3328 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

[FWS–R8–ES–2008–0006, 92210–1117– 

0000, ABC Code: B4] 

50 CFR Part 17 

RIN 1018–AV23 

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 

and Plants; Revised Designation of 

Critical Habitat for the Quino 

Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas 

editha quino) 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (Service), propose to 

revise currently designated critical 

habitat for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly (Euphydryas editha quino) 

under the Endangered Species Act of 

1973, as amended (Act). In total, 

approximately 98,487 acres (ac) (39,857 

hectares (ha)) fall within the boundaries 

of the proposed revised critical habitat 

designation: 23,494 ac (9,508 ha) are 

federally owned; 7,756 ac (3,139 ha) are 

owned by the State of California; 4,359 

ac (1,764 ha) are Tribal lands; 7,739 ac 

(3,132 ha) are owned by city or county 

governments; and 55,139 ac (22, 314 ha) 

are privately owned. Of these 98,487 ac 

(39,857 ha), we are considering 

excluding 1,684 ac (681 ha) of land 

within the San Diego County Multiple 

Species Conservation Plan’s City of 

Chula Vista Subarea Plan, and 37,245 ac 

(15,073) of non-Federal land within the 

Western Riverside County Multiple 

Species Habitat Conservation Plan 

(MSHCP) area. Areas included in the 

proposed revision are in Riverside and 

San Diego Counties, California. 

DATES: We will accept comments from 

all interested parties until March 17, 

2008. We must receive requests for 

public hearings, in writing, at the 

address shown in the ADDRESSES section 

by March 3, 2008. 

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment on 

this proposed rule, you may submit 

your comments and materials by one of 

the following methods: 

• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// 

www.regulations.gov. Follow the 

instructions for submitting comments. 

• U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public 

Comments Processing, Attn: 1018– 

AV23; Division of Policy and Directives 

Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 

222; Arlington, VA 22203. 

We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We 

will post all comments on http:// 

www.regulations.gov. This generally 

means that we will post any personal 

information you provide us (see the 

Public Comments section below for 

more information). 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jim 

Bartel, Field Supervisor, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Carlsbad Fish and 

Wildlife Office, 6010 Hidden Valley 

Road, Carlsbad, CA 92011; telephone 

760–431–9440; facsimile 760–431–5901. 

If you use a telecommunications device 

for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal 

Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 

800–877–8339. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Public Comments 

We intend that any final action 

resulting from this proposal will be as 

accurate and as effective as possible. 

Therefore, we request comments or 

suggestions on this proposed rule. We 

particularly seek comments concerning: 

(1) The reasons why we should or 

should not designate habitat as ‘‘critical 

habitat’’ under section 4 of the Act (16 

U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), including whether 

there are threats to the subspecies from 

human activity, the degree of which can 

be expected to increase due to the 

designation, and whether that increase 

in threat outweighs the benefit of 

designation such that the designation of 

critical habitat is not prudent; 

(2) Specific information on: 

• The amount and distribution of 

Quino checkerspot butterfly habitat; 

• What areas within the geographical 

area occupied at the time of listing that 

contain features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies we 

should include in the designation and 

why; and 

• What areas not within the 

geographical area occupied at the time 

of listing are essential for the 

conservation of the subspecies and why; 

(3) Land use designations and current 

or planned activities in the subject areas 

and their possible impacts on proposed 

revised critical habitat; 

(4) Any probable economic, national 

security, or other impacts of designating 

any areas that may be included in the 

final designation, and, in particular, any 

impacts on small entities, and the 

benefits of including or excluding areas 

that exhibit these impacts; 

(5) Whether the City of Chula Vista 

Subarea Plan (under the San Diego 

County Multiple Species Conservation 

Program): 

• Is being implemented as set forth in 

the Plan; 

• Provides the same or better level of 

protection from adverse modification or 

destruction than that provided through 

a consultation under section 7 of the 

Act; 

• Provides for the implementation of 

conservation management strategies and 

actions for the foreseeable future, based 

on past practices, written guidance, or 

regulations; and 

• Provides conservation strategies 

and measures consistent with currently 

accepted principles of conservation 

biology; 

(6) Whether the Western Riverside 

County MSHCP: 

• Is being implemented as set forth in 

the MSHCP and Implementing 

Agreement (IA) with regard to the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly; 

• Provides the same or better level of 

protection from adverse modification or 

destruction of habitat essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies than that 

provided through consultation under 

section 7 of the Act; 

• Provides for the implementation of 

conservation management strategies and 

actions for the foreseeable future, based 

on past practices, written guidance, or 

regulations; and 

• Provides conservation strategies 

and measures consistent with currently 

accepted principles of conservation 

biology; 

(7) Whether we should include or 

exclude the Tribal lands of the Cahuilla 

Band of Indians and Campo Band of 

Kumeyaay Indians from final revised 

critical habitat and why; 

(8) Whether there are areas we 

previously designated, but are not 

proposing for revised designation here, 

that should be designated as critical 

habitat; and 

(9) Whether we could improve or 

modify our approach to designating 

critical habitat in any way to provide for 

greater public participation and 

understanding, or to better 

accommodate public concerns and 

comments. 

You may submit your comments and 

materials concerning this proposed rule 

by one of the methods listed in the 

ADDRESSES section. We will not accept 

comments you send by e-mail or fax. 

Please note that we may not consider 

comments we receive after the date 

specified in the DATES section in our 

final determination. 

Before including your address, phone 

number, e-mail address, or other 

personal identifying information in your 

comment, you should be aware that we 

will post your entire comment— 

including your personal identifying 

information—on http:// 

www.regulations.gov. While you can ask 

us in your comment to withhold your 

personal identifying information from 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
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public review, we cannot guarantee that 

we will be able to do so. 

Comments and materials we receive, 

as well as supporting documentation we 

used in preparing this proposed rule, 

will be available for public inspection 

on http://www.regulations.gov, or by 

appointment, during normal business 

hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife 

Office, 6010 Hidden Valley Road, 

Carlsbad, CA 92011; telephone 760–

431–9440. 

Background 

We intend to discuss only those 

topics directly relevant to the 

designation of critical habitat in this 

proposed rule. For more information on 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly, refer to 

the final listing rule published in the 

Federal Register on January 16, 1997 

(62 FR 2313), the final rule designating 

critical habitat published in the Federal 

Register on April 15, 2002 (67 FR 

18356), and the Recovery Plan for the 

Quino Checkerspot Butterfly 

(Euphydryas editha quino) (recovery 

plan; Service 2003a). The recovery plan 

was co-authored by a Technical 

Recovery Team of seven expert 

biologists and ecologists (Service 2003a, 

p. ii), and provides a comprehensive 

scientific review and analysis of 

published and non-published 

information through 2002 relevant to 

conservation of the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. While an extensive amount of 

peer-reviewed, published scientific 

information is available on the species 

Euphydryas editha (Edith’s checkerspot 

butterfly), such information specific to 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly 

subspecies is relatively sparse. 

Therefore, much of the information used 

in the final listing rule (62 FR 2313, 

January 16, 1997), the previous final 

rule designating critical habitat (67 FR 

18356, April 15, 2002), and the recovery 

plan (Service 2003a) has been based on 

research on other subspecies of Edith’s 

checkerspot. A number of biological and 

ecological similarities exist among 

subspecies of Edith’s checkerspot 

(Service 2003a, p. 7), including similar 

life histories, shared or related host 

plant species, and similar movement 

behavior. We believe that extrapolation 

of data collected on other Edith’s 

checkerspot butterfly subspecies, 

particularly the federally endangered 

bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas 

editha bayensis), to the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly is justified in most 

cases (67 FR 18356, April 15, 2002). 

Taxonomy and Biology 

The Quino checkerspot butterfly is a 

member of the family Nymphalidae 

(brushfooted butterflies) and the 

subfamily Melitaeinae (checkerspots 

and fritillaries). The life cycle of the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly includes 

four distinct life stages: Egg, larva 

(caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult, 

with the larval stage divided into 5 to 

7 instars (periods between molts, or 

shedding skin) (Service 2003a, p. 157). 

Typically there is one generation of 

adults per year, although larvae may 

remain in diapause (summer dormancy) 

for multiple years prior to maturation 

(Service 2003a, p. 8). 

Distribution 

The Quino checkerspot butterfly was 

historically distributed throughout the 

coastal portion of southern California 

(Los Angeles, Orange, western 

Riverside, San Diego, and southwestern 

San Bernardino Counties; Service 

2003a, p. 32), and northern Baja 

California, Mexico (Mattoni, et al. 1997, 

p. 105). The historical distribution of 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly 

included the westernmost slopes of the 

Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles 

Plain and Transverse Ranges to the edge 

of the upper Anza-Borrego Desert, and 

south to El Rosario in Baja California, 

Mexico (Mattoni, et al. 1997, pp. 104–

105). Extant U.S. populations are 

apparently restricted to southwest 

Riverside and southern San Diego 

Counties (Service 2003a, p. 3; see 

further discussion below under Status 

and Local Distribution of Populations). 

Behavior and Population Structure 

Scientific information indicates that 

Quino checkerspot butterfly populations 

display metapopulation dynamics 

characterized by highly variable habitat 

occupancy patterns, similar to most 

subspecies of Edith’s checkerspot 

butterfly (Mattoni, et al. 1997, p. 111; 

Service 2003a, pp. 21–27). Edith’s 

checkerspot butterfly metapopulation 

structure is described by Ehrlich and 

Murphy (1987, p. 123) as subdivision of 

a population into subpopulations that 

occupy clusters of habitat patches and 

interact extensively. Harrison, et al. 

(1988, p. 360) described Edith’s 

checkerspot butterfly metapopulation 

structure as: ‘‘a set of [subpopulations] 

that are interdependent over ecological 

time.’’ Although subpopulations within 

a metapopulation may change in size 

independently, their probabilities of 

existing at a given time are not 

independent, because they are linked by 

an extirpation and mutual 

recolonization process that occurs every 

10 to 100 generations (Harrison, et al. 

1988, p. 360). Ehrlich and Murphy 

(1987, p. 127) noted that the minimum 

viable population approach favored by 

many conservation biologists may not 

be appropriate for the Edith’s 

checkerspot butterfly; instead, focus 

should be shifted toward ‘‘minimum 

viable metapopulations.’’ Minimum 

viable metapopulation size is the 

minimum number of interacting local 

populations (and available habitat 

patches) required to balance 

subpopulation extirpations and 

recolonizations, and therefore required 

for long-term persistence (Hanski, et al. 

1996, p. 527). No minimum viable 

metapopulation sizes have been 

assessed for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. Metapopulation viability 

analyses have been conducted for other 

species of nymphalid butterflies 

(Schtickzelle and Baguette 2004, p. 277; 

Schtickzelle, et al. 2005, p. 89) and one 

species within the genus Euphydryas 

(Wahlberg, et al. 2002, p. 224); however, 

these analyses are not applicable to 

Quino checkerspot butterfly as these 

studies all examined species that occur 

in other types of habitats (e.g., forest 

clear cuts, bogs, and marshes). 

Harrison (1989, p. 1241) found that, 

although dispersal direction from 

habitat patches seemed to be random in 

the bay checkerspot butterfly, dispersing 

butterflies were likely to move into 

habitat patches when they passed 

within approximately 163 feet (ft) (50 

meters (m)) of those habitat patches. 

Dispersing butterflies were most likely 

to remain in habitat patches where 

existing bay checkerspot butterfly 

density was low (Harrison 1989, p. 

1241). Bay checkerspot butterfly 

occupancy patterns also suggested that 

unoccupied habitat separated from 

occupied habitat by hilly terrain was 

less likely to be colonized than habitat 

separated by flat ground (Harrison 1989, 

p. 1241). Harrison (1989, pp. 1241, 

1242) concluded that the long-term 

habitat recolonization pattern of her 

study population was likely due to 

relatively large numbers of bay 

checkerspot butterflies having dispersed 

from consistently occupied ‘‘source’’

habitat. High habitat colonization rates 

probably only occur during rare 

outbreak years, when high local 

densities combine with favorable 

establishment conditions in unoccupied 

habitat (Harrison 1989, p. 1242). These 

rare outbreak events are also thought to 

play a crucial role in Quino checkerspot 

butterfly metapopulation resilience and 

subspecies’ survival (Murphy and White 

1984, p. 353; Ehrlich and Murphy 1987, 

p. 127). 

Delineating Population Footprints 

(Distribution) 

Our ability to delineate individual 

population footprints (distribution) for 


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the Quino checkerspot butterfly is 

limited to correlating presence-absence 

survey observations with mapped 

habitat components. Quino checkerspot 

butterfly habitat patches are defined in 

any given year by adult movement 

within annually shifting host plant and 

nectar source distributions. Geographic 

population footprints have not been 

quantified for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. Therefore, the recovery plan 

discusses Quino checkerspot butterfly 

population locations in terms of 

‘‘occurrence complexes’’ (Service 2007, 

p. 35), which are our best estimators 

based on recorded movement distances 

(see below discussion). Occurrence 

complexes are mapped in the recovery 

plan using a 0.6 mile (mi) (1 kilometer 

(km)) movement radius from each 

butterfly observation, and may be based 

on the observation of a single 

individual. Occurrences within 

approximately 1.2 mi (2 km) of each 

other are considered to be part of the 

same occurrence complex, as these 

occurrences are proximal enough that 

the observed butterflies were likely to 

have come from the same population 

(Service 2003a, p. 35). All post-listing 

butterfly observations are classified as 

occurrence complexes, and the only one 

considered extirpated is Harford 

Springs. Occurrence complexes may 

expand due to new observation 

locations, or contract due to habitat loss 

(e.g. occurrence complexes defined in 

part by development, see Service 2003a, 

p. 78). Information regarding habitat 

within and contiguous with an 

occurrence complex must be used to 

estimate population distributions 

associated with occurrence complexes 

(Service 2003a, p. 35). 

Long-distance movement in bay 

checkerspot butterflies has been 

documented as far as 4 mi (6.4 km; 1 

male) (Murphy and Ehrlich 1980, p. 

319), 3.5 mi (5.6 km; 1 male), and 2 mi 

(3 km; 1 female) (Harrison 1989, p. 

1239). White and Levin (1981) 

conducted the only mark-recapture 

movement study including Quino 

checkerspot butterflies. White and Levin 

(1981) studied within-habitat patch 

movement of the Quino and bay 

checkerspot butterfly subspecies. They 

concluded that patterns of dispersal 

changed ‘‘dramatically’’ from year to 

year (White and Levin 1981, p. 348), 

and Quino checkerspot butterflies were 

less sedentary than the more heavily 

studied bay checkerspot butterflies 

(White and Levin 1981, p. 105). The 

high rate of dispersal observed by White 

and Levin (1981, p. 348), when it occurs 

during outbreak events, would result in 

expansion of existing population 

distributions, and recolonization of 

habitat patches where subpopulations 

have been extirpated within a 

metapopulation distribution, as 

hypothesized by Murphy and White 

(1984, p. 353). 

Although the average mark-recapture 

distance traveled by a Quino 

checkerspot butterfly in White and 

Levin’s (1981, p. 349) study was only 

305 ft (93 m), recorded movement 

distances were limited by the local 

study area. White and Levin (1981, p. 

349) stated, ‘‘It seems likely from the 

lower rate of return in 1972 and from 

the observed pattern of out-dispersal 

that many marked animals dispersed 

beyond the area covered by our efforts 

that year. This out-dispersal might make 

the value for average distance [traveled] 

in 1972 an underestimate of significant 

magnitude’’ (1981, p. 353). According to 

recorded Edith’s checkerspot butterfly 

movement distances (Gilbert and Singer 

1973, pp. 65, 66; Harrison, et al. 1988, 

pp. 367–380; Harrison 1989, pp. 1239, 

1240), occurrence complexes 

appropriately describe the area within 

which a significant proportion of the 

habitat patch associated with individual 

observed butterflies is likely to occur 

(Service 2003a, p. 35). The size of 

occurrence complexes is defined as the 

total area encompassed by all 1.2 mi (2 

km) movement radii from individual 

butterfly observation locations. New 

occurrence information since 2002 

supports expanding some occurrence 

complexes and/or merging some 

separate occurrence complexes that 

were previously described in the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly recovery plan. 

Some occurrence complexes were 

identified in the recovery plan (Service 

2003a, p. 35) as ‘‘core.’’ Core occurrence 

complexes are those that, based on 

geographic size, number of reported 

individuals, and repeated observations, 

appear to be centers of population 

density. Such population density 

centers are likely to contain ‘‘source’’

habitat (supporting ‘‘source’’

subpopulations) for a Quino 

checkerspot butterfly metapopulation 

(Murphy and White 1984, p. 353; 

Ehrlich and Murphy 1987, p. 125; 

Mattoni, et al. 1997, p. 111), or ‘‘source’’

populations for megapopulations (a 

group of populations also dependent on 

one another, but on a time scale greater 

than that of subpopulations; Service 

2003a, pp. 21, 24). A source population 

is one in which the emigration rate 

typically exceeds the immigration rate 

(therefore a source of colonists for 

unoccupied habitat patches within a 

population footprint), although they are 

not necessarily more stable than nonsource populations (Service 2003a, p. 

166). 

Status and Local Distribution of 

Populations in Riverside County 

The recovery plan identified 7 core 

and 18 non-core occurrence complexes 

in western Riverside County: Harford 

Springs (non-core); Canyon Lake (noncore); Warm Springs Creek (core); Warm 

Springs Creek North (non-core); 

Skinner/Johnson (core); Domenigoni 

Valley (non-core); Sage (core); Black 

Hills (non-core); San Ignaciao (noncore); Rocky Ridge (non-core); Wilson 

Valley (core); Vail Lake (core); 

Butterflied/Radec (non-core); Aguanga 

(non-core); Dameron Valley (non-core); 

Billy Goat Mountain (non-core); Brown 

Canyon (non-core); Southwest Cahuilla 

(non-core); Tule Peak (core); Silverado 

(core); Spring Canyon (non-core); 

Cahuilla Creek (non-core); Bautista Road 

(non-core); Pine Meadow (non-core); 

and Lookout Mountain (non-core) 

(Service 2003a, pp. 39, 41, 44). 

Occurrence data collected in Riverside 

County since the recovery plan was 

published in 2003 has resulted in 

expansion of all core occurrence 

complexes, and merging of some core 

occurrence complexes with non-core 

occurrence complexes (see discussion 

below). Quino checkerspot butterflies 

have not been observed in the Harford 

Springs (non-core) Occurrence Complex 

or other proximal historic locations 

since 1986, and therefore are no longer 

considered extant in that area. 

Development has reduced the quality, 

connectivity, and amount of associated 

habitat in the Warm Springs Creek Core 

Occurrence Complex since the recovery 

plan was published in 2003 (Allen and 

Preston 2006, p. 7). Although habitat 

associated with this core occurrence 

complex may support a declining 

population, the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly captive rearing facility is also 

located within this area, and it is likely 

to be a site of focused population 

management and augmentation in the 

future. Despite concern for the viability 

of this population, several experts have 

expressed the opinion that this core 

occurrence complex represents an 

important Quino checkerspot butterfly 

population that has potential to persist 

indefinitely if the remaining habitat is 

conserved and managed (Ballmer, et al. 

2003, p. 2; Ballmer and Osborne 2005, 

pp. 1–2; Allen and Preston 2006, pp. 

10–12). Because the Warm Springs 

Creek Core Occurrence Complex has 

been isolated from other core 

occurrence complexes (Service 2003a, p. 

41) and recent development has reduced 

and fragmented habitat in this area 

(Allen and Preston 2006, p. 7), 


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remaining contiguous habitat, including 

habitat more than one km distant from 

observation locations (outside of the 

mapped occurrence complexes), is 

likely the minimum area needed to 

support a viable managed population. 

Therefore, we have determined that the 

Warm Springs Creek North (non-core) 

Occurrence Complex (Service 2003a, p. 

39) and habitat contiguous with the 

Warm Springs Creek Core Occurrence 

Complex habitat should be considered a 

single population footprint and merged 

with the Warm Springs Creek Core 

Occurrence Complex identified in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003a) into a 

single, expanded Warm Springs Creek 

Core Occurrence Complex. The 

expanded Warm Springs Creek Core 

Occurrence Complex is a constrained 

population distribution defined by 

remaining undeveloped, connected 

habitat associated with Quino 

checkerspot butterfly observations in 

this area. 

Occurrence data collected in 

Riverside County since listing (62 FR 

2313, January 16, 1997) has continued 

almost annually to expand the known 

northeastern limits of the subspecies’

range (Pratt, et al. 2001, pp. 169–171; 

Service 2003a, p. 44; Poopatanapong 

2008, pp. 2, 4). The recovery plan 

identified four non-core occurrence 

complexes east of Temecula in the 

foothills and valleys south of Mount San 

Jacinto: Brown Canyon (Service 2003a, 

p. 41), Bautista Road, Pine Meadow, and 

Lookout Mountain (Service 2003a, p. 

44). The Bautista Road (described as 

non-core in the recovery plan) 

Occurrence Complex is in a valley east 

of Temecula and north of the town of 

Anza. Multiple new observations have 

occurred within and around the Bautista 

Road Occurrence Complex (AMEC 2004, 

p. 6; Mooney Jones & Stokes 2005, p. 

10). Consistent with criteria outlined in 

the recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 35), 

we now consider the Bautista Road 

Occurrence Complex to be a core 

occurrence complex. As described 

below, from 2004 to 2006, multiple new 

observation locations were also reported 

in the town of Anza, and north and 

northwest of the Bautista Road (core), 

Pine Grove (non-core), and Lookout 

Mountain (non-core) occurrence 

complexes, resulting in new non-core 

occurrence complexes and expansion of 

the subspecies’ known range (Service 

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 

database). The new non-core occurrence 

complexes are: the Cave Rocks 

Occurrence Complex within the town of 

Anza, just north of the intersection of 

Bautista Road and State Route (SR) 371 

(AMEC 2004, p. 9); the Quinn Flat 

Occurrence Complex located between 

Forbes Ranch Road and Morris Ranch 

Road northeast of Quinn Flat and SR 74 

(Pratt 2005, p. 1; Toth 2005, p. 1; San 

Bernardino National Forest (SBNF) GIS 

database); the Horse Creek Occurrence 

Complex adjacent to Bautista Road, 

southeast of Bautista Spring (AMEC 

2004, p. 6; Malisch 2006, p. 1); and the 

North Rouse Ridge Occurrence Complex 

located on Rouse Ridge in the hills east 

of Bautista Canyon, near where Bautista 

Road exits the foothills (Toth 2005, p. 1; 

Poopatanapong 2007, pp. 2, 4; SBNF 

GIS database). 

Recent monitoring information 

indicates that the Tule Peak and 

Silverado core occurrence complexes 

described in the recovery plan (Service 

2003a, p. 44) are part of a single highdensity population footprint supporting 

periodic outbreak events, similar to 

historic events (Service 2003a, p. 29) 

such as the 1977 outbreak reported by 

Murphy and White (1984, p. 351; 

Ehrlich and Murphy 1987, p. 127) in 

San Diego County (Carlsbad Fish and 

Wildlife Office (CFWO) 2004; Pratt 

2004, p. 17). Occupancy in the 

Silverado Core Occurrence Complex 

was first documented in 1998 (Pratt 

2001, p. 17), followed by the discovery 

of hundreds of Quino checkerspot 

adults in 2001 within the Tule Peak 

Core Occurrence Complex (TeraCor 

2002, p. 14). The hundreds of adults 

observed during surveys in the Tule 

Peak Core Occurrence Complex in 2001 

were unprecedented, because typically 

five or fewer individuals are reported 

during project-based surveys (Service 

GIS database). In 2004, following a year 

of above-average host plant density in 

the Anza area (CFWO 2004), another 

Quino checkerspot butterfly outbreak 

event occurred with even higher 

abundance than was reported in 2001. 

An estimated 500 to 1000 adult Quino 

checkerspot butterflies were reported 

from the Silverado Core Occurrence 

Complex in a single day in 2004 

(Anderson 2007a, p. 1; CFWO 2004; 

Pratt 2004, pp. 16, 17). Moreover, over 

30 new occurrence locations with high 

adult densities were reported in 2004 in 

the vicinity of Tule Peak Road (92 to 

over 100 observations in a single day) 

south of the Cahuilla Band of Indians 

Tribal lands and the town of Anza 

(Osborne 2004, pp. 1–6, 8–10; Anderson 

2007a, p. 5; CFWO 2004; Osborne 2007, 

pp. 13–16). These new observations 

prompted us to merge the Tule Peak 

(core), Silverado (core), and Southwest 

Cahuilla (non-core) occurrence 

complexes to form a single, expanded 

Tule Peak/Silverado Core Occurrence 

Complex. 

Available scientific information 

(including recent outbreaks in the 

closest core occurrence complexes) 

suggests the new Bautista Core 

Occurrence Complex and other non-core 

occurrence complexes north of the town 

of Anza are the result of recent 

colonization events and an ongoing 

range shift for this subspecies 

northward and upward in elevation. 

Parmesan (1996, pp. 765–766) 

concluded that the average position of 

known Edith’s checkerspot butterfly 

populations (including the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly) has shifted 

northward and upward in elevation, 

apparently due to a warming, drying 

climate, and the recovery plan confirms 

this (Service 2003a, p. 64). Parmesan 

(1996, pp. 765–766) compared the 

distribution of Edith’s checkerspot 

butterfly in the early part of the 20th 

century to its distribution from 1994 to 

1996 using historical records and field 

surveys. This study identified rangewide patterns of local extirpations of 

Edith’s checkerspot butterflies, and 

noted that populations in the southern 

part of the range (primarily the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly) experienced 80 

percent of all recorded local extirpations 

(Parmesan 1996, pp. 765–766). 

Parmesan (1996, pp. 765–766) 

concluded that this pattern of 

extirpations indicated contraction of the 

southern boundary of the subspecies’

overall distribution by almost 100 mi 

(160 km), and a shift in the average 

location of a Edith’s checkerspot 

butterfly occurrence northward by 57 mi 

(92 km). This shift in range closely 

matched shifts in mean yearly 

temperature (Parmesan 1996, pp. 765–

766). Studies have demonstrated a 

correlation of population distribution 

and phenology changes with climate 

changes for many other butterfly and 

insect species in California and around 

the world (Parmesan, et al. 1999, p. 580; 

Forister and Shapiro 2003, p. 1130; 

Parmesan and Yohe 2003, pp. 38, 39; 

Karban and Strauss 2004; Thomas, et al. 

2006, pp. 146–147, 251; Osborne and 

Ballmer 2006, p. 1; Parmesan 2006, pp. 

646–647; Thomas, et al. 2006, pp. 415–

416). Metapopulation viability analyses 

of other endangered nymphalid 

butterfly species also indicate that 

current climate trends pose a major 

threat to butterfly metapopulations by 

reducing butterfly growth rates and 

increasing subpopulation extirpation 

rates (Schtickzelle and Baguette 2004, p. 

277; Schtickzelle, et al. 2005, p. 89). 

Such similar climate response patterns 

in related and co-occurring insect 

species further support the validity of 

Parmesan’s (1996, pp. 765–766) Quino 


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checkerspot butterfly observations and 

conclusions. 

Documentation of climate-related 

changes that have already occurred in 

California (Ehrlich and Murphy 1987, p. 

124; Croke, et al. 1998, pp. 2128, 2130; 

Davis, et al. 2002, p. 820; Brashears, et 

al. 2005, p. 15144), and future drought 

predictions for California (e.g., Field, et 

al. 1999, pp. 8–10; Brunell and 

Anderson 2003, p. 21; Lenihen, et al. 

2003, p. 1667; Hayhoe, et al. 2004, p. 

12422; Brashears, et al. 2005, p. 15144; 

Seager, et al. 2007, p. 1181) and North 

America (IPCC 2007, p. 9) indicate 

prolonged drought and other climaterelated changes will continue into the 

foreseeable future, and we anticipate 

these changes will affect Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat and 

populations. Thomas, et al. (2004, p. 

147) estimated 29 percent of species in 

scrublands (habitat for Quino 

checkerspot butterfly) face eventual 

extinction, and 7 (with dispersal) to 9 

(without dispersal) percent of butterfly 

species in Mexico will become extinct 

(mid-range climate predictions; Thomas, 

et al. 2004, p. 146). The most-recent 

subspecies-specific evidence 

corresponds with the hypothesis that 

drought conditions at the northern edge 

of the subspecies’ range is resulting in 

ongoing range shift at the northern edge 

of the range to more northern and higher 

elevation areas that experience higher 

precipitation: Surveyors noted that 

during drought conditions in 2007, for 

the first time since the subspecies was 

listed, no Quino checkerspot butterflies 

were observed during Riverside County 

surveys or core occurrence complex 

monitoring (CFWO 2007). 

The Anza/Mount San Jacinto foothills 

area (Bautista care occurrence complex) 

is the northern extent of the range of the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly and 

supports the greatest elevational 

gradient within the extant range of the 

butterfly. Indications that maintenance 

of the Tule Peak/Silverado and Bautista 

Road core occurrence complexes, and 

maintenance of habitat connectivity to 

higher elevation non-core occurrence 

complexes, is needed to prevent a 

significant increase in the subspecies’

extinction probability (Service 2003a, 

pp. 46, 47; Osborne 2007, pp. 9–10) 

include the following: Parmesan’s 

subspecies-specific study (Parmesan 

1996); recent documented Quino 

checkerspot butterfly outbreak events 

(discussed above); the complete lack of 

Quino checkerspot butterfly 

observations in Riverside County during 

2007 monitoring; documented drought 

conditions and the likelihood that 

recurrent drought conditions will 

persist into the foreseeable future; and 

the likelihood that the new non-core 

occurrence complexes in the most 

northern, highest elevation habitat areas 

(Pine Grove, Lookout Mountain, Quinn 

Flat, Horse Creek, Cave Rocks, and the 

North Rouse Ridge) are a result of 

colonization from lower elevation 

populations over the past 10–15 years 

(such as the Bautista Road and Tule 

Peak/Silverado core occurrence 

complexes). Parmesan’s (1996, pp. 765–

766) range-shift statistics predict the 

following Quino checkerspot butterfly 

population changes: (1) Declines in, and 

losses of, the southernmost and/or 

lowest elevation populations, especially 

in drier areas where rainfall is most 

variable (such as southwest Riverside 

County; Anderson 2000, pp. 3, 6); (2) 

increases in the density and resilience 

of the most northern and/or highest 

elevation populations, especially in 

wetter areas (such as the Anza area; 

Service 2003a, p. 44); and (3) 

establishment of new populations, or 

expansion of existing populations, 

northward and upward in elevation 

where range shift is the least impeded 

by habitat loss due to land-use changes 

(such as the Mount San Jacinto foothills; 

Service GIS database and satellite 

imagery). Anza area core occurrence 

complexes (Tule Peak/Silverado and 

Bautista Road) also support the highest 

(co-occurring) diversity of host plant 

species (Plantago patagonica, 

Antirrhinum coulterianum, 

Cordylanthus rigidus, and Castilleja 

exserta) within the range of the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly, a factor known to 

mitigate the effects of climate extremes 

on Edith’s checkerspot butterfly 

populations (Hellman 2002, p. 925). In 

light of the recent warming and drying 

trends (see above discussion), prudent 

design of reserves and other managed 

habitats in the Anza area, where the 

subspecies range is expanding 

northward and upward in elevation 

should include landscape connectivity 

to other habitat patches and ecological 

connectivity (habitat patches linked by 

dispersal areas; Service 2003a, p. 162) in 

order to accommodate range shifts 

northward and upward in elevation 

(Service 2003a, p. 64). Although habitat 

quality may be changing throughout the 

subspecies range, suitable habitat north 

and upward in elevation of the 

southernmost populations is already 

occupied, and colonization events 

associated with climate change are 

likely only occurring in the Anza area. 

Status and Local Distribution of 

Populations in San Diego County 

The recovery plan identifies 4 core 

and 10 non-core occurrence complexes 

in southwest San Diego County 

surrounding Otay Mountain and Otay 

Lakes: West Otay Mesa (non-core), Otay 

Valley (core); West Otay Mountain 

(core); Otay Lakes/Rancho Jamul (core); 

Proctor Valley (non-core); Jamul (noncore); Hidden Valley (non-core); Rancho 

San Diego (non-core); Los Montan ̃ as 

(non-core); Honey Springs (non-core); 

Dulzura (non-core); Marron Valley 

(core); Barrett Junction (non-core), and 

Tecate (non-core) occurrence complexes 

(Service 2003a, pp. 39, 41, 44). New 

Quino checkerspot butterfly 

observations (Service GIS database) 

between occurrence complexes 

identified in the recovery plan have 

resulted in merging of the Otay Valley 

(core), West Otay Mountain (core), Otay 

Lakes (core), Proctor Valley (non-core), 

Dulzura (non-core), and Honey Springs 

(non-core) occurrence complexes into a 

single, expanded Otay Mountain Core 

Occurrence Complex. This merging of 

occurrence complexes in the Otay area 

is further supported by the recovery 

plan, which noted that occupied habitat 

in the vicinity of Otay Lakes and 

Rancho Jamul is an area of key 

landscape connectivity for all 

subpopulations in southwest San Diego 

County (Service 2003a, pp. 53, 54). 

Following publication of the recovery 

plan in 2003, the Otay Fire severely 

burned habitats where the majority of 

Quino checkerspot butterflies had been 

observed within southwest San Diego 

County (IBAERT 2003, pp. 89–90), 

including most of the Otay Mountain 

Core Occurrence Complex. In 2005, the 

smaller Border 50 Fire burned most 

habitat within the Marron Valley Core 

Occurrence Complex west of Otay 

Mountain that was not burned in the 

2003 Otay Fire (Service GIS database). 

Although post-fire monitoring surveys 

indicated no populations were 

completely extirpated by the 2003 and 

2005 fires (CFWO 2004, 2005, 2006; 

Anderson 2007b, p. 2), Quino 

checkerspot butterfly densities and the 

extent of occupied habitat appeared to 

be reduced, and surveyors reported an 

apparent increased rate of exotic plant 

species invasion (Anderson 2007b, pp. 

2–3). An indirect threat exacerbated by 

fire damage is increased invasion of 

habitat by nonnative plant species, 

resulting in reduction of Quino 

checkerspot butterfly host plants 

through competition (Service 2003a, pp. 

57–58, 60–61). Catastrophic fire has 

been implicated in the final extirpation 

of the Quino checkerspot butterfly from 

Orange County (Service 2003a, pp. 30, 

60–61), therefore widespread 

catastrophic fire impacts to Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat within this 

core occurrence complex, are likely to 


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affect the survival probability of the 

subspecies in southwest San Diego 

County (Service 2003a, pp. 60–61). 

The effects of fire on Quino 

checkerspot butterfly populations in 

southwest San Diego County were 

evident in 2007. The northernmost 

occupied areas within the Otay 

Mountain Core Occurrence Complex 

(Honey Springs and Dulzura non-core 

occurrence complexes as identified in 

the recovery plan) had the highest 

densities of adult butterflies and 

supported the most reproduction 

(observed larvae) of any known 

occupied areas in 2007 (CFWO 2007). 

These areas were not affected by the 

2003 Otay and 2005 Border 50 fires. 

Therefore, observed relatively high 

Quino checkerspot butterfly abundance 

in 2007 in the Honey Springs and 

Dulzura areas (CFWO 2002, 2003, 2004, 

2005, 2006, 2007) was primarily due to 

the lack of recent fire impacts 

(Anderson 2007b, p. 3). In 2007, the 

Harris Fire perimeter encompassed 

approximately 72% of the new Otay 

Mountain Core Occurrence Complex, 

including the northern areas that were 

not affected by fire in 2003 or 2005 

(Service GIS database). Habitat damage 

within the 2007 fire perimeter is still 

being assessed. 

Several widely distributed new 

observation locations have been 

reported in central San Diego County 

since 2002 (Dudek 2005, p. 1; Faulkner 

2005, p. 1; Tierra Environmental 

Services 2005, p. 4), resulting in three 

new San Diego County non-core 

occurrence complexes (Fanita Ranch, 

Sycamore Canyon, and Mission Trails 

Park). Although these Quino 

checkerspot butterfly populations may 

contribute to the subspecies’ recovery 

(Service 2003a, pp. 86–88), we cannot 

determine whether these new non-core 

occurrence complexes represent: (1) 

Residual, low-density populations 

decreasing in abundance; (2) resilient, 

low-density populations increasing in 

abundance; or (3) recent colonization 

events. Given the proximity of these 

occurrence complexes to historical 

collection locations (Service 2003a, p. 

3), observed and predicted climate 

trends and associated population 

dynamic/range changes (see above 

discussion), and the relative isolation of 

these occurrence complexes from areas 

known to be occupied at the time of 

listing, it is likely they represent 

residual, low-density populations 

decreasing in abundance. 

Multiple new Quino checkerspot 

butterfly observation locations have 

been reported in south-central San 

Diego County since 2002 east of the 

community of Campo (Dicus 2005, pp. 

1–2; PSBS 2005a, p. 18; 2005b, p. 26; 

O’Conner 2006, pp. 2–4). This cluster of 

occurrence complexes near Campo is 

over 7 mi (11 km) from the closest core 

occurrence complex, Jacumba (Service 

2003a, p. 52; Service GIS satellite 

imagery and database), and over 12 mi 

(19 km) from the Tecate (non-core) 

Occurrence Complex (Service 2003a, p. 

47; Service GIS satellite imagery and 

database). Although not quite proximal 

enough to be considered a single 

occurrence complex based on 

overlapping movement distances 

(Service 2003a, p. 35), we consider this 

cluster of new observations near Campo 

to belong to a new, independent La 

Posta/Campo Core Occurrence Complex 

that we believe represents a population 

density center likely to contain source 

habitat (i.e., core occurrence complex) 

based on: (1) Recent documentation of 

these occupied habitats; (2) the small 

number of surveys conducted in this 

area in the past (Service survey report 

files) resulting in a low likelihood of 

detection; (3) contiguous habitat linked 

by short dispersal areas (e.g., a stream 

butterflies can fly over) between 

observation locations (Service GIS 

vegetation database and satellite 

imagery); and (4) the presence of 

Antirrhinum coulterianum (white 

snapdragon) host plants in occupied 

habitat (O’Connor 2006, pp. 2–4). White 

snapdragon had not been previously 

recorded in occupied Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat in San 

Diego County (Service survey report 

files). White snapdragon densities 

recorded in the vicinity of Campo 

(O’Connor 2006, pp. 2–4) were 

relatively high, and similar to those 

observed in the Tule Peak/Silverado 

Core Occurrence Complex in Riverside 

County, the only core occurrence 

complex where recent Quino 

checkerspot butterfly ‘‘outbreak events’’

have been recorded (see above 

discussion). 

Quino checkerspot butterflies have 

recently been observed in two new 

locations in southeast San Diego County 

near Jacumba (identified as the Jacumba 

East and Jacumba West occurrence 

complexes) (Essex and Osborne 2005, p. 

82; Klein 2007, p. 1). Additionally, data 

collected from the Jacumba Occurrence 

Complex since publication of the 

recovery plan has led us to reclassify the 

Jacumba complex as a Core Occurrence 

Complex. The Jacumba Occurrence 

Complex was not classified as a core 

occurrence complex in the recovery 

plan (Service 2003a, p. 52), due to its 

relatively small geographic size and 

small number of observed individuals. 

However, adult Quino checkerspot 

butterflies are consistently observed in 

the area, even during drought years and 

under difficult survey conditions (high 

winds) (CFWO 2002–2007; Klein 2007, 

p. 1). As many as 50 individuals are 

estimated to have been observed in one 

day near Jacumba Peak (Pratt 2007c, p. 

1). Furthermore, reproduction was 

documented in the Jacumba Occurrence 

Complex in 1998 and again in 2004 

(Pratt 2007a, p. 1). Therefore, we now 

consider Jacumba to be a core 

occurrence complex representing what 

appears to be a small, but resilient, 

population. 

The prediction that drought 

conditions are likely to continue into 

the foreseeable future (Service 2003a, 

pp. 63, 64; see above discussion) 

highlights the importance of conserving 

populations locally adapted to drier 

climates and diverse habitat types 

(Service 2003a, p. 76). The La Posta/ 

Campo and Jacumba core occurrence 

complexes are warmer and drier than 

the Otay Mountain Core Occurrence 

Complex, and differ substantially in 

other habitat characteristics (Service 

2003a, pp. 36–54; O’Conner 2006, p. 4). 

Therefore, maintenance of these core 

occurrence complexes likely is 

important for recovery and survival of 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly in San 

Diego County. These new core 

occurrence complexes were also the 

only core occurrence complexes in San 

Diego County (the subspecies’ southern 

range) not affected by the fires in 2003 

and 2005 (see above discussion). 

Therefore, new information indicates 

the La Posta/Campo and Jacumba core 

occurrence complexes contribute 

significantly to reducing the subspecies’

extinction probability. 

Previous Federal Actions 

For more information on previous 

Federal actions concerning the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly, refer to the final 

critical habitat rule published in the 

Federal Register on April 15, 2002 (67 

FR 18356) and the final listing rule 

published in the Federal Register on 

January 16, 1997 (62 FR 2313). In March 

2005, the Homebuilders Association of 

Northern California, et al., filed suit 

against the Service challenging the 

merits of the final critical habitat 

designations for several species, 

including the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. In March 2006, a settlement 

was reached that required the Service to 

re-evaluate five final critical habitat 

designations, including critical habitat 

designated for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. The settlement stipulated that 

any proposed revisions to the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly designation would 

be submitted for publication to the 


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Federal Register on or before December 

7, 2007. A court-approved amendment 

to the settlement agreement extended 

this deadline for submission to the 

Federal Register to January 8, 2008. 

Critical Habitat 

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 

of the Act as: 

(1) The specific areas within the 

geographical area occupied by a species, 

at the time it is listed in accordance 

with the Act, on which are found those 

physical or biological features 

(a) Essential to the conservation of the 

species and 

(b) Which may require special 

management considerations or 

protection; and 

(2) Specific areas outside the 

geographical area occupied by a species 

at the time it is listed, upon a 

determination that such areas are 

essential for the conservation of the 

species. 

Conservation, as defined under 

section 3 of the Act, means the use of 

all methods and procedures that are 

necessary to bring any endangered 

species or threatened species to the 

point at which the measures provided 

under the Act are no longer necessary. 

Critical habitat receives protection 

under section 7 of the Act through the 

prohibition against Federal agencies 

carrying out, funding, or authorizing the 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) of the Act 

requires consultation on Federal actions 

that may affect critical habitat. The 

designation of critical habitat does not 

affect land ownership or establish a 

refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or 

other conservation area. Such 

designation does not allow government 

or public access to private lands. Such 

designation does not require 

implementation of restoration, recovery, 

or enhancement measures by private 

landowners. Where a landowner 

requests federal agency funding or 

authorization for an action that may 

affect a listed species or critical habitat, 

the consultation requirements of section 

7(a)(2) may apply, but even in the event 

of a destruction or adverse modification 

finding, the Federal action agency’s and 

the applicant’s obligation is not to 

restore or recover the species, but to 

implement reasonable and prudent 

alternatives to avoid destruction or 

adverse modification of critical habitat. 

To be included in a critical habitat 

designation, habitat within the 

geographical area occupied by the 

species at the time it was listed must 

contain physical and biological features 

that are essential to the conservation of 

the species. Consistent with this 

requirement, the Service identifies, to 

the extent known using the best 

scientific data available, habitat areas on 

which are found primary constituent 

elements (PCEs), as defined at 50 CFR 

424.12(b), and identifies the quantity 

and spatial arrangement of such areas to 

ensure that the areas designated as 

critical habitat are essential for the 

conservation of the species. To be 

included in the designation, the features 

at issue must also be ones that may 

require special management 

considerations or protection. 

Under the Act, we can designate areas 

outside the geographical area occupied 

by the species at the time it is listed as 

critical habitat only when we determine 

that those areas are essential for the 

conservation of the species. 

Section 4 of the Act requires that we 

designate critical habitat on the basis of 

the best scientific and commercial data 

available. Further, our Policy on 

Information Standards Under the 

Endangered Species Act (published in 

the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 

FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act 

(section 515 of the Treasury and General 

Government Appropriations Act for 

Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R. 

5658)), and our associated Information 

Quality Guidelines provide criteria, 

establish procedures, and provide 

guidance to ensure that our decisions 

are based on the best scientific data 

available. They require our biologists, to 

the extent consistent with the Act and 

with the use of the best scientific data 

available, to use primary and original 

sources of information as the basis for 

recommendations to designate critical 

habitat. 

When we are determining which areas 

should be proposed as critical habitat, 

our primary source of information is 

generally the information developed 

during the listing process for the 

species. Additional information sources 

may include the recovery plan for the 

species, articles in peer-reviewed 

journals, conservation plans developed 

by States and Counties, scientific status 

surveys and studies, biological 

assessments, other unpublished 

materials, and expert opinion or 

personal knowledge. 

Habitat is often dynamic, and species 

may move from one area to another over 

time. Furthermore, we recognize that 

critical habitat designated at a particular 

point in time may not include all of the 

habitat areas that we may later 

determine, based on scientific data not 

now available to the Service, are 

essential for the conservation of the 

species. For these reasons, a critical 

habitat designation does not signal that 

habitat outside the designated area is 

unimportant or may not be required for 

recovery of the species. 

Areas that are important to the 

conservation of the species, but are 

outside the critical habitat designation, 

will continue to be subject to 

conservation actions implemented by 

the Service and other Federal agencies 

under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. Areas 

that support populations are also subject 

to the regulatory protections afforded by 

the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as 

determined on the basis of the best 

available scientific information at the 

time of the agency action. Federally 

funded or permitted projects affecting 

listed species outside their designated 

critical habitat areas may still result in 

jeopardy findings in some cases. 

Similarly, critical habitat designations 

made on the basis of the best available 

information at the time of designation 

will not control the direction and 

substance of future recovery plans, 

habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or 

other species conservation planning 

efforts if new information available at 

the time of these planning efforts calls 

for a different outcome. 

Methods 

As required by section 4(b) of the Act, 

we used the best scientific data 

available to determine areas within the 

geographical area occupied at the time 

of listing that contain physical or 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly, and areas outside of the 

geographical area occupied at the time 

of listing that are essential for the 

conservation of the butterfly. We have 

also reviewed available information that 

pertains to the habitat requirements of 

this subspecies. These sources included, 

but were not limited to, the final rule to 

list this subspecies (62 FR 2313; January 

16, 1997); data and information 

published in peer-reviewed articles; 

data and information contained in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003); survey 

and research reports submitted to the 

Service, including reports required by 

10(a)(1)(A) recovery permits; 

information provided by subspecies 

experts, including the subspecies’

recovery team; data submitted during 

section 7 consultations; and regional 

GIS data. 

Primary Constituent Elements 

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) 

of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR 

424.12, in determining which areas 

within the geographical area occupied at 

the time of listing to propose as critical 

habitat, we identify the physical or 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of the Quino checkerspot 


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butterfly based on its biological needs. 

We consider the physical or biological 

features essential to the conservation of 

the species to be the primary constituent 

elements (PCEs) laid out in the 

appropriate quantity and spatial 

arrangement for conservation of the 

species. As described at 50 CFR 424.12, 

the physical and biological features that 

are essential to the conservation of a 

species, and that may require special 

management considerations or 

protection, include, but are not limited 

to: 

(1) Space for individual and 

population growth and for normal 

behavior; 

(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or 

other nutritional or physiological 

requirements; 

(3) Cover or shelter; 

(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, 

rearing, or development of offspring; 

and 

(5) Habitats that are protected from 

disturbance or are representative of the 

historical, geographical, and ecological 

distributions of a species. 

Space for Individual and Population 

Growth and for Normal Behavior 

Habitat for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly is characterized by patchy 

shrub or small tree landscapes with 

openings of several meters between 

large plants, or a landscape of open 

swales alternating with dense patches of 

shrubs (Mattoni, et al. 1007, p. 112), 

habitats often collectively termed 

‘‘scrublands.’’ Quino checkerspot 

butterflies will frequently perch on 

vegetation or other substrates to mate or 

bask, and require open areas to facilitate 

movement (Service 2003, pp. 10–11). 

White and Levin (1981, pp. 350, 351) 

found that adult Quino checkerspot 

butterfly’s within-habitat patch 

movement distances from larval host 

plant patches to adult nectar sources 

often exceeded 656 ft (200 m). 

Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or 

Other Nutritional or Physiological 

Requirements 

Because of their exothermic (coldblooded) metabolism (Service 2003a, p. 

18) and need to complete their life cycle 

in as short a time as possible (Service 

2003a, p. 20), larval and adult Quino 

checkerspot butterflies require an open, 

woody canopy that allows sun to 

penetrate and speed their metabolic 

rate. 

Within open, woody-canopy 

communities, larvae seek microclimates 

with high solar exposure (Weiss, et al. 

1987, p. 161; Weiss, et al. 1988, p. 1487; 

Osborne and Redak 2000, p. 113). Like 

most butterflies, adult Quino 

checkerspot butterflies frequently bask 

and remain in open-canopy areas, using 

air temperature and sunshine to 

increase their body temperature to the 

level required for normal active 

behavior (Service 2003a, p. 18). 

Quino checkerspot butterfly 

oviposition (egg deposition) has most 

often been documented on dwarf 

plantain (Plantago erecta), woolly 

plantain (Plantago patagonica), and 

white snapdragon (Anterrhinum 

coulterianum) (Service 2003a, p. 14–18). 

Egg clusters and/or pre-diapause larval 

clusters (proof of adult oviposition) 

have also been documented in the field 

on thread-leaved bird’s beak 

(Cordylanthus rigidus) and purple 

owl’s-clover (Castilleja exserta) (Service 

2003a, pp. 14–18). Cordylanthus rigidus 

and Castilleja exserta alone are not 

believed to be sufficient to support 

Quino checkerspot butterfly breeding; 

therefore, other species of host plant 

must co-exist within approximately 328 

ft (100 m) of these species of host plant 

for habitat to support breeding (Service 

2003, pp. 16–17). 

During the first two instars, prediapause larvae cannot move more than 

a few centimeters and feed on the host 

plant on which the adult female 

butterfly deposited eggs (primary host 

plant species). Third instar larvae 

usually wander independently in search 

of food and may switch to feeding on a 

secondary host plant species (Service 

2003, p. 7). All known species of host 

plant (see species listed above) may 

serve as primary or secondary host 

plants, depending on location and 

environmental conditions (Service 2003, 

p. 17). Although Plantago erecta 

densities required for larval 

development have been estimated 

(Service 2003, pp. 22–23), it is not 

always possible any given year to 

determine typical host plant densities 

because germinating host plants may be 

entirely consumed by larvae, or when 

precipitation levels have been belowaverage, seeds may not germinate and 

larvae may remain in diapause (Service 

2003, p. 23). 

Adult checkerspot butterflies of the 

genus Euphydryas have a short tongue, 

approximately 0.43 inches (in) (11 

millimeters (mm)) in length (Pratt 

2007b, p. 1), and typically cannot feed 

on flowers that have deep corolla tubes 

or flowers evolved to be opened by bees 

(Service 2003a, p. 19). Edith’s 

checkerspot butterflies prefer flowers 

with a platform-like surface on which 

they can remain upright while feeding 

(Service 2003a, p. 19). Examples of 

flowers Quino checkerspot butterflies 

frequently take nectar from include 

lomatium (Lomatium spp.), goldenstar 

(Muilla spp.), fiddleneck (Amsinckia 

spp.), goldfields (Lasthenia spp.), and 

popcorn flowers (Plagiobothrys and 

Cryptantha spp.) (Service 2003a, p. 19). 

Adults may nectar on flowers with a 

corolla length nearly a centimeter longer 

than their proboscis (0.59–1.10 in (15–

28 mm)), like Linanthus androsaceus 

(Murphy 1984, p. 114; Hickman 1993, p. 

842), but they are not likely to prefer 

such species (Murphy 1984, p. 114). 

Cover or Shelter 

Quino checkerspot butterfly larvae 

require sheltered sites for diapause 

(Service 2003a, p. 8), and adults 

typically roost in or below shrubs 

overnight and during adverse weather 

conditions (Service 2003a, p. 10). A 

pilot laboratory study (Pratt 2006, p. 9) 

and larval distribution observations 

(Osborne and Redak 2000, p. 113) 

indicate Quino checkerspot butterfly 

larvae prefer to diapause in or near the 

base of native shrubs, such as California 

buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum). 

Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or 

Rearing (or Development) of Offspring 

Male Quino checkerspot butterflies, 

and to a lesser extent females, are 

frequently observed on hilltops and 

ridgelines (CFWO GIS Quino 

checkerspot butterfly database, Osborne 

2001, pp. 1–2; Pratt 2001, p. 59). In 

Edith’s checkerspot butterflies, this 

tendency of females to move upwards in 

elevation and of males to defend 

hilltops (‘‘hilltopping behavior’’) 

increases the likelihood of male and 

female butterflies finding each other to 

mate during years of low adult density 

(Baughman and Murphy 1988, p. 119; 

Ehrlich and Wheye 1988, pp. 460–461). 

On hilltops where males are likely to 

encounter virgin females, the males will 

defend their territory from other males; 

therefore, higher ground can serve as a 

‘‘visual beacon’’ to enhance mating 

success (Baughman and Murphy 1988, 

p. 119; Ehrlich and Wheye 1988, pp. 

460–461; Mattoni, et al. 1997, p. 109). 

Hilltopping has been observed in Quino 

checkerspot butterflies (Mattoni et al. 

1997, p. 110, Osborne 2001, pp. 1–2). 

Like other subspecies of Edith’s 

checkerspot, adult Quino checkerspot 

butterflies are reliably observed on 

hilltops in occupied habitat (Service GIS 

database), even in the absence of larval 

host plants (Osborne 2001, pp. 1–2; 

Pratt 2001, p. 59); therefore, hilltops and 

ridgelines provide features essential for 

breeding in local populations. 

Primary Constituent Elements for the 

Quino Checkerspot Butterfly 

For areas within the geographical area 

occupied by the Quino checkerspot 


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butterfly at the time of listing, we must 

identify the primary constituent 

elements (PCEs) that may require 

special management considerations or 

protection. Based on the above needs 

and our current knowledge of the life 

history, biology, and ecology of the 

subspecies, we have determined the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly’s PCEs are: 

(1) Open areas within scrublands at 

least 21.5 square feet (ft) (2 square 

meters (m)) in size that: 

(A) Contain no woody canopy cover; 

and 

(B) Contain one or more of the host 

plants Plantago erecta, Plantago 

patagonica, or Antirrhinum 

coulterianum; or 

(C) Contain one or more of the host 

plants Cordylanthus rigidus or Castilleja 

exserta that are within 328 ft (100 m) of 

the host plants Plantago erecta, 

Plantago patagonica, or Antirrhinum 

coulterianum; or 

(D) Contain flowering plants with a 

corolla tube less than or equal to 0.43 

inches (11 millimeters) used for Quino 

checkerspot butterfly growth, 

reproduction, and feeding; 

(2) Open scrubland areas and 

vegetation within 656 ft (200 m) of the 

open canopy areas (PCE 1) used for 

movement and basking; and 

(3) Hilltops or ridges within 

scrublands, linked by open areas and 

natural vegetation (PCE 2) to open 

canopy areas (PCE 1) containing an 

open, woody-canopy area at least 21.5 

square ft (2 square m) in size used for 

Quino checkerspot butterfly mating 

(hilltopping behavior). 

Special Management Considerations or 

Protection 

When designating critical habitat, we 

assess whether the areas within the 

geographical area occupied by the 

species at the time of listing contain 

features that are essential to the 

conservation of the species and may 

require special management 

considerations or protection. 

When the Quino checkerspot butterfly 

was listed on January 16, 1997 (62 FR 

2313), the primary threats to the 

subspecies thought to be responsible for 

its decline were reduction and 

fragmentation of habitat by urban and 

agricultural development and 

recreational activities, over-collection, 

vandalism, fire, and drought. Threats 

described in the listing rule, as well as 

trash dumping, nitrogen deposition, 

elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide 

concentrations, and climate change, 

were listed as active or probable threats 

in the final designation of critical 

habitat (67 FR 18356) published April 

15, 2002. Current threats to the 

subspecies and management needs were 

described in detail in the recovery plan 

(Service 2003a, pp. 55–65). They are: (1) 

Loss and fragmentation of habitat and 

landscape connectivity; (2) invasion by 

nonnative plants; (3) off-road vehicle 

activity; (4) grazing; (5) fire; (6) 

enhanced soil nitrogen; (7) increasing 

atmospheric carbon dioxide 

concentration; and (8) climate change. 

Scientific research indicates all threats 

individually, and interactively, cause 

loss or reduced availability of Quino 

checkerspot butterfly host plants, nectar 

sources, and suitable areas for necessary 

behaviors (e.g., mating, basking, 

hilltopping, etc.) (Service 2003a, pp. 55–

65). This results in a loss of PCEs. For 

example, increased atmospheric carbon 

dioxide concentration resulted in an 

approximate 30 percent loss in seed 

production of Plantago lanceolata 

(Jablonski, et al. 2002, p. 14), and 

increased temperatures caused an 

approximate 5 percent reduction in 

reproductive duration (Sherry, et al. 

2007, p. 200), indicating reduced host 

plant density and phenological 

availability under current and predicted 

climate conditions (Service 2003a, pp. 

62–65; see Background section above). 

In addition, development activities can 

result in the loss of open, woody-canopy 

native scrublands and hilltops (space for 

normal behavior and larval diapausing 

sites) and fragmentation of habitat and 

landscape connectivity. 

Management needs and actions 

recommended by the recovery plan that 

may be required to protect and maintain 

the PCEs for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly include: (1) Reestablishment 

and maintenance of habitat and 

landscape connectivity within and 

between populations (Service 2003a, pp. 

57, 96–101); (2) habitat restoration and 

control of invasive nonnative species 

(Service 2003a, pp. 58, 96–101, 146–

159); (3) monitoring of ongoing habitat 

loss and nonnative plant invasion 

(Service 2003a, p. 106); (4) phased 

replacement of grazing with nonnative 

invasive plant control (Service 2003a, 

pp. 60, 101–102); (5) carefully 

controlled burn experiments to assess 

effectiveness for control of nonnative 

plant invasion and protection of PCEs 

from wildfire destruction (Service 

2003a, p. 61); (6) reduction of local 

nitrogen emissions from sources such as 

high-traffic roads (Service 2003a, p. 62); 

(7) management of off-road vehicle 

activity (Service 2003a, pp. 59, 146–

159), including outreach and 

partnerships with local off-road vehicle 

clubs and organizations (Service 2003a, 

p. 105); (8) reduction of firearm use and 

trash dumping in habitat (Service 2003a, 

p. 109); and (9) prudent design of 

managed habitats to include landscape 

connectivity (habitat) and ecological 

connectivity (wildlands that may not 

currently include habitat) (Service 

2003a, pp. 65, 96). 

Criteria Used to Identify Critical 

Habitat 

There is a lack of specific knowledge 

regarding distribution of occupancy 

within the greater historical range of the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly, and Edith’s 

checkerspot butterfly subspecies’

occupancy within population 

distributions is generally shifting and 

ephemeral (see Background Section 

above). Therefore, the appropriate scale 

for determining Quino checkerspot 

butterfly occupancy at the time of listing 

is the population distribution level, and 

criteria for determining habitat required 

to support a population should 

incorporate long-term occupancy data as 

well as movement distances in order to 

include all habitat necessary to support 

continued occupancy by the population. 

The process we used is described below. 

To delineate proposed revised critical 

habitat, we first determined occupancy 

within the extant range of the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly. Occupancy status 

was determined using occurrence data 

from the Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife 

Office GIS database and associated 

survey reports. Areas containing 

occurrence records from 1999 or later 

were considered currently occupied. We 

then determined which areas were 

occupied at the time of listing by 

comparing survey and collection 

information to descriptions of occupied 

areas in the final listing rule published 

in the Federal Register on January 16, 

1997 (62 FR 2313). Core occurrence 

complexes recorded within 4 years of 

listing that contained repeated 

observations of a large number of 

individuals (relative to all known 

occupied locations), and were more 

than 4 mi (6.4 km; the maximum 

recorded Edith’s checkerspot dispersal 

distance) from other occurrence 

complexes known to be occupied at the 

time of listing were also considered to 

be occupied at the time of listing on the 

basis that these parameters indicate 

such areas were not colonized postlisting. 

Once we determined the extant range 

of the subspecies and identified all 

occupied habitat, we used the following 

rule set to identify areas for inclusion in 

this proposed revision to designated 

critical habitat. As described further in 

the Background section above, core 

occurrence complexes appear to be 

population density centers likely to 

contain source habitat based on 


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geographic size, number of reported 

individuals, repeated observations, and/ 

or documented reproduction. Therefore, 

we believe that core occurrence 

complexes are the most likely to persist 

into the future and provide emigrants to 

other populations, and, as such, are 

essential to the recovery of this 

subspecies. We first identified seven 

core occurrence complexes that were 

known to be occupied at the time of 

listing (Warm Springs Creek, Skinner/ 

Johnson, Vail Lake, Sage, Wilson Valley, 

Tule Peak/Silverado, Otay Mountain). 

Furthermore, we identified two new 

core occurrence complexes (Bautista 

Road and La Posta/Campo) that were 

not known to have been occupied at the 

time of listing (see Background section 

above). 

Within the geographical area 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing, to delineate all the core 

occurrence complexes we grouped 

occurrence records together that were 

within 0.6 mi (1 km) of each other as 

one core occurrence (as described 

further in the Background Section 

above). We then identified the extent of 

habitat needed to support each 

represented population by including 

additional contiguous habitat that 

contained the PCEs within 0.6 mi (1 km 

movement distance, see Background 

section above) of the mapped core 

occurrence complex areas. This 

criterion used biological and geographic 

information (primarily GIS host plant 

occurrence data, vegetation layers, and 

satellite imagery) to capture a habitatbased population footprint associated 

with each core occurrence complex 

necessary to support continued 

occupancy of each complex. 

When delineating the habitat-based 

population footprint for each core 

occurrence complex, we examined all 

identified habitat to ensure that all areas 

contained one or more PCEs in the 

quantity and spatial arrangement to 

provide the features essential to this 

subspecies. Any areas that did not 

appear to contain the PCEs were 

removed. We did this by using 

biological and geographic information 

(primarily GIS vegetation layers and 

satellite imagery). Habitat delineation 

after addition of contiguous habitat 

outside of occurrence complex 

movement radii, and removal of nonhabitat within movement radii, is our 

best scientific estimate of population 

footprints (occupied areas) associated 

with core occurrence complexes. 

As previously stated, we identified 

two new core occurrence complexes 

that were not known to be occupied at 

the time of listing (Bautista Road and La 

Posta/Campo). At La Posta/Campo, we 

consider all recently identified clusters 

of occurrence records to be a single core 

occurrence complex (as described 

further in the Background section 

above). Similar to the core occurrence 

complexes known to be occupied at the 

time of listing, we grouped occurrence 

records together that were within 0.6 mi 

(1 km) of each other. We then identified 

the extent of habitat needed to support 

each represented population by 

including additional contiguous habitat 

that contained the PCEs within 0.6 mi 

(1 km) of the mapped core occurrence 

complex areas. This process grouped all 

recent records into one complex and 

identified the habitat-based population 

footprint associated with this core 

occurrence complex necessary to 

support continued occupancy. Finally, 

we examined all identified habitat to 

ensure that all areas contained one or 

more PCEs in the quantity and spatial 

arrangement to provide the features 

essential to this subspecies. Any areas 

that did not appear to contain the PCEs 

were removed. 

We closely examined the new 

Bautista Road Core Occurrence Complex 

and determined that the status of this 

core occurrence complex reflects a shift 

in the Quino checkerspot butterfly’s 

range, correlated with increased 

temperatures and drought conditions in 

the region (see Background section 

above). Recognizing the predictions by 

Parmesan (1996, p. 765; 2006, pp. 647–

648) and Seager, et al. (2007, pp. 1181, 

1183, 1184), we expect range shift 

northward and upward in elevation in 

this region to continue as climate 

models predict above-average 

temperatures and drought conditions 

into the foreseeable future (see 

Background section above; National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric 

Administration 2007). Therefore, 

consistent with recommendations in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 65), we 

delineated additional habitat containing 

the PCEs that was contiguous with the 

Bautista Road Core Occurrence 

Complex, to also capture landscape 

connectivity to three non-core 

occurrence complexes (Pine Grove, 

Lookout Mountain, and Horse Creek) 

that are higher in elevation and/or 

further north. 

Inclusion of lands supporting core 

occurrence complexes is necessary to 

ensure the conservation of the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly, and therefore 

consistent with 50 CFR § 424.12(e), we 

have delineated areas outside the 

geographical area presently occupied by 

the subspecies contiguous with the 

Bautista Road Core Occurrence Complex 

for inclusion in the proposed revision to 

critical habitat. The unoccupied habitat 

connects this core occurrence complex 

with other occupied (non-core) areas at 

Pine Grove, Lookout Mountain, and 

Horse Creek. 

When determining the proposed 

revisions to critical habitat boundaries, 

we made every effort to avoid including 

(within the boundaries of the map 

contained within this proposed revision 

to critical habitat) developed areas such 

as lands covered by buildings, 

pavement, and other structures because 

such lands lack PCEs for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly. The scale of the 

maps prepared under the parameters for 

publication within the Code of Federal 

Regulations may not reflect the 

exclusion of such developed lands. Any 

such lands inadvertently left inside 

critical habitat boundaries shown on the 

maps of this proposed revision to 

critical habitat have been excluded by 

text in the proposed rule and are not 

proposed for designation as critical 

habitat. Therefore, Federal actions 

involving these areas would not trigger 

section 7 consultation with respect to 

critical habitat and the requirement of 

no adverse modification unless the 

specific action would affect the PCEs of 

critical habitat. 

Our delineation of proposed revisions 

to critical habitat includes lands owned 

by the Cahuilla Band of Indians and the 

Campo Band of Kumeyaay Indians. The 

Tule Peak/Silverado Core Occurrence 

Complex, which was occupied at the 

time of listing, overlaps with Cahuilla 

Band of Indians Tribal lands in 

Riverside County. These lands contain 

scrublands with openings of at least 

21.5 square feet (ft) (2 square m) in size 

containing host and nectar plants for 

feeding, hilltops areas for mating within 

656 ft (200 m) of an open area 

containing host and nectar plants for 

feeding, and natural vegetation or open 

areas for movement and basking. These 

lands support the quantity and spatial 

arrangement of the PCEs necessary to 

conserve the Tule Peak/Silverado Core 

Occurrence Complex, and therefore, we 

are including Cahuilla Band of Indians 

Tribal lands in this proposed revision to 

designated critical habitat. Similarly, we 

determined that the La Posta/Campo 

Core Occurrence Complex, which is not 

known to have been occupied at the 

time of listing, overlaps with Campo 

Band of Kumeyaay Indians Tribal lands 

in San Diego County. These lands 

contain scrublands with openings of at 

least 21.5 square feet (ft) (2 square m) in 

size containing host and nectar plants 

for feeding, hilltops areas for mating 

within 656 ft (200 m) of an open area 

containing host and nectar plants for 

feeding, and natural vegetation or open 

areas for movement and basking. These 


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lands support the quantity and spatial 

arrangement of the PCEs necessary to 

conserve the La Posta/Campo Core 

Occurrence Complex, and therefore, we 

are including Campo Band of Kumeyaay 

Indians Tribal lands in this proposed 

revision to designated critical habitat. 

No management for conservation of 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly is 

currently occurring on Tribal lands, nor 

do any draft management plans exist. 

However, we have met with both 

affected Tribes, and we have agreed to 

work with them to develop management 

plans for the subspecies prior to 

designation of critical habitat. Should 

management plans be completed prior 

to finalization of this critical habitat 

rule, we will evaluate any submitted 

plans in consideration of Secretarial 

Order 3206, ‘‘American Indian Tribal 

Rights, Federal Tribal Trust 

Responsibilities, and the Endangered 

Species Act’’ (June 5, 1997); the 

President’s memorandum of April 29, 

1994, ‘‘Government-to-Government 

Relations with Native American Tribal 

Governments’’ (59 FR 22951); Executive 

Order 13175; and the relevant provision 

of the Departmental Manual of the 

Department of the Interior (512 DM 2) 

in relation to the conservation benefits 

to the subspecies, the features essential 

to the conservation of the subspecies, 

and the appropriateness of excluding 

Tribal lands under section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act. 

We are proposing to revise the 

existing critical habitat designation and 

propose to designate critical habitat in 

areas that we have determined are 

within the geographical area occupied at 

the time of listing and contain the 

physical or biological features essential 

to the conservation of the subspecies, 

and in areas outside the geographical 

area occupied at the time of listing that 

also are essential for the conservation of 

the subspecies. Information provided in 

comments on this proposed revision to 

critical habitat designation and draft 

economic analysis will be evaluated and 

considered in the development of the 

final revised designation of critical 

habitat for Quino checkerspot butterfly. 

Summary of Changes From Previously 

Designated Critical Habitat 

The areas identified in this proposed 

rule constitute a proposed revision of 

the areas we designated as critical 

habitat for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly on April 15, 2002 (67 FR 

18356). The main differences include 

the following: 

(1) Currently, four units totaling 

171,605 ac (69,440 ha) are designated as 

critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly (67 FR 18356, 

April 15, 2002). This proposed revision 

to designated critical habitat, which is 

based on new occupancy and habitat 

information (updated GIS information 

on vegetation, butterfly, and host plant 

distribution), includes 10 units totaling 

98,487 ac (39,857 ha). This proposed 

revision to critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly, if adopted, would 

result in a decrease of 73,118 ac (29,583 

ha) from currently designated critical 

habitat for this subspecies. However, we 

are considering excluding 1,684 ac (681 

ha) of land within the San Diego County 

Multiple Species Conservation Plan’s 

City of Chula Vista Subarea Plan and 

37,245 ac (15,073) of non-Federal land 

within the Western Riverside County 

MSHCP area from the final designation. 

(2) We revised the PCE descriptions to 

make them more quantifiable and easy 

to apply in the field; however, the 

habitat components have not changed. 

Hilltops, nectar sources, host plant 

species, and open-canopy scrublands 

are the same habitat components 

described as PCEs in the 2002 final 

critical habitat rule (67 FR 18356, April 

15, 2002). 

(3) In the 2002 critical habitat 

designation (67 FR 18356, April 15, 

2002) we based our criteria on the 

reasoning that habitat areas supporting 

core occurrence complexes, habitat 

areas that had the potential support for 

a core population complex, and habitat 

areas that facilitate landscape 

connectivity or otherwise played a 

significant role in maintaining 

metapopulation viability were essential 

to the long-term conservation of the 

subspecies. Populations on the 

periphery of the subspecies’ range or in 

atypical environments were considered 

important for maintaining the genetic 

diversity of the subspecies, and possibly 

essential for adaptation to changing 

climatic and environmental conditions. 

In this proposed revision to the critical 

habitat designation our underlying 

reasoning has not changed, however, 

our revised Criteria Used to Identify 

Critical Habitat are based on new 

scientific information not available 

when critical habitat was designated on 

April 15, 2002 (67 FR 18356). 

Application of new data and updated 

occurrence information described in the 

Background section above resulted in 

the identification of different essential 

habitat areas than were identified in the 

2002 final critical habitat rule, and a 

reduced total amount of acreage that is 

essential to the long-term conservation 

of this subspecies. The large amount of 

new habitat and distribution 

information resulted in our expanding 

the boundaries of known core 

occurrence complexes to include areas 

that were considered to support 

adjacent non-core occurrence complexes 

in the 2002 final designation, and our 

identification of the new Bautista Road 

and La Posta/Campo core occurrence 

complexes (see Background Section 

above). These revisions capture all 

habitat areas necessary to sustain and 

recover the subspecies and are adequate 

to ensure the long-term conservation of 

this subspecies based on our current 

knowledge of this subspecies’ life 

history and ecological needs as 

described in the Background, Primary 

Constituent Elements, and Special 

Management Considerations or 

Protection sections above. The new 

criteria capture different areas on the 

periphery of the subspecies’ range and 

in atypical environments considered 

important to this subspecies for 

adaptation to changing climatic and 

environmental conditions than were 

identified in the 2002 critical habitat 

designation. For example, the new 

proposed revised Bautista Unit 

(including 3 non-core occurrence 

complexes and habitat not known to be 

occupied) adequately incorporates 

habitat in the San Jacinto foothills at the 

northern edge of the subspecies’ range. 

Furthermore, data collected since 2002 

indicates that this area is providing the 

function that the more isolated, noncore, Brown Canyon subunit of 

currently designated Unit 2 (67 FR 

18356, April 15, 2002; 50 CFR 17.95(i)) 

was speculated to provide this 

subspecies in the 2002 critical habitat 

designation. Therefore, the Brown 

Canyon subunit is no longer considered 

essential (see further discussion below). 

We believe the proposed revised critical 

habitat units, which are based primarily 

on core occurrence complex and habitat 

distributions, are the areas essential for 

conservation of the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. 

(4) The 2002 critical habitat 

designation (FR 18356, April 15, 2002) 

in Riverside County consisted of two 

units that included almost all known 

non-core occurrence complexes, areas 

connecting those occurrence complexes, 

and habitat within the Lake Mathews/ 

Estelle Mountain Reserve associated 

with the ‘‘Lake Mathews Population 

Site’’ described in the recovery plan 

(Sevice 2003a, p. 77). We considered, 

but did not include any of the 5,765 ha 

(14,250 ac) of habitat in northwest 

Riverside County corresponding with 

current Unit 1 (67 FR 18356, April 15, 

2002; 50 CFR 17.95(i)) associated with 

the Harford Springs (non-core) 

Occurrence Complex and the Lake 

Mathews/Estelle Mountain Reserve. 

Data collected since we designated 


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critical habitat on April 15, 2002 (67 FR 

18356) indicates this area is no longer 

likely to support the features essential to 

the conservation of the subspecies, and 

that it is not essential for conservation 

of the subspecies. Most of the habitat 

associated with the Harford Springs 

(non-core) Occurrence Complex 

(currently designated Unit 1) is 

functionally isolated from occupied 

areas or has subsequently been 

developed, and this non-core 

occurrence complex has apparently 

been extirpated (see Background section 

above). We considered but did not 

include portions of habitat within 

currently designated Unit 2 (67 FR 

18356, April 15, 2002; 50 CFR 17.95(i)) 

associated with the Domenigoni Valley 

(Service 2003a, p. 39), Brown Canyon, 

Rocky Ridge, Billygoat Mountain, 

Dameron Valley, Oak Grove (Service 

2003a, p. 41), and Spring Canyon noncore occurrence complexes in Riverside 

County identified in the recovery plan 

(Service 2003a, p. 44; current Unit 2). 

We believe habitat captured by the 

expanded core occurrence complexes 

and the criteria that included additional 

habitat within 0.6 mi (1 km) of the 

mapped core occurrence complex areas 

(see Criteria Used to Identify Critical 

Habitat Section above) provides 

adequate landscape connectivity for 

conservation of the subspecies, and 

adequately captures areas that otherwise 

play a significant role in maintaining 

metapopulation viability. 

(5) We considered but did not include 

in this proposed revision to critical 

habitat currently designated areas 

dominated by Tecate cypress 

(Callitropsis (Cupressus) forbesii) 

woodland on Otay Mountain, or 

currently designated areas associated 

with the National Wildlife Refuge 

(NWR) Rancho San Diego, NWR Los 

Montanas, Jamul, West Otay Mesa, 

Barrett Junction, and Tecate non-core 

occurrence complexes identified in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 47; 

current Unit 3, 67 FR 18356, April 15, 

2002; 50 CFR 17.95(i)). We believe 

habitat captured by the expanded core 

occurrence complexes on Otay 

Mountain and the criteria that included 

additional habitat within 0.6 mi (1 km) 

of the mapped core occurrence complex 

areas (see Criteria Used to Identify 

Critical Habitat Section above) provides 

adequate landscape connectivity for 

conservation of the subspecies at Otay 

Mountain, and adequately captures 

areas that otherwise play a significant 

role in maintaining metapopulation 

viability. 

(6) This proposed revision to 

designated critical habitat includes 

8,393 ac (3,397 ha) in one unit in San 

Diego County (La Posta/Campo) that is 

not currently designated as critical 

habitat. We acquired occupancy data 

from the La Posta/Campo Unit after 

publication of the April 15, 2002, 

critical habitat rule (67 FR 18356). The 

proposed La Posta/Campo unit supports 

the newly identified La Posta/Campo 

Core Occurrence Complex (see 

Background section above). This newly 

described core occurrence complex 

represents a population locally adapted 

to a unique habitat type and a warmer, 

drier climate (relative to the Otay 

Mountain Core Occurrence Complex). 

Conservation of this unique habitat 

provides geographic, genetic, and 

habitat diversity that is likely to reduce 

the subspecies’ extinction probability 

due to fire and climate change (Service 

2003a, pp. 60–61, 76; see Background 

section above). 

(7) This proposed revision to 

designated critical habitat includes 

14,014 ac (5,671 ha) in one unit in 

Riverside County (Bautista Road) that is 

not currently designated as critical 

habitat. We did not include the Bautista 

Road Core Occurrence Complex in the 

April 15, 2002, designation (67 FR 

18356), because it was first documented 

following publication of the proposed 

rule (66 FR 9476, February 7, 2001), and 

we did not have sufficient information 

concerning habitat within the complex 

and landscape connectivity to other 

complexes to determine whether it was 

essential to the conservation of the 

subspecies (67 FR 18356, April 15, 

2002). We have acquired substantial 

new occupancy and other scientific 

information relevant to this area since 

2002 (see Background section above), 

and we have determined that 

conservation of the Bautista Unit is 

essential to the conservation of the 

subspecies. Conservation of this unique 

habitat provides geographic, genetic, 

and habitat diversity that is likely to 

reduce the subspecies’ extinction 

probability due to fire and climate 

change (Service 2003a, pp. 63–65, 60–

61; see Background section above). 

Recent data indicate the Bautista Road 

Core Occurrence Complex (identified as 

non-core in the recovery plan; Service 

2003a, p. 44), is most accurately 

described as a core occurrence complex 

(see Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above), 

and is therefore included in this 

proposed revision to designated critical 

habitat. The Bautista Unit also includes 

habitat associated with the Lookout 

Mountain and Pine Meadows non-core 

occurrence complexes identified in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 44) and 

the recently discovered Horse Creek 

(non-core) Occurrence Complex, where 

a range shift for the subspecies is 

expected to continue into the 

foreseeable future (see Background and 

Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat 

sections above). 

(8) In preparing this proposed 

revision to designated critical habitat, 

we re-examined the boundaries of core 

occurrence complexes described in the 

April 15, 2002, critical habitat 

designation (67 FR 18356). As a result, 

this proposal includes some areas 

adjacent to, but not within, currently 

designated units. This re-examination 

resulted in merging or expanding 

identified core occurrence complexes 

(see Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

In particular, new occurrence data 

indicates the Butterfield/Radec (noncore) Occurrence Complex south of SR 

79 (Service 2003a, p. 41) is part of the 

Vail Lake Core Occurrence Complex, 

and we therefore reflect that in this 

proposed revision to designated critical 

habitat (see Background and Criteria 

Used to Identify Critical Habitat sections 

above). New occurrence data also 

indicates the Proctor Valley, Dulzura, 

and Honey Springs non-core occurrence 

complexes (Service 2003a, p. 47) are 

part of the new Otay Mountain Core 

Occurrence Complex, and we therefore 

reflect that in this proposed revision to 

designated critical habitat (see 

Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

Proposed Revisions to the Critical 

Habitat Designation 

We are proposing 10 units as critical 

habitat for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly; all of the units are currently 

occupied (Table 1). The designation of 

these units, if finalized, would replace 

the existing critical habitat designation 

for the Quino checkerspot butterfly in 

50 CFR 17.95(i). The critical habitat 

areas described below constitute our 

current best assessment of areas that 

meet the definition of critical habitat for 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly. 


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TABLE 1.—OCCUPANCY STATUS OF PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT FOR THE QUINO CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY

Unit Occupied at 

time of listing? 

Currently 

occupied? 

Size of unit in acres 

hectares) 

1. Warm Springs ............................................................................................................ yes .................... yes .................... 2,684 (1,086) 

2. Skinner/Johnson ........................................................................................................ yes .................... yes .................... 12,030 (4,869) 

3. Sage .......................................................................................................................... yes .................... yes .................... 2,693 (1,090) 

4. Wilson Valley ............................................................................................................. yes .................... yes .................... 4,813 (1,948) 

5. Vail Lake/Oak Mountain ............................................................................................ yes .................... yes .................... 8,187 (3,313) 

6. Tule Peak .................................................................................................................. yes .................... yes .................... 6,433 (2,603) 

7. Bautista ...................................................................................................................... no ..................... yes .................... 14,014 (5,671) 

8. Otay ........................................................................................................................... yes .................... yes .................... 36,726 (14,863) 

9. La Posta/Campo ........................................................................................................ no ..................... yes .................... 8,393 (3,397) 

10. Jacumba .................................................................................................................. yes .................... yes .................... 2,514 (1,017) 

The approximate area of various land 

ownerships encompassed within each 

proposed critical habitat unit is shown 

in Table 2. 

TABLE 2.—PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS FOR THE QUINO CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY

[Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries] 

Critical habitat unit Land ownership by 

type 1

Size of unit in acres 

(hectares) 

1. Warm Springs .................................................................................................................................. Private ....................... 2,684 (1,086) 

BLM ........................... 107 (43) 

Local .......................... 3,312 (1,340) 

CDFG ........................ 608 (246) 

Private ....................... 8,003 (3,239) 

3. Sage ................................................................................................................................................ BLM ........................... 126 (51) 

Private ....................... 2,567 (1,039) 

4. Wilson Valley ................................................................................................................................... BLM ........................... 468 (189) 

Private ....................... 4,345 (1,759) 

5. Vail Lake/Oak Mountain .................................................................................................................. BLM ........................... 822 (333) 

CNF ........................... 912 (369) 

Private ....................... 6,453 (2,612) 

6. Tule Peak ........................................................................................................................................ BLM ........................... 328 (133) 

CDFG ........................ 321 (123) 

Cahuilla Tribe ............ 1,203 (487) 

Private ....................... 4,581 (1,861) 

7. Bautista ............................................................................................................................................ SBNF ......................... 8,420 (3,407) 

BLM ........................... 1,223 (495) 

CSLC ......................... 74 (30) 

Private ....................... 4,297 (1,739) 

8. Otay ................................................................................................................................................. BLM ........................... 7,663 (3,101) 

CDFG ........................ 6,361 (2,574) 

USFWS ..................... 405 (164) 

Local .......................... 4,427 (1,792) 

State .......................... 43 (17) 

DOD .......................... 109 (44) 

Private ....................... 17,718 (7,170) 

9. La Posta/Campo .............................................................................................................................. DOD .......................... 1,083 (438) 

BLM ........................... 1,828 (740) 

Campo Tribe .............. 3,156 (1,277) 

Private ....................... 2,326 (942) 

10. Jacumba ........................................................................................................................................ CDPR ........................ 349 (141) 

Private ....................... 2,165 (876) 

Total .............................................................................................................................................. .................................... 98,487 (39,857) 

1Private = private ownership, including conserved lands managed for species’ recovery; BLM = Bureau of Land Management; Local = City or 

County owned land; CDFG = California Department of Fish and Game; CDPR = California Department of Parks and Recreation; CNF = Cleveland National Forest; CSLC = California State Lands Commission; Cahuilla Tribe = Cahuilla Band of Indians; SBNF = San Bernardino National 

Forest; USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge; DOD = U.S. Department of Defense; Campo Tribe = Campo Band of Kumeyaay 

Indians. 

We present brief descriptions of all 

units, and reasons why they meet the 

definition of critical habitat for the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly, below. 

Unit 1: Warm Springs 

Unit 1 consists of approximately 

2,684 ac (1,086 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain, thread-leaved 

birds-beak, and purple owl’s-clover host 


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plants; nectar sources; open, woodycanopy scrublands; and hilltops 

(Service 2003a, pp. 39, 41; Service GIS 

database). Unit 1 is located in Riverside 

County, north of Interstate 15, between 

Interstate 215 and SR 79, north of 

Murrieta Hot Springs Road to Scott 

Road, in the vicinity of Warm Springs 

Creek. This unit includes land 

associated with the Warm Springs Creek 

(core) and Warm Springs Creek North 

(non-core) occurrence complexes as 

described in the recovery plan (Service 

2003a, p. 79); new information indicates 

the Warm Springs Creek North (noncore) Occurrence Complex should be 

considered part of the Warm Springs 

Creek Core Occurrence Complex (see 

Background section above). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, 

development, off-road vehicle use, foot 

traffic, and other recreational impacts 

(Service 2003 pp. 41, 79; Service GIS 

satellite imagery). Therefore, the PCEs 

in this unit may require special 

management considerations or 

protection to minimize impacts 

resulting from these threats (see Special 

Management Considerations or 

Protection section above for a detailed 

discussion). The majority of Unit 1 is 

privately owned (Table 1), but this 

portion of the unit is part of a plan for 

conservation and management under 

the Western Riverside County Multiple 

Species Habitat Conservation Plan 

(MSHCP). The remaining portion of the 

unit is in conservation, is privately 

owned, and is managed by the Center 

for Natural Lands Management (CNLM) 

under the Assessment District 161 

Habitat Conservation Plan. We are 

considering excluding all of this unit, 

which is within the MSHCP plan area, 

from the final revision to designated 

critical habitat under section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act (see Areas Considered For 

Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act section below). 

Unit 2: Skinner/Johnson 

Unit 2 consists of approximately 

12,030 ac (4,869 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain, white 

snapdragon, thread-leaved birds-beak, 

and purple owl’s-clover host plants; 

nectar sources; open, woody-canopy 

scrublands; and hilltops (Service 2003a, 

pp. 39, 41; Service GIS database). Unit 

2 is located in Riverside County, north 

of the City of Temecula, in the vicinity 

of Lake Skinner. This unit includes land 

associated with the Skinner/Johnson 

Core Occurrence Complex as described 

in the recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 

79). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, housing 

and utilities infrastructure development, 

off-road vehicle use, foot traffic, and 

other recreational impacts (Service 2003 

pp. 41, 79; Service GIS satellite 

imagery), and elevated soil nitrogen 

levels (Service 2003 pp. 61, 62). 

Therefore, the PCEs in this unit may 

require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). The 

majority of land in Unit 2 is held in 

conservation and managed within the 

Southwest Riverside County Multiple 

Species preserve, or conserved and 

managed by CNLM. We are considering 

excluding 11,923 ac (4,825 ha), the nonFederal lands within the MSHCP plan 

area in this unit, from the final revision 

to designated critical habitat under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas 

Considered For Exclusion Under 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section 

below). 

Unit 3: Sage 

Unit 3 consists of approximately 

2,692 ac (1,090 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain, thread-leaved 

birds-beak, and purple owl’s-clover host 

plants; nectar sources; open, woodycanopy scrublands; and hilltops 

(Service 2003a, pp. 41, 43; Service GIS 

database). Unit 3 is located in Riverside 

County, northeast of Temecula, in the 

vicinity of the community of Sage. This 

unit includes land associated with the 

Sage (core) and San Ignacio (non-core) 

occurrence complexes as described in 

the recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 79). 

New occurrence information indicates 

the San Ignaciao (non-core) Occurrence 

Complex should be considered part of 

the Sage Core Occurrence Complex (see 

Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, rural 

development, off-road vehicle use, foot 

traffic, and other recreational impacts 

(Service 2003 p. 79; Service GIS satellite 

imagery). Therefore, the PCEs in this 

unit may require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). Land in 

Unit 3 is primarily privately owned 

(Table 2), but this area is included in the 

plan for conservation and management 

under the MSHCP. We are considering 

excluding 2,567 ac (1,039 ha), the nonFederal lands within the MSHCP plan 

area in this unit, from the final revision 

to designated critical habitat under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas 

Considered For Exclusion Under 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section 

below). 

Unit 4: Wilson Valley 

Unit 4 consists of approximately 

4,813 ac (1,948 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain, white 

snapdragon, thread-leaved birds-beak, 

and purple owl’s-clover host plants; 

nectar sources; open, woody-canopy 

scrublands; and hilltops (Service 2003a, 

pp. 41, 43: Service GIS database). Unit 

4 is located in Riverside County, north 

of SR 79, east of Oak Mountain and 

Temecula, in the vicinity of Wilson 

Valley. This unit includes land 

associated with the Wilson Valley Core 

Occurrence Complex described in the 

recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 79). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, 

development, trash dumping, off-road 

vehicle use, foot traffic, and other 

recreational impacts (Service 2003 pp. 

59, 79; Service GIS satellite imagery). 

Therefore, the PCEs in this unit may 

require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). A small 

part of the land in Unit 4 is managed by 

the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 

and the majority is privately owned 

(Table 2). The private land in this unit 

is planned for conservation and 

management under the MSHCP. We are 

considering excluding 4,345 ac (1,758 

ha), the non-Federal lands within the 

MSHCP plan area in this unit, from the 

final designation under section 4(b)(2) 

of the Act (see Areas Considered For 

Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act section below). 

Unit 5: Vail Lake/Oak Mountain 

Unit 5 consists of approximately 

8,187 ac (3,313 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 


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conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain, thread-leaved 

birds-beak, and purple owl’s-clover host 

plants; nectar sources; open, woodycanopy scrublands; and hilltops 

(Service 2003a, pp. 41, 43; Service GIS 

database). Unit 5 is located in Riverside 

County, north and south of SR 79, east 

of Temecula, in the vicinity of Oak 

Mountain and Vail Lake. This unit 

includes land associated with the Vail 

Lake (core) and Butterfield/Radec (noncore) occurrence complexes described 

in the recovery plan (Service 2003a, p. 

79). New occurrence information 

indicates that the Butterfield/Radec 

(non-core) Occurrence Complex should 

be considered part of the Vail Lake Core 

Occurrence Complex (see Background 

and Summary of Changes from 

Previously Designated Critical Habitat 

sections above). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, 

development, dumping, off-road vehicle 

use, foot traffic, and other recreational 

impacts (Service 2003 pp. 59, 79; 

Service GIS satellite imagery). 

Therefore, the PCEs in this unit may 

require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). Part of 

the land in Unit 5 is managed by the 

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and 

part by the Cleveland National Forest 

(CNF), but the majority is under private 

ownership (Table 2) and planned for 

conservation and management under 

the MSHCP. We are considering 

excluding 6,453 ac (2,611 ha), the nonFederal lands within the MSHCP plan 

area in this unit, from the final revision 

to designated critical habitat under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas 

Considered For Exclusion Under 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section 

below). 

Unit 6: Tule Peak 

Unit 6 consists of approximately 

6,433 ac (2,603 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): dwarf plantain, woolly 

plantain, white snapdragon, threadleaved birds-beak, and purple owl’sclover host plants; nectar sources; open, 

woody-canopy scrublands; and hilltops 

(Service 2003a, pp. 44–47; Service GIS 

satellite imagery). Unit 6 is located in 

Riverside County, south of SR 371 and 

the community of Anza, in the vicinity 

of Tule Peak Road and the southern 

boundary of the Cahuilla Band of 

Indians Tribal lands. This unit includes 

land associated with the Tule Peak 

(core), Southwest Cahuilla (non-core), 

and Silverado (core) occurrence 

complexes described in the recovery 

plan (Service 2003a, p. 79). New 

occurrence information indicates all 

these occurrence complexes are better 

described as a single Tule Peak/ 

Silverado Core Occurrence Complex 

(see Background section above). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, rural 

development, and recreational activity 

(Service 2003 pp. 81; Service GIS 

satellite imagery). In particular, 

recreational activity and rural 

development continue to result in the 

loss of habitat on private land (Reed 

2001, pp. 1–2; TeraCor 2002, p. 7; 

Osborne 2007, p. 9; Service GIS satellite 

imagery). Therefore, the PCEs in this 

unit may require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). In light 

of the recent climatic warming and 

drying trends (see Background and 

Special Management Considerations or 

Protection sections above), prudent 

design of reserves and other managed 

habitats in this unit should include 

landscape connectivity to other habitat 

areas and ecological connectivity 

(linkage between habitat patches joined 

by natural dispersal areas; Service 

2003a, p. 162) with undeveloped lands 

to accommodate range shifts northward 

and upward in elevation (Service 2003a, 

p. 64). 

Land ownership in Unit 6 includes 

BLM, California Department of Fish and 

Game, Cahuilla Band of Indians Tribal 

reservation, and private lands (Table 2). 

The majority of the unit consists of 

privately owned lands not included in 

the MSHCP Conservation Area, but 

within the MSHCP area boundary. We 

are considering excluding 6,105 ac 

(2,471 ha) of private lands within this 

unit from the final revision to 

designated critical habitat under section 

4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas Considered 

For Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act section below). The inclusion of 

Tribal lands in this unit serves to ensure 

the persistence of the Tule Peak/ 

Silverado Core Occurrence Complex 

and will contribute to the conservation 

and recovery of the subspecies overall. 

However, we recognize the importance 

of government-to-government 

relationships with Tribes, and we are 

seeking public comment on the 

appropriateness of the inclusion or the 

exclusion of these lands in the final 

designation of critical habitat (see 

Public Comments section above). 

Unit 7: Bautista 

Unit 7 consists of approximately 

14,014 ac (5,671 ha) of habitat that was 

not within the geographical area 

occupied at the time of listing. This unit 

contains the Bautista Road (now core), 

Pine Meadow (non-core), and Lookout 

Mountain (non-core) occurrence 

complexes as described in the recovery 

plan (Service 2003a, p. 79) and the 

recently described Horse Creek (noncore) Occurrence Complex (see 

Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

As further discussed in the Background 

section, we have determined that the 

Bautista Road Occurrence Complex 

should be considered a core occurrence 

complex, and that habitat connectivity 

to higher elevation occurrence 

complexes is essential for the 

conservation of the subspecies. This 

unit contains all of the features essential 

to the conservation of the subspecies 

(PCEs 1, 2, and 3): dwarf plantain, 

woolly plantain, white snapdragon, 

thread-leaved birds-beak, and purple 

owl’s-clover host plants; nectar sources; 

open, woody-canopy scrublands; and 

hilltops (Service 2003a, pp. 44–47; 

Service GIS database). It is located in 

Riverside County, north of SR 371 and 

the community of Anza. 

Approximately half of the land in 

Unit 7 is within the San Bernardino 

National Forest. Part of the other half of 

the unit, which is outside the San 

Bernardino National Forest, is owned by 

the BLM. The remainder of the unit is 

privately owned (Table 2), and is not 

planned for conservation and 

management under the MSHCP, but is 

within the MSHCP area boundary. We 

are considering excluding 4,371 ac 

(1,769 ha), all of the non-Federal lands 

in this unit, from the final revision to 

designated critical habitat under section 

4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas Considered 

For Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act section below). 

Unit 8: Otay 

Unit 8 consists of approximately 

36,726 ac (14,863 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): dwarf plantain, thread-leaved 

birds-beak, and purple owl’s-clover host 

plants; nectar sources; open, woodycanopy scrublands; and hilltops 

(Service 2003a, pp. 50, 51; Service GIS 

database). Unit 8 is located in San Diego 

County, from the Mexican border north 


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to north of SR 94 in the vicinity of Otay 

Mountain and Otay Lakes. This unit 

includes land associated with the Otay 

Valley (core), West Otay Mountain 

(core), Otay Lakes/Rancho Jamul (core), 

Proctor Valley (non-core), Marron 

Valley (core), Dulzura (non-core), and 

Honey Springs (non-core) occurrence 

complexes as described in the recovery 

plan (Service 2003a, p. 47). New 

occurrence information indicates all 

these occurrence complexes are better 

described as a single Otay Mountain 

Core Occurrence Complex (see 

Background and Summary of Changes 

from Previously Designated Critical 

Habitat sections above). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals, Border 

Patrol activity, development, trash 

dumping, off-road vehicle use, foot 

traffic, other recreational activities 

(Service 2003 p. 84), fire (Service 2003a, 

p. 61), and elevated soil nitrogen levels 

(Service 2003a, pp. 61, 62). Therefore, 

the PCEs in this unit may require 

special management considerations or 

protection to minimize impacts 

resulting from these threats (see Special 

Management Considerations or 

Protection section above for a detailed 

discussion). 

Part of the land in Unit 8 is owned 

and managed by multiple public 

entities, including the BLM, the Service, 

and the California Department of Fish 

and Game (CDFG). However, a large 

portion of this unit remains privately 

owned (Table 2) and is within the San 

Diego County Multiple Species 

Conservation Program (MSCP) area. We 

are considering excluding 1,684 ac (681 

ha) of non-Federal lands within the 

MSCP City of Chula Vista subarea plan 

area in this unit from the final revision 

to designated critical habitat under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act (see Areas 

Considered For Exclusion Under 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act section 

below). 

Unit 9: La Posta/Campo 

Unit 9 consists of approximately 

8,393 ac (3,397 ha) of habitat that was 

not within the geographical area 

occupied at the time of listing. However, 

this unit is now known to be occupied, 

and it contains the recently described La 

Posta/Campo Core Occurrence Complex 

(see Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

We determined the La Posta/Campo 

Core Occurrence Complex to be 

essential to the conservation of the 

subspecies because it is likely to contain 

a resilient source population (see 

Background and Criteria Used to 

Identify Critical Habitat sections above). 

This unit contains all of the features 

essential to the conservation of the 

subspecies (PCEs 1, 2, and 3): White 

snapdragon, thread-leaved birds-beak, 

and purple owl’s-clover host plants; 

nectar sources; open, woody-canopy 

scrublands; and hilltops (PSBS 2005a, p. 

18; 2005b, p. 26; O’Conner 2006, pp. 1–

4, Alfaro and Alfaro 2007, pp. 6–8; 

Service GIS database). 

Unit 9 is located in San Diego County, 

north and south of SR 94, and east of the 

community of Campo. Part of the land 

in Unit 9 is managed by the BLM and 

owned by the U.S. Department of 

Defense; other portions of the unit are 

privately owned and include Campo 

Band of Kumeyaay Indians Tribal lands 

(Table 2). The inclusion of Tribal lands 

in this unit serves to ensure the 

persistence of the La Posta/Campo Core 

Occurrence Complex and will 

contribute to the conservation and 

recovery of the subspecies overall. 

However, we recognize the importance 

of government-to-government 

relationships with Tribes, and we are 

seeking public comment on the 

appropriateness of the inclusion or 

exclusion of these lands in the final 

designation of critical habitat (see 

Public Comments section above). 

Unit 10: Jacumba 

Unit 10 consists of approximately 

2,514 ac (1,017 ha) of habitat that was 

occupied by the subspecies at the time 

of listing and that remains occupied at 

the present time. This unit contains all 

of the features essential to the 

conservation of the subspecies (PCEs 1, 

2, and 3): Dwarf plantain and woolly 

plantain host plants; nectar sources; 

open, woody-canopy scrublands; and 

hilltops (Service 2003a, pp. 52, 54; 

Service GIS database). Unit 10 is located 

in San Diego County, south of Interstate 

8, and north of the community of 

Jacumba. This unit includes land 

associated with the Jacumba Core 

Occurrence Complex. Although it was 

described in the recovery plan as noncore (Service 2003a, p. 52), based on 

new occurrence information we now 

consider this to be a core occurrence 

complex (see Background and Criteria 

Used to Identify Critical Habitat sections 

above). Part of the land in Unit 10 is 

within Anza Borrego Desert State Park, 

but the majority of the unit is privately 

owned (Table 2). 

Habitat in this unit is threatened by 

invasion of nonnative annuals; Border 

Patrol activity; habitat destruction, 

degradation, and fragmentation 

associated with development (O’Rourke 

and Mulligan 2007, p. 2); and off-road 

vehicle use, foot traffic, and other 

recreational uses (Service 2003a, p. 84; 

Service GIS satellite imagery). 

Therefore, the PCEs in this unit may 

require special management 

considerations or protection to 

minimize impacts resulting from these 

threats (see Special Management 

Considerations or Protection section 

above for a detailed discussion). 

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation 

Section 7 Consultation 

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires 

Federal agencies, including the Service, 

to ensure that actions they fund, 

authorize, or carry out are not likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Decisions by the 5th and 9th 

Circuit Courts of Appeals have 

invalidated our definition of 

‘‘destruction or adverse modification’’

(50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot 

Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir 2004) 

and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, et al., 245 F.3d 434, 

442F (5th Cir 2001)), and we do not rely 

on this regulatory definition when 

analyzing whether an action is likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Under the statutory provisions 

of the Act, we determine destruction or 

adverse modification on the basis of 

whether, with implementation of the 

proposed Federal action, the affected 

critical habitat would remain functional 

to serve its intended conservation role 

for the species. 

Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires 

Federal agencies to confer with the 

Service on any action that is likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of a 

species proposed for listing or result in 

destruction or adverse modification of 

proposed critical habitat. This is a 

procedural requirement only, as 

conservation recommendations in a 

conference report or opinion are strictly 

advisory. 

The primary utility of the conference 

procedures is to allow a Federal agency 

to maximize its opportunity to 

adequately consider species proposed 

for listing and proposed critical habitat 

and, if we list the proposed species or 

designate proposed critical habitat, to 

avoid potential delays in implementing 

their proposed action because of the 

section 7(a)(2) compliance process. We 

may conduct conferences either 

informally or formally. We typically use 

informal conferences as a means of 

providing advisory conservation 

recommendations to assist the agency in 

eliminating conflicts that the proposed 

action may cause. We typically use 

formal conferences when we or the 

Federal agency believes the proposed 

action is likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence of the species 


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proposed for listing or adversely modify 

proposed critical habitat. 

We generally provide the results of an 

informal conference in a conference 

report, while we provide the results of 

a formal conference in a conference 

opinion. We typically prepare 

conference opinions on proposed 

species or critical habitat in accordance 

with procedures contained at 50 CFR 

402.14, as if the proposed species were 

already listed or the proposed critical 

habitat was already designated. We may 

adopt the conference opinion as the 

biological opinion when the species is 

listed or the critical habitat is 

designated, if no substantial new 

information or changes in the action 

alter the content of the opinion (see 50 

CFR 402.10(d)). 

If we list a species or designate 

critical habitat, section 7(a)(2) of the Act 

requires Federal agencies to ensure that 

activities they authorize, fund, or carry 

out are not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence of the species or to 

destroy or adversely modify its critical 

habitat. Activities on State, Tribal, local, 

or private lands requiring a Federal 

permit (such as a permit from the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) under 

section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 

U.S.C. 1251, et seq.) or a permit from us 

under section 10 of the Act) or involving 

some other Federal action (such as 

funding from the Federal Highway 

Administration, Federal Aviation 

Administration, or the Federal 

Emergency Management Agency) are 

subject to the section 7(a)(2) 

consultation process. Federal actions 

not affecting listed species or critical 

habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, 

local, or private lands that are not 

federally funded, authorized, or 

permitted, do not require section 7(a)(2) 

consultations. 

If a Federal action may affect a listed 

species or its critical habitat, the 

responsible Federal agency (action 

agency) must enter into consultation 

with us. As a result of this consultation, 

we document compliance with the 

requirements of section 7(a)(2) through 

our issuance of: 

(1) A concurrence letter for Federal 

actions that may affect, but are not 

likely to adversely affect, listed species 

or critical habitat; or 

(2) A biological opinion for Federal 

actions that may affect, and are likely to 

adversely affect, listed species or critical 

habitat. 

When we issue a biological opinion 

concluding that a project is likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of a 

listed species or destroy or adversely 

modify critical habitat, we also provide 

reasonable and prudent alternatives to 

the project, if any are identifiable. We 

define ‘‘Reasonable and prudent 

alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as 

alternative actions identified during 

consultation that: 

• Can be implemented in a manner 

consistent with the intended purpose of 

the action, 

• Can be implemented consistent 

with the scope of the Federal agency’s 

legal authority and jurisdiction, 

• Are economically and 

technologically feasible, and 

• Would, in the Director’s opinion, 

avoid jeopardizing the continued 

existence of the listed species or 

destroying or adversely modifying 

critical habitat. 

Reasonable and prudent alternatives can 

vary from slight project modifications to 

extensive redesign or relocation of the 

project. Costs associated with 

implementing a reasonable and prudent 

alternative are similarly variable. 

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require 

Federal agencies to reinitiate 

consultation on previously reviewed 

actions in instances where we have 

listed a new species or subsequently 

designated critical habitat that may be 

affected and the Federal agency has 

retained discretionary involvement or 

control over the action (or the agency’s 

discretionary involvement or control is 

authorized by law). Consequently, 

Federal agencies may sometimes need to 

request reinitiation of consultation with 

us on actions for which formal 

consultation has been completed, if 

those actions with discretionary 

involvement or control may affect 

subsequently listed species or 

designated critical habitat. 

Application of the ‘‘Adverse 

Modification’’ Standard 

The key factor related to the adverse 

modification determination is whether, 

with implementation of the proposed 

Federal action, the affected critical 

habitat would continue to serve its 

intended conservation role for the 

species. Activities that may destroy or 

adversely modify critical habitat are 

those that alter the PCEs, or other 

conservation role and function of the 

affected designated area, to an extent 

that appreciably reduces the 

conservation value of critical habitat for 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly. 

Generally, the conservation role of 

Quino checkerspot butterfly critical 

habitat units is to support viable core 

area populations. 

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us 

to briefly evaluate and describe, in any 

proposed or final regulation that 

designates critical habitat, activities 

involving a Federal action that may 

destroy or adversely modify such 

habitat, or that may be affected by such 

designation. 

Activities that, when carried out, 

funded, or authorized by a Federal 

agency, may affect critical habitat and 

therefore should result in consultation 

for the Quino checkerspot butterfly 

include, but are not limited to, actions 

that would remove host plants and 

nectar sources, introduce or increase 

invasion rates of invasive nonnative 

exotic plants species, or fragment 

habitat. Such activities could include, 

but are not limited to: 

• Off-road vehicle use; 

• Mechanical soil disturbance; 

• Clearing or grading; 

• Development; and 

• Pesticide use. 

These activities could result in 

reduction or degradation of habitat 

necessary for the growth and 

reproduction of these butterflies and 

their host plants (including reduction or 

preclusion of necessary movement of 

adults between breeding areas), directly 

or cumulatively causing adverse affects 

to Quino checkerspot butterflies and 

their life cycles. 

Federal agencies already consult with 

us on activities in areas currently 

occupied by the species and areas 

currently designated as critical habitat 

to ensure that their actions do not 

jeopardize the continued existence of 

the species or destroy or adversely 

modify designated critical habitat. 

These actions include, but are not 

limited to: 

(1) Regulation of activities affecting 

waters of the United States, including 

vernal pool and other Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat areas in 

watersheds, by the Corps under section 

404 of the Clean Water Act; 

(2) Regulation of grazing, mining, and 

recreation by the BLM, Forest Service, 

or the Service; 

(3) Road construction and 

maintenance, right-of-way designation, 

and regulation of agricultural activities 

on Federal land by BLM, Forest Service, 

DOD, and the Service; 

(4) Regulation of airport improvement 

activities by the Federal Aviation 

Administration jurisdiction; 

(5) Construction of roads and fences 

along the International Border with 

Mexico and immigration enforcement 

activities by the Immigration and 

Naturalization Service/Border Patrol 

that take place in Quino checkerspot 

butterfly habitat; 

(6) Hazard mitigation and post 

disaster repairs funded by the Federal 

Emergency Management Agency; 


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(7) Construction of communication 

sites licensed by the Federal 

Communications Commission; 

(8) Activities funded by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Department of Energy, or any other 

Federal agency; and 

(9) Construction of fire breaks by the 

BLM, Forest Service, Service, or other 

Federal agencies for the maintenance or 

control of fire management and 

suppression activities. 

Exclusions 

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that 

the Secretary must designate or revise 

critical habitat on the basis of the best 

available scientific data after taking into 

consideration the economic impact, 

national security impact, and any other 

relevant impact of specifying any 

particular area as critical habitat. The 

Secretary may exclude an area from 

critical habitat if he determines that the 

benefits of the exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of specifying the area as part of 

the critical habitat, unless he 

determines, based on the best scientific 

data available, that the failure to 

designate the area as critical habitat will 

result in the extinction of the species. In 

making that determination, the 

legislative history is clear that the 

Secretary has broad discretion regarding 

which factors to use and how much 

weight to give to any factor. 

In the following sections, we address 

a number of general issues that are 

relevant to the exclusions we are 

considering. In addition, we are 

conducting an economic analysis of the 

impacts of the proposed critical habitat 

designation and related factors, which 

will be available for public review and 

comment when it is complete. Based on 

public comment on that document and 

the proposed designation itself, as well 

as the information in the final economic 

analysis, the Secretary may exclude 

from critical habitat areas different from 

those identified for possible exclusion 

in this proposed rule under the 

provisions of section 4(b)(2) of the Act, 

up to and including all areas proposed 

for designation. This is also addressed 

in our implementing regulations at 50 

CFR 424.19. 

Benefits of Designating Critical Habitat 

The process of designating critical 

habitat as described in the Act requires 

that the Service identify those lands 

within the geographical area occupied 

by the species at the time of listing on 

which are found the physical or 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of the species that may 

require special management 

considerations or protection, and those 

areas outside the geographical area 

occupied by the species at the time of 

listing that are essential for the 

conservation of the species. In 

identifying those lands, the Service 

must consider the recovery needs of the 

species, such that, on the basis of the 

best scientific and commercial data 

available at the time of designation, the 

habitat that is identified, if protected or 

managed properly, could provide for the 

survival and recovery of the species. 

The identification of those areas that 

are essential for the conservation of the 

species is beneficial. The process of 

proposing and finalizing a critical 

habitat rule provides the Service with 

the opportunity to determine the 

physical and biological features 

essential to the conservation of the 

species within the geographical area 

occupied by the species at the time of 

listing, as well as to determine other 

areas essential for the conservation of 

the species. The designation process 

includes peer review and public 

comment on the areas proposed for 

designation and our rationale for 

including them. This process is valuable 

to land owners and managers in 

developing conservation management 

plans for designated areas, as well as 

any other occupied habitat or suitable 

habitat that may not have been included 

in the Service’s determination of 

essential habitat. 

The consultation provisions under 

section 7(a) of the Act constitute the 

regulatory benefits of critical habitat. As 

discussed above, Federal agencies must 

consult with us on discretionary actions 

that may affect critical habitat and must 

avoid destroying or adversely modifying 

critical habitat. Federal agencies must 

also consult with us on discretionary 

actions that may affect a listed species 

and refrain from undertaking actions 

that are likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence of such species. 

The analysis of effects to critical habitat 

is a separate and different analysis from 

that of the effects to the species. 

Therefore, the difference in outcomes of 

these two analyses represents the 

regulatory benefit of critical habitat. For 

some species, and in some locations, the 

outcome of these analyses will be 

similar, because effects on habitat will 

often result in effects on the species. 

However, the regulatory standard is 

different: The jeopardy analysis looks at 

the action’s impact on survival and 

recovery of the species, while the 

adverse modification analysis looks at 

the action’s effects on the designated 

habitat’s contribution to the species’

conservation. This will, in many 

instances, lead to different results and 

different regulatory requirements. Thus, 

critical habitat designations may 

provide greater regulatory benefits to the 

recovery of a species than would listing 

alone. 

There are two limitations to the 

regulatory effect of critical habitat. First, 

a section 7(a)(2) consultation is required 

only where there is a Federal nexus (an 

action authorized, funded, or carried out 

by any Federal agency)—if there is no 

Federal nexus, the critical habitat 

designation of private lands itself does 

not restrict any actions that destroy or 

adversely modify critical habitat. 

Second, the designation only limits 

destruction or adverse modification. By 

its nature, the prohibition on adverse 

modification is designed to ensure that 

the conservation role and function of 

those areas that contain the physical or 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of the species or of 

unoccupied areas that are essential for 

the conservation of the species is not 

appreciably reduced. Critical habitat 

designation alone, however, does not 

require property owners to undertake 

affirmative actions to promote the 

recovery of the species. 

Once an agency determines that 

consultation under section 7(a)(2) of the 

Act is necessary, the process may 

conclude informally when we concur in 

writing that the proposed Federal action 

is not likely to adversely affect critical 

habitat. However, if we determine 

through informal consultation that 

adverse impacts are likely to occur, then 

we would initiate formal consultation, 

which would conclude when we issue 

a biological opinion on whether the 

proposed Federal action is likely to 

result in destruction or adverse 

modification of critical habitat. 

If in a biological opinion we conclude 

that an action will result in destruction 

of adverse modification of critical 

habitat, we suggest reasonable and 

prudent alternatives to the proposed 

Federal action, if any are identifiable. If 

we conclude that an action will not 

result in destruction or adverse 

modification, the biological opinion 

may contain discretionary conservation 

recommendations to minimize adverse 

effects to, or provide a benefit to, critical 

habitat, but it would not contain any 

mandatory reasonable and prudent 

measures or terms and conditions 

directly related to critical habitat. 

As stated above, the designation of 

critical habitat does not require that any 

management or recovery actions take 

place on the lands included in the 

designation. Even in cases where 

consultation has been initiated under 

section 7(a)(2) of the Act, the end result 


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of consultation is to avoid adverse 

modification of critical habitat, but not 

specifically to manage critical habitat or 

institute recovery actions on critical 

habitat. Conversely, voluntary 

conservation efforts implemented 

through management plans may 

institute proactive actions over the 

lands they encompass and are often put 

in place to remove or reduce known 

threats to a species or its habitat (i.e., 

implementing recovery actions). We 

believe that in many instances the 

benefit to a species and/or its habitat 

realized through the designation of 

critical habitat is low when compared to 

the conservation benefit that can be 

achieved through voluntary 

conservation efforts. 

For example, the conservation 

achieved through implementing habitat 

conservation plans (HCPs) or other 

habitat management plans can be greater 

than what we achieve through multiple 

site-by-site, project-by-project, section 

7(a)(2) consultations involving 

consideration of critical habitat. 

Management plans may commit 

resources to implement long-term 

management and protection to 

particular habitat for at least one and 

possibly additional listed or sensitive 

species. Section 7(a)(2) consultations 

commit Federal agencies to preventing 

adverse modification of critical habitat 

caused by the particular project only, 

and not to providing conservation or 

long-term benefits to areas not affected 

by the proposed project. Thus, 

implementation of any HCP or 

management plan that considers 

enhancement or recovery as the 

management standard will often provide 

as much or more benefit than a 

consultation for critical habitat 

designation. 

Another benefit of including lands in 

critical habitat is that designation of 

critical habitat serves to educate 

landowners, State and local 

governments, and the public regarding 

the potential conservation value of an 

area. This helps focus and promote 

conservation efforts by other parties by 

clearly delineating areas of high 

conservation value for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly. In general, critical 

habitat designation always has 

educational benefits; however, in some 

cases, they may be redundant with other 

educational effects. For example, HCPs 

have significant public input and may 

largely duplicate the educational 

benefits of a critical habitat designation. 

Including lands in critical habitat also 

would inform State agencies and local 

governments about areas that could be 

conserved under State laws or local 

ordinances. 

The information provided in this 

section applies to all the following 

discussions that discuss the benefits of 

inclusion and exclusion of critical 

habitat. 

Conservation Partnerships on NonFederal Lands 

Most federally listed species in the 

United States will not recover without 

cooperation of non-Federal landowners. 

More than 60 percent of the United 

States is privately owned (National 

Wilderness Institute 1995), and at least 

80 percent of endangered or threatened 

species occur either partially or solely 

on private lands (Crouse, et al. 2002). 

Stein, et al. (1995) found that only about 

12 percent of listed species were found 

almost exclusively on Federal lands (90 

to 100 percent of their known 

occurrences restricted to Federal lands) 

and that 50 percent of federally listed 

species are not known to occur on 

Federal lands at all. 

Given the distribution of listed 

species with respect to land ownership, 

conservation of listed species in many 

parts of the United States is dependent 

upon working partnerships with a wide 

variety of entities and the voluntary 

cooperation of many non-Federal 

landowners (Wilcove and Chen 1998; 

Crouse, et al. 2002; James 2002). 

Building partnerships and promoting 

voluntary cooperation of landowners are 

essential to our understanding the status 

of species on non-Federal lands, and 

necessary for us to implement recovery 

actions such as reintroducing listed 

species and restoring and protecting 

habitat. 

Many non-Federal landowners derive 

satisfaction from contributing to 

endangered species recovery. We 

promote these private-sector efforts 

through the Department of the Interior’s 

Cooperative Conservation philosophy. 

Conservation agreements with nonFederal landowners (HCPs, safe harbor 

agreements, other conservation 

agreements, easements, and State and 

local regulations) enhance species 

conservation by extending species’

protections beyond those available 

through section 7 consultations. In the 

past decade, we have encouraged nonFederal landowners to enter into 

conservation agreements, based on the 

view that we can achieve greater species 

conservation on non-Federal land 

through such partnerships than we can 

through regulatory methods (61 FR 

63854; December 2, 1996). 

Many private landowners, however, 

are wary of the possible consequences of 

attracting endangered species to their 

property. Mounting evidence suggests 

that some regulatory actions by the 

Federal Government, while wellintentioned and required by law, can 

(under certain circumstances) have 

unintended negative consequences for 

the conservation of species on private 

lands (Wilcove, et al. 1996; Bean 2002; 

Conner and Mathews 2002; James 2002; 

Koch 2002; Brook, et al. 2003). Many 

landowners fear a decline in their 

property value due to real or perceived 

restrictions on land-use options where 

threatened or endangered species are 

found. Consequently, harboring 

endangered species is viewed by many 

landowners as a liability. This 

perception results in anti-conservation 

incentives, because maintaining habitats 

that harbor endangered species 

represents a risk to future economic 

opportunities (Main, et al. 1999; Brook, 

et al. 2003). 

According to some researchers, the 

designation of critical habitat on private 

lands significantly reduces the 

likelihood that landowners will support 

and carry out conservation actions 

(Main, et al. 1999; Bean 2002; Brook, et 

al. 2003). The magnitude of this 

outcome is greatly amplified in 

situations where active management 

measures (such as reintroduction, fire 

management, control of invasive 

species) are necessary for species 

conservation (Bean 2002). We believe 

that the judicious exclusion of specific 

areas of non-federally owned lands from 

critical habitat designations can 

contribute to species recovery and 

provide a superior level of conservation. 

The purpose of designating critical 

habitat is to contribute to the 

conservation of threatened and 

endangered species and the ecosystems 

upon which they depend. The outcome 

of the designation, triggering regulatory 

requirements for actions funded, 

authorized, or carried out by Federal 

agencies under section 7(a)(2) of the 

Act, can sometimes be 

counterproductive to its intended 

purpose on non-Federal lands. Thus the 

benefits of excluding areas that are 

covered by effective partnerships or 

voluntary conservation commitments 

can often be high. 

Benefits of Excluding Lands With 

Approved Management Plans 

Potential benefits of excluding lands 

within approved long-term management 

plans from critical habitat designation 

include relieving landowners, 

communities, and counties of any 

additional regulatory burden that might 

be imposed by critical habitat. Imposing 

an additional regulatory review as a 

result of the designation of critical 

habitat may undermine conservation 

efforts and partnerships in many areas. 


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Designation of critical habitat within the 

boundaries of management plans that 

provide conservation measures for a 

species could be viewed as a 

disincentive to entities currently 

developing these plans or contemplating 

them in the future, because one of the 

incentives for undertaking conservation 

is greater ease of permitting where listed 

species will be affected. Addition of 

new regulatory requirements within 

approved long-term management plans 

would remove a significant incentive for 

others to undertake the time and 

expense of management planning. 

A related benefit of excluding lands 

within management plans from critical 

habitat designation is the unhindered, 

continued ability it gives us to seek new 

partnerships with future plan 

participants, including States, counties, 

local jurisdictions, conservation 

organizations, and private landowners, 

which together can implement 

conservation actions that we would be 

unable to accomplish otherwise. 

Designating lands within approved 

management plan areas as critical 

habitat would likely have a negative 

effect on our ability to establish new 

partnerships to develop these plans, 

particularly plans that address 

landscape-level conservation of species 

and habitats. By excluding lands with 

approved long-term management plans, 

we preserve our current partnerships 

and encourage additional management 

plans and other conservation actions in 

the future. 

The information provided in the 

previous section applies to all the 

following discussions of benefits of 

inclusion or exclusion of critical habitat. 

Areas Considered for Exclusion Under 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act 

After considering the following areas 

under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we are 

considering excluding, under section 

4(b)(2) of the Act, all 1,684 ac (681 ha) 

of non-Federal lands within the San 

Diego County Multiple Species Program 

(MSCP, a habitat conservation plan) City 

of Chula Vista Subarea Plan area from 

the revised critical habitat designation 

for the Quino checkerspot butterfly (see 

Figure 1 below), and 37,245 ac (15,073 

ha) of non-Federal lands within the 

Multiple Species Habitat Conservation 

Plan area in western Riverside County. 

In the paragraphs below, we provide 

further discussion of our potential 

exclusion of these lands under section 

4(b)(2) of the Act. We are providing the 

following information for public review, 

and specifically soliciting comments on 

the appropriateness of including or 

excluding these lands from the final 

critical habitat designation (see Public 

Comment section above). 

Habitat Conservation Plan Lands—

Exclusions Under Section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act 

Under section 4(b)(2), when 

considering an area covered by a current 

plan (HCPs, as well as other types of 

conservation plans), we take into 

consideration a number of factors 

including: 

(1) Whether the plan is complete and 

provides protection from adverse 

modification or destruction; 

(2) Whether there is a reasonable 

expectation that the conservation 

management strategies and actions will 

be implemented for the foreseeable 

future, based on past practices, written 

guidance, or regulations; and 

(3) Whether the plan provides 

conservation strategies and measures 

consistent with currently accepted 

principles of conservation biology. 

We also consider preserving 

partnerships and encouraging additional 

HCPs and other conservation actions in 

the future. 

San Diego County Multiple Species 

Conservation Program Habitat 

Conservation Plan (MSCP) 

In southwestern San Diego County, 

the MSCP effort encompasses more than 

582,000 ac (236,000 ha) and anticipates 

the participation of 12 jurisdictions. 

Under the broad umbrella of the MSCP, 

each of the 12 participating jurisdictions 

prepares a subarea plan that implements 

the goals of the MSCP within that 

particular jurisdiction. We consult on 

each subarea plan under section 7 of the 

Act to ensure they are consistent with 

the aims of the MSCP. The MSCP 

provides for the establishment, over a 50 

year period, of approximately 171,000 

ac (69,200 ha) of preserve areas to 

provide conservation benefits to 85 

federally listed and sensitive species. 

Although not a covered species under 

the umbrella of the MSCP, the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly is a covered 

species under the City of Chula Vista 

Subarea Plan, which provides for the 

long-term conservation of this 

subspecies. 

MSCP City of Chula Vista Subarea Plan 

We approved the City of Chula Vista’s 

Subarea Plan, covering approximately 

58,000 ac (23,472 ha) under the City’s 

jurisdiction, through an incidental take 

permit issued on January 12, 2005. This 

subarea plan was prepared with the 

intent to meet the following goals: (1) To 

conserve covered species (including the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly) and their 

habitats through the conservation of 

interconnected significant habitat cores 

and linkages; (2) to delineate and 

assemble a preserve using a variety of 

techniques including public acquisition, 

on- and off-site mitigation, and land use 

regulations; (3) to provide a preserve 

management program that, together with 

Federal and State management 

activities, will be carried out over the 

long term, further ensuring the 

conservation of covered species; (4) to 

provide necessary funding for a preserve 

management program and biological 

monitoring of the preserve; and (5) to 

reduce or eliminate redundant Federal, 

State and local natural resource 

regulatory and environmental review of 

individual projects by obtaining Federal 

and State take authorizations for 86 

species (Chula Vista Plan 2003, Section 

1, p. 2). 

The City of Chula Vista developed a 

conservation program for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly as part of the 

subarea plan. The city has begun 

implementing conservation measures 

for the Quino checkerspot butterfly that 

minimize and mitigate the impacts of 

take of the subspecies in its jurisdiction 

and contribute to the long-term 

conservation and recovery of the 

subspecies through the following 

actions detailed in the City of Chula 

Vista Subarea Plan, including: (1) 

Preserving the area located within the 

2002 final critical habitat designation 

for the Quino checkerspot butterfly (67 

FR 18356); (2) maintaining connectivity 

along key habitat linkages within the 

City’s boundaries; (3) managing the 

preserve for the benefit of the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly (and other covered 

species); (4) restoring/enhancing Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat; and (5) 

minimizing project impacts to the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly (Chula 

Vista Subarea Plan 2003, Section 4, p. 

41). 

The City of Chula Vista will conserve 

and manage all properties dedicated to 

their preserve system, including 1,548 

ac (626 ha) or approximately 92 percent 

of the 1,684 ac (681 ha) of proposed 

revised critical habitat in Unit 8 (Otay 

Unit) within the plan area. This 

subspecies will benefit from the system 

of large, interconnected blocks of habitat 

that the City of Chula Vista Subarea 

Plan will establish and preserve in 

perpetuity (Service 2003b, p. 70). Land 

within the habitat preserve will be 

managed and maintained in accordance 

with specific management objectives as 

follows: (1) To ensure the long-term 

viability and sustainability of native 

ecosystem function and natural 

processes throughout the preserve; (2) to 

protect existing and restored biological 

resources from intense or disturbing 


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activities within the preserve while 

accommodating compatible uses; (3) to 

enhance and restore, where feasible, 

appropriate native plant associations 

and wildlife connections to adjoining 

habitat to provide viable wildlife and 

sensitive species habitat; (4) to facilitate 

monitoring of selected target species, 

habitats, and linkages to ensure longterm persistence of viable populations 

of priority plant and animal species 

(including the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly); and (5) to ensure functional 

habitats and linkages for those species 

(Service 2003b, p. 18). The preserve will 

be adaptively managed, according to the 

measures included in the City of Chula 

Vista Subarea Plan and the MSCP, 

which will further reduce indirect 

effects and benefit the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly (Service 2003b, p. 

70). 

The Quino checkerspot butterfly is 

threatened primarily by urban and 

agricultural development, invasion of 

nonnative plant species, off-road vehicle 

use, grazing, and fire management 

practices (67 FR 18356, April 15, 2002). 

As described above, the MSCP and the 

approved City of Chula Vista Subarea 

Plan will enhance Quino checkerspot 

butterfly habitat by removing or 

reducing threats to this subspecies and 

its PCEs. The City of Chula Vista 

Subarea Plan has already preserved 

approximately 922 ac (373 ha) of habitat 

within the 1,684 ac (681 ha) of plan area 

that includes proposed revised critical 

habitat. The City of Chula Vista will not 

permit development within the ‘‘Habitat 

Preserve 100 Percent Conservation 

Area’’ (planned preserve) unless a 

Boundary Adjustment or HCP 

Amendment is approved by the Service. 

Therefore, although not all lands 

identified for preservation and 

management have been officially 

dedicated to the preserve system, 922 ac 

(373 ha) have, and we believe the 626 

additional acres (253 ha) of proposed 

revised critical habitat identified for 

preservation and management are 

assured conservation under the City of 

Chula Vista Subarea Plan. Furthermore, 

of the remaining 164 ac (66 ha) of 

proposed revised critical habitat not 

identified for preservation and 

management, 28 ac (11 ha) have already 

been acquired for conservation under 

the HCP and are managed by the City of 

Chula Vista. The final 136 ac (55 ha) of 

critical habitat (8 percent of all 

proposed revised critical habitat under 

this HCP) are not currently planned for 

conservation; however, additional 

conservation would be required under 

the California Environmental Quality 

Act (CEQA) and the City of Chula Vista 

Subarea Plan if these areas were 

proposed for development in the future. 

We are therefore considering 

excluding approximately 1,684 ac (681 

ha) of non-Federal lands from final 

critical habitat designation for this 

subspecies within proposed Unit 8 

(Otay) (see Table 3 and Figure 1 below). 

′ 

Table 3 below provides approximate 

areas (ac, ha) of lands in Unit 8 that 

meet the definition of critical habitat but 

that we are considering excluding from 

the final critical habitat rule. Figure 1 is 

a map of the lands in Unit 8 that we are 

considering excluding from the final 

critical habitat rule. 

TABLE 3.—AREAS BEING CONSIDERED FOR EXCLUSION WITHIN PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT 8 

Geographic area: Unit 8 

(Otay unit) 

Areas meeting the 

definition of critical 

habitat in acres 

(hectares) 

Areas considered 

for exclusion in 

acres 

(hectares) 

BLM ............................................................................................................................................................ 7,663 (3,101) 0

CDFG ......................................................................................................................................................... 6,361 (2,574) 0

USFWS ...................................................................................................................................................... 405 (164) 0

Local .......................................................................................................................................................... 4,427 (1792) 721 (292) 

State ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 (17) 3 (1) 

DOD ........................................................................................................................................................... 109 (44) 0

Private ........................................................................................................................................................ 17,718 (7170) 960 (388) 

Total .................................................................................................................................................... 36,726 (14,863) 1,684 (681)

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Western Riverside County Multiple 

Species Habitat Conservation Plan 

(MSHCP) 

The MSHCP is a large-scale, multijurisdictional habitat conservation plan 

(HCP) encompassing 1.26 million ac 

(510,000 ha) in western Riverside 

County. The MSHCP addresses 146 

listed and unlisted ‘‘covered species,’’

including the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly. Participants in the MSHCP 

include 14 cities in western Riverside 

County; the County of Riverside, 

including the Riverside County Flood 

Control and Water Conservation Agency 

(County Flood Control), Riverside 

County Transportation Commission, 

Riverside County Parks and Open Space 

District (County Parks), and Riverside 

County Waste Department; California 

Department of Parks and Recreation 

(State Parks); and the California 

Department of Transportation (Caltrans). 

The MSHCP was designed to establish 

a multi-species conservation program 

that minimizes and mitigates the 

expected loss of habitat and associated 

incidental take of covered species. On 

June 22, 2004, the Service issued an 

incidental take permit (TE–088609–0) 

under section 10(a)(1)(B) of the Act to 

22 permittees under the MSHCP for a 

period of 75 years. 

The MSHCP requires establishment of 

approximately 153,000 ac (61,916 ha) of 

new conservation lands (Additional 

Reserve Lands) to complement the 

approximate 347,000 ac (140,426 ha) of 

pre-existing natural and open space 

areas defined by the MSHCP as Public/ 

Quasi-Public (PQP) lands. These PQP 

lands include those under Federal 

ownership, primarily managed by the 

U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and BLM, 

and also permittee-owned open-space 

areas, primarily managed by State and 

County Parks. Collectively, the 

Additional Reserve Lands and PQP 

lands form the overall MSHCP 

Conservation Area. The configuration of 

the 153,000 ac (61,916 ha) of Additional 

Reserve Lands is not mapped or 

precisely identified in the MSHCP, but 

rather is based on textual descriptions 

within the bounds of a 310,000-ac 

(125,453-ha) Criteria Area interpreted as 

implementation of the MSHCP takes 

place. Units 1–7 of proposed revised 

critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly are located within 

the MSHCP Plan Area. 

Quino checkerspot butterfly 

conservation measures under the 

MSHCP include protection of at least 

67,493 ac (27,314 ha) of suitable 

conserved habitat mosaic within 7 

‘‘Core Areas’’ (not to be confused with 

‘‘core occurrence complexes’’) and 12 

satellite locations within the overall 

MSHCP Conservation Area. This acreage 

goal will be provided through private 

lands within the Criteria Area that are 

targeted for inclusion within the 

MSHCP Conservation Area as 

Additional Reserve Lands and through 

coordinated management of PQP lands. 

To date, 28 percent (10,349 ac (4,188 

ha)) of non-federal land within the 

proposed revision to critical habitat are 

within pre-existing PQP, or have been 

acquired for conservation and 

management. While 48 percent (17,686 

ac (7,157 ha)) of the privately-owned 

acreage within proposed Units 1–7 are 

within the bounds of the original textual 

descriptions of anticipated Additional 

Reserve Lands (i.e., the ‘‘Conceptual 

Reserve Design’’ targeted for 

conservation), 14 percent (5,301 ac 

(2,145 ha)) are outside PQP lands and 

the Conceptual Reserve Design (not 

conserved or targeted for conservation), 

but still within the Criteria Area 

(possible conservation under MSHCP). 

Within the Criteria Area, the MSHCP 

allows for adjustments to be made in the 

final configuration of the Additional 

Reserve Lands. Thus, areas of proposed 

revised critical habitat within the 

Criteria Area but outside the Conceptual 

Reserve Design may still be included as 

Additional Reserve Lands under the 

MSHCP. 

In particular, 2,819 ac (951 ha) of 

private land north of Tule Peak road 

within proposed Unit 6 (Tule Peak) are 

not included in PQP or the Conceptual 

Reserve Design. However, all non-Tribal 

portions of proposed Unit 6 (3,614 ac 

(1,463 ha)) fall within the MSHCP 

Criteria Area, and Condition 12 of the 

Special Terms and Conditions for 

Incidental Take Permit TE–088609–0, 

requires the Regional Conservation 

Authority to ‘‘work to conserve the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly within the 

[Tule Peak/Silverado Core Occurrence 

Complex] and, if necessary, to use the 

Criteria Refinement Process to achieve 

this conservation’’ (Service 2004a, p. 2). 

Thus, the issued incidental take permit 

requires, and the MSHCP provides a 

mechanism for, permittees to achieve 

additional conservation outside of the 

MSHCP Conservation Area in proposed 

Unit 6. 

In addition, we have identified 

approximately 3,506 ac (1,418 ha) of 

privately-owned land in proposed Unit 

7 (Bautista) (approximately 25 percent 

of Unit 7) and 385 ac (156 ha) in 

proposed Unit 2 (Skinner/Johnson) 

(approximately 3 percent of the Unit 2) 

that fall completely outside of the 

Criteria Area where future projects 

consistent with the policies and 

guidelines of the MSHCP may be 

approved for development. These areas 

comprise approximately 10 percent 

(3,891 ac (1,575 ha)) of proposed revised 

critical habitat considered for exclusion 

under the MSHCP. However, the acreage 

outside the Criteria Area in proposed 

Unit 2 is located at the outer edge of the 

core complexes and is approximately 

one percent of proposed revised critical 

habitat considered for exclusion. 

Further, threats to the subspecies within 

private lands in proposed Unit 7 appear 

lower relative to other areas where 

development is permitted under the 

MSHCP, and all private land in this area 

is designated as Rural Mountainous 

under the MSHCP (a minimum lot size 

of 10 ac (4 ha) and limited animal 

keeping and agricultural uses allowed; 

Dudek 2003, Vol. 1, p. xii). The Service 

will work to fund and facilitate 

conservation of additional Quino 

checkerspot butterfly habitat that would 

not otherwise be conserved under the 

MSHCP in proposed Unit 2 (Skinner/ 

Johnson) and proposed Unit 7 

(Bautista). If our interpretation of 

MSHCP-derived habitat conservation in 

these units is not correct or future 

habitat conservation is determined to be 

insufficient to protect the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly, we intend to 

include in the final revised critical 

habitat designation all or part of the 

3,506 ac (1,418 ha) of privately-owned 

land in proposed Unit 7 (Bautista) and 

385 ac (156 ha) in proposed Unit 2 

(Skinner/Johnson) considered for 

exclusion. 

In addition to habitat conservation for 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly, the 

distribution of the subspecies within the 

MSHCP Conservation Area will be 

documented through annual surveys 

verifying continued occupancy at a 

minimum of 75 percent of the known 

locations, and an adaptive management 

program will be implemented to 

maintain and/or enhance habitat to 

increase its value for, and the viability 

of, the Quino checkerspot butterfly 

(Dudek 2003, Volume I, Section 9, Table 

9–2, pp. 9–28, 9–29). These ‘‘known 

locations’’ include all core occurrence 

complexes within the MSHCP 

Conservation Area proposed as revised 

critical habitat, as well as other 

occupied areas we have not included in 

our proposed revised designation. 

Further management actions include, 

but are not limited to, minimization of 

threats such as nonnative species 

invasion, farming, grazing, off-road 

vehicles, human collection, and other 

specific threats to the subspecies 

(Service 2004b, p. 281). We anticipate 

that monitoring and management will 


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ensure continued occupancy of all core 

occurrence complexes. 

The Quino checkerspot butterfly is 

threatened primarily by urban and 

agricultural development, nonnative 

plant species invasion, off-road vehicle 

use, grazing, and fire management 

practices (67 FR 18356, April 15, 2002). 

As described above, the MSHCP 

provides enhancement of habitat by 

removing or reducing threats to this 

subspecies and the PCEs. This MSHCP 

preserves habitat that supports 

identified core populations of this 

subspecies and therefore may provide 

for recovery of this subspecies in the 

MSHCP area. 

The habitat conservation goals, 

avoidance and minimization measures, 

and adaptive management program for 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly (and its 

PCEs) provided by the Western 

Riverside County MSHCP may exceed 

any conservation value provided as a 

result of regulatory protections that have 

been or may be afforded through critical 

habitat designation. We are considering 

exclusion of approximately 37,245 

(15,073) of permittee-owned PQP and 

private lands from revised critical 

habitat designation within proposed 

Units 1–7 (Warm Springs Creek, 

Skinner/Johnson, Sage, Wilson Valley, 

Vail Lake/Oak Mountain, Tule Peak, 

and Bautista) under section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act. Lands within these areas 

considered for exclusion are owned by 

or fall within the jurisdiction of MSHCP 

permittees. Projects in these areas 

conducted or approved by MSHCP 

permittees are subject to the 

conservation requirements of the 

MSHCP. Table 4 below provides 

approximate areas (ac, ha) of lands in 

Units 1–7 that meet the definition of 

critical habitat but that we are 

considering excluding from the final 

critical habitat rule, and Figure 2 is a 

map of the lands in Units 1–7 covered 

by the MSHCP that we are considering 

excluding from the final critical habitat 

rule. 

TABLE 4.—AREAS BEING CONSIDERED FOR EXCLUSION WITHIN PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS 1–7 

Geographic area: Units 1–7 

Areas meeting the 

definition of critical 

habitat in acres 

(hectares) 

Areas considered 

for exclusion in 

acres 

(hectares) 

BLM .......................................................................................................................................................... 3,074 (1,244) 0

CDFG ....................................................................................................................................................... 929 (376) 929 (376) 

USFS ....................................................................................................................................................... 9,314 (3,769) 0

Local ........................................................................................................................................................ 3,312 (1,340) 3,312 (1,340) 

State ......................................................................................................................................................... 74 (30) 74 (30) 

Tribal ........................................................................................................................................................ 1,203 (487) 0

Private ...................................................................................................................................................... 32,930 (13,326) 32,930 (13,326) 

Total .................................................................................................................................................. 50,836 (20,573) 37,245 (15,073) 

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Economic Analysis 

We are preparing an analysis of the 

economic impacts of this proposed 

revision to critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly. We will announce 

the availability of the draft economic 

analysis as soon as it is completed, at 

which time we will seek public review 

and comment. At that time, copies of 

the draft economic analysis will be 

available for downloading from the 

Internet at http://www.regulations.gov, 

or by contacting the Carlsbad Fish and 

Wildlife Office directly (see ADDRESSES

section). We may exclude areas from the 

final rule based on the information in 

the economic analysis. 

Peer Review 

In accordance with our joint policy 

published in the Federal Register on 

July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are 

obtaining the expert opinions of at least 

three appropriate independent 

specialists regarding this proposed rule. 

The purpose of peer review is to ensure 

that our critical habitat designation is 

based on scientifically sound data, 

assumptions, and analyses. We have 

invited these peer reviewers to comment 

during this public comment period on 

our specific assumptions and 

conclusions in this proposed revised 

designation of critical habitat. 

We will consider all comments and 

information we receive during the 

comment period on this proposed rule 

during our preparation of a final 

determination. Accordingly, our final 

decision may differ from this proposal. 

Public Hearings 

The Act provides for one or more 

public hearings on this proposal, if we 

receive any requests for hearings. We 

must receive your request for a public 

hearing within 45 days after the date of 

this Federal Register publication. Send 

your request to the person named in the 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

section. We will schedule public 

hearings on this proposal, if any are 

requested, and announce the dates, 

times, and places of those hearings, as 

well as how to obtain reasonable 

accommodations, in the Federal 

Register and local newspapers at least 

15 days before the first hearing. 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

In accordance with Executive Order 

(E.O.) 12866, this document is a 

significant rule in that it may raise novel 

legal and policy issues, but we do not 

anticipate that it will have an annual 

effect on the economy of $100 million 

or more or to affect the economy in a 

material way. To determine the 

economic consequences of designating 

the specific area as critical habitat, we 

are preparing a draft economic analysis 

of this proposed action, which will be 

available for public comment. This 

economic analysis also will be used to 

determine compliance with E.O. 12866, 

the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act, E.O. 12630, and E.O. 

13211. Due to the tight timeline for 

publication in the Federal Register, the 

Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) has not formally reviewed this 

rule. 

Further, E.O. 12866 directs Federal 

agencies promulgating regulations to 

evaluate regulatory alternatives (OMB 

Circular A–4, September 17, 2003). 

Under Circular A–4, once an agency 

determines that the Federal regulatory 

action is appropriate, the agency must 

consider alternative regulatory 

approaches. Because the determination 

of critical habitat is a statutory 

requirement under the Act, we must 

evaluate alternative regulatory 

approaches, where feasible, when 

promulgating a designation of critical 

habitat. 

In developing our designations of 

critical habitat, we consider economic 

impacts, impacts to national security, 

and other relevant impacts under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Based on the 

discretion allowable under this 

provision, we may exclude any 

particular area from the designation of 

critical habitat providing that the 

benefits of such exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of specifying the area as critical 

habitat and that such exclusion would 

not result in the extinction of the 

species. As such, we believe that the 

evaluation of the inclusion or exclusion 

of particular areas, or a combination of 

both, constitutes our regulatory 

alternative analysis for designations. 

We will announce the availability of 

the draft economic analysis in the 

Federal Register and in local 

newspapers so that it is available for 

public review and comments. The draft 

economic analysis will also be available 

on the Internet at http:// 

www.regulations.gov or at the Carlsbad 

Fish and Wildlife Office (see 

ADDRESSES). 

Regulatory Flexibility Act 

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601, et seq., as amended 

by the Small Business Regulatory 

Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 

1996), whenever an agency must 

publish a notice of rulemaking for any 

proposed or final rule, it must prepare 

and make available for public comment 

a regulatory flexibility analysis that 

describes the effects of the rule on small 

entities (small businesses, small 

organizations, and small government 

jurisdictions). However, no regulatory 

flexibility analysis is required if the 

head of the agency certifies the rule will 

not have a significant economic impact 

on a substantial number of small 

entities. SBREFA amended RFA to 

require Federal agencies to provide a 

statement of the factual basis for 

certifying that the rule will not have a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

At this time, we lack the available 

economic information necessary to 

provide an adequate factual basis for the 

required RFA finding. Therefore, we 

defer the RFA finding until completion 

of the draft economic analysis prepared 

under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and E.O. 

12866. This draft economic analysis will 

provide the required factual basis for the 

RFA finding. Upon completion of the 

draft economic analysis, we will 

announce availability of the draft 

economic analysis of the proposed 

designation in the Federal Register and 

reopen the public comment period for 

the proposed designation. We will 

include with this announcement, as 

appropriate, an initial regulatory 

flexibility analysis or a certification that 

the rule will not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities accompanied 

by the factual basis for that 

determination. We have concluded that 

deferring the RFA finding until 

completion of the draft economic 

analysis is necessary to meet the 

purposes and requirements of the RFA. 

Deferring the RFA finding in this 

manner will ensure that we make a 

sufficiently informed determination 

based on adequate economic 

information and provide the necessary 

opportunity for public comment. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

In accordance with the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501, et 

seq.), we make the following findings: 

(a) This rule will not produce a 

Federal mandate. In general, a Federal 

mandate is a provision in legislation, 

statute, or regulation that would impose 

an enforceable duty upon State, local, or 

Tribal governments, or the private 

sector, and includes both ‘‘Federal 

intergovernmental mandates’’ and 

‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’

These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 

658(5)–(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental 

mandate’’ includes a regulation that 

‘‘would impose an enforceable duty 

upon State, local, or [T]ribal 

governments’’ with two exceptions. It 

excludes ‘‘a condition of Federal 

assistance.’’ It also excludes ‘‘a duty 


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arising from participation in a voluntary 

Federal program,’’ unless the regulation 

‘‘relates to a then-existing Federal 

program under which $500,000,000 or 

more is provided annually to State, 

local, and [T]ribal governments under 

entitlement authority,’’ if the provision 

would ‘‘increase the stringency of 

conditions of assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps 

upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal 

Government’s responsibility to provide 

funding,’’ and the State, local, or Tribal 

governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust 

accordingly. At the time of enactment, 

these entitlement programs were: 

Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child 

Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services 

Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation 

State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption 

Assistance, and Independent Living; 

Family Support Welfare Services; and 

Child Support Enforcement. ‘‘Federal 

private sector mandate’’ includes a 

regulation that ‘‘would impose an 

enforceable duty upon the private 

sector, except (i) a condition of Federal 

assistance or (ii) a duty arising from 

participation in a voluntary Federal 

program.’’

The designation of critical habitat 

does not impose a legally binding duty 

on non-Federal Government entities or 

private parties. Under the Act, the only 

regulatory effect is that Federal agencies 

must ensure that their actions do not 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat under section 7. While nonFederal entities that receive Federal 

funding, assistance, or permits, or that 

otherwise require approval or 

authorization from a Federal agency for 

an action, may be indirectly impacted 

by the designation of critical habitat, the 

legally binding duty to avoid 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat rests squarely on the 

Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 

extent that non-Federal entities are 

indirectly impacted because they 

receive Federal assistance or participate 

in a voluntary Federal aid program, the 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would 

not apply, nor would critical habitat 

shift the costs of the large entitlement 

programs listed above onto State 

governments. 

(b) We do not believe that this rule 

will significantly or uniquely affect 

small governments because small 

governments will be affected only to the 

extent that any programs having Federal 

funds, permits, or other authorized 

activities must ensure that their actions 

will not adversely affect the critical 

habitat. Therefore, a Small Government 

Agency Plan is not required. However, 

as we conduct our economic analysis, 

we will further evaluate this issue and 

revise this assessment if appropriate. 

Furthermore, in accordance with the 

President’s memorandum of April 29, 

1994, Government-to-Government 

Relations with Native American Tribal 

Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, 

and the Department of the Interior’s 

manual at 512 DM 2, we acknowledge 

our responsibility to communicate 

meaningfully with recognized Federal 

Tribes on a government-to-government 

basis and are currently coordinating 

with affected tribes regarding this 

proposed critical habitat designation. 

See the Government-to-Government 

Relationship with Tribes Section below. 

Takings 

In accordance with E.O. 12630 

(‘‘Government Actions and Interference 

with Constitutionally Protected Private 

Property Rights’’), we have analyzed the 

potential takings implications of 

designating revised critical habitat for 

the Quino checkerspot butterfly in a 

takings implications assessment. The 

takings implications assessment 

concludes that this designation of 

revised critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly does not pose 

significant takings implications for 

lands within or affected by the revised 

designation. 

Federalism 

In accordance with E.O. 13132 

(Federalism), this proposed rule does 

not have significant Federalism effects. 

A Federalism assessment is not 

required. In keeping with Department of 

the Interior and Department of 

Commerce policy, we requested 

information from, and coordinated 

development of, this proposed revised 

critical habitat designation with 

appropriate State resource agencies in 

California. The designation may have 

some benefit to these governments 

because the areas that contain the 

features essential to the conservation of 

the subspecies are more clearly defined, 

and the primary constituent elements of 

the habitat necessary to the conservation 

of the subspecies are specifically 

identified. This information does not 

alter where and what federally 

sponsored activities may occur. 

However, it may assist local 

governments in long-range planning 

(rather than having them wait for caseby-case section 7 consultations to 

occur). 

Where State and local governments 

require approval or authorization from a 

Federal agency for actions that may 

affect critical habitat, consultation 

under section 7(a)(2) would be required. 

While non-Federal entities that receive 

Federal funding, assistance, or permits, 

or that otherwise require approval or 

authorization from a Federal agency for 

an action, may be indirectly impacted 

by the designation of critical habitat, the 

legally binding duty to avoid 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat rests squarely on the 

Federal agency. 

Civil Justice Reform 

In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil 

Justice Reform), the Office of the 

Solicitor has determined that the rule 

does not unduly burden the judicial 

system and meets the requirements of 

sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. 

We have proposed designating critical 

habitat in accordance with the 

provisions of the Act. This proposed 

revision to critical habitat uses standard 

property descriptions and identifies the 

primary constituent elements within the 

designated areas to assist the public in 

understanding the habitat needs of the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly. 

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 

This rule does not contain any new 

collections of information that require 

approval by OMB under the Paperwork 

Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501, 

et seq.). This rule will not impose 

recordkeeping or reporting requirements 

on State or local governments, 

individuals, businesses, or 

organizations. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 

required to respond to, a collection of 

information unless it displays a 

currently valid OMB control number. 

National Environmental Policy Act 

(NEPA) 

It is our position that, outside the 

jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of the 

United States for the Tenth Circuit, we 

do not need to prepare environmental 

analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 

4321, et seq.) in connection with 

designating critical habitat under the 

Act. We published a notice outlining 

our reasons for this determination in the 

Federal Register on October 25, 1983 

(48 FR 49244). This assertion was 

upheld by the Circuit Court of the 

United States for the Ninth Circuit 

(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 

1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied 516 

U.S. 1042 (1996)). 

Clarity of the Rule 

We are required by Executive Orders 

12866 and 12988 and by the 

Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 

1998, to write all rules in plain 

language. This means that each rule we 

publish must: 

(a) Be logically organized; 

(b) Use the active voice to address 

readers directly; 


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(c) Use clear language rather than 

jargon; 

(d) Be divided into short sections and 

sentences; and 

(e) Use lists and tables wherever 

possible. 

If you feel that we have not met these 

requirements, send us comments by one 

of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES

section. To better help us revise the 

rule, your comments should be as 

specific as possible. For example, you 

should tell us the numbers of the 

sections or paragraphs that are unclearly 

written, which sections or sentences are 

too long, the sections where you feel 

lists or tables would be useful, etc. 

Government-to-Government 

Relationship With Tribes 

In accordance with the President’s 

memorandum of April 29, 1994, 

Government-to-Government Relations 

with Native American Tribal 

Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, 

and the Department of the Interior’s 

manual at 512 DM 2, we readily 

acknowledge our responsibility to 

communicate meaningfully with 

recognized Federal Tribes on a 

government-to-government basis. In 

accordance with Secretarial Order 3206 

of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal 

Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 

Responsibilities, and the Endangered 

Species Act), we readily acknowledge 

our responsibilities to work directly 

with Tribes in developing programs for 

healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that 

Tribal lands are not subject to the same 

controls as Federal public lands, to 

remain sensitive to Indian culture, and 

to make information available to Tribes. 

We are currently coordinating with 

affected Tribes regarding this proposed 

revised critical habitat designation. We 

have identified Tribal lands of the 

Cahuilla Band of Indians and the Campo 

Band of Kumeyaay Indians that meet the 

definition of critical habitat for the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly, and we 

have included these lands in this 

proposal. We are soliciting public 

comment on the appropriateness of 

including or excluding these lands in 

the final revised rule. We will continue 

to coordinate with the Tribal 

governments during the designation 

process. 

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

On May 18, 2001, the President issued 

an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions 

Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use) on regulations that 

significantly affect energy supply, 

distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 

requires agencies to prepare Statements 

of Energy Effects when undertaking 

certain actions. While this proposed 

rule to designate critical habitat for the 

Quino checkerspot butterfly is a 

significant regulatory action under E.O. 

12866 in that it may raise novel legal 

and policy issues, we do not expect it 

to significantly affect energy supplies, 

distribution, or use. Therefore, this 

action is not a significant energy action, 

and no Statement of Energy Effects is 

required. However, we will further 

evaluate this issue as we conduct our 

economic analysis, and review and 

revise this assessment as warranted. 

References Cited 

A complete list of all references cited 

in this rulemaking is available on 

http://www.regulations.gov and upon 

request from the Field Supervisor, 

Carlsbad Fish and Wildlife Office (see 

ADDRESSES section). 

Author 

The primary author of this package is 

the staff of the Carlsbad Fish and 

Wildlife Office. 

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 

Endangered and threatened species, 

Exports, Imports, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements, 

Transportation. 

Proposed Regulation Promulgation 

Accordingly, we propose to amend 

part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 

50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 

as set forth below: 

PART 17—[AMENDED] 

1. The authority citation for part 17 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. 

1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–

625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. 

2. In § 17.95(i), revise the entry for 

‘‘Quino Checkerspot Butterfly 

(Euphydryas editha quino).’’ to read as 

follows: 

§ 17.95 Critical habitat—fish and wildlife. 

* * * * * 

(i) Insects. 

* * * * * 

Quino Checkerspot Butterfly 

(Euphydryas editha quino) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for Riverside and San Diego Counties, 

California, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for the Quino 

checkerspot butterfly are: 

(i) Open areas within scrublands at 

least 21.5 square feet (ft) (2 square 

meters (m)) in size that: 

(A) Contain no woody canopy cover; 

and 

(B) Contain one or more of the host 

plants Plantago erecta, Plantago 

patagonica, or Antirrhinum 

coulterianum; or 

(C) Contain one or more of the host 

plants Cordylanthus rigidus or Castilleja 

exserta that are within 328 ft (100 m) of 

the host plants Plantago erecta, 

Plantago patagonica, or Antirrhinum 

coulterianum; or 

(D) Contain flowering plants with a 

corolla tube less than or equal to 0.43 

inches (11 millimeters) used for Quino 

checkerspot butterfly growth, 

reproduction, and feeding; 

(ii) Open scrubland areas and 

vegetation within 656 ft (200 m) of the 

open canopy areas (described in 

paragraph (2)(i) of this entry) used for 

movement and basking; and 

(iii) Hilltops or ridges within 

scrublands, linked by open areas and 

natural vegetation (described in 

paragraph (2)(ii) of this entry) to open 

canopy areas (described in paragraph 

(2)(i) of this entry) containing an open, 

woody-canopy area at least 21.5 square 

ft (2 square m) in size used for Quino 

checkerspot butterfly mating 

(hilltopping behavior). 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, roads, and other 

paved areas) and the land on which they 

are located existing within the legal 

boundaries on the effective date of this 

rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. Data 

layers defining map units were created 

on a base of USGS 1:24,000 maps, and 

critical habitat units were then mapped 

using Universal Transverse Mercator 

(UTM) coordinates. 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for the Quino checkerspot 

butterfly follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3356 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.002</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3357 

(6) Unit 1: Warm Springs Unit, 

Riverside County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Romoland and Murrieta. Land bounded 

by the following Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) North American Datum 

of 1927 (NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 

486500, 3721400; 486594, 3721400; 

486593, 3721303; 486603, 3721303; 

486684, 3721219; 486714, 3721251; 

486695, 3721307; 486796, 3721308; 

486796, 3721400; 486800, 3721400; 

486800, 3721466; 486838, 3721466; 

486856, 3721483; 486906, 3721478; 

486947, 3721437; 486991, 3721417; 

487048, 3721404; 487109, 3721412; 

487385, 3721414; 487376, 3721012; 

487377, 3721007; 487386, 3720700; 

487340, 3720700; 487215, 3720703; 

487200, 3720663; 487163, 3720619; 

487132, 3720604; 487104, 3720579; 

487104, 3720517; 487070, 3720430; 

487042, 3720336; 487017, 3720299; 

486976, 3720246; 486973, 3720187; 

487007, 3720119; 487063, 3720057; 

487000, 3719916; 487000, 3719786; 

487000, 3719786; 487387, 3719786; 

487406, 3718785; 487522, 3718606; 

487419, 3718593; 487428, 3718414; 

487475, 3718323; 487742, 3718254; 

487745, 3718176; 487692, 3718160; 

487560, 3718057; 487560, 3717849; 

487394, 3717843; 487388, 3717500; 

487400, 3717500; 487400, 3717403; 

487343, 3717391; 487259, 3717400; 

487203, 3717421; 487093, 3717412; 

487025, 3717429; 487021, 3717366; 

487013, 3717289; 487013, 3717162; 

487000, 3717103; 487008, 3716967; 

487034, 3716908; 487008, 3716848; 

486940, 3716776; 486949, 3716742; 

486945, 3716687; 486945, 3716645; 

487017, 3716594; 487085, 3716585; 

487157, 3716564; 487216, 3716564; 

487246, 3716564; 487288, 3716564; 

487335, 3716568; 487400, 3716568; 

487400, 3716600; 487500, 3716600; 

487500, 3716700; 487600, 3716700; 

487600, 3716974; 488100, 3716974; 

488100, 3716800; 487900, 3716800; 

487900, 3716500; 488100, 3716500; 

488100, 3716300; 488000, 3716300; 

488000, 3716104; 487868, 3715896; 

487845, 3715920; 487822, 3715958; 

487798, 3716000; 487782, 3716040; 

487758, 3716075; 487723, 3716112; 

487714, 3716139; 487668, 3716169; 

487622, 3716187; 487400, 3716181; 

487400, 3716300; 487200, 3716300; 

487200, 3716200; 487068, 3716200; 

487017, 3716121; 487000, 3716063; 

486991, 3715928; 486997, 3715850; 

487023, 3715778; 487075, 3715741; 

487118, 3715741; 487167, 3715701; 

487245, 3715649; 487262, 3715611; 

487201, 3715522; 487141, 3715470; 

487115, 3715447; 487052, 3715419; 

486991, 3715436; 486902, 3715395; 

486824, 3715370; 486787, 3715324; 

486732, 3715329; 486600, 3715280; 

486462, 3715205; 486416, 3715116; 

486300, 3715113; 486300, 3715100; 

486200, 3715100; 486200, 3714976; 

485959, 3714976; 485921, 3714900; 

485900, 3714900; 485900, 3714800; 

485800, 3714800; 485800, 3714700; 

485784, 3714700; 485784, 3714670; 

485784, 3714640; 485784, 3714602; 

485780, 3714568; 485760, 3714543; 

485726, 3714552; 485685, 3714559; 

485635, 3714570; 485558, 3714597; 

485492, 3714631; 485427, 3714695; 

485394, 3714760; 485368, 3714777; 

485341, 3714823; 485341, 3714857; 

485341, 3714892; 485306, 3714930; 

485249, 3714961; 485218, 3714976; 

485168, 3715007; 485141, 3715022; 

485122, 3715057; 485099, 3715080; 

485086, 3715100; 484995, 3715100; 

484984, 3715080; 484984, 3715053; 

484988, 3715030; 484980, 3714980; 

484957, 3714949; 484926, 3714949; 

484884, 3714949; 484853, 3714942; 

484830, 3714942; 484780, 3714942; 

484723, 3714968; 484688, 3715015; 

484669, 3715080; 484650, 3715126; 

484638, 3715164; 484627, 3715191; 

484619, 3715233; 484619, 3715268; 

484642, 3715318; 484684, 3715333; 

484715, 3715364; 484746, 3715395; 

484788, 3715414; 484853, 3715441; 

484895, 3715448; 484949, 3715452; 

484976, 3715433; 484976, 3715398; 

484949, 3715371; 484926, 3715356; 

484926, 3715319; 484965, 3715322; 

484999, 3715276; 485072, 3715264; 

485118, 3715291; 485168, 3715302; 

485210, 3715333; 485249, 3715352; 

485291, 3715375; 485310, 3715425; 

485360, 3715475; 485433, 3715494; 

485479, 3715502; 485479, 3715563; 

485487, 3715625; 485502, 3715659; 

485517, 3715698; 485560, 3715728; 

485579, 3715736; 485606, 3715759; 

485629, 3715817; 485629, 3715859; 

485629, 3715920; 485629, 3716009; 

485629, 3716036; 485613, 3716074; 

485567, 3716089; 485552, 3716116; 

485552, 3716166; 485567, 3716216; 

485632, 3716262; 485713, 3716304; 

485748, 3716350; 485764, 3716380; 

485765, 3716398; 485787, 3716458; 

485825, 3716500; 485804, 3716581; 

485788, 3717000; 485392, 3717000; 

485388, 3716717; 485354, 3716594; 

485222, 3716606; 485078, 3716547; 

485019, 3716479; 484981, 3716403; 

484896, 3716326; 484892, 3715957; 

484654, 3715754; 484620, 3715779; 

484578, 3715889; 484580, 3716138; 

484583, 3716344; 484586, 3716678; 

484539, 3716700; 484438, 3716734; 

484497, 3716865; 484620, 3716967; 

484764, 3717018; 484870, 3717052; 

484972, 3717204; 484998, 3717387; 

485345, 3717387; 485524, 3717387; 

485647, 3717387; 485778, 3717391; 

485910, 3717391; 485917, 3717391; 

485913, 3717245; 486095, 3717283; 

486097, 3717383; 486118, 3717383; 

486313, 3717391; 486317, 3717500; 

486300, 3717500; 486300, 3717600; 

486200, 3717600; 486200, 3717800; 

485800, 3717800; 485800, 3718175; 

486163, 3718175; 486238, 3718082; 

486274, 3718090; 486292, 3718033; 

486413, 3718101; 486408, 3717984; 

486594, 3717987; 486594, 3718160; 

486565, 3718191; 486163, 3718186; 

486139, 3718305; 486147, 3718377; 

486139, 3718441; 486191, 3718496; 

486176, 3718570; 486183, 3718769; 

486008, 3718772; 485986, 3718773; 

485984, 3718800; 485982, 3718873; 

486034, 3718909; 486039, 3718963; 

485800, 3718973; 485800, 3719000; 

485327, 3719000; 485332, 3720171; 

485823, 3720165; 485823, 3720600; 

485840, 3720600; 486211, 3720600; 

486211, 3721200; 486500, 3721200; 

thence returning to 486500, 3721400. 

Excluding land bounded by 486582, 

3717252; 486550, 3717202; 486608, 

3717086; 486628, 3717059; 486574, 

3717031; 486614, 3716925; 486693, 

3716965; 486682, 3716995; 486650, 

3717058; 486697, 3717101; 486864, 

3717241; 486832, 3717270; 486786, 

3717234; 486726, 3717252; 486629, 

3717201; 486583, 3717252; 486582, 

3717252; land bounded by 486299, 

3716790; 486300, 3716789; 486317, 

3716777; 486345, 3716782; 486393, 

3716790; 486417, 3716836; 486422, 

3716876; 486408, 3716916; 486381, 

3716940; 486331, 3716940; 486297, 

3716923; 486270, 3716893; 486270, 

3716841; 486299, 3716790; land 

bounded by 486263, 3717190; 486285, 

3717155; 486250, 3717111; 486206, 

3717018; 486278, 3717002; 486378, 

3717118; 486454, 3717173; 486393, 

3717233. 

(ii) Note: Map of Units 1 and 2 (Warm 

Springs Unit and Skinner/Johnson Unit) 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3358 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.003</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3359 

(7) Unit 2: Skinner/Johnson Unit, 

Riverside County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Murrieta, Bachelor Mountain, 

Winchester, Sage, and Hemet. Land 

bounded by the following Universal 

Transverse Mercator (UTM) North 

American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) 

coordinates (E, N): 493342, 3718446; 

493505, 3718997; 493857, 3719125; 

493926, 3719048; 494331, 3719034; 

494331, 3719244; 494576, 3719307; 

494366, 3719586; 494373, 3720068; 

494548, 3720054; 494576, 3720354; 

494876, 3720368; 495315, 3720326; 

495790, 3720144; 496195, 3719879; 

496691, 3719921; 497228, 3719823; 

497584, 3719698; 497807, 3720095; 

498268, 3720563; 498673, 3720800; 

499162, 3720926; 499608, 3720947; 

499818, 3720905; 499909, 3720759; 

500090, 3720605; 500299, 3720612; 

500586, 3720598; 500669, 3720410; 

500621, 3720047; 500628, 3719893; 

500767, 3719516; 500313, 3719586; 

500362, 3719006; 500460, 3718706; 

500676, 3718678; 500851, 3718734; 

500977, 3718127; 500998, 3717897; 

500279, 3717848; 500500, 3717082; 

500500, 3716956; 500559, 3716838; 

500652, 3716586; 500694, 3716342; 

500711, 3716174; 500708, 3716117; 

500564, 3716194; 500488, 3716156; 

500440, 3715976; 500289, 3715938; 

500090, 3715919; 499900, 3715824; 

499748, 3715730; 499559, 3715644; 

499331, 3715616; 499246, 3715474; 

499227, 3715312; 499113, 3715161; 

499018, 3714876; 498924, 3714838; 

498848, 3714829; 498701, 3714763; 

498644, 3714484; 498629, 3714216; 

498645, 3714094; 498629, 3714022; 

498629, 3713724; 498286, 3713546; 

497959, 3713769; 497691, 3713843; 

497408, 3714156; 497194, 3714181; 

497198, 3714603; 494946, 3714595; 

494959, 3714662; 494938, 3714662; 

494895, 3714590; 493983, 3714586; 

493924, 3714539; 493920, 3714302; 

494149, 3714179; 496634, 3714183; 

496648, 3714170; 496588, 3713933; 

496320, 3713724; 496022, 3713620; 

495546, 3713486; 495516, 3713263; 

495486, 3712667; 495174, 3712577; 

494920, 3712265; 494612, 3712103; 

494403, 3712080; 494276, 3711995; 

494200, 3712131; 494102, 3712181; 

493932, 3712058; 493801, 3712148; 

493682, 3712190; 493496, 3712237; 

493398, 3712152; 493241, 3712008; 

493186, 3711929; 492969, 3711967; 

492731, 3711967; 492478, 3712116; 

492418, 3712414; 492120, 3712577; 

491808, 3712607; 491480, 3712577; 

490973, 3712578; 490921, 3712582; 

490823, 3712484; 490760, 3712477; 

490673, 3712527; 490605, 3712527; 

490293, 3712533; 490225, 3712589; 

490188, 3712695; 490157, 3712745; 

490119, 3712782; 490069, 3712770; 

490032, 3712801; 489957, 3712869; 

489908, 3712901; 489864, 3712950; 

489870, 3713069; 489889, 3713150; 

489796, 3713187; 489702, 3713181; 

489628, 3713118; 489528, 3712963; 

489441, 3712795; 489347, 3712801; 

489329, 3712764; 489298, 3712733; 

489204, 3712733; 489198, 3712851; 

489123, 3712907; 489049, 3712963; 

488968, 3713013; 488874, 3713006; 

488850, 3713044; 488856, 3713224; 

488856, 3713274; 488713, 3713286; 

488526, 3713286; 488333, 3713311; 

488271, 3713343; 488202, 3713318; 

488159, 3713367; 488115, 3713467; 

488078, 3713598; 488072, 3713672; 

488109, 3713697; 488152, 3713716; 

488221, 3713822; 488277, 3713952; 

488277, 3714015; 488308, 3714096; 

488308, 3714164; 488258, 3714189; 

488171, 3714189; 488115, 3714257; 

488215, 3714587; 488321, 3714942; 

488377, 3715035; 488426, 3715154; 

488532, 3715235; 488675, 3715272; 

488812, 3715291; 488930, 3715284; 

488968, 3715216; 488968, 3715079; 

488980, 3714979; 489049, 3714955; 

489105, 3714955; 489273, 3714961; 

489634, 3714955; 489764, 3714886; 

489808, 3714699; 489845, 3714481; 

489845, 3714345; 489796, 3714170; 

489802, 3714077; 489820, 3713909; 

489827, 3713803; 489820, 3713753; 

489764, 3713741; 489702, 3713679; 

489659, 3713629; 489584, 3713691; 

489578, 3713784; 489553, 3713884; 

489478, 3713915; 489435, 3713896; 

489422, 3713809; 489347, 3713766; 

489198, 3713747; 489098, 3713741; 

489049, 3713685; 489049, 3713585; 

489055, 3713511; 489111, 3713492; 

489204, 3713523; 489310, 3713535; 

489435, 3713504; 489497, 3713455; 

489565, 3713436; 489634, 3713386; 

489740, 3713305; 489839, 3713274; 

489945, 3713293; 489995, 3713367; 

490057, 3713392; 490144, 3713367; 

490225, 3713299; 490287, 3713224; 

490343, 3713224; 490381, 3713286; 

490536, 3713280; 490667, 3713268; 

490704, 3713311; 490710, 3713778; 

490698, 3713996; 490698, 3714114; 

490850, 3714114; 490869, 3714648; 

492225, 3714618; 492984, 3715139; 

493508, 3715510; 493555, 3715460; 

493712, 3715456; 493826, 3715617; 

494051, 3715646; 494276, 3715634; 

494479, 3715579; 494653, 3715574; 

494785, 3715540; 494929, 3715439; 

495005, 3715350; 495137, 3715413; 

495340, 3715413; 495404, 3715366; 

495476, 3715439; 495552, 3715528; 

495697, 3715553; 495820, 3715566; 

495981, 3715562; 496078, 3715553; 

496163, 3715532; 496324, 3715523; 

496375, 3715557; 496469, 3715515; 

496553, 3715512; 496596, 3715511; 

496710, 3715562; 496802, 3715669; 

496931, 3715750; 497154, 3715973; 

497259, 3716361; 497244, 3716539; 

497020, 3716658; 496782, 3716897; 

496920, 3717018; 497045, 3717030; 

497185, 3717102; 497185, 3717183; 

497276, 3717222; 497338, 3717246; 

497391, 3717318; 497391, 3717414; 

497324, 3717510; 497257, 3717524; 

497204, 3717515; 497154, 3717486; 

497139, 3717507; 496559, 3717478; 

496201, 3717493; 496022, 3717239; 

495965, 3717214; 495888, 3717265; 

495802, 3717246; 495773, 3717169; 

495706, 3717135; 495571, 3717135; 

495432, 3717073; 495197, 3717020; 

495038, 3717025; 494885, 3717025; 

494774, 3716991; 494601, 3716958; 

494438, 3716943; 494323, 3716948; 

494203, 3716987; 494150, 3716982; 

494073, 3716953; 493958, 3717001; 

493814, 3717083; 493713, 3717150; 

493732, 3717183; 493684, 3717212; 

493651, 3717179; 493526, 3717251; 

493444, 3717361; 493152, 3717492; 

492789, 3717548; 492663, 3717680; 

492649, 3717813; 492817, 3718043; 

492761, 3718281; 492705, 3718371; 

492677, 3718490; thence returning to 

493342, 3718446. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 2 is provided 

at paragraph (6)(ii) of this entry. 

(8) Unit 3: Sage Unit, Riverside 

County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangle 

Sage. Land bounded by the following 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

North American Datum of 1927 

(NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 505329, 

3717152; 505525, 3716882; 505689, 

3716748; 505724, 3716732; 505731, 

3716682; 505851, 3716399; 505928, 

3716298; 505994, 3716256; 506110, 

3716116; 506255, 3715999; 506255, 

3715899; 506423, 3715660; 506393, 

3715621; 506342, 3715605; 506300, 

3715547; 506277, 3715493; 506284, 

3715423; 506335, 3715272; 506323, 

3715195; 506474, 3715090; 506633, 

3715020; 506714, 3714951; 506745, 

3714885; 506791, 3714813; 506791, 

3714722; 506865, 3714514; 507059, 

3714186; 507059, 3714186; 507326, 

3714052; 507396, 3713971; 507400, 

3713909; 507462, 3713878; 507527, 

3713828; 507655, 3713654; 507747, 

3713540; 507789, 3713516; 508057, 

3713292; 508221, 3713367; 508444, 

3713546; 508638, 3713441; 508891, 

3713173; 509099, 3712801; 509144, 

3712458; 509129, 3712160; 509120, 

3711647; 508821, 3711411; 508589, 

3711304; 508545, 3711284; 508420, 

3711226; 507963, 3711122; 507714, 

3711122; 507604, 3711132; 507774, 

3711505; 507506, 3712160; 507804, 

3712324; 507550, 3712563; 507133, 

3712578; 506791, 3712533; 506582, 


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3360 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

3712875; 506657, 3713233; 506722, 

3713230; 506726, 3713379; 506923, 

3713379; 506912, 3713534; 506722, 

3713530; 506722, 3713615; 506633, 

3713662; 506374, 3713724; 506359, 

3714037; 506031, 3714395; 505763, 

3714305; 505584, 3714454; 505298, 

3714609; 504886, 3714595; 504655, 

3714679; 504397, 3714986; 504634, 

3715042; 504601, 3715422; 504517, 

3715742; 504390, 3715761; 504383, 

3715900; 504292, 3715984; 504157, 

3716090; 504176, 3716194; 504062, 

3716327; 503929, 3716545; 503759, 

3716630; 503559, 3716752; 503513, 

3716931; 503555, 3717141; 503614, 

3717360; 503673, 3717529; 503765, 

3717697; 503917, 3717941; 504013, 

3718049; 504138, 3718005; 504308, 

3718005; 504498, 3717882; 504612, 

3717711; 504744, 3717502; 504925, 

3717322; 505124, 3717209; thence 

returning to 505329, 3717152. 

(ii) Note: Map of Units 3, 4, and 5 

(Sage Unit, Wilson Valley Unit, and Vail 

Lake/Oak Mountain Unit) follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3361 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 

(9) Unit 4: Wilson Valley Unit, 

Riverside County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Cahuilla Mountain, Sage, and Vail Lake. 

Land bounded by the following 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

North American Datum of 1927 

(NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 512349, 

3710299; 512734, 3710299; 513121, 

3709941; 513587, 3709678; 513636, 

3709588; 513636, 3709519; 513636, 

3709477; 513652, 3709445; 513671, 

3709410; 513691, 3709379; 513699, 

3709347; 513699, 3709297; 513699, 

3709281; 513695, 3709272; 513704, 

3709236; 513704, 3709200; 513690, 

3709176; 513682, 3709142; 513673, 

3709101; 513626, 3709068; 513563, 

3709021; 513508, 3709024; 513452, 

3709040; 513405, 3709021; 513383, 

3708974; 513383, 3708911; 513383, 

3708855; 513397, 3708792; 513389, 

3708739; 513347, 3708706; 513317, 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.004</GPH>
3362 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

3708670; 513281, 3708610; 513281, 

3708554; 513276, 3708458; 513258, 

3708368; 513096, 3708522; 513054, 

3708467; 513009, 3708447; 512944, 

3708447; 512852, 3708467; 512750, 

3708472; 512688, 3708455; 512613, 

3708460; 512499, 3708465; 512429, 

3708457; 512372, 3708452; 512307, 

3708385; 512287, 3708035; 512232, 

3708005; 511931, 3708001; 511951, 

3707873; 511815, 3707873; 511822, 

3707739; 511805, 3707739; 511801, 

3707433; 511947, 3707432; 511953, 

3707304; 511885, 3707156; 511855, 

3706843; 511721, 3706784; 511512, 

3706396; 511170, 3706128; 510887, 

3706009; 510693, 3705786; 510261, 

3705860; 509308, 3706054; 509308, 

3706307; 509366, 3706452; 509488, 

3706574; 509545, 3706646; 509550, 

3706708; 509633, 3706809; 509725, 

3706843; 509705, 3706944; 509793, 

3706966; 509793, 3707132; 509671, 

3707115; 509654, 3707201; 510004, 

3707343; 510118, 3707426; 510314, 

3707395; 510314, 3707612; 509436, 

3707617; 509426, 3707524; 509204, 

3707503; 509204, 3707374; 509154, 

3707302; 508784, 3707433; 508755, 

3708045; 507789, 3708054; 507806, 

3708252; 507876, 3708505; 507963, 

3708723; 508076, 3708932; 508224, 

3709141; 508416, 3709359; 508622, 

3709515; 508643, 3709514; 508653, 

3709524; 508995, 3709688; 509442, 

3709688; 509770, 3709584; 509978, 

3709599; 509978, 3709986; 510529, 

3709986; 510872, 3709986; 510914, 

3709980; 511075, 3709669; 511274, 

3709502; 511647, 3709432; 511944, 

3709578; 512214, 3709750; 512321, 

3709853; 512321, 3710025; 512338, 

3710155; thence returning to 512349, 

3710299. Excluding land bounded by 

511571, 3707318; 511590, 3707182; 

511689, 3707184; 511715, 3707251; 

511714, 3707318; land bounded by 

509258, 3708799; 509245, 3708748; 

509292, 3708557; 509519, 3708562; 

509442, 3708799. Returning to lands 

bounded by 513805, 3709554; 514178, 

3709688; 514582, 3709657; 514612, 

3709641; 514673, 3709630; 514679, 

3709556; 514848, 3709545; 514843, 

3709619; 515281, 3709494; 515515, 

3709325; 515505, 3709275; 515473, 

3709258; 515422, 3709247; 515402, 

3709246; 515380, 3709258; 515361, 

3709262; 515338, 3709288; 515319, 

3709288; 515305, 3709275; 515282, 

3709258; 515251, 3709236; 515243, 

3709218; 515234, 3709192; 515212, 

3709177; 515201, 3709173; 515183, 

3709151; 515159, 3709110; 515142, 

3709084; 515152, 3709066; 515171, 

3709058; 515237, 3709039; 515268, 

3709020; 515294, 3709003; 515316, 

3709000; 515336, 3709007; 515373, 

3709026; 515405, 3709039; 515425, 

3709043; 515446, 3709026; 515473, 

3709058; 515500, 3709066; 515548, 

3709061; 515573, 3709056; 515595, 

3709048; 515614, 3709040; 515635, 

3709013; 515672, 3709005; 515684, 

3708990; 515693, 3708955; 515711, 

3708930; 515765, 3708871; 515829, 

3708857; 515877, 3708872; 515925, 

3708905; 515928, 3708910; 515939, 

3708908; 515963, 3708892; 515990, 

3708863; 516005, 3708842; 516021, 

3708853; 516008, 3708885; 516001, 

3708928; 516009, 3708948; 516005, 

3708978; 516005, 3709001; 516001, 

3709027; 516005, 3709050; 516005, 

3709085; 516000, 3709121; 516003, 

3709134; 516293, 3709018; 516576, 

3708601; 516497, 3708071; 516304, 

3707868; 516085, 3707715; 515954, 

3707614; 515637, 3707519; 515366, 

3707461; 515216, 3707364; 515117, 

3707274; 514885, 3707298; 514839, 

3707306; 514786, 3707319; 514728, 

3707268; 514659, 3707246; 514614, 

3707242; 514583, 3707225; 514555, 

3707166; 514540, 3707130; 514459, 

3707136; 514381, 3707132; 514272, 

3707031; 514205, 3706990; 514147, 

3707005; 514102, 3707048; 514067, 

3707091; 514016, 3707128; 513951, 

3707156; 513859, 3707175; 513798, 

3707207; 513755, 3707270; 513723, 

3707326; 513519, 3707590; 513482, 

3707700; 513435, 3707772; 513426, 

3707786; 513372, 3707934; 513345, 

3708008; 513374, 3708258; 513346, 

3708285; 513367, 3708325; 513372, 

3708380; 513389, 3708480; 513422, 

3708565; 513463, 3708607; 513469, 

3708654; 513469, 3708692; 513452, 

3708712; 513450, 3708745; 513450, 

3708833; 513458, 3708877; 513472, 

3708927; 513499, 3708946; 513543, 

3708966; 513571, 3708971; 513590, 

3708971; 513635, 3708974; 513665, 

3708982; 513709, 3708993; 513742, 

3709057; 513817, 3709165; 513820, 

3709231; 513817, 3709262; 513825, 

3709265; 513801, 3709544; thence 

returning to 513805, 3709554. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 4 is provided 

at paragraph (8)(ii) of this entry. 

(10) Unit 5: Vail Lake/Oak Mountain 

Unit, Riverside County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Bachelor Mountain, Sage, Pechanga, and 

Vail Lake. Land bounded by the 

following Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) North American Datum 

of 1927 (NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 

500789, 3709170; 501057, 3709256; 

501518, 3709360; 501801, 3709375; 

502218, 3709450; 502695, 3709435; 

502903, 3709316; 503261, 3709003; 

503276, 3708988; 503348, 3708996; 

503445, 3709072; 503607, 3709072; 

503802, 3709072; 503899, 3708985; 

504029, 3708888; 504180, 3708759; 

504306, 3708515; 504355, 3708382; 

504362, 3708284; 504432, 3708166; 

504537, 3708152; 504614, 3708068; 

504648, 3707921; 504774, 3707942; 

504865, 3707942; 505002, 3707895; 

505124, 3707773; 505254, 3707625; 

505350, 3707486; 505372, 3707437; 

505335, 3707376; 505346, 3707247; 

505357, 3707096; 505238, 3706988; 

505152, 3706912; 505109, 3706772; 

504957, 3706685; 504893, 3706523; 

504684, 3706338; 504688, 3706333; 

504666, 3706311; 504595, 3706277; 

504558, 3706203; 504483, 3706128; 

504409, 3706046; 504278, 3705960; 

504077, 3705945; 503976, 3705968; 

503722, 3706068; 503610, 3706053; 

503371, 3706177; 503222, 3706128; 

503069, 3706177; 503020, 3706404; 

502957, 3706449; 502815, 3706322; 

502718, 3706460; 502614, 3706397; 

502506, 3706408; 502416, 3706460; 

502259, 3706397; 502132, 3706423; 

502147, 3706142; 502130, 3706106; 

502108, 3706101; 502077, 3706085; 

502075, 3706077; 502076, 3706057; 

502075, 3706039; 502065, 3705991; 

502070, 3705994; 502069, 3705992; 

502071, 3705956; 502074, 3705903; 

502075, 3705885; 502099, 3705848; 

502141, 3705785; 502096, 3705671; 

502093, 3705508; 502027, 3705404; 

502006, 3705209; 501930, 3705150; 

501815, 3705137; 501787, 3705102; 

501753, 3704963; 501749, 3704922; 

501839, 3704849; 501836, 3704734; 

501784, 3704682; 501659, 3704637; 

501659, 3704568; 501631, 3704488; 

501555, 3704419; 501468, 3704308; 

501458, 3704252; 501395, 3704224; 

501361, 3704186; 501361, 3704145; 

501319, 3704082; 501271, 3704030; 

501177, 3703947; 501101, 3703871; 

500848, 3703894; 500372, 3704073; 

500133, 3704550; 499606, 3704843; 

499592, 3704856; 499957, 3706503; 

499761, 3706664; 499806, 3706947; 

499627, 3707141; 499514, 3707178; 

499509, 3707191; 499362, 3707290; 

499338, 3707398; 499310, 3707486; 

499322, 3707557; 499390, 3707649; 

499493, 3707736; 499625, 3707800; 

499716, 3707852; 499808, 3707908; 

499852, 3707939; 499752, 3708027; 

499748, 3708099; 499848, 3708135; 

499732, 3708272; 499848, 3708314; 

499967, 3708361; 499995, 3708461; 

500067, 3708529; 500150, 3708576; 

500214, 3708624; 500306, 3708676; 

500389, 3708732; 500441, 3708783; 

500528, 3708947; 500624, 3709034; 

500692, 3709062; 500759, 3709090; 

500779, 3709126; thence returning to 

500789, 3709170. Continuing to 501902, 

3703471; 501902, 3703531; 501860, 

3703579; 501777, 3703649; 501697, 

3703704; 501659, 3703767; 501621, 

3703822; 501600, 3703874; 501572, 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3363 

3703952; 501659, 3704087; 501871, 

3704191; 501890, 3704266; 501849, 

3704482; 501961, 3704512; 502147, 

3704371; 502170, 3704389; 502349, 

3704774; 502457, 3704994; 502532, 

3705195; 502535, 3705289; 502517, 

3705468; 502662, 3705415; 502621, 

3705322; 502617, 3705102; 502670, 

3704915; 502759, 3704747; 502845, 

3704706; 503188, 3704635; 503263, 

3704490; 503323, 3704378; 503491, 

3704307; 503625, 3704195; 503703, 

3703997; 503744, 3703736; 503871, 

3703579; 504021, 3703464; 504511, 

3703677; 504575, 3703662; 504635, 

3703673; 504691, 3703659; 504753, 

3703604; 504874, 3703515; 504990, 

3703411; 505060, 3703351; 505141, 

3703328; 505208, 3703302; 505284, 

3703300; 505384, 3703258; 505442, 

3703244; 505498, 3703253; 505611, 

3703260; 505765, 3703223; 505869, 

3703226; 505936, 3703172; 505992, 

3703133; 506068, 3703137; 506126, 

3703103; 506187, 3703045; 506240, 

3702984; 506300, 3702915; 506296, 

3702868; 506293, 3702810; 506261, 

3702769; 506252, 3702757; 506316, 

3702690; 506347, 3702632; 506414, 

3702599; 506483, 3702613; 506548, 

3702609; 506641, 3702551; 506750, 

3702439; 506855, 3702312; 506950, 

3702184; 507049, 3702105; 507084, 

3702034; 507200, 3701927; 507281, 

3701931; 507367, 3701971; 507423, 

3702031; 507478, 3702089; 507520, 

3702129; 507566, 3702156; 507568, 

3702156; 507670, 3702092; 507681, 

3701932; 507655, 3701862; 507662, 

3701799; 507662, 3701769; 507634, 

3701746; 507615, 3701716; 507615, 

3701662; 507615, 3701595; 507618, 

3701551; 507569, 3701386; 507550, 

3701348; 507431, 3701273; 507430, 

3701273; 507430, 3701271; 507351, 

3701238; 507297, 3701252; 507235, 

3701220; 507209, 3701175; 507193, 

3701108; 507151, 3701066; 507073, 

3701043; 506996, 3701039; 506945, 

3701039; 506885, 3701048; 506783, 

3701004; 506648, 3700939; 506574, 

3700867; 506479, 3700851; 506344, 

3700858; 506326, 3700865; 505913, 

3700872; 505803, 3700862; 505793, 

3700856; 505495, 3700856; 505093, 

3700856; 504736, 3701094; 504393, 

3701452; 504065, 3702003; 503916, 

3702584; 503574, 3702777; 503350, 

3702881; 503157, 3703149; 502844, 

3703194; 502546, 3703239; 502233, 

3703284; thence returning to 501902, 

3703471. Continuing to 505858, 

3705060; 505867, 3704981; 506121, 

3704713; 506121, 3704713; 506245, 

3704470; 506410, 3704328; 506585, 

3704229; 506717, 3704229; 506949, 

3704177; 507029, 3704102; 507218, 

3704050; 507455, 3704040; 507625, 

3703924; 507938, 3703611; 507938, 

3703343; 507804, 3703135; 507536, 

3703105; 507371, 3702882; 507322, 

3702907; 507081, 3702902; 506958, 

3702869; 506892, 3702840; 506774, 

3702925; 506642, 3702940; 506524, 

3703015; 506439, 3703053; 506401, 

3703062; 506352, 3703160; 506362, 

3703223; 506301, 3703317; 506314, 

3703364; 506333, 3703405; 506308, 

3703499; 506274, 3703588; 506211, 

3703750; 506145, 3703809; 506108, 

3703871; 506119, 3703903; 506065, 

3703873; 506046, 3703831; 506039, 

3703798; 506072, 3703755; 506035, 

3703701; 506030, 3703678; 505983, 

3703684; 505926, 3703715; 505877, 

3703720; 505816, 3703727; 505762, 

3703762; 505729, 3703762; 505574, 

3703739; 505522, 3703577; 505507, 

3703557; 505409, 3703591; 505313, 

3703604; 505173, 3703602; 504976, 

3703638; 504955, 3703706; 504929, 

3703762; 504865, 3703765; 504802, 

3703762; 504762, 3703795; 504715, 

3703817; 504673, 3703817; 504635, 

3703804; 504550, 3703793; 504484, 

3703771; 504442, 3703762; 504388, 

3703776; 504327, 3703776; 504275, 

3703846; 504230, 3704039; 504254, 

3704180; 504190, 3704229; 504278, 

3704403; 504351, 3704475; 504520, 

3704632; 504774, 3704802; 504938, 

3704887; 505107, 3704941; 505362, 

3705014; 505670, 3705056; 505834, 

3705062; thence returning to 505858, 

3705060. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 5 is provided 

at paragraph (8)(ii) of this entry. 

(11) Unit 6: Tule Peak Unit, Riverside 

County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Aguanga, Beauty Mountain, and Anza. 

Land bounded by the following 

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 

North American Datum of 1927 

(NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 527475, 

3707014; 527579, 3706810; 527586, 

3706637; 527579, 3706302; 528047, 

3706281; 528201, 3706248; 528280, 

3705950; 528350, 3705712; 528358, 

3705554; 528494, 3705157; 528522, 

3703481; 528424, 3703391; 528288, 

3703275; 528131, 3703168; 527953, 

3703067; 527817, 3703001; 527655, 

3702945; 527497, 3702905; 527320, 

3702875; 527092, 3702864; 527082, 

3702804; 527062, 3702692; 527055, 

3702673; 526075, 3702431; 525632, 

3702382; 524598, 3702387; 524388, 

3702482; 524303, 3702597; 523674, 

3702616; 523369, 3702644; 523159, 

3702687; 522964, 3702716; 522910, 

3702657; 522905, 3702673; 522726, 

3702741; 522621, 3702788; 522553, 

3702837; 522481, 3702917; 522361, 

3702917; 522243, 3702917; 522163, 

3702951; 522092, 3703026; 522045, 

3703078; 521949, 3703153; 521853, 

3703202; 521782, 3703224; 521720, 

3703279; 521194, 3703298; 520529, 

3703293; 520529, 3703789; 520920, 

3703803; 520892, 3704117; 520529, 

3704145; 520529, 3704501; 521346, 

3704501; 521353, 3704892; 520962, 

3704892; 520543, 3705248; 520515, 

3705646; 521325, 3705647; 522829, 

3705768; 522872, 3705362; 523284, 

3705362; 523894, 3705312; 523894, 

3704790; 524209, 3704783; 524197, 

3705579; 524242, 3705714; 524298, 

3705827; 524381, 3705883; 524406, 

3706038; 524466, 3706309; 524566, 

3706507; 524669, 3706567; 524787, 

3706707; 524864, 3706784; 524913, 

3706881; 524969, 3706944; 525080, 

3707007; 525192, 3707084; 525367, 

3707189; 525527, 3707265; 525695, 

3707307; 525862, 3707349; 526065, 

3707398; 526260, 3707461; 526490, 

3707496; 526965, 3707482; 527405, 

3707342; thence returning to 527475, 

3707014. Excluding land bounded by 

526752, 3703318; 526769, 3703312; 

526825, 3703312; 526886, 3703374; 

527076, 3703418; 527076, 3703452; 

526931, 3703457; 526870, 3703530; 

526747, 3703530; land bounded by 

525025, 3704734; 525028, 3704729; 

525114, 3704617; 525019, 3704511; 

525147, 3704394; 525013, 3704260; 

525197, 3704087; 525365, 3704450; 

525638, 3704383; 525632, 3704182; 

525476, 3704193; 525476, 3704126; 

525365, 3704043; 525365, 3703664; 

525760, 3703586; 526056, 3703842; 

526056, 3704249; 526050, 3704929; 

525838, 3704923; 525838, 3704873; 

525710, 3704840; 525699, 3704973; 

525771, 3705096; 525833, 3705263; 

525677, 3705258; 525666, 3705090; 

525526, 3705035; 525242, 3704834; 

525181, 3704868; 525025, 3704745. 

(ii) Note: Map of Units 6 and 7 (Tule 

Peak Unit and Bautista Unit) follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3364 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.005</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3365 

(12) Unit 7: Bautista Unit, Riverside 

County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Anza, Butterfly Peak, Blackburn 

Canyon, and Idyllwild. Land bounded 

by the following Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) North American Datum 

of 1927 (NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 

524560, 3714498; 524562, 3714972; 

524557, 3715902; 524557, 3715902; 

524540, 3716322; 524106, 3716328; 

523941, 3716325; 523934, 3716544; 

523712, 3716630; 523510, 3716706; 

523421, 3716838; 523620, 3716961; 

523745, 3717030; 523855, 3717037; 

523954, 3717044; 524017, 3717110; 

524050, 3717173; 524040, 3717534; 

524146, 3717524; 524148, 3717529; 

524286, 3717629; 524357, 3717728; 

524338, 3717785; 524338, 3717903; 

524404, 3717946; 524428, 3718012; 

524328, 3718111; 524276, 3718215; 

524305, 3718234; 524711, 3718447; 

524811, 3718499; 524924, 3718518; 

524981, 3718447; 524986, 3718372; 

524943, 3718329; 524877, 3718286; 

524820, 3718272; 524887, 3718178; 

524953, 3718116; 525005, 3718107; 

525062, 3718154; 525137, 3718201; 

525161, 3718209; 525211, 3718357; 

525300, 3718476; 525548, 3718655; 

525825, 3718902; 525191, 3719388; 

524646, 3719180; 524319, 3719229; 

523992, 3719517; 523694, 3719626; 

523447, 3719626; 523269, 3720531; 

523262, 3720550; 523268, 3720585; 

523232, 3720633; 523222, 3720769; 

522979, 3720895; 522824, 3720934; 

522658, 3720934; 522474, 3720905; 

522280, 3720895; 522047, 3720953; 

521813, 3720943; 521590, 3720963; 

521444, 3720953; 521269, 3721002; 

521007, 3721041; 520929, 3720905; 

520706, 3720924; 520454, 3721079; 

520269, 3721109; 520075, 3721147; 

519871, 3721264; 519653, 3721339; 

519559, 3721358; 519178, 3721499; 

518641, 3721626; 518585, 3721682; 

518373, 3721852; 518556, 3722064; 

518415, 3722247; 518048, 3722163; 

517836, 3722756; 517681, 3722968; 

517412, 3723307; 517998, 3723314; 

518309, 3723314; 518606, 3723314; 

518888, 3723342; 519199, 3723384; 

519425, 3723384; 519792, 3723483; 

520230, 3723483; 520442, 3723427; 

520498, 3723158; 520414, 3722961; 

520752, 3722890; 521353, 3722996; 

521649, 3722996; 521904, 3722939; 

522073, 3722699; 522398, 3722685; 

522525, 3722685; 522779, 3722600; 

523005, 3722403; 523118, 3722177; 

523259, 3721951; 523471, 3721923; 

523754, 3722007; 523937, 3721937; 

524149, 3721640; 524290, 3721315; 

524389, 3720962; 524567, 3720749; 

524595, 3720732; 525025, 3720482; 

525689, 3720214; 526409, 3719705; 

526571, 3719628; 526570, 3719609; 

526560, 3719217; 526588, 3719217; 

526962, 3719210; 526964, 3719152; 

526970, 3719000; 526992, 3718398; 

527089, 3718396; 527377, 3718391; 

527395, 3717988; 527395, 3717988; 

527395, 3717988; 528190, 3718008; 

528196, 3717606; 528995, 3717610; 

528995, 3717569; 528992, 3717253; 

529007, 3717252; 529799, 3717232; 

529796, 3717575; 529793, 3717876; 

529919, 3717876; 530215, 3718003; 

530342, 3718215; 530582, 3718498; 

530653, 3718695; 530724, 3718992; 

531048, 3718992; 531373, 3718738; 

531402, 3718484; 531402, 3718243; 

531331, 3717947; 531571, 3717693; 

531797, 3717580; 532079, 3717594; 

532235, 3717523; 532221, 3717325; 

532037, 3717170; 531896, 3716888; 

532079, 3716859; 532291, 3716873; 

532673, 3716873; 532743, 3717198; 

532941, 3717453; 533223, 3717255; 

533421, 3717043; 533746, 3716803; 

534000, 3716563; 534353, 3716407; 

534763, 3716436; 534961, 3716619; 

535229, 3716732; 535596, 3716662; 

535780, 3716422; 536062, 3716068; 

536345, 3715871; 536684, 3715673; 

536811, 3715419; 537107, 3715080; 

537418, 3715080; 537715, 3714995; 

538096, 3714995; 538562, 3714967; 

538972, 3714628; 539325, 3714741; 

539974, 3714586; 539974, 3714581; 

540024, 3714555; 540028, 3712948; 

540029, 3712117; 539604, 3712033; 

539447, 3712043; 539113, 3712043; 

538689, 3712057; 538322, 3712213; 

538407, 3712439; 538449, 3712778; 

538223, 3712990; 537701, 3713046; 

537164, 3713046; 537079, 3713013; 

536792, 3713011; 536165, 3713018; 

536073, 3712926; 535924, 3712913; 

535833, 3712893; 535657, 3712971; 

535423, 3713166; 535170, 3713342; 

534884, 3713511; 534773, 3713576; 

534630, 3713738; 534455, 3713888; 

534253, 3713992; 534136, 3714018; 

533986, 3714148; 533804, 3714291; 

533603, 3714486; 533427, 3714642; 

533271, 3714713; 533193, 3714791; 

533154, 3715149; 532940, 3715253; 

532751, 3715389; 532465, 3715519; 

532309, 3715545; 532229, 3715601; 

532185, 3715850; 531988, 3716047; 

531668, 3716056; 531605, 3715879; 

531957, 3715541; 531401, 3715534; 

531027, 3715590; 530759, 3715562 

530534, 3715464; 530336, 3715569; 

529899, 3715534; 529688, 3715518; 

529384, 3715532; 529306, 3715688; 

529144, 3715695; 529150, 3715812; 

528949, 3715916; 528526, 3715916; 

528513, 3716156; 528383, 3716156; 

528377, 3715942; 528279, 3715935; 

528273, 3715766; 527850, 3715799; 

527850, 3716329; 527638, 3716339; 

527641, 3715916; 527640, 3715929; 

527232, 3715929; 526619, 3715928; 

526629, 3715715; 527011, 3715705; 

527026, 3715280; 526630, 3715288; 

526622, 3715493; 526423, 3715493; 

526420, 3715278; 526217, 3715266; 

526218, 3714731; 526218, 3714716; 

526219, 3714221; 526203, 3714221; 

526205, 3713916; 526132, 3713919; 

526116, 3713921; 526097, 3713922; 

526069, 3713926; 526052, 3713928; 

526041, 3713929; 526013, 3713933; 

525985, 3713938; 525958, 3713942; 

525936, 3713943; 525908, 3713944; 

525880, 3713946; 525871, 3713946; 

525852, 3713948; 525824, 3713950; 

525795, 3713953; 525767, 3713956; 

525750, 3713958; 525739, 3713960; 

525711, 3713964; 525683, 3713968; 

525655, 3713973; 525629, 3713978; 

525627, 3713978; 525600, 3713984; 

525572, 3713990; 525544, 3713996; 

525517, 3714003; 525490, 3714010; 

525483, 3714012; 525462, 3714017; 

525435, 3714025; 525408, 3714033; 

525381, 3714042; 525366, 3714047; 

525354, 3714051; 525328, 3714061; 

525301, 3714070; 525275, 3714081; 

525252, 3714090; 525248, 3714091; 

525222, 3714102; 525196, 3714113; 

525171, 3714125; 525145, 3714137; 

525119, 3714149; 525115, 3714152; 

525094, 3714162; 525069, 3714175; 

525044, 3714189; 525020, 3714203; 

525007, 3714209; 524995, 3714217; 

524971, 3714231; 524947, 3714246; 

524923, 3714261; 524903, 3714274; 

524899, 3714277; 524876, 3714293; 

524852, 3714309; 524829, 3714325; 

524807, 3714342; 524784, 3714359; 

524781, 3714361; 524767, 3714373; 

524758, 3714377; 524734, 3714390; 

524709, 3714404; 524697, 3714411; 

524684, 3714418; 524660, 3714433; 

524636, 3714448; 524612, 3714463; 

524593, 3714475; 524588, 3714478; 

524565, 3714494; thence returning to 

524560, 3714498. Excluding land 

bounded by 526263, 3716885; 526204, 

3716836; 526184, 3716257; 525369, 

3716278; 525195, 3716278; 525195, 

3716182; 525156, 3716182; 525163, 

3716083; 524954, 3716090; 524954, 

3715886; 525794, 3715852; 525783, 

3716005; 526006, 3716058; 526215, 

3716037; 526215, 3716352; 526446, 

3716363; 526466, 3716796; 526358, 

3716790. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 7 is provided 

at paragraph (11)(ii) of this entry. 

(13) Unit 8: Otay Unit, San Diego 

County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Jamul Mountains, Dulzura, Otay Mesa, 

Otay Mountain, and Tecate. Land 

bounded by the following Universal 

Transverse Mercator (UTM) North 

American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) 

coordinates (E, N): 509542, 3613586; 

509659, 3613642; 509894, 3613531; 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3366 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

510177, 3613445; 510695, 3613556; 

511053, 3613346; 511546, 3613001; 

511990, 3612878; 512224, 3613211; 

512360, 3613704; 512656, 3614037; 

512668, 3614493; 512582, 3614949; 

512458, 3614962; 512668, 3615245; 

513026, 3615603; 513285, 3615702; 

513482, 3615480; 513846, 3615424; 

513971, 3615424; 514238, 3615643; 

514271, 3615798; 514295, 3615993; 

514380, 3616160; 514269, 3616222; 

514127, 3616321; 513607, 3616927; 

513310, 3617292; 513539, 3617490; 

513867, 3617533; 514009, 3617608; 

514980, 3617589; 515710, 3617663; 

515692, 3617911; 515519, 3617911; 

515692, 3618641; 515673, 3619018; 

515531, 3619340; 515760, 3619457; 

516174, 3619476; 516434, 3619167; 

516744, 3619148; 517127, 3619154; 

517418, 3619216; 517399, 3618764; 

517651, 3618738; 518062, 3618744; 

518080, 3618728; 518080, 3618679; 

518125, 3618641; 518170, 3618620; 

518202, 3618555; 518249, 3618523; 

518314, 3618542; 518332, 3618575; 

518387, 3618555; 518531, 3618464; 

518544, 3618273; 518311, 3617955; 

518267, 3617933; 518184, 3617746; 

518310, 3617651; 518310, 3617570; 

518384, 3617249; 518532, 3617163; 

518766, 3616904; 518741, 3616596; 

518741, 3616386; 518914, 3616164; 

519210, 3616028; 519506, 3615880; 

519691, 3615893; 520122, 3616115; 

520297, 3616102; 520317, 3616093; 

520394, 3615991; 520445, 3615946; 

520503, 3615831; 520618, 3615716; 

520637, 3615626; 520637, 3615472; 

520643, 3615293; 520727, 3615210; 

520746, 3615127; 520707, 3615076; 

520624, 3615025; 520541, 3614916; 

520439, 3614884; 520349, 3614788; 

520247, 3614692; 520164, 3614538; 

520061, 3614423; 519972, 3614347; 

519901, 3614321; 519754, 3614327; 

519690, 3614289; 519703, 3614206; 

519792, 3614123; 519722, 3614020; 

519466, 3614020; 519485, 3614187; 

519114, 3614193; 519102, 3613963; 

519229, 3613956; 519223, 3613355; 

519473, 3613374; 519581, 3613297; 

519620, 3613144; 519613, 3613073; 

519549, 3612997; 519479, 3612920; 

519370, 3612830; 519396, 3612798; 

519466, 3612798; 519517, 3612773; 

519613, 3612638; 519703, 3612626; 

519760, 3612658; 519824, 3612683; 

519882, 3612581; 519908, 3612466; 

520002, 3612398; 520165, 3612126; 

520313, 3611768; 520511, 3611484; 

520535, 3611275; 520720, 3610991; 

520979, 3611016; 521300, 3611090; 

521357, 3611162; 521413, 3611186; 

521460, 3611180; 521507, 3611164; 

521582, 3611158; 521699, 3611105; 

521749, 3611094; 521841, 3611061; 

521908, 3611027; 521913, 3610977; 

521949, 3610966; 522013, 3610913; 

522033, 3610863; 522030, 3610830; 

522063, 3610830; 522088, 3610766; 

522083, 3610713; 522002, 3610719; 

522019, 3610660; 522075, 3610669; 

522063, 3610571; 522086, 3610482; 

522147, 3610427; 522169, 3610346; 

522166, 3610293; 522086, 3610307; 

522063, 3610285; 522019, 3610293; 

522013, 3610229; 521980, 3610240; 

521791, 3610232; 521780, 3610023; 

521794, 3609987; 521894, 3609984; 

521847, 3609937; 521785, 3609929; 

521713, 3609834; 521605, 3609581; 

521568, 3609548; 521535, 3609473; 

521532, 3609417; 521543, 3609325; 

521543, 3609200; 521538, 3609144; 

521532, 3609097; 521554, 3609050; 

521560, 3608658; 521474, 3608646; 

521474, 3608596; 521499, 3608499; 

521535, 3608480; 521571, 3608393; 

521580, 3608327; 521646, 3608232; 

521699, 3608199; 521771, 3608151; 

521838, 3608110; 521849, 3608051; 

521858, 3607993; 521855, 3607896; 

521838, 3607823; 521794, 3607787; 

521741, 3607770; 521646, 3607779; 

521638, 3607829; 521694, 3607896; 

521554, 3607926; 521571, 3607870; 

521499, 3607718; 521332, 3607781; 

521310, 3607726; 521226, 3607740; 

521218, 3607706; 521168, 3607712; 

521167, 3607708; 521154, 3607656; 

521204, 3607637; 521227, 3607627; 

521274, 3607606; 521338, 3607576; 

521407, 3607556; 521449, 3607556; 

521465, 3607526; 521488, 3607506; 

521563, 3607495; 521563, 3607389; 

521632, 3607384; 521638, 3607503; 

521657, 3607592; 521732, 3607679; 

521810, 3607740; 521877, 3607731; 

521947, 3607748; 521991, 3607770; 

522025, 3607765; 522086, 3607751; 

522164, 3607729; 522205, 3607720; 

522241, 3607706; 522289, 3607704; 

522350, 3607698; 522403, 3607698; 

522486, 3607692; 522581, 3607712; 

522642, 3607687; 522681, 3607654; 

522739, 3607648; 522809, 3607648; 

522837, 3607651; 522870, 3607687; 

522923, 3607698; 522967, 3607684; 

523081, 3607676; 523162, 3607676; 

523226, 3607720; 523264, 3607738; 

523563, 3607754; 523957, 3607680; 

523957, 3607483; 523846, 3607187; 

523846, 3606940; 523933, 3606570; 

523883, 3606324; 524315, 3606225; 

524561, 3606151; 524845, 3605978; 

524845, 3605732; 524623, 3605460; 

524611, 3605165; 524857, 3604708; 

525363, 3604610; 525659, 3604610; 

526115, 3604499; 526596, 3604437; 

526991, 3604215; 527311, 3603833; 

527336, 3603450; 524029, 3603113; 

523907, 3603162; 523796, 3603214; 

523686, 3603221; 523516, 3603162; 

523347, 3603126; 523177, 3603126; 

523022, 3603118; 522897, 3603037; 

522750, 3603045; 522684, 3603067; 

522536, 3603103; 522293, 3603140; 

522124, 3603162; 521932, 3603133; 

521667, 3603177; 521490, 3603251; 

521409, 3603347; 521203, 3603369; 

521055, 3603450; 520819, 3603523; 

520790, 3603612; 520709, 3603612; 

520621, 3603516; 520481, 3603347; 

520414, 3603236; 520414, 3603103; 

520466, 3602919; 520466, 3602918; 

520466, 3602917; 520544, 3602915; 

520545, 3602917; 520554, 3603037; 

520665, 3603096; 520842, 3603185; 

521033, 3603236; 521180, 3603199; 

521276, 3603140; 521402, 3602993; 

521519, 3602941; 521687, 3602875; 

520536, 3602757; 520445, 3602748; 

520110, 3602714; 520046, 3602750; 

519840, 3602831; 519589, 3602824; 

519479, 3602853; 519397, 3602986; 

519302, 3603096; 519235, 3603192; 

519221, 3603295; 519213, 3603391; 

519160, 3603511; 519265, 3603555; 

519647, 3603642; 519820, 3603913; 

520165, 3603975; 520375, 3604098; 

520375, 3604357; 520091, 3604529; 

519697, 3604862; 520165, 3604986; 

520221, 3605645; 520235, 3605659; 

520355, 3605962; 520363, 3606191; 

520311, 3606382; 520186, 3606493; 

520038, 3606618; 519869, 3606802; 

519744, 3607016; 519692, 3607252; 

519692, 3607487; 519714, 3607613; 

519825, 3607834; 519928, 3608033; 

519950, 3608150; 519943, 3608408; 

519876, 3608501; 519863, 3608506; 

519333, 3608728; 519170, 3608738; 

519131, 3608842; 518984, 3608997; 

518984, 3609135; 519000, 3609282; 

519017, 3609413; 518911, 3609470; 

518829, 3609494; 518805, 3609494; 

518731, 3609404; 518642, 3609388; 

518584, 3609494; 518519, 3609567; 

518421, 3609641; 518258, 3609665; 

518128, 3609567; 518014, 3609502; 

517867, 3609527; 517785, 3609608; 

517647, 3609665; 517590, 3609722; 

517516, 3609796; 517451, 3609853; 

517386, 3609975; 517231, 3610081; 

517027, 3610146; 516790, 3610130; 

516635, 3610130; 516554, 3610155; 

516562, 3610277; 516554, 3610383; 

516595, 3610538; 516676, 3610595; 

516652, 3610668; 516570, 3610831; 

516513, 3611043; 516513, 3611117; 

516448, 3611231; 516350, 3611264; 

516269, 3611264; 516154, 3611329; 

515959, 3611337; 515851, 3611337; 

515665, 3611386; 515344, 3611386; 

515248, 3611359; 515168, 3611419; 

515013, 3611451; 514890, 3611500; 

514768, 3611557; 514670, 3611574; 

514589, 3611443; 514499, 3611394; 

514344, 3611370; 514222, 3611223; 

514050, 3611158; 513855, 3610978; 

513847, 3610856; 513847, 3610758; 

513841, 3610702; 513741, 3610634; 

513655, 3610251; 513297, 3610251; 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3367 

512939, 3610042; 512656, 3609770; 

512804, 3609289; 512335, 3609289; 

512138, 3609228; 511768, 3609092; 

511595, 3608821; 511595, 3608562; 

511706, 3608217; 511916, 3607908; 

511669, 3607563; 511188, 3607575; 

510535, 3607649; 510103, 3607847; 

509641, 3607631; 509789, 3607347; 

510060, 3607113; 510196, 3606842; 

510393, 3606570; 510368, 3606287; 

510603, 3606003; 510812, 3605831; 

510664, 3605559; 510751, 3605288; 

510849, 3605017; 510972, 3604881; 

510979, 3604881; 511013, 3604832; 

511170, 3604738; 511272, 3604675; 

511272, 3604581; 511288, 3604550; 

511405, 3604534; 511507, 3604495; 

511672, 3604346; 511703, 3604220; 

511736, 3604164; 511675, 3603981; 

511910, 3603697; 512070, 3603364; 

512267, 3603278; 512514, 3603216; 

512563, 3602982; 512563, 3602612; 

512625, 3602353; 512963, 3601967; 

511784, 3601853; 511735, 3601849; 

509265, 3601587; 509265, 3601766; 

509233, 3601853; 509226, 3601962; 

509226, 3602041; 509091, 3602259; 

509092, 3602284; 508998, 3602480; 

508975, 3602503; 508865, 3602637; 

508716, 3602793; 508528, 3602825; 

508442, 3602911; 508387, 3603005; 

508410, 3603138; 508457, 3603319; 

508457, 3603546; 508575, 3603836; 

508551, 3603985; 508395, 3604048; 

508191, 3604228; 508105, 3604401; 

508167, 3604518; 508253, 3604753; 

508199, 3604855; 508238, 3605067; 

508152, 3605224; 508253, 3605334; 

508246, 3605498; 508246, 3605804; 

508206, 3606000; 507956, 3606031; 

507658, 3606024; 507495, 3605895; 

507218, 3606092; 506917, 3606404; 

506662, 3606555; 505784, 3606231; 

505783, 3606231; 505783, 3606230; 

505748, 3604773; 505228, 3604611; 

505204, 3604368; 504730, 3604391; 

504545, 3604611; 503504, 3604588; 

503064, 3604322; 502890, 3604009; 

502266, 3604021; 502222, 3605020; 

502219, 3605074; 501942, 3605236; 

501479, 3605317; 501652, 3605780; 

501918, 3606034; 501927, 3606035; 

501941, 3606043; 501971, 3606044; 

501993, 3606042; 502024, 3606040; 

502056, 3606042; 502088, 3606052; 

502124, 3606072; 502162, 3606100; 

502210, 3606139; 502247, 3606168; 

502287, 3606207; 502324, 3606238; 

502325, 3606242; 502341, 3606249; 

502368, 3606250; 502393, 3606242; 

502405, 3606221; 502416, 3606201; 

502436, 3606158; 502446, 3606133; 

502457, 3606110; 502476, 3606059; 

502525, 3606069; 502558, 3606086; 

502614, 3606105; 502671, 3606124; 

502766, 3606142; 502825, 3606156; 

502887, 3606173; 502969, 3606194; 

503047, 3606210; 503140, 3606234; 

503205, 3606258; 503269, 3606283; 

503314, 3606304; 503358, 3606323; 

503399, 3606342; 503442, 3606355; 

503446, 3606357; 503631, 3606473; 

503641, 3606479; 503676, 3606501; 

503699, 3606517; 503702, 3606508; 

503719, 3606458; 503730, 3606446; 

503731, 3606444; 503746, 3606439; 

503766, 3606440; 503784, 3606446; 

503798, 3606456; 503807, 3606465; 

503811, 3606473; 503815, 3606490; 

503821, 3606500; 503831, 3606510; 

503845, 3606512; 503863, 3606505; 

503879, 3606495; 503900, 3606492; 

503915, 3606489; 503929, 3606481; 

503952, 3606483; 503981, 3606491; 

504011, 3606514; 504041, 3606533; 

504066, 3606549; 504144, 3606589; 

504170, 3606612; 504194, 3606636; 

504213, 3606654; 504226, 3606669; 

504254, 3606716; 504265, 3606729; 

504299, 3606747; 504331, 3606754; 

504341, 3606756; 504359, 3606760; 

504368, 3606770; 504374, 3606788; 

504378, 3606798; 504401, 3606829; 

504413, 3606849; 504421, 3606857; 

504441, 3606858; 504460, 3606856; 

504465, 3606848; 504472, 3606819; 

504476, 3606807; 504480, 3606795; 

504480, 3606793; 504489, 3606779; 

504544, 3606785; 504567, 3606798; 

504585, 3606816; 504606, 3606833; 

504629, 3606842; 504645, 3606850; 

504657, 3606863; 504654, 3606885; 

504647, 3606925; 504650, 3606935; 

504656, 3606944; 504669, 3606957; 

504689, 3606966; 504711, 3606968; 

504732, 3606968; 504748, 3606958; 

504761, 3606950; 504776, 3606942; 

504804, 3606938; 504830, 3606940; 

504866, 3606959; 504885, 3606968; 

504909, 3606974; 504939, 3606981; 

504963, 3606991; 504994, 3607017; 

505033, 3607046; 505057, 3607087; 

505059, 3607107; 505062, 3607128; 

505057, 3607160; 505044, 3607200; 

505028, 3607226; 505012, 3607248; 

505007, 3607253; 504992, 3607268; 

504979, 3607283; 504971, 3607293; 

504971, 3607303; 504957, 3607332; 

504946, 3607357; 504928, 3607380; 

504902, 3607413; 504861, 3607463; 

504836, 3607488; 504820, 3607504; 

504797, 3607530; 504792, 3607536; 

504766, 3607552; 504746, 3607547; 

504743, 3607545; 504740, 3607563; 

504741, 3607585; 504757, 3607661; 

504788, 3607755; 504822, 3607841; 

504884, 3607956; 504888, 3607962; 

504907, 3607953; 504919, 3607938; 

504924, 3607929; 504923, 3607882; 

504920, 3607863; 504922, 3607838; 

504922, 3607810; 504926, 3607763; 

504935, 3607737; 504943, 3607723; 

504946, 3607707; 504961, 3607682; 

504971, 3607678; 504985, 3607677; 

505007, 3607681; 505016, 3607713; 

505017, 3607732; 505017, 3607752; 

505016, 3607755; 505013, 3607780; 

505022, 3607823; 505021, 3607849; 

505017, 3607883; 505013, 3607907; 

505007, 3607923; 505003, 3607930; 

504999, 3607934; 504978, 3607971; 

504969, 3608013; 504971, 3608052; 

504977, 3608075; 504988, 3608100; 

505010, 3608130; 505027, 3608146; 

505049, 3608160; 505085, 3608194; 

505098, 3608237; 505106, 3608280; 

505096, 3608317; 505090, 3608390; 

505080, 3608415; 505081, 3608435; 

505090, 3608456; 505103, 3608469; 

505113, 3608475; 505137, 3608480; 

505149, 3608478; 505165, 3608472; 

505182, 3608457; 505218, 3608444; 

505234, 3608452; 505232, 3608477; 

505217, 3608504; 505208, 3608532; 

505206, 3608562; 505212, 3608590; 

505196, 3608607; 505188, 3608657; 

505187, 3608659; 505173, 3608694; 

505160, 3608762; 505150, 3608801; 

505138, 3608820; 505101, 3608853; 

505061, 3608883; 505024, 3608921; 

504994, 3608972; 504947, 3609020; 

504920, 3609035; 504895, 3609046; 

504892, 3609068; 504894, 3609083; 

504898, 3609085; 504906, 3609088; 

504913, 3609091; 504915, 3609092; 

504916, 3609094; 504916, 3609095; 

504917, 3609097; 504917, 3609098; 

504917, 3609100; 504916, 3609113; 

504936, 3609136; 504951, 3609156; 

504977, 3609195; 504982, 3609199; 

504982, 3609200; 504983, 3609200; 

504984, 3609201; 504984, 3609201; 

504984, 3609201; 504985, 3609201; 

504985, 3609202; 504985, 3609202; 

504986, 3609203; 504986, 3609203; 

504987, 3609203; 504987, 3609204; 

504988, 3609204; 504989, 3609205; 

504989, 3609205; 504990, 3609206; 

505006, 3609219; 505006, 3609219; 

505007, 3609220; 505008, 3609220; 

505008, 3609220; 505009, 3609221; 

505009, 3609221; 505009, 3609222; 

505010, 3609222; 505010, 3609222; 

505011, 3609223; 505011, 3609223; 

505012, 3609223; 505012, 3609224; 

505013, 3609224; 505014, 3609225; 

505014, 3609225; 505014, 3609225; 

505015, 3609225; 505015, 3609226; 

505016, 3609226; 505017, 3609227; 

505018, 3609228; 505018, 3609228; 

505019, 3609228; 505019, 3609229; 

505020, 3609229; 505020, 3609230; 

505021, 3609230; 505021, 3609230; 

505021, 3609230; 505022, 3609231; 

505023, 3609232; 505023, 3609232; 

505024, 3609232; 505024, 3609232; 

505024, 3609233; 505025, 3609233; 

505025, 3609234; 505026, 3609234; 

505026, 3609234; 505026, 3609235; 

505027, 3609235; 505028, 3609236; 

505028, 3609236; 505031, 3609239; 

505035, 3609244; 505036, 3609244; 

505037, 3609245; 505037, 3609245; 

505037, 3609246; 505038, 3609246; 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3368 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

505038, 3609247; 505039, 3609248; 

505039, 3609248; 505040, 3609249; 

505040, 3609249; 505041, 3609250; 

505041, 3609250; 505042, 3609251; 

505042, 3609251; 505043, 3609252; 

505043, 3609252; 505061, 3609272; 

505062, 3609273; 505062, 3609274; 

505063, 3609274; 505063, 3609274; 

505063, 3609275; 505064, 3609276; 

505064, 3609276; 505064, 3609277; 

505065, 3609277; 505065, 3609278; 

505065, 3609278; 505065, 3609279; 

505066, 3609279; 505066, 3609279; 

505066, 3609280; 505067, 3609280; 

505067, 3609281; 505067, 3609281; 

505068, 3609282; 505068, 3609283; 

505069, 3609283; 505069, 3609284; 

505076, 3609295; 505077, 3609296; 

505077, 3609297; 505078, 3609297; 

505079, 3609298; 505079, 3609299; 

505079, 3609299; 505080, 3609299; 

505080, 3609300; 505080, 3609300; 

505081, 3609300; 505081, 3609301; 

505081, 3609301; 505082, 3609302; 

505082, 3609302; 505082, 3609302; 

505082, 3609303; 505083, 3609305; 

505084, 3609306; 505084, 3609306; 

505084, 3609307; 505085, 3609307; 

505085, 3609308; 505085, 3609308; 

505085, 3609309; 505086, 3609309; 

505086, 3609310; 505087, 3609310; 

505087, 3609311; 505087, 3609311; 

505088, 3609312; 505100, 3609322; 

505102, 3609324; 505103, 3609324; 

505103, 3609324; 505104, 3609325; 

505105, 3609326; 505105, 3609326; 

505106, 3609327; 505107, 3609327; 

505107, 3609328; 505108, 3609328; 

505113, 3609332; 505118, 3609336; 

505121, 3609339; 505121, 3609340; 

505122, 3609340; 505122, 3609341; 

505123, 3609341; 505123, 3609341; 

505123, 3609342; 505124, 3609342; 

505125, 3609343; 505125, 3609344; 

505126, 3609344; 505126, 3609344; 

505126, 3609344; 505127, 3609344; 

505127, 3609345; 505128, 3609346; 

505128, 3609346; 505129, 3609347; 

505129, 3609347; 505130, 3609347; 

505131, 3609348; 505132, 3609348; 

505132, 3609349; 505133, 3609350; 

505133, 3609350; 505134, 3609350; 

505134, 3609351; 505134, 3609351; 

505135, 3609351; 505135, 3609352; 

505135, 3609352; 505135, 3609352; 

505136, 3609352; 505136, 3609353; 

505137, 3609354; 505137, 3609354; 

505137, 3609354; 505138, 3609355; 

505138, 3609355; 505138, 3609356; 

505139, 3609356; 505139, 3609356; 

505139, 3609357; 505140, 3609357; 

505140, 3609358; 505141, 3609359; 

505141, 3609359; 505142, 3609360; 

505142, 3609360; 505142, 3609361; 

505142, 3609361; 505143, 3609362; 

505143, 3609362; 505144, 3609363; 

505144, 3609363; 505144, 3609364; 

505144, 3609364; 505145, 3609365; 

505145, 3609366; 505146, 3609366; 

505146, 3609367; 505147, 3609368; 

505147, 3609368; 505147, 3609370; 

505148, 3609370; 505148, 3609371; 

505148, 3609372; 505148, 3609372; 

505148, 3609373; 505149, 3609373; 

505149, 3609374; 505149, 3609374; 

505149, 3609375; 505149, 3609376; 

505150, 3609376; 505150, 3609376; 

505150, 3609377; 505150, 3609378; 

505150, 3609379; 505150, 3609379; 

505150, 3609380; 505150, 3609380; 

505150, 3609381; 505150, 3609382; 

505150, 3609382; 505150, 3609383; 

505150, 3609384; 505150, 3609385; 

505150, 3609385; 505150, 3609386; 

505150, 3609387; 505150, 3609387; 

505150, 3609388; 505150, 3609388; 

505150, 3609389; 505150, 3609390; 

505150, 3609390; 505150, 3609391; 

505150, 3609391; 505150, 3609392; 

505149, 3609393; 505149, 3609393; 

505149, 3609394; 505149, 3609394; 

505149, 3609395; 505148, 3609397; 

505148, 3609398; 505148, 3609399; 

505147, 3609399; 505147, 3609400; 

505147, 3609400; 505146, 3609402; 

505146, 3609402; 505146, 3609403; 

505146, 3609403; 505146, 3609404; 

505145, 3609406; 505145, 3609406; 

505144, 3609407; 505144, 3609407; 

505144, 3609408; 505143, 3609408; 

505134, 3609428; 505134, 3609429; 

505134, 3609430; 505132, 3609433; 

505132, 3609434; 505132, 3609435; 

505132, 3609435; 505134, 3609443; 

505134, 3609444; 505134, 3609444; 

505134, 3609445; 505134, 3609446; 

505134, 3609446; 505134, 3609446; 

505135, 3609447; 505135, 3609448; 

505136, 3609449; 505136, 3609449; 

505137, 3609450; 505137, 3609450; 

505138, 3609451; 505138, 3609451; 

505139, 3609451; 505140, 3609452; 

505140, 3609452; 505141, 3609453; 

505141, 3609453; 505142, 3609453; 

505142, 3609454; 505142, 3609454; 

505143, 3609455; 505143, 3609455; 

505143, 3609456; 505144, 3609456; 

505144, 3609457; 505145, 3609458; 

505145, 3609458; 505145, 3609459; 

505145, 3609460; 505145, 3609460; 

505146, 3609463; 505146, 3609464; 

505146, 3609465; 505147, 3609466; 

505147, 3609466; 505147, 3609467; 

505148, 3609467; 505148, 3609468; 

505148, 3609469; 505149, 3609469; 

505149, 3609470; 505150, 3609470; 

505153, 3609473; 505154, 3609473; 

505154, 3609474; 505155, 3609475; 

505155, 3609475; 505156, 3609475; 

505156, 3609476; 505157, 3609476; 

505157, 3609476; 505158, 3609477; 

505158, 3609477; 505159, 3609478; 

505159, 3609478; 505160, 3609478; 

505160, 3609479; 505160, 3609479; 

505161, 3609480; 505161, 3609480; 

505162, 3609480; 505163, 3609481; 

505164, 3609482; 505164, 3609482; 

505165, 3609482; 505165, 3609483; 

505166, 3609483; 505166, 3609483; 

505166, 3609483; 505166, 3609484; 

505167, 3609484; 505167, 3609484; 

505167, 3609485; 505168, 3609485; 

505168, 3609485; 505169, 3609486; 

505169, 3609486; 505170, 3609487; 

505170, 3609487; 505171, 3609488; 

505171, 3609488; 505172, 3609489; 

505172, 3609489; 505173, 3609490; 

505174, 3609491; 505174, 3609491; 

505174, 3609491; 505175, 3609492; 

505177, 3609494; 505177, 3609495; 

505177, 3609495; 505177, 3609496; 

505178, 3609496; 505178, 3609496; 

505178, 3609497; 505179, 3609497; 

505179, 3609498; 505179, 3609498; 

505180, 3609499; 505180, 3609499; 

505180, 3609499; 505181, 3609500; 

505181, 3609500; 505181, 3609501; 

505181, 3609501; 505182, 3609502; 

505182, 3609502; 505182, 3609502; 

505183, 3609503; 505183, 3609503; 

505184, 3609505; 505184, 3609505; 

505184, 3609505; 505185, 3609506; 

505185, 3609506; 505185, 3609507; 

505186, 3609507; 505186, 3609508; 

505186, 3609508; 505188, 3609510; 

505188, 3609512; 505190, 3609514; 

505190, 3609515; 505191, 3609516; 

505192, 3609518; 505192, 3609519; 

505192, 3609519; 505193, 3609520; 

505193, 3609522; 505193, 3609522; 

505194, 3609523; 505194, 3609523; 

505194, 3609524; 505194, 3609524; 

505194, 3609525; 505194, 3609525; 

505195, 3609526; 505195, 3609526; 

505195, 3609527; 505195, 3609528; 

505195, 3609528; 505196, 3609529; 

505196, 3609530; 505196, 3609530; 

505196, 3609531; 505197, 3609532; 

505197, 3609532; 505197, 3609533; 

505197, 3609533; 505197, 3609534; 

505198, 3609534; 505198, 3609535; 

505198, 3609535; 505198, 3609536; 

505198, 3609536; 505198, 3609537; 

505199, 3609537; 505199, 3609538; 

505199, 3609539; 505200, 3609540; 

505200, 3609540; 505200, 3609541; 

505200, 3609542; 505200, 3609542; 

505201, 3609543; 505201, 3609543; 

505201, 3609544; 505201, 3609545; 

505201, 3609545; 505201, 3609546; 

505201, 3609546; 505201, 3609546; 

505201, 3609547; 505202, 3609547; 

505202, 3609548; 505202, 3609549; 

505202, 3609549; 505202, 3609551; 

505737, 3609540; 505864, 3608383; 

505933, 3607584; 506327, 3607295; 

506335, 3607296; 506593, 3607307; 

506590, 3607353; 506570, 3607689; 

506644, 3607721; 506940, 3607851; 

507106, 3608098; 507248, 3608321; 

507532, 3608543; 507533, 3608562; 

507650, 3608634; 507932, 3608736; 

508058, 3608775; 508120, 3608901; 

508120, 3609167; 508598, 3609426; 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3369 

508794, 3609559; 508826, 3609732; 

508904, 3609810; 509077, 3609810; 

509194, 3609865; 509273, 3609959; 

509414, 3609983; 509500, 3610006; 

509571, 3609967; 509618, 3609912; 

509618, 3610006; 509633, 3610155; 

509806, 3610194; 510065, 3610312; 

510119, 3610359; 510229, 3610367; 

510386, 3610304; 510598, 3610273; 

510747, 3610312; 510794, 3610445; 

510872, 3610626; 510990, 3610829; 

511146, 3611088; 511382, 3611206; 

511578, 3611221; 511578, 3611025; 

511868, 3611088; 512299, 3611457; 

512252, 3611558; 512346, 3611864; 

512354, 3612115; 512432, 3612225; 

512589, 3612311; 512691, 3612335; 

512840, 3612288; 512997, 3612311; 

513099, 3612397; 513130, 3612468; 

513224, 3612523; 513342, 3612546; 

513349, 3612648; 513538, 3612656; 

513647, 3612562; 513647, 3612468; 

513647, 3612327; 513734, 3612099; 

513961, 3611888; 514228, 3611668; 

514329, 3611770; 514243, 3611801; 

514220, 3611872; 514071, 3612013; 

513969, 3612021; 513867, 3612154; 

513843, 3612303; 513890, 3612421; 

514016, 3612476; 514086, 3612578; 

514228, 3612680; 514361, 3612829; 

514416, 3612962; 514486, 3613040; 

514620, 3613134; 514690, 3613330; 

514878, 3613440; 515019, 3613534; 

515208, 3613597; 515372, 3613597; 

515435, 3613652; 515302, 3613777; 

515372, 3613863; 515411, 3613997; 

515600, 3614059; 515788, 3614146; 

516015, 3614224; 516188, 3614232; 

516344, 3614224; 516485, 3614224; 

516642, 3614224; 516768, 3614169; 

516877, 3613981; 516940, 3613879; 

517058, 3613840; 517183, 3613840; 

517426, 3613832; 517567, 3613746; 

517646, 3613918; 517646, 3614075; 

517599, 3614255; 517458, 3614240; 

517277, 3614255; 517105, 3614208; 

516979, 3614271; 516791, 3614334; 

516556, 3614475; 516337, 3614608; 

516062, 3614616; 515984, 3614632; 

515874, 3614671; 515686, 3614773; 

515560, 3614922; 515451, 3614969; 

515435, 3614828; 515396, 3614710; 

515302, 3614647; 515317, 3614538; 

515388, 3614396; 515404, 3614255; 

515333, 3614083; 515239, 3614028; 

515121, 3613973; 515074, 3613895; 

515004, 3613808; 514839, 3613707; 

514808, 3613573; 514643, 3613495; 

514494, 3613393; 514392, 3613299; 

514298, 3613173; 514243, 3612977; 

514181, 3612860; 514102, 3612821; 

514008, 3612742; 513898, 3612625; 

513828, 3612687; 513718, 3612829; 

513569, 3612923; 513451, 3612962; 

513428, 3612860; 513365, 3612797; 

513201, 3612876; 513114, 3612734; 

512981, 3612711; 512887, 3612656; 

512785, 3612499; 512620, 3612460; 

512471, 3612374; 512307, 3612335; 

512221, 3612217; 512205, 3612099; 

512228, 3611927; 512197, 3611762; 

512119, 3611660; 511923, 3611605; 

511844, 3611472; 511758, 3611347; 

511593, 3611355; 511342, 3611315; 

511201, 3611229; 510950, 3611057; 

510896, 3610814; 510723, 3610673; 

510590, 3610649; 510457, 3610704; 

510261, 3610751; 509986, 3610720; 

509688, 3610571; 509375, 3610516; 

509077, 3610516; 508881, 3610578; 

508661, 3610594; 508465, 3610735; 

508442, 3610963; 508206, 3611010; 

508159, 3611104; 508175, 3611315; 

508042, 3611480; 507760, 3611590; 

507430, 3611582; 507132, 3611527; 

507007, 3611747; 506850, 3612037; 

506764, 3612123; 506607, 3612178; 

506450, 3612413; 506427, 3612523; 

506435, 3612601; 506464, 3612677; 

506427, 3612671; 506350, 3612799; 

506298, 3612825; 506246, 3612812; 

506131, 3613044; 506143, 3613521; 

506362, 3613998; 506517, 3614616; 

506530, 3615608; 506530, 3615802; 

506697, 3615840; 507148, 3615931; 

507380, 3616188; 507522, 3616446; 

507819, 3616691; 507767, 3616897; 

507819, 3617193; 507999, 3617399; 

508166, 3617644; 508501, 3617734; 

509004, 3617580; 509558, 3617116; 

509829, 3616536; 509893, 3615660; 

509352, 3615183; 509236, 3614333; 

thence returning to 509542, 3613586. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 8 (Otay Unit) 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3370 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.006</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3371 

(14) Unit 9: La Posta/Campo Unit, San 

Diego County. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Cameron Corners, Live Oak Springs, 

Campo, Tierra Del Sol. Land bounded 

by the following Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) North American Datum 

of 1927 (NAD27) coordinates (E, N): 

553429, 3615941; 553609, 3615663; 

553609, 3615510; 554522, 3615534; 

554724, 3615307; 554786, 3615045; 

554774, 3614749; 554744, 3614441; 

554750, 3614200; 554876, 3613915; 

555139, 3613378; 555248, 3613049; 

555254, 3612912; 555237, 3612693; 

555270, 3612600; 555347, 3612446; 

555363, 3612342; 555380, 3612151; 

555380, 3612008; 555336, 3611920; 

555248, 3611844; 555073, 3611855; 

554854, 3611882; 554725, 3611939; 

554601, 3612101; 554488, 3612253; 

554514, 3613022; 554256, 3613000; 

554256, 3613575; 553862, 3613597; 

553856, 3613340; 553697, 3613340; 

553697, 3613148; 553630, 3613180; 

553275, 3613026; 551888, 3613504; 

551601, 3614187; 551609, 3615340; 

550765, 3615372; 550362, 3615816; 

550362, 3616494; 550624, 3616972; 

550932, 3617249; 551148, 3617249; 

551687, 3617249; 552258, 3617249; 

552751, 3617188; 552982, 3617080; 

553090, 3616849; 553090, 3616509; 

553090, 3616201; 553275, 3615970; 

thence returning to 553429, 3615941. 

Continuing to 555361, 3613606; 555341, 

3613858; 555356, 3614305; 555387, 

3614752; 555418, 3615091; 555587, 

3615477; 555834, 3616001; 556265, 

3616124; 556651, 3615955; 556928, 

3615569; 557098, 3615168; 557021, 

3614660; 556897, 3614321; 557314, 

3613935; 557452, 3613504; 557406, 

3613211; 557190, 3612872; 557190, 

3612717; 557161, 3612704; 557084, 

3612704; 557013, 3612709; 556925, 

3612731; 556821, 3612715; 556717, 

3612671; 556700, 3612507; 556596, 

3612430; 556497, 3612381; 556602, 

3612118; 556481, 3612079; 556267, 

3612052; 556202, 3612046; 556103, 

3611997; 556048, 3611915; 555829, 

3611871; 555791, 3611893; 555785, 

3612074; 555741, 3612227; 555665, 

3612348; 555626, 3612507; 555588, 

3612704; 555539, 3613098; 555456, 

3613411; thence returning to 555361, 

3613606. Continuing to 558984, 

3611182; 559112, 3611283; 559388, 

3611457; 559681, 3611604; 559857, 

3611454; 560104, 3611114; 560535, 

3610852; 560952, 3610739; 560957, 

3609611; 560959, 3609185; 560966, 

3607429; 559559, 3607279; 559518, 

3607770; 559210, 3608170; 558593, 

3608509; 557869, 3608556; 557406, 

3608463; 556743, 3608833; 556235, 

3609465; 555957, 3610220; 556188, 

3610575; 556096, 3611114; 556050, 

3611573; 556118, 3611624; 556118, 

3611688; 556182, 3611705; 556295, 

3611709; 556320, 3611741; 556394, 

3611797; 556521, 3611847; 556592, 

3611857; 556659, 3611772; 556694, 

3611716; 556765, 3611645; 556839, 

3611610; 556896, 3611610; 556913, 

3611610; 556934, 3611638; 557002, 

3611663; 557076, 3611652; 557150, 

3611638; 557210, 3611613; 557270, 

3611582; 557334, 3611574; 557408, 

3611574; 557447, 3611564; 557503, 

3611553; 557567, 3611525; 557595, 

3611497; 557627, 3611454; 557627, 

3611387; 557620, 3611327; 557655, 

3611281; 557726, 3611281; 557836, 

3611281; 557920, 3611281; 558005, 

3611267; 558058, 3611218; 558069, 

3611168; 558087, 3611059; 558090, 

3610995; 558125, 3610945; 558125, 

3610878; 558178, 3610801; 558238, 

3610762; 558295, 3610755; 558352, 

3610670; 558380, 3610599; 558451, 

3610511; 558521, 3610497; 558454, 

3610677; 558405, 3610942; 558380, 

3611094; 558373, 3611189; 558408, 

3611288; 558383, 3611370; 558488, 

3611448; 558672, 3611319; 558810, 

3611191; thence returning to 558984, 

3611182. Excluding land bounded by 

559557, 3610151; 559548, 3609664; 

559887, 3609661; 559880, 3610135; 

559559, 3610152; 559557, 3610153. 

(ii) Note: Map of Units 9 and 10 (La 

Posta/Campo Unit and Jacumba Unit) 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2
3372 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


rfrederick on PROD1PC67 with PROPOSALS2EP17JA08.007</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 12 / Thursday, January 17, 2008 / Proposed Rules 3373 

(15) Unit 10: Jacumba Unit, San Diego 

County, California. 

(i) From USGS 1:24,000 quadrangles 

Jacumba, and Jacumba OE S. Land 

bounded by the following Universal 

Transverse Mercator (UTM) North 

American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) 

coordinates (E, N): 573190, 3609782; 

573230, 3610057; 573340, 3610623; 

573120, 3610926; 572913, 3611491; 

572844, 3612155; 572941, 3612625; 

573130, 3613009; 573319, 3613244; 

573514, 3613370; 573749, 3613284; 

573812, 3613244; 573818, 3613141; 

573944, 3613101; 574105, 3613078; 

574242, 3613089; 574477, 3613107; 

574592, 3613107; 574720, 3613049; 

575037, 3612980; 575354, 3612621; 

575737, 3612289; 575668, 3611884; 

575326, 3611707; 575212, 3611619; 

575099, 3611442; 575099, 3611208; 

575016, 3610986; 575288, 3610607; 

575510, 3610265; 575535, 3610114; 

575718, 3610057; 575883, 3609829; 

575778, 3609508; 575286, 3608729; 

575285, 3608362; 574872, 3608390; 

574472, 3608514; 574100, 3608693; 

573852, 3608927; 573493, 3609424; 

thence returning to 573190, 3609782. 

(ii) Note: Map of Unit 10 is provided 

at paragraph (14)(ii) of this entry. 

* * * * * 

Dated: January 8, 2008. 

Lyle Laverty, 

Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and 

Parks. 

[FR Doc. 08–105 Filed 1–16–08; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


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