# Patent

## Title
Biomechanical-based methods of diagnosing scoliosis

## Abstract

Methods for diagnosing a scoliosis (e.g., adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)) and/or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis based on the determination of the variation of osteopontin (OPN) levels induced by mechanical forces/stimuli are described.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a National Entry Application of PCT application no PCT/CA2011/050625 filed on Oct. 4, 2011 and published in English under PCT Article 21(2), which itself claims benefit of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/389,348, filed on Oct. 4, 2010. All documents above are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.


STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
N/A.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the diagnosis of a predisposition to developing a scoliosis (e.g., adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS)) and to screening assays for identifying compounds for treating scoliosis.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING
Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.821(c), a sequence listing is submitted herewith as an ASCII compliant text file named 765 USPTO-sequence listing as filed_ST25, created on Mar. 13, 2013 and having a size of 15 Kb kilobytes. The content of the aforementioned file is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Scoliosis is a medical condition in which a person's spine is curved from side to side, and may also be rotated. It is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. On an x-ray, the spine of an individual with a typical scoliosis may look more like an “S” or a “C” than a straight line.
Spinal deformities and scoliosis in particular represent the most prevalent type of orthopedic deformities in children and adolescents, while idiopathic scoliosis (IS) represents the most common form of scoliosis. The etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is unclear. AIS affects mainly girls in number and severity but in spite of several studies suggesting a genetic predisposition, the form of inheritance remains uncertain (Axenovich T I et al., Am J Med Genet 1999, 86(4): 389-394; Wise C A et al., Spine 2000, 25(18): 2372-2380; Blank R D et al., Lupus 1999, 8(5): 356-360; Giampietro P F et al., Am J Med Genet 1999, 83(3):164-177). Several divergent perspectives have been postulated to better define this etiology (Machida M., Spine 1999, 24(24): 2576-2583; Roth J A et al., J Biol Chem 1999, 274(31): 22041-22047; Hyatt B A et al., Nature 1996, 384(6604): 62-65; von Gall C et al., Eur J Neurosci 2000, 12(3): 964-972). Genetics, growth hormone secretion, connective tissue structure, muscle structure, vestibular dysfunction, melatonin secretion, and platelet microstructure are major areas of focus. The current opinion is that there is a defect of central control or processing by the central nervous system (CNS) that affects a growing spine and that the spine's susceptibility to deformation varies from one individual to another.
There is unfortunately no method approved by the FDA yet to identify children or adolescents at risk of developing IS to predict which affected individuals require treatment to prevent or stop progression of the disease (Weinstein S L, Dolan L A, Cheng J C et al. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet 2008; 371:1527-37). Consequently, the application of current treatments, such as bracing or surgical correction, is delayed until the detection of a significant deformity or a demonstration of clear progression, resulting in a delayed and less-than-optimal treatment (Society S R. Morbidity & Mortality Committee annual Report 2002-2003). Among patients with IS requiring treatment, 80 to 90% will be treated by bracing and around 1% will need surgery to correct the deformity by spinal instrumentation and fusion of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine with the risk of having complications (Weiss H R, Goodall D. Rate of complications in scoliosis surgery—a systematic review of the Pub Med literature. Scoliosis. 2008; 3:9). Today in the United States there are approximately one million children between ages 10 and 16 with some degree of IS. One out of every six children diagnosed with scoliosis will have a curve that progresses to a degree that requires active treatment. About 29,000 scoliosis surgeries are performed every year in North America, resulting in significant psychological and physical morbidity (Goldberg M S, Mayo N E, Poitras B et al. The Ste-Justine Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Cohort Study. Part I: Description of the study. Spine 1994; 19:1551-61; Poitras B, Mayo N E, Goldberg M S et al. The Ste-Justine Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Cohort Study. Part IV: Surgical correction and back pain. Spine 1994; 19:1582-8).
There is a need for methods for diagnosing diseases involving spinal deformities (e.g., scoliosis, such as AIS), for diagnosing a predisposition to scoliosis and for identifying compounds for preventing or treating these diseases.
The present description refers to a number of documents, the content of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present inventors have demonstrated that the changes in the levels of osteopontin (OPN) (also called secreted phosphoprotein 1, bone sialoprotein I, early T-lymphocyte activation 1) induced by bodily-applied mechanical force are more pronounced in control subjects relative to scoliotic patients (e.g., surgical case patients (Cobb angle≧45°)).
More specifically, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method (e.g., an in vitro method) for diagnosing a scoliosis and/or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis (e.g., an Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) such as Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)) in a subject comprising: (a) measuring a first level of osteopontin (OPN) in a biological sample from said subject; (b) applying a mechanical stimulus or force to one or more members from said subject; (c) measuring a second level of OPN in a corresponding biological sample from said subject after the start of the application of said biomechanical stimulus; (d) determining a variation between said first level of OPN and said second level of OPN; (e) comparing said variation to a control variation value; and (f) determining whether said subject has a scoliosis or is predisposed to developing a scoliosis based on said comparison.
In a specific embodiment, the control variation value corresponds to a variation between a first level of OPN and a second level of OPN determined in corresponding biological samples from a subject not having a scoliosis or not a likely candidate for developing scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, a lower variation determined in said subject relative to said control variation value is indicative that said subject has a scoliosis or has a predisposition to developing a scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, said scoliosis is an idiopathic scoliosis. In another specific embodiment, said idiopathic scoliosis is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). In another specific embodiment, said biological sample is a biological fluid. In another specific embodiment, said biological fluid is a blood-derived sample. In another specific embodiment, said blood-derived sample is plasma. In another specific embodiment, said one or more members is an arm. In another specific embodiment, said mechanical stimulus or force is a pulsative compressive pressure. In another specific embodiment, said pulsative compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable strap. In another specific embodiment, said pulsative compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable cuff. In another specific embodiment, said mechanical stimulus or force is applied for a period of at least about 15 minutes. In another specific embodiment, said mechanical stimulus or force is applied for a period of between about 30 to about 90 minutes. In another specific embodiment, said mechanical stimulus or force is applied for a period of about 90 minutes. In another specific embodiment, the subject is a likely candidate for developing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method (e.g., an in vitro method) for stratifying a subject having a scoliosis (e.g., an Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS) such as Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)), said method comprising: (a) measuring a first level of osteopontin (OPN) in a biological sample from said subject; (b) applying a mechanical stimulus or force to one or more members from said subject; (c) measuring a second level of OPN in a corresponding biological sample from said subject after the start of the application of said biomechanical stimulus; (d) determining a variation between said first level of OPN and said second level of OPN; (e) comparing said variation to a control variation value; and (f) determining whether said subject has a scoliosis or is predisposed to developing a scoliosis based on said comparison.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a kit for diagnosing a scoliosis or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis in a subject, said kit comprising: (a) one or more reagent(s) to determine osteopontin (OPN) levels in a biological sample; and (b) instructions for diagnosing a scoliosis or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis in a subject.
In a specific embodiment, the kit further comprises a device for applying a mechanical stimulus or force on one or more members of the subject. In another specific embodiment, the device is an inflatable strap. In another specific embodiment, the device is an inflatable arm cuff.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an inflatable strap for use in diagnosing a scoliosis or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis in a subject.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of an inflatable strap for diagnosing a scoliosis or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis in a human subject.
As used herein the terms “predisposition to developing a scoliosis” refer to a genetic or metabolic predisposition of a subject to develop a scoliosis (i.e. spinal deformity) and/or a more severe scoliosis at a future time.
In an embodiment, the above-mentioned scoliosis is idiopathic scoliosis. In another embodiment, the above-mentioned idiopathic scoliosis is AIS.
In an embodiment, the above-mentioned subject is a mammal, in a further embodiment, a human.
In an embodiment, the above-mentioned subject is a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis, such as idiopathic scoliosis (e.g., Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)). As used herein the terms “likely candidate for developing scoliosis” include subjects (e.g., children) of which at least one parent has a scoliosis (e.g., adolescent idiopathic scoliosis) (e.g., the asymptomatic “at risk” subjects of FIG. 1) and/or having other relative suffering from scoliosis over more than one generation. Among other factors, age (adolescence), gender and other family antecedents are factors that are known to contribute to the risk of developing a scoliosis and are used to a certain degree to assess the risk of developing a scoliosis. In certain subjects, scoliosis develops rapidly over a short period of time to the point of requiring a corrective surgery (often when the deformity reaches a Cobb's angle≧50°). Current courses of action available from the moment a scoliosis such as AIS is diagnosed (when scoliosis is apparent) include observation (when Cobb's angle is around 10-25°), orthopaedic devices (when Cobb's angle is around 25-30°), and surgery (Cobb's angle over 45°). A more reliable determination of the risk of progression could enable to 1) select an appropriate diet to remove certain food products identified as contributors to scoliosis; 2) select the best therapeutic agent; and/or 3) select the least invasive available treatment such as postural exercises, orthopaedic device, or less invasive surgeries or surgeries without fusions (a surgery that does not fuse vertebra and preserves column mobility). The present invention encompasses selecting the most efficient and least invasive known preventive actions or treatments in view of the determined risk of developing scoliosis.
Any biological sample (e.g., cells, tissues, biological fluids) in which OPN is found may be used in accordance with the methods of the present invention. In an embodiment, the sample is a biological fluid such as urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, or a blood-derived sample such as blood, serum or plasma, which are particularly accessible and provide for a more rapid testing. In a further embodiment, the above-mentioned biological sample is plasma. In an embodiment, the sample is obtained or derived from a subject having an idiopathic scoliosis (e.g., Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)).
In an embodiment, the control variation value is a variation value (corresponding to the difference in OPN levels measured before and after the application of a mechanical stimulus or force) determined in corresponding samples (e.g., a blood-derived sample such as plasma) obtained or derived from a control subject, such as a subject (e.g., age- and/or gender-matched) who has not developed a scoliosis (e.g., idiopathic scoliosis such as Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)), or who is not a likely candidate for developing scoliosis. As used herein the terms “not a likely candidate for developing a scoliosis” refer to the absence in the subject of known factors making him a likely candidate for developing scoliosis (e.g., no family member having scoliosis”) In that case, a lower variation in the sample from the subject relative to the corresponding control variation value is indicative that the subject has a scoliosis and/or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis, whereas a higher or substantially identical variation is indicative that the subject does not have a predisposition to developing a scoliosis. In an embodiment, the control variation value is a pre-determined value derived from differences measured using corresponding samples from one or more control subjects (e.g., the mean or median variation calculated from the differences measured using samples from the control subjects).
In an embodiment, the above-mentioned control variation value corresponds to a variation between a first level of OPN and a second level of OPN determined in corresponding biological samples from a subject not having a scoliosis or not a likely candidate for developing scoliosis, and wherein a lower variation determined in said subject relative to said control variation value is indicative that said subject has a scoliosis or has a predisposition to developing a scoliosis.
In another embodiment, the above-mentioned control variation value is a variation value determined in corresponding samples (e.g., a blood-derived sample such as plasma) obtained or derived from a control subject (e.g., age- and/or gender-matched) who has developed a scoliosis with a Cobb angle<45° (e.g., idiopathic scoliosis such as Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)), or who is a likely candidate for developing scoliosis with a Cobb angle<45°. In that case, a lower or a substantially identical variation determined in the samples from the subject relative to the control variation value is indicative that the subject has a scoliosis or a predisposition to developing a scoliosis, whereas a higher variation is indicative that the subject does not have a predisposition to developing a scoliosis with a Cobb angle<45°.
In an embodiment, the control variation value is a pre-determined value derived from differences measured using corresponding samples from one or more subjects who have developed a scoliosis with a Cobb angle<45° (e.g., idiopathic scoliosis such as Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis, Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis or Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)), or who are likely candidates for developing scoliosis with a Cobb angle <45° (e.g., the mean or median value calculated from the differences measured using samples from these subjects).
In an embodiment, the corresponding sample used to determine the control variation value is a sample of the same type (e.g., the samples obtained before and after the application of a mechanical stimulus or force are plasma samples) as that from the subject. In an embodiment, the corresponding sample used to measure the second level of OPN of the subject is a sample of the same type (e.g., the samples obtained before and after the application of a mechanical stimulus or force are plasma samples) as that used to measure the first level of OPN from the subject.
In an embodiment, a lower or higher variation refers to a variation of at least about 10%, in further embodiments at least about 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% 100% (2-fold), 150% or 200% between the variation in OPN levels obtained with the test/subject samples (samples obtained from the subject being tested) relative to the control variation value. In an embodiment, a substantially identical variation refers to a variation that differs by less than 10%, in further embodiments by less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5% or less, as compared to the control variation value.
The changes in the levels of OPN may be detected at the nucleic acid or polypeptide levels using any methods known in the art for measuring nucleic acid or polypeptide levels (e.g., by detecting a nucleic acid or polypeptide comprising one of the sequences of FIG. 3). Non-limiting examples of methods for measuring nucleic acid levels include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) in situ PCR, SAGE, quantitative PCR (q-PCR), in situ hybridization, Southern blot, Northern blot, sequence analysis, microarray analysis, detection of a reporter gene, or other DNA/RNA hybridization platforms.
In an embodiment, OPN levels are measured at the polypeptide levels, e.g., by detecting a polypeptide comprising an amino sequence of FIG. 3. Non-limiting examples of methods for measuring polypeptide levels include Western blot, tissue microarray, immunoblot, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), immunoprecipitation, surface plasmon resonance, chemiluminescence, fluorescent polarization, phosphorescence, immunohistochemical analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, microcytometry, microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), flow cytometry, and assays based on a property of the protein including but not limited to DNA binding, ligand binding, or interaction with other protein partners.
Antibodies specific for OPN (“anti-OPN antibodies”), which may be used to detect OPN in a biological sample in the methods of the present invention, are well known in the art and are commercially available from various providers such as AbcamTM (Cat. Nos. ab8448, ab14175, ab14176 and ab33046) and ABBIOTECTM (Cat. No. 250801). Furthermore, Table I below provides a list of commercially available human OPN ELISA kits that may be used in the methods of the present invention.







TABLE I







Commercially available human OPN ELISA kits


COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE OSTEOPONTIN DETECTION KITS













Catalogue












Company
Kit Name
Number
Sensitivity














IBL Hambourg
Human Osteopontin ELISA
JP 17158
3.33 
ng/ml


IBL America
Human Osteopontin N-Half Assay
27258
3.90
pmol/L



Kit-IBL





IBL America
Human Osteopontin Assay Kit-IBL
27158
3.33 
ng/ml


Assay Designs
Osteopontin (human) EIA kit
900-142
0.11
ng/ml










American Research 
Osteopontin, human kit
17158
NA











Products Inc.






R & D Systems
Human Osteopontin (OPN) ELISA 
DOST00
0.024
ng/ml



Kit





Promokine
Human Osteopontin ELISA
PK-EL-KA4231
3.6
ng/ml


USCNK Life 
ELISA kit for human Osteopontin
E90899HU
0.14
ng/ml


Sciences Inc.
(OPN) 





BioVendor
Osteopontin (OPN) Human ELISA
BBT0482R
<50 
pg/ml









Both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed to OPN may be used in the methods of the present invention. Such antibodies may be produced by well established procedures known to those of skill in the art.
As used herein, the terms “anti-OPN antibody” or “immunologically specific anti-OPN antibody” refers to an antibody that specifically binds to (interacts with) an OPN protein (e.g., an OPN polypeptide having the sequence set forth in FIG. 6) and displays no substantial binding to other naturally occurring proteins other than the ones sharing the same antigenic determinants as the OPN protein.
The term antibody or immunoglobulin is used in the broadest sense, and covers monoclonal antibodies (including full length monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, antibody fragments (e.g., Fab and Fab′ fragments), and antibody variants such as single-chain antibodies, humanized antibodies, chimeric antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
Antibody fragments comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally an antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments, diabodies, linear antibodies, single-chain antibody molecules, single domain antibodies (e.g., from camelids), shark NAR single domain antibodies, and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments. Antibody fragments can also refer to binding moieties comprising CDRs or antigen binding domains including, but not limited to, VH regions (VH, VH-VH), anticalins, PepBodiesTM, antibody-T-cell epitope fusions (Troybodies) or Peptibodies. Additionally, any secondary antibodies, either monoclonal or polyclonal, directed to the first antibodies would also be included within the scope of this invention.
In general, techniques for preparing antibodies (including monoclonal antibodies and hybridomas) and for detecting antigens using antibodies are well known in the art (Campbell, 1984, In “Monoclonal Antibody Technology: Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”, Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and in Harlow et al., 1988 (in: Antibody A Laboratory Manual, CSH Laboratories).
Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc), intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen (e.g., a polypeptide having a sequence set forth in FIG. 6 or a fragment thereof) with or without an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCl2, or R1N═C═NR, where R and R1 are different alkyl groups.
Animals may be immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining the antigen or conjugate (e.g., 100 μg for rabbits or 5 μg for mice) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites. One month later the animals are boosted with the antigen or conjugate (e.g., with 1⁄5 to 1/10 of the original amount used to immunize) in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites. Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus. Preferably, for conjugate immunizations, the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent. Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions. Also, aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.
Monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature, 256: 495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,023). Monoclonal antibodies may also be made using the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,025,155 and 6,077,677 as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2002/0160970 and 2003/0083293 (see also, e.g., Lindenbaum et al., 2004).
In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal, such as a rat, hamster or monkey, is immunized (e.g., as hereinabove described) to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the antigen used for immunization. Alternatively, lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell.
The hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells. For example, if the parental myeloma cells lack the enzyme hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT or HPRT), the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
In an embodiment, the methods are performed in a format suitable for high throughput assays, e.g., 96- or 384-well format, and suitable robots, (e.g., pipetting robots), and instrumentation may be used.
As used herein, mechanical stimulus or force refers to a stimulation of one or more members/body parts (e.g., finger(s), arm(s), thigh(s), leg(s), a combination of any of the foregoing, etc.) of the subject through mechanical means, for example using an apparatus/device such as an isokinetic machine, corset, vibrant plates or an inflatable strap (e.g., cuff for thighs or arms, ring, etc.), through physical exercise (e.g., standardized exercises) or through biomechanical stimulations by manipulation (e.g., massage). Examples of apparatus/devices suitable to induce a mechanical stimulus or force are known in the art and include air compression massage therapy devices, intermittent pneumatic compression devices, the Air compression therapy SystemTM (DL-2002D) and the DVT Prevention Device DVT2600 commercialized by Daesung Maref Co., Ltd.; the Petite Basic System commercialized by Mego Afek A C Ltd, as well as those described in US Patent Publication No. 20090177127, Galili et al., Thromb Res. 2007 121(1):37-41. Epub 2007 Apr. 17; Colwell et al., J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 92(3):527-35, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,905,456 and 6,916,298. As used herein, one or more members is used interchangeably with one or more body parts. It refers e to one or more finger(s), arm(s), thigh(s), leg(s), a combination of any of the foregoing, etc.
In an embodiment, the above-mentioned mechanical stimuli or force is a pulsatile compressive pressure, in an embodiment a pulsatile compressive pressure of about 0-6 psi, in a further embodiment a pulsatile compressive pressure of about 0-4 psi. In a further embodiment, the above-mentioned pulsatile compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable cuff. In another embodiment, the above-mentioned mechanical force or stimuli is applied to one or both arms of the subject. In a further embodiment, the above-mentioned mechanical force or stimuli is applied to one arm of the subject and the biological sample (e.g. blood-derived sample) is collected/drawn from the opposite arm.
The above-mentioned mechanical force or stimulus may be applied for a period of time sufficient to induce an OPN response (e.g., to increase the levels of circulating OPN) in a subject. In the Examples presented below, the force or stimulus was applied on an arm for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The 90 minute duration was selected as acceptable in a pediatric setting, other pediatric tests lasting up to that duration. This duration was therefore selected for practical reasons (e.g., parents and children may be more reluctant to undergo the test if it is much longer). It is believed however that the force or stimulus may be applied much longer than 90 minutes. The above-mentioned mechanical force or stimulus may be applied for example for a period of at least about 15 minutes, at least about 30 minutes, at least about 60 minutes or at least about 90 minutes. In an embodiment, the above-mentioned mechanical stimuli or force is applied for a period of between about 15 to about 200 minutes, in a further embodiment for a period of between about 30 to about 90 minutes, in a further embodiment for about 90 minutes. The arm was also selected as body part on which pressure would be applied for practical reasons (e.g., inflatable cuffs are common medical apparatus, parents and children are accustomed to this equipment, etc.). It was believed that larger equipments that could be used to apply pressure on the thighs for example could have increased anxiety of parents and children and reduced the number of participants. It is expected that applying pressure on a larger body surface may increase OPN level variation more rapidly and decrease the time delay required to perform the test.
Also provided by the present invention are kits for practicing the above-mentioned methods. The kits may include, for example, one or more reagent(s) to determine OPN levels in a sample, as well as buffers, containers, control samples (e.g., samples from a subject not having and not a likely candidate for developing scoliosis), etc. for performing the subject assays. The various components of the kit may be present in separate containers or certain compatible components may be pre-combined into a single container, as desired.
In addition to one or more of the above-mentioned components, the kits typically further include instructions for using the components of the kit to practice the methods (instructions for correlating the OPN levels with a diagnosis of a scoliosis and/or of a predisposition to developing a scoliosis). The instructions for practicing the subject methods are generally recorded on a suitable recording medium. For example, the instructions may be printed on a substrate, such as paper or plastic, etc. As such, the instructions may be present in the kits as a package insert, in the labeling of the container of the kit or components thereof (i.e., associated with the packaging or subpackaging) etc. In other embodiments, the instructions are present as an electronic storage data file present on a suitable computer readable storage medium, e.g. CD-ROM, diskette, etc. In yet other embodiments, the actual instructions are not present in the kit, but means for obtaining the instructions from a remote source, e.g., via the internet, are provided. An example of this embodiment is a kit that includes a web address where the instructions can be viewed and/or from which the instructions can be downloaded. As with the instructions, this means for obtaining the instructions is recorded on a suitable substrate. In addition to one or more of the above-mentioned components, the kits may further include a device for applying the mechanical stimulus or force (e.g., inflatable strap such as finger cuff, or inflatable cuff).
Other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reading of the following non-restrictive description of specific embodiments thereof, given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the appended drawings:
FIG. 1 shows an overview of the design of the experiments described herein;
FIG. 2 shows the changes in OPN levels in control subjects (diamonds, left), moderately affected scoliosis patients (squares, middle) and surgical case subjects (triangles. right) after 90 minutes of periodic compressive mechanical stimulation, 0-4 psi, 0.006 Hz;
FIG. 3 shows the average initial circulating OPN levels (mean±SD) among experimental subgroups prior to mechanical stimulation. No significant difference was found between groups (p=0.20, one-way ANOVA);
FIG. 4 shows the average change in OPN levels (mean±SD) among experimental subgroups after 90 minutes of mechanical stimulation. A strongly significant difference was found between groups (p=0.003441, one-way ANOVA);
FIG. 5 shows the average change in sCD44 levels (mean±SD) among experimental subgroups after 90 minutes of mechanical stimulation. No significant difference was found between groups (p=0.542, one-way ANOVA); and
FIG. 6 presents the nucleotide sequences of the three human OPN isoforms (transcript variant 1, mRNA NM—001040058 (SEQ ID NO: 1); transcript variant 2, mRNA NM—000582 (SEQ ID NO: 2); transcript variant 3, mRNA NM—001040060 (SEQ ID NO: 3) and the amino acid sequences of the three human OPN isoforms (isoform a NP—001035147 (SEQ ID NO: 4); isoform b NP—000573 (SEQ ID NO: 5); and isoform c NP—001035149 (SEQ ID NO: 6)).



DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
The present invention is illustrated in further details by the following non-limiting examples.
Example 1
Materials and Methods
Twenty-one (21) test subjects between the ages of 9-17 were recruited, each of whom fall into one of 3 subject groups: i) surgical cases (pre-surgery, Cobb angle≧45° (n=3), ii) moderately affected cases (Cobb angle 10-44°) (n=12); and iii) healthy controls (n=6). The clinical characteristics of the recruited subjects are presented in Table II below. An overview of the experimental design is depicted in FIG. 1 and further described in more details in Example 3 below.







TABLE II







CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS 


RECRUITED BEFORE OCT. 4, 2010








Patient 



Random
Characteristics










ID
Gender
Age (Years)
Clinical Group














1679
Female
13
AIS
≧45°


1681
Female
13
AIS 
≧45°


1680
Female
15
AIS
≧45°


827
Female
9
AIS
10-44°


793
Female
10
AIS
10-44°


844
Female
10
AIS 
10-44°


832
Male
11
AIS
10-44°


865
Female
11
AIS 
10-44°


853
Female
11
AIS 
10-44°


850
Female
14
AIS 
10-44°


847
Female
15
AIS 
10-44°


785
Male
16
AIS
10-44°


851
Female
16
AIS 
10-44°


864
Female
16
AIS
10-44°


849
Male
17
AIS
10-44°










4211
Female
10
Healthy Control Subjects


4282
Male
12
Healthy Control Subjects


4283
Male
15
Healthy Control Subjects


4213
Male
15
Healthy Control Subjects


4000A
Male
9
Healthy Control Subjects


4000B
Male
15
Healthy Control Subjects









An initial blood sample was taken from the subjects to establish a baseline value of circulating OPN. One of the arms from each subject was then wrapped with an inflatable cuff from an Advanced Biomechanical Rehabilitation (ABR) therapeutic MassagerTM, which applied a dynamic, pulsatile, compressive pressure of variable amplitude from 0-4 psi at 0.006 Hz to the arm for a period of 90 minutes. At intervals of 30 minutes after the start of force application, additional blood samples were taken in order to monitor circulating OPN levels in subjects. OPN levels were measured using the Human Osteopontin ELISA kit from IBL (Hambourg), Cat. No. JP 17158.
Using the software suite R, significance of OPN changes vs. subject Cobb angle was first fit to a linear mathematical model. Then, the ANOVA test was performed to analyze the significance of relationship between OPN changes versus patient Cobb angle group or healthy control subjects. As generally recommended by the literature, as a final step a TukeyHSD (post-hoc) test was performed to perform a multiple comparison of means (with 95% confidence intervals) pairwise between Cobb angle groups and healthy control group.
Example 2
Results
As shown in FIG. 2, OPN responses can be provoked in vivo by bodily-applied mechanical force. A >2-fold difference (p=0.002082) was detected in the provoked OPN response of the control patient group average (n=6) vs. that of the surgical case group (n=3) after 90 minutes. In addition, the moderately affected group (n=12) response average was also lower as compared to that of the controls.
Example 3
Materials and Methods
Study Population
The internal review board of CHU Sainte-Justine approved the study. Parents or legal guardians of all study participants gave their informed written consent, and minors their assent. Subjects were recruited from among the general patient population of the orthopaedic clinic of Sainte-Justine.
Between January 2010 and March 2011, a total of 38 subjects (mean age 13.69±2.25) of various ethnicities were recruited including the 21 subjects listed in Table II above. Four particular classes of patients aged 9-17 were sought: i) controls (mean age 13.87±2.41) (n=10); ii) asymptomatic “at risk” subjects (n=7) (mean age 13.16±2.78); iii) moderately affected (Cobb angle 10-44°) (mean age 13.43±2.50) (n=13); and iv) severely affected individuals (Cobb angle≧45°) (mean age 14.26±1.27) (n=9).
A person was deemed to be affected if history and physical examination were consistent with the diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis and a minimum of a ten degree curvature in the coronal plane with vertebral rotation was found on radiograph. The Cobb angle as measured on the radiograph then determined a patient's status as either moderately or severely affected. Asymptomatic at-risk children were recruited and examined in a special early screening clinic, defined as those with less than a 10 degree curvature but with a family history of AIS. Controls did not have any family history of AIS, and a less than 10 degree spinal curvature. Subject exclusion criteria from data analysis included: i) regular utilization of contraceptive drugs; ii) BMI greater than 35; iii) employment of any external physical apparatus to help stabilize the spinal cord. Patient and control subjects clinical data are summarized in Table III below.







TABLE III







CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBJECTS 


RECRUITED BEFORE SEP. 22, 2011













Experimental 
Age at Time

Curve
Cobb



Group
of Testing
Gender
Type
Angle















1
>45°
12.6
F
lTrTlL
30-71-34


2
>45°
13.8
F




3
>45°
13.6
F




4
>45°
13.6
F
rTlL
57-44


5
>45°
13.8
F
lTL
54


6
>45°
13.7
F
lTrTlL
32-51-24


7
>45°
15.3
F




8
>45°
15
F




9
>45°
16.9
M
rTlTL
39-59


10
10-44°
9.5
F
rT
11


11
10-44°
10.9
F
rTlL
36-40


12
10-44°
12
F
rT
16


13
10-44°
11.7
F
lTrT
23-25


14
10-44°
11
F
lTL
11


15
10-44°
11.6
M
rTlL
18-14


16
10-44°
13.7
F
lTL
16


17
10-44°
13.8
F
rTlTL
43-24


18
10-44°
14.7
F
lTL
16


19
10-44°
16.3
F
rTlL
16-16


20
10-44°
16.3
M




21
10-44°
16.2
M
rTL
35


22
10-44°
17
M
rTlL
21-30


23
Asymptomatic
9.4
M
lTL
12


24
Asymptomatic
10.8
F
rTlL
 5-6′


25
Asymptomatic
11.5
M
N/A
0


26
Asymptomatic
12.8
F
rTlTL
8-8


27
Asymptomatic
15.2
F
rTlL
4-4


28
Asymptomatic
15.4
M
rL
6


29
Asymptomatic
17
F
N/A
N/A


30
CTRL
10.8
F
N/A
N/A


31
CTRL
12.8
M
N/A
N/A


32
CTRL
13
F
N/A
N/A


33
CTRL
15
F
N/A
N/A


34
CTRL
15.7
M
N/A
N/A


35
CTRL
15.9
M
N/A
N/A


36
CTRL
15.5
M
N/A
N/A


37
CTRL
16
F
N/A
N/A


38
CTRL
9
M
N/A
N/A


39
CTRL
15
M
N/A
N/A





Curve type code: r = right; l = left; T = thoracic; L = lumbar; TL = thoracolumbar; N/A = not available. 9 severely affected (mean age 14.26 ± 1.27), 13 moderately affected (mean age 13.43 ± 2.50), 7 asymptomatics (mean age 13.16 ± 2.78), and 10 control subjects (mean age 13.87 ± 2.41).






Mechanical Force Stimulation

Upon arrival, participants in the study were asked to lie flat on a hospital bed. After allowing the patient to settle and rest on the bed for 5-10 minutes, an initial blood sample was drawn from one of the arms of the patient.
Subsequently, a pair of medium-sized air bladders from an Advanced Biomechanical Rehabilitation (ABR) therapeutic air massager device (Panacis Medical, Ottawa, Ontario) were arranged and attached to the other arm, in much the same manner as one would a sphygmomanometer, as described in the product documentation. This ABR device has been certified by numerous health and regulatory agencies in North America, the EU, and around the world, including a Health Canada authorization for clinical use on patients. The massager device was reprogrammed from the manufacturer's preset settings in order to produce cycles of inflation/deflation of the bladders at a frequency of approximately 0.006 Hz, supplying a pulsatile compressive stress ranging from 0-4 psi to the area of the arm covered by the medium-sized air bladders. Patients experienced the stimulation for a total of 90 minutes, during which time blood samples from the non-stimulated arm were taken, every thirty minutes, making a total of four blood samples (roughly 5-6 ml each) drawn per patient, including the initial at t=0 min.
OPN and sCD44 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
Blood samples from AIS patients, asymptomatic at-risk children and healthy control subjects were obtained in order to determine plasma levels of OPN and sCD44. They were collected in EDTA-treated tubes and then centrifuged. Derived plasma samples were aliquoted and kept frozen at −80° C. until thawed and analyzed. Plasma concentrations of OPN and sCD44std (standard isoform) were measured by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) according to protocols provided by the manufacturer (IBL, Hamburg, Germany). The OPN ELISA kit measures total concentration of both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of OPN in plasma whereas the sCD44std ELISA kit detects all circulating CD44 isoforms. All ELISA tests were performed in duplicate and the optical density was measured at 450 nm using an AsysHiTechTM Expert-96 microplate reader (Biochrom, Cambridge, UK).
Statistical Analysis
Average group levels of OPN and sCD44 are presented as mean±SD. Statistical significance p-values of differences in group levels of OPN and sCD44 between control, asymptomatic, moderately affected, and severely affected patients was respectively assessed in the first instance using linear regression models with a one-way ANOVA. The effects of age and gender were then individually studied, each in combination with grouping, using a two-way ANOVA with weighted means and Type I sums of squares to account for unbalanced sample sizes (i.e. age and group, followed by gender and group as factors in the analyses), where age groups for ANOVA analyses were defined as younger subjects between 9-12 years of age and those between 13-17 years. Patient environmental factors were compared across experimental groups with Fisher's exact test for discrete variables and again post-hoc for any factors identified as significant, and a one-way ANOVA for continuous variables (average age in each group). P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. The software used for all statistical computations was R, version 2.13.1 (Team, R.D.C., R: A language and environment for statistical computing, version 2.13. 1, 2011, R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna: Vienna, Austria.).
Example 4
Results
Circulating OPN and sCD44 Levels
Initial starting values of circulating OPN levels in blood were not found to be significantly different between experimental groups (one-way ANOVA p=0.20), as shown in FIG. 3. Average circulating OPN levels of all 4 experimental groups increased over the course of the 90 minutes of mechanical stimulation. A raw box plot of subject OPN level variation by experimental group is shown in FIG. 4. Interestingly, there was a trend found, that patient grouping and OPN level variation were strongly significantly correlated (one-way ANOVA p=0.003441), with average group OPN level variation declining as the group curve severity increased. Tukey's HSD post-hoc test showed that there was very statistically significant variation between the severely affected group and the control (p=0.0029), but not between other pairwise group combinations, though there was borderline significant correlation suggested between moderately and severely affected groups (p=0.084) as well as between the control and asymptomatic groups (p=0.0593). A relative homogeneity was observed within each experimental group in terms of the OPN level variation, as evidenced by the reasonable standard deviations in each, and the absence of any particularly gross outliers.
No statistically significant correlation was observed between patient grouping and sCD44 level variation (p=0.542), as shown in FIG. 5.
Effects of Age and Gender
To study whether OPN level variation (ΔOPN) was affected by the age and sex of subjects, two-way ANOVA analyses with unbalanced sample sizes were carried-out and Type I sums of squares, first with gender and experimental group as factors. Using this model construct, it was found that gender had a statistically significant effect on ΔOPN, in conjunction with experimental group (gender p=0.004664, experimental group p=0.002664, with gender as the first factor). The data was then analyzed with the factor order reversed, and found that gender still had a statistically significant effect on ΔOPN, in conjunction with experimental group (gender p=0.0215275, experimental group p=0.0009763, with experimental group as the first factor). A statistically significant interaction was found between gender and experimental group (interaction p=0.028523). By contrast, age grouping was statistically significant, in conjunction with experimental group, when age group was considered as the first factor (age group p=0.028624, experimental group p=0.006385), but only borderline statistically significant when considered as the second (age group p=0.052138, experimental group p=0.004397), with no significant interaction between the two factors (interaction p=0.793477).
Although the present invention has been described hereinabove by way of specific embodiments thereof, it can be modified, without departing from the spirit and nature of the subject invention as defined in the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method for stratifying a subject having a scoliosis or at risk of developing a scoliosis, said method comprising:
(a) measuring a first level of circulating osteopontin (OPN) protein in a plasma sample from said subject;
(b) applying a pulsatile compressive pressure to one or more members from said subject for a time sufficient to increase circulating OPN protein level in corresponding control plasma samples from subjects not having a scoliosis or not at risk of developing a scoliosis;
(c) measuring a second level of circulating OPN protein in a corresponding plasma sample from said subject after the application of said pulsatile compressive pressure in step (b);
(d) determining a variation between said first level of circulating OPN protein and said second level of circulating OPN protein,
wherein said variation is an increase in circulating OPN level following the application of said pulsatile compressive pressure;
(e) comparing said variation to a control variation value,
wherein said control variation value corresponds to a variation between a first level of circulating OPN protein and a second level of circulating OPN protein determined in corresponding plasma samples from subjects not having a scoliosis or not at risk of developing a scoliosis; and
(f) (i) stratifying said subject in a first group when said variation is lower in said sample as compared to said control variation value; or
(ii) stratifying said subject in a second group when said variation is equal or higher in said sample as compared to said control variation value,

wherein said measuring comprises:
(1) contacting said sample with an antibody specific for said OPN protein; and
(2) immunodetecting the level of circulating OPN protein in said sample.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein stratifying said subject in said first group identifies said subject as being at risk of developing a scoliosis.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said scoliosis is an idiopathic scoliosis.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said idiopathic scoliosis is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said one or more members is an arm.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable strap.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable cuff.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of at least about 15 minutes.

9. The method of claim 4, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of between about 30 to about 90 minutes.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of about 90 minutes.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein the subject is a subject at risk of developing AIS.

12. The method of claim 4, further comprising stratifying said subject of the first group in a first subgroup when said variation is less than about twofold lower than said control variation value and in a second subgroup when said variation is at least about twofold lower than said control variation value.

13. The method of claim 4, wherein said lower variation in step (f) (i) is less than about twofold lower than said control variation value.

14. A method for stratifying a subject having a scoliosis or at risk of developing a scoliosis, said method comprising:
(a) measuring a first level of circulating osteopontin (OPN) protein in a plasma sample from said subject;
(b) applying a pulsatile compressive pressure to one or more members from said subject for a time sufficient to increase circulating OPN protein level in corresponding control plasma samples from subjects not having a scoliosis or not at risk of developing a scoliosis;
(c) measuring a second level of circulating OPN protein in a corresponding plasma sample from said subject after the application of said pulsatile compressive pressure in step (b);
(d) determining a variation between said first level of circulating OPN protein and said second level of circulating OPN protein,
wherein said variation is an increase in OPN level following the application of said pulsatile compressive pressure;
(e) comparing said variation to a first control variation value and a second control variation value,
wherein said first control variation value corresponds to a variation between a first level of circulating OPN protein and a second level of circulating OPN protein determined in corresponding plasma samples from subjects not having a scoliosis or not at risk of developing a scoliosis; and
wherein said second control variation value corresponds to a variation between a first level of circulating OPN protein and a second level of circulating OPN protein determined in corresponding plasma samples from subjects having a scoliosis with a Cobb angle above 45°; and
(f) (i) stratifying said subject in a first group when said variation is lower in said sample as compared to said first control variation value and higher in said sample as compared to said second control variation value;
(ii) stratifying said subject in a second group when said variation is about equal or lower in said sample as compared to said second control variation value; or
(iii) stratifying said subject in a third group when said variation is about equal or higher in said sample as compared to said first control variation value,


wherein said measuring comprises;
(1) contacting said sample with an antibody specific for said OPN protein; and
(2) immunodetecting the level of circulating OPN in said sample.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein stratifying said subject in said first group identifies said subject as at risk of developing a scoliosis.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein said scoliosis is idiopathic scoliosis (IS).

17. The method of claim 16, wherein said idiopathic scoliosis is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said one or more members is an arm.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable strap.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied using an inflatable cuff.

21. The method of claim 17, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of at least about 15 minutes.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of between about 30 to about 90 minutes.

23. The method of claim 17, wherein said pulsatile compressive pressure is applied for a period of about 90 minutes.

24. The method of claim 17, wherein the subject is a likely candidate for developing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.