*

 The Honorable Gerald E. Rosen, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of

Michigan, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 06a0556n.06

Filed: August 3, 2006

Nos. 05-5225/5227/5358/5359

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re LARRY CONWAY,

Debtor-Appellant,

___________________________

LARRY CONWAY and MARILYN CONWAY,

Appellants,

v.

PRESTON WILSON, Chapter 7 Trustee, and

UNITED STATES Trustee for Region 8,

Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE

PANEL FOR THE SIXTH

CIRCUIT

OPINION

BEFORE: BOGGS and COLE, Circuit Judges, and ROSEN, District Judge.*

R. GUY COLE, JR., Circuit Judge. In this consolidated appeal, Debtor-Appellant Larry

Conway appeals four separate orders of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel for the Sixth Circuit

affirming orders entered by the bankruptcy court and his wife, Appellant Marilyn Conway, appeals

three of those orders although she is only a party in two of the cases. For the following reasons we

AFFIRM the orders of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel in Case Nos. 05-5225, 05-5358, and 05-

5359, and DISMISS the appeal in Case No. 05-5227 for lack of jurisdiction.
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In re: Larry Conway

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I. Background

A. Factual Background

On February 26, 2002, Larry Conway filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Chapter

11 of Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994 (the “Bankruptcy Code”), 11 U.S.C. § 101 et seq., his second

Chapter 11 petition in four months. Conway listed assets in his accompanying bankruptcy schedules

totaling $13,882,267. Included in these assets were: a principal residence valued at $1.76 million;

a Mercedes-Benz automobile; furniture valued at $170,000; books, pictures, and artifacts valued at

$980,000; and furs and jewelry valued at $100,000. Conway subsequently amended his bankruptcy

schedules to include a Lexus automobile, but did not list its value. The aggregate value of the

personal property listed by Conway was $1,160,000. Subsequently, and without explanation,

Conway amended his schedule of assets, decreasing their combined value to $559,600.

On August 1, 2002, the United States Trustee moved to dismiss or, alternatively, convert

Conway’s case to a case under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. The bankruptcy court set

November 4, 2002, as the date for a hearing on the motion. Prior to the hearing date, the United

States Trustee served written notice of his intent to conduct a deposition of Conway, and also served

upon Conway a written set of interrogatories and request for production of documents. Conway did

not appear for his deposition on the designated date nor did he provide answers to the interrogatories

or produce any documents. The United States Trustee thereupon filed a motion to compel Conway’s

compliance with his discovery requests. In response, the bankruptcy court entered orders

compelling Conway to appear for a deposition, and to file answers to the interrogatories and produce

the requested documents. Conway failed to comply with either order: he neither appeared at the
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In re: Larry Conway

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court-ordered deposition nor filed responses, as ordered, to the interrogatories and requests for

production of documents.

On November 7, 2002, the bankruptcy court converted Conway’s Chapter 11 case to a case

under Chapter 7, and appointed P. Preston Wilson as the Chapter 7 trustee (“Wilson”). By statute,

Wilson, as trustee, was required to “collect and reduce to money the property of the [bankruptcy]

estate . . . and close such estate as expeditiously as is compatible with the best interests of parties

in interest.” 11 U.S.C. § 704(a). Conway appealed the order converting his case to a case under

Chapter 7. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s order for conversion. Conway did not

appeal the judgment of the district court.

A meeting of creditors pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 341 was scheduled for December 4, 2002,

notice of which was sent to Conway and all creditors. Despite notice, Conway did not appear, as

required by the statute, at this meeting. Wilson rescheduled the meeting for January 8, 2003, at

which time, despite notice, Conway failed to appear a second time. Wilson rescheduled the meeting

of the creditors again for March 5, 2003. On January 10, 2003, Wilson filed a motion seeking an

order from the bankruptcy court compelling Conway to appear at the March 5 meeting of the

creditors. On February 4, 2003, after concluding that Conway had not filed an objection to Wilson’s

motion, the bankruptcy court granted the motion and entered an order compelling Conway to attend

the March 5 meeting of creditors. Despite the bankruptcy court’s order, Conway did not appear at

the meeting of creditors. 

On November 21, 2002, Wilson filed a motion in the bankruptcy court for an order

compelling Conway to submit to an examination under Fed. R. Bank. P. 2004. The bankruptcy court
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granted the motion; however, Conway failed to appear at the examination, again offering no basis

for his absence. 

As a result of Conway’s continuing refusal to comply with the Bankruptcy Code and orders

of the bankruptcy court, Wilson moved to dismiss Conway’s bankruptcy case with prejudice. The

bankruptcy court denied the motion, determining that it was in the best interest of the creditors that

Conway’s case continue under Chapter 7 so that Wilson, as trustee, could liquidate Conway’s assets

to satisfy the claims of his creditors.

On August 13, 2003, Wilson filed a motion pursuant to Bankruptcy Rule 2004 for a writ of

entry to conduct an examination of Conway’s real and personal property. On August 28, 2003, the

bankruptcy court granted Wilson’s request and issued a writ. On August 29, 2003, Wilson

conducted the examination at Conway’s residence with the assistance of deputy United States

Marshals. As authorized by another writ of entry issued on October 24, 2004, Wilson seized

personal property owned by Conway. Despite Conway’s valuation of his property at $559,600, the

assets seized by Wilson were ultimately appraised at $100,000 to $120,000, and were sold at auction

for $76,647.50. Wilson has not been able to locate any additional assets.

On December 18, 2003, Marilyn Conway, Larry Conway’s wife, filed a voluntary Chapter

11 petition. Marilyn Conway’s petition was converted to a Chapter 7 case on March 29, 2004. In

the pending proceedings, Marilyn Conway is a party only in Case Nos. 05-5227 and 05-5359,

however she has filed a pro se appeal in three of the four cases before us (Case Nos. 05-5358, 05-

5227, and 05-5359).
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In re: Larry Conway

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B. Procedural Background

1. Case No. 05-5225, Larry Conway v. United States Trustee

On October 27, 2003, the United States Trustee filed a complaint against Larry Conway

objecting to the issuance of a bankruptcy discharge to Larry Conway. The United States Trustee

cited three bases for his request to deny Conway a discharge: 1) Conway refused to appear for a

deposition, meeting of creditors, or examination pursuant to Bankrupcy Rule 2004, in violation of

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(6)(C); 2) Conway concealed assets, in violation of § 727(a)(2)(B); and 3)

Conway failed to explain the devaluation of assets, in violation of § 727(a)(5). Despite proper

service of the complaint and summons, Conway failed to answer the complaint. On December 15,

2003, the United States Trustee filed a motion for default judgment. On January 8, 2004, the

bankruptcy court convened a hearing on the motion and entered a default against Conway pursuant

to Fed. R. Bank. P. 7055. The bankruptcy court, however, declined to enter a final judgment under

Fed. R. Bank. P. 9021 against Conway without first holding an evidentiary hearing.

On January 13, 2004, the bankruptcy court issued an entry of default and notified the parties,

including Conway, that it would conduct an evidentiary hearing on January 29, 2004, to consider

whether it should enter a final judgment. On January 29, 2004, the bankruptcy court conducted the

evidentiary hearing, which included the admission of testimonial and documentary evidence in

support of the United States Trustee’s request for default judgment. On February 3, 2004, the

bankruptcy court entered a default judgment denying Conway’s discharge and, in referencing the

three grounds alleged by the United States Trustee as reasons for denying the discharge, specifically

finding that Conway: 1) had engaged in concealment of property of the bankruptcy estate; 2) had
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In re: Larry Conway

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not cooperated with Wilson, the trustee, as required by statute and court order; 3) had impeded

Wilson in inventorying the bankruptcy estate; 4) had failed to turn over his assets to Wilson; 5) had

failed to explain his devaluation of his assets; and 6) had refused to appear at court-ordered

examinations and depositions.

On February 11, 2004, Conway filed his notice of appeal of the default judgment to the

Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“BAP”). By order of December 28, 2004, the BAP affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s order denying Conway’s discharge. On February 3, 2005, Conway filed a notice

of appeal to this Court. On April 11, 2005, this Court consolidated this appeal with three other

appeals filed by Conway, all of which are currently pending before us.

2. Case No. 05-5358, Larry Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)

On March 29, 2004, Wilson filed a motion to sell personal property in which Conway — and

hence the bankruptcy estate — had an interest, and for the assistance of the United States Marshal

in conducting the sale. This motion sought authority to sell the estate’s interest in property pursuant

to 11 U.S.C. § 363(b), along with Marilyn Conway’s interest in any such property pursuant to §§

363(f) and (h).

On April 22, 2004, the bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on the motion. On May 11,

2004, the court granted the motion and entered an order allowing Wilson to sell the subject property

and to receive the assistance of the United States Marshal in conducting the sale.

Larry and Marilyn Conway appealed this order to the BAP. On January 27, 2005, the BAP

entered an order notifying the Conways of their procedural default and advising them that their

appeal would be dismissed for failure to prosecute unless the default was remedied within fifteen
Nos. 05-5225/5227/5358/5359

In re: Larry Conway

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days. On February 17, 2005, the BAP dismissed the Conways’ appeal for non-prosecution due to

the Conways’ failure to remedy their default. The Conways have appealed the BAP’s dismissal to

this Court. On April 11, 2005, this Court consolidated this appeal with three other appeals filed by

Conway, all of which are currently pending before us.

3. Case No. 05-5227, Larry and Marilyn Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)

On October 24, 2004, the bankruptcy court issued a writ of entry to the United States

Marshal to assist Wilson in taking possession of personal property in which the Conways had an

interest. On October 28 and 29, 2004, the Marshal executed the writ and peaceably forced entry into

the Conways’ home using a locksmith and by cutting a chain securing the door, an action

necessitated by the Conways’ refusal to allow the Marshal entry into their home. Once inside the

home, Wilson took possession of all property in which the bankruptcy estate had an interest.

On November 14, 2004, the Conways appealed the writ of entry and sought a stay of the writ

from the BAP. On November 19, 2004, the BAP denied the motion for a stay. On January 6, 2005,

the BAP dismissed the appeal stating that the Conways “have filed a timely appeal from the May

11 order [and] [w]hether the . . . [c]ourt was correct in issuing a Writ in Aid of Execution is an issue

that can be addressed” in that appeal. The Conways appeal the BAP’s denial of their appeal to this

Court. On April 11, 2005, this Court consolidated this appeal with three other appeals filed by the

Conways, all of which are currently pending before us.

4. Case No. 05-5359, Larry and Marilyn Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)

On October 27, 2004, Wilson filed a notice of intent to sell the property of the bankruptcy

estate by auction on November 20, 2004. The Conways filed an objection to the proposed sale. On
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In re: Larry Conway

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November 18, 2004, the bankruptcy court conducted a hearing and denied the objection. On

November 19, 2004, the bankruptcy court entered an order authorizing a sale by auction. On

November 29, 2004, the Conways appealed this order to the BAP. On January 27, 2005, the BAP

entered an order notifying the Conways of their procedural default and advising them that their

appeal would be dismissed for non-prosecution unless the default was remedied within fifteen days.

On February 17, 2005, the BAP dismissed the Conways’ appeal for non-prosecution due to the

Conways’ failure to remedy their default. The Conways appeal the BAP’s dismissal of their appeal

to this Court. On April 11, 2005, this Court consolidated this appeal with three other appeals filed

by the Conways, all of which are currently pending before us.

II. Standard of Review

In reviewing an appeal from the BAP where the BAP issues a decision on the merits, we

review the bankruptcy court’s decision. Corzin v. Fordu (In re Fordu), 201 F.3d 693, 696 n. 1 (6th

Cir. 1999). Generally, we review the bankruptcy court’s conclusions of law de novo and its factual

findings for clear error. Id. However, when the bankruptcy court enters a default judgment, we use

a deferential standard of review, Dobin v. Taiwan Mach. Trade Cntr. Corp. (In re Victor Int’l), 97

F. App’x 365, 368 (3d Cir. 2004), and review the bankruptcy court’s decision for abuse of

discretion. Hamlett v. Amsouth Bank (In re Hamlett), 322 F.3d 342, 345 (4th Cir. 2003). Further,

in cases such as this one where the BAP dismissed an appeal for non-prosecution, we review the

BAP’s dismissal directly for abuse of discretion. In re Donovan, 871 F.2d 807, 808 (9th Cir. 1989).

III. Discussion

A. Case No. 05-5225, Larry Conway v. United States Trustee
Nos. 05-5225/5227/5358/5359

In re: Larry Conway

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The law is clear: “When a party against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought

has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules and that fact is made to appear by

affidavit or otherwise, the clerk shall enter the party’s default.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7055; Fed. R. Civ.

P. 55(a). It is undisputed that the United States Trustee filed a complaint against Larry Conway and

that Conway failed to plead or otherwise defend by filing an answer or an appropriate motion. After

an entry of default, a court may enter a judgment of default. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7055; Fed. R. Civ. P.

55(a). In this case, Larry Conway never asked the bankruptcy court to set aside the default nor did

he attempt to show good cause for relief as to the default.

As the BAP correctly found:

The only argument that the Debtor makes regarding the propriety of the

default judgment is his contention that the judgment is invalid due to the bankruptcy

court’s failure to make specific findings of fact and conclusions of law on the merits

of the [United States Trustee’s] complaint. Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, made applicable in bankruptcy adversary proceedings by Rule 7052 of

the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, does require findings and conclusions,

but only in “actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury. . .

. Findings of fact and conclusions of law are unnecessary on decisions of motions

under Rule 12 or 56 or any other motion except as provided in subdivision (c) of this

rule.” . . . Moreover, although unnecessary the bankruptcy court did make oral

findings of fact and conclusions of law on the merits at the hearing on January 29,

2004, and Rule 52(a) expressly provides that “[i]t will be sufficient if the findings

of fact and conclusions of law are stated orally and recorded in open court following

the close of the evidence.”

In re: Conway, No. 04-8025, at 5–6 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. Dec. 28, 2004) (citations omitted). We find no

reason to disturb this well-reasoned analysis. It was appropriate for the bankruptcy court to first

enter a Rule 7055 default and then, after a hearing, to enter a default judgment under Fed. R. Bank.

P. 9021.
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In re: Larry Conway

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It is clear that Conway failed repeatedly to respond to his legal obligations imposed both by

statute and court order when he: refused numerous times to appear at the meeting of the creditors;

refused to submit to a Rule 2004 examination; refused to submit to a deposition despite a court order

requiring him to appear; refused to answer discovery requests despite a court order requiring him

to answer; and refused to attend and give testimony at the hearing on his default. It is likewise clear

that the bankruptcy court complied with all procedural and substantive requirements and that

Conway was afforded notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to the entry and judgment of

default. 

Finally, under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(B), a discharge is properly denied if:

(2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the

estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed,

destroyed, mutilated, or concealed or has permitted to be transferred, removed,

destroyed, mutilated, or concealed-

. . . (B) property of the estate after the date of the filing of the petition. . . .

Id. The Bankruptcy Code further provides that a debtor has an affirmative obligation to “surrender

to the trustee all property of the estate.” 11 U.S.C. § 521(4). It is clear from the record that the

bankruptcy court did not err in its determination that Larry Conway violated § 727(a)(2)(B) and that

he did not comply with his other statutory obligations. 

We therefore affirm the BAP’s affirmance of the bankruptcy court’s entry of a default

judgment under Fed. R. Bank. P 9021 against Larry Conway.

B. Case No. 05-5358, Larry Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)

Conway appeals the bankruptcy court’s order granting Wilson’s motion to sell property of

the bankruptcy estate. We find that the BAP, in dismissing this appeal for non-prosecution,
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In re: Larry Conway

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complied with due process and, therefore, did not abuse its discretion. On January 27, 2005, the

BAP entered an order notifying the Conways of their procedural default and advising them that their

appeal would be dismissed for non-prosecution unless the default was remedied within fifteen days.

On February 17, 2005, the BAP dismissed the Conways’ appeal for non-prosecution due to the

Conways’ failure to remedy their default. 

A bankruptcy appellate panel does not abuse its discretion in dismissing an appeal for nonprosecution if it complies with due process. See, e.g., Fuentes-Argueta v. INS, 101 F.3d 867, 868

(2d Cir. 1996). In other words, when the BAP dismisses an appeal for non-prosecution, so long as

due process is afforded to a party prior to his appeal being dismissed, we will deem that appeal

waived and will not review the decision of the bankruptcy court. Because the Conways were

provided notice and an opportunity by the BAP to remedy their default and then failed to do so, their

appeal is deemed waived.

C. Case No. 05-5227, Larry and Marilyn Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)

The Conways appeal an order of the BAP denying the Conways’ request to stay the writ

allowing Wilson to enter their residence. A writ of entry is not a final appealable order under 28

U.S.C. § 158(a); therefore, we lack jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1). Even if we had

jurisdiction, the Conways filed an appeal — our Case No. 05-5358 — from the underlying order

which, as discussed in Section III.B., is properly denied. As we do not have jurisdiction to entertain

this appeal, it is hereby dismissed.

D. Case No. 05-5359, Larry and Marilyn Conway v. Wilson (Chapter 7 Trustee)
Nos. 05-5225/5227/5358/5359

In re: Larry Conway

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The Conways appeal the bankruptcy court’s order authorizing a sale by auction of property

of the bankruptcy estate. On January 27, 2005, the BAP entered an order notifying the Conways of

their procedural default and advising them that their appeal would be dismissed for non-prosecution

unless the default was remedied within fifteen days. On February 17, 2005, the BAP dismissed the

Conways’ appeal for non-prosecution due to the Conways’ failure to remedy their default. 

Because the Conways were provided notice and an opportunity by the BAP to remedy their

default, for the reasons stated in Section III.B., their appeal in this case is deemed waived.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the orders of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel in

Case Nos. 05-5225, 05-5358, and 05-5359 and DISMISS the appeal in Case No. 05-5227 for lack

of jurisdiction.