United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 11-1721

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States 

v. * District Court for the 

* Southern District of Iowa.

Juan Aldama Garcia, * 

* [UNPUBLISHED]

Appellant. *

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Submitted: November 14, 2011

Filed: November 25, 2011

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Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BEAM and BYE, Circuit Judges.

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PER CURIAM.

The appellant, Juan Aldama Garcia, a Mexican national, pleaded guilty to one

count of unlawful entry after deportation, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and

1326(b)(2). The district court sentenced Garcia to 85 months’ imprisonment. On 1 2

appeal, Garcia argues the district court clearly erred in finding he was an active

member of the Latin Kings street gang at the time of the offense. We affirm.

The Honorable John A. Jarvey, United States District Court for the Southern 1

District of Iowa. 

The district court also sentenced Garcia to a consecutive 15-month sentence

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for a supervised release violation, arising out of a similar case in Arizona.
On July 28, 2010, Garcia was arrested in Johnson County, Iowa, for driving

while his license was denied or revoked. At the time of the arrest, Garcia was

wearing black shoes with yellow laces, a black shirt, and a black Pittsburgh Pirates

baseball cap with a yellow “P” on it. When later questioned about his clothing,

Garcia admitted black and yellow are the colors of the Latin Kings street gang. He

further stated the “P” on his baseball cap stood for “People Nation,” a group of gangs

to which the Latin Kings belong. Garcia admitted to being a member of the Latin

Kings in the past, but denied being affiliated with the gang at the time of his arrest.

On August 18, 2010, a grand jury returned a single-count indictment charging

Garcia with unlawful reentry after deportation. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(2). 

Garcia pleaded guilty to the offense on November 22, 2010, and a sentencing hearing

was set for March 25, 2011. The only contested issue at sentencing was Garcia’s

active membership in the Latin Kings street gang at the time of the offense.

To establish Garcia’s affiliation with the Latin Kings at the time of the offense,

the government offered photographs of Garcia’s gang-related tattoos, including a lion

with a five-pointed crown on his chest, an “It’s Good To Be A King” tattoo on his

forearm, and a teardrop tattoo under his left eye. Detective Michael Channon, an

expert on the Latin Kings, testified the teardrop tattoo signified a violent act taken on

behalf of the gang, and explained the tattoo can only be worn with the gang’s

permission. Detective Channon further testified the following markers are

representative of the Latin Kings street gang: black and yellow colors; sportsaffiliated clothing, generally associated with the Iowa Hawkeyes, the Pittsburgh

Steelers, or the Pittsburgh Pirates; and an emphasis on the letter “P” for “People

Nation,” the group of gangs to which the Latin Kings belong. He opined a gang

member who wanted to end his affiliation with the gang would not wear gang-related

colors or display gang-related tattoos. According to his testimony, however, 

membership in the Latin Kings is “for life” and “once you are in the gang . . . [y]ou

don’t get out.” Additionally, the arresting officer testified the Latin Kings have been

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present in Johnson County, Iowa, noted Garcia wore the gang’s colors and symbol on

the day of his arrest, and stated the Latin Kings pose a problem for law enforcement

in Johnson County.

Based on the evidence presented at the sentencing hearing, the district court

found Garcia was an active member of the Latin Kings street gang at the time of his

arrest. The court considered Garcia’s gang membership as part of its section 3553(a)

analysis in fashioning an appropriate sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)(requiring

a sentencing court to consider the history and characteristics of the defendant). 

Having calculated Garcia’s advisory Guideline range at 71 to 87 months, the court

then sentenced him to 85 months’ imprisonment. Garcia timely appealed.

The narrow issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in finding Garcia

was an active member of the Latin Kings at the time of the offense. We review the

sentencing court’s factual findings for clear error. United States v. Brooks, 648 F.3d

626, 629 (8th Cir. 2011). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous only if we are left

with a definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made. United States v.

Guiheen, 594 F.3d 589, 591 (8th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted).

If the defendant challenges a factual basis for his sentence, the government

must prove the challenged facts by a preponderance of the evidence. United States

v. Kang, 143 F.3d 379, 381 (8th Cir. 1998). At sentencing, the government presented

testimony Garcia wore the Latin Kings’ black and yellow colors and had gang-related

tattoos on the day of his arrest. See United States v. Ellison, 616 F.3d 829, 833-34

(stating evidence the defendant wore gang colors, had gang tattoos, and used gang

signs was admissible, among other purposes, to impeach defendant’s testimony he

was not a member of the West Side Hustlers gang); see also United States v. Lara,

181 F.3d 183, 190 (1st Cir. 1999) (explaining “[m]embers of the Latin Kings signal

their affiliation by sporting beads and other accouterments (including tattoos) in the

gang’s colors–black and gold”); United States v. Bethal, 245 F. App’x 460, 475-76

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(6th Cir. 2007) (McKeague, J., dissenting) (noting gangs use particular colors and

symbols to create a group identity and rely on permanent markings, such as tattoos,

to indicate gang membership). The government further established, through expert

witness testimony, only active Latin Kings members can wear the gang’s colors and

display the teardrop tattoo, which one earns by committing a violent crime on behalf

of the gang. See United States v. Sparks, 949 F.2d 1023, 1026 (8th Cir. 1991)

(holding the district court properly admitted expert testimony on defendant’s active

gang membership). Moreover, although denying an affiliation with the Latin Kings

at the time of his arrest, Garcia admitted to his past membership in the gang. In turn,

the government presented expert testimony membership in the Latin Kings street

gang is “for life.” See United States v. Sills, 120 F.3d 917, 920 (8th Cir. 1997)

(stating gang-related evidence, including testimony “gang membership is for life,” is

admissible to show gang affiliation). Based on the record, we conclude the district

court did not clearly err in finding Garcia was an active member of the Latin Kings

street gang at the time of the offense.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgment.

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