# Patent

## Title
Thin-wafer current sensors

## Abstract

Embodiments relate to IC current sensors fabricated using thin-wafer manufacturing technologies. Such technologies can include processing in which dicing before grinding (DBG) is utilized, which can improve reliability and minimize stress effects. While embodiments utilize face-up mounting, face-down mounting is made possible in other embodiments by via through-contacts. IC current sensor embodiments can present many advantages while minimizing drawbacks often associated with conventional IC current sensors.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/626,456 filed Sep. 25, 2012, which in turn is a division of application Ser. No. 12/872,665 filed Aug. 31, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,283,742 issued Oct. 9, 2012, each of which is hereby fully incorporated herein by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention relates generally to integrated circuit (IC) current sensors and more particularly to IC current sensors fabricated according to a thin-wafer manufacturing process.
BACKGROUND
Desired properties of galvanically isolated integrated circuit (IC) current sensors include high magnetic sensitivity; high mechanical stability and reliability; low stress influence to Hall sensor elements near chip borders; high thermal uniformity and low thermal gradients; high isolation voltage; and low manufacturing costs. Conventional current sensors can include one or more features or be manufactured in ways that aim to address these desired properties.
For example, some current sensors use the leadframe as a current lead. Others also include a magnetic core. Such sensors, however, can be expensive to manufacture.
Other current sensors include additional layers, such as special magnetic layers on top of the silicon die or a thick metal layer formed on the isolation layer. These sensors are also expensive, and the former can be sensitive to disturbance fields and can suffer from drawbacks related to the positioning of the current leading wire outside of the IC.
Therefore, there is a need for a galvanically isolated IC current sensor having desired properties while minimizing drawbacks.
SUMMARY
In an embodiment, a thin-wafer integrated circuit current sensor comprises a current conductor; a semiconductor chip substantially free of defects in an edge region having an edge distance, such that a ratio of semiconductor chip thickness to edge distance is in a range of about 0.27 to about 2.67; and at least one magnetic field sensing element arranged on the semiconductor chip to sense a magnetic field related to current flow in the current conductor.
In an embodiment, a thin-wafer integrated circuit current sensor comprises a current conductor; a semiconductor chip substantially free of defects in an edge region having an edge distance, such that a ratio of semiconductor chip thickness to edge distance is in a range of about 0.27 to about 2.67; a carrier layer coupled to the semiconductor chip; and at least one magnetic field sensing element arranged on the semiconductor chip.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2A depicts a flow chart of a dicing before grinding process according to an embodiment.
FIG. 2B depicts a flow diagram of a dicing before grinding process according to an embodiment.
FIG. 3 depicts wafer images according to embodiments.
FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment.
FIG. 5 depicts a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment.
FIG. 6 depicts a block diagram of a sensor according to an embodiment.



While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments relate to IC current sensors fabricated using thin-wafer manufacturing technologies. Such technologies can include processing in which dicing before grinding (DBG) is utilized, which can improve reliability and minimize stress effects. While embodiments utilize face-up mounting, face-down mounting is made possible in other embodiments by via through-contacts or other contacts to the surface of the chip coupled to an isolation layer. IC current sensor embodiments can present many advantages while minimizing drawbacks often associated with conventional IC current sensors.
Referring to FIG. 1, an embodiment of an IC current sensor 100 comprises a current conductor 102, an isolation layer 104 formed thereupon, and a thin-wafer chip 106 coupled to a signal pin 108 by a bond wire 110. In an embodiment, thin-wafer chip 106 is manufactured according to a thin-wafer manufacturing process, which can include wafer dicing before grinding and optional backside etching and will be discussed in more detail below.
Magnetic sensor elements 112, such as Hall effect elements in an embodiment, are arranged on a surface of thin-wafer chip 106. In an embodiment, current conductor 102 includes one or more slots 114 which can help to define a current flow path through current conductor 102. When sensor elements 102 are positioned relative to slots 114, each slot 114 can strategically concentrate current flow lines to maximize a magnetic field in the vicinity of each sensor element 112. Applicants also refer to co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/630,596, 12/711,471 and 12/756,652, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Utilizing a thin-wafer process, thin-wafer chip 106 can have a thickness much less than 200 μm, such as about 50 μm or less or even about 20 μm or less in embodiments. Such thicknesses are much smaller than those of conventional thick wafers, reducing the vertical (with respect to the orientation of FIG. 1 on the page) distance d between sensor elements 112 and current conductor 102. This can improve the accuracy of sensor 100 by avoiding stress effects due to the smaller ratio of chip thickness d to edge distance e. For example, e can be about 75 μm and d in a range of about 25 μm to about 65 μm in thin wafer fabrication embodiments. While all chips experience some degree of stress, homogenous stress across the chip is better than having areas of inhomogeneous stress. In embodiments, inhomogeneous areas occur near the edge of chip 100. Thus, edge distance e is a critical stress distance, particularly if e is less than d. With sensor elements 112 positioned closer to the edge because of the thinner wafer, more area of chip 106 is homogenous rather than inhomogeneous because distance e is not smaller or comparable to chip thickness d. Further, it is desired to position sensor elements 112 near slots 114 but also to have slots 114 spaced farther apart from one other without increasing the chip size. Thus, sensor 100 enables a more efficient use of chip space because of the more homogenous stress and the related positioning advantages the more homogenous stress presents. A significant advantage of smaller distance d is also an increased sensitivity of sensor 100 given the smaller distance between sensor elements 112 and current that flows through current conductor 102. Further, the smaller thickness of chip 106 compared to the thickness of current conductor 102 can provide more uniform and/or smaller temperature gradients and better compensation of circuits on chip, along with higher accuracy. Thin-wafer manufacturing also provides cleaner, smoother edges of chip 106, with fewer chips and other defects, and later-developing cracks, that can affect reliability, increase stress and otherwise reduce the lifetime performance of sensor 100.
Referring to FIG. 2A, an embodiment of a thin-wafer manufacturing process 200 is illustrated. At 202, a silicon wafer is partially, such as half-cut in an embodiment, diced. At 204, laminating tape is applied to one side of the silicon wafer before back grinding to thin the wafer at 206. At 208, dicing tape is applied to the wafer, on the side without the laminating tape, which is then removed from the wafer at 210. An over-etching process is then carried out at 212.
Another embodiment is depicted in FIG. 2B. Process 201 illustrates an additional plasma etch 207 between back grinding at 206 and frame or tap mounting at 208.
Compared with other manufacturing processes, thin-wafer process 200 includes dicing before grinding, i.e., 202 before 206. Further, the dicing at 202 is partial-cut dicing, compared with conventional processes which saw through the entire thickness of the wafer. Dicing before grinding, as in process, 200 results in a thin-wafer that has smoother edges, free of the chipping, cracking and other defects associated with other methods. This can be seen in FIG. 3, which depicts images of a standard process (on the left) and a thin-wafer process using dicing before grinding and a plasma etch (on the right). In the standard process wafer image, chips and cracking caused by the saw blade as it cuts through the silicon wafer extend about 40 μm into the wafer from the sawing gap.
In contrast, the dicing before grinding wafer image shows chips extending only about 10 μm or less into the edge of the wafer from the sawing gap. In general, current sensors are very sensitive to stress caused by piezo-effects that change the alter the sensitivity of the sensing elements, more so than other sensors. While a thin die is desired, thin dies have stress challenges. Using over-etching as part of the dicing before grinding thin wafer process further refines and improves the chip edges such that a thin-wafer is suitable for use in a current sensor.
Another embodiment of a thin-wafer current sensor 400 is depicted in FIG. 4. Sensor 400 is similar to sensor 100 but is mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) 416 on top of thin-wafer chip surface 106. PCB 416 includes a copper trace 418 on the bottom side of PCB 416, and solder bumps 420 couple thin-wafer chip surface 106 to trace 418 of PCB 416.
In FIG. 5, a thin-wafer current sensor 500 is mounted face-down to a copper trace 518 of a PCB 516 by a via through-hole 522. Through-hole 522 can be easily accommodated by embodiments of a thin-wafer manufacturing process as discussed herein and do not require the conductor to be smaller than the die as in conventional face-down mounting because embodiments permit formation of contacts from the rear side of the die. Sensor 500 can therefore have an increased magnetic field signal because of the smaller distance d2 between sensor elements 512 and current conductor 502 due to the face-down mounting of chip 506. Sensor elements 512 are depicted here arranged on a bottom surface of thin-wafer chip 506
In another face-down mounting embodiment depicted in FIG. 6, a thin-wafer current sensor 600 comprises a via through-hole 622 coupled to a signal pin 608 by a bond wire 610. Similar to sensor 500 of FIG. 5, sensor 600 can provide an increased magnetic field signal because of the smaller distance d2 between sensor elements 612 and current conductor 602.
In another embodiment, a thin-wafer semiconductor chip is coupled to a carrier or signal-conducting layer comprising, for example, glass or ceramic. This carrier layer is substantially thicker, such as at least twice as thick, than the thin-wafer semiconductor chip.
Various embodiments of systems, devices and methods have been described herein. These embodiments are given only by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. It should be appreciated, moreover, that the various features of the embodiments that have been described may be combined in various ways to produce numerous additional embodiments. Moreover, while various materials, dimensions, shapes, implantation locations, etc. have been described for use with disclosed embodiments, others besides those disclosed may be utilized without exceeding the scope of the invention.
Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the invention may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the invention may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the invention may comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.
Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein.
For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim.

## Claims

1. A thin-wafer integrated circuit current sensor comprising:
a current conductor;
a semiconductor chip comprising:
at least one magnetic field sensing element;
an edge region that is substantially free of defects, wherein the edge region extends for an edge distance between the at least one magnetic field sensing element and an edge of the semiconductor chip; and
a thickness distance in a range of about 25μm to about 65 μm, wherein a ratio of the thickness distance to the edge distance is in a range of about 0.27 to about 2.67 ; and

wherein the at least one magnetic field sensing element is arranged on the semiconductor chip to sense a magnetic field related to current flow in the current conductor.

2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the thickness distance to the edge distance is in a range of about 0.33 to about 0.87.

3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the edge distance is about 75 micrometers.

4. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising an isolation layer between the current conductor and the semiconductor chip.

5. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip is coupled to a carrier layer.

6. The sensor of claim 5, wherein the carrier layer comprises glass or ceramic.

7. The sensor of claim 5, wherein the carrier layer is at least twice as thick as the semiconductor chip.

8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip is coupled to a signal-conducting layer.

9. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the at least one magnetic field sensing element comprises a Hall effect element.

10. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the current conductor comprises at least one slot.

11. The sensor of claim 10, wherein the at least one magnetic field sensing element is arranged relative to an end of the at least one slot.

12. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip is coupled to a printed circuit board (PCB).

13. The sensor of claim 12, wherein the semiconductor chip is coupled to the PCB by at least one of a solder bump or a via through-hole.

14. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor chip is over-etched.

15. The sensor of claim 1, wherein a distance between the at least one magnetic field sensing element and the current conductor is less than about 100 micrometers (μm).

16. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the thickness distance of the semiconductor chip is smaller than a thickness of the current conductor.

17. A thin-wafer integrated circuit current sensor comprising:
a current conductor;
a semiconductor chip comprising:
at least one magnetic field sensing element;
an edge region that is substantially free of defects, wherein the edge region extends for an edge distance between the at least one magnetic field sensing element and an edge of the semiconductor chip; and
a thickness distance in a range of about 25 μm to about 65 μm, wherein a ratio of the thickness distance to the edge distance is in a range of about 0.27 to about 2.67; and

a carrier layer coupled to the semiconductor chip; and
wherein the at least one magnetic field sensing element is arranged on the semiconductor chip.

18. The sensor of claim 17, wherein the carrier layer comprises glass or ceramic and is at least twice as thick as the semiconductor chip.