaining cross-claims.

12. Garmong’s mechanic’s lien on Lots 4 and 5 is foreclosed.

13. Garmong’s mechanic’s lien on Lots 1 and 2 is 

foreclosed....

16. Signworks’[s] mechanic’s liens are foreclosed.

17. Judgment is entered for Signworks and against 

[EdgeRock] and ZPS on all remaining counterclaims.

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 pp. 178–80. 

[31] On July 20, 2022, the trial court issued four additional orders in which it 

granted Garmong’s, Fox’s, and Signworks’s requests that EdgeRock pay their 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 19 of 56

attorneys’ fees and denied First Bank’s request for the same. On September 28, 

2022, the trial court issued an order staying the sale of ZPS’s property and 

ruling on pending motions to correct error. The trial court ordered that 

EdgeRock’s property “be sold first, with no priority for attorney’s fees.” 

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 184. The trial court further ordered that “the first 

$202,623.56 collected by Garmong be conveyed to Fox”; the award of 

prejudgment interest was appropriately calculated; the RIF Funds should be 

paid to EdgeRock; and “[a]ny sums collected by Garmong, Fox, and/or 

Signworks from [EdgeRock], or as a result of the sale of the [EdgeRock] real 

estate, shall correspondingly reduce the applicable judgment amounts against 

the ZPS Real Estate.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 pp. 184, 188. The trial court 

also denied First Bank’s motion to correct error regarding its determination that 

only a portion of its mortgage interest should have senior priority and ordered 

that disbursement of the RIF Funds would be stayed pending the completion of 

the appellate process.

Discussion and Decision

I. Brief Overview of the IMLS

[32] “A mechanic’s lien is a statutory tool to help collect payment for labor and 

materials that improve real property.” Serv. Steel Warehouse Co., L.P. v. U.S. Steel 

Corp., 182 N.E.3d 840, 842–43 (Ind. 2022) (citing Premier Invs. v. Suites of Am., 

Inc., 644 N.E.2d 124, 130 (Ind. 1994)).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 20 of 56

The historical origin and purpose of mechanic’s lien statutes was 

to make a property owner an involuntary guarantor of payments 

for the reasonable value of improvements made to real estate by 

the physical labor or materials furnished by laborers or 

materialmen. Thus, the purpose of mechanic’s lien laws is to 

prevent the inequity of a property owner enjoying the benefits of 

the labor and materials furnished by others without recompense.

Premier Invs., 644 N.E.2d at 130 (internal citation omitted). Stated differently, a 

mechanic’s lien “prevents landowners from enjoying their improved property 

while those who provided the labor and materials get the shaft.” U.S. Steel, 182 

N.E.3d at 842.

[33] Indiana has long had a statutory right to a mechanic’s lien. Id. at 842–43. 

Although the precise language of the IMLS “has differed, it has continually 

conferred broad rights on suppliers.” Id. at 843. The current version of the 

IMLS provides that

A contractor, a subcontractor, a mechanic, a lessor leasing 

construction and other equipment and tools, whether or not an 

operator is also provided by the lessor, a journeyman, a laborer, 

or any other person performing labor or furnishing materials or 

machinery, including the leasing of equipment or tools, for:

(1) the erection, alteration, repair, or removal of:

(A) a house, mill, manufactory, or other 

building; or

(B) a bridge, reservoir, system of 

waterworks, or other structure;

(2) the construction, alteration, repair, or removal of 

a walk or sidewalk located on the land or bordering 

the land, a stile, a well, a drain, a drainage ditch, a 

sewer, or a cistern; or
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 21 of 56

(3) any other earth moving operation;

may have a lien as set forth in this section.

Ind. Code § 32-28-3-1(a). 

[34] A mechanic’s lien applies to “[t]he entire land upon which the building, 

erection, or other improvement is situated ... to the extent of the right, title, and 

interest of the owner for whose immediate use or benefit the labor was done or 

material furnished.” Ind. Code § 32-28-3-2(a). Generally, 

a person who wishes to acquire a lien upon property, whether the 

claim is due or not, must file in duplicate a sworn statement and 

notice of the person’s intention to hold a lien upon the property 

for the amount of the claim: 

(1) in the recorder’s office of the county; and 

(2) not later than ninety (90) days after performing 

labor or furnishing materials or machinery[.] 

Ind. Code § 32-28-3-3(a).

[35] “The recorded lien relates back to the date the mechanic or other person began 

to perform the labor or furnish the materials or machinery.” Ind. Code § 32-28-

3-5(b). “Except as provided in subsections (c) and (d), a lien created under this 

chapter has priority over a lien created after it.” Ind. Code § 32-28-3-5(b). 

However, 

(c) The lien of a mechanic or materialman does not have priority 

over the lien of another mechanic or materialman.

(d) The mortgage of a lender has priority over all liens created under 

this chapter that are recorded after the date the mortgage was recorded, 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 22 of 56

to the extent of the funds actually owed to the lender for the 

specific project to which the lien rights relate.

Ind. Code § 32-28-3-5(c)–(d) (emphases added).

[36] “A person may enforce a lien by filing a complaint in the circuit or superior 

court of the county where the real estate or property that is the subject of the 

lien is situated.” Ind. Code § 32-28-3-6(a). “A party seeking a lien must prove 

it falls within the statute.” U.S. Steel, 182 N.E.3d at 843 (citing Premier Invs., 

644 N.E.2d at 127).

II. Applicable Standards of Review

A. Summary Judgment

[37] When reviewing a trial court’s order granting or denying summary judgment, 

“our standard of review is the same as that of the trial court.” Webb v. City of 

Carmel, 101 N.E.3d 850, 860 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). 

We stand in the shoes of the trial court and apply a de novo 

standard of review. Our review of a summary judgment motion 

is limited to those materials designated to the trial court. 

Summary judgment is appropriate only where the designated 

evidence shows there are no genuine issues of material fact and 

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. For 

summary judgment purposes, a fact is “material” if it bears on 

the ultimate resolution of relevant issues. We view the pleadings 

and designated materials in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Additionally, all facts and reasonable inferences 

from those facts are construed in favor of the non-moving party.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 23 of 56

Id. (internal citations omitted). “The initial burden is on the summaryjudgment movant to demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of fact as to 

a determinative issue, at which point the burden shifts to the non-movant to 

come forward with contrary evidence showing an issue for the trier of fact.” 

Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014) (cleaned up).

B. Findings & Conclusions

[38] In cases where the trial court enters findings of fact and conclusions thereon, 

our standard of review is two-tiered: 

[W]e first determine whether the evidence supports the trial 

court’s findings and second, we determine whether the findings 

support the judgment. Findings of fact are clearly erroneous 

when the record lacks any reasonable inference from the 

evidence to support them and the trial court’s judgment is clearly 

erroneous if it is unsupported by the findings and the conclusions 

which rely upon those findings. In determining whether the 

findings on the judgment are clearly erroneous, we consider only 

the evidence favorable to the judgment and all reasonable 

inferences to be drawn therefrom.

In conducting our review, we cannot reweigh the evidence or 

judge the credibility of any witnesses, and must affirm the trial 

court’s decision if the record contains any supporting evidence or 

inferences. However, while we defer substantially to findings of 

fact, we do not do so to conclusions of law. We evaluate 

questions of law de novo and owe no deference to a trial court’s 

determination of such questions.

Roberts v. Feitz, 933 N.E.2d 466, 475–76 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (internal citations 

omitted, emphasis in original).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 24 of 56

C. Motion to Correct Error

[39] We review an order granting or denying a motion to correct error for abuse of 

discretion. In re Paternity of V.A., 10 N.E.3d 65, 67 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “An 

abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is against the logic and 

effect of the facts and circumstances before the court, or the reasonable 

inferences [drawn] therefrom.” Id.

III. Analysis

A. Validity/Scope of Mechanic’s Liens

[40] Both ZPS and EdgeRock challenge the trial court’s determination that 

Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens were valid. In addition, ZPS contends 

that the trial court erred by allowing Signworks to include costs for materials 

that were never installed on its property in their mechanic’s liens against ZPS’s 

property.

[41] 1. Breadth and Scope of Mechanic’s Liens

[42] In 1896, the Indiana Supreme Court held that 

[w]here labor is performed or materials furnished under one 

contract upon several buildings, all situate[d] upon one lot of land 

belonging to the contracting owner, the lien attaches to all the land 

for the whole value of the labor performed, and it is immaterial 

whether the contract specifies one sum for all work or separate 

amounts for each building. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 25 of 56

Premier Steel Co. v. McElwaine-Richards Co., 144 Ind. 614, 619, 43 N.E. 876, 877–

78 (1896) (emphasis added, internal quotation omitted). The Supreme Court 

went on to say, however, that “[i]f the work be done or materials are furnished 

upon distinct premises, the lien must be against each of the several premises, according 

to the value of the work and materials incorporated in each, and not against both for 

the aggregate amount.” Id. at 620, 43 N.E. at 878 (emphasis added). More 

recently, we have stated that

unless, a joint lien is appropriate because work was done on, or 

materials were supplied for, more than one structure on a single 

tract of land, pursuant to one contract, a lien may not be had on 

one structure for work done on or materials furnished for a 

different structure. 

Cato v. David Excavating Co., 435 N.E.2d 597, 605 (Ind. Ct. App. 1982), overruled 

on other grounds by Johnson v. Blankenship, 688 N.E.2d 1250 (Ind. 1997) (internal 

citations omitted).

[43] The question before us is, when work is completed on multiple parcels of land, 

whether a mechanic’s lien can encompass all costs associated with the project 

as a whole or must be restricted in some fashion as it relates to the encumbered 

parcel. Indiana Code section 32-28-3-1(b)(2) states that 

A person ... may have a lien separately or jointly ... on the 

interest of the owner of the lot or parcel of land: 

(A) on which the structure or improvement stands; or 

(B) with which the structure or improvement is 

connected; 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 26 of 56

to the extent of the value of any labor done or the material

furnished, or both, including any use of the leased equipment and 

tools.

(Emphasis added). The parties dispute the meaning of the term “connected” 

with Garmong and Fox requesting that we define the term “connected” broadly 

and ZPS and EdgeRock requesting that we apply a narrower definition of the 

term, i.e., a definition that would require common ownership of the land in 

question.

[44] In support of its request for a broad interpretation of the term “connected,” 

Garmong points to this court’s decision in West v. Dreher, 73 Ind. App. 133, 136, 

126 N.E. 688, 689 (1920), in which we concluded that a mechanic’s lien applied 

equally to homes built on two adjoining parcels under one contract because 

“the two houses, within the mechanic’s-lien law of this State, are one piece of 

work.” However, our decision in West does not support an interpretation as 

broad as that requested by Garmong because in West, the two parcels were 

owned by the same individual, 73 Ind. App. at 134, 126 N.E. at 688, and we 

cannot say that our conclusion would have been the same if the lots had been 

owned by different individuals. Garmong also points to our decision in 

Windfall Natural Gas, Mining & Oil Co. v. Roe, 42 Ind. App. 278, 85 N.E. 722 

(1908), overruled on other grounds by Cline v. Indianapolis Mortar & Fuel Co., 65 Ind. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 27 of 56

App. 383, 117 N.E. 509 (1917), another case involving common ownership.3 

For its part, Fox cites to our decision in Inter-City Contractors Services, Inc. v. 

Consumer Building Industries, Inc., 175 Ind. App. 665, 373 N.E.2d 903 (1978), for 

the proposition that a mechanic’s lien could be asserted against numerous lots 

for collective work completed under a single contract. However, Inter-City also 

does not support the broad interpretation of the term “connected” favored by 

Fox and Garmong as it dealt with a single parcel owned by a single entity that 

was subsequently divided into numerous lots. Id. at 667–68, 373 N.E.2d at 

905.

4

[45] For their part, ZPS and EdgeRock assert that the cases cited by Garmong and 

Fox actually support their position, i.e., that applicable Indiana authority 

applies a narrower interpretation of the term “connected” as it requires 

common ownership. Based on our reading of the relevant Indiana authority, 

we must agree. See, e.g., Windfall, 42 Ind. App. at 280, 85 N.E. at 723

(providing that a joint lien may be had upon work completed under a single 

contract when the parcels are connected in construction and ownership). This 

interpretation is consistent with our decision in O.J. Shoemaker, Inc. v. Board of 

Trustees of General Retirement System of City of Detroit, 479 N.E.2d 1349, 1351 

3

 While Garmong does not cite to any Indiana authority that would support the broad interpretation it is 

requesting, it does cite Deegan v. Kilpatrick, 66 N.Y.S. 628 (1900) and Caird Engineering Works v. Seven-Up Gold 

Mining Co., 111 P.2d 267 (Mont. 1940). However, to the extent that Deegan and Caird can be read as 

supporting Garmong’s position, we are not bound by either case.

4

 Fox also cites to the United States Supreme Court’s opinion in Phillips v. Gilbert, 101 U.S. 721 (1879), but 

that case also appears to involve common ownership of all of the land at issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 28 of 56

(Ind. Ct. App. 1985), in which we acknowledged that “a lien may not be had on 

one structure for work done on or materials furnished for a different 

structure[.]”5 We interpret relevant Indiana authority as requiring common 

ownership before a mechanic’s lien can be levied against a parcel for work that 

has been completed on numerous parcels. Applying this interpretation to the 

facts of this case, we turn our attention to the question of whether the trial court 

erred in determining that Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens against ZPS’s 

property and EdgeRock’s property were valid. 

i. Arguments Relating to Garmong’s and Fox’s Liens on ZPS’s Property

[46] ZPS argues that “[t]he trial court’s finding that ZPS must pay, as part of a 

mechanic’s lien, for work performed on property ZPS does not own is 

unprecedented and inconsistent with Indiana law.” ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 

29. ZPS succinctly states, “Indiana law doesn’t allow a contractor to lien one 

property for work performed on another without common ownership.” ZPS’s 

Reply Br. p. 12. ZPS points out that despite having been given the opportunity 

to do so, neither Fox nor Garmong was able to prove the value of the work 

actually performed on ZPS’s property. 

5

 In support of this interpretation, ZPS additionally cites to New England Savings Bank v. Meadow Lakes Realty 

Co., 688 A.2d 345, 348–49 (Conn. App. Ct. 1997), in which the Appellate Court of Connecticut held that a 

mechanic’s lien filed against a property could not include amounts relating to work done on a different parcel 

that did not enjoy common ownership. While this case could be considered instructive in so far as its holding 

seems to be consistent with relevant Indiana authority, like the out-of-state cases cited by Garmong, it is not 

binding precedent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 29 of 56

a. Garmong’s Lien

[47] ZPS claims that the evidence established that the amount of Garmong’s lien 

includes amounts for work performed on its property, EdgeRock’s property, 

and Dahm’s property. Garmong’s Regional Manager, Mitch Hannum, who 

had been involved with calculating the amount of the lien, testified at trial as 

follows:

Q: And so the amount of the lien that Garmong recorded on 

[ZPS’s] property is exactly the same as the amount of the lien it 

recorded on EdgeRock’s property. Is that correct? 

A: Yes. 

Q: The two liens cover the same scope of work, right? 

A: Yeah, it was one project.

Q: And they both include work that took place on Lots 1, 2, 

3, 4, and 5, correct?

A: That is correct.

Q: So [ZPS] owns Lots 1 and 2, but the lien that Garmong 

recorded on this property includes work that was done on Lots 3, 

4, and 5. 

A: Yes. 

****

Q: So at the time that Garmong executed the ZPS lien, it 

knew that the amount it was claiming included work performed 

on Lots 3, 4, and 5. Is that correct? 

A: We recorded liens for the entire project. So, yes, we knew 

when we filed liens that work was done on all of the five parcels because 

we performed work on all of the five parcels.

Q: And the amount that you were claiming in ZPS’s lien, you 

knew at the time you executed the lien that it included amounts 

that Garmong claimed it was owed for work on Lots 3, 4, and 5.

A: Yes, I believe I just - I believe that’s what I just said, yes. 

Yes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 30 of 56

Tr. Vol. III pp. 14–15 (emphases added). In addition, Michael Preyss, 

Garmong’s Chief Financial Officer, testified that he did not know “how much 

of this $1,009,055.62 that is set forth in the mechanic’s lien on [ZPS’s] property 

relates to work performed on” ZPS’s property. Tr. Vol. III p. 224. Preyss 

further admitted that he could not “sit here telling you that X dollars went to 

this particular parcel of land and Y dollars went to this other particular parcel of 

land.” Tr. Vol. III p. 223. 

[48] ZPS claims that Hannum’s and Preyss’s testimony “unequivocally established 

that the Garmong lien on ZPS’s Property included work on property that ZPS 

did not own.” ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 42. Further, although Garmong asserts 

otherwise, review of the invoices referenced by Garmong’s counsel indicates

that the invoices do not appear to have included only work that benefited ZPS’s 

property. In sum, ZPS argues that “Garmong’s executives were right: 

Garmong’s lien on ZPS’s Property includes amounts for work performed on 

Edge[R]ock’s Property and Dahm’s Property. This is fatal to Garmon’s lien 

claim against ZPS’s Property and the trial court’s Judgment enforcing 

Garmong’s mechanic’s lien against ZPS’s Property should be reversed.” ZPS’s 

Appellant’s Br. pp. 44–45. We must agree with ZPS. Based on the evidence 

presented to the trial court, we conclude that Garmong’s mechanic’s lien was 

overstated such that it included costs associated with work that had not been 

completed on ZPS’s property.

[49] In Abbey Villas Development Corp. v. Site Contractors, Inc., 716 N.E.2d 91, 100–01 

(Ind. Ct. App. 1999), we noted that where a claimant has intentionally or 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 31 of 56

through culpable negligence overstated the amount due to him, such 

overstatement will render his lien void, but mere mistake will not necessarily 

render the whole lien void when it is clear that no fraud was intended and the 

claimant had not misled the defendant to his prejudice. Garmong asserts that 

to the extent that its mechanic’s lien against ZPS’s property was overstated, 

such overstatement was not intentional or the result of culpable negligence. We 

conclude, however, that the evidence demonstrates otherwise. Hannum’s and 

Preyss’s testimony unequivocally established that the Garmong’s mechanic’s 

lien included work on property that ZPS did not own, and that Garmong had 

known as much when it had filed its lien. As such, we conclude that 

Garmong’s knowing overstatement rendered its mechanic’s lien against ZPS’s 

property void.6 See Abbey Villas, 716 N.E.2d at 100–01.

b. Fox’s Liens

[50] ZPS claims that the majority of Fox’s work on the 175th-Street Project did “not 

even touch Lots 1 and 2” and “it is undisputed that Fox’s lien includes amounts 

for work performed on property not owned by ZPS.” ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 

32. ZPS points to the trial testimony of Fox employee Don Adamson, who 

testified that he did “not know the value of the work that Fox performed on 

Lots 1 and 2 related to the 175th Street project” and that none of the line items 

charged in relation to the street construction related exclusively to work 

6

 Because we conclude that Garmong’s mechanic’s lien against ZPS’s property is void, it follows that the 

award of prejudgment interest that was awarded in conjunction with and as part of the lien is extinguished.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 32 of 56

completed on Lots 1 and 2. Tr. Vol. IV p. 241. Adamson admitted that he had 

“no idea how to put a value on” the work Fox completed as it relates to ZPS’s 

property and that he “would have no way to know what the value of the work 

is.” Tr. Vol. IV pp. 242, 243. Given the lack of evidence relating to the value 

of Fox’s work on the 175th-Street Project on Lots 1 and 2, ZPS claims that Fox 

knowingly overstated its mechanic’s liens on ZPS’s property. 

[51] The trial court appeared to acknowledge that Fox’s mechanic’s liens may have 

been overstated as it related to ZPS, finding that “even if they were [overstated], 

they were not intentionally or negligently overstated.” Appellants’ Jt. App. 

Vol. 2 p. 156. ZPS asserts that, contrary to the trial court’s finding that the 

overstatement was not intentional or negligent, given the evidence 

demonstrating that Fox had known when it had asserted the lien that the lien

had included costs associated with work that was not done on ZPS’s property, 

its overstatement was intentional. ZPS also asserts that the prejudice in this 

regard was self-evident. We agree with ZPS on both assertions. 

[52] ZPS claims that Fox failed to prove that its mechanic’s liens represented the 

value of its work on ZPS’s property, noting that it did not bear the burden of 

disproving the value but rather that Fox had the burden to prove the value of its 

work. ZPS points to the fact that a large portion of Fox’s work was completed 

on Lot 3, which ZPS asserts provided no value to its property. ZPS also claims 

that it did not benefit from the installation of the water and sewer work as it 

already had access to water and does not tie into the new sewer line, which 

allows Lot 4 access to the sewer system. Thus, ZPS claims that “[t]his water 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 33 of 56

line and sewer lateral work provided no benefit whatsoever, directly or 

indirectly, to ZPS’s property—yet because Fox included it in its lien against 

ZPS’s Property, the trial court’s judgment forces ZPS to pay for it.” ZPS’s 

Appellant’s Br. p. 36. 

[53] In arguing that it would be inequitable for it to bear the complete cost of the 

175th-Street Project, ZPS points to the fact that its property constitutes only 

10.2% of the property adjoining 175th Street. Fox seems to merely assert that 

its work was common-infrastructure work that benefitted all five lots, including 

ZPS’s property. Again, Adamson testified that he had “no way to know the 

value of the work” on ZPS’s property but acknowledged that the work on 175th 

Street had benefited property owned by EdgeRock and Dahm. Tr. Vol. IV p. 

243. In sum, ZPS asserts that “Fox’s inclusion of amounts in its mechanic’s 

liens that did not benefit ZPS, or for work which was not performed on ZPS’s 

Property and benefited multiple property owners, means it intentionally or 

negligently overstated its liens and thus they are void.” ZPS’s Reply Br. p. 25.

[54] Similar to our conclusion relating to Garmong, we conclude that the evidence 

demonstrates that Fox’s mechanic’s lien included work on property that ZPS 

did not own, and that Fox had known as much when it had filed the lien. As 

such, we conclude that Fox’s knowing overstatement rendered its mechanic’s 

lien against ZPS’s property void. See Abbey Villas, 716 N.E.2d at 100–01.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 34 of 56

ii. Arguments Relating to Garmong’s and Fox’s Liens on EdgeRock’s Property

[55] At the summary-judgment stage, EdgeRock, Garmong, and Fox sought 

determinations as to the validity of Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens 

against EdgeRock’s property. On April 7, 2021, the trial court determined that 

“Garmong’s mechanic’s lien on Edge[R]ock’s property is valid as a matter of 

law.” Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 71. On May 13, 2021, the trial court 

likewise determined that Fox’s mechanic’s liens, which related to both its direct 

contract with EdgeRock and the Garmong subcontract, were valid as a matter 

of law. In finding both Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens to be valid as a 

matter of law, the trial court determined that the liens had been timely filed and 

that neither Garmong nor Fox had overstated the amount of its lien. Following

trial, the trial court reaffirmed its earlier determination that Garmong’s and 

Fox’s mechanic’s liens against EdgeRock’s property were valid.

[56] EdgeRock argues that both Garmong’s and Fox’s liens should have been found 

invalid as a matter of law because neither Garmong nor Fox limited their liens 

to costs associated with work completed on EdgeRock’s property but included 

costs associated with work done on property owned by ZPS and Dahm. 

EdgeRock asserts that as a result of Garmong’s and Fox’s failure to separate out 

the costs associated with work done on each individual property owner’s 

property, 

[t]here are now effectively $4.8 million dollars’ worth of liens on 

lots owned by different people/entities when it is undisputed that 

the cumulative amount owed is only $1.2 million. And on top of 

that, the lien on Lot 3 has been removed altogether so that the 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 35 of 56

only lot benefiting from the work done on Lot 3 is not even in the 

mix anymore. It is inequitable to allow Fox to pursue only ZPS 

and EdgeRock without deducting the real, tangible value 

provided by their work to Lot 3.

EdgeRock’s Appellant’s Br. p. 55.

[57] Garmong claims that EdgeRock’s status as the developer for the Project 

subjected it to liability for the entire contract amount. Garmong asserts that if 

EdgeRock “is allowed to avoid the liens, the result is anything but equitable” 

and EdgeRock “should not be permitted to subdivide Garmong’s lien rights for 

the project to avoid paying Garmong.” Garmong’s Appellee’s Br. p. 43. Fox 

also claims that it would be inequitable for EdgeRock “to receive the benefit 

and value of Fox’s infrastructure work without having Edge[R]ock pay for it.” 

Fox’s Appellee’s Br. p. 55. While both Garmong and Fox could clearly have 

received, and in fact did receive, money judgments against EdgeRock for the 

unpaid amount due under the parties’ contracts, it does not necessarily follow 

that Garmong and Fox could assert mechanic’s liens for work done on 

another’s property against EdgeRock’s property. 

[58] The parties have not cited to any Indiana authority creating an exception to the 

common-ownership requirement that would extend EdgeRock’s liability such 

that its property can be encumbered by money owed for work done on 

another’s property by virtue of its status as the Project developer. We conclude 

that the rationale for our conclusions relating to Garmong’s and Fox’s 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 36 of 56

mechanic’s liens on ZPS’s property apply equally to the liens on EdgeRock’s 

property. We further conclude, therefore, that the liens were overstated.

[59] The evidence set forth in the preceding section establishes that both Garmong 

and Fox had known at the time they recorded their mechanic’s liens that the 

lien amounts included work that had been completed on all five parcels. Thus, 

Garmong and Fox overstated their lien amounts when they recorded their 

mechanic’s liens against EdgeRock’s property. Like their liens against ZPS’s 

property, their knowing overstatement has rendered their liens void. See Abbey 

Villas, 716 N.E.2d at 100–01. This conclusion, however, has no effect on the 

trial court’s determination that EdgeRock had breached its contracts with both 

Garmong and Fox or the resulting breach-of-contract judgments entered against 

EdgeRock. 

iii. Signworks’s Lien

a. Inclusion of Costs Relating to Non-Installed Materials 

[60] ZPS also contends that the trial court erred in allowing Signworks to include 

the cost of materials purchased—but not installed on ZPS’s property— in its 

mechanic’s liens. ZPS cites to our opinion in Cho v. Purdue Research Foundation, 

803 N.E.2d 1161, 1172 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), for the proposition that a 

contractor “cannot maintain a mechanic’s lien for the value of the materials and 

equipment purchased but not installed or delivered.” See also Stanray Corp. v. 

Horizon Const., Inc., 168 Ind. App. 164, 177, 342 N.E.2d 645, 653 (1976)

(providing that a lien can only include materials furnished to a property owner, 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 37 of 56

which means that the materials have both been ordered and delivered to the 

property owner). ZPS reiterates that because “the whole point of the 

mechanic’s lien remedy” is to prevent unjust enrichment to an owner’s 

property, [Signworks] should not be able to recover the costs of the challenged 

materials which “did not improve ZPS’s Property.” ZPS’s Reply Br. p. 32.

[61] ZPS claims that Signworks’s mechanic’s lien for $93,268.37 included

$27,500[.00] for what Signworks described as “materials 

presently stored.” It is undisputed that Signworks did not 

perform all of the work called for in the contract as, among other 

things, it has yet to install cabinets and toppers. These materials 

are still being stored in Signworks’[s] warehouse, where they 

remain crated and packed. 

ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 50 (internal record citations omitted). ZPS asserts that 

“[p]er Cho, ... the value of these cabinets and toppers should not have been 

included in the Judgment; the principal amount of the judgment in favor of 

Signworks should be reduced by $27,500[.00].” ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 50. 

[62] Signworks argues that it can recover for the materials in question, which it 

asserts were custom-fabricated for the Project. In support, Signworks cites to 

our opinion in Jackson v. J.A. Franklin & Son, 107 Ind. App. 38, 41–42, 23 

N.E.2d 23, 25 (1939), in which we concluded that “[i]t is not always necessary 

to show that the material went into the building. Circumstances in a given case 

may be such that the owner of the building is estopped from invoking the 

general rule.” (Emphasis in original as published in the Indiana Appellate 

Court Reports). Signworks further cites to our decision in Foster Lumber Co. v. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 38 of 56

Sigma Chi Chapter House of De Pauw Univ., 49 Ind. App. 528, 532, 97 N.E. 801, 

802 (1912), in which we concluded that “[t]he materialman is properly said to 

have ‘furnished’ the materials when he had delivered or has them ready for 

delivery at the place where he has agreed to deliver them under the contract.” 

(Internal quotation omitted). Signworks asserts that the only reason the 

materials were not installed was because EdgeRock had breached their contract. 

Thus, under the circumstances of this case, Signworks argues that it should be 

able to recover for the uninstalled materials.

[63] We find our decisions in Cho and Stanray to be instructive on this question. In 

these cases, we concluded that materials are “furnished” when “ordered for and

delivered.” Stanray, 168 Ind. App. at 177, 342 N.E.2d at 653 (emphasis added). 

As such, we conclude that Signworks’s mechanic’s lien was overstated to the 

extent that it included the $27,500.00 value of the uninstalled materials. 

However, unlike the Garmong and Fox liens, we do not conclude that the 

overstatement was made in a knowing or negligent fashion as there was a goodfaith dispute as to whether the costs could be included. As such, we conclude 

that Signworks’s overstatement did not render its mechanic’s lien void. See 

Abbey Villas, 716 N.E.2d at 100–01 (providing that mere mistake in 

overstatement will not necessarily render a mechanic’s lien void when it was 

clear that there was no fraud intended). On remand, we therefore instruct the 

trial court to reduce Signworks’s mechanic’s lien to eliminate the cost of the 

uninstalled materials.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 39 of 56

b. Inclusion of Prejudgment Interest

[64] ZPS also contends that the trial court erred in including an award of 

prejudgment interest in Signworks’s mechanic’s lien. 

When reviewing a decision regarding an award of prejudgment 

interest, our standard of review is for an abuse of discretion, 

focusing on the trial court’s threshold determination as to 

whether the facts satisfy the test for making such an award. 

Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc. v. S.E. Lab Group, Inc., 644 N.E.2d 

615, 617 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), trans. denied. The decision to 

award prejudgment interest rests on a factual determination and 

this court may only consider the evidence most favorable to the 

judgment. Id.

We note that the crucial factor in determining whether damages 

in the form of prejudgment interest are allowable is whether the 

damages were ascertainable in accordance with fixed rules of 

evidence and accepted standards of valuation. Id. at 618. An 

award of prejudgment interest is proper only where a simple 

mathematical computation is required. Brane v. Roth, 590 N.E.2d 

587, 593 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied. Damages that are the 

subject of a good faith dispute cannot allow for an award of prejudgment 

interest. Id.

Bopp v. Brames, 713 N.E.2d 866, 872 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (emphasis added), 

trans. denied.

[65] While the amount owed to Signworks under its contract with EdgeRock was 

not in dispute, as it related to ZPS, ZPS and Signworks were engaged in a goodfaith dispute regarding the amount of damages that should be included in 

Signworks’s mechanic’s lien both below and on appeal. Again, “damages that 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 40 of 56

are the subject of a good faith dispute cannot allow for an award of 

prejudgment interest.” Id. As such, we conclude that the trial court abused its 

discretion in including an award of prejudgment interest in Signworks’s 

mechanic’s lien on ZPS’s property. See Clark v. Hunter, 861 N.E.2d 1202, 1208 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (providing that damages that are the subject of a good-faith 

dispute cannot allow for an award of prejudgment interest nor is an award 

proper when the trial court must exercise its judgment to assess the amount of 

damages).7 On remand, we instruct the trial court to remove the award of 

prejudgment interest from Signworks’s mechanic’s lien.

B. Priority Questions

[66] Given our conclusion that Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens against 

EdgeRock’s property are invalid, there is no longer any question as to whether 

the liens have priority over any portion of the First Bank Mortgage because the 

liens no longer exist. Moreover, it is clear under Indiana law that the First 

Bank Mortgage has priority over the subsequently-entered judgments entered 

against EdgeRock in connection with Garmong’s, Fox’s, and Signworks’s 

breach-of-contract claims. See Huntingburg Prod. Credit Ass’n v. Griese, 456 

N.E.2d 448, 452 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983) (“A judgment lien is subordinate to all 

prior conveyances and mortgages and all existing loans and equities in favor of 

7 While the trial court abused its discretion in awarding prejudgment interest as it relates to ZPS, we again 

note that no similar good-faith dispute as to damages exists as it relates to Signworks’s breach-of-contract 

action against EdgeRock. As such, the award of prejudgment interest that was awarded in relation to 

Signworks’s breach-of-contract action against EdgeRock stands.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 41 of 56

third persons.”). On remand, we therefore instruct the trial court to grant the 

First Bank Mortgage priority over all remaining encumbrances on EdgeRock’s 

property that are at issue in this case.

C. Challenged Summary Judgment Rulings

[67] EdgeRock has challenged two of the trial court’s summary judgment rulings, 

which, if found erroneous, could potentially affect the amount of Garmong’s 

breach-of-contract judgment against it.

1. Change Order 3

[68] EdgeRock asserted below that it had not approved Change Order 3 and sought 

summary judgment on the issue. In requesting summary judgment, EdgeRock 

had claimed that “Garmong could not recover amounts incurred pursuant to 

Change Order #3 because EdgeRock never approved this Change Order in 

writing as unambiguously required under the contract” and had designated 

supporting evidence. EdgeRock’s Appellant’s Br. p. 63. For its part, Garmong 

designated evidence indicating that EdgeRock had orally approved Change 

Order 3 and had paid seventy-five percent of the amount due for Change Order 

3 without complaint.

[69] The trial court denied EdgeRock’s request for summary judgment, finding that 

issues of fact precluded summary judgment. Specifically, the trial court found 

that 

Damian Etchison and Mitch Hannum both testified that 

Edge[R]ock orally approved Change Order 3. This testimony 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 42 of 56

contradicts [EdgeRock’s manager Birch] Dalton’s testimony and 

creates an issue of fact precluding summary judgment. 

Edge[R]ock provided Garmong with the revised civil drawings 

that were prepared by Edge[R]ock’s own civil engineer and 

asked Garmong to carry out the work depicted on those revised 

civil drawings. If Garmong had not carried out Change Order 3, 

construction on the Project could not have begun. All site 

activity would have stopped after demolition.

Edge[R]ock also paid for seventy-five percent of Change Order 3. 

When negotiating the $2.1 million payment for the release of the 

November 2018 mechanic’s lien, Edge[R]ock did not assert that 

Change Order 3 was not approved. Edge[R]ock also claims in its 

brief that the $2.1 million payment was a final payment, so 

Edge[R]ock believes it has paid for the Change Order 3 work in 

full.

Edge[R]ock paying for the Change Order 3 work gives rise to the 

inference that Edge[R]ock approved Change Order 3. The Court 

must construe all inferences that can be drawn from the 

designated evidence in Garmong’s favor. Hughley v. State, 15 

N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). A reasonable factfinder could 

conclude from Edge[R]ock’s payment of Change Order 3 that 

Edge[R]ock approved the Change Order. Thus, there is an issue 

of fact for trial.

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 pp. 66–67 (emphasis in original, internal record 

citation omitted).8 

8 Following trial, the trial court found that Change Order 3 was valid. EdgeRock does not appear to 

specifically challenge the trial court’s findings and conclusions relating to Change Order 3 in its final order, 

instead focusing its argument on its belief that it had been entitled to summary judgment on this issue.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 43 of 56

[70] We agree with the trial court that the designated evidence created an issue of 

material fact as to whether EdgeRock had approved Change Order 3. The 

designated evidence established that EdgeRock had orally approved other 

change orders and had paid for seventy-five percent of the charges related to 

Change Order 3 without objection. Witness statements also provided 

conflicting evidence as to whether EdgeRock had orally approved Change 

Order 3 before the included work commenced. The Indiana Supreme Court 

has recognized that a contract providing that any modification must be in 

writing may nevertheless be modified orally. See AM General LLC v. Armour, 46 

N.E.3d 436, 443 n.3 (Ind. 2015) (citing Sees v. Bank One, Ind., N.A., 839 N.E.2d 

154, 161 (Ind. 2005)). Upon reviewing the parties’ designated evidence, the 

trial court determined that issues of material fact existed. Like the trial court, 

we conclude that the designated evidence created an issue of material fact. As 

such, we affirm the trial court’s denial of summary judgment as to Change 

Order 3.

2. Scope-of-Work Question

[71] EdgeRock and Garmong filed competing motions for summary judgment on 

the question of whether the 175th-Street Project and the relocation of the Drain 

were included in the scope of work covered by the EdgeRock-Garmong 

contract. EdgeRock claimed below that this work was included in the parties’ 

contract and, because Garmong did not complete this work and EdgeRock was 

forced to contract with Fox to complete the work, EdgeRock was entitled to 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 44 of 56

credit for costs associated with this work that had been paid to Garmong. The 

trial court found, as a matter of law, that 

[t]he scope of work listed in the contract did not include the 

[175th-Street Project] or the drain relocation. These items were 

thus not removed from Garmong’s scope of work as they were 

never part of Garmong’s scope of work to begin with. 

Edge[R]ock is not entitled to a contractual credit for the [175thStreet Project] or the drain relocation. 

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 pp. 64–65. EdgeRock argues on appeal that the trial 

court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Garmong on this issue. 

[72] The designated evidence demonstrated that the EdgeRock-Garmong contract 

provided that the contract sum was guaranteed “not to exceed” $3,255,390.00. 

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 225. The scope of work included in the contract 

was detailed in Exhibit B of the contract. Exhibit B outlined both the work that 

was to be completed by Garmong and the budget for said work. The budget 

breakdown provided as follows:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 45 of 56

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 240. As the budget breakdown indicates, 

$1,300,277.00 was budgeted for work that was to be completed on Lots 1 and 2 

and $1,953,113.00 was budgeted for infrastructure work. EdgeRock asserts that 

the infrastructure work included all work that was needed to complete the 

175th-Street Project and to relocate the Drain. While the budget sheet does 

include costs in the infrastructure portion for “Asphalt Paving,” which, in 

theory, could have been part of the funds necessary to construct 175th Street, 

the budget breakdown does not appear to include any costs that would appear 

to apply to drain relocation as “$0” was allocated to plumbing. Appellants’ Jt. 

App. Vol. 2 p. 240. 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 46 of 56

[73] In finding that the 175th-Street Project and the relocation of the Drain were not 

included in the scope of work of the EdgeRock-Garmong contract, the trial 

court noted that adopting EdgeRock’s interpretation of the included scope of 

work would require it to violate the principles of contract interpretation and to 

rewrite the parties’ contract. Specifically, the trial court determined that

Adopting Edge[R]ock’s reading would require the Court to strike 

out the eight pages of the Guaranteed Maximum Price 

Amendment listing the scope of work. That portion of the 

Guaranteed Maximum Price Amendment would serve no 

purpose if the true scope of work was all the work depicted in the 

drawings.

Garmong’s reading of the contract by contrast harmonizes the 

whole contract without eliminating any part of it. The only 

reading that makes the document into a cohesive whole is that 

the drawing log lists the source material for the narrower eightpage scope of work to be undertaken by Garmong. Garmong’s 

reading is also consistent with the drawings themselves, which 

depict a phased project. Edge[R]ock’s reading of the contract 

would eliminate the phased aspect of the Project as Garmong 

would be carrying out all phases at once. 

Appellants’ Jt. App. Vol. 2 p. 64.

[74] We agree with the trial court that the designated evidence establishes as a 

matter of law that the 175th-Street and Drain projects were not included in the 

scope of work set forth in the EdgeRock-Garmong contract. In claiming that 

these projects were included, or that a question of material fact existed as to 

whether they were, EdgeRock points to the following pictures which it claims

prove that drain-relocation work was “foundational work that had to be 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 47 of 56

completed at the beginning of the Project” and thus must have been included in 

the EdgeRock-Garmong contract:

EdgeRock’s Reply Br. p. 22 (noting that the original pictures could be found at 

Ex. Vol. 19 pp. 4, 7 but that it had added the arrows and boxes). EdgeRock 

argues that these pictures, when considered together with the budget line item 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 48 of 56

including $1,179,997.00 for earth moving, with a separate amount included for 

earth moving on Lots 1 and 2, “provide the plans for moving the stream and 

drain as part of the base contract.” EdgeRock’s Reply Br. p. 23. We disagree. 

Rather, we conclude that the pictures relied on by EdgeRock fall short both of 

proving or creating an issue of material fact as to whether that drain-relocation 

work was included in the EdgeRock-Garmong contract as they merely depict 

where the original drain was and to where it was subsequently relocated but do 

not address whether the cost was included in the EdgeRock-Garmong contract. 

Because the designated evidence falls short of either proving EdgeRock’s 

proffered interpretation or creating an issue of material fact on the question, we 

further conclude that the award of summary judgment in favor of Garmong on 

the scope-of-work question was appropriate.

D. RIF Funds

[75] Noting First Bank’s secured interest in the RIF Funds, the trial court initially 

awarded the RIF Funds to First Bank. In doing so, the trial court rejected Fox’s 

claim to the RIF Funds. In its order on the parties’ motions to correct error, the 

trial court acknowledged that ZPS had filed suit against EdgeRock in Cause 

No. PL-5088 and that that action was pending. The trial court amended its 

prior order to award the RIF Funds to EdgeRock. EdgeRock claims that the 

trial court’s determination is correct because pursuant to its contract with the 

City, it is entitled to the RIF Funds.

[76] First Bank contends that the trial court’s original order was correct with respect 

to the RIF Funds because it holds a first-priority secured interest in the RIF 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 49 of 56

Funds. First Bank argues that the RIF Agreement was a contract between the 

City and EdgeRock and that Fox has no claims to the RIF Funds under the 

contract and that Fox’s claim on the RIF Funds is not supported by law. First 

Bank likewise argues that ZPS has no claim to the RIF Funds as it has failed to 

offer any evidence in the instant case which supports ZPS’s assertion that it has a 

secured interest in the funds. Furthermore, to the extent that Fox and others 

assert that First Bank is not entitled to the RIF Funds because it had not 

asserted a judicial claim against the funds, First Bank argues that it was not 

required to do so. 

[77] Fox contends that it is entitled to the RIF Funds. In support of its claim, Fox 

notes that it brought the City into the litigation and asserts that it was the only 

party to incur any costs associated with or do any of the work on the 175thStreet Project. Fox asserts that the use of impact fees, such as the RIF Funds, 

are controlled by Indiana Code section 36-7-4-1300 et seq., which indicates that 

such funds are to be used to mitigate costs directly in connection with projects 

for the construction of infrastructure, such as roads, public ways, bridges, 

drains, and drainage. See Ind. Code §§ 36-7-4-1305, -1309. Fox claims that 

because it built the 175th-Street Project but was never paid for its work, it is 

entitled to the RIF Funds. Fox argues that while other entities have claimed to 

have a right to the RIF Funds, it was the only party to assert a formal claim for 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 50 of 56

the funds in the instant lawsuit.9 Fox also argues that EdgeRock was not 

entitled to the RIF Funds because it had not incurred any costs associated with 

the 175th-Street Project. EdgeRock contests this argument, claiming that due to 

the allegedly substandard quality of Fox’s work, it had to hire another 

contractor to finish the job. Fox does not have a secured interest in the RIF 

Funds. 

[78] For its part, ZPS contends that it has a secured interest in the RIF Funds. It 

asserts, however, that “[g]iven the multiple interests in the RIF Funds, many of 

which were not represented or addressed in this action, and given that 

Edge[R]ock did not even assert a claim to the RIF Funds, the trial court’s 

award was erroneous and must be reversed.” ZPS’s Appellant’s Br. p. 57. ZPS 

asserts that as of May 24, 2021, EdgeRock owed ZPS $441,879.52 and that in 

relation to this debt, ZPS had secured its interest in the RIF Funds. ZPS argues 

that “[e]ntitlement to the RIF Funds should be determined by the Hamilton 

County Commercial Court, where all entitles with a secured interest in 

Edge[R]ock’s assets are parties.” ZPS’s Reply Br. p. 49. Thus, ZPS claims that 

we should “reverse the award of RIF Funds to Edge[R]ock and remand with 

instructions to the Hamilton County Clerk to continue holding the RIF Funds 

pending resolution of” Cause No. PL-5088. ZPS’s Reply Br. p. 54.

9

 Fox classifies First Bank’s claimed interest in the RIF Funds as being a private debt obligation that was 

unrelated to the construction of 175th Street.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 51 of 56

[79] Given that at least one party, i.e., First Bank, has a secured interest in the RIF 

Funds, we conclude that the trial court erred in awarding the RIF Funds to 

EdgeRock. However, given the allegedly competing secured interests in the 

funds, not all of which are represented in this action but all of which are 

represented in Cause No. PL-5088, we instruct the trial court to stay 

distribution of the funds in this case pending a determination of priority of the 

competing secured interests by the Hamilton Commercial Court. Moreover, 

any future rulings by the trial court regarding the RIF Funds should be 

consistent with the priority determination made by the Hamilton Commercial 

Court in Cause No. PL-5088.

E. Attorney’s Fees

1. First Bank’s Request for Attorney’s Fees

[80] “Indiana adheres to the American rule that in general, a party must pay his own 

attorneys’ fees absent an agreement between the parties, a statute, or other rule 

to the contrary.” R.L. Turner Corp. v. Town of Brownsburg, 963 N.E.2d 453, 458 

(Ind. 2012). “[A] contract allowing for recovery of attorney[’s] fees is 

enforceable, if the contract is not contrary to law or public policy.” Holliday v. 

Crooked Creek Vills. Homeowners Assoc., Inc., 759 N.E.2d 1088, 1095 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2001). “A trial court’s decision to award or deny attorney fees is in the 

exercise of a sound discretion, and in the absence of an affirmative showing of 

error or abuse of discretion we must affirm the trial court’s order.” C.H. v. A.R., 

72 N.E.3d 996, 1003 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (cleaned up). Likewise, “the amount 

recoverable for an award of attorney fees is left to the sound discretion of the 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 52 of 56

trial court.” Holliday, 759 N.E.2d at 1095. “The trial court abuses its discretion 

if its decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and 

circumstances before it.” Id. In addition, the amount of the trial court’s award 

of attorney’s fees must be supported by the evidence. Id.

[81] First Bank requested that EdgeRock be ordered to pay its attorney’s fees on 

June 9, 2022. In its petition, First Bank asserted that pursuant to the terms of 

the parties’ mortgage and loan agreement, it is entitled to recover attorney’s fees 

from EdgeRock following a default. First Bank alleged that EdgeRock had 

defaulted on the loan agreement “as a result of, among other things,: a. after an 

extension of the maturing date, the loan matured on November 19, 2020; and b. 

the filing of mechanic’s liens by Garmong and Fox, and the failure of 

[EdgeRock] to pay those mechanic’s liens and claims.” Appellants’ Jt. App. 

Vol. 18 p. 193. First Bank asserts on appeal that its petition “fully complied 

with Indiana’s standards for awarding attorneys’ fees” and was supported by 

affidavits which included “meticulous breakdowns of the time spent working on 

Cause No. 29D05-1912-PL-011500 as well as the associated rates charged.” 

First Bank’s Appellant’s Br. pp. 48–49. The trial court denied First Bank’s 

request for attorney’s fees, without explanation, in an order dated July 20, 2022.

[82] On appeal, First Bank argues that the trial court erred in denying its request for 

attorney’s fees. EdgeRock does not appear to challenge First Bank’s request for 

attorney’s fees. However, Garmong and Fox challenge First Bank’s request for 

attorney’s fees, claiming that “obtaining a judicial finding of default is a 

precondition to obtaining a fee award” and First Bank “did not ask the trial 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 53 of 56

court to find that [EdgeRock] defaulted on the note, and the trial court, thus, 

did not make such a finding.” Appellees Garmong & Fox’s Jt. Br. p. 45.

[83] With respect to attorney’s fees, the First Bank Mortgage documents provide, in 

relevant part, as follows:

18. COLLECTION EXPENSES AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES. 

On or after the occurrence of an Event of Default, to the extent 

permitted by law, Mortgagor agrees to pay all expenses of 

collection, enforcement, valuation, appraisal or protection of 

Lender’s rights and remedies under this Security Instrument or 

any other document relating to the Secured Debts. Mortgagor 

agrees to pay expenses for tender to inspect, valuate, appraise 

and preserve the Property and for any recordation costs of 

releasing the Property from this Security Instrument. Expenses 

include, but are not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees after 

default and referral to an attorney not a salaried employee of 

Lender. These expenses are due and payable immediately. If not 

paid immediately, these expenses will bear interest from the date 

of payment until paid in full at the highest interest rate in effect as 

provided for in the terms of the Secured Debts. In addition, to 

the extent permitted by the United States Bankruptcy Code, 

Mortgagor agrees to pay the reasonable attorneys’ fees incurred 

by Lender to protect Lender’s rights and interests in connection 

with any bankruptcy proceedings initiated by or against 

Mortgagor.

Ex. Vol. 19 p. 141. The mortgage documents further provide that 

On or after the occurrence of an Event of Default, Lender may 

use any and all remedies Lender has under state or federal law or 

in any document related to the Secured Debts. Any amounts 

advanced on Mortgagor’s behalf will be immediately and may be 

added to the balance owing under the Secured Debts.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 54 of 56

Ex. Vol. 19 p. 140.

[84] “It is well settled that a mortgage agreement is a contract.” Cobbum v. Ameritrust 

Nat. Bank, Michiana, 580 N.E.2d 969, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991). “As such, the 

individual parties have a right to define their mutual rights and obligations.” Id. 

The language agreed to by First Bank and EdgeRock does not base First Bank’s 

right to recover attorney’s fees on a judicial determination that EdgeRock has 

defaulted on the terms of the mortgage agreement, but rather merely indicates 

that attorney’s fees are “due and payable immediately” following default. Ex. 

Vol. 19 p. 141. First Bank asserts that EdgeRock has defaulted in two ways, 

neither of which any party appears to contest occurred. Given First Banks’s 

seemingly undisputed claim that EdgeRock has defaulted on the First Bank 

Mortgage, we conclude that pursuant to the terms of the First Bank Mortgage, 

First Bank adequately demonstrated that EdgeRock had defaulted on the 

parties’ agreement, and, as a result, is entitled to attorney’s fees pursuant to the 

express terms of the mortgage agreement.

2. Requests for Appellate Attorney’s Fees

[85] Garmong, Fox, and Signworks each request an award of appellate attorney’s 

fees. The IMLS provides at Indiana Code section 32-28-3-14 that “a plaintiff or 

lienholder who recovers a judgment in any sum is entitled to recover reasonably 

attorney’s fees.” “The statute also encompasses attorney’s fees associated with 

appellate proceedings.” Ambrose v. Dalton Const., Inc., 44 N.E.3d 707, 715 (Ind. 

Ct. App. 2015), as clarified on reh’g, 51 N.E.3d 320 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. 

denied. Given that we have concluded that Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 55 of 56

liens are invalid, we further conclude that neither is entitled to receive an award 

of appellate attorney’s fees under the IMLS. 

[86] Signworks limits its request for appellate attorney’s fees to EdgeRock, claiming 

that “[a]lthough Edge[R]ock has appealed no issues as to Signworks, this 

appeal is still part of Signworks’[s] efforts to collect the debt owed by” 

EdgeRock. Signworks’s Appellee’s Br. p. 17. Signworks does not have a 

mechanic’s lien against EdgeRock’s property and is therefore not entitled to an 

award of appellate attorney’s fees under the IMLS. Moreover, while Indiana 

Appellate Rule 66(E) provides that this court may assess damages, including an 

award of appellate attorney’s fees, if an appeal is frivolous or in bad faith, we 

“use extreme restraint when exercising this power because of the potential 

chilling effect upon the exercise of the right to appeal.” Kelley v. Kelley, 158 

N.E.3d 396, 400 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020). Given the complexity of the claims 

presented on appeal, we cannot say that Signworks is entitled to an award of 

appellate attorney’s fees under Appellate Rule 66(E).

Conclusion

[87] In sum, we conclude as follows: (1) Garmong’s and Fox’s mechanic’s liens are 

invalid as to both ZPS’s property and EdgeRock’s property, (2) the trial court 

erred in including the value of uninstalled materials in Signworks’s mechanic’s 

lien against ZPS’s property and the trial court’s in rem judgment against ZPS 

should be reduced by that amount, (3) the trial court erred in ordering ZPS to 

pay Signworks prejudgment interest, (4) the First Bank Mortgage has priority 
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 22A-PL-1968 | January 19, 2024 Page 56 of 56

over all remaining encumbrances on EdgeRock’s property that are at issue in 

the instant appeal, (5) the trial court did not err in denying EdgeRock’s motion 

for summary judgment with regard to Change Order 3 or in granting summary 

judgment in favor of Garmong with regard to the scope-of-work question, (6)

distribution of the RIF Funds is stayed pending a ruling by the Hamilton 

Commercial Court in Cause No. PL-5088 regarding priority of the secured 

interests in the funds and any future ruling from this court regarding the RIF 

Funds should be consistent with that of the Hamilton Commercial Court, (7) 

First Bank is entitled to an award of attorney’s fees pursuant to the terms of the 

First Bank Mortgage, and (8) neither Garmong, Fox, nor Signworks is entitled 

to an award of appellate attorney’s fees. In reaching these conclusions, we 

reiterate that our conclusions do not affect the monetary judgments entered 

against EdgeRock on Garmong’s, Fox’s, and Signworks’s breach-of-contract 

claims and those judgments remain in effect. On remand, we instruct the trial 

court to enter an amended judgment consistent with this opinion.

[88] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the 

matter is remanded with instructions.

Riley, J., and Weissmann, J., concur.