NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0501n.06

No. 23-5406

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

THOMAS J. BROWNING,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

FRANKLIN PRECISION INDUSTRY, INC.,

Defendant - Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY

OPINION

Before: LARSEN, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Thomas Browning sued Franklin Precision Industry, Inc.,

(FPI) under Title VII after his position at FPI was eliminated. Browning claims that FPI 

discriminated against him on account of his race and national origin, and that the company 

retaliated against him when it demoted and later fired him after he complained about the unlawful 

behavior. The district court granted summary judgment to FPI as to all of Browning’s federal-law 

claims. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 

I.

FPI is a Japanese-owned automotive parts manufacturer. Browning was hired as a Quality

Manager at FPI’s Franklin, Kentucky, facility in October 2018. Browning managed approximately 

30 people in his role. He reported to Quality Senior Manager Hiro Kuno, Plant Manager Danny 

Andrews, and Director of Operations Rick Jones. 

Soon after he was hired, Browning met his biological half-sister after taking an online DNA 

test. Browning’s half-sister informed him that he was of Czech and German descent. Browning 
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was proud of his newfound heritage and began discussing his German and Czech culture with his 

coworkers. In the months following his discovery, however, Browning claims that Japanese 

employees and supervisors began to ridicule him because of his ethnicity.

Browning reports that his coworkers’ discriminatory behavior lasted from approximately 

June 2019 through November 2019. For example, he claims that one employee repeatedly 

“pick[ed] on [him] for being overweight” because “Japanese people don’t like overweight people.” 

Browning Dep., R. 61-1, PageID 464. On another occasion, Browning asserts that FPI’s Junior 

Quality Manager Toshikazu Kanamori told Browning that he looked like a Nazi after Browning

shaved his head and facial hair for a Halloween costume. Browning further testified that Japanese 

employees at the company circulated racist jokes “like [they were] baseball cards.” Id., PageID 

465.

Browning also claims that Japanese employees at FPI exhibited racist behavior toward 

African American employees. He alleges that Kanamori used racial slurs to refer to African 

American employees under Browning’s supervision. Browning further alleges that he was 

prevented from recommending African Americans that he supervised for promotions.

Browning states that he repeatedly complained about his coworkers’ offensive conduct to 

FPI’s Human Resources Manager Nikki Madden. He also asserts that he reported the company’s 

racist hiring practices to Madden and Jones in November 2019, and that Madden agreed with his 

concerns but did not take further action. However, Browning did not present records of those 

complaints, and Tanimura stated that he did not find any complaints of discrimination from 

Browning in FPI’s records. And despite receiving an extension of time to complete depositions, 

Browning did not submit any record of Madden’s statements to the district court.
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Several months before the above alleged conduct started, FPI “began to experience 

problems with [Browning’s] performance.” Appellee’s Br., at 4. For example, in March 2019, an 

FPI temporary employee alleged that Browning “made [her] feel uncomfortable” when he texted 

her privately and asked to take her out to dinner to “reward [her] for all of the rework [she] had 

done.” Browning Dep., R. 61-1, PageID 486; Harassment Rep., R. 54-2, PageID 345–46. HR 

Specialist Denitra Brady reported that while she found that Browning gave special attention to the 

temporary employee, his behavior did not amount to sexual harassment. Browning denied the 

allegations and claims that Madden told him that she believed the claim was unfounded. He was 

ultimately suspended for three days. 

Browning exhibited other behaviors that were deemed unsuitable for a supervisor. On 

October 11, 2019, Browning left work around 5:00 p.m. after notifying FPI’s major customer of 

an internal part defect. Although other workers stayed behind, management told Browning that 

he should not have left while members of his team addressed the issue. 

Browning also struggled to comply with FPI’s timekeeping policies. In August 2019, FPI 

changed its policy so that all salaried and hourly employees were required to clock in and out each 

day. Although Browning initially complied, he stopped clocking in or out entirely on September 

10, 2019. When Tanimura emailed Browning twice to ask why he was not following the 

timekeeping policy, Browning replied that he “had not really thought about it being a priority given 

what the current situation of quality is” and stated that he would have trouble complying because 

he was not required to clock in “for the last 20 years or so.” Browning Email, R. 54-2, PageID 

307. Jones told Browning that “whether we agree with the policy or not, we must follow the 

company rule,” and he issued a disciplinary write-up on November 18, 2019. Jones Email, R. 54-
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2, PageID 311; Team Member Discipline Form, R. 54-2, PageID 310. Browning claims to have 

never seen the written warning but he admits that he met with Jones to discuss his noncompliance.

Browning’s supervisors determined in late 2019 that he was no longer fit to hold the 

position of Quality Manager. On December 9, 2019, Browning met with Jones, Madden, Kuno, 

and Kanamori to discuss his future at the company. Jones and Kuno presented a written statement 

identifying problems with Browning’s performance, listing that he “[did] not complete tasks 

assigned,” “missed important deadlines,” and “[did] not show up at work on time.” Quality Dep’t 

Memo, R. 54-2, PageID 334. FPI offered to demote Browning to the position of IATF Engineer, 

which carried a $20,000 pay cut. Browning claims that he refused to accept the demotion at the 

December 9 meeting because Madden acknowledged that FPI’s reasons for demoting Browning

were factually unsupported. Notwithstanding Madden’s acknowledgment, Browning accepted 

FPI’s offer eight days later.

Browning filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC on December 31, 2019. He 

claimed that FPI employees discriminated against him because of his race and national origin, and 

that he was demoted in retaliation for his complaints about his coworkers’ unlawful behavior.

In March 2020, at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, FPI temporarily halted some 

operations and was forced to furlough most of its employees. After partially resuming the 

operations that had been halted, the company determined that it could save costs by hiring a 

consultant instead of employing an IATF Engineer. It eliminated Browning’s position and 

terminated his employment in September 2020.

Browning filed this action in December 2020. He alleges that FPI discriminated against 

him on the basis of his race and national origin in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 

1964. He also claims that the company retaliated against him when it demoted, furloughed, and 
No. 23-5406, Browning v. Franklin Precision Indus., Inc.

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fired him after he complained about the discrimination, in violation of Title VII and state law. The 

district court granted FPI’s motion for summary judgment as to all of Browning’s Title VII claims. 

The court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Browning’s state law claim and 

dismissed the case. Browning timely appealed.

II.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. CSX Transp., Inc. v.

United Transp. Union, 395 F.3d 365, 368 (6th Cir. 2005). Summary judgment is appropriate where 

there is “no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When deciding whether to grant summary judgment, we 

“draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Younis v. Pinnacle Airlines, 

Inc., 610 F.3d 359, 361 (6th Cir. 2010).

A. Retaliation Claim

Browning first claims that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to FPI on 

his retaliation claim because the court ignored evidence that decisionmakers at FPI were aware of 

his complaints of discrimination. Appellant’s Br., at 12–14. 

Title VII prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee who engages in 

protected activity. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (“It shall be an unlawful employment practice for 

an employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because [the employee] has opposed 

any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter[.]”). An employee engages 

in protected activity when he opposes employer practices that the employee reasonably believes 

are in violation of the statute. See Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 579 (6th Cir. 

2000).
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A plaintiff may prove a retaliation claim with direct or circumstantial evidence. Abbott v. 

Crown Motor Co., Inc., 348 F.3d 537, 542 (6th Cir. 2003). Because Browning did not present 

direct evidence of retaliation, we analyze his claim under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting 

framework. See Chen v. Dow Chem. Co., 580 F.3d 394, 400 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing McDonnell 

Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973)); Abbott, 348 F.3d at 542. Under the first 

step of the McDonnell Douglas test, a plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation by 

showing that (1) he engaged in a protected activity; (2) the employer knew that he engaged in this 

activity; (3) subsequently, the employer took an employment action adverse to the employee; and 

(4) the protected activity and adverse employment action are causally connected. Abbott, 348 F.3d 

at 542; Mulhall v. Ashcroft, 287 F.3d 543, 551 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting EEOC v. Avery Dennison 

Corp., 104 F.3d 858, 860 (6th Cir. 1997)). If a plaintiff proves his prima facie claim, the burden 

shifts to the employer to identify “a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse action.” 

Nguyen v. City of Cleveland, 229 F.3d 559, 562 (6th Cir. 2000). If the employer meets that burden, 

the plaintiff must then show that the proffered reason for the adverse action was pretextual. Abbott, 

348 F.3d at 542. The plaintiff can meet his final burden by demonstrating that the employer’s 

stated reason “1) has no basis in fact; 2) did not actually motivate the adverse action; or 3) was 

insufficient to motivate the adverse action.” Id. 

The district court correctly concluded that Browning failed to make out a prima facie case 

of retaliation. Browning engaged in a protected activity when he complained about discriminatory 

conduct at FPI and when he filed his EEOC charge. See Rorrer v. City of Stow, 743 F.3d 1025, 

1046 (6th Cir. 2014) (“Protected activity typically refers to action taken to protest or oppose a 

statutorily prohibited discrimination.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). And he 

demonstrated that FPI took employment actions adverse to him when the company demoted, 
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furloughed, and later fired him. However, as the district court found, Browning failed to present 

credible evidence that decisionmakers at FPI were aware of his complaints, or that his protected 

activities led to his demotion and termination. Dist. Ct. Op., R. 63, PageID 576–79. Stated 

differently, Browning failed to establish that the protected activity and adverse employment action 

were causally connected. Abbott, 348 F.3d at 542.

Browning disagrees, pointing to statements in his deposition in which he asserted that he 

repeatedly complained to Madden, Kuno, and Jones about discrimination at FPI. See Appellant’s 

Br., at 13–14; Browning Dep., R. 61-1, PageID 46–65, 468–69, 472. He therefore contends that 

FPI demoted and ultimately terminated him because they knew of his discrimination complaints. 

Regardless, even assuming that Browning established a prima facie case of retaliation, he failed to

prove that FPI’s reasons for the adverse employment actions were pretextual. 

FPI provided legitimate reasons for its adverse employment decisions. The company 

maintains that it demoted Browning because he behaved inappropriately toward a temporary 

worker, failed to comply with timekeeping policies, and exhibited poor leadership skills. See 

Abbott, 348 F.3d at 544 (crediting employee’s “insubordination” as a legitimate reason for 

termination); Ploscowe v. Kadant, 121 F. App’x 67, 76 (6th Cir. 2021) (holding that employer

provided legitimate reason where plaintiff was fired for “poor performance and [an] abrasive 

attitude”). Further, FPI states that Browning was ultimately fired because of changes in staffing 

needs resulting from COVID-19. See Ploscowe, 121 F. App’x at 74 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding that 

employer stated nondiscriminatory reason for laying off plaintiff where changed staffing needs 

“resulted in the need to lay employees off generally”).

Browning failed to establish that FPI’s stated reasons for demoting him are pretextual. He

does not dispute that he routinely failed to comply with company timekeeping policies and, on one 
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occasion, left members of his team to handle a production crisis. Instead, Browning contends that 

his less-than-exemplary record did not justify the company’s decision to demote him. But as the 

district court correctly held, Browning cannot prove pretext by arguing that he thinks FPI made 

the wrong choice. See Ladd v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., Inc., 552 F.3d 495, 503 (6th Cir. 2009) 

(holding that courts do not “evaluate the employer’s business judgment, but . . . inquire into the 

employer’s ‘motivation and intent’ to determine whether the employer was ‘motivated by 

retaliation’” (quoting Wrenn v. Gould, 808 F.2d 493, 502 (6th Cir. 1987))); see also Rosenthal v. 

Faygo Beverages, Inc., 701 F. App’x 472, 480 (6th Cir. 2017) (holding that a plaintiff’s “subjective 

interpretations or feelings are insufficient to establish pretext”). Instead, Browning was required 

to show that FPI’s “reasons [were] false [and] that retaliation was the real reason for the adverse 

action.” Tingle v. Arbors at Hilliard, 692 F.3d 523, 530 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing St. Mary’s Honor 

Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993)).

Moreover, Browning presented no evidence at the summary judgment stage or on appeal 

to rebut FPI’s stated reasons for his furlough and termination. To the contrary, Browning concedes 

that he was not the only person in his department who was furloughed, or whose position was 

eliminated to save costs in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Browning Dep., R. 61-1, 

PageID 476, 491. Because Browning failed to show that FPI’s reasons for demoting, furloughing, 

or firing him were pretextual, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment to FPI 

on Browning’s retaliation claim.

B. Discrimination Claims

We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to FPI on Browning’s claims 

that FPI discriminated against him on account of his race and national origin for similar reasons. 

To prove discrimination under Title VII with circumstantial evidence, Browning must first show 
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that (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he experienced an adverse employment action; 

(3) he was qualified for his position; and (4) he was “replaced by a person outside the class,” or a 

“comparable non-protected person was treated better.” Mitchell v. Toledo Hosp., 964 F.2d 577, 

582 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). If he establishes his prima facie 

case, the employer can then provide legitimate reasons for the adverse action, which the employee 

may then rebut as pretextual. Johnson, 215 F.3d at 573. 

We need not address whether Browning made a prima facie showing of discrimination. 

Instead, the district court correctly rejected his claims because Browning failed to establish that 

unlawful discrimination motivated FPI’s decision to demote, furlough, and fire him. Dist. Ct. Op., 

R. 63, PageID 589–91. As explained above, it is undisputed that Browning regularly failed to 

clock in and out, and that he left his team after a major production issue. His argument that those 

errors did not warrant demoting him are insufficient to establish pretext. And Browning did not 

provide any evidence suggesting that FPI used the COVID-19 pandemic as a cover-up for 

discrimination when it furloughed and fired him. 

Browning does claim, however, that the district court violated Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 56(f)(2) when it held that FPI terminated him as part of a reduction in force (RIF), 

because FPI did not allege a RIF as the reason for furloughing Browning in its filings below. 

Appellant’s Br., at 12. Browning is correct that, under Rule 56(f)(2), the district court was required 

to give him “notice and a reasonable time to respond” before granting summary judgment to FPI 

on “grounds” not advanced by either party. However, the district court did not grant summary 

judgment to FPI on different grounds than those raised in FPI’s motion. 

Rather, as the district court explained, FPI furloughed Browning and eliminated his 

position as part of a RIF, which was a companywide effort to reduce staff and cut costs in light of 
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the pandemic. Dist. Ct. Op., R. 63, PageID 572. Even if FPI did not use the term “RIF,” the 

company clearly stated in its motion for summary judgment that it furloughed Browning and chose 

not to recall his position for the same reasons. See Mot. Summ. J., R. 53, PageID 161–63. FPI 

explained that it was forced to conduct “companywide furloughs due to an ongoing global 

pandemic.” Id. at PageID 161. And the company stated that Browning’s position was ultimately 

eliminated after management determined that “there was no business necessity to recall” him after 

the plant reopened. Id. at PageID 161–62 (citing Tanimura Decl., R. 54-5, PageID 399). 

FPI was not required to use the term “RIF” to put Browning on notice of its claims. Instead, 

Browning was aware from FPI’s motion for summary judgment that he needed to prove that the 

company lied when it claimed that it furloughed him and eliminated his position to save costs. 

Because Browning failed to meet that burden, the district court did not err when it awarded 

summary judgment to FPI.1 

III.

We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s summary judgment granted to FPI on 

Browning’s retaliation and discrimination claims.

1

Finally, Browning’s claim that FPI waived any RIF-related arguments under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 8(c) fails because a RIF argument is not an affirmative defense. Rather, FPI stated that it was forced to 

reduce staffing and cut costs to satisfy its burden under the second step of the McDonnell Douglas test. The district 

court did not err by construing FPI’s reasons for furloughing and firing Browning as decisions made as part of a RIF, 

and the court correctly concluded that Browning failed to show that those reasons were pretextual.