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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

PENSACOLA DIVISION

COMMUNITY MARITIME PARK

ASSOCIATES, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 3:11cv60/MCR/CJK

MARITIME PARK DEVELOPMENT

PARTNERS, LLC,

Defendant.

_______________________________/

O R D E R

Defendant has filed an Amended Motion For Recusal (doc. 20) of the undersigned

presiding judge, arguing that “favoritism or a reasonable perception of favoritism” by the

undersigned toward plaintiff exists in this case. Defendant’s motion is based on the fact

that the undersigned previously served as a law clerk to plaintiff’s former Chairman of the

Board, Senior United States District Judge Lacey Collier, and has since expressed respect

and admiration for him. From these facts, defendant argues there is both actual bias and

a “reasonable appearance of improper trust [by the undersigned] in the notable and

publicly expressed negative views of Senior District Judge Lacey Collier toward the

Defendant.” 

In support of its motion, defendant has submitted the affidavit of Scott Davison, an

employee of the defendant, in which Davison alleges in pertinent part that “[t]he presiding

judge has referred to Judge Collier as a ‘mentor’ and ‘formerly worked for Judge Collier.’” 

Davison further alleges “it has ‘come to my attention that Judge Collier and current Federal

District Judge M. Casey Rogers [sic] share a close and continuing personal and

professional relationship over a long number of years.’” Davison affidavit (emphasis in

original). Davison alleges no personal knowledge of the relationship between the
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undersigned and Judge Collier and instead relies on a January 2004 article published in

the Academy For Trial Lawyer’s Women’s Caucus Journal, which contains an interview of

the undersigned and reads in pertinent part as follows: 

“Judge Rodgers attended college in Pensacola, at the University of

West Florida. She went to law school at California Western School of Law. 

She was an outstanding student and was granted an externship with the

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the Honorable David R. Thompson. She

became fascinated with the judicial system at that time. Later, after

completing law school, she was selected to serve as law clerk to the

Honorable Lacey Collier, a federal district court judge in the Northern District

of Florida.

She had many opportunities during her approximately two and onehalf year clerkship to see first-hand how the federal court system operated. 

She enjoyed seeing the skilled attorneys present their cases. She also

realized that the system had a number of components essential to its

success: the leadership of the judges, the dedication of the staff and

courthouse personnel and the outstanding preparation by the litigants

appearing in court.

Her experiences in federal court, as both a student and clerk, were

positive and challenging ones. She says that Judge Collier was not only an

excellent mentor and teacher, but also an honorable and good judge. In

large part, she credits her desire to pursue a judicial position to the

experiences she had during her clerkship.”

Davison suggests “it does not seem proper, given the close relationship between Judge

Collier and Judge Rodgers, for her to decide matters in this case that may be influenced

by his notably negative opinions toward MPDP.” The undersigned disagrees.

In deciding a motion to recuse, courts must consider two competing policies. "The

first is that courts must not only be, but must seem to be, free of bias or prejudice." United

States v. Greenough, 782 F.2d 1556, 1558 (11th Cir.1986). The second is that “a judge,

having been assigned to a case, should not recuse himself on unsupported, irrational, or

highly tenuous speculation.” Id. If this occurred, “the price of maintaining the purity of the

appearance of justice would be the power of litigants or third parties to exercise a veto over

the assignment of judges.” Id. The law in the Eleventh Circuit is clear: “[T]here is as much

obligation for a judge not to recuse when there is no occasion for him to do so as there is

for him to do so when there is.” Carter v. West Publ'g Co., No. 99-11959, 1999 WL

Case No.: 3:11cv60/MCR/CJK
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994997, * 2 (11th Cir. 1999) (quoting Hinman v. Rogers, 831 F.2d 937, 939 (10th

Cir.1987)). Although judges should resolve any doubts in favor of disqualification, there

must actually exist some reasonable doubt concerning the judge's impartiality. “If

Congress had wanted judges to abandon all caution in deciding motions to recuse, they

would have enacted a scheme of disqualification on demand.” Id. Congress instead

required that there exist a “reasonable doubt” as to a judge's impartiality, that is, it "must

reasonably be questioned," before the judge must recuse himself. Id. This is because

“‘there is the need to prevent parties from manipulating the system for strategic reasons,

perhaps to obtain a judge more to their liking.’” Id. (citing FDIC v. Sweeney, 136 F.3d 216,

220 (1st Cir. 1998)) (internal alterations omitted). As the Seventh Circuit has observed:

“A judge who removes himself whenever a party asks is giving that party a free strike, and

Congress rejected proposals . . . to allow each party to remove a judge at the party's

option.” New York City Housing Dev. Corp. v. Hart, 796 F.2d 976, 981 (7th Cir.1986).

Recusal is governed by two federal statutes: 28 U.S.C. § 144 and § 455, both of

which are urged by defendant as a basis for recusal in this case.

28 U.S.C. § 144

Section 144 provides in part:

Whenever a party to any proceeding in a district court makes and files a

timely and sufficient affidavit that the judge before whom the matter is

pending has a personal bias or prejudice either against him or in favor of any

adverse party, such judge shall proceed no further therein, but another judge

shall be assigned to hear such proceeding.

"If an affidavit filed under section 144 is timely and technically correct, its factual allegations

must be taken as true for purposes of recusal." Phillips v. Joint Legislative Comm., 637

F.2d 1014, 1019 (5th Cir.1981). Once the motion is filed, the judge must pass on the legal 1

sufficiency of the affidavit, but may not pass on the truth of the matters alleged. Parrish

v. Bd. of Comm'rs of the Ala. State Bar, 524 F.2d 98, 100 (5th Cir.1975).2

The Eleventh Circuit has adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit

1

handed down before October 1, 1981. See Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981).

See note 1, supra.

2

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Legal sufficiency is determined as a question of law on the basis of whether the

affidavit sets out facts and reasons for the party's belief that the judge has a personal bias

that “‘give[s] fair support to the charge of a bent mind that may prevent or impede

impartiality of judgment.’” Id. (quoting Berger v. United States, 255 U.S. 22, 33 (1921)). 

The legal question presented is determined by applying the reasonable man standard to

the facts and reasons stated in the affidavit. See id. Thus, "[t]o warrant recusal under 3

§ 144, the moving party must allege facts that would convince a reasonable person that

a bias actually exists." Christo v. Padgett, 223 F.3d 1324, 1333 (11th Cir.2000), cert.

denied, 531 U.S. 1191 (2001).

Accepting the facts in Davison’s affidavit as true for the purposes of this motion,

(see Parrish, 524 F.2d at 100; 28 U.S.C. § 144), the court finds those facts insufficient to

support a motion to recuse for actual bias. The Davison affidavit contains no facts showing

that the undersigned has an actual bias against or in favor of either party in this case.

Nothing alleged even remotely suggests that the undersigned has any personal knowledge

of the events in this case or personal association with any party. There are also no facts

supporting Davison’s reference to a “close personal friendship” between the undersigned

and Judge Collier. Moreover, even if the facts showed a friendship, that alone would not

be enough to demonstrate actual bias. See Parish, 524 F.2d at 101-02 (an allegation of

a friendship between the presiding judge and parties, witnesses, and/or attorneys is not

enough to show actual bias.). Finally, and notably, there are no facts showing that the

undersigned has any knowledge of Judge Collier’s personal opinions about the defendant

or this case. Davison merely assumes, without any foundation whatsoever, that the

In Parrish, the Fifth Circuit adopted the tripartite test of the Third Circuit for analyzing an affidavit

3

filed pursuant to § 144:

(1) The facts must be material and stated with particularity;

(2) the facts must be such that, if true they would convince a reasonable man that a bias

exists, and

(3) the facts must show the bias is personal, as opposed to judicial, in nature.

Parrish, 524 F.2d at 100.

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undersigned is aware of Judge Collier’s views and opinions on this matter. Such

speculation is insufficient to support a claim of actual bias. 

Additionally, Davison’s personal assertion that he has doubts about the

undersigned’s impartiality is irrelevant. Whether the facts would convince a reasonable

person that bias exists is a legal question to be determined by the court, not the defendant. 

The standard is not whether a party has a doubt about a judge’s impartiality, or even

whether a reasonable person would have a doubt. The standard under 28 U.S.C. § 144

is clear: “The facts must be such that, if true, they would convince a reasonable person

that bias exists.” Parrish, 524 F.2d at 100. A mere doubt is insufficient.

28 U.S.C. § 455

Defendant’s motion fares no better under § 455. The standard of recusal under 

§ 455 is “whether an objective, fully informed lay observer would entertain significant doubt

about the judge's impartiality.” Christo, 223 F.3d at 1333. The relevant inquiry is “how

things appear to the well-informed, thoughtful and objective observer, rather than the

hypersensitive, cynical, and suspicious person." United States v. Jordan, 49 F.3d 152, 156

(5th Cir.1995); see also Byrne v. Nezhat, 261 F.3d 1075, 1101 (11th Cir. 2001). In this

case, a reasonable person, fully informed with all of these facts, would not have cause to

entertain doubts about the undersigned’s impartiality in this case. Therefore, recusal is not

warranted under § 455.

Davison alleges that Judge Collier expressed negative views about the defendant

while Judge Collier was plaintiff’s Chairman of the Board; that the undersigned previously

worked as Judge Collier’s law clerk; and that seven years ago the undersigned was

interviewed and commented that during her clerkship Judge Collier had been an excellent

teacher and mentor and an honorable and good judge. Although Davison suggests in his

affidavit that the undersigned’s opinion of Judge Collier was an opinion she held at the time

of the interview, that suggestion is not supported by the article. Instead, it is evident from 4

a reading of the article that the reference to Judge Collier as a mentor related to the

The article is referenced in Davison’s affidavit and attached to it as an exhibit.

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undersigned’s perceptions of him at the time she was a law clerk, which was, according

to the article, approximately ten years prior to the interview, or seventeen years before

today. The affidavit is void of any facts supporting a current, or even recent, “close

personal relationship” between the undersigned and Judge Collier. And, as already noted, 5

there are no facts showing that the undersigned has any knowledge of Judge Collier’s

opinions about the defendant or its relationship to the plaintiff. Given these facts, and the

absence of facts, a well-informed, thoughtful and objective observer, rather than the

hypersensitive, cynical, and suspicious person, would not have a significant doubt about

the undersigned’s impartiality. See Jordan, 49 F.3d at 156.

Accordingly, Defendant’s Amended Motion For Recusal (doc. 20) is DENIED.

DONE and ORDERED this 14th day of March, 2011.

 s/ M. Casey Rodgers 

M. CASEY RODGERS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

That fact alone still would not be enough to support disqualification. See Carter v. West Publ'g Co.,

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No. 99-11959, 1999 W L 994997 (11th Cir. 1999).

Case No.: 3:11cv60/MCR/CJK