NUMBER 13-12-00684-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI—EDINBURG

____________________________________________________

IN THE INTEREST OF A.V.M., A.S., AND A.S., MINOR CHILDREN

On appeal from the 377th District Court

of Victoria County, Texas.

____________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Garza, Benavides, and Perkes 

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes

The trial court terminated A.V.’s (“mother”) parental rights to three of her children: 

a daughter, A.V.M. and two younger sons, both with initials A.S.1 By three issues, the 

mother argues that the trial court’s ruling should not stand because there was legally

and factually insufficient evidence to support termination of her parental rights on the 

 

1

 In appeals involving the termination of parental rights, the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure 

require the use of an alias to refer to a minor. We may also use an alias “to [refer to] the minor’s parent or 

other family member” to protect the minor’s identity. TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8.
2

grounds set forth in the trial court’s judgment. In her fourth issue, she argues that the 

trial court erred in finding that termination is in the children’s best interest. We affirm the 

termination of parental rights with respect to the mother. In the same cause, the trial 

court also terminated the parental rights of J.S. (“father”), the father of the two sons, 

A.S. and A.S. On appeal, the father raises five issues, challenging the trial court’s 

failure to appoint legal counsel and to advise him of various rights. We affirm, in part, 

and reverse and remand, in part.2

I. BACKGROUND

On May 3, 2011, the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the 

Department”) filed an amended petition for protection of a child, for conservatorship and 

for termination. The Department sought to terminate the mother’s parental rights; as 

well as the parental rights of J.S., the father of A.S. and A.S., the two younger children

(sons); and J.M., the father of A.V.M., the oldest child (daughter). The pleading was

 

2

Parental-termination appeals are accelerated appeals. Id. R. 28.4. Under Texas Rule of 

Judicial Administration 6.2(a), in an appeal like this one involving the termination of parental rights, this 

Court should “so far as reasonably possible, ensure that the appeal is brought to final disposition” within 

180 days of the date the notice of appeal was filed. See TEX. R. JUD. ADMIN. 6.2. This appeal was 

initiated on October 22, 2012, making April 20, 2013 the 180th day; however, this Court did not occasion 

the delay in disposing of this appeal. 

On January 4, 2013, the Clerk of this Court notified J.S.’s counsel that J.S.’s brief was due on 

December 21, 2012, but that it had not been filed. Despite a request that J.S.’s appellate counsel file an 

explanation within ten days concerning the failure to file a brief, no explanation was filed. The Clerk 

contacted J.S.’s counsel and was then informed that J.S. no longer desired to pursue this appeal; 

however, no motion to dismiss the appeal was filed. Accordingly, on February 26, 2013, this Court 

abated the present appeal and remanded the case to the trial court for a determination of, among other 

things, whether J.S. desired to prosecute this appeal. After a hearing on March 14, 2013, in which J.S. 

participated by telephone and appellate counsel appeared in person, the trial court entered findings of 

fact showing that J.S. does desire to prosecute this appeal. The trial court’s findings of fact also set forth 

that J.S.’s appellate counsel was unable to obtain J.S.’s written authorization to dismiss the appeal 

because of J.S.’s movement within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. By a letter to the Clerk of 

this Court dated March 12, 2013, the trial court judge advised this Court that J.S. was difficult to locate 

because of at least three movements within the prison system within a short span of time. J.S.’s 

appellate brief was finally filed April 5, 2013. The State’s response brief was filed May 2, 2013.
3

supported by a caseworker’s affidavit which stated that domestic violence was occurring

between the mother and J.S. The three children were placed in foster care. 

On August 11, 2011, the attorney ad litem for the children filed a motion alleging 

that the two younger children had been subjected to neglect and sub-standard foster 

care and recommended that the children be returned to their biological parents, 

asserting it was safer than the environment in which they had been placed. The two 

younger children were placed with their parents, but A.V.M remained in foster care. The 

court appointed special advocate (“CASA”) noted that the father tested positive for 

marihuana and continued to have verbal altercations with the mother. 

By February 14, 2012, all three children were returned home. The Department 

report noted that reunification was the goal and that J.S. was not living in the home. 

After a permanency hearing held in June 2012, the court noted that the mother had 

demonstrated some adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan.

In September of 2012, after learning of an altercation that occurred between the 

mother and father, a Department caseworker met with A.V.M. at her school. The child 

confirmed that her mother and J.S. had gotten into an argument and that she witnessed 

J.S. choking her mother. A.V.M. also told the caseworker that J.S. was living at the 

home. The children were again removed from the home.

At trial, Ryan Salles, an officer with the Victoria Police Department, testified that 

in August 2012, he responded to a 911 call at the residence of the mother and J.S. The 

mother told the officer that J.S. assaulted her by pulling her hair, slamming her head 

against a wall, and strangling her. Salles arrested J.S. at the scene. According to 

Salles, the mother had redness on her neck. Officer Christopher Case also responded 
4

to the 911 call. The mother told him that she was assaulted by J.S. He assisted the 

mother in completing an affidavit for a protective order. 

The mother was called to testify. She stated that J.S. perpetrated violence in the 

family home. She acknowledged that after making the 911 call, she later recanted. The 

mother said that she lied to the police officers who responded to the 911 telephone call. 

She stated that J.S. did not strangle her, and she denied all of the things that she told 

Officer Case. She further testified that J.S. was not staying at their home when the 

Department came to pick up the children after the August altercation. She said that she

had not seen J.S. since August 15, 2012. During the hearing, she admitted that she 

was pregnant. 

Mark Hayden of the Victoria Police Department testified that he was aware of an 

earlier altercation between the mother and J.S. in April 2011. He arrested J.S. in 

September 2012 because J.S. was at the mother’s home in violation of the protective 

order. After J.S. was taken away, the officer went into the house and noticed an ashtray 

on the counter that had “the end[s] of burned marijuana cigarettes.” The mother told the 

officer that it belonged to J.S. and that she allowed him to smoke in the house. 

Cynthia Tynes, a department caseworker, testified that the parents failed to 

complete their service plans. She did not believe that the domestic violence issues 

between the mother and J.S. were resolved. Tynes said she that believes there is a 

continuing threat to the children, that violence will occur, and that it is harmful to the 

children. 

Rita Danes, the CASA advocate, said that after J.S. left the home, she did not 

see him there when she performed her monthly visits. Similarly, the mother’s neighbor 
5

testified that she had not seen J.S. at the home. The mother’s aunt testified that the 

mother and children could reside with her if the court determined that the mother’s 

parental rights would not be terminated. 

The mother appeared at trial, testified, and was represented by appointed 

counsel. J.S. appeared at trial, representing himself without the benefit of counsel. He 

did not testify, but he did cross-examine witnesses and gave a brief closing argument.

After the trial, the trial court entered an order terminating the parental rights of all three 

parents upon numerous grounds.

3

 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional 

rights and divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties and powers 

normally existing between them, except for the child's right to inherit from the parent. 

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); see In re D.S.P., 210 S.W.3d 776, 778 

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.). Termination must be supported by clear and 

convincing evidence. In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005); In re D.S.P., 210 

S.W.3d at 778. This intermediate standard falls between the preponderance of the 

evidence standard of civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal 

proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980); In re C.S., 208 S.W.3d 77, 

83 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. denied). It is defined as the “measure or degree 

of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to 

the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 

(West 2008); see In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002).

 

3

J.M., who is A.V.M.’s father, neither answered nor personally appeared at the trial. He was, 

however, represented by counsel at trial. He has not appealed the trial court’s ruling. 
6

Before terminating parental rights, the trier of fact must find that the parent 

committed an act prohibited by subsection 161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code and 

that termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. § 153.002 (West 2008); id. 

§ 161.001; see In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 84. The following non-exhaustive list of factors 

is considered in determining whether parental termination is in the child's best interest: 

(1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in 

the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; 

(4) the parenting abilities of the parties seeking custody; (5) the programs available to 

assist the parties seeking custody; (6) the plans for the child by the parties seeking 

custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the acts or omissions 

committed by the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is 

not proper; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions committed by the parent. 

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). The party seeking parental 

termination is not required to prove all nine factors. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27; In re 

J.R.S., 232 S.W.3d 278, 284 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (“These factors are 

not exhaustive; some listed factors may be inapplicable to some cases; other factors not 

on the list may also be considered when appropriate.”). In some cases, undisputed 

evidence of just one factor may be sufficient to support a finding that termination is in 

the best interest of the child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting termination, we “look 

at all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a 

reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was 

true.” In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 85. We must assume that the trier of fact resolved 
7

disputed facts in favor of its finding if it was reasonable to do so. Id. We must also 

consider undisputed evidence, if any, that does not support the finding. Id. at 86.

In reviewing the evidence for factual sufficiency, we must give due deference to 

the findings of the trier of fact and must not supplant the trial court’s judgment with our 

own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We must determine whether, on 

the entire record, a fact finder could have reasonably formed a firm conviction or belief 

that the parent violated the relevant conduct provision of subsection 161.001(1) and that 

the termination of the parent-child relationship would be in the best interest of the child. 

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. We need only determine if the evidence is legally and 

factually sufficient to support a single ground for termination and the trial court's finding 

that the termination is in the best interest of the children. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

§ 161.001.

III. ANALYSIS OF MOTHER’S CLAIMS

A. Termination Under § 161.001(1) (D) and (E)

By her first three issues, appellant A.V. argues that the evidence is legally and 

factually insufficient to support termination under section 161.001(1) (D), (E), and (O) of 

the Texas Family Code. To support termination under section 161.001(1)(E), the 

Department was required to prove that the parent: “knowingly placed the child with 

persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well-being 

of the child.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §161.001(1)(E). To prove termination under 

section 161.001(D), there must be proof that the parent “knowingly placed or knowingly 

allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or 

emotional well-being of the child.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §161.001(1)(D).
8

Endangerment is defined as exposing to loss or injury, to jeopardize. In re 

J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Under subsection 

(D), we examine the evidence related to the environment of the child to determine if the 

environment is the source of endangerment to the child's physical or emotional wellbeing. In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 632 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).

The parent's conduct does not necessarily have to be directed at the child. See 

Vasquez v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 190 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). Conduct that subjects a child to a life of 

uncertainty and instability endangers a child's physical and emotional well-being. See

In re S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). Abusive 

or violent conduct by a parent may produce an environment that endangers the physical 

or emotional well-being of the child. In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. The requisite 

endangerment may be found if the evidence shows a parent's course of conduct that 

has the effect of endangering the child's physical or emotional well-being. See Smith v.

Sims, 801 S.W.2d 247, 250 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ).

Under subsection (E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the 

endangerment of the child's physical well-being was the direct result of appellant's 

conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

§ 161.001(1)(E); see also In re S.M.L., 171 S.W.3d 472, 477 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (“[A] child is endangered when the environment or the parent's 

course of conduct creates a potential for danger which the parent is aware of but 

disregards.”); see In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. Additionally, termination under 

subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, 
9

deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required. In re J.T.G., 121 

S.W.3d at 125; see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(E). The specific danger to 

the child's well-being may be inferred from parental misconduct standing alone. In re 

R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 738 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied).

If a parent abuses or neglects the other parent or children, that conduct can be 

used to support a finding of endangerment even against a child who was not yet born at 

the time of the conduct. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009). It is not 

necessary that the offending conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually 

suffers injury. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

If the evidence shows a course of conduct which has the effect of endangering the 

physical or emotional well-being of the child, a finding under Section 161.001(1)(E) is 

supportable. Id. at 534; see Spangler v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 

962 S.W.2d 253, 260 (Tex. App—Waco 1998, no pet.) (holding that the fact finder may 

consider the alleged abuse of another relative in considering whether a parent's conduct 

endangers a child); Lucas v. Tex. Dep't of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 949 S.W.2d 

500, 503 (Tex. App—Waco 1997, writ denied), disapproved on other grounds by In re 

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2002), (holding that a parent's abuse of a spouse can 

suffice to support termination of the abuser's parental rights). 

Thus, the trial court could consider the history of abuse between the mother and 

the father for purposes of subsections (D) and (E), even if the children were not always 

present. See Spangler, 962 S.W.2d at 260. Similarly, violent acts directed towards one 

child can endanger other children not the direct victims of the physical abuse in 
10

question. See Lucas, 949 S.W.2d at 503; Dir. of Dallas County Protective Servs. v. 

Bowling, 833 S.W.2d 730, 733 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.).

It is self evident that parents perpetrating violence towards certain members of 

the family threaten the emotional development and well-being of any child. Here, the 

trial court had before it evidence of a continuing violent relationship that existed 

between the mother and J.S. The trial court also had before it evidence that at least 

one of the children witnessed the beatings, as well as the mother’s denials and 

recantations with respect to the violent behavior. Evidence that a parent does not 

remove a child from, or allows a child to remain in a home where there is violent 

conduct, supports termination under section 161.001 (1) (D) and (E) of the Texas 

Family Code. See § 161.001 (1)(D) and (E). We believe that a reasonable trier of fact 

could have formed a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to 

be established. 

B. Best Interest of the Children

Utilizing the Holley factors noted above, the evidence shows that the children 

were eight, two, and one at the time they were removed from the home. There was 

evidence regarding at least two assaults by J.S. against the mother, and there was 

evidence that the assaults happened in the presence of the children. A.V.M. told the 

caseworker that she feared returning home. In A.V.M.’s interview, which is part of the 

record, she expressed the same concern. The caseworker stated that the mother had 

not continued counseling and that the goals in the service plan were not met. There 

was evidence of repeated violent events in the home, and the trier of fact could have 

taken into consideration the veracity of the mother’s testimony. The mother was in 
11

denial with respect to the seriousness of the situation between J.S. and her, and she 

repeatedly lied either to police officers who came to her home or to the trial court. 

Under either scenario, it could rightfully have weighed into the trial court’s decision to 

terminate her parental rights. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that a trier of fact 

could have formed a firm belief that termination of her parental rights was in the best 

interest of the three children subject to this lawsuit. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. 

§§153.002, 161.001; see also Holley, 544 S.W. 2d at 372.

The evidence is sufficient to support termination pursuant to sections

161.001(1)(D) and (E) of the Texas Family Code. Id. Thus, we will not address the 

remaining issue pertaining to section 161.001(1)(O) of the Texas Family Code. See

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. We also conclude the trial court did not err in its determination 

that termination was in the best interest of the children. Accordingly, we overrule all of 

appellant A.V.’s issues on appeal. 

IV. Analysis of Father’s Claims

A. Underlying Facts

Appellant J.S. raises several issues regarding his lack of legal representation at 

the final hearing, after which his parental rights were terminated. Specifically, he argues 

the trial court abused its discretion by failing: (1) to appoint legal counsel; (2) to advise 

him of his right to counsel; (3) to determine whether he was voluntarily and knowingly 

waiving his right to counsel; (4) to advise of the dangers of self-representation; and 

(5) to inform him that he would not be granted any special consideration regarding the 

rules of evidence and procedure. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI, XIV. 
12

After the Department filed its original petition for termination, J.S. filed an affidavit 

of inability to employ counsel. The trial court determined he was indigent and appointed 

an attorney to represent him. On November 7, 2011, however, his appointed counsel 

filed a motion to withdraw. The docket sheet reflects that the motion was heard and 

granted on December 9, 2011. On September 12, 2012, the Department filed another

affidavit and order for protection, removing the children from the mother. 

A trial was held, beginning September 24, 2012. J.S. represented himself, pro 

se. At the commencement of trial, the court asked if J.S. had an attorney; he answered 

that he did not. Counsel for the Department pointed out that J.S. had an attorney “who 

subsequently withdrew and [sic] it became aware to the Court that [J.S.] could afford to 

hire an attorney by his employment. Since that time he has not hired an attorney.” 

There were no further inquiries into whether or not J.S. had the funds to retain counsel. 

Of note, at the time of final hearing, J.S. was incarcerated. Two days after the trial court 

filed its order terminating the parental rights of J.S., the trial court again recognizing that

J.S. was indigent, appointed counsel to represent him in this appeal.4

B. Standard of Review and Applicable Law 

We review a trial court’s determination of indigency under an abuse of discretion 

standard. In re C.D.S., 172 S.W.3d 179, 184 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). 

An abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its decisions on 

conflicting evidence. Id. Section 107.013 of the Texas Family Code provides that in a 

 

4

 The Department attached to its appellate brief portions of a transcript of a permanency hearing 

apparently held on November 4, 2011, purporting to show J.S. was no longer indigent. However, neither 

the transcript of the permanency hearing nor the related clerk’s records regarding J.S.’s appointed 

attorney’s withdrawal were made a part of the appellate record in this cause. We do not consider 

attachments to briefs that are not formally included in the appellate record. See Guajardo v. Conwell, 46 

S.W.3d 862, 864 (Tex. 2001); WorldPeace v. Comm'n for Lawyer Discipline, 183 S.W.3d 451, 465 n.23 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied).
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suit filed by a governmental entity, as here, the court shall appoint an attorney to 

represent the interests of the indigent parent who responds in opposition to the 

termination. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §107.013 (West Supp. 2011). The language of 

the statute is mandatory. 

The complete failure of a trial court to appoint counsel for indigent parents is

reversible error. In re M.J.M.L., 31 S.W.3d 347, 353–54(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, 

pet denied). In a termination case, a parent determined to be indigent is generally 

presumed to remain indigent unless evidence of a change in financial circumstances is 

presented to the trial court. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 107.013(e); see also TEX. R.

APP. P. 20.1(a)(3) (“In a suit filed by a governmental entity in which termination of the 

parent-child relationship . . . is requested, a parent determined by the trial court to be 

indigent is presumed to remain indigent for the duration of the suit and any subsequent 

appeal, as provided by section 107.013 of the Family Code, and may proceed without 

advance payment of costs.”). Termination proceedings must be strictly scrutinized, and 

involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent. In re 

D.S.P., 210 S.W.3d at 778 (quoting Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20). The Texas Supreme 

Court has held that this statutory right to counsel “embodies the right to effective 

counsel.” In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 544 (Tex. 2003). 

The statute does not include the requirement that an indigent parent affirmatively 

request appointment of counsel when it appears that the parent opposes the termination 

suit. In re J.M., 361 S.W.3d 734, 738 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.). Further, 

there are no magic words to be “in opposition” to a suit for termination. In re T.R.R.,

986 S.W.2d 31, 37 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.).
14

The record does not show why counsel was not appointed for J.S. for the final 

hearing. While counsel for the Department hints that J.S. had funds from employment, 

it is undisputed that he was in jail at the time of the final hearing, and the record does 

not show that J.S. had funds to employ counsel at the time of the final hearing. No 

inquiries were made in that regard. The record does show, however, that he was 

represented earlier in the proceedings by appointed counsel, and that two days after the 

trial court ruled on the termination, it appointed appellate counsel for J.S. 

At the very least, the trial court should have made an inquiry with respect to J.S’s 

financial status and informed or advised him of his right to counsel. The natural rights 

existing between parent and child are of a constitutional dimension, and are to be 

strictly construed in the parent’s favor. We hold the trial court abused its discretion in 

failing to appoint counsel and that such failure is reversible error. 

V. CONCLUSION

We affirm the termination order of the trial court with respect to A.V., the mother. 

We reverse the termination order with respect to J.S., the father, for appointment of an 

attorney ad litem consistent with section 107.013(a) of the Texas Family Code and 

remand for a new trial. 

Gregory T. Perkes

Justice

Delivered and filed the 

9th day of May, 2013.