# Patent

## Title
Polypeptides, nucleic acid molecule encoding polypeptides, and uses of polypeptides

## Abstract

A polypeptide, a nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the polypeptide are provided. The polypeptide is as defined in the description, can bind to insulin receptors, and is effective in reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes.

## Background
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY
This application is a Divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/557,374, entitled “Polypeptides, Nucleic Acid Molecule Encoding Polypeptides, And Uses Of Polypeptides”, filed Jul. 25, 2012, currently allowed. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/557,374 is based upon Taiwan Patent Application No. 101117779, filed on May 18, 2012 in the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office. The priorities of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/557,374 and Taiwan Patent Application No. 101117779 are hereby claimed and the disclosure of both applications is incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.


CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a polypeptide and use of the same, especially to a polypeptide which can bind to insulin receptors and is effective in reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes.
2. Descriptions of the Related Art
Diabetes is a chronic illness of metabolic abnormality. The main cause of diabetes is a lack of insulin, a defective function of insulin in the body, or the resistance to insulin caused by the combination of innate gene defects and the postnatal environment. As a result, there is a low ability of using sugar, or even leading to the complete loss of the ability, thus, further elevating blood sugar and negatively affecting the metabolism of proteins and lipids in the body. In addition, diabetes brings other chronic complications, including the pathological changes of the ocular fundus, nerve (including motor nerve, sensory nerve, and autonomic nerve), liver and kidney, great vessels (including cerebrovascular obstruction, coronary artery disease, the occlusion of peripheral vessels), diabetes foot, etc.
According to the statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of diabetic patients around the world has increased dramatically, from about 30 million in 1985 to more than 171 million in 2000. The WHO further indicates that the number of worldwide diabetes patients will be more than 346 million in 2030. Moreover, the medical cost for diabetes and its complications in the U.S. increased from 44 billion USD in 1997 to 174 billion USD in 2007. With the increased prevalence of diabetes, it is important to develop a substance or medication that can efficiently modulate blood sugar.
Since 1922, insulin has been mainly used for treating diabetes. However, the lack of insulin is only part of the cause for the abnormality of pancreas function. Hence, using solely insulin to treat diabetes has limited efficiency.
Besides insulin, there are other pharmaceutical agents used to treat diabetes. These pharmaceutical agents, used for reducing blood sugar, can be classified into five groups according to their mechanisms. The first group consists of sulfonylureas (SU), which promote the secretion of insulin from the pancreas and increase the number of insulin receptors of histiocytes. The second group consists of benzoic acid derivatives, capable of stimulating the secretion of insulin. The third group consists of biguanides, which inhibit the absorption of sugar in the stomach or intestine, inhibit the production of sugar in the liver, and promote the intake of sugar in tissues. The fourth group consists of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which prevent disaccharides from being degraded into monosaccharides that can be absorbed by the intestines. The fifth group consists of insulin sensitizers, which alleviate the resistance of peripheral tissues and hepatocytes to insulin. Nevertheless, each group of the aforesaid pharmaceutical agents has different side effects. For example, sulfonylureas may cause rashes and a low level of blood sugar; benzoic acid derivatives may decrease the level of blood sugar; biguanides may cause lactic acidosis and stomach and intestine illnesses; α-glucosidase inhibitors may cause stomach and intestine illnesses; and insulin sensitizers may lead to the abnormality of liver function and injury to hepatocytes. Accordingly, it is important to develop a medication with a blood sugar-reducing function and fewer side effects.
Unlike common compounds, polypeptides better regulate metabolism and are better received by organisms, and thus, have fewer side effects. Therefore, many polypeptides have been studied in the world for decades and have been applied in clinical treatment. For instance, TW 1283684 discloses a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 analogue, which reduces blood sugar, while U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,919 discloses medication for reducing blood sugar using Human proIslet Peptide (HIP), wherein the HIP is an active fragment of a pancreatitis-associated protein precursor.
Furthermore, polypeptides have been found to have blood sugar-reducing activity and can be obtained from plant extracts. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,338 discloses a polypeptide with blood sugar-reducing activity from bitter melon. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is KTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVG, while the molecular weight of the polypeptide is less than 10 kDa.
Consequently, even though there are a lot of pharmaceutical agents for modulating blood sugar, a single or combined treating method or a pharmaceutical composition for treating diabetes with different morbific mechanisms is still needed.
The present invention researches the aforesaid requirement, and provides a novel polypeptide which can bind to insulin receptors and is effective in reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes, especially, can be used to treat diabetes.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One objective of this invention is to provide a polypeptide having a segmental amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, and SEQ ID NO:6.
Another objective of this invention is to provide a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of IVARPPTIG (SEQ ID NO:7) or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the homologous amino acid sequence is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8 to SEQ ID NO:178.
Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:179, SEQ ID NO:180, SEQ ID NO:181, SEQ ID NO:182, SEQ ID NO:183, SEQ ID NO:184, SEQ ID NO:185, SEQ ID NO:186, SEQ ID NO:187, and SEQ ID NO:188.
Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence of RYKYQX1X2YI (SEQ ID NO: 189) or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 189, wherein X1 is cysteine or tryptophan and X2 is phenylalanine or tryptophan.
Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide as defined above.
Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition which can bind to insulin receptors (IR) and is effective in reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes, comprising the polypeptide as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Yet a further objective of this invention is to provide a method for at least one of reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes in a subject, comprising administrating to the subject an effective amount of the polypeptide as defined above.
The detailed technology and preferred embodiments implemented for the subject invention are described in the following paragraphs accompanying the appended drawings for people skilled in this field to well appreciate the features of the claimed invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
FIG. 1 is a molecular docking image showing IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) and an insulin receptor;
FIG. 2 is an immunoblotting analysis picture showing that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) promotes the autophosphorylation of insulin receptor;
FIG. 3 is a western blotting analysis picture showing that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) promotes the protein expression of the insulin signal pathway-related genes; and
FIG. 4 is an immunohistochemical staining picture showing that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) promotes 3T3-L1 adipocytes to express GLUT4.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The following will describe some embodiments of the present invention in detail. However, without departing from the spirit of the present invention, the present invention may be embodied in various embodiments and should not be limited to the embodiments described in the specification. In addition, unless otherwise stated herein, the terms “a (an)”, “the” or the like used in this specification (especially in the Claims hereinafter) shall be understood to encompass both the singular form and the plural form.
The term “homologous amino acid sequence” used in this specification, unless otherwise stated herein, refers to an amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. Furthermore, the term “homologous polypeptide” used in this specification, unless otherwise stated herein, refers to a polypeptide homologue derived from the substitution of one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
It has been known that when a ligand like insulin combines with an insulin receptor (IR) in a cell, it will result in the autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and thereby, trigger signal transduction reactions downstream, inducing the transcription and translation of related genes, and triggering glucose transportation to reduce the extracellular glucose concentration or the glucose concentration in blood and achieve the effect of reducing blood sugar.
The inventors of the present invention found that when dividing a polypeptide having an amino sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 (68 amino acids in total) into different segments, or further modify said segments by a single or multiple amino acids mutation technology, it can provide various polypeptides. Said polypeptides can bind with insulin receptors, and can reduce blood-sugar, reduce glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorate hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes. Without being limited by the theory, it is believed that the polypeptide of the present invention can bind with an insulin receptor, thereby triggering the mechanism of the autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor and achieving the aforesaid effects.
Therefore, the present invention provides a first polypeptide, which is obtained by dividing a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 (68 amino acids in total) and has a segmental amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, and SEQ ID NO:6. The amino acid sequence of the first polypeptide is preferred to be an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:6. Herein, SEQ ID NO:2 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 1st to 19th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 17th to 35th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:4 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 34th to 52nd amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:5 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 45th to 68th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:6 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 55th to 68th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. Hereinafter, the polypeptide of the present invention will be referred to as “insulin receptor-binding protein; IRBP”. For example, the polypeptide of the present invention having the amino acid sequence consisting of the 68 amino acids described in SEQ ID NO:1 is referred to as “IRBP-1-68”, while the polypeptide having the amino acid of SEQ ID NO:2 (i.e., the segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 1st to 19th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1) is referred to as “IRBP-1-19”.
The present invention also provides a second polypeptide having the following amino acid sequence or a homologous amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7:
IVARPPTIG (SEQ ID NO:7);
wherein the SEQ ID NO:7 is a segmental amino acid sequence representing an amino acid sequence consisting of the 60th to 68th amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e., IRBP-60-68), which is divided from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. The homologous amino acid sequence is obtained by performing a single amino acid substitution technology to the amino acids in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 by different amino acids, and representing an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:8 to SEQ ID NO:178. The second polypeptide is preferred to be an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:21.
Furthermore, the present invention also provides a third polypeptide, which is obtained by performing amino acid mutation/substitution to 3 to 6 amino acids in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) by different amino acids (i.e., replacement of 3 to 6 amino acids), and has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:179, SEQ ID NO:180, SEQ ID NO:181, SEQ ID NO:182, SEQ ID NO:183, SEQ ID NO:184, SEQ ID NO:185, SEQ ID NO:186, SEQ ID NO:187, and SEQ ID NO:188. Preferably, the third polypeptide has an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:179, SEQ ID NO:184, SEQ ID NO:185, and SEQ ID NO:186.
The present invention also provides a fourth polypeptide having the following amino acid sequence or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in the following amino acid sequence:
RYKYQX1X2YI (SEQ ID NO: 189);
wherein X1 is cysteine or tryptophan and X2 is phenylalanine or tryptophan. The fourth polypeptide of the present invention is obtained by performing amino acid substitution to 9 amino acids in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7), and also can bind with an insulin receptor to reduce blood sugar levels.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the fourth polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189. X1 is preferred to be cysteine, while X2 is preferred to be phenylalanine or tryptophan. In another embodiment of the present invention, the fourth polypeptide has an amino acid sequence of RYKYQCFYI (SEQ ID NO: 191) (i.e., X1 is cysteine and X2 is phenylalanine), or has a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the mutation/substitution of a single amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 191, wherein the homologous amino acid sequence is an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:194 to SEQ ID NO:364.
All of the first to fourth polypeptides of the present invention can bind with an insulin receptor and reduce blood sugar, and thus, can be used to treat diabetes (including type I diabetes and type II diabetes) and improve the sequential processing of patients with diabetes, such as reducing glycated hemoglobin and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes.
As compared with the insulin used in clinical settings for treating diabetes and the IRBP-1-68 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:1) disclosed in the patents of TW 1342781 and JP 4772884, the polypeptides of the present invention have the following advantages: first, the polypeptides of the present invention have a shorter length of an amino acid sequence and an excellent activity in reducing blood sugar, and thus, can reduce the cost for producing the blood sugar reducing polypeptide while still providing similar drug effects to reduce the economic burden of the patients; secondly, the polypeptides of the present invention have a shorter amino acid sequence and have a lower molecular weight, which can be absorbed more easily after being administered to a diabetic patient, and thus, can increase its bioavailability and is superior for clinical treatment; and thirdly, each polypeptide of the present invention has a different length and different constituent of amino acids, and thus, can provide more flexible treating approaches based on the difference (such as the gender, age, symptom, disease condition, and response to the medicament) of each patient.
The polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained by plant extraction, artificial synthesis, gene recombination technique, or a combination thereof The artificial synthesis herein means that, depending on the desired polypeptide, amino acids can be linked in sequence by a manual method, including chemical synthesis methods or a method using a peptide synthesizer that applies the principle of chemical synthesis. Accordingly, the artificial synthesis method generally has the following advantages: changing the primary structure of a polypeptide easily during the synthesis process, adding a particular amino acid conveniently, and modifying the terminal of a polypeptide expediently.
The chemical synthesis methods that can be used to synthesize the polypeptide of the present invention can be divided into a solid phase synthesis method and a liquid phase synthesis method. Generally, the liquid phase synthesis method has to carry out an extraction operation after every linkage step of each amino acid. In addition, a chromatographic purification step is also needed since the peptide intermediates from the extraction are usually mixtures. In other words, using the liquid phase synthesis method to synthesize polypeptides involves the complicated extraction and chromatographic purification steps to obtain products with high purity.
Unlike the liquid phase synthesis method, the solid phase synthesis method is performed in quite a different way. The linkage reaction of amino acids occurs on the solid polymer particle (or a polymer support) in a solvent. In this method, the N-terminal amino acid of a desired polypeptide is first covalently linked to a polymer particle, and then other amino acids are linked in sequence with a specific linkage method. Eventually, the polypeptide is completed. Because the polymer particle is not dissolved in the solvent, the polymer particle (and the desired polypeptide connected to the polymer particle) can be separated from the reaction reagents and side products by a washing and filtering operation after the synthesis process. That is, only one purification step is required at the end of the whole synthesis process in the solid phase synthesis method. Hence, unlike the liquid phase synthesis method, the solid phase synthesis method is relatively convenient and can reduce synthesis time significantly, and thus, it is more advantageous in terms of the synthesis of long-chain polypeptides.
Presently, many kinds of apparatuses for synthesizing polypeptides automatically have been developed, for instance, solid phase peptide synthesizers, liquid phase peptide synthesizers, microwave peptide synthesizers, etc. They all can be opted for synthesizing the polypeptide of the present invention depending on the requirements.
The polypeptide of the present invention also can be synthesized by the gene recombination technique. Herein, an expression vector containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide of the present invention is transformed in a host cell, and the polynucleotide is then expressed to produce the polypeptide of the present invention. The host cell can be Escherichia coli or yeast, and the expression vector can be selected from common vectors available from the market, for example, pQStrep2, pQStrep4, pGEX-6P1, pQTEV, etc.
Moreover, the polypeptide of the present invention also can be obtained from plant extracts. There are several polypeptides capable of modulating blood sugar that can be obtained from the extracts of plants from the cucumber family, such as bitter melon, kakorot, cucumber, pumpkin, gourd, watermelon, snake gourd seed, snake gourd root, and combinations thereof. It has been proven by protein electrophoresis that the polypeptides that are able to modulate blood sugar in the extracts of the plants from the cucumber family all belong to homologous polypeptides. Nonetheless, the polypeptide of the present invention also can be obtained from plants other than those from the cucumber family, such as Zinnia elegans, Medicago truncatula, grape, grapefruit, Sambucus nigra, Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and combinations thereof. That is, the source of the polypeptide of the present invention is not limited to the plants from the cucumber family.
For example, the plant extract from bitter melon can be acquired by the following steps. Thereafter, the polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained by purifying the plant extract (for instance, using protein electrophoresis or chromatographic purification). First, a bitter melon is macerated in a solvent to obtain a crude suspension, wherein the solvent can be a phosphate buffer solution, a citrate buffer solution, water, etc. The bitter melon can be disintegrated by a blender or a grinder. Particles in the crude suspension are removed from the liquid phase by a centrifuge at a speed of 12,000 rpm to 15,000 rpm, and then a resultant supernatant is filtered using a filter with a pore size of 0.1 μm to 0.5 μm. A resultant filtrate is then passed through a membrane filter with a 30 kDa cut-off. Eventually, a resultant filtrate is collected to obtain a water-soluble bitter melon extract containing the polypeptide of the present invention. The membrane filter can be selected from conventional membrane filter products, such as AMICON® membrane filter, MILLIPORE® membrane filter, etc. Then, the desired polypeptide can be isolated by using a purification method, such as protein electrophoresis or chromatographic purification. The obtained polypeptide can optionally be digested by a specific protease to obtain a desired polypeptide segment. Herein, there are no specific limitations to the protease, for example, it can be but not limited to serine protease, threonine protease, cysteine protease, etc. Finally, a preservative (e.g., sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, etc.) can be added optionally. The polypeptide is stored at −80° C.
In using protein electrophoresis to isolate the polypeptide of the present invention, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis can be used specifically to isolate the polypeptide. First, the above resultant water-soluble bitter melon extract is subjected to protein precipitation, and the protein precipitate is then subjected to one-dimensional iso-electric focusing (IEF). On the second day, a SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gel is prepared, injected into a gel slot, and flattened by using ethanol. After twenty minutes, the ethanol is poured out from the gel slot, and the gel strip treated by the IEF and a protein molecular weight marker is injected into a sample well, respectively. Electrophoresis is then carried out by using an electric current at 110 volts. Electrophoresis ends when the dye moves to the bottom of the gel. The gel is then removed from the gel slot and is stained with a stain reagent. Then, the stain reagent on the gel is removed by using a wash buffer, and the gel is decolorized by using a destaining buffer. Finally, a protein band at the position of the iso-electric point between 9 to 10, and of the molecular weight of 7 kDa to 10 kDa on the gel is cut and collected, and then, the polypeptide of the present invention is obtained.
Moreover, the polypeptide of the present invention can also be obtained by a combination of the aforesaid methods. For example, a fragment of the desired polypeptide can be first acquired by gene recombination or plant extraction, and then the complete polypeptide can be obtained by artificial synthesis.
The polypeptide of the present invention can be used to produce a medication for reducing blood sugar. Hence, the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes, comprising an effective amount of the polypeptide of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in both veterinary and human medicine, and it can be in any suitable form and can be applied by any suitable manner without particular limits. For example, to prevent the polypeptide from being degrading by enzymes in the alimentary canal, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be administrated by subcutaneous injection or intravenous injection, and is brought to a released position directly by the blood. When the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is administrated by oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may contain an absorbance-retarded reagent to protect itself from the stomach acids and enzymes in the front half segment of the small intestine.
As for a medicament suitable for subcutaneous injection or intravenous injection, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can comprise one or more additives, such as an isotonic reagent, a saline buffer solution (such as a phosphate buffer solution or a citrate buffer solution), a solubilizer, an emulsifier, and other carriers, to produce an intravenous injection, an emulsion intravenous injection, a powder injection, a suspension injection, a powder-suspension injection, etc.
In terms of manufacturing a medicament suitable for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which has no adverse influence on the activity of the polypeptide of the present invention, such as solvents, oily solvents, thinners, stabilizers, absorption delaying agents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, antioxidants, binders, lubricants, moisture absorbents, etc. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared in a form suitable for oral administration by any suitable approach, such as a tablet, a capsule, a granule, powder, a fluid extract, a solution, syrup, a suspension, an emulsion, a tincture, etc.
Optionally, other additives, such as a flavoring agent, a toner, a coloring agent, etc., can be added to the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to enhance the taste and visual appeal of the composition. A suitable amount of a preservative, a conservative, an antiseptic, an anti-fungus reagent, etc., also can be added to improve the storability of the resultant medicament. The pharmaceutical composition may optionally comprise one or more other active components to enhance the effect of the medicament or increase the flexibility for the formulation. For example, one or more active components, such as insulin, α-glucosidase inhibitors, insulin sensitizers, and other active components, can be incorporated into the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, as long as the other active components have no adverse effect on the polypeptide of the present invention.
When the pharmaceutical composition containing the polypeptide of the present invention is used to reduce the blood sugar of humans or animals, depending on the requirements of the subject, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be applied with various administration frequencies, such as once a day, several times a day, etc. For example, when applied to the human body for treating diabetes by oral administration, the dose of the pharmaceutical composition is about 10 mg/kg-body weight to about 50 mg/kg-body weight per day, based on the amount of the polypeptide of the present invention. If the injection administration is applied, the daily effective dosage of the pharmaceutical composition for reducing blood sugar is 1 nmole/kg-body weight to 5 nmole/kg-body weight., wherein the unit “mg/kg-body weight” or “nmole/kg-body weight” means the dosage required per kg-body weight. However, for patients with acute conditions, the dosage can be increased to several times or several tens of times, depending on practical requirements.
The present invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide of the present invention. The polynucleotide can be obtained by a conventional clone method. For instance, a genomic deoxyribonucleic acid can be first extracted from a plant cell, and is then used as a template for a polymerase chain reaction. After the polymerase chain reaction is completed, a product is purified to provide the isolated polynucleotide of the present invention.
The present invention yet provides a method for reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes in a subject, comprising administrating the polypeptide of the present invention to the subject. The polypeptide can be administrated as any suitable form, such as a pharmaceutical composition. The dosage form and dosage amount of the pharmaceutical composition are as described above. With the blood sugar-reducing activity of the polypeptide of the present invention, the method of the present invention is especially useful for treating diabetes.
The present invention will be further illustrated in details with specific examples as follows. However, the following examples are provided only for illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
Materials
Preparation Example
(A) Polypeptides: polypeptides with amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 to SEQ ID NO:364 as described in the appended sequence list were produced by the solid phase synthesis method.
(B) Experimental subjects: three strains of mice, BALB/c (the metabolism of blood sugar is normal), STZ-induced (streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes), and ob/ob (spontaneous type II diabetes), were used to conduct experiments, and they were provided by the National Laboratory Animal Center, Taiwan.
Example 1
Molecular Docking Analysis
The molecular docking analysis was conducted by the following method: the PDB files of insulin receptor (PDB code is 2DTG) and insulin receptor binding protein (i.e., IRBP-1-68 polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1; PDB code is 1VBW) were obtained from the Protein Data Bank website. Then, a molecular docking software (AutoDock, version 3.05 and 4.0) and grid-based docking programs were used to conduct molecular docking analysis, thereby, evaluating the molecular interaction energy (including Van der Waals force, repulsion energy, hydrogen bond interaction energy, the Coulomb electrostatic energy, and internal steric energy) between ligands (i.e., IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1)) and insulin receptors. The analysis result was shown in FIG. 1, showing that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) (the block area in the center of FIG. 1) can bind to insulin receptors.
Example 2
Insulin Receptor Autophosphorylation Assay
It has been known that when a ligand such as insulin combines with an insulin receptor in a cell, it will result in the autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor, and thereby trigger signal transduction reactions downstream, inducing the transcription and translation of related genes, and triggering glucose transportation to reduce the extracellular glucose concentration or the glucose concentration in the blood and achieve the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Therefore, this example conducts an insulin receptor autophosphorylation assay to analyze if IRBP-1-68 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:1) can result in insulin receptor autophosphorylation, and thereby observe if IRBP-1-68 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:1) can bind with the insulin receptor. The assay was conducted by the following steps: The human lymphocyte cell line (IM-9) was serum-starved (RPMI medium supplemented with 0.1% BSA) for 16 h and then stimulated with IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) for 15 min at 37° C., and washed with cold PBS. The cells were lysed to obtain about 250 mg of total proteins, while the immunoprecipitation was conducted by the anti-insulin receptor polyclonal antibody (C-19). Then, the protein was adsorbed onto protein G-agarose beads (Gibco-BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) for 2 h at 4° C., resolved by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to an Immobilon-P membrane by electroblotting. The membrane was incubated with antiphosphotyrosine antibody (4G10) overnight at 4° C. to conduct the immunoblotting analysis. The result was shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, the broader band of the immunoblotting analysis represents a higher protein expression level. In addition, the result of FIG. 2 shows that the ratio of phosphorylated insulin receptor toinsulin receptor increased along with the increment of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) concentration.
As demonstrated in FIG. 2, IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can induce insulin receptor autophosphorylation, showing it can bind to an insulin receptor.
Example 3
Receptor Binding Assay: IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1)
Whole cell receptor binding assays were performed to further confirm if IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) could combine with an insulin receptor.
First, 1.2×106 human lymphocyte cells (IM-9) were separately incubated with insulin (control) or IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) at room temperature for 15 min in 1 ml PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin to conduct competition assays. Then, 125I-labeled insulin (20,000 cpm/ml) was added thereinto and incubation at 16° C. for 90 min. After incubation, the cells were chilled, centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min at 4° C., and the pellets were washed twice with an ice-cold wash buffer (10 mmol/L Tris and 150 mmol/L NaCl, pH 7.6). The pellet was counted by a gamma counter. The assays were performed at least three times for each polypeptide. The concentration of each polypeptide promoting 125I-labeled insulin to bind to insulin receptors (EC50) was indicated in Table 1, wherein EC50 refers to the concentration of a polypeptide that can promote 50% of the 125I-labeled insulin to bind to insulin receptors. The lower value of EC50 represents a stronger effect on promoting the binding.










TABLE 1







Polypeptide
EC50 (nM)









Insulin
 7.7 ± 1.11



IRBP-1-68
4.15 ± 1.77



(SEQ ID NO: 1)










As shown in Table 1, insulin and IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) both can effectively promote 125I-labeled insulin to bind to insulin receptors, wherein the EC50 of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) is 4.15±1.77 nM, lower than that of insulin, showing that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can bind with an insulin receptor and has a better effect on promoting insulin to bind to insulin receptors.
Example 4
Glucose Uptake Assay
A key step for modulating blood sugar is that adipose tissue can uptake glucose from the blood and thereby, reduce blood sugar. Accordingly, this example further used 3T3-L1 adipocytes as an assay platform to conduct the glucose uptake assay. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured in 24-well plates, and after a 4.5-h starvation period, the adipocytes were separately incubated in a Krebs ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB; 118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM Na2HPO4, 2% bovine serum albumin, 0.5 mM glucose, 25 mM NaHCO3, pH 7.4) without insulin (the negative control group), with 1 nM insulin (the control group) and with 1 nM insulin plus IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) (the experimental group) for 30 min, followed by the addition of [3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (0.1 μCi/assay) for an additional 10 min. The cells were washed three times with ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and then solubilized in 0.1% SDS. The radioactivity in the cells was measured by a scintillation counter, and the result was shown in Table 2.










TABLE 2







polypeptide
Ratio









insulin
2.9



IRBP-1-68
1.79 ± 0.49



(SEQ ID NO: 1)










The radioactivity ratio of insulin shown in Table 2 was referred to Life Sciences 2004; 75:2653-64, which is entirely incorporated hereinto by reference. As shown in Table 2, insulin and IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) both can promote 3T3-L1 adipocytes to uptake glucose. This assay demonstrates that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can achieve the effect of reducing blood sugar by promoting adipocytes to uptake glucose.
Example 5
Microarray Analysis
Whole genome scanning was conducted by microarray analysis to discuss the potential mechanism of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) to promote 3T3-L1 adipocytes to uptake glucose.
Total RNAs were extracted from 3T3-L1 adipocytes which were or were not treated with IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) using RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif., USA). Total RNA was evaluated using Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif., USA). The RNA sample with an RNA integrity number greater than 8.0 was selected. Microarray analysis was performed as described previously (see Cheng, W. Y. et al., 2009, Comprehensive evaluation of a novel nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, quinoclamine, by transcriptomic analysis. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 157(5): 746-756; Cheng, H. M. et al., 2010, Application of bioactivity database of Chinese herbal medicine on the therapeutic prediction, drug development, and safety evaluation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 132 (2): 429-437; and Hsiang, C. Y. et al., 2009, Nuclear factor-κB bioluminescence imaging-guided transcriptomic analysis for the assessment of hoist-biomaterial interaction in vivo. Biomaterials 30 (17): 3042-3049, which are entirely incorporated hereinto by reference).
The number of insulin signal pathway-related or adipocytokine signal pathway-related genes that the expression levels thereof were increased or decreased up to 2 folds were calculated, and the result was shown in Table 3.










TABLE 3







number of the genes with changed




expression level(total



gene number of the pathway)
p value


















insulin signal
28 (136)
5.84E−04


pathway


adipocytokine signal
16 (71) 
3.88E−03


pathway









As shown in Table 3, IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can regulate the expression level of the insulin signal pathway-related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to promote adipocytes to uptake glucose and achieve the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Example 6
Western Blotting Analysis
The protein expression levels of the insulin signal pathway-related genes were analyzed by the western blotting method.
3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured at 37° C. for 24 hours, treated with IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) for 16 hours, collected using a cell scraper after being washed with ice-cold PBS, and lysed with a 300 μl sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10% glycerol, 50 mM dithiothreitol, 0.1% bromophenol blue). The protein concentration of the cell lysate was determined with a Bradford method (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). The proteins (10 μg) were separated by SDS-PAGE and the protein bands were then transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, N.J., USA). Membranes were blocked in blocking buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 140 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, 5% skim milk powder) and probed with anti-Akt, anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473), anti-phospho-Akt (Thr308), anti-phospho-PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on Chromosome ten) (Ser380), anti-phospho-GSK-3β (glycogensynthasekinase-3β) (Ser9), anti-phospho-Raf (Ser259), anti-phospho-PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1) (Ser241) antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass., USA). The result was shown in FIG. 3, wherein the values shown in FIG. 3 represent the intensity of the bands in western blotting analysis. A higher value represents a higher expression level of the target protein.
As shown in FIG. 3, IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can increase the protein expression levels of the insulin signal pathway-related genes, such as PDK-1, phosphorylated-AKt (Thr 308), phosphorylated-AKt (Ser 473), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). The result of this assay shows that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can regulate the expression level of the insulin signal pathway-related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to reduce blood sugar.
Example 7
Immunochemical Analysis
Immunochemical analysis was conducted by the following method: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured and fixed on a cover slide, and incubated with a 1:50 diluted mouse monoclonal antibody against GLUT4 (Millipore, Billerica, Mass., USA) at 4° C. overnight. Then, the cells were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody (Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, Calif., USA) at room temperature for 20 min. Then, the slides were incubated with avidin-biotin complex reagent and stained with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (HISTOSTAIN®-Plus Kit, Zymed Laboratories, South San Francisco, Calif., USA). The result was shown in FIG. 4.
As shown in FIG. 4, the result of the immunochemical staining of 3T3-L1 adipocytes also shows that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can promote 3T3-L1 adipocytes to express GLUT4. It has been known that GLUT4 is a protein that can transport glucose in adipocytes. Hence, the above assay result shows that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can promote adipocytes to transport glucose by increasing the expression level of GLUT4, thereby, achieving the effect of reducing blood sugar.
The assays of Examples 1 to 7 show that IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) can bind with insulin receptors, and can promote adipocytes in uptaking glucose to reduce blood sugar.
Example 8
Receptor Binding Assay: Segmental Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1)
The receptor binding assay of the polypeptides having the segmental amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2 SEQ ID NO:3 SEQ ID NO:4 SEQ ID NO:5 SEQ ID NO:6 SEQ ID NO:7) shown in Table 4 was conducted by using the same experimental method as described in Example 2. The concentrations (EC50) of these polypeptides promoting 125I-labeled insulin to bind to insulin receptors are shown in Table 4.










TABLE 4








EC50


polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
sequence
(nM)







IRBP-1-19
SEQ ID NO: 2
SRCQGKSSWPGLVGSTGAA
15.34 ± 3.77 


 


IRBP-17-35
SEQ ID NO: 3
GAAAKAVIERENPRVR VI
>25


 


IRBP-34-52
SEQ ID NO: 4
VIIKVGSGATKDFRCDRVR
>25


 


IRBP-45-68
SEQ ID NO: 5
DFRCDRVRVWVTERGIVARPPTIG
>25


 


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
RVRVWVTERGIVARPPTIG
0.73 ± 0.06


 


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
IVARPPTIG
0.77 ± 0.04









As shown in Table 4, all of the polypeptides of the present invention having the segmental amino acid sequence of IRBP-1-68 (i.e., SEQ ID NO:2 to SEQ ID NO:7) have the effect of promoting insulin to bind to insulin receptors, wherein IRBP-1-19 (SEQ ID NO:2), IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6), and IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) have a better promoting effect.
The result of this assay shows that when IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) was cut into 19 amino acids (i.e., IRBP-1-19 (SEQ ID NO:2) and IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6)) or even 9 amino acids, it still has the effect of binding to insulin receptors. The following experiments were conducted to further analyze IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7).
Example 9
Molecular Docking Analysis: A Homologous Polypeptide Derived from the Substitution of a Single Amino Acid in the Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7)
As shown in Table 5, the polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8 to SEQ ID NO:178) derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) were produced by the solid phase synthesis method, and the molecular docking analysis was conducted by the same method described in Example 1.
The molecular interaction energy (including Van der Waals force, repulsion energy, hydrogen bond interaction energy, the Coulomb electrostatic energy, and internal steric energy) between polypeptides and insulin receptors was evaluated, wherein the scaled score of 7000 to 8000 was labeled as “+”; the scaled score of 8000 to 9000 was labeled as “++”; the scaled score of 9000 to 10000 was labeled as “+++”. Herein, a higher scaled score represents a larger interaction energy between the polypeptide and insulin receptors, indicating a stronger binding action.








TABLE 5







substituting
original sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO: 7)
















amino acid
I
V
A
R
P
P
T
I
G





R
+++
++
++

++
++
+++
+
+++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 8)
NO: 9)
NO: 10)

NO: 11)
NO: 12)
NO: 13)
NO: 14)
NO: 15)


A
+
+

++
++
+
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 16)
NO: 17)

NO: 18)
NO: 19)
NO: 20)
NO: 21)
NO: 22)
NO: 23)


V
++

++
++
++
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 24)

NO: 25)
NO: 26)
NO: 27)
NO: 28)
NO: 29)
NO: 30)
NO: 31)


F
++
+++
++
++
+
++
+++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 32)
NO: 33)
NO: 34)
NO: 35)
NO: 36)
NO: 37)
NO: 38)
NO: 39)
NO: 40)


P
++
+
++
+


+
+
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID


(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 41)
NO: 42)
NO: 43)
NO: 44)


NO: 45)
NO: 46)
NO: 47)


M
++
++
++
+
+
++
+++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 48)
NO: 49)
NO: 50)
NO: 51)
NO: 52)
NO: 53)
NO: 54)
NO: 55)
NO: 56)


I

+++
+
++
++
++
++

+++




(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID




NO: 57)
NO: 58)
NO: 59)
NO: 60)
NO: 61)
NO: 62)

NO: 63)


L
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 64)
NO: 65)
NO: 66)
NO: 67)
NO: 68)
NO: 69)
NO: 70)
NO: 71)
NO: 72)


D
++
++
++
+
++
+
++
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 73)
NO: 74)
NO: 75)
NO: 76)
NO: 77)
NO: 78)
NO: 79)
NO: 80)
NO: 81)


E
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
+
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 82)
NO: 83)
NO: 84)
NO: 85)
NO: 86)
NO: 87)
NO: 88)
NO: 89)
NO: 90)


K
++
++
++
++
+
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 91)
NO: 92)
NO: 93)
NO: 94)
NO: 95)
NO: 96)
NO: 97)
NO: 98)
NO: 99)


G
+
++
++
+
+
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 100)
NO: 101)
NO: 102)
NO: 103)
NO: 104)
NO: 105)
NO: 106)
NO: 107)


S
+
++
++
+
+
+
++
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 108)
NO: 109)
NO: 110)
NO: 111)
NO: 112)
NO: 113)
NO: 114)
NO: 115)
NO: 116)


T
++
++
++
+
+++
++

++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 117)
NO: 118)
NO: 119)
NO: 120)
NO: 121)
NO: 122)

NO: 123)
NO: 124)


Y
++
+++
++
++
++
++
++
+++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 125)
NO: 126)
NO: 127)
NO: 128)
NO: 129)
NO: 130)
NO: 131)
NO: 132)
NO: 133)


H
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 134)
NO: 135)
NO: 136)
NO: 137)
NO: 138)
NO: 139)
NO: 140)
NO: 141)
NO: 142)


C
+
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 143)
NO: 144)
NO: 145)
NO: 146)
NO: 147)
NO: 148)
NO: 149)
NO: 150)
NO: 151)


N
++
++
++
+
+
+
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 152)
NO: 153)
NO: 154)
NO: 155)
NO: 156)
NO: 157)
NO: 158)
NO: 159)
NO: 160)


Q
++
++
++
+
+++
+
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 161)
NO: 162)
NO: 163)
NO: 164)
NO: 165)
NO: 166)
NO: 167)
NO: 168)
NO: 169)


W
++
++
++
+
++
+++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 170)
NO: 171)
NO: 172)
NO: 173)
NO: 174)
NO: 175)
NO: 176)
NO: 177)
NO: 178)









As shown in Table 5, all of the polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:8 to SEQ ID NO:178) derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) have different levels of ability to bind to insulin receptors.
Example 10
Receptor Binding Assay: A Homologous Polypeptide Derived from the Substitution of a Single Amino Acid in the Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7)
The receptor binding assay of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 (i.e., a homologous polypeptide derived from the substitution of the threonine in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) by alanine; hereinafter refers to as “IRBP-MC” (SEQ ID NO:21)) as shown in Table 5 was conducted by using the same experimental method as described in Example 3. The result is shown in Table 6.










TABLE 6








EC50


polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
sequence
(nM)







IRBP-MC
SEQ ID NO: 21
IVARPPAIG
0.86 ± 0.05









As shown in Table 6, the concentration of IRBP-MC (SEQ ID NO:21) polypeptide derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) promoting 125I-labeled insulin to bind to insulin receptors is 0.86±0.05 (nM), showing that the homologous polypeptide derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) still has the ability to bind to insulin receptors.
In addition, as shown in Table 7, the homologous polypeptides derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) were further analyzed by the receptor binding assay. Herein, the activity of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase was used as an indicator of the binding activity of the polypeptides and insulin receptors. The higher of the activity of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase represents a stronger binding ability of the polypeptide to the insulin receptor.
The experimental procedure for evaluating the binding ability of the polypeptides by insulin receptor tyrosine kinase is as follows. The polypeptide and insulin receptor were placed in an ice bath for 30 minutes, and then an equal volume of 2× kinase buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.6; 50 mM MgCl2; 200 μM ATP; 200 Mm sodium vanadate; 5 mg/L poly(Glu,Tyr); 50 μCi [γ-32P]ATP/ml) was added thereinto. The sample was placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes. Then, TCA was added thereinto to precipitate the substrate (poly(Glu,Tyr)) on a filter paper. The filter paper was put into a gamma radiation counter, and the activity of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase was calculated from the radiation intensity.
In Table 7, each group of the polypeptides is a polypeptide mixture of the polypeptides obtained from a substitution to a specific amino acid in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7). For example, IRBP-60-68-1@ represents a polypeptide mixture of the polypeptides obtained from the substitution of the first amino acid in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) by arginine (Arg; R), alanine (Ala; A), valine (Val; V), phenylalanine (Phe; F), proline (Pro; P), methionine (Met; M), isoleucine (Ile; I), leucine (Leu; L); aspartate (Asp; D), glutamate (Glu; E), lysine (Lys; K), glycine (Gly; G), serine (Ser; S), threonine (Thr; T); tyrosine (Tyr; Y), histidine (His; H), cysteine (Cys; C), asparagine (Asn; N), Glutamine (Gln; Q), or Tryptophan (Trp; W), comprising the polypeptides having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:48, SEQ ID NO:64, SEQ ID NO:73, SEQ ID NO:82, SEQ ID NO:91, SEQ ID NO:100, SEQ ID NO:108, SEQ ID NO:117, SEQ ID NO:125, SEQ ID NO134, SEQ ID NO:143, SEQ ID NO:152, SEQ ID NO:161, SEQ ID NO:170.











TABLE 7







polypeptide
sequence
U/ml









IRBP-60-68-1@
@VARPPTIG
53.23 ± 0.10



IRBP-60-68-2@
I@ARPPTIG
54.65 ± 0.37



IRBP-60-68-3@
IV@RPPTIG
52.66 ± 0.05



IRBP-60-68-4@
IVA@PPTIG
52.86 ± 0.30



IRBP-60-68-5@
IVAR@PTIG
83.43 ± 0.43



IRBP-60-68-6@
IVARP@TIG
53.28 ± 0.55



IRBP-60-68-7@
IVARPP@IG
53.80 ± 0.57



IRBP-60-68-8@
IVARPPT@G
53.19 ± 0.16



IRBP-60-68-9@
IVARPPTI@
53.04 ± 0.09










As shown in Table 7, the polypeptide mixture of the polypeptides obtained from a substitution to a specific amino acid in the amino acid sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) has the activity of binding to insulin receptors.
Example 11
Receptor Binding Assay: Homologous Polypeptides Derived from the Substitution of Multiple Amino Acids in the Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7)
As shown in Table 8, the polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequence derived from the mutation/substitution of multiple amino acids (replacement of 3 to 6 amino acids) in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) were produced by the solid phase synthesis method, and the receptor binding assay was conducted by the same method described in Example 3. The name, sequence, and assay result of the said homologous polypeptides were shown in Table 8.










TABLE 8








EC50


polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
sequence
(nM)







IRBP-MT
SEQ ID NO: 179
IVYQVPTIG
0.77 ± 0.02


 


IRBP-VV-2
SEQ ID NO: 180
IVISVPTIG
4.98 ± 0.06


 


IRBP-SN
SEQ ID NO: 181
IVTRVPVIG
9.79 ± 0.13


 


IRBP-AT
SEQ ID NO: 182
IVVRNPTAG
9.98 ± 0.06


 


IRBP-OS
SEQ ID NO: 183
TVAKTPTIG
9.93 ± 0.04


 


IRBP-CM
SEQ ID NO: 184
LVVSPPRIG
0.92 ± 0.08


 


IRBP-VV-1
SEQ ID NO: 185
IVSMVPKIG
0.96 ± 0.13


 


IRBP-CP
SEQ ID NO: 186
KVIRVPRIG
0.84 ± 0.05


 


IRBP-ZE
SEQ ID NO: 187
IVIRTPIIT
4.94 ± 0.15


 


IRBP-LU
SEQ ID NO: 188
VVTSVPHIT
9.70 ± 0.04









As shown in Table 8, the polypeptides having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:179 to SEQ ID NO:188 have the ability to promote insulin to bind to insulin receptors, showing that the homologous polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of 3 to 6 amino acids in IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) still have an effect of promoting insulin to bind to insulin receptors, wherein IRBP-MT (SEQ ID NO:179), IRBP-CM (SEQ ID NO:184), IRBP-VV-1 (SEQ ID NO:185), and IRBP-CP (SEQ ID NO:186) have a better promoting effect.
Example 12
Receptor Binding Assay: Homologous Polypeptides Derived from the Substitution of Multiple Amino Acids in the Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7)
By the method as described in Example 1, four polypeptides (having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO:190 to SEQ ID NO:193; hereinafter referred to as IRBP-9A to IRBP-9D) having 9 amino acids in length and having a better binding ability to insulin receptors were screened by using a molecular docking software to conduct molecular docking analysis.
These polypeptides have a general sequence formula of RYKYQX1X2YI (SEQ ID NO:189), wherein X1 is cysteine or tryptophan and X2 is phenylalanine or tryptophan. These polypeptides were analyzed by the receptor binding assay as described in Example 10. The activity of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase was used as an indicator of the binding activity of the polypeptides and insulin receptors. The result is shown in Table 9.










TABLE 9





polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
sequence
U/ml







insulin
—
—
61.28 ± 0.53


 


IRBP-9A
SEQ ID NO: 190
RYKYQWFYI
40.34 ± 1.94


 


IRBP-9B
SEQ ID NO: 191
RYKYQCFYI
79.76 ± 5.64


 


IRBP-9C
SEQ ID NO: 192
RYKYQWWYI
44.18 ± 3.61


 


IRBP-9D
SEQ ID NO: 193
RYKYQCWYI
65.95 ± 1.74









The result of Table 9 shows that the polypeptides of IRBP-9A to IRBP-9D (SEQ ID NO:190 to SEQ ID NO:193) can bind to insulin receptors. For example, for IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191), the activity of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase can be up to 79.76±5.64 (U/ml).
Example 13
Molecular Docking Analysis: Homologous Polypeptides Derived from the Substitution of a Single Amino Acid in the Amino Acid Sequence of IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191)
As shown in Table 10, the polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NO:194 to SEQ ID NO:364) derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191) were produced by the solid phase synthesis method. The molecular docking analysis was conducted by the same method described in Example 1 to evaluate the interaction energy (including Van der Waals force, repulsion energy, hydrogen bond interaction energy, the Coulomb electrostatic energy, and internal steric energy) between the ligand (polypeptides) and insulin receptors, wherein the scaled score of 8000 to 10000 was labeled as “+”; the scaled score of 10000 to 12000 was labeled as “++”; the scaled score of 12000 to 14000 was labeled as “+++”. Herein, a higher scaled score represents a larger interaction energy between the polypeptides and insulin receptors, indicating a stronger binding action.








TABLE 10







substituting
original sequence of IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO: 191)
















amino acid
R
Y
K
Y
Q
C
F
Y
I





R

++
+
+
++
+
++
+
+




(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID




NO: 194)
NO: 195)
NO: 196)
NO: 197)
NO: 198)
NO: 199)
NO: 200)
NO: 201)


A
++
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 202)
NO: 203)
NO: 204)
NO: 205)
NO: 206)
NO: 207)
NO: 208)
NO: 209)
NO: 210)


V
+
+
+
+
++
++
++
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 211)
NO: 212)
NO: 213)
NO: 214)
NO: 215)
NO: 216)
NO: 217)
NO: 218)
NO: 219)


F
+
++
+
++
+
++

++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 220)
NO: 221)
NO: 222)
NO: 223)
NO: 224)
NO: 225)

NO: 226)
NO: 227)


P
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 228)
NO: 229)
NO: 230)
NO: 231)
NO: 232)
NO: 233)
NO: 234)
NO: 235)
NO: 236)


M
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 237)
NO: 238)
NO: 239)
NO: 240)
NO: 241)
NO: 242)
NO: 243)
NO: 244)
NO: 245)


I
+
++
+
++
++
+++
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 246)
NO: 247)
NO: 248)
NO: 249)
NO: 250)
NO: 251)
NO: 252)
NO: 253)


L
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 254)
NO: 255)
NO: 256)
NO: 257)
NO: 258)
NO: 259)
NO: 260)
NO: 261)
NO: 262)


D
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 263)
NO: 264)
NO: 265)
NO: 266)
NO: 267)
NO: 268)
NO: 269)
NO: 270)
NO: 271)


E
++
++
++
++
++
+
++
+
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 272)
NO: 273)
NO: 274)
NO: 275)
NO: 276)
NO: 277)
NO: 278)
NO: 279)
NO: 280)


K
+
+

+
++
+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 281)
NO: 282)

NO: 283)
NO: 284)
NO: 285)
NO: 286)
NO: 287)
NO: 288)


G
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 289)
NO: 290)
NO: 291)
NO: 292)
NO: 293)
NO: 294)
NO: 295)
NO: 296)
NO: 297)


S
++
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 298)
NO: 299)
NO: 300)
NO: 301)
NO: 302)
NO: 303)
NO: 304)
NO: 305)
NO: 306)


T
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO:
NO: 308)
NO: 309)
NO: 310)
NO: 311)
NO: 312)
NO: 313)
NO: 314)
NO: 315)



307)


Y
+

+

+
+
++

++



(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID



NO: 316)

NO: 317)

NO: 318)
NO: 319)
NO: 320)

NO: 321)


H
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 322)
NO: 323)
NO: 324)
NO: 325)
NO: 326)
NO: 327)
NO: 328)
NO: 329)
NO: 330)


C
+
+
+
+
++

+
++
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 331)
NO: 332)
NO: 333)
NO: 334)
NO: 335)

NO: 336)
NO: 337)
NO: 338)


N
++
++
++
+
+
+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 339)
NO: 340)
NO: 341)
NO: 342)
NO: 343)
NO: 344)
NO: 345)
NO: 346)
NO: 347)


Q
++
++
+
++

+
+
+
+



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID

(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 348)
NO: 349)
NO: 350)
NO: 351)

NO: 352)
NO: 353)
NO: 354)
NO: 355)


W
+
++
+
++
+
++
++
++
++



(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID
(SEQ ID



NO: 356)
NO: 357)
NO: 358)
NO: 359)
NO: 360)
NO: 361)
NO: 362)
NO: 363)
NO: 364)









As shown in Table 10, all of the polypeptides having the homologous amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NO:194 to SEQ ID NO:364) derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191) have different levels of ability to bind to insulin receptors.
Example 14
Blood Sugar Reducing Assay
IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), the polypeptides having the segmental amino acid sequences of IRBP, and the polypeptides derived from the substitution of multiple amino acids in the segmental amino acid sequences were analyzed by a blood sugar reducing assay. First, three mice (BALB/c) which are normal in blood sugar metabolism were starved for 18 hours, while three diabetic mice (STZ-induced or ob/ob) were starved for 4 hours. The polypeptides (100 μl, 2.5×10−9 mole/kg body weight) as shown in Table 11 were administrated to each mouse in an experimental group by intraperitoneal injection. Each mouse in the control group was administrated with 100 μl water. After 15 minutes, a glucose solution (4 g/kg body weight) was administrated to normal mice (BALB/c) by intraperitoneal injection, and a glucose solution (1 g/kg body weight) was administrated to diabetic mice (STZ-induced or ob/ob) to rapidly increase the blood sugar value of the mice. After 150 minutes, blood samples were collected from the mouse tails, while the blood sugar value was measured by a glucometer (ACCU-CHEK Advantage, Roche, Germany). The blood sugar values of the mice in the experimental group and control group were compared and analyzed.










TABLE 11








blood sugar inhibition


polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
Mice
ratio (%)







IRBP-1-68
SEQ ID NO: 1
BALB/c
68.9 ± 0.9*


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
BALB/c
66.3 ± 3.9*


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
BALB/c
67.0 ± 5.4*


IRBP-9B
SEQ ID NO: 191
BALB/c
61.0 ± 2.5*


IRBP-1-68
SEQ ID NO: 1
STZ-induced
37.3 ± 3.8 


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
STZ-induced
36.0 ± 7.1*


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
STZ-induced
66.5 ± 7.8*


IRBP-9A
SEQ ID NO: 190
STZ-induced
34.2 ± 13.6


IRBP-9B
SEQ ID NO: 191
STZ-induced
47.5 ± 5.0 


IRBP-9C
SEQ ID NO: 192
STZ-induced
22.6 ± 9.0 


IRBP-9D
SEQ ID NO: 193
STZ-induced
45.0 ± 7.9 


IRBP-1-68
SEQ ID NO: 1
ob/ob
 55.6 ± 12.9*


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
ob/ob
 51.0 ± 14.2*


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
db/db
 33.1 ± 11.5*





(Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, *p < 0.05)






As shown in Table 11, 2.5×10−9 mole/kg body weight of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1) or the homologous polypeptides derived from the same can effectively reduce the blood sugar values of both normal mice and diabetic mice. In the group of BALB/c mice, the polypeptides of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6), IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7), and IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191) can achieve a blood inhibition ratio of about 61% to 70%. In the group of STZ-induced mice, the polypeptides of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6), IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7), IRBP-9A (SEQ ID NO:190), IRBP-9B (SEQ ID NO:191), IRBP-9C (SEQ ID NO:192), and IRBP-9D (SEQ ID NO:193) can achieve a blood inhibition ratio of about 22% to 67%. In the group of ob/ob or db/db mice, the polypeptides of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6), and IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) can achieve a blood inhibition ratio of about 33% to 55%. The above results show that all of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), the polypeptides having the segmental amino acid sequences of IRBP-1-68 (SEQ ID NO:1), and the polypeptides derived from the substitution of multiple amino acids in the segmental amino acid sequences have the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Example 15
Glycated Hemoglobin Value Assay
Glycated hemoglobin value (HbAlc) is the concentration of glucose attached on red blood cells in the blood of an organism. In general, a higher concentration of blood sugar reflects a higher glycated hemoglobin value, while the glycated hemoglobin value is a standard for evaluating the effect of a medicament on treating diabetes. Therefore, in this example, the effect of the polypeptide on controlling the blood sugar values of the mice were evaluated by measuring the glycated hemoglobin value.
As shown in Table 12, the polypeptides of IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6) and IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) were administrated to diabetic mice (STZ-induced). In the experimental group, the polypeptides (1×10−6 mole/kg body weight, 20 μl) were orally administrated to each mouse in the experimental group. In the control group, each mouse was administrated by 20 μl water. The glycated hemoglobin value was measured after 28 days.









TABLE 12





polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
glycated hemoglobin value (%)







(control group)
—
7.55 ± 0.33  


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
5.93 ± 0.55* 


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
5.73 ± 0.11***





(Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001)






As shown in Table 12, the polypeptides of the present invention can effectively reduce the glycated hemoglobin value of the diabetic mice, showing that the polypeptides indeed have the effect of reducing blood sugar value of the diabetic mice.
Example 16
Measurement of Liver Index
Because complications such as hepato-renal disorders usually occur in diabetic patients, in this example, the effect of the polypeptides of the present invention on controlling hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes in mice were evaluated by measuring the liver index.
The polypeptide of IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6) was orally administrated to the diabetic mice in the experimental group by the same method as described in Example 14. After 28 days, the liver indexes (GOT and GPT) of these mice were measured to evaluate the effect of the polypeptide on the hepato disorders caused by diabetes in diabetic mice. The result is shown in Table 13.










TABLE 13





polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
GOT
GPT







(control group)
—
838.45 ± 33.64  
202.95 ± 30.10 


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
247.89 ± 97.38***
135.72 ± 30.72*





(Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001)






As shown in Table 13, the polypeptide of the present invention can effectively reduce the liver indexes (GOT and GPT) of the diabetic mice, showing that the polypeptide can ameliorate hepato disorders caused by diabetes in the diabetic mice by the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Example 17
Measurement of Renal Index
The polypeptides of IRBP-50-68 (SEQ ID NO:6) and IRBP-60-68 (SEQ ID NO:7) were orally administrated to the diabetic mice in the experimental group by the same method as described in Example 14. After 28 days, the kidney indexes (BUN and CRE) in the blood of these mice were measured to evaluate the effects of these polypeptides on the renal disorders caused by diabetes. The result is shown in Table 14.










TABLE 14





polypeptide
SEQ ID NO
BUN
CRE







(control group)
—
88.84 ± 11.76
0.302 ± 0.06


IRBP-50-68
SEQ ID NO: 6
107.25 ± 42.99 
0.191 ± 0.12


IRBP-60-68
SEQ ID NO: 7
73.17 ± 29.95
 0.17 ± 0.04*





(Data were analyzed by Student's t-test, *p < 0.05)






As shown in Table 14, the polypeptide of the present invention can effectively reduce the kidney indexes (BUN and CRE) of the diabetic mice, showing that the polypeptide can ameliorate renal disorders caused by diabetes in the diabetic mice by the effect of reducing blood sugar.
The above disclosure is related to the detailed technical contents and inventive features thereof People skilled in this field may proceed with a variety of modifications and replacements based on the disclosures and suggestions of the invention as described without departing from the characteristics thereof Nevertheless, although such modifications and replacements are not fully disclosed in the above descriptions, they have substantially been covered in the following claims as appended.

## Claims

1. An isolated polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of RYKYQX1X2YI (SEQ ID NO: 189) or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 189, wherein X1 is cysteine or tryptophan and X2 is phenylalanine or tryptophan.

2. The polypeptide as claimed in claim 1, which has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189.

3. The polypeptide as claimed in claim 1, wherein X1 is cysteine.

4. The polypeptide as claimed in claim 1, which has the amino acid sequence of RYKYQCFYI (SEQ ID NO: 191) or a homologous amino acid sequence derived from the substitution of a single amino acid in SEQ ID NO: 191, wherein the homologous amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:194 to SEQ ID NO:364.

5. A vector containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide as claimed in claim 1.

6. A method for at least one of reducing blood sugar, reducing glycated hemoglobin, and ameliorating hepato-renal disorders caused by diabetes in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the polypeptide as claimed in claim 1.