[Cite as State ex rel. Fair Hous. Opportunities of Northwest Ohio v. Ohio Fair Plan, 2022-Ohio-385.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

State ex rel. Fair Housing Opportunities : 

of Northwest Ohio, d/b/a 

The Fair Housing Center, : 

 No. 20AP-351 

 Relator, : 

 (REGULAR CALENDAR) 

v. : 

 

The Ohio Fair Plan, : 

 Respondent. : 

 

D E C I S I O N 

Rendered on February 10, 2022 

 

On brief: George Thomas, for relator. 

On brief: Crabbe Brown & James, LLP, Larry H. James, and 

Natalie P. Bryans, for respondent. 

 

IN MANDAMUS 

ON OBJECTIONS TO THE MAGISTRATE'S DECISION 

BEATTY BLUNT, J. 

{¶ 1} Relator, Fair Housing Opportunities of Northwest Ohio, d/b/a. The Fair 

Housing Center ("Fair Housing" or "relator") seeks a writ of mandamus ordering 

respondent, The Ohio Fair Plan Underwriting Association ("OFP" or "respondent"), to 

respond to a public records request made pursuant to R.C. 149.43, and provide the records 

requested. 

{¶ 2} Pursuant to Civ.R. 53 and Loc.R. 13(M) of the Tenth District Court of Appeals, 

this matter was referred to a magistrate who issued a decision, including findings of fact 

and conclusions of law, which is appended hereto. The magistrate found that OFP is a 

public office for purposes of Ohio's Public Records Act, codified at R.C. 149.43, and thus, 

that OFP must respond to the public records request made by Fair Housing by providing 
No. 20AP-351 2 

all records not otherwise exempt from disclosure under the statute. Accordingly, the 

magistrate recommends this court grant relator's request for a writ of mandamus. 

{¶ 3} Respondent OFP has filed four objections to the conclusions of law in the 

magistrate's decision, and relator Fair Housing has filed one counter-objection. OFP's 

objections are as follows: 

[I.] The Magistrate erred in determining that the OFP is a 

"public office" as defined in R.C. 149.011. 

[II.] The Magistrate's decision is not supported by R.C. 

3929.48. 

[III.] The Magistrate's decision is inconsistent with the 

treatment of FAIR plans in other jurisdictions. 

[IV.] The Magistrate failed to apply the functional-equivalency 

test. 

{¶ 4} Fair Housing's sole counter-objection is as follows: 

[I.] The Fair Housing Center objects to the Magistrate's 

decision only in its determination that The Fair Housing Center 

should not receive attorney fees and statutory damages. 

{¶ 5} Because OFP and Fair Housing have filed objections, we must independently 

review the record and the magistrate's decision to ascertain whether "the magistrate has 

properly determined the factual issues and appropriately applied the law." Civ.R. 

53(D)(4)(d). Neither OFP nor Fair Housing has filed objections to the magistrate's findings 

of fact. Having reviewed the record and the magistrate's decision pertaining to same and 

finding no error on the part of the magistrate in his determinations of the facts, we hereby 

adopt the magistrate's findings of fact in their entirety as our own. 

{¶ 6} Turning to the magistrate's conclusions of law and both parties' objections to 

them, we begin by observing that "[m]andamus is the appropriate remedy to compel 

compliance with R.C. 149.43, Ohio's Public Records Act." State ex rel. Physicians Commt. 

For Responsible Medicine v. Bd. of Trustees of Ohio State Univ., 108 Ohio St.3d 288, 2006-

Ohio-903, ¶ 6. A relator must demonstrate entitlement to the writ by clear and convincing 

evidence. State ex rel. Cleveland Right to Life v. State Controlling Bd., 138 Ohio St.3d 57, 

2013-Ohio-5632, ¶ 2. However, unlike other mandamus cases, "[r]elators in public-records 

mandamus cases need not establish the lack of an adequate remedy in the ordinary course 
No. 20AP-351 3 

of law." State ex rel. Data Trace Information Servs., L.L.C. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Fiscal 

Officer, 131 Ohio St.3d 255, 2012-Ohio-753, ¶ 25, citing State ex el. Am. Civ. Liberties Union 

of Ohio, Inc. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 128 Ohio St.3d 256, 2011-Ohio-625, ¶ 24. 

{¶ 7} Ohio's Public Records Act is codified at R.C. 149.43 (the "Public Records Act") 

and mandates that requestors have full access to public records unless the requested 

records fall within one of the exceptions specifically enumerated in the act. State ex rel. 

Lucas Cty. Bd. of Commrs. v. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 88 Ohio St.3d 166, 

170 (2000). "The Public Records Act reflects the state's policy that 'open government serves 

the public interest and our democratic system.' " State ex rel. Glasgow v. Jones, 119 Ohio 

St.3d 391, 2008-Ohio-4788, ¶ 13, quoting State ex rel. Dann v. Taft, 109 Ohio St.3d 364, 

2006-Ohio-1825, ¶ 20. Thus, consistent with this policy, courts will construe R.C. 149.43 

"liberally in favor of broad access and resolve any doubt in favor of disclosure of public 

records." Id. 

{¶ 8} Pursuant to R.C. 149.43(A)(1), a " 'public record' means records kept by any 

public office." In turn, "record" is defined by R.C. 149.011(G) as "any document, device, or 

item, regardless of physical form or characteristic, including an electronic record as defined 

in section 1306.01 of the Revised Code, created or received by or coming under the 

jurisdiction of any public office of the state or its political subdivisions, which serves to 

document the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, operations, or other 

activities of the office." "Public office" is defined by R.C. 149.011(A) as "any state agency, 

public institution, political subdivision, or other organized body, office, agency, institution, 

or entity established by the laws of this state for the exercise of any function of government." 

Thus, if an entity meets this definition, it must make its records available under the 

conditions established by R.C. 149.43.

{¶ 9} Public offices must promptly prepare and transmit requested public records 

within a reasonable period of time. Specifically, R.C. 149.43(B)(1) provides, in pertinent 

part, "[u]pon request by any person * * * all public records responsive to the request shall 

be promptly prepared and made available for inspection to the requester at all reasonable 

times during regular business hours. * * * [A] public office or person responsible for public 

records shall make copies of the requested public record available to the requester at cost 

and within a reasonable period of time." R.C. 149.43(B)(1). Notably, the word "promptly" 
No. 20AP-351 4 

is not defined in R.C. 149.43 or any other applicable statute. It must, therefore, be given its 

usual normal or customary meeting. State ex rel. Wadd v. Cleveland, 81 Ohio St.3d 50, 53 

(1998). Furthermore, whether a public office has provided records within a "reasonable 

period of time" depends upon all the pertinent facts and circumstances of the case. State 

ex rel. Cordell v. Paden, 156 Ohio St.3d 394, 2019-Ohio-1216, ¶ 12, citing State ex rel. 

Morgan v. Strickland, 121 Ohio St.3d 600, 2009-Ohio-1901, ¶ 10. The requester bears the 

burden of demonstrating that a public office's response to a public records request was 

unreasonably delayed. Id., citing State ex rel. Dispatch Printing Co. v. Johnson, 106 Ohio 

St.3d 160, 2005-Ohio-4384, ¶ 44. 

{¶ 10} The Supreme Court of Ohio has held that " ' doubts as to the "public" status 

of any entity should be resolved in favor of finding it subject to the disclosure statute.' " 

State ex rel. Strothers v. Wertheim, 80 Ohio St.3d 155, 156 (1997), quoting State ex rel. 

Toledo Blade Co. v. Univ. of Toledo Found., 65 Ohio St.3d 258, 261 (1992). The Supreme 

Court has also held that for purposes of the Public Records Act, a private corporation may 

be considered a public office when it performs a function of government. " 'An entity need 

not be operated by the state or a political subdivision thereof to be a public office under R.C. 

149.011(A). The mere fact that [the entity] is a private, nonprofit corporation does not 

preclude it from being a public office.' " State ex rel. Schiffbauer v. Banaszak, 142 Ohio St. 

3d 535, 2015-Ohio-1854, quoting State ex rel. Freedom Communications, Inc. v. Elida 

Community Fire Co., 82 Ohio St.3d 578, 579 (1998), citing State ex rel. Toledo Blade Co.

260. Furthermore, when a private entity, by the plain language of R.C. 149.011(A), is a 

"public office" for purposes of the Public Records Act, the functional equivalency test set 

forth in State ex rel. Oriana House, Inc. v. Montgomery, 110 Ohio St.3d 456, 2006-Ohio4854 is inapplicable. Id.

{¶ 11} In this case the magistrate was tasked with determining whether OFP is a 

"public office" for purposes of the Public Records Act and thus must respond to Fair 

Housing's public records request. Upon review, we find the magistrate correctly found that 

OFP is such a public office for purposes of the Public Records Act and therefore must 

respond to Fair Housing's public records request by providing all records not otherwise 

exempt from disclosure pursuant to the statute. Furthermore, we find no merit to either 
No. 20AP-351 5 

OFP's objections1 or Fair Housing's objection to the magistrate's decision, as discussed 

below. 

{¶ 12} In its first objection, OFP asserts that the magistrate's conclusion that OFP is 

a public office as defined by R.C. 149.011(A) is erroneous. We disagree, and instead find 

the magistrate's conclusion that OFP qualifies as a "public office" as defined by R.C. 

149.011(A) is amply supported for three reasons. First, OFP and its board of governors, and 

its purpose, operation, and regulation thereof, were specifically established by the Ohio 

legislature through the enactment of R.C. 3929.41 through 3929.49. Such statutory origin 

evinces a legislative intent that OFP be considered a public office. 

{¶ 13} Second, R.C. 3929.47 specifically provides for an administrative process for 

appeal of any decision made by OFP to the board of governors, whose decision may then be 

appealed to the superintendent of insurance. This statute provides that "[a]ll final orders 

and decisions of the superintendent of insurance are subject to judicial review as provided 

in Chapter 119. of the Revised Code." R.C. 3929.47. As the magistrate points out in his 

decision, Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-18(J)(2) further amplifies the foregoing statute, 

emphasizing the fact that decisions of OFP and its board of governors are orders subject to 

the administrative appeals process, up to and including judicial review pursuant to R.C. 119. 

This provides strong support that the Ohio General Assembly considered OFP to be a state 

agency because OFP is treated as an administrative agency for purposes of R.C. 119 appeals. 

{¶ 14} Third, R.C. 3929.48 lends additional support to the magistrate's conclusion 

that OFP is a public office as defined by R.C. 149.011(A). As the magistrate noted, R.C. 

3929.48 grants limited immunity to OFP and its agents and employees, and specifically 

excludes certain records of OFP from being public documents. Under R.C. 3929.48, "[a]ny 

reports and communications in connection" with "any inspections undertaken or 

statements made * * * concerning the property to be insured, or any acts or omissions in 

connection therewith" are not public documents. Despite OFP's contention that this 

specific exception from the category of "public documents" indicates OFP is exempt from 

all public records requests under R.C. 149.43, the magistrate correctly found that "the 

specific exception for certain categories of documents produced by OFP only reinforces the 

proposition that all other documents are public records." (Mag. Decision at ¶ 60, citing 

1 We observe that OFP's objections are essentially a rehashing of the arguments made in its merit brief. 
No. 20AP-351 6 

Summerville v. Forest Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, ¶ 352; State ex rel. 

Newark Group, Inc. v. Admr., Bur. of Workers' Comp., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-544, 2021-

Ohio-1939.) In other words, the General Assembly would not purposefully exclude one 

specific category of records from being considered "public documents" if it did not 

simultaneously contemplate that all other categories of records are "public documents"—

i.e., public records. 

{¶ 15} OFP makes much of the Supreme Court's decision in State ex rel. Bell v. 

Brooks, 130 Ohio St.3d 87, 2011-Ohio-4897, but Bell is readily distinguished from the 

instant matter. First, contrary to OFP's position that the Bell court held that "providing 

insurance is not a government function," what the Bell court actually found was that 

"providing insurance to counties, which is the function being performed by CORSA, has not 

been established to be a historically governmental function." (Emphasis added.) Bell at 

¶ 22. It is simply inaccurate to argue the Supreme Court made a blanket finding regarding 

the provision of insurance. Second, in Bell, the private entity from which the records had 

been requested–CORSA–was established as a private, joint self-insurance pool by the 

County Commissions Association of Ohio, not pursuant to a statutory scheme as is the case 

with OFP, which as stated previously was established and is regulated by R.C. 3929.41 

through 3929.49 and Ohio Admn.Code 3901-1-18. The statutory scheme enacted to form 

OFP itself sets forth in thorough detail its mandated government function. OFP cannot rely 

on the general finding of Bell that providing insurance to counties is not a historical 

government function in order to avoid its statutorily established mandate to "assist 

applicants in urban areas to secure basic property insurance or homeowners' insurance, 

and to formulate and administer a program for the equitable apportionment of basic 

property insurance or homeowners' insurance which cannot be obtained in the normal 

market." R.C. 3929.43. 

{¶ 16} OFP also reiterates its argument that because it is specifically exempt from 

being considered an "agency" for purposes of the "Sunset Review" requirements of R.C. 

101.86, it cannot be considered a "public office" for purposes of the Public Records Act. 

This argument continues to be unavailing. As the magistrate aptly pointed out, "express 

2 Summerville states "[a] statute that specifies one exception to a general rule is assumed to exclude all other 

exceptions* * *." Id. at ¶ 34, citing Thomas v. Freeman, 79 Ohio St.3d 221, 224-25 (1997). 
No. 20AP-351 7 

exemption from sunset review is not the equivalent of exemption from all public body 

duties. A similar exemption could have been obtained for Public Records Act purposes but 

was not enacted. Moreover, the list of other agencies exempt from sunset review consists 

in large part of agencies that indisputably are subject to public records requests, such as 

the Industrial Commission, Employment Relations Board, and Public Utilities 

Commission, to name but a few." (Emphasis added.) (Mag. Decision at ¶ 61.) 

{¶ 17} In summation, the magistrate correctly determined that OFP is a "public 

office" as defined by R.C. 149.011(A). Accordingly, we overrule OFP's first objection. 

{¶ 18} For its second objection, OFP asserts the magistrate's decision is not 

supported by R.C. 3929.48. This objection has no merit. 

{¶ 19} In our discussion relating to OFP's first objection above, we explained why 

the limited immunity granted to OFP and its agents and the specific exclusion of certain 

documents of OFP from being public documents provided by R.C. 3929.48 supports the 

conclusion that all other records of OFP are public records that must be disclosed pursuant 

to R.C. 149.43. We will not reiterate our discussion here but simply note that it applies just 

as forcefully to OFP's second objection. Furthermore, as pointed out by Fair Housing, its 

request made pursuant to the Public Records Act does not seek any of the documents 

specifically exempted from disclosure by R.C. 3929.48 in any event. 

{¶ 20} Accordingly, we overrule OFP's second objection. 

{¶ 21} In its third objection, OFP asserts the magistrate's decision is inconsistent 

with the treatment of FAIR plans in other jurisdictions. This objection is meritless. 

{¶ 22} Simply stated, how other states treat their respective FAIR plans with respect 

to public records requests is simply not relevant. Ohio has its own Public Records Act, its 

own case law construing same, and its own statutory scheme establishing and regulating 

the OFP, which is all this court must concern itself with in this matter. OFP has cited to no 

authority supporting the proposition that we must reconcile other states' treatment of their 

FAIR plans in regard to public records requests and we decline to take on such a 

reconciliation. 

{¶ 23} Accordingly, we overrule OFP's third objection. 

{¶ 24} Finally, in its fourth objection, OFP asserts that the magistrate should have 

applied the "functional equivalency" test set forth by the Supreme Court in State ex rel. 
No. 20AP-351 8 

Oriana House, Inc., 2006-Ohio-4854, in order to determine whether OFP was subject to 

the Public Records Act and further, if that test were properly applied, the correct conclusion 

is that OFP is not a "functional equivalent" of a public agency so as to be subject to the 

Public Records Act. This objection is meritless. 

{¶ 25} We have already determined that the magistrate correctly found that OFP is 

a public office for purposes of the Public Records Act pursuant to the plain language of R.C. 

149.011(A). As discussed above, when a private entity, by the plain language of R.C. 

149.011(A), is a "public office" for purposes of the Public Records Act, the functional 

equivalency test set forth in State ex rel. Oriana House, Inc., 2006-Ohio-4854, is 

inapplicable. Schiffbauer, 142 Ohio St.3d at 538. Therefore, in this case, the functional 

equivalency analysis is wholly inapplicable. 

{¶ 26} Accordingly, we overrule OFP's fourth objection. 

{¶ 27} We now turn to Fair Housing's counter-objection, in which it asserts that the 

magistrate erred in not awarding statutory damages and attorney fees. We disagree. 

{¶ 28} The Public Records Act provides for an award of statutory damages for undue 

delay in provision of the requested records, even if the records sought were eventually 

provided. R.C. 149.43(C)(2); State ex rel. McCray v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 10th Dist. 

No. 11AP-1055, 2012-Ohio-2997. Nevertheless, a court may reduce the award of statutory 

damages or not award statutory damages if the court determines that, "based on the 

ordinary application of statutory law and case law as it existed at the time" of the request, "a 

well-informed public office or person responsible for the requested public records 

reasonably would believe that the conduct or threatened conduct of the public office or 

person responsible for the requested public records did not constitute a failure to comply 

with" its statutory obligation under public records law, and that "a well-informed public 

office or person responsible for the requested public records reasonably would believe that 

the conduct or threatened conduct of the public office or person responsible for the 

requested public records would serve the public policy that underlies the authority that is 

asserted as permitting that conduct or threatened conduct." R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(a) and (b). 

{¶ 29} In this case, we find the magistrate properly found that no award of statutory 

damages was warranted based on the "prompt and cooperative nature of OFP's response to 

the public records request" and because this case involved a matter of first impression, and 
No. 20AP-351 9 

thus, the condition of R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(a) had been met. We observe that both of the 

conditions set forth in R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(a) and (b) must be met in order to decline to award 

statutory damages and acknowledge the magistrate did not make a specific finding 

regarding R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(b). Nevertheless, we find that the condition set forth in R.C. 

149.43(C)(2)(b) has likewise been met for the same reasons that the condition of R.C. 

149.43(C)(2)(a) has been met. 

{¶ 30} The Public Records Act also permits an award of reasonable attorney fees in 

cases where a court renders a judgment that orders a public office to comply with the 

mandates of the Public Records Act. R.C. 149.43 (C)(3)(b). "An award of attorney fees 

under this section is discretionary." State ex rel. Summers v. Fox, 164 Ohio St.3d 583, 

2021-Ohio-2061, ¶ 13, citing State ex rel. Doe v. Smith, 123 Ohio St.3d 44, 2009-Ohio-4149, 

¶ 23, 30. Furthermore, 

[a] court shall not award attorney fees if the following two 

conditions are met: (1) based on the law as it existed at the time, 

a well-informed person responsible for the requested public 

records would have reasonably believed that the conduct of the 

public office did not constitute a failure to comply with an 

obligation of R.C. 149.43(B), and (2) a well-informed person 

responsible for the requested public records would have 

reasonably believed that the conduct of the public office would 

serve the public policy that underlies the authority that it 

asserted as permitting that conduct. 

Id. at ¶ 14, citing R.C. 149.43(C)(3)(c); State ex rel. Rogers v. Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 155 

Ohio St.3d 545, 2018-Ohio-5111, ¶ 34. Thus, "[a] prevailing party's attorney-fees request in 

a public-records mandamus action 'will be denied where the case presents a matter of first 

impression because courts should not engage in the practice of punishing a party to a 

lawsuit for taking a rational position on a justiciable, unsettled legal issue.' " Id., quoting 

State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Daniels, 108 Ohio St.3d 518, 2006-Ohio-1215, ¶ 35. 

{¶ 31} In this case, as noted above in our discussion regarding statutory damages, 

we agree with the magistrate's finding that this is a case of first impression. Thus, in 

accordance with Summers and R.C. 149.43(C)(3)(c), the magistrate properly found that no 

award of attorney fees was warranted. 

{¶ 32} Accordingly, we overrule Fair Housing's sole objection. 
No. 20AP-351 10 

{¶ 33} Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, we overrule the objections filed by OFP 

and we overrule the objection filed by Fair Housing. Having conducted an examination of 

the magistrate's decision and an independent review of the record pursuant to Civ.R. 53, 

we find the magistrate properly applied the relevant law to the salient facts in reaching the 

conclusion that OFP is a public office for purposes of the Public Records Act and therefore 

must respond to Fair Housing's public records request by providing all records not 

otherwise exempt from disclosure pursuant to the statute.3 We modify the magistrate's 

decision to reflect that on page 18, in the second full paragraph, the phrase "all other 

documents are public records" should instead be "all other records are public records," and 

further modify the decision to reflect that both conditions of R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(a) and (b) 

have been met so as to decline to award statutory damages. As so modified, we otherwise

adopt the magistrate's decision as our own, including the findings of fact and conclusions 

of law contained therein. Accordingly, we grant relator's request for a writ of mandamus. 

Objections overruled; writ of mandamus granted. 

MENTEL and NELSON, JJ., concur. 

NELSON, J., retired, of the Tenth Appellate District, assigned 

to active duty under the authority of the Ohio Constitution, 

Article IV, Section 6(C). 

 

3 We note that this matter does not require us to decide whether all the records requested by Fair Housing are 

"public records" subject to disclosure and we do not do so here. We have not been asked to and do not rule 

on any particular objections that may be advanced as to the requests themselves now that the applicability of 

the public records act has been addressed. 

 
No. 20AP-351 11 

APPENDIX 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

State ex rel. Fair Housing Opportunities : 

of Northwest Ohio, d/b/a 

The Fair Housing Center, : 

 Relator, : 

 

v. : No. 20AP-351 

 

The Ohio Fair Plan, : (REGULAR CALENDAR) 

 

 Respondent. : 

 

M A G I S T R A T E ' S D E C I S I O N 

Rendered on July 28, 2021

 

George Thomas, for relator. 

Crabbe Brown & James, LLP, Larry H. James, and Natalie P. 

Bryans, for respondent. 

 

IN MANDAMUS 

{¶ 34} Relator, Fair Housing Opportunities of Northwest Ohio, doing business as 

The Fair Housing Center ("Fair Housing") seeks a writ of mandamus ordering respondent, 

The Ohio fair plan underwriting association ("OFP"), to respond to a public records request 

made pursuant to R.C. 149.43, and provide the records requested. 

Findings of Fact: 

{¶ 35} 1. Respondent OFP is an association created pursuant to R.C. 3929.43. Its 

membership consists of all insurers licensed to transact homeowners' or residential 

property insurance business in Ohio. 
No. 20AP-351 12 

{¶ 36} 2. As defined in R.C. 3929.41, OFP is created to ensure availability, stability, 

and equitable distribution in the property insurance market in urban areas. 

{¶ 37} 3. OFP's employees are not state employees and do not participate in any 

Ohio public employee retirement system. (Agreed Statement of Facts, at 2.) 

{¶ 38} 4. Under R.C. 3929.43(C), OFP's board of governors submits its proposed 

plan of operation to the superintendent of the Ohio Department of Insurance. 

{¶ 39} 5. Under R.C. 3929.43(D), OFP funds itself through periodic advance 

assessments against its member insurers. 

{¶ 40} 6. Under R.C. 3929.43(G), OFP operates under a 12-member board of 

directors, 8 of whom are elected by OFP's member insurers and 4 of which are appointed 

by the governor. 

{¶ 41} 7. The regulations governing OFP's operations are promulgated by the 

superintendent of insurance at Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-18. 

{¶ 42} 8. On April 9, 2020, Fair Housing submitted via certified mail to OFP a 

request for public records: 

[One] A complete copy of every underwriting standards 

(sometimes referred to as "underwriting guidelines") that Ohio 

FAIR Plan has used since 1999. 

[Two] A list of every address that has received insurance 

through Ohio FAIR Plan since 2015. If at all possible, please 

provide this list in Microsoft Excel, or other similar spreadsheet 

format, with separate columns indicating: 

a. the address of each property, 

b. the type of insurance, and 

c. the amount of the insurance. 

[Three] A list of every address that Ohio FAIR Plan rejected for 

insurance coverage since 2015. If at all possible, please provide 

this list in Microsoft Excel, or other similar spreadsheet format, 

with separate columns indicating: 

a. the address of each property, 

b. the type of insurance applied for, 

c. the amount of the insurance applied for, and 

d. the reason the application was rejected. 
No. 20AP-351 13 

[Four] Any records explaining, detailing, providing guidance 

on the meaning of, or stating why Ohio FAIR Plan adopted the 

underwriting criteria of "Dwelling structure must have 

coverage equal to or greater than Insurance Services Office's 

rating minimum..." 

a. Perform a search of the Ohio FAIR Plan's email servers for 

the phrase "Dwelling structure must have coverage equal to or 

greater than Insurance Services Office's rating minimum" and 

provide any resulting records. 

[Five] Any records explaining, detailing, or providing guidance 

on the meaning of, or stating why Ohio FAIR Plan adopted the 

underwriting criteria of "Dwelling structure coverage carried 

must be at least 50% of the replacement cost." 

a. Perform a search of the Ohio FAIR Plan's email servers for 

the phrase "Dwelling structure coverage carried must be at 

least 50% of the replacement cost" and provide any resulting 

records. 

(Agreed Statement of Facts, Ex. 1.)

{¶ 43} 9. On April 20, 2020, counsel for OFP responded to the public records 

request with a letter denying that OFP was a public agency subject to public records 

requests but offering to discuss a response providing certain documentation that did not 

violate customer privacy. (Agreed Statement of Facts, Ex. 2.) 

{¶ 44} 10. Correspondence dated May 18, 2020 from OFP's counsel to Fair Housing 

elaborated on OFP's reasons for limiting its response to the records request: 

This letter is a follow-up to our letter of April 24 and our followup telephone conversation. 

The board of governors for the Ohio Fair Plan is explicitly 

excluded from the definition of "agency" set forth in R.C. 101.82 

"Sunset Review Committee Definitions." 

In 1995, the Ohio Fair Plan inquired as to whether it was a 

public entity and therefore required to file an annual report as 

required by R.C. 101.86. 

Pursuant to R.C. 101.82, "agency" was defined as "any board, 

commission, committee, or council, or any other similar public 

body established under the laws of this state for the exercise of 
No. 20AP-351 14 

any function of state government and to which members are 

appointed or elected." 

Our office argued that the board of governors of the Ohio Fair 

Plan is not a public agency as defined by R.C. 101.82, and 

therefore not required to file an annual report as required by 

R.C. 101.86, because R.C. 3929.43 provides that the majority of 

the Plan's board shall be elected by the private insurance 

company members of the Plan. Because the majority of the 

board is made of the private insurance members, the board 

does not fall within R.C. 101.82's definition as comprising of 

members appointed or elected by the general public. 

The Legislative Service Committee met on December 12, 1995. 

After considering our office's argument pertaining to the Fair 

Plan's status as a private association, the Legislative Service 

Committee unanimously passed a motion exempting the Fair 

Plan from the reporting requirements for the fiscal year 1995. 

Subsequently, in 1997, the Ohio State Legislature amended 

R.C. 101.82 to explicitly exclude the Ohio Fair Plan from the 

definition of "agency." Specifically, R.C. 101.82(A)(11) now 

provide that the definition of "agency" "does not include:...[t]he 

board of directors of the Ohio insurance guaranty association 

and the board of governors of the Ohio [F]air [P]lan 

underwriting association." 

As you can see from the above, the Ohio FAIR Plan is not 

subject to public records request. It is not a public agency for 

such purposes. 

(Emphasis sic.) (Agreed Statement of Facts, Ex. 4.) 

{¶ 45} 11. On May 19, 2020, OFP further wrote that, although it maintained its 

position that it was not obligated to respond, it wished to cooperate to the extent possible 

with the public records request. OFP offered to provide information to Fair Housing 

regarding OFP's underwriting guidelines and general statistics, while refusing any 

information that would compromise privacy for individual borrowers. (Agreed Statement 

of Facts, Ex. 5.) 

{¶ 46} 12. On July 10, 2020, Fair Housing filed its complaint in mandamus with this 

court, seeking a writ declaring that OFP is a public entity subject to the Ohio Public Records 

Act, and ordering OFP to provide the requested records to the extent that they did not 
No. 20AP-351 15 

constitute protected information under R.C. 149.43. Relator also requests an award of 

costs, statutory damages, and fees. 

Discussion and Conclusions of Law: 

{¶ 47} To obtain a writ of mandamus, a relator must show a clear legal right to the 

relief sought and a clear legal duty on the part of the respondent to provide that relief, in 

conjunction with the absence of a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the 

law. State ex rel. Pressley v. Indus. Comm., 11 Ohio St.2d 141 (1967); State ex rel. Berger 

v. McMonagle, 6 Ohio St.3d 28 (1983). Jurisdiction and venue for this original action in 

mandamus lie with this court pursuant to the Ohio Constitution, Article IV, Section 

3(B)(1)(b), R.C. 2731.02, and R.C. 149.43(C)(1)(b). 

{¶ 48} The purpose of the Ohio Public Records Act is to "expose government activity 

to public scrutiny, which is absolutely essential to the proper working of a democracy." 

State ex rel. Gannett Satellite Info. Network, Inc. v. Petro, 80 Ohio St.3d 261 (1997), citing 

State ex rel. WHIO-TV-7 v. Lowe, 77 Ohio St.3d 350 (1997). Scrutiny of public records 

allows citizens to evaluate the rationale behind government decisions so that government 

officials can be held accountable. White v. Clinton Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 76 Ohio St.3d 416, 

420 (1996). 

{¶ 49} The appropriate remedy to compel compliance with Ohio's Public Records 

Act is an action in mandamus. R.C. 149.43(C)(1); State ex rel. Physicians Commt. for 

Responsible Medicine v. Ohio State Univ. Bd. of Trustees, 108 Ohio St.3d 288, 2006-Ohio903. R.C. 149.43 should be construed liberally in favor of broad access to public records, 

and any doubt must be resolved in favor of disclosure. State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. 

Hamilton Cty., 75 Ohio St.3d 374 (1996). R.C. 149.43(C)(1) provides for an award of 

statutory damages for undue delay in provision of the requested records, even if the records 

sought were eventually provided. State ex rel. McCray v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 10th 

Dist. No. 11AP-1055, 2012-Ohio-2997. The timeliness of an agency's response "depends 

upon all of the pertinent facts and circumstances." State ex rel. Morgan v. Strickland, 121 

Ohio St.3d 600, 2009-Ohio-1901, ¶ 10, citing State ex rel. Consumer News Servs., Inc. v. 

Worthington Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 58, 2002-Ohio-5311, ¶ 37-38. Public offices must 

promptly prepare and transmit public records within a reasonable period of time. R.C. 
No. 20AP-351 16 

149.43(B)(1). The word "promptly" is not defined in R.C. 149.43 or any other applicable 

statute. It must, therefore, be given its usual normal or customary meeting. State ex rel. 

Wadd v. Cleveland, 81 Ohio St.3d 50, 53 (1998). 

{¶ 50} The requestor of public records must identify the records sought "with 

reasonable clarity," so that the public office can identify responsive records based on the 

manner in which it ordinarily maintains and accesses its records. State ex rel. Zidonis v. 

Columbus State Community College, 133 Ohio St.3d 122, 2012-Ohio-4228, ¶ 26, 33. See 

also State ex rel. Glasgow v. Jones, 119 Ohio St.3d 391, 2008-Ohio-4788, ¶ 17. Otherwise 

put, the Public Records Act does not require the public office to speculate regarding the 

selection of public records of specific interest to the requestor. State ex rel. Thomas v. Ohio 

State Univ., 71 Ohio St.3d 245 (1994). 

{¶ 51} The sole dispute in this matter, although subsidiary disputes may arise 

regarding the availability of certain specific records, is whether OFP is a "public office" as 

defined in Ohio's Public Records Act. R.C. 149.011 defines "public office" as "any state 

agency, public institution, political subdivision, or other organized body, office, agency, 

institution, or entity established by the laws of this state for the exercise of any function of 

government." If an entity meets this definition, it must make its records available under 

the conditions established in other aspects of R.C. 149.43: "public records responsive to 

the request shall be promptly prepared and made available for inspection to any person at 

all reasonable times during regular business hours." R.C. 149.43(B). 

{¶ 52} Fair Housing argues that OFP easily meets the standard. In the alternative, 

Fair Housing argues that OFP is a "quasi-agency" that is subject to public records 

requirements under State ex rel. Carr v. Akron, 112 Ohio St.3d 351, 2006-Ohio-6714, ¶ 37, 

a case finding that a testing contractor conducting firefighter promotional examinations 

was subject to public records law. Fair Housing provides the additional, and essentially 

overlapping, argument that OFP is the functional equivalent of an agency under State ex 

rel. Oriana House, Inc. v. Montgomery, 110 Ohio St.3d 456, 2006-Ohio-4854. 

{¶ 53} Because the magistrate concludes that OFP is a public office as defined in R.C. 

149.011, the magistrate does not reach the quasi-agency or functional equivalency theories 

in this matter. 
No. 20AP-351 17 

{¶ 54} It is undisputed that OFP is a creature of statute. The legislature enacted R.C. 

3929.41 through 49 to create OFP and its governing board. R.C. 3929.43 mandates the 

composition of OFP, and issuers of insurance must operate as members of the OFP in order 

to operate and sell insurance in Ohio. R.C. 3929.43(C) then mandates that OFP will operate 

under the supervision and control of the Ohio Superintendent of Insurance. The 

superintendent defines "urban areas," the target area for OFP's intended policy 

justification, pursuant to R.C. 3929.42(E). This section also calls on the superintendent to 

approve the resulting rates for property insurance. Ultimately, if OFP does not submit an 

acceptable plan of operation, the superintendent may impose one. R.C. 3929.43(C). 

{¶ 55} Pursuant to the above statute, the Department of Insurance has promulgated 

regulations providing an administrative process for appeal of the decisions of OFP in the 

issuance of insurance. Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-18(J)(2) states: 

Any applicant, insured, or member insurer shall have the right 

to appeal to the superintendent any action or decision of the 

board. * * * The decision of the superintendent of an appeal is 

a final order and is subject to judicial review as provided in 

Chapter 119. of the Revised Code. 

{¶ 56} OFP then funds itself under R.C. 3929.43(D)(1) and 3929.43(C) through 

assessments upon its member insurers. Finally, OFP's plan of operation, as approved by 

the superintendent, is published in the Administrative Code at Ohio Adm.Code 3901-1-18. 

{¶ 57} OFP correctly points out that not all heavily regulated private enterprises will 

be brought into the ambit of Ohio's Public Records Act as public offices. Defining a public 

office must necessarily be a case-by-case proposition. One important factor is the nature 

of the public service provided by a statutorily created office with a significant private-sector 

component. In State ex rel. Beacon Journal Publishing Co. v. Bodiker, 134 Ohio App.3d 

415 (1999), this court stated as follows: 

The Ohio Public Defender is established by R.C. 120.04 for the 

purpose of furthering various government objectives relating to 

the representation of indigent persons. In that regard, the Ohio 

Public Defender's Office is a "public office" as defined in R.C. 

149.11(A). 

Id. at 422. 
No. 20AP-351 18 

{¶ 58} Similarly, OFP was established for the purpose of furthering the government 

objective of providing insurance availability in areas where difficulties had arisen when 

private insurers were left free to underserve a market. The legislature then created a heavily 

regulated and overseen entity, mandated to create a plan satisfactory to the superintendent 

of the Department of Insurance, to implement this public policy goal. On balance, the 

magistrate concludes that in its genesis and implementation OFP is a public office as 

defined by statute and must comply with Ohio's Public Records Act. 

{¶ 59} Beyond its general statutory structure, OFP relies on a pair of specific 

statutory sections for the proposition that it is exempt from public records requests. OFP 

notes that R.C. 3929.48 grants limited immunity to OFP and any of its directors, agents, or 

employees, and specifically provides that certain OFP records are not public documents: 

There shall be no liability on the part of, and no cause of action 

of any nature shall arise against any insurer, inspection bureau, 

or the Ohio fair plan underwriting association, or a director, 

agent, or employee of any of these, or the superintendent of 

insurance or his authorized representatives, for any 

inspections undertaken or statements made by any of them 

concerning the property to be insured, or any acts or omissions 

in connection therewith. Any reports and communications in 

connection therewith are not public documents. 

{¶ 60} The magistrate concludes that the specific exception for certain categories of 

documents produced by OFP only reinforces the proposition that all other documents are 

public records under the rule of inclusio unius est exclusio alterius. Summerville v. Forest 

Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, ¶ 35; State ex rel. Newark Group, Inc. v. 

Administrator, Bur. of Workers' Comp., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-544, 2021-Ohio-1939. 

{¶ 61} OFP also argues that exclusion of OFP, under R.C. 101.86, from a roster of 

state agencies required to submit annual reports to the Sunset Review Committee ("sunset 

review"), tasked with holding hearings and receiving testimony from state agencies to 

evaluate usefulness, performance, and effectiveness, mandates a conclusion that OFP is not 

an agency. In 1995, OFP obtained an opinion from the Ohio Legislative Service 

Commission ("LSC") that OFP was not an agency required to file an annual report for sunset 

review. LSC subsequently drafted legislation adopted by the legislature in 1997 amending 

R.C. 101.82 to expressly exclude OFP from the definition of agency for this purpose. R.C. 

101.82(A)(11) now provides that "the board of governors of the Ohio fair plan underwriting 
No. 20AP-351 19 

association" is not a "state public body required to be established pursuant to state statutes 

for the exercise of any function of state government." Again, express exemption from 

sunset review is not the equivalent of exemption from all public body duties. A similar 

exemption could have been obtained for Public Records Act purposes but was not enacted. 

Moreover, the list of other agencies exempt from sunset review consists in large part of 

agencies that indisputably are subject to public records requests, such as the Industrial 

Commission, Employment Relations Board, and Public Utilities Commission, to name but 

a few. 

{¶ 62} The magistrate accordingly concludes that OFP is a public office for purposes 

of Ohio's Public Records Act and must respond to Fair Housing's public records request 

with all records not otherwise exempt from disclosure under statute. It is therefore the 

decision and recommendation of the magistrate that a writ issue directing OFP to that 

effect. 

{¶ 63} Fair Housing has moved for an award of costs, statutory damages, and fees 

in this matter. 

{¶ 64} An award of costs is mandated under R.C.149.43(C)(3)(a)(i). 

{¶ 65} With respect to statutory damages and attorneys' fees, the magistrate notes 

the prompt and cooperative nature of OFP's response to the public records request; while 

OFP has denied that it is subject to the Public Records Act, it has worked with the requestor 

to provide information. Moreover, because determinations of whether an entity is a public 

office under the Public Records Act are often clouded and precedent can be sparse, the 

magistrate concludes that there is no bad-faith element in OFP's response. "The Public 

Records Act 'outlines four triggering events that grant a court discretion to order reasonable 

attorney fees in a public-records case.' " State ex rel. Summers v. Fox, ___ Ohio St. ___, 

2021-Ohio-2061, ¶ 12, quoting State ex rel. Rogers v. Dept. of Rehab & Corr., 155 Ohio 

St.3d 545, 2018-Ohio-5111, ¶ 32. If a court renders judgment ordering a public office to 

comply with the act, a court may award attorney fees to the relator. R.C. 149.43(C)(3)(b). 

Such an award, however, is discretionary. State ex rel. Doe v. Smith, 123 Ohio St.3d 44, 

2009-Ohio-4149, ¶ 23. Furthermore, a court may not award attorney fees if two conditions 

are met: 

(1) based on the law as it existed at the time, a well-informed 

person responsible for the requested public records would have 
No. 20AP-351 20 

reasonably believed that the conduct of the public office did not 

constitute a failure to comply with an obligation of R.C. 

149.43(B), and (2) a well-informed person responsible for the 

requested public records would have reasonably believed that 

the conduct of the public office would serve the public policy 

that underlies the authority that it asserted as permitting that 

conduct. 

Summers at ¶ 14, citing R.C. 149.43(C)(3)(c) and Rogers at ¶ 34. 

{¶ 66} "A prevailing party's attorney-fees request in a public-records mandamus 

action will be denied where the case presents a matter of first impression because courts 

should not engage in the practice of punishing a party to a lawsuit for taking a rational 

position on a justiciable, unsettled legal issue." State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer v. Daniels, 

108 Ohio St.3d 518, 2006-Ohio-1215, ¶ 35. 

{¶ 67} The magistrate applies Summers and Daniels in this case to find that the 

position taken by OFP in this matter fulfills both prongs of the test to preclude an award of 

fees. Similarly, an award of statutory damages pursuant to R.C. 149.43(C)(2) may be 

reduced if the public office could reasonably believe that its response did not constitute a 

failure to comply with its statutory obligation under public records law. 

R.C. 149.43(C)(2)(a). The magistrate finds that to be the case and declines to award 

statutory damages. 

{¶ 68} It is therefore the further decision and recommendation of the magistrate 

that costs shall be awarded to relator but that no fee or statutory damages award will issue 

in this case despite the issuance of a writ. 

 /S/ MAGISTRATE 

 MARTIN L. DAVIS 

NOTICE TO THE PARTIES 

Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(iii) provides that a party shall not assign as 

error on appeal the court's adoption of any factual finding or 

legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as a 

finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), 

unless the party timely and specifically objects to that factual 

finding or legal conclusion as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b).