COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Senior Judges Annunziata, Frank and Haley

MARIO ARISTIDES RIVAS-MARQUEZ

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 0944-21-2 PER CURIAM

JUNE 21, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY

Joseph J. Ellis, Judge

(Nathanael W. Buczek; Williams Stone Carpenter Buczek, PC, on 

brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief. 

(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Matthew J. Beyrau, Assistant 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Appellant’s counsel has moved for leave to withdraw and has filed a brief referring to the 

part of the record that might arguably support this appeal. A copy of that brief has been 

furnished to appellant with sufficient time for him to raise any matter that he chooses. Appellant 

has not filed any pro se supplemental pleadings. We have reviewed the parties’ pleadings, fully 

examined the proceedings, and determined the case to be wholly without merit as set forth below. 

Thus, the panel unanimously holds that oral argument is unnecessary. See Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); 

Rule 5A:27(a).

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND1

In April 2013, a grand jury indicted appellant for four counts of rape and one count of 

attempted forcible sodomy. Appellant subsequently entered an Alford2plea to five counts of 

indecent liberties. The plea agreement proffered that, had the case gone to trial, the Commonwealth 

would have proved that appellant vaginally penetrated his then-four-year-old daughter with his 

penis and attempted to put his penis in her mouth. As part of the plea agreement, the 

Commonwealth agreed to recommend a total sentence of fifty years in prison, with forty-eight years 

suspended. The plea agreement further provided that appellant, a citizen of El Salvador whose 

presence in the United States violated federal immigration laws, “shall immediately upon the 

completion of his active incarceration leave the United States either through deportation or at his 

own expense” and that he “shall not return to the United States.” Appellant agreed that, if he 

returned to the United States, he would be in violation of the plea agreement and “shall serve the 

remainder of his suspended sentence as active incarceration and the sentences shall run 

consecutively.” The trial court accepted the plea agreement and imposed the recommended 

sentence. The trial court incorporated into the sentencing order the plea agreement’s conditions that 

appellant leave the United States permanently and that, if he returned, he would serve the full 

remainder of his sentence.

Appellant served his active sentence and was deported. When appellant reentered the 

United States in 2019, he was detained and convicted in federal court of illegal reentry. The 

Commonwealth then moved to revoke appellant’s previously-suspended sentence. At the 

revocation hearing, appellant conceded that he violated the conditions of his suspended sentence by 

1

“In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the 

light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth, 

73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)).

2 North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
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illegally reentering the United States. Appellant argued, however, that the plea agreement’s 

provision that his entire suspended sentence be reimposed if he came back to the United States was 

unconscionable and therefore unenforceable. Specifically, appellant asserted that (1) appellant did

not speak English well and did not understand the terms to which he had agreed and (2) the terms 

excessively punished reentering the United States, a violation appellant’s counsel described as a 

“technicality.” Appellant requested an active sentence of six and a half years’ imprisonment. No 

revocation sentencing guidelines were prepared for the trial court’s review at the revocation hearing.

The trial court found appellant’s assertion that he did not understand the plea agreement’s 

terms to be “incredible” and found that the agreement was “very clear on it[]s face.” The trial court 

acknowledged but rejected appellant’s argument that the plea agreement was unconscionable and 

reimposed the entire suspended sentence of forty-eight years. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

I.

Appellant first argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not preparing and 

reviewing sentencing guidelines at the revocation hearing. “No ruling of the trial court . . . will 

be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at 

the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of 

justice.” Rule 5A:18. “Rule 5A:18 requires a litigant to make timely and specific objections, so 

that the trial court has ‘an opportunity to rule intelligently on the issues presented, thus avoiding 

unnecessary appeals and reversals.’” Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 217 (2010) 

(quoting West v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 337 (2004)).

Because appellant did not object to the lack of sentencing guidelines, he has not 

preserved this issue for appellate review. He does not invoke any of the exceptions to Rule 
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5A:18, and we will not raise them sua sponte.

3

 See Hicks v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 255, 

269 n.6 (2019).

II.

Appellant next argues that the provision in his plea agreement requiring him to serve the 

entire remaining sentence if he returned to the United States was unconscionable and 

unenforceable. Generally, after suspending a sentence, a trial court “may revoke the suspension 

of sentence for any cause the court deems sufficient that occurred at any time within the 

probation period, or within the period of suspension fixed by the court.” Code § 19.2-306(A). 

“In revocation appeals, the trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed unless 

there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 529, 

535 (2013) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86 (1991)). “If the court, after 

hearing, finds good cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of suspension, then 

the court may revoke the suspension and impose a sentence in accordance with the provisions of 

§ 19.2-306.1.” Code § 19.2-306(C). If the basis of the violation is that the defendant committed 

a new criminal offense, the court may “impose or resuspend any or all of that period previously 

suspended.” Code § 19.2-306.1(B). Accordingly, the trial court was permitted to reimpose 

appellant’s entire suspended sentence even in the absence of the plea agreement.

Nonetheless, we assume for the sake of argument that a trial court may abuse its 

discretion by basing its revocation decision on an invalid plea agreement.

4

 “A circuit court’s 

3

In any event, a trial court’s failure to review sentencing guidelines “shall not be 

reviewable on appeal or the basis of any other post-conviction relief.” Code § 19.2-298.01(A), 

(F); see also West v. Dir. of Dep’t of Corr., 273 Va. 56, 65 (2007); Fazili v. Commonwealth, 71 

Va. App. 239, 248-49 (2019).

4 The trial court incorporated the challenged provision of the plea agreement into its 2013 

sentencing order. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision to reimpose appellant’s full suspended 

sentence may be more properly understood as being based on the 2013 sentencing order rather 

than on the plea agreement, which by its own express terms did not bind the trial court to impose 
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interpretation of a plea agreement is governed by the law of contracts and is a matter of law 

subject to de novo review.” Bardales v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 737, 743 (2020). “To the 

extent that factual findings of the circuit court are part of the analysis, we cannot disturb factual 

findings made by the circuit court unless they are plainly wrong.” Id.

The Commonwealth argues that the affirmative defense of unconscionability does not 

apply to plea agreements. We need not decide that issue today, because the provision in question 

is not unconscionable.5 Traditionally, for a contract to be unconscionable, it must have been 

“such as no man in his senses and not under delusion would make on the one hand, and as no 

honest and fair man would accept on the other.” Chaplain v. Chaplain, 54 Va. App. 762, 774 

(2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). Unconscionability contains both procedural and 

substantive components, both of which must be met to render a contractual provision 

unenforceable. Id. Procedural unconscionability requires a showing that the bargaining process 

was inequitable, while substantive unconscionability requires a showing of gross disparity in the 

substantive terms “as to shock the conscience.” Id. at 773-74.

Appellant argues that the plea agreement was procedurally unconscionable because 

appellant is not a native English speaker and may not have understood fully the provisions of the 

agreement. This argument, if accepted, would seemingly render procedurally unconscionable all

plea agreements the Commonwealth enters into with non-native English speakers. We reject that 

contention. Appellant was provided an attorney, a translator, and a circuit court hearing 

specifically designed to ensure that appellant fully understood the provisions to which he was 

any particular sentence. Because the trial court based the 2013 sentencing order on the plea 

agreement, however, we will consider appellant’s challenge to the agreement.

5 Appellate courts should decide appeals “on the best and narrowest grounds available.” 

Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196 (2015) (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 

620, 626 n.4 (2010)).
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agreeing by pleading guilty. Appellant provides no evidence that these procedures were 

insufficient to counteract any inequity arising from appellant’s language skills.

Appellant argues that the plea agreement was substantively unconscionable because it 

applied an overly harsh punishment for a mere probation violation. Analyzing the agreement’s 

fairness, however, requires that we assess not only what appellant gave up in the agreement, but 

also the benefit he received. At the time appellant entered into the agreement, he was charged 

with four counts of rape and one count of attempted forcible sodomy. Because the victim was 

under eighteen years old, had appellant been convicted of these charges at trial, each rape 

conviction would have carried a mandatory life sentence. See Code § 18.2-61(A)(iii), (B)(ii). In 

exchange for appellant’s plea and his agreement to leave the United States permanently, the 

Commonwealth reduced appellant’s charges to five counts of indecent liberties—each of which 

carried a maximum sentence of ten years’ imprisonment—and recommended to the trial court 

that appellant serve an active sentence of only two years’ incarceration. An active sentence of 

only two years for vaginally penetrating a four year old on four separate occasions was a 

substantial benefit to appellant, one appellant may not have received had he not agreed to the 

terms he now challenges on appeal. Finally, contrary to appellant’s contention that forty-eight 

years is an excessive punishment for a probation violation, when a court reimposes a 

previously-suspended sentence, it is “modifying” the punishment for the underlying offenses—

five counts of indecent liberties in this case—not sentencing the defendant for the violation. See

Alsberry v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 314, 319-22 (2002) (holding that lower court did not 

abuse its discretion by reimposing in its entirety a suspended sentence in excess of twenty-four
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years based on the commission of two misdemeanor probation violations). Accordingly, the plea 

agreement was not substantively unconscionable.6

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and grant the motion for 

leave to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). This Court’s records 

shall reflect that Mario Aristides Rivas-Marquez is now proceeding without the assistance of 

counsel in this matter and is representing himself on any further proceedings or appeal.

Affirmed.

6 Appellant also argues that the plea agreement is an adhesion contract. An adhesion 

contract is a “standard-form contract prepared by one party, to be signed by another party in a 

weaker position, usually a consumer, who adheres to the contract with little choice about the 

terms.” Adhesion Contract, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Plea agreements are not 

standard-form contracts over which the defendant has no negotiating power and, even if they 

were, adhesion contracts are not necessarily unconscionable.