COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-11-00299-CR

KEITH D. HAMILTON APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

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FROM THE 371ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. INTRODUCTION

A jury found Appellant Keith D. Hamilton guilty of theft of a vehicle valued 

at $1,500–20,000 and of unauthorized use of a vehicle. See Tex. Penal Code 

Ann. §§ 31.03(e)(4)(A), 31.07 (West Supp. 2011). After Hamilton pleaded true to 

the enhancement paragraph in the indictment, the trial court sentenced him to

twenty years’ imprisonment for each count, ordering that the sentences run 

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
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concurrently. In two points, Hamilton argues that he was entitled to a jury 

instruction on entrapment and that his sentences were grossly disproportional to 

the offenses. We will affirm.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Auto Crimes Task Force of the Fort Worth Police Department uses a 

―bait car program‖ to combat vehicle burglary and auto theft; as part of the 

program, ―bait cars‖ equipped with GPS trackers, cameras, and devices to 

remotely turn off the vehicles are used to identify and apprehend vehicle thieves. 

Officers set up a bait car in a high-crime area of South Fort Worth. They left the 

engine running; left the door ajar; left the lights on; and left clothing, cigarette 

wrappers, a sack containing empty beer cans, and a cardboard beer box inside 

the bait car as ―props‖ to make the vehicle look like it belonged to a ―regular 

individual[].‖ Approximately three minutes after officers left the vehicle, an alarm 

was activated, indicating that the vehicle was moving. Two officers followed the 

vehicle and shut off the engine remotely from inside their patrol unit, causing the 

bait car to stop. Hamilton was the sole occupant of the bait car, and officers 

arrested him. A cold beer can was in the center console, but officers did not 

recall if they had put it there as a prop.

III. JURY INSTRUCTION ON ENTRAPMENT

In his first point, Hamilton argues that the trial court erred by denying his 

request for a jury instruction on entrapment. Hamilton argues that he was 

entitled to such an instruction because the officers ―went too far in providing extra 
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enticements in order to overcome the average citizen’s resistance to commit the 

offense‖ by leaving the bait car running, with the door open and a cold beer 

inside of it, in a known high-crime area. The State responds that this court has 

already held that the use of bait cars under similar facts does not constitute 

entrapment and that those opinions control here. See Adams v. State, 270 

S.W.3d 657, 662 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d); Keeton v. State, No. 

02-07-00243-CR, 2008 WL 755294, at *2–4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 20, 

2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

In our review of a jury charge, we first determine whether error occurred; if 

error did not occur, our analysis ends. See Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 

731–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see also Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25–26 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). If error occurred, we then evaluate whether harm 

resulting from the error requires reversal. Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32.

Entrapment is a defensive theory. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 2.03(c), 

(d) (West 2011). If evidence supporting the defense of entrapment is admitted, 

the issue must be submitted to the jury with the instruction that a reasonable 

doubt on the issue requires acquittal. Id. § 2.03(d). In determining whether 

evidence raises a defense, the credibility of the evidence is not at issue. Muniz 

v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 254 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 837 

(1993); Barnes v. State, 70 S.W.3d 294, 304 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. 

ref’d). In other words, if a defendant produces evidence raising each element of 

a requested defensive instruction, that defendant is entitled to the instruction 
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regardless of the source and strength of the evidence. Hamel v. State, 916 

S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Barnes, 70 S.W.3d at 304.

Texas Penal Code section 8.06 provides, 

It is a defense to prosecution that the actor engaged in the 

conduct charged because he was induced to do so by a law 

enforcement agent using persuasion or other means likely to cause 

persons to commit the offense. Conduct merely affording a person 

an opportunity to commit an offense does not constitute entrapment.

Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 8.06(a) (West 2011). Entrapment exists if the criminal 

intent originates in the mind of the police agent and the agent then induces the 

accused to commit the offense. Barnes, 70 S.W.3d at 304; Torres v. State, 980 

S.W.2d 873, 875 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, no pet.). The test for 

entrapment under section 8.06 is a two-pronged test composed of subjective and 

objective elements. England v. State, 887 S.W.2d 902, 910 (Tex. Crim. App.

1994); McGann v. State, 30 S.W.3d 540, 545 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. 

ref’d). For the subjective element, the accused must show that the police 

actually induced him into committing the charged offense. England, 887 S.W.2d 

at 913. For the objective element, the accused must show that the persuasion 

used by the police was such as to cause an ordinarily law-abiding person of 

average resistance to nevertheless commit the offense. Id.

In Adams and in Keeton, this court held that the entrapment defense did 

not apply when a bait car was left in a high-crime area with the doors unlocked, 

the windows down, and the keys on the console. See Adams, 270 S.W.3d at 

659, 662; Keeton, 2008 WL 755294, at *1, 4. The facts that the bait car in this 
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case was left running with the door open and a cold beer in the center console 

does not change our analysis. In other words, the bait car—even with the added 

―enticements‖—still merely afforded an opportunity to commit the offenses 

committed by Hamilton. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 8.06(a); Adams, 270 

S.W.3d at 662; Keeton, 2008 WL 755294, at *2–4. No evidence exists that the 

police actually induced Hamilton into committing the charged offenses or that the 

bait car would have caused an ordinarily law-abiding person of average 

resistance to nevertheless commit the offenses. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 

8.06(a); England, 887 S.W.2d at 913. Accordingly, we overrule Hamilton’s first 

point.

IV. PROPORTIONALITY OF SENTENCE

In his second point, Hamilton claims that his twenty-year sentences were

grossly disproportionate to the offenses, constituting cruel and unusual 

punishment in violation of the United States and Texas constitutions.

To preserve for appellate review a complaint that a sentence is grossly 

disproportionate, constituting cruel and unusual punishment, a defendant must 

present to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific 

grounds for the ruling desired. Russell v. State, 341 S.W.3d 526, 528 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.); Laboriel-Guity v. State, 336 S.W.3d 754, 756 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. ref’d); Kim v. State, 283 S.W.3d 473, 475 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d); see Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1); Lovill v. 

State, 319 S.W.3d 687, 691–92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Further, the trial court 
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must have ruled on the request, objection, or motion, either expressly or 

implicitly, or the complaining party must have objected to the trial court’s refusal 

to rule. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2); Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 341 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2004). A reviewing court should not address the merits of an issue 

that has not been preserved for appeal. Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 473 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (op. on reh’g). 

Here, Hamilton did not object to his twenty-year sentences or file a motion 

for new trial raising the disproportionality argument that he now asserts. 

Consequently, this argument is not preserved for our review. See Tex. R. App. 

P. 33.1(a)(1); Russell, 341 S.W.3d at 528; Laboriel-Guity, 336 S.W.3d at 756;

Kim, 283 S.W.3d at 475. We overrule Hamilton’s second point.

V. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Hamilton’s two points, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment.

SUE WALKER

JUSTICE

PANEL: WALKER, MCCOY, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH

Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: April 5, 2012