1 Unless otherwise noted, all section references are to the

Internal Revenue Code in effect during the taxable years at

(continued...)

T.C. Memo. 2004-198

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

BRENDT L. SMITH, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 11191-01. Filed August 31, 2004.

Brendt L. Smith, pro se.

Stewart Todd Hittinger, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

GALE, Judge: On June 1, 2001, respondent issued a notice of

deficiency with respect to petitioner’s Federal income taxes for

1995 and 1996 determining deficiencies of $12,677 and $11,683,

respectively, and fraud penalties under section 6663(a)1 of
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1(...continued)

issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of

Practice and Procedure. 

2 At the time of the filing, petitioner resided in Winona

Lake, Indiana.

$9,508 and $8,762, respectively. We granted respondent’s motion

to dismiss for lack of prosecution as to the deficiencies after

petitioner failed to appear at trial or respond to our order

requesting a response to respondent’s motion to dismiss. The

issue for decision is whether petitioner is liable for fraud

penalties under section 6663(a) for the years at issue. We also

consider whether we should impose a penalty under section

6673(a)(1).

On August 31, 2001, petitioner filed an imperfect petition

with this Court and requested a copy of the Court’s Rules for

filing a formal petition.2 Over 5 months later, after two

extensions of time to file, petitioner filed an amended petition

on February 19, 2002, in conformance with this Court’s Rules. 

On November 1, 2002, petitioner was served with a notice

setting his case for trial on April 7, 2003, and stating: “YOUR

FAILURE TO APPEAR MAY RESULT IN DISMISSAL OF THE CASE AND ENTRY

OF DECISION AGAINST YOU.” Included in the notice was the Court’s

standing pretrial order, which states: “Continuances will be

granted only in exceptional circumstances.” The notice further

called the parties’ attention to the Court’s requirements for
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stipulation and advised that the parties should establish contact

for this purpose. 

In an effort to prepare this case for trial, respondent made

several attempts through letters and telephone calls to arrange

to meet with petitioner to prepare a stipulation of facts and

otherwise define the issues. Petitioner spoke to respondent’s

counsel once before trial but did not exchange documents or

endeavor to prepare a stipulation of facts. On March 6, 2003,

petitioner requested a continuance by means of a letter sent to

the Clerk of the Court but at the address of the Federal Building

and Courthouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. In the letter

petitioner made reference to his trial date of April 7, 2003, and

advised:

At this time I am asking for a continuance due to a

family medical problem (Pneumonia). My mother has been

sick for awhile and family physician thought it would

[sic] a good thing for her to visit relatives in

Florida. She has been their [sic] for about two months

and has been doing well. I will be flying down to

drive her home and will not be able to appear.

On March 12, 2003, petitioner’s letter was returned to him by the

Clerk of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of

Indiana, who indicated that petitioner had sent his

correspondence to the wrong court. On March 31, 2003, this Court

received a letter dated March 22, 2003, from petitioner in which
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3 In the amended petition, petitioner averred that the

periods of limitation for assessing tax for his 1995 and 1996

taxable years had expired before the June 1, 2001, issuance of

the notice of deficiency for those years. However, the evidence

adduced by respondent at trial includes Forms 872, Consent to

Extend the Time to Assess Tax, executed by petitioner, that

extended the period for assessment for 1995 and 1996 until June

30, 2001.

he requested a continuance and attached a copy of his previous

letter. We filed this submission as a motion to continue and set

a hearing to consider it on April 7, 2003. 

Petitioner did not appear for the hearing on his motion to

continue or the scheduled trial session. Respondent filed a

motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution and requested a trial

to present testimony and other evidence in support of his

determination of fraud. We denied petitioner’s motion to

continue, held a trial to receive respondent’s evidence, and

ordered petitioner to file a response to respondent’s motion to

dismiss within 30 days. 

Petitioner did not file a response to respondent’s motion to

dismiss. By order dated May 19, 2003, we granted respondent’s

motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution as to the deficiencies3

and scheduled the filing of seriatim briefs on the issue of

fraud. On the day before his brief was due, petitioner mailed a

letter to the Court stating: “I received a letter denying my
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4 Petitioner’s submission was filed by the Court as his

answering brief.

5 In his response mailed the day before his answering brief

was due, petitioner complained that his request for a continuance

had been denied notwithstanding that his request had been made

“30 days prior to trial”.

request [for a continuance] the day of trial”, denying the fraud

allegations, and requesting a trial.4

Petitioner’s Failure To Appear

We decline to grant petitioner’s request for additional

trial proceedings in this case because, on the basis of a review

of the entire record, we are persuaded that he had no adequate

justification for failing to appear at the initial trial and,

further, that he has engaged in a deliberate effort to delay a

resolution of this case.

After receiving the notice setting this case for trial,

petitioner disregarded numerous attempts by respondent to discuss

stipulations and otherwise prepare the case for trial. Instead,

32 days before the scheduled trial date, petitioner sent a

letter, albeit to the wrong address, requesting a continuance. 

On the basis of petitioner’s subsequent statements,5 we are

persuaded that petitioner timed the submission of his request as

late as possible without triggering the more stringent

requirements of Rule 133 for continuances that are sought within
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6 Rule 133 provides that a motion for continuance that is

filed 30 days or less before a scheduled trial “ordinarily will

be deemed dilatory and will be denied unless the ground therefor

arose during * * * [the 30-day] period or there was good reason

for not making the motion sooner.” 

the 30-day period preceding trial.6 Moreover, petitioner’s

original request for a continuance demonstrates that there were

no family or medical exigencies that precluded his appearance at

the trial scheduled for April 7, 2003. In his request,

petitioner advised that his mother had been visiting relatives in

Florida for 2 months on account of her doctor’s advice regarding

pneumonia. According to petitioner, she was “doing well”, but he

needed to fly to Florida to drive her back to Indiana at the time

his trial was scheduled. We were unpersuaded that these

circumstances required petitioner to miss a trial date scheduled

5 months in advance. Accordingly, we set the matter for hearing,

but petitioner failed to appear. Having been advised in the

notice setting the case for trial that his failure to appear

might result in dismissal of the case and entry of decision

against him, petitioner voluntarily forfeited his right to

present evidence at a trial by failing to appear without having

been excused.

Moreover, petitioner’s failure to cooperate in preparing the

case for trial and his 11th-hour request for a continuance

conform with a pattern of dilatoriness in this proceeding. His

petition was not perfected until more than 5 months after its
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7 We note that a response to the motion to dismiss would

have been an opportunity for petitioner to provide any further

explanation that he wished to make of his failure to appear for

trial. However, petitioner ignored our order to respond.

initial filing. After petitioner failed to appear for trial and

respondent filed a motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution, we

allowed petitioner 30 days after the scheduled trial date to

respond to respondent’s motion. Petitioner failed to do so.7

Instead, petitioner waited until after we granted respondent’s

motion to dismiss with respect to the deficiencies and, as with

his request for continuance, on the day before his deadline for

filing a brief regarding the issue of fraud, he submitted a

letter denying fraud and requesting that a trial date be set. In

these circumstances, we conclude that petitioner’s belated

request for a trial is little more than a stalling tactic,

designed to delay a disposition of this case. 

Rule 149(a) provides that, where there is an unexcused

absence of a party when a case is called for trial, the case “may

be dismissed for failure properly to prosecute, or the trial may

proceed and the case be regarded as submitted on the part of the

absent party or parties.” Dismissal of a case for failure to

properly prosecute is a sanction that rests with the discretion

of the Court. See Rule 123(b); Harper v. Commissioner, 99 T.C.

533, 540 (1992); Levy v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 794, 803 (1986);

see also Daniels v. Brennan, 887 F.2d 783, 785-789 (7th Cir.
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1989) (discussing standard for dismissal under rule 41(b) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the model for Rule 123(b)). 

Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we granted

respondent’s motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution and

sustained respondent’s determination as to the deficiencies. 

With respect to the fraud penalties, we exercised our discretion

under Rule 149(a) to conduct a trial to afford respondent the

opportunity to present evidence to meet his burden of proof. See

Brooks v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 413, 426 (1984), affd. without

published opinion 772 F.2d 910 (9th Cir. 1985); Ritchie v.

Commissioner, 72 T.C. 126, 128 (1979).

Fraud Penalties

In the case of a fraud penalty, where the taxpayer is absent

from trial without excuse, the Commissioner may meet his burden

of proving fraud by means of pleadings which set forth sufficient

facts to support a finding of fraud. Smith v. Commissioner, 91

T.C. 1049, 1058-1059 (1988), affd. 926 F.2d 1470 (6th Cir. 1991). 

Respondent’s pleadings in his answer set forth the following

facts, which are deemed admitted.

During 1995 and 1996, petitioner owned and operated a

construction business, an antiques business, and commercial

rental property.
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8 The source and application of funds method of proof has

been accepted by this Court as an appropriate method for the

Commissioner to reconstruct the income of a taxpayer whose

records are inadequate. See, e.g., DeVenney v. Commissioner, 85

T.C. 927 (1985). The Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit,

to which an appeal in this case lies barring stipulation to the

contrary, has likewise upheld the cash expenditures method, a

reconstruction method very similar to the source and application

of funds method. See, e.g., United States v. Marrinson, 832 F.2d

1465, 1469-1470 (7th Cir. 1987); cf. Hall v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1996-27 (discussing distinction between cash expenditures

and source and application of funds methods). 

Respondent used the source and application of funds method

to reconstruct petitioner’s income.8 Respondent’s analysis

showed that the excess of petitioner’s application of funds over

his known sources of income in 1995 was $64,327, as compared to

reported gross receipts of $12,652. Respondent’s analysis showed

that the excess of petitioner’s application of funds over his

known sources of income in 1996 was $40,562, as compared to

reported gross receipts of $37,311.

In addition, respondent adduced evidence at trial that

establishes the following. 

An agent of respondent conducted an examination of

petitioner’s 1995 and 1996 taxable years. At the time of the

examination, petitioner had conducted a construction business for

at least 9 years, which served as his primary source of income.

While petitioner was able to substantiate some expenses of

his income-producing activities in 1995 and 1996, he failed to

maintain or submit for examination by respondent books and
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9 We note in this regard that petitioner’s 1995 return was

filed on Oct. 21, 1996.

records to account for the income from those activities in those

years. 

Petitioner admitted receiving $37,800 from Johnson Controls,

Inc., in 1995 as well as a 1995 Form 1099-MISC, Miscellaneous

Income, reporting that amount from that source. Petitioner

reported only $8,803 of gross receipts in his Schedules C, Profit

or Loss From Business, for his construction business and $2,651

for his antiques business in 1995. Petitioner offered three

different explanations to respondent’s examiner concerning why he

did not report the $37,800 shown on the foregoing Form 1099-MISC: 

(i) That he had not received the Form 1099-MISC in time to

include the amount thereon in his 1995 return;9 (ii) that the

amounts reported on the 1995 Schedule C for his construction

business were net amounts; i.e., receipts less expenses; and

(iii) that when he thought about his truck payment, he “decided

to keep it.”

In response to the examining agent’s inquiries seeking to

identify nontaxable sources of income during 1995 and 1996,

petitioner claimed he received a $10,000 gift from his mother but

did not substantiate it. Petitioner also claimed that during

1995 and 1996 he collected rent receipts of approximately $11,700

annually on his mother’s behalf from two rental properties that
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she owned and deposited them into his checking account before

remitting them to his mother. When the examining agent was

unable to trace in petitioner’s bank records the rent payments

allegedly collected for and paid over to his mother, petitioner

then explained that the remittances to his mother were not

traceable because he occasionally used the rent receipts for

repairs to the properties and occasionally kept the payments when

he was short of cash, advising his mother that the tenants were

late in paying and then remitting the payments to her at a later

time.

To establish fraud, the Commissioner must show by clear and

convincing evidence that there is an underpayment and that a

portion of the underpayment is attributable to fraud. See sec.

7454(a); Rule 142(b); Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 661, 699

(1989). If the Commissioner establishes that any portion of an

underpayment is attributable to fraud, the entire underpayment

shall be treated as attributable to fraud, except to the extent

the taxpayer establishes otherwise. See sec. 6663(b); Marretta

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-128; Peyton v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2003-146.

“Fraud is established by proving that the taxpayer intended

to evade tax believed to be owing by conduct intended to conceal,

mislead, or otherwise prevent the collection of such tax.”

Recklitis v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 909 (1988). The
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existence of fraud is a question of fact established by

consideration of the entire record. Petzoldt v. Commissioner,

supra at 699; Estate of Pittard v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 391, 400

(1977). Direct proof of fraud is seldom available; therefore,

fraud may be proved by circumstantial evidence and reasonable

inferences from the facts. Petzoldt v. Commissioner, supra;

Rowlee v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 1111, 1123 (1983). The courts

have recognized numerous indicia or “badges” of fraud, including

the following: (1) A pattern of underreporting income; (2)

maintaining inadequate records; (3) giving implausible or

inconsistent explanations of behavior; and (4) establishing a

pattern of inaction and delay during the pretrial and trial

proceedings. Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. 492, 499 (1943);

Conti v. Commissioner, 39 F.3d 658, 662 (6th Cir. 1994), affg.

and remanding on other grounds T.C. Memo. 1992-616; Bradford v.

Commissioner, 796 F.2d 303, 307-308 (9th Cir. 1986), affg. T.C.

Memo. 1984-601; Rice v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-208; McCue

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1983-580. Although no single factor

is necessarily sufficient to establish fraud, the existence of

several indicia constitutes persuasive circumstantial evidence of

fraud. Petzoldt v. Commissioner, supra at 700.

Respondent reconstructed petitioner’s income in the years at

issue by use of the source and application of funds method. 

Respondent’s analysis indicates that petitioner substantially
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underreported income in both years; namely, $64,327 in 1995 and

$40,562 in 1996. Accordingly, respondent has met his burden of

showing by clear and convincing evidence that petitioner had

underpayments of tax in 1995 and 1996.

On the question of whether these underpayments are

attributable to fraud, respondent has demonstrated several badges

of fraud, as follows. Petitioner failed to report income in both

years, indicating a pattern of underreporting. The unreported

amounts were substantial in relation to petitioner’s reported

gross receipts; namely, $64,327 of unreported income versus

reported gross receipts of $12,652 in 1995, and $40,562 of

unreported income versus reported gross receipts of $37,311 in

1996. The magnitude of the unreported amounts makes it virtually

impossible that they could have been due to mere mistake or

inadvertence. 

Petitioner’s records were clearly inadequate. While he was

able to substantiate certain expenses, petitioner did not

maintain or produce regular books or records from which the

income from his Schedule C businesses could be ascertained. 

Petitioner gave numerous implausible explanations for his

failure to report income. He offered three inconsistent

explanations for his failure to report the $37,800 in income that

he received from Johnson Controls, Inc., in 1995. Moreover, his

claim that he did not receive the Form 1099-MISC from Johnson
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10 Information returns must be delivered to the person with

respect to whom the information is required by Jan. 31 of the

year following the calendar year in which payment of the reported

income is made. See sec. 6041(d).

Controls, Inc., in 1996 in time to include the amount on his

return is implausible, given that the return was not filed until

October 21, 1996, and Johnson Controls, Inc., had a statutory

obligation to mail the form to him by the end of the preceding

January.10

Petitioner’s attempts to identify nontaxable sources of

income are similarly implausible. His claim that his mother gave

him $10,000 was not substantiated. His claim that he deposited

rent receipts belonging to his mother into his own checking

account, and then paid over the receipts to his mother, was later

qualified when the examining agent was unable to trace these

amounts through his account. In the qualified version,

petitioner claimed that the rent receipts were sometimes expended

on repairs and sometimes kept by him for a period of time before

being repaid to his mother. Even if the claims regarding the

rent receipts were accepted, they would at most account for

$11,700 of nontaxable source income annually, far less than the

amounts petitioner failed to report in each year.

In reaching our conclusion that petitioner’s various

attempts to explain to the examining agent his failure to report

income constitute evidence of fraud, we also take note of the
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fact that, when faced with the prospect of putting these various

explanations through the crucible of sworn testimony and crossexamination, petitioner opted to avoid trial.

Finally, petitioner’s pattern of inaction and delay in this

proceeding is evidence of fraud. He took 5 months to perfect his

petition. Notwithstanding multiple attempts by respondent’s

counsel, petitioner made no effort to complete the stipulation

process or otherwise prepare the case for trial. He waited until

just before the 30-day window preceding trial to seek a

continuance, failed to appear for trial, ignored our order to

respond to respondent’s motion to dismiss, and then, on the last

day for filing a brief regarding the fraud issue, insisted on a

trial. Taken together, the actions evince an effort to avoid any

final reckoning on his tax liabilities and are evidence of fraud.

Accordingly, on the basis of the entire record, we find that

respondent has shown clearly and convincingly that petitioner’s

underpayments of tax in 1995 and 1996 were due to fraud. The

entirety of petitioner’s actions persuade us that he was aware

that taxes were owed on the income that was not reported. As

noted, the magnitude of the unreported amounts rebuts any

realistic possibility that the omissions were due to inadvertence

or error, as do petitioner’s various inconsistent attempts to

explain the discrepancies. Those explanations were an effort to

conceal and mislead. Finally, petitioner has not shown that any
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portion of the underpayment in either year was not attributable

to fraud. Therefore, we will sustain in full respondent’s

determinations of fraud for both years.

Section 6673 Penalty

We note that section 6673(a)(1) authorizes the Court to

require a taxpayer who has instituted or maintained a proceeding

primarily for delay, or whose position is frivolous or

groundless, to pay a penalty to the United States. See Williams

v. Commissioner, 119 T.C. 276, 280-281 (2002); Bagby v.

Commissioner, 102 T.C. 596, 614 (1994); Stamos v. Commissioner,

95 T.C. 624, 638 (1990), affd. without published opinion 956 F.2d

1168 (9th Cir. 1992). The Court may consider the imposition of

such a penalty sua sponte. See, e.g., Jones v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2003-131; Hawes v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1999-152;

Bierhaalder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-164, affd. without

published opinion 16 F.3d 415 (10th Cir. 1994).

 As our previous discussion indicates, petitioner’s failure

to engage in any meaningful pretrial preparation, his failure to

appear for trial, and his other efforts to protract this

proceeding are evidence that he instituted and maintained it

primarily for delay. Respondent has not sought a penalty under

section 6673(a)(1), however, and we will not impose one in these

circumstances. Petitioner is nonetheless cautioned that should
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he engage in similar actions in any future proceedings in this

Court, penalties under section 6673 may be imposed. 

To reflect the foregoing, 

Decision will be entered

for respondent.