Filed 1/30/15 Steen v. Chudy CA6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

ELIJAH STEEN, a Minor, etc., et al.,

Plaintiffs and Respondents,

 v.

RAYMOND CHUDY,

Defendant and Appellant.

 H040003

 (Monterey County

 Super. Ct. No. M121547)

INTRODUCTION

Defendants Raymond Chudy and the Monterey Peninsula Unified School District

(hereafter referenced collectively as “Chudy”) appeal an order denying their special 

motion to strike a complaint under Code of Civil Procedure section 425.16.

1

 Chudy 

contends that the court erred in denying the motion, as the causes of action alleged in a 

complaint filed by plaintiffs Elijah Steen and his guardian ad litem Monia Diane 

Williams (hereafter referenced collectively as “Steen”) arose from activity protected 

under section 425.16. However, because the gravamen of the complaint is damages 

arising out of bodily injury, and thus, as we explain below, not a protected category of 

conduct, we will affirm the order. 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure, unless 

otherwise indicated. 
2

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

On January 18, 2013, Steen filed a complaint, alleging a violation of the Ralph Act 

(Civ. Code, § 51.7), a violation of the Bane Act (Civ. Code, § 52.1), assault, battery, 

intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligence. The causes of action were 

based on disciplinary actions that Chudy took against Steen on February 23, 2012. On 

that date, Chudy was working as substitute teacher at La Mesa Elementary School. Steen 

was one of the students at La Mesa Elementary. During lunchtime, Steen began 

misbehaving while he was standing in the lunch line. Chudy had first verbally responded 

to Steen’s behavior, but Steen continued to disobey instructions. Steen alleged that 

“[a]fter a brief verbal intervention, CHUDY, without justification, grabbed [Steen]’s 

neck, pushed him down, and physically and verbally intimidated him.” 

On April 3, 2013, Chudy filed an anti-SLAPP motion to strike Steen’s complaint. 

In his motion, Chudy argued that Steen’s claims arose from statements and actions 

related to an “official proceeding,” and was therefore protected under section 425.16, 

subdivision (e). 

On April 29, 2013, Steen filed an opposition to the special motion to strike. In the 

opposition, Steen argued that Chudy could not show that the claims arose from protected 

activity because (1) the gravamen of the action was physical battery and was therefore 

not “speech or petitioning activity,” and (2) the act of disciplining a student was not 

considered an “official proceeding” as contemplated by section 425.16, subdivisions (e). 

Additionally, Steen argued that he could show a probability of prevailing on his claims. 

After the trial court held a hearing on the special motion to strike, it entered an 

order dated July 8, 2013, in which it denied the motion. The court found that though 

“plaintiff’s claim arose from statements made in an official disciplinary proceeding . . . 

the activity from which plaintiff’s claim arose involved no expressive act and was, 

therefore not subject to the protections of the anti-SLAPP statute.” 
3

On July 31, 2013, Chudy filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s 

denial of the anti-SLAPP motion. 

DISCUSSION 

On appeal, Chudy challenges the trial court’s denial of his anti-SLAPP motion.2

A SLAPP, or Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation, is an unsubstantiated 

lawsuit arising from the defendant’s constitutionally protected speech or petitioning 

activity. (Equilon Enterprises v. Consumer Cause, Inc. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 53, 60 

(Equilon).) Section 425.16 was enacted in 1992 to address the “disturbing increase” in 

the frequency of these meritless harassing lawsuits. (§ 425.16, subd. (a); Briggs v. Eden 

Council for Hope & Opportunity (1999) 19 Cal.4th 1106, 1126-1127.) It was the 

Legislature’s finding “that it is in the public interest to encourage continued participation 

in matters of public significance, and that this participation should not be chilled through 

abuse of the judicial process. To this end, this section shall be construed broadly.”

(§ 425.16, subd. (a).) The statute was thus designed to deter meritless actions that 

“deplete ‘the defendant’s energy’ and drain ‘his or her resources’ [citation],” and “ ‘ “to 

prevent SLAPPs by ending them early and without great cost to the SLAPP target.” ’ 

[citation].” (Varian Medical Systems, Inc. v. Delfino (2005) 35 Cal.4th 180, 192.)

Section 425.16 expressly provides that “[a] cause of action against a person arising 

from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech 

under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a 

public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that 

the plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the 

claim.” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).)

 

2

Steen did not file a respondent’s brief on appeal. Under California Rules of 

Court, rule 8.220, this court may decide the appeal on the record, the opening brief, and 

any oral argument by the appellant. 
4

Section 425.16, subdivision (e) lists what constitutes an “act in furtherance of a 

person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States or California Constitution 

in connection with a public issue” as used in section 425.16. Such acts include: “(1) any 

written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial 

proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law; (2) any written or oral 

statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a 

legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by 

law; (3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a 

public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; (4) or any other conduct in 

furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right 

of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.” 

In evaluating a motion under section 425.16, the trial court engages in “a two-step 

process. First, the court decides whether the defendant has made a threshold showing 

that the challenged cause of action is one arising from protected activity. The moving 

defendant’s burden is to demonstrate that the act or acts of which the plaintiff complains 

were taken ‘in furtherance of the [defendant]’s right of petition or free speech under the 

United States or California Constitution in connection with a public issue,’ as defined in 

the statute. (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1).) If the court finds such a showing has been made, it 

then determines whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the 

claim.” (Equilon, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 67.) “Only a cause of action that satisfies both

prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute—i.e., that arises from protected speech or petitioning 

and lacks even minimal merit—is a SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute.”

(Navellier v. Sletten (2002) 29 Cal.4th 82, 89.)

On appeal, we review the entire record de novo to decide whether the defendant 

has shown that section 425.16 applies and, if so, whether the plaintiff has shown a 

probability of prevailing. (ComputerXpress, Inc. v. Jackson (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 993, 

999.) “Accordingly, we independently determine whether the challenged cause of action 
5

arose from the defendant’s exercise of the constitutional right of petition or free speech—

and if so, whether the plaintiff has demonstrated a probability of prevailing on the merits 

of the claim.” (Robles v. Chalilpoyil (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 566, 573 (Robles).) We 

consider “the pleadings, and supporting and opposing affidavits stating the facts upon 

which the liability or defense is based.” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(2).) “However, we neither 

‘weigh credibility [nor] compare the weight of the evidence. Rather, [we] accept as true 

the evidence favorable to the plaintiff . . . and evaluate the defendant’s evidence only to 

determine if it has defeated that submitted by the plaintiff as a matter of law.’ ” (Soukup 

v. Law Offices of Herbert Hafif (2006) 39 Cal.4th 260, 269, fn. 3, quoting HMS Capital, 

Inc. v. Lawyers Title Co. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 204, 212.)

Chudy contends that causes of action alleged in Steen’s complaint arose from 

conduct that was protected under the anti-SLAPP statute. Specifically, Chudy claims that 

the disciplinary actions he took were made before or made in connection with an official 

proceeding. (§ 425.16, subds. (e).)

“[A] defendant in an ordinary private dispute cannot take advantage of the antiSLAPP statute simply because the complaint contains some references to speech or 

petitioning activity by the defendant. [Citation.] We conclude it is the principal thrust or 

gravamen of the plaintiff’s cause of action that determines whether the anti-SLAPP 

statute applies [citation], and when the allegations referring to arguably protected activity 

are only incidental to a cause of action based essentially on nonprotected activity, 

collateral allusions to protected activity should not subject the cause of action to the antiSLAPP statute.” (Martinez v. Metabolife Int’l, Inc. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 181, 188

(Martinez); see also Paul v. Friedman (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 853, 866 [“The statute does 

not accord anti-SLAPP protection to suits arising from any act having any connection, 

however remote, with an official proceeding.”] 

“ ‘[T]hat a cause of action arguably may have been “triggered” by protected 

activity does not entail that it is one arising from such.’ [Citation.] Instead, “ ‘the 
6

statutory phrase “cause of action . . . arising from” means simply that the defendant’s act 

underlying the plaintiff’s cause of action must itself have been an act in furtherance of the 

right of petition or free speech. [Citation.] In the anti-SLAPP context, the critical point 

is whether the plaintiff’s cause of action itself was based on an act in furtherance of the 

defendant’s right of petition or free speech.’ [Citations.] . . . [¶] ‘As courts applying the 

anti-SLAPP statute have recognized, the “arising from” requirement is not always easily 

met.’ [Citation.] The requirement can be satisfied only by showing that the defendant’s 

conduct falls within one of the four statutory categories described in section 425.16, 

subdivision (e).” (Robles, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 574.)

In reviewing the complaint, we conclude that the alleged battery was the gravamen 

and principal thrust of all of the alleged causes of action. While the complaint does 

mention that Chudy engaged in “brief verbal intervention” when Steen began 

misbehaving, the verbal intervention was only a small part of the complaint. Indeed, the 

complaint goes on to describe the allegedly excessive physical contact, and it emphasizes 

that “[a]t no time prior to making physical contact . . . did CHUDY ask a regular La Mesa 

teacher, administrator, or staff member to assist him with resolution of the situation.” 

Thus, although the alleged battery may have been connected to the overall disciplinary 

action, it was nonetheless distinct from any sort of protected verbal conduct. 

Furthermore, Chudy’s alleged battery was not an act “in furtherance of the [defendant’s]

right of petition or free speech” (§ 425.16, subd. (b)(1)), as it does not fall under the 

categories listed in section 425.16, subdivision (e). Chudy asserts that his disciplinary 

conduct falls under section 425.16, subdivision (e)(1) or (2). However, those categories

specifically state that the anti-SLAPP statute only protects a “written or oral statement or 

writing” made before or in connection with an official proceeding. (§ 425.16, subd. (e) 

[emphasis added].) Physical conduct is not included in those categories, and should not 

be read into the statute. (See Whaley v. Sony Computer Entm’t Am., Inc. (2004) 121 

Cal.App.4th 479, 485 [“ ‘The words of the statute should be given their ordinary and 
7

usual meaning and should be construed in their statutory context.’ ”]; Util. Consumers’ 

Action Network v. Pub. Utilities Comm’n of State (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 644, 658 

[“Words that are not there should not be read into a statute.”].)3 As Steen’s claims arose 

from non-protected activity, we conclude that the anti-SLAPP motion was properly 

denied. 

DISPOSITION 

The order denying the special motion to strike is affirmed.

 

3

Though not argued by Chudy, we note that the physical conduct at issue here 

would also not constitute “conduct . . . in connection with a public issue or an issue of 

public interest” under section 425.16, subdivision (e).
8

______________________________________

RUSHING, P.J.

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________

PREMO, J.

____________________________________

MÁRQUEZ, J.

Steen et al. v. Chudy

H040003
9