# EUR-Lex - 52012DC0586 - EN

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# 52012DC0586

**COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL THE EU APPROACH TO RESILIENCE: LEARNING FROM FOOD SECURITY CRISES /* COM/2012/0586 final */**

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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

THE EU APPROACH TO RESILIENCE:
LEARNING FROM FOOD SECURITY CRISES

1.           THE NEED TO ADDRESS CHRONIC
VULNERABILITY

Recent and recurrent food crises in the
Sahel region and in the Horn of Africa, where more than 30 million people are
suffering from hunger, have underscored the need to work on a long-term and
systematic approach to building the resilience of vulnerable countries and
populations.

The effects of economic shocks, rising and
fluctuating food prices, demographic pressure, climate change, desertification,
environmental degradation, pressure on natural resources, inappropriate land
tenure systems, insufficient investment in agriculture, have, in many parts of
the world, resulted in greater exposure to risk, notably from natural hazards.
The impact of these global trends is manifested in the increasing number and
intensity of natural disasters and crises. The poorest households are the most
vulnerable and in many instances this vulnerability is compounded by political
instability and conflict. In the case of food insecurity, despite some
progress, one billion people are still suffering from hunger and the issue is
particularly acute in drought-prone areas where most of the population depends
directly on agriculture and pastoralism.

The EU is one of the world's largest donors
providing life-saving assistance to people affected by various crises. Over
recent years the demands for such assistance have increased substantially – far
outstripping the resources available. Such assistance is vital, but it is aimed
mainly at coping with emergency situations and needs to be supplemented by
support to populations at risk to withstand, cope with and adapt to repeated
adverse events and long-term stress.

Building resilience is a long-term effort
that needs to be firmly embedded in national policies and planning. It is a
part of the development process, and genuinely sustainable development will
need to tackle the root causes of recurrent crises rather than just their
consequences. Working with vulnerable populations to build their resilience is
also a fundamental part of poverty reduction which is the ultimate aim of EU
development policy, as has been reaffirmed by the EU in the Agenda for Change[1].

Resilience strategies should contribute to
different policies, in particular Food Security[2],
Climate Change Adaptation[3]
and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)[4].
In this context, the EU has consistently supported prevention and preparedness
for crises in the most vulnerable countries and identified the need to
integrate DRR and Adaptation to Climate Change, notably into both development
cooperation and the humanitarian response.

Investing in resilience is cost effective.
Addressing the root causes of recurrent crises is not only better, especially
for the people concerned, than only responding to the consequences of crises,
it is also much cheaper. When the world is experiencing an economic and
budgetary downturn, the budgets of both partner countries and donors are coming
under increased pressure to show that they deliver the maximum impact for the
funds that are made available.

In response to the massive food crises in Africa, the Commission has recently taken two initiatives: Supporting Horn of African Resilience
(SHARE)[5]
and l'"Alliance Globale pour l'Initiative Résilience Sahel" (AGIR)[6].These set out a new approach to
building up the resilience of vulnerable populations.

The purpose of this Communication is to use
the lessons from these experiences to improve the effectiveness of the EU's
support to reducing vulnerability in developing countries, which are
disaster-prone by including resilience as a central aim.

In addition, this Communication aims to
contribute to the international debate on enhancing food security and
resilience in a wider sense, notably in the context of the G8, G20, the
Committee on World Food Security, the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) initiative,
Rio Conventions[7]'
negotiations and the Global Alliance for the Horn of Africa.

2.           THE RESILIENCE PARADIGM

Resilience
is the ability of an individual, a household, a community, a country or a
region to withstand, to adapt, and to quickly recover from stresses and shocks.

The concept of resilience has two
dimensions: the inherent strength of an entity – an individual, a household, a
community or a larger structure – to better resist stress and shock and the
capacity of this entity to bounce back rapidly from the impact.

Increasing resilience (and reducing
vulnerability) can therefore be achieved either by enhancing the entity’s
strength, or by reducing the intensity of the impact, or both. It requires a
multifaceted strategy and a broad systems perspective aimed at both
reducing the multiple risks of a crisis and at the same time improving rapid
coping and adaptation mechanisms at local, national and regional level. Strengthening
resilience lies at the interface of humanitarian and development
assistance.

Enhancing resilience calls for a long-term approach, based on alleviating the
underlying causes conducive to crises, and enhancing capacities to better
manage future uncertainty and change.

3.           THE EU'S EXPERIENCE IN DEALING WITH
RESILIENCE AND FOOD CRISES IN AFRICA

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the poorest
households, communities and countries have suffered from a diminished capacity
to recover from the long-term effects of climate change, especially frequent
and intense droughts, as well as economic crises and internal conflicts. The EU
has provided support in relation to food crises in Africa for many years
through humanitarian and development assistance. Building on this, the EU
Agenda for Change will prioritise cooperation in sustainable agriculture,
including the safeguarding of ecosystem services and food and nutrition
security in the EU's future long-term development assistance.

In line with a focus on resilience, support
to the agricultural sector and related national and regional policies,
including land use, should not only strengthen production but ensure notably
the better functioning of food markets and support empowerment of vulnerable
groups and civil society.

Against this background, the EU is
developing and implementing innovative responses to the crises in the Horn of
Africa and the Sahel, which should provide valuable lessons for a more
systematic and long-term approach to building the resilience of affected
populations. It is important here to recognise the role of women in building
resilience in households and in communities affected by crises. In unstable and
fragile countries, where resilience is often weakest, it is also important to
ensure that policy initiatives take into account the security-development
nexus, thereby encouraging an approach that can promote policy coherence and
complementarity.

3.1.        Supporting the Horn of Africa's Resilience (SHARE)

A number of factors underlie the
long-standing vulnerability of livelihoods in the Horn of Africa. These include
population growth and increased pressure on resources, rural poverty, low
productivity, weakened terms-of-trade, insecure access to land and water, weak
governance, insecurity and prolonged geo-political instability. The EU has
considerable experience in cooperating with development partners in the Horn of
Africa on agriculture and food security and has gained valuable understanding
of which approaches hold the greatest potential.

The 2011 drought that hit the region was
the worst in 60 years. It constituted a shock that turned a precarious
situation into a crisis (and in Somalia it resulted in famine conditions).

Informed by the alerts from the food
security early warning systems, the EU and its Member States worked to develop
a response that could match the scale of the crisis:

–
A joint humanitarian-development analytical
framework was elaborated which allowed humanitarian and development actors to
work from a common understanding and define joint priorities.

–
The EU together provided EUR 790 million in
humanitarian assistance in 2011/12. The Commission alone allocated EUR 181
million. In addition to life-saving activities, this assistance also provided
for first steps in the recovery process, for instance through the provision of
seeds and tools, improved water management, and restocking of herds.

–
An increase in short-term development financing
was quickly provided to support the immediate recovery phase. The Commission
engagement for the period 2012-13 was EUR 250 million to support agricultural
and livestock production, nutrition, livestock health, water supply and natural
resource management.

In addition to the short-term response, the
EU has put in place a long-term and structured approach to assist the affected
countries and communities to recover after the drought and build up their
ability to cope with future droughts. This involves:

–
A commitment to work with and through regional
partners. The EU and other bilateral donors, are assisting the secretariat of
the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) to strengthen its
capacity and to coordinate and promote cross-border initiatives in areas such
as livestock development and natural resource management.

–
A commitment to work closely with other donors
active in the region. The donor community has initiated a light coordination
platform, the "Global Alliance for Action for Resilience and Growth[8]". Working closely with
IGAD, the Global Alliance has provided a forum to bring together country
partners and those donors active in supporting drought resilience.

A long-term commitment to address
structural issues and to build long-term resilience. Depending on the specific
national and local context, several themes and sectors will be treated as
priorities for EU funding over the period 2014-2020. These could include:
livestock health and development, natural resource management, DRR, national
and regional trade, nutrition, governance, research and technology transfer,
and population flows.

3.2.        AGIR
Sahel: the EU Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative (Alliance Globale pour
l’Initiative Résilience-Sahel)

Over the past nine agricultural seasons,
the Sahel has faced six distinct food crises. The region has suffered from
undernutrition with indicators well above alarm levels. Twelve million people
are currently at risk which represents 20% of the population. Women and
children are the most vulnerable to food and economic stresses, especially
during the lean period between harvest cycles.

Progress has been made over the past years
in West Africa, thanks to the work of existing institutions and platforms -
such as the "Réseau de Prévention des Crises Alimentaires"
(RPCA) and the "Comité permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la
Sécheresse au Sahel" (CILSS). Building upon lessons learned approaches
have been developed to better face food crises. The improved functioning of
early warning systems has helped countries and donors to better anticipate the
ongoing crisis.

The EU action plan responding to the 2012
Sahel crisis amounts to approximately EUR 500 million (EUR 123 million for
humanitarian response and EUR 372 million for development programmes).

A three-phased approach has been designed
in close coordination between EU humanitarian and development assistance. The
plan covers a wide range of activities ranging from improving access to food to
supporting country partners’ early warning systems, market functioning and ecosystem
protection. It links emergency and development programmes, mixing short term
and medium-to-long term funding towards enhancing resilience in an integrated
approach. Addressing emergencies while investing in resilience calls for
coordinated assistance efforts - aligned with regional organisations – both to
ensure coherence and complementarity and to reduce vulnerability of the poorest
households to shocks and to tackle the underlying causes of food and nutrition
insecurity.

The "Alliance Globale pour
l'Initiative Résilience" (AGIR) Partnership, launched by the
Commission on 18 June 2012, provides a resilience roadmap building on and
reinforcing existing regional strategies - such as the joint regional strategy
of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS), the Union
Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) and the Comité permanent
Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS) with the
support of the Sahel and West Africa Club (SWAC). A regional Plan of Action to
strengthen resilience in a permanent and sustainable way in the Sahel, drawn up
by the West African regional organisations with the support of the donor
community, will be presented to a high-level meeting of all the states
concerned in Ouagadougou in early December 2012.

4.           LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE

The SHARE and AGIR initiatives represent an
improvement in the way humanitarian and development assistance interact,
boosting the levels of assistance in the short-term, facilitating the link
between relief, rehabilitation and development (LRRD), as well as demonstrating
the commitment of the EU to address the root causes of food insecurity in the
longer-term.

They focus on food security in sub-Saharan
Africa, but this approach can equally be applied to other regions and other
types of vulnerability (for example, regions threatened by floods, cyclones,
earthquakes, droughts, storm surges and tsunamis, climate change, or food price
increase). The approach developed has a number of common elements that the EU
will look to replicate in the most vulnerable developing countries. There are
three key components to this approach, which are further elaborated below:

·
Anticipating crises by assessing risks

·
Focusing on prevention and preparedness

·
Enhancing crisis response

4.1.        Anticipating crises by
assessing risks

Both in the Horn of Africa and in the Sahel, early warning systems pointed to looming crises. Early warning systems for food
security (such as the Integrated Phase Classification approach) have been
improved, allowing partner countries and regional institutions to prepare an
appropriate response in advance of crises. Similarly, early warning systems for
other risks like tsunamis, or for other regions, are also now functioning
better.

These Information Systems also need to be
interconnected with relevant global initiatives like the Agricultural Market
Information System establish in the context of the G20.

There also needs to be a more systematic
link between the information provided and policy and decision making at national
and regional levels. For instance, data such as (child) under-nutrition,
agricultural production (including stocks) and markets (including food prices)
should better feed into food security and sustainable agriculture policies.

This should be reflected in particular in
country-owned policies and processes such as the Comprehensive Africa
Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). CAADP investment plans not only
address the current constraints but also anticipate future shocks and stresses
and assist countries to mitigate, respond to and build resilience.

The
regional early warning system (CILSS/ECOWAS/UEMOA): The Food Crisis Prevention Network (RCPA) is a platform where
partner countries, donors, UN, and civil society organisations pool information
in order to come to a joint analysis of food insecurity in West Africa. It was
instrumental in ringing the alarm bells in the early phases of the current 2012
crisis.

In the same vein, the EU established the
Global Climate Change Alliance to enhance policy dialogue and cooperation with
countries most affected by climate change. Early Warning Information systems
and Disaster Management are important elements in this context.

Early
Warning Systems in Nepal: In August 2010 flood
levels on the Rapt River breached the warning level in Chitwan district. The
early warning system along the river, through a radio and telephone network,
allowed the Disaster Management Committees of the communities at risk to shift
their essential and movable assets to higher and safer places. When the flood
reached the villages, people had already reached safety. The early warning thus
minimised losses of life and property.

Bangladesh: Funding for the Dhaka Medical College Hospital, focussing on the
management of mass casualty situations including contingency planning, medical
equipment, medicine stocks and trainings. Consequently, in June 2010, following
a fire causing 120 deaths, the hospital was able to save the life of over 250
patients

ASEAN: at a regional level the Commission is supporting AADMER (ASEAN
Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response), whose objective is to
increase resilience and reduce vulnerability in local communities and
institutions through support to strategies that enable them to better prepare
for, mitigate and respond to natural disasters.

4.2.        Focusing on prevention and
preparedness

The response of the international community
and affected countries to the crises in the Horn and the Sahel has shown
significant progress in the capacity to address the consequences of the crises.
However they have also underlined the primordial importance of prevention
(stopping a crisis from happening) and preparedness (ensuring that an
individual, a household, a country, or a region is ready to manage the effects
of an adverse event).

It is therefore crucial that:

–
Over the long-term, national and regional
programmes address the underlying causes of vulnerability. Reduced
vulnerability to shocks is only possible if it is embedded within partner
countries' development policies. To develop these processes it is necessary
that risk analysis, including disaster risk management and food crisis
management, are integrated in national/regional policies. In a similar way,
adaption to climate change and policy frameworks like the National Adaptation
Programmes of Action (NAPAs) should also be integrated in national policies.

–
Experience gained from initiatives like SHARE
and AGIR or successful pilot projects on DRM such
as those supported by the Commission's Disaster Preparedness Programme
(DIPECHO) should be better disseminated. One of the challenges is to see
how successful community-based, bottom-up projects can better feed into
national and regional governmental policies.

–
Governance
structured for disaster management need to be enhanced and stakeholders’
capacity needs to be strengthened at local and national levels. Strong
local structures are essential in order to mitigate risks and to ensure the
effectiveness of prevention and preparedness efforts as well as initial
response operations.

–
Public private partnerships should fully be used in appropriate contexts such as the recent G8
"New Alliance for Food and Nutrition Security" initiative,

In the case of food crises, there needs to
be an integrated approach to tackling the root causes of food
insecurity. In terms of food availability, this covers the
diversification of food production, which may be constrained by environmental
degradation and climate change. Access to food products requires
functional markets and safety nets, noting the importance of reserves,
insurances schemes, storage instruments, farmers' access to market and
financial services, and emergency stocks. It also includes investments in rural
infrastructure and in research and technology transfer. From a long-term
perspective, support to sustainable agriculture is paramount to build up
resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa where the sector provides employment to 60% of
the population, notably the most vulnerable.

The Ethiopia Productive Safety Net
Programme (PSNP) provides valuable lessons. It provides transfers in the form
of food or cash to the most vulnerable households in the country in return for
participation in public works.

The PSNP is the largest social transfer
scheme in sub-Saharan Africa and is cost-effective (about one third the cost)
in comparison to humanitarian interventions.

Tackling
the hidden crisis of child under-nutrition to reduce tomorrow's adults'
vulnerability: Hunger and under-nutrition kill
nearly 2.6 million children per year. Under-nutrition affects one in three
children in developing countries. Often the problem starts before birth due to
undernourishment of the mother. Under-nutrition is a root cause of
vulnerability, especially for children up to the age of 2. It lowers
intellectual and physical development, thereby reducing the capacity of
tomorrow’s adults to cope with adverse events. Moreover it costs many
developing countries up to 2-3 percent of their Gross Domestic Product each
year extending the cycle of poverty and impeding economic growth. The EU
supports partners’ efforts to reduce under-nutrition in short and long-term.
Approaches are required across multiple sectors such as health, agriculture,
water, sanitation, economic growth, and education. The EU supports the SUN
(Scaling Up Nutrition) movement, which provides a framework for country
partners' leadership.

Tackling
the drought in North KENYA. 3.7 million Kenyans
were in immediate need of food, clean water and basic sanitation during the
2011 drought. Under SHARE, the EU is enhancing its support to boost recovery
and resilience building, through: assistance to streamline the Kenyan early
warning system; institutional support to the Ministry of Northern Kenya;
support to the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA) managing a Disaster
and Drought Contingency Fund (NDDCF); enhancement of local authorities'
capacities to manage an early response; and community level livelihoods
projects expanding economic opportunities. Stronger institutions and increased
investments in arid lands by the Government of Kenya are expected to better
prepare the country to mitigate the impact of similar crisis.

4.3.        Enhancing the response to
crisis

Drawing inter alia on the experience gained
in the Horn and the Sahel, the following elements can help improve the impact
of the responses to crises when they strike:

–
The preparation of a joint analytical framework
prepared by both humanitarian and development actors that:

·
identifies the root causes of the crisis as well
as the precise impact on the most affected populations.

·
assesses on-going interventions to see if the
root causes are being addressed and also to see if there are gaps in the
assistance that is being provided.

·
identifies the areas, both in terms of sectors
and geographic regions, where an enhanced resilience approach could have the
most impact.

·
defines strategic priorities for the short-term
(early recovery) as well as for the long-term within a coherent
"Resilience Approach"

–
There needs to be an increase in short-term
financing to support the early recovery phase. Recent initiatives
highlight the need for a higher degree of flexibility in programming to react
to fast changing needs, without reducing on-going medium/long term activities
to address root causes. New modalities of assistance like EU Trust Funds should
be considered to tackle emergency or post-emergency situations.

–
Most major crises span across borders. The capacity
of regional organisations needs to be strengthened so that they can develop
cross-border initiatives and promote regional integration.

–
For major crises, light structures should be set
up to enable donor coordination and a structured dialogue established with
partner countries and regional organisations. It is necessary to define and
formalise who does what, based on the comparative advantage of each actor in a
given context. Both development and humanitarian actors should be actively
engaged.

–
Finding short-term interventions that have a
long term impact. Even though short-term responses, and humanitarian assistance
in particular, are mostly focused on life saving and asset protection, such
activities can also have a long-term impact. For example, shifting from food
aid to cash transfers can have a long-term effect in stimulating the local
market and financing public works that can reduce the likelihood of future
disasters or mitigate their impact. These types of intervention should be
identified and prioritised.

–
Where violent conflicts exist the resilience
strategy and the wider EU political and security approach should be mutually
supportive and consistent, and synergies should be developed at the levels of
instruments notably the Common Security and Defence Policy instruments and the
Instrument for Stability.

Flexible
funding through the EU's EUR 1 billion Food Facility, AFSI and V-FLEX - The food price crisis of 2007/08 led to a response of
unprecedented scale from the international community. The EU was the first
donor to take proactive measures and announced a EUR 1 billion Food Facility,
demonstrating the EU's ability to react on time and on a large scale. One year
later, in 2009, donors pledged US$22 billion in support of sustainable
agriculture and food security (the L'Aquila Food Security Initiative, AFSI).
The EU stepped up further support, committing US$3.8 billion. Two other
mechanisms exist for African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries: the FLEX
(Fluctuations in Export Earnings) assists governments facing sudden losses of
export earnings and the "Vulnerability FLEX" (V-FLEX) design to help
countries most affected by the 2009 economic downturn due to their poor
resilience. This instrument worked pre-emptively, based on forecasts of fiscal
losses, with adjustments for vulnerability, acting in a counter-cyclical way to
capture national financing gaps.

5.           10 STEPS TO INCREASE RESILIENCE IN FOOD
INSECURE AND DISASTER PRONE COUNTRIES

1.           Resilience can only be
built bottom-up. The starting point for the EU approach to resilience therefore
is a firm recognition of the leading role of partner countries. The EU will
align its support with the partner's policies and priorities, in accordance
with established Aid Effectiveness principles.

2.           Action to strengthen
resilience needs to be based on sound methodologies for risk and vulnerability
assessments. Such assessments should serve as the basis for elaborating
national resilience strategies, as well as for designing specific projects and
programmes. The EU will support the development of national resilience
strategies as part of wider development strategies. The EU will engage with
partner countries and key international actors to improve the methodologies for
developing the assessments underlying such strategies. In order to ensure
effectiveness, the EU will moreover put in place a framework for measuring the
impact and results of its support for resilience.

3.           In countries facing
recurrent crises, increasing resilience will be a central aim of EU external
assistance. EU-funded programmes will be based on a common operational
assessment prepared by humanitarian and development actors, covering medium to
long-term interventions. They will focus on addressing the underlying causes of
crises, notably through support for prevention and preparedness activities. It
will work closely with partner countries to establish capacities to elaborate
and implement strategies and Disaster Reduction Management plans at national
and regional level.

4.           The Commission will
systematically include resilience as an element in its Humanitarian
Implementation Plans. The Commission will moreover strive for joint programming
of the resilience-related actions in its humanitarian and development
assistance so as to ensure maximum complementarity, and to ensure that
short-term actions lay the groundwork for medium and long-term interventions.

5.           Flexibility will be key to
responding to the needs of disaster-affected countries. The Commission will
continue to ensure maximum flexibility in implementing its humanitarian
programmes. For development funding, in times of unforeseen crises and major
disasters, the Commission will seek maximum flexibility in mobilising
non-programmed funds. Additionally, the Commission will introduce flexibility
into the programme design to allow quick and timely action. The EU will
consider the use of Trust Funds to intervene in emergency or post-emergency
situations.

6.           When working to improve
resilience in fragile or conflict-affected states, the EU will pursue an
approach that also addresses security aspects and their impact on the
vulnerability of populations. This will include an active political dialogue
with partner countries and organisations in the region concerned.

7.           The EU will seek to
replicate existing initiatives such as SHARE and AGIR, as well as successful
projects on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). It will share and exchange lessons
with its partners in order to multiply and scale up successful approaches -
with the objective of incorporating them in national resilience strategies. The
Commission will review regularly progress made on the resilience agenda,
looking in particular at programming, methodologies and results.

8.           The EU will promote
innovative approaches to risk management. Working with the insurance and
re-insurance industries is a particularly promising way forward. The Commission
will bring forward a Green Paper in early 2013 on the role of insurance in
disaster management.

9.           For countries facing
recurrent crises, the EU will work with host governments, other donors,
regional and international organisations and other stakeholders to create platforms
at country level for ensuring timely exchange of information and coordination
of short, medium and long term humanitarian and development actions to
strengthen resilience.

10.         The EU will promote
resilience in international fora including the G8, G20, the Committee on World
Food Security (CFS), the Rio Conventions, the process for revision of the
Millennium Development Goals, the development of Sustainable Development Goals
and discussions on the follow-up to the Hyogo Framework for Action of 2005-2015.
Resilience will feature as a key theme in its partnerships with organisations
such as FAO, IFAD and WFP, as well as UNISDR, the World Bank, and civil society
organisations.

In the first quarter of the 2013, the
Commission will prepare an Action Plan to set out the way forward on
implementation of these principles.

[1]               COM(2011)637, as endorsed by May 14 2012 Council
Conclusions

[2]               COM(2010)127 final

[3]               COM(2009) 147 final. White Paper "Adapting to
climate change: Towards a European framework for action

[4]               EU Strategy for supporting disaster risk reduction in
developing countries COM (2009) 84 of 23.02.2009. Towards an EU response to
situations of fragility: engaging in difficult environments for sustainable
development, stability and peace COM (2007) 643 of 25.10.2007.

[5]               Commission Staff Working Document SEC (2012) 102 of
11 April 2012.

[6]               Alliance globale pour l'Initiative Résilience (Sahel)
–   
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/613&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&

[7]               United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification

[8]               The scope of the Alliance covers the greater Horn: Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Somalia, Djibouti as well as Sudan and South Sudan. The Secretariat is
provided by USAID.