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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

GAINESVILLE DIVISION

DOMINIC L. REDDICK, 

Petitioner,

v. CASE NO. 1:10-cv-00213-MP-GRJ

SECRETARY, DEPT. OF 

CORRECTIONS, 

Respondents.

_____________________________/

O R D E R

This cause comes on for consideration upon the Magistrate Judge's Report and

Recommendation dated February 7, 2014. (Doc. 24). The parties have been furnished a copy of

the Report and Recommendation and have been afforded an opportunity to file objections

pursuant to Title 28, United States Code, Section 636(b)(1). I have made a de novo

determination of any timely filed objections. Having considered the Report and

Recommendation, and any objections thereto timely filed, I have determined that the Report and

Recommendation should be adopted. 

This matter arises from a violation of probation hearing in Alachua County, Florida, at

which Petitioner was sentenced to life imprisonment. Doc. 22, Ex. E at 1, 181. The violations

were based on Petitioner’s alleged commission of a series of additional Alachua County criminal

offenses. Petitioner filed the instant petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §

2254, raising four grounds for relief. (Doc. 1). Ground one of the petition argues a claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Specifically, Petitioner argues that trial counsel failed to

properly move the court for a continuance of the hearing on the specific basis that trial counsel

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was ill-prepared and had failed to adequately consult with Petitioner concerning his potential

defenses. See Doc. 1 at 4, 7. 

The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation found that all of the grounds

contained in the instant habeas petition lack merit and, therefore, should be denied. Concerning

ground one, the Magistrate Judge found that Petitioner’s claim for ineffective assistance of trial

counsel is subject to a procedural default. Petitioner failed to properly exhaust this specific

claim in his underlying motion for postconviction relief, filed pursuant to Florida Rule of

Criminal Procedure 3.850. See Doc. 24 at 6-9. Although Petitioner’s Rule 3.850 motion did

mention the specific points alleged in ground one of the instant petition, the main thrust of his

Rule 3.850 claim was that “counsel should have moved for a continuance pending the conclusion

of the new criminal charges.” Further, this is how the state court addressed the claim. See id. at

8; see also Doc. 22, Ex. N at 76-78. 

On February 27, 2014, Petitioner objected to the Report and Recommendation. (Doc.

27). Therein, Petitioner presents a new legal argument concerning whether his ineffective

assistance of trial counsel claim in ground one is subject to procedural default. Petitioner argues

that the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. 1309 (2012),

provides cause for Petitioner’s failure to exhaust this claim. However, for the reasons stated

below, Martinez and its progeny do not avail Petitioner of the procedural default, and the instant

petition must be denied.

In Martinez, the Supreme Court considered whether ineffective assistance of counsel at

an “initial-review collateral proceeding on a claim of ineffective assistance at trial may provide

cause for a procedural default in a federal habeas proceeding.” Id. at 1315. The case involved

review of a conviction out of Arizona, a State that prohibits prisoners from raising claims of

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ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal. Instead, prisoners “must bring the claim

in state collateral proceedings.” Id. at 1313. The Court held that “[w]here, under state law,

claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel must be raised in an initial-review collateral

proceeding, a procedural default will not bar a federal habeas court from hearing a substantial

claim of ineffective assistance at trial if, in the initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no

counsel or counsel in that proceeding was ineffective.” Id. at 1320. The Court reasoned that

such collateral proceedings typically provide “the first occasion to raise” such a claim, and

where an attorney errs in such proceedings, “it is likely that no state court at any level will hear

the prisoner’s claim.” Id. at 1315, 1316. Likewise, the Court recognized that claims for

ineffective assistance of trial counsel often turn on “evidence outside the trial record” and

require significant investigation and evidentiary development, activities that an unrepresented

prisoner is in no position to undertake. Id. at 1317. 

 In short, Martinez provides prisoners cause for overcoming procedural default so long as

the following four conditions are met: (1) the petitioner held a substantial claim of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel; (2) the petitioner was unrepresented or represented by ineffective

counsel during a state collateral review proceeding; (3) the state collateral review proceeding

was the initial review proceeding with respect to the ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim;

and (4) state law requires that an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim be raised in an

initial-review collateral proceeding. See Trevino v. Thaler, 133 S. Ct. 1911, 1918 (2013). 

In this case, Petitioner was convicted in Florida and filed a Rule 3.850 motion for

postconviction relief. This Court has previously held that Rule 3.850 proceedings constitute an

initial-review collateral proceeding. See Blackmon v. Pippin, No. 3:08-CV-510-RV-EMT, 2013

WL 6168889, at *5 (N.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2013) (noting that a petitioner’s first Rule 3.850

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proceeding may constitute an initial-review collateral proceeding for purposes of Martinez). 

However, Florida law does not require that claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel be

initially brought in a Rule 3.850 collateral proceeding. Instead, such claims may be raised on

direct appeal. See Gore v. State, 784 So. 2d 418, 437-38 (Fla. 2001); Foster v. State, 387 So. 2d

344, 345-46 (Fla. 1980); see also Jurkowich v. Buss, No. 3:10-CV-189-MCR-CJK, 2011 WL

6076337, at *6 (N.D. Fla. July 15, 2011) (delineating the circumstances under which a Florida

appellate court may consider a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal). 

Thus, cause under Martinez may only be established in this matter if Martinez applies to state

law procedural frameworks that allow, but do not require, prisoners to bring claims of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal. 

Initially, courts interpreted Martinez as not applying to state procedural frameworks such

as Florida’s. Both the Fifth and Eighth Circuits viewed Martinez narrowly, applying it only

where the underlying state law barred “the raising of claims of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel on direct appeal.” Ortiz v. Sec., Dep’t of Corr., No. 8:11-CV-2410-T-33MAP, 2013 WL

787656, at *11 n.7 (M.D. Fla. March 4, 2013); see also Ibarra v. Thaler, 687 F.3d 222, 227 (5th

Cir. 2012); Dansby v. Norris, 682 F.3d 711, 728-29 (8th Cir. 2012). In Ibarra, the Fifth Circuit

analyzed Texas law, which allows prisoners to bring claims of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel on direct appeal. The Court found that because “Texas procedures entitle [prisoners] to

review through . . . direct appeal,” Martinez does not apply. Ibarra, 687 F.3d at 227. Similarly,

the Arkansas law analyzed in Dansby allows prisoners “to raise a claim of ineffective assistance .

. . on direct appeal.” Dansby, 682 F.3d at 729. Consequently, the Eighth Circuit determined that

Martinez does not apply to Arkansas law. Id. 

The Supreme Court, however, rejected this narrow interpretation in Trevino v. Thaler,

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133 S. Ct. 1911 (2013). Like the Fifth Circuit in Ibarra, the Supreme Court considered whether

Martinez applies to the Texas procedural system. According to the Court, Texas law permits but

does not require defendants initially to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on

direct appeal. Id. at 1915. However, the “structure and design of the Texas system in actual

operation . . . make it ‘virtually impossible’ for an ineffective assistance claim to be presented on

direct review.” Id. (quoting Robinson v. State, 16 S.W.3d 808, 810-11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)). 

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals itself previously noted that the inherent nature of most

ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims requires the development of evidence outside of the

trial record. Id. (citing Ex parte Torres, 943 S.W.2d 469, 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (en

banc)). “Only ‘[r]arely will a reviewing court be provided the opportunity to make its

determination on direct appeal with a record capable of providing a fair evaluation of the merits

of the claim . . . .’” Id. (quoting Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813-14 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999)). Based on these findings, the Supreme Court held that where a state procedural

framework makes it “virtually impossible” or “highly unlikely in a typical case that a defendant

will have a meaningful opportunity to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on

direct appeal,” Martinez applies. Id. at 1921. 

As such, under Trevino, Martinez would apply to the instant matter only if Florida’s

procedural framework makes bringing an ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim in a typical

direct appeal virtually impossible or highly unlikely. As noted above, Florida courts, like those

in Texas, do not prohibit the bringing of ineffective assistance of trial counsel claims on direct

appeal. See Gore v. State, 784 So. 2d 418, 437-38 (Fla. 2001); Foster v. State, 387 So. 2d 344,

345-46 (Fla. 1980). However, Florida has repeatedly held that such claims are typically “not

cognizable on direct appeal.” Smith v. State, 998 So. 2d 516, 522 (Fla. 2008) (citing a series of

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prior Florida Supreme Court cases that have held that ineffective assistance of trial counsel

claims are, with rare exception, not cognizable on direct appeal). Such claims may only be

raised on direct appeal “where the ineffectiveness is apparent on the face of the record.” Gore,

784 So. 2d at 438. Further, such review is discretionary in that “the appellate court can simply

decline review in favor of review by post-conviction motion.” Digsby v. McNeil, No. 3:07-CV540-MCR-WCS, 2009 WL 331554, at *9 (N.D. Fla. Feb. 9, 2009); see also Smith, 998 So. 2d at

523 (declining to address claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal in

favor of allowing appellant to raise those claims in a postconviction motion); Zimmerman, 124

So. 3d 414 (Fla. 5th Dist. Ct. App. 2013) (same). 

Given the rarity of direct appellate review, as well as the discretion held by appellate

courts over such review, the Florida procedural framework renders the bringing of ineffective

assistance of trial counsel claims on direct appeal highly unlikely in the typical case. Thus,

pursuant to Trevino, Martinez applies to the instant matter. 

Turning again to the four factors of Martinez, Petitioner moved the trial court for

postconviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. See Doc. 22, Ex. N

at 41. As noted above, a Rule 3.850 proceeding constitutes an initial-review collateral

proceeding. See Blackmon v. Pippin, No. 3:08-CV-510-RV-EMT, 2013 WL 6168889, at *5

(N.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2013). Petitioner was unrepresented during this proceeding and failed to

raise the specific ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim now brought in ground one of the

instant habeas petition. Thus, the procedural posture of the underlying case appears to satisfy the

requirements for cause under Martinez. 

However, to establish cause under Martinez, Petitioner “must also demonstrate that the

underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is a substantial one, which is to say that .

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. . the claim has some merit.” Martinez, 132 S. Ct. 1309, 1318-19 (2012). Turning to the merits

of Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim in ground one, the Court finds that

Petitioner has failed to meet this burden. 

Petitioner claims that trial counsel failed to properly move the court for a continuance of

the violation of probation hearing on the specific basis that trial counsel was ill-prepared and had

failed to adequately consult with Petitioner concerning Petitioner’s defenses. See Doc. 1 at 4, 7. 

However, the record directly contradicts this assertion. According to Petitioner’s Exhibit A,

attached to his petition, trial counsel initially raised this motion during a calendar call on the date

of the hearing, stating that he and Petitioner were “not even close to being prepared for” the

hearing. Doc. 1, Ex. A at 2. At the start of the hearing, trial counsel renewed his motion to

continue, again based on his lack of preparedness. Counsel reiterated that he had been given

limited access to Petitioner and, as such, was unable to properly advise Petitioner on his

available defenses prior to the hearing. Doc. 22, Ex. E at 6-11. Trial counsel specifically

indicated that he felt “uncomfortable proceeding to a hearing where [Petitioner] would be facing

a life sentence when [counsel had not] had the -- the fundamental time to sit down and discuss . .

. matters with [Petitioner].” Id. at 7. The trial court denied counsel’s motion to continue. Id. at

11. Counsel then renewed the motion as an objection during the hearing. Id. at 54-55 . The trial

court, again, denied the objection. Id.

In asserting a constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must

demonstrate (1) that his counsel’s performance was below an objective and reasonable

professional norm, and (2) that he was prejudiced by this inadequacy. Strickland v. Washington,

466 U.S. 668, 686, 691-92 (1984). Petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 698-

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700. In this case, trial counsel cannot be deemed deficient for failing to file a motion that he in

fact did file. Consequently, Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim in ground

one of the instant petition is not “substantial” under Martinez, and Petitioner has failed to show

the requisite cause so as to overcome his procedural default. 

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED:

1. The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation (Doc. 24) is adopted and

incorporated by reference in this order. 

2. The petition for writ of habeas corpus, filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, (Doc.

1) is DENIED.

3. A certificate of appealability is DENIED, pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules

Governing Section 2254 Cases in the U.S. District Courts.

DONE AND ORDERED this 7th day of April, 2014

 s/Maurice M. Paul 

 Maurice M. Paul, Senior District Judge

Case No: 1:10-cv-00213-MP-GRJ

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