IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs December 15, 2004

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JOSEPH D. TAYLOR

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Marshall County

No. 15,233 Charles Lee, Judge

No. M2004-01606-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 19, 2005

The appellant, Joseph D. Taylor, was convicted of attempted rape, attempted sexual battery, and

aggravated kidnapping. After a sentencing hearing, the appellant was sentenced as a career offender

to fifteen (15) years for attempted rape, eleven (11) months and twenty-nine (29) days for attempted

sexual battery, and twelve (12) years as a violent offender for aggravated kidnapping. On direct

appeal, this Court affirmed the conviction for attempted rape and reversed the other two convictions.

See State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). The appellant filed a petition for postconviction relief, which was denied by the trial court after a hearing. On appeal, this Court set aside

the appellant’s sentence for attempted rape because he was improperly sentenced as a career

offender. See Joseph D. Taylor v. State, No. M2003-00138-CCA-R3-PC, 2004 WL 350641, at *11

(Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Feb. 20, 2004). On remand, the trial court sentenced the appellant

to fifteen (15) years as a Range III offender. A timely notice of appeal was filed. The appellant

challenges his sentence, arguing that his sentence violates Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. ___, 124

S. Ct. 2531 (2004), because the trial court improperly applied enhancement factors that were not

admitted by the appellant or determined by a jury. After a review of the record, we affirm the

judgment of the trial court pursuant to Court of Criminal Appeals Rule 20. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court is Affirmed Pursuant

to Rule 20, Rules of the Court of Criminal Appeals.

JERRY L. SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS and

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

N. Andy Myrick, Jr., Fayetteville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Joseph D. Taylor.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Preston Shipp, Assistant Attorney General; Mike

McCowen, District Attorney General; Weakley E. Barnard, Assistant District Attorneys General, for

the appellee, State of Tennessee.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION

Factual Background

On June 23, 1999, the appellant was indicted by the Marshall County Grand Jury for

attempted rape, attempted sexual battery, and two counts of aggravated kidnapping. Following a jury

trial, the appellant was convicted of attempt to commit sexual battery, attempt to commit rape, and

aggravated kidnapping. The facts surrounding the appellant’s convictions were summarized by this

Court on direct appeal in State v. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d 400 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) as follows: 

Defendant met the victim, thirteen-year-old A.S., while he lived next door to

the victim’s family on Park Street in Lewisburg, Tennessee. (The minor victim will

be referred to herein by his initials.) On May 16, 1999, approximately three to four

weeks after Defendant moved to another house in the same neighborhood, A.S. rode

his bicycle past Defendant’s new address. He stopped to say “Hi” when he noticed

Defendant working on his car in the driveway. Defendant informed A.S. that he was

planning to drive to Shelbyville to visit a friend and, if A.S. came back at 11:00 a.m.,

he could accompany Defendant on the trip. Defendant also told A.S. that his parents

did not need to know of their plan. 

In the meantime, A.S. went to look for hissixteen-year-old brother, Timothy,

who was fishing in a nearby creek. Because Timothy wore a watch, A.S. asked him

to keep him informed of the time so A.S. could return to Defendant’s house at 11:00.

Timothy did not comply with his request. When A.S. arrived at Defendant’s house

twenty minutes late, Defendant told him the trip was off and invited him into the

house to watch television instead. A.S. accepted. 

The television was in Defendant’s bedroom, and they started watching a scary

program. Initially, A.S. sat on one end of Defendant’s bed and Defendant sat on the

other. Approximately fifteen minutes later, Defendant started “scooting” closer to

A.S. Eventually, when they were sitting only inches apart, Defendant placed his hand

on A.S.’s belly near his belly button and began to rub it in a circular motion.

Defendant told A.S. that “he liked girls, but he liked boys, too” and that, “if [A.S.]

f---ed him, he would buy [A.S.] anything.” A.S. started to cry. He told Defendant

he “wasn’t like that” and pushed him away. A.S. was scared at this point and decided

to leave. But before he could take more than five steps toward the door, Defendant

picked him up by the waist with both arms and “slammed” him onto the bed. A.S.
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landed on his back and his head hit the wall. Defendant pinned A.S. down with his

body and told him to stop crying--he “didn’t have to be scared.”

A.S. was unable to move his arms with Defendant on top of him, and he did

not stop crying even after Defendant ordered him to stop. When Defendant told A.S.

that “he might as well f--- [him] now because he knowed [sic] that [A.S.] was going

to go home and tell mom and dad,” A.S. started crying even harder. Defendant let

him sit up then, but stayed right beside him on the bed. They were sitting only inches

apart, and the television was still on. When Defendant turned his head to look at it,

A.S. saw his chance for escape and “took off running” as fast as he could. Once out

the front door, A.S. leaped onto his bicycle and rode away. He testified that he did

not look back and was unaware whether or not Defendant chased him. 

After A.S. arrived home, he immediately found his brother, Timothy, who

was next door at the neighbor’s house. Timothy testified that A.S. was crying and

upset. After A.S. told him that Defendant “tried to rape him,” Timothy made A.S.

tell their father,James, what happened. James took A.S. with him to find Defendant.

Shortly thereafter, they discovered Defendant as they were driving to his house.

Defendant was headed in the opposite direction and smiled at them as he passed. By

the time James turned the car around, Defendant was gone. James proceeded to the

police department and reported the incident. The police arrested Defendant early the

next day, between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m. 

At trial, A.S. further testified that he had visited Defendant on other occasions

but Timothy was ordinarily with him. They usually only stayed fifteen or twenty

minutes and watched television or talked about cars and baseball cards. They often

sat in Defendant’s bedroom because it was the only room with a television. A.S.

testified that, prior to this incident, Defendant had never given him a reason to

believe that he and Defendant were not friends.

Beth Rhoton, an investigator with the Lewisburg Police Department, testified

that she usually worked cases where sex abuse was involved. Rhoton interviewed

A.S. on May 16, 1999, between approximately 5:00 and 6:30 p.m. A.S. was still

shaking, and appeared very nervous and scared. On cross-examination, Rhoton

testified that A.S. did not require medical treatment. 

Taylor, 63 S.W.3d at 404-05.

Following a sentencing hearing, the trial courtsentenced the appellant to eleven (11) months,

twenty-nine (29) days for his attempted sexual battery conviction, fifteen (15) years as a career

offender for his attempted rape conviction, and twelve (12) years as a violent 100% Range I offender

for his aggravated kidnapping conviction. The trial court ordered that the appellant’s conviction for

attempted sexual battery be merged with his conviction for attempted rape, and his conviction for
Prior to the post-conviction hearing, the State stipulated that the appellant’s prior convictions consisted of six 1

Class E felonies and one Class D felony which removed him from consideration as a career offender for the attempted

rape conviction. The trial court, however, concluded that the issue of the appellant’s sentencing as a career offender had

been previously determined on direct appeal. 

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attempted rape be merged with his conviction for aggravated kidnapping. On appeal, the appellant

argued that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions on all three offenses. In addition,

the appellant challenged his sentence, arguing that the trial court failed to give proper consideration

to the mitigating factor provided in Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-304(b)(2), and that the

trial court erred in sentencing him as a career offender for the attempted rape conviction because the

State failed to provide adequate notice that it was seeking an enhanced punishment. The State

appealed the merger of the appellant’s convictions into a single conviction for aggravated kidnapping

and requested that this Court reinstate the appellant’s separate convictions and order consecutive

sentencing.

On direct appeal, this Court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s

three convictions. Taylor, 63 S.W.3d at 405-09. Based on the facts presented in the case, however,

the panel concluded that dual convictions for attempted sexual battery and attempted rape could not

be sustained and reversed and dismissed the appellant’s conviction for attempted sexual battery. The

panel also concluded that the appellant’s offense of aggravated kidnapping was incidental to the

offense of attempt to commit rape under State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299 (Tenn. 1991). Therefore,

pursuant to Anthony, the panel reversed the trial court’s merger of the appellant’s conviction for

attempted rape into his conviction for aggravated kidnapping; reversed and dismissed the aggravated

kidnapping conviction; and reinstated the petitioner’s conviction and sentence for attempted rape.

Taylor, 63 S.W.3d at 403-04.

Subsequently, the appellant filed a petition for post-conviction relief. The petition was

denied, and the appellant appealed to this Court arguing that he received ineffective assistance of

counsel because counsel: (1) failed to adequately meet with the appellant prior to trial; (2) failed to

interview and call certain witnesses to testify; (3) failed to request a jury instruction on assault as a

lesser-included offense of attempted rape; and (4) failed to object to the appellant’s classification as

a career offender when the trial court sentenced the appellant for attempted rape. The appellant also

argued that his appellate lawyer rendered ineffective assistance of counsel when he failed to appeal

the classification of the petitioner as a career offender for the purposes of sentencing. On review 1

of the denial of the post-conviction petition, a panel of this Court determined that the conduct of the

appellant’s trial counsel in failing to ensure that the appellant was sentenced in accordance with

statutory guidelines fell below the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.

Joseph D. Taylor, 2004 WL 350641, at *8. As a result, the panel set aside the sentence for attempted

rape and remanded the case for a new sentencing hearing. Id. at *11. 

On remand, the trial court held a sentencing hearing. However, both parties agreed to rely

on the testimony and evidence presented at the original sentencing hearing in lieu of holding an

entirely new hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court sentenced the appellant to
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fifteen (15) years as a Range III offender, finding that the following enhancement factors applied:

(1) the appellant had a previous history of criminal convictions or behavior in addition to those

necessary to establish the appropriate range, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(2); (2) the appellant had

a history offailing to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the community,

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(9); and (3) the appellant committed the offense to gratify his desire

for pleasure or excitement, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(8). The appellant filed a timely notice of

appeal, challenging his sentence based on Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. ___,124 S. Ct. 2531

(2004), and arguing that the trial court erred in applying enhancement factor (8) because the trial

court “did not articulate what facts were being relied upon in applying the enhancing [sic] factor in

question.” 

The Tennessee Supreme Court recently determined that Blakely did not announce a new rule

of law and that “the Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act does not authorize a sentencing

procedure which violated the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial.” State v. Gomez, ___ S.W.3d

___, No. M2002-01209-SC-R11-CD, 2005 WL 856848, at *17 n.16 (Tenn. Apr. 15, 2005). In

Gomez, the court determined that despite the ability of trial judges to set sentences above the

presumptive sentence based on the finding of enhancement factors neither found by a jury or

admitted by a defendant, Tennessee’s sentencing structure does not violate the Sixth Amendment

and does not conflict with the holdings of Blakely v. Washington, 542U.S. ___ , 124 S. Ct. 2531

(2004), United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), or United States v. FanFan,

the case consolidated with Booker, because “the Reform Act [of Tennessee] authorizes a

discretionary, non-mandatory sentencing procedure and requires trial judges to consider the

principles of sentencing and to engage in a qualitative analysis of enhancement and mitigating factors

. . . all of which serve to guide trial judges in exercising their discretion to select an appropriate

sentence within the range set by the Legislature.” Gomez, ___ S.W.3d at ___, 2005 WL 856848,

at *27. Thus, the appellant’s argument that the trial court erred in applying enhancement factors that

were neither admitted by the appellant nor determined by a jury is without merit. 

Further, the trial court did not err in applying enhancement factor (8). “When reviewing

sentencing issues . . . , the appellate court shall conduct a de novo review on the record of such

issues. Such review shall be conducted with a presumption that the determinations made by the

court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). “However, the

presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial court’s action is conditioned upon the

affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all

relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). In

conducting our review, we must consider the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, the trial and

sentencing hearing evidence, the pre-sentence report, the sentencing principles, sentencing

alternative arguments, the nature and character of the offense, the enhancing and mitigating factors,

and the defendant’s statements. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-103(5), -210(b); Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at

169. We are to also recognize that the defendant bears “the burden of showing that the sentence is

improper.” Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169.
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In the case herein, the appellant was convicted of attempted rape, which is a Class C felony.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-12-107(a); 39-13-503(b). The appellant does not dispute his

classification as a Range III offender, so the range of punishment is ten (10) to fifteen (15) years.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(c)(3). The presumptive sentence for a Class C felony is the minimum

sentence in the range if there are no enhancement or mitigating factors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

210(c). Thus, in order to determine a defendant’s sentence, a trial court starts at the presumptive

sentence, enhances the sentence within the range for existing enhancement factors, and then reduces

the sentence within the range for existing mitigating factors in accordance with Tennessee Code

Annotated section 40-35-210(e). No particular weight for each factor is prescribed by the statute;

the weight given to each factor is left to the discretion of the trial court as long as it comports with

the sentencing principles and purposes of our Code and as long as its findings are supported by the

record. See State v. Santiago, 914 S.W.2d 116, 125 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). 

The trial court sentenced the appellant to fifteen (15) years, the maximum sentence in the

range, based on its application of the above stated enhancement factors. On appeal, apart from his

Blakely argument which has already been discussed above, the appellant challenges only the

application of enhancement factor (8). The trial court stated that it was normally reluctant to apply

factor (8) in an attempted rape case, but reasoned that the factor “can apply in a sexual offense if the

circumstances surrounding the offense go beyond that which one would normally associate with sex

acts.” The trial court determined that the appellant was “a predator” whose “sexual aversions go

beyond that point . . . that his offenses were committed not just for sexual gratification, but for

gratification of a devious nature.” The evidence showed that, while the appellant and the victim

were watching a movie in the appellant’s bedroom, the appellant “scoot[ed]” within inches of the

victim. The appellant put his hand on the victim’s belly and started rubbing it in a circular motion.

the appellant told that victim that he was “gay.” The victim testified that, as he rubbed the victim’s

belly, the appellant “said he liked girls, but he liked boys, too.” The appellant told the victim that

if he “fucked him,” he would buy him anything. When the victim tried to leave, the appellant

grabbed him and “slung” him onto the bed. The appellant held the victim down on the bed and said

he “might as well f--- [the victim] now because he knowed [sic] that [the victim] was going to go

home and tell [his] mom and dad.” The application of enhancement factor (8) requires the State to

prove objective evidence of the defendant’s motivation to seek pleasure or excitement through sexual

assault. State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 262 (Tenn. 2001). It has been determined that factor (8)

may be applied where there is “evidence including, but not limited to, sexually explicit remarks and

overt sexual displays made by the defendant, such as fondling or kissing a victim or otherwise

behaving in a sexual manner, or remarks or behavior demonstrating the defendant’s enjoyment of

the sheer violence of the rape.” Id. The record herein supports the application of this enhancement

factor. 

Rule 20, Rules of the Court of Criminal Appeals provides inter alia: 

The Court, with the concurrence of all judges participating in the case, when

an opinion would have no precedential value, may affirm the judgment or action of

the trial court by memorandum opinion rather than by formal opinion, when:
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The judgment is rendered or the action is taken in a proceeding before

the trial judge without a jury, and such judgment or action is not a

determination of guilt, and the evidence does not preponderate against

the finding of the trial judge . . . .

We determine that this case meets the criteria of the above-quoted rule and, therefore, we

affirm the judgment of the trial court in accordance therewith. 

 

___________________________________ 

JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE