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State of New York

Court of Appeals

OPINION

This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision 

before publication in the New York Reports.

No. 48 

The People &c.,

 Respondent,

 v.

Edward Hardy, 

 Appellant.

Ronald Zapata, for appellant. 

Mariana Zelig, for respondent.

WILSON, J.:

The issue before us is whether the lower courts erred in permitting amendment of a 

clearly erroneous fact contained in the information charging Mr. Hardy with harassment 

and contempt in the second degree. In People v Easton (307 NY 336 [1954]), we upheld 

a similar amendment. However, Easton was decided when the Code of Criminal Procedure 

governed criminal prosecutions. Following several years of study and numerous reports 
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by the Bartlett Commission,1the legislature replaced the Code of Criminal Procedure with 

the modern Criminal Procedural Law (CPL). Relying on Easton, the Appellate Term held 

that the factual amendment of the clearly erroneous date was permissible. We must now 

decide whether Easton remains good law following the passage of the Criminal Procedure 

Law. We conclude the CPL displaced Easton and precluded prosecutors from curing 

factual errors or deficiencies in informations and misdemeanor complaints via amendment. 

The CPL requires a superseding accusatory instrument supported by a sworn statement 

containing the correct factual allegations. Therefore, we reverse. 

I.

On September 10, 2013, Criminal Court issued a two-year order of protection 

directing Mr. Hardy to refrain from harassing his wife and to stay away from her home. 

Mr. Hardy violated the order in January 2015 when he “came ringing the bell . . . yelling 

and screaming . . . and saying all kinds of foul language.” His wife averred Mr. Hardy was 

“out of control” and refused to leave, in violation of the order of protection. He was 

arraigned the following day on a misdemeanor complaint, charging him with harassment 

and criminal contempt in the second degree. 

1

In 1961, the legislature created a temporary commission to study and eventually 

recommend complete revisions of both the Penal Law and the Code of Criminal Procedure. 

The commission, officially named the New York Temporary Commission on Revision of 

the Penal Law and Criminal Code, was composed of nine members, appointed in equal 

thirds by the Governor, the Speaker of the Assembly, and the Majority Leader of the 

Senate. During the course of its decade-long work, the commission became known as the 

“Bartlett Commission,” after its Chair, Assembly Member Richard J. Bartlett, who later 

served as Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts of New York State and Dean of Albany 

Law School (see generally Herman Schwartz & Richard Bartlett, Criminal Law Revision 

Through a Legislative Commission: The New York Experience, 18 Buff L Rev 213 [1969]).
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After a four-day adjournment—granted so the People could obtain a supporting 

deposition—the parties reconvened and the court proceeded to convert part of the 

complaint into an information, notwithstanding the presence of several errors in the 

accusatory instrument. Although the first page of the attached Domestic Incident Report 

listed the date (correctly) as “1/25/15,” the second page mistakenly dated the statement as 

having been given a year prior—“1/25/14” instead of “1/25/15.” In addition, the 

handwritten narrative on the first page of the report was only partially legible and partially 

intelligible. Germane to this appeal, the accusatory instrument incorrectly alleged that the 

crime occurred “on or about October 25, 2015.” That date, which would not occur for 

another nine months, was patently incorrect. That date also fell after the expiration of the 

order of protection, meaning that the accusatory instrument facially failed to state facts 

showing a violation of the order of protection. 

When defense counsel objected that the accusatory instrument included the wrong 

date, the court responded: “that’s clearly a typographical error which the People can move 

to amend at any time.” Over objection, the court then granted the People’s oral motion to 

amend the date of the incident. Mr. Hardy subsequently pled guilty to criminal contempt, 

as charged in the amended accusatory instrument. He received a ninety-day jail sentence. 

On appeal, Mr. Hardy challenged the facial sufficiency of the original accusatory 

instrument and argued the court impermissibly granted the People’s motion to amend the 

instrument (63 Misc 3d 6, 8 [App Term 2019]). The Appellate Term, after noting that 

“case law has been inconsistent in this area” (id. at 9), ultimately upheld the amendment. 

The court first determined that: 
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“notwithstanding the fact that CPL 100.45 does not authorize 

factual amendments of informations and complaints, the 

common-law rule of Easton still governs, and, thus, courts 

retain the inherent authority to permit factual amendments to 

these types of instruments pursuant to the guidelines set forth 

in Easton”

(id. at 11-12). Applying Easton’s rule, the Appellate Term concluded the amendment did 

not “surprise or prejudice” Mr. Hardy because it rectified a clear “typographical error of 

which defendant should have been aware” (id. at 13, quoting Easton, 307 NY at 338). A 

Judge of this Court granted leave to appeal.

II.

The People agree that the original misdemeanor complaint was facially insufficient, 

and that Mr. Hardy could not have been prosecuted on it.2 Therefore, the question is 

whether the court had the authority to amend the date to create a valid instrument. Our 

decision in Easton, if it was not displaced by the CPL, may well have answered that 

question. The facts in Easton are quite like the facts here. Mr. Easton was arrested on 

December 17, 1952 for driving while intoxicated. The arresting officer mistakenly 

recorded the year as 1953, unintentionally charging Mr. Easton with a violation occurring 

a year into the future (Easton, 307 NY at 338). The error was not discovered until the eve 

2

 Mr. Hardy waived prosecution by information. Although a misdemeanor complaint is 

subject to less stringent review than an information (see People v Smalls, 26 NY3d 1064, 

1066 [2015]), a complaint nevertheless must state all elements of a crime (see People v 

Fernandez, 20 NY3d 44, 47 [2012]) and “provide reasonable cause to believe that the 

defendant committed the offense charged” (CPL 100.40 [4] [b]; accord People v Afilal, 26 

NY3d 1050, 1052 [2015]). Here, the erroneously charged future date rendered the 

instrument insufficient for failure to charge a crime under either standard. 
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of trial, at which point the trial court permitted the People to amend the instrument to 

correct the clearly incorrect date. On appeal, we upheld the amendment, explaining that 

because

“the correction of the date occasioned [Mr. Easton] no surprise 

or prejudice . . . what could have been effected by the 

preparation of a new information was properly accomplished 

by amendment of the one already on file. There was neither 

reason nor necessity for another piece of paper” 

(id). Easton established a clear rule: factual amendments to informations were permitted 

provided the amendment did not surprise or prejudice the defendant. While the content of 

Easton’s rule is clear, the source of its holding is not. Easton is silent as to whether its rule 

derives from the Code of Criminal Procedure or the common law; it mentions neither 

explicitly.3 In this case, the source of Easton’s holding does not change our analysis,4and 

3

Inspection of the briefs in Easton reveals that neither party there presented or disputed

any common-law theory for the amendment. Instead, both the People and the defense 

briefed the issue as one of pure statutory construction—both parties argued that Section 62 

and 293 of the Code supported their position.

4

 Because the Court in Easton did not disclose the basis for its ruling, and because Easton

can read as either a statutory, common-law, or compromise decision, it would be 

inappropriate to charge the legislature with specific knowledge of the source of Easton’s 

holding. Therefore, while we presume the legislature was aware of the content of Easton’s 

rule at the time the CPL was enacted, we do not presume the legislature understood Easton

to be either a statutory or common-law decision. Furthermore, as explained below, the 

Bartlett Commission plainly recommended that all accusatory instruments, including 

complaints and informations, be amendable under specified circumstances. The legislature 

deliberately struck that language as to those two forms of accusatory instruments from a 

provision permitting amendment under what the dissent claims was the preexisting 

common-law rule. The legislative excision and detailed statutory scheme for amending 

accusatory instruments evidences the legislature’s clear intent to forbid factual 

amendments to complaints and informations.
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the question we must ask is whether the legislature, by enacting the CPL, displaced or left 

undisturbed Easton’s rule that factual amendments to informations are permitted as long 

as there is no prejudice to the defendant.

III.

The text, structure, and legislative history of the Criminal Procedure Law all show

that the legislature replaced Easton’s rule with a more finely-tuned set of rules governing 

amendments, tailored to each of the types of accusatory instruments it had defined in the 

CPL. CPL 200.70 does permit the kind of factual amendment the People sought to make 

here, but only for a select subset of accusatory instruments, and not for informations or 

complaints. As relevant to Mr. Hardy’s case, the CPL provides, at most, that only the 

nonfactual, accusatory portion of an information can be amended.

One of the CPL’s major innovations was the creation of a new taxonomy of 

accusatory instruments. Where the Code had differentiated between “indictments” and 

“informations,” the CPL divided informations into five types of local criminal court 

accusatory instruments: informations, simplified informations, prosecutor’s informations, 

misdemeanor complaints and felony complaints (CPL 100.05). In the CPL, the legislature 

also adopted rules for amending accusatory instruments; those rules varied by the type of 

instrument. As to indictments, the CPL retained the preexisting Code rule that indictments 

could not be amended if they might prejudice the defendant. However, the new CPL 

200.70 added a limitation not present in the Code: indictments could not be amended, 

regardless of prejudice, if the amendment “change[d] the theory or theories of the 
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prosecution as reflected in the evidence before the grand jury.” The legislature chose to 

subject prosecutor’s informations to the same standards governing indictments (CPL 

100.45 [2]). Superior court informations were treated in a similar fashion, although with 

an explicit difference. Section 200.70 permitted superior court informations to be amended 

as to “matters of form, time, place, names of persons and the like,” but the legislature 

omitted the limitation that the amendments could not change the theory of the prosecution. 

Instead, the permissibility of such amendments turned on whether the defendant would be 

prejudiced. For complaints and informations, the legislature did not permit factual 

amendments for time, place, or names, as it had for prosecutor’s and superior court 

informations. Instead, CPL 100.45 (3) permits the prosecutor to amend only the accusatory 

part of an information to add additional charges, provided those charges are supported by 

the original factual allegations. 

The legislature’s decision to exclude informations and misdemeanor complaints 

from the scope of section 200.70 is supported by a strong rationale. An information or a 

complaint—unlike an indictment or superior court information—commences a criminal 

action based on the allegations of someone who is not an officer of the court, and whose 

testimony has not been vetted by a grand jury.5 Under those circumstances, it was 

5

In People v Alejandro (70 NY2d 133, 138 [1987]), we explained that compared with other 

accusatory instruments, the “distinguishing characteristic of an information” is “its use as 

the sole instrument upon which the defendant could be prosecuted . . . which prompted the 

Legislature to write in special restrictions applicable to informations . . . .” The legislature 

had a sound basis for subjecting informations to stricter pleading requirements than other 

instruments: “The reason for requiring the additional showing of a prima facie case for an 

information lies in the unique function that an information serves under the statutory 

scheme established by the Criminal Procedure Law. An information is often the instrument 
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reasonable for the legislature to decide that no one but an affiant should be permitted to 

alter the factual allegations previously sworn to an affiant.

6

 Moreover, where the 

legislature did permit the prosecutor to move to amend informations, it expressly limited 

such amendments to the accusatory portion only, and further required that the amendment 

to the accusatory portion must be “supported by the allegations of the factual part of such 

information and/or any supporting depositions which may accompany it” (CPL 100.45 [3]). 

Allowing amendments to the factual part of an information would render the restriction in 

CPL 100.45 meaningless.

Easton interpreted the permissibility of amendments to accusatory instruments 

under a substantially different statutory landscape, now defunct. Despite the dissimilarities 

between the Code and the CPL, the People urge us to affirm the continued viability of 

Easton. The text and structure of the CPL do not permit us to do so, nor does the 

application of our longstanding principles of statutory construction. In the CPL, the 

upon which the defendant is prosecuted for a misdemeanor or a petty offense. Unlike a 

felony complaint (CPL 180.10), it is not followed by a preliminary hearing and a Grand 

Jury proceeding. Thus, the People need not, at any time prior to trial, present actual 

evidence demonstrating a prima facie case, as with an indictment following a felony 

complaint” (id. at 137-38). And we explained that in the case of misdemeanor complaints, 

as with informations, “the defendant does not have the protection of a preliminary hearing 

and Grand Jury action as with a felony complaint” (id. at 138 n 2). The same considerations 

that motivated the legislature to tighten the pleading requirements for misdemeanor 

complaints and informations also apply to altering the factual allegations contained therein.

6 The dissent’s bon mot—“whether grounded in common law or common sense”—

(dissenting op [Garcia, J.] at 10) cannot obscure the common sense underlying the 

legislature’s decision to forbid amendments to accusatory instruments not emanating from 

a grand jury or an officer of the court where the change is unsupported by an affiant who 

can attest to the veracity of the correction. 
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legislature expressly stated which amendments to complaints and informations are 

permissible (nonfactual amendments) and expressly authorized date, time, and place 

amendments for only a select subset of accusatory instruments: prosecutor’s informations, 

indictments, and superior court informations. The People’s position would have us write 

into the CPL an authority to make factual amendments to informations that the legislature 

declined in two separate places to include (see generally McKinney's Cons Laws of NY, 

Book 1, Statutes, § 363 and the cases cited therein [“(A) court cannot amend a statute by 

inserting words that are not there, nor will a court read into a statute a provision which the 

Legislature did not see fit to enact . . . . (A) court cannot, by implication, read or supply in 

a statute a provision which it is reasonable to suppose the Legislature intentionally 

omitted”]). Moreover, because we presume the legislature was aware of our decisional law 

at the time of enactment (see Odunbaku v Odunbaku, 28 NY3d 223, 229 [2016]), we must 

give proper effect to the legislature’s decision to incorporate Easton’s “no prejudice” rule 

for some, but not all, of the types of accusatory instruments it had delineated. The CPL’s 

rule for indictments, prosecutor’s informations, and superior court informations is that date, 

time, and place errors may be fixed if the correction does not prejudice the defendant (see 

CPL 200.70). That is not the rule for complaints and informations.

The legislative history confirms our understanding of the plain language. The 

Bartlett Commission initially recommended versions of section 100.45 that would have 

included explicit authority for prosecutors to amend factual details in informations and 

misdemeanor complaints. Successive bill drafts concerning section 100.45 show that, right 

up until the legislative session before enactment, the Commission’s proposed subdivision 
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2 stated: “The provisions of section 200.70 governing amendments of indictments apply to 

informations, prosecutor’s informations and misdemeanor complaints” (1969 Proposed 

NY Criminal Procedure Law § 100.45 [2]). However, the legislature ultimately selected 

only one of those instruments—prosecutor’s informations—and rejected the Commission’s 

proposal to include informations and misdemeanor complaints in CPL 200.70. Particularly 

because the standard articulated in CPL 200.70 is Easton’s “no prejudice” standard, it is 

inconceivable that the legislature meant to apply that standard to misdemeanor complaints 

and informations by striking them from the sentence in the draft legislation applying that 

standard to other accusatory instruments. 

The text, structure, and legislative history of the CPL, as well as a straightforward 

application of our canons of statutory construction, all demonstrate that the CPL does not 

permit the kinds of factual amendments once countenanced by Easton. The CPL does 

provide its own pathway for correcting factual errors in complaints and informations, 

through the filing of a superseding accusatory instrument (CPL 100.50), not through a 

prosecutor’s amendment of facts averred by someone else. We recognize that the October 

25, 2015 date in the accusatory instrument here cannot possibly be correct and that the 

correct date can be inferred from information outside the four corners of the accusatory 

instrument. However, in evaluating the sufficiency of an accusatory instrument we do not 

look beyond its four corners (including supporting declarations appended thereto) (People 

v Thomas, 4 NY3d 143, 146 [2005]). It is the People’s responsibility to obtain a sworn 

statement with the correct factual allegations and proceed on a superseding instrument.
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The People further contend that even if the amendment was improperly granted, Mr. 

Hardy forfeited his right to challenge the legality of the amendment by pleading guilty to 

the charges in the amended complaint. Our precedent forecloses that result. In People v 

Harper, we held that “if there is to be an amendment of an accusatory instrument within 

the scope of CPL 100.45 (subd 3), there must be strict compliance with the prescriptions 

of that section” (37 NY2d 96, 98 [1975]). In Harper, the defendant stipulated at trial to an 

amendment adding two counts to the charges against him. Notwithstanding the defendant’s 

consent to be prosecuted on the amended instrument, we held that the defendant could still 

challenge the validity of the amendment on appeal, explaining that a “valid and sufficient 

accusatory instrument is a nonwaivable jurisdictional prerequisite to a criminal 

prosecution” (id. at 99). The same holds true here. Mr. Hardy was charged with violating 

a two-year order of protection, but the date of the alleged incident fell outside the bounds 

of the order of protection. Absent the challenged amendment, the accusatory instrument 

would have failed to state a crime. Because the amendment implicates a fundamental 

defect and purportedly converted a facially insufficient accusatory instrument into a 

facially sufficient instrument, its legality presents a nonwaivable jurisdictional issue (see 

People v Correa, 15 NY3d 213, 222 [2010]; People v Scott, 3 NY2d 148, 152 [1957] 

[“(O)bjections to the jurisdiction of the court are not waived (by a guilty plea), nor is the 

objection that the information does not state a crime”]; People v Van Every, 222 NY 74, 

77 [1917]).7

7 The dissent stretches Easton far beyond its holding, contending that Easton “stands for 

the unquestionable proposition that correcting a mere typographical error in the date of the 
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IV.

The trial court granted the People’s motion to amend the information because the 

amendment pertained only to “a matter as to date, time or place.” As described above, the 

CPL authorizes such amendments for a select subset of accusatory instruments (see CPL 

200.70; 100.45 [2]). That subset does not include misdemeanor complaints or informations, 

for which the CPL licenses amendments to the nonfactual portion of the accusatory 

instrument only (see id. at 100.45 [3]). Because the court lacked the authority to permit 

the amendment, the accusatory instrument—which failed to allege a crime occurring within 

the bounds of the two-year order of protection—was jurisdictionally defective (see 

Alejandro, 70 NY2d at 138). Accordingly, the order of Appellate Term should be reversed 

and the accusatory instrument dismissed.

crime—even one that as here would have made the crime impossible to commit as 

charged—does not render a facially-sufficient accusatory instrument jurisdictionally 

defective” (dissenting op [Garcia, J.] at 10). Easton said nothing about whether an illegal 

amendment constitutes a non-waivable jurisdictional defect because Mr. Easton preserved 

his challenge to the amendment and proceeded to trial. We concluded that under the law 

as it existed at that time, the amendment was permitted, and so we affirmed his conviction. 

Because the legislature, when replacing the Code with the CPL, contemplated permitting 

factual amendments to misdemeanor complaints but chose otherwise, we now reach a 

different result.
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GARCIA, J. (dissenting):

Defendant waived prosecution by information, pled guilty to a jurisdictionallysufficient misdemeanor complaint, and then appealed, challenging the procedure used by 

the court to amend a typographical error in the accusatory instrument. A plea, as we have
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made clear time and again, “generally marks the end of a criminal case, not a gateway to 

further litigation” (People v Hansen, 95 NY2d 227, 230 [2000]). Not so in this case. 

Instead, the majority holding elevates the correction of a typographical error to the level of 

a jurisdictional defect, a status formerly reserved for errors “implicating the integrity of the 

process,” not applicable to “less fundamental flaws, such as evidentiary or technical 

matters” (People v Hightower, 18 NY3d 249, 254 [2011]). In doing so, we reject not only 

our holding in People v Easton, but the wisdom of its warning that to sustain a “reversal of 

the conviction and hold impermissible an amendment made solely to correct an obvious 

typographical error in the information” would be to “exalt form over substance” and 

“enthrone technicality purely for its own sake” (307 NY 336, 338 [1954]). Accordingly, I 

dissent.

I.

Some clarification is necessary with respect to the facts. On January 25, 2015, 

defendant entered the complainant’s residence in violation of an order of protection. A 

police officer responded and observed the defendant inside the home. Defendant was 

charged with criminal contempt and harassment in a misdemeanor complaint that 

incorrectly listed the date of the charged offenses as “October 25, 2015”—a date nine 

months in the future—rather than “January 25, 2015.” At arraignment the following day, 

the judge issued a full order of protection in favor of the complaining witness and adjourned
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the matter to provide the People with the opportunity to produce a supporting deposition 

sufficient to convert the misdemeanor complaint to an information.1

When the proceedings reconvened five days later, the People presented two 

additional documents to the court. The first was an unsworn Domestic Incident Report that 

contained a narrative by a police officer and reflected the correct date of the incident. The 

second document was a short affirmation by the complaining witness, dated “1/25/14,” 

describing the incident but without indicating the date it occurred. The court found that 

the complainant’s sworn statement along with the original misdemeanor complaint would 

together satisfy the requirements of an information charging criminal contempt. It was in 

the context of converting the complaint to an information that defense counsel pointed out 

that the accusatory instrument listed the incorrect date of the incident. The court responded 

that the date was “clearly a typographical error which the People can move to amend at 

any time.” Over defense counsel’s objection, the court granted the People’s motion to 

amend the complaint to “January 25, 2015” on the grounds that the amendment was “to 

date, time or place.”2

1 Without a waiver by defendant, a misdemeanor complaint must be converted to an 

information for the People to proceed with the prosecution (CPL 170.65 [1], [3]; see People 

v Kalin, 12 NY3d 225, 228 [2009]). A supporting deposition can be used to cure a facially 

insufficient accusatory instrument (see CPL 100.15 [3], 100.45 [3]), but one is not 

otherwise required (see Kalin, 12 NY3d at 228; CPL 100.40 [4] [b]).

2 The fact that defendant objected here does not affect the outcome. If the process for 

correcting the typographical error is not a jurisdictional defect, the claim—whether 

preserved or not—would be forfeited by a guilty plea. If it is a jurisdictional defect, as the 

majority now holds, the defendant need not object and dismissal on appeal will 

nevertheless result.
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At this point in the proceeding, the judge had concluded that the two documents—

the original sworn statement of the arresting officer and the complainant’s sworn 

statement—together constituted an information charging criminal contempt. Rather than 

have the People proceed by information, however, defense counsel, referencing an offer 

by the People of a six-month sentence, asked “would the Court be willing to consider 

anything less?” 

The People responded:

“[T]he Defendant and Complainant have a long domestic 

violence history, seven cases since 2005. In 2013 the 

Defendant pled to two counts of criminal contempt in the 

Second Degree taking sixty days. He has been rejected from 

[treatment] programs on the last case. He has been offered 

programs in the past and conditional pleas on the other case 

which he has failed to complete.”

The court made a more favorable offer:

“All right, so, I do see that he last got sixty days for violating 

an Order of Protection against this Complainant in 2013. So, I 

would give him ninety days for this contempt, which is half of 

what the People are offering.”

Counsel immediately accepted the offer: “Your Honor, we do have a disposition.” 

At the same proceeding, defendant waived prosecution by information, pled guilty to the 

criminal contempt charge in the misdemeanor complaint, and was sentenced according to 

the bargain struck with the court. There is no issue as to the voluntariness of his plea. 

Nevertheless, Defendant appealed, arguing that the court improperly granted the People’s 

motion to amend the date, and that the unamended accusatory instrument was facially 
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insufficient. Appellate Term rejected that argument and affirmed, relying primarily on this 

Court’s decision in Easton (63 Misc 3d 6, 11-13 [App Term, 2d Dept, 11th & 13th Jud 

Dists 2019]). 

The majority reverses, holding that the Criminal Procedure Law “displaced Easton

and precluded prosecutors from curing factual errors or deficiencies in informations and 

misdemeanor complaints via amendment” (majority op at 2). According to the majority, 

“[b]ecause the amendment implicates a fundamental defect and purportedly converted a 

facially insufficient accusatory instrument into a facially sufficient instrument, its legality 

presents a nonwaivable jurisdictional issue” (majority op at 11). The majority holding

expands our narrow range of fundamental jurisdictional defects so far as to now include 

the correction of a typographical error in the date of a misdemeanor complaint.

II.

A guilty plea generally “marks the end of a criminal case,” encompassing “a waiver 

of specific rights attached to trial . . . [and] a forfeiture of the right to revive certain claims 

made prior to the plea” (Hansen, 95 NY2d at 230). A valid and sufficient accusatory 

instrument is a jurisdictional prerequisite and a defendant does not forfeit the right to 

challenge jurisdictional sufficiency by pleading guilty (see People v Dreyden, 15 NY3d 

100, 103 [2010]). The distinction between jurisdictional and nonjurisdictional defects “is 

between defects implicating the integrity of the process . . . and less fundamental flaws, 

such as evidentiary or technical matters” (id.; Hightower, 18 NY3d at 254). As this Court 

has made clear, “[t]he test is, simply, whether the accusatory instrument failed to supply 
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defendant with sufficient notice of the charged crime to satisfy the demands of due process 

and double jeopardy” (Dreyden, 15 NY3d at 103).

In the past, we have found jurisdictional defects of a magnitude to survive a 

defendant’s guilty plea when the factual allegations failed to demonstrate reasonable cause 

to believe that the defendant committed the crime charged (see e.g. People v Dumas, 68 

NY2d 729, 731 [1986] [conclusory statements in misdemeanor complaint lacked 

evidentiary character to support sale of marijuana]; Dreyden, 15 NY3d at 103 [officer did 

not give any support in misdemeanor complaint to conclude that defendant possessed a 

gravity knife]), and when the facts recited in the accusatory instrument or supporting 

deposition did not state a crime (see e.g. People v Case, 42 NY2d 98, 100 [1977] [sum of 

facts in misdemeanor information failed to establish element of physical force]; Hightower, 

18 NY3d at 254-255 [factual portion of misdemeanor information contained no basis for 

possessory element of petit larceny]).

Nothing remotely near the level of those jurisdictional errors occurred here. First, 

it is important to make clear that defendant pled guilty to the jurisdictionally-sufficient, 

amended, misdemeanor complaint. Although a misdemeanor complaint may be filed in 

order to obtain jurisdiction over a defendant, that instrument may not serve as the basis for 

a prosecution without an express waiver (see Kalin, 12 NY3d at 228). In order to go 

forward with the prosecution, the People must—as they were in the process of doing here—

convert the misdemeanor complaint to an information (see CPL 100.10 [4], 170.65 [1]). 

“To meet the jurisdictional standard for facial sufficiency, a misdemeanor complaint need 

only set forth facts that establish reasonable cause to believe that the defendant committed 
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the charged offense” (People v Smalls, 26 NY3d 1064, 1066 [2015] [internal quotation 

omitted]). By contrast, an information must also set forth “nonhearsay allegations which, 

if true, establish every element of the offense charged and the defendant’s commission 

thereof” (Kalin, 12 NY3d at 228-229; see majority op at 7 n 5 [quoting People v Alejandro

(78 NY2d 133, 138 [1987]) for the proposition that the “distinguishing characteristic of an 

information” is “its use as the sole instrument upon which the defendant could be 

prosecuted . . . which prompted the Legislature to write in special restrictions applicable to 

informations”]). As we have repeatedly stressed, “an information must satisfy significantly 

more stringent facial sufficiency requirements than those applicable to a complaint” 

(Smalls, 26 NY3d at 1067). Where, as here, a defendant waives prosecution by 

information, “he or she declines the protection of [CPL 100.40 (1)], and the accusatory 

instrument must only satisfy the reasonable cause requirement” (People v Dumay, 23 NY3d 

518, 522 [2014]). Therefore, the sufficiency of the accusatory instrument defendant pled 

guilty to is measured by the reasonable cause standard of a misdemeanor complaint (see

id.; CPL 170.65 [3]).

At the time defendant waived prosecution by information and entered a plea to the 

charge, the misdemeanor complaint was facially sufficient. The typographical error as to 

the month the crime occurred had been fixed and the correct date now appeared. With that 

correction, the accusatory instrument set forth facts that established reasonable cause to 

believe defendant committed the charged offense and provided the defendant with the 

required notice of the crime (see Dreyden, 15 NY3d at 103). 
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In an effort to characterize defendant’s claim as one asserting a jurisdictional defect 

not forfeited by his guilty plea, the majority looks behind the facial sufficiency of the 

misdemeanor complaint at the time of the plea and examines the process for amending the 

typographical error in the date (see majority op at 1-2). But that amendment process—an 

alleged statutory violation—was not a fundamental jurisdictional error, and any challenge 

to it was forfeited by the guilty plea (see People v Konieczny, 2 NY3d 569, 575 [2004]). 

Defendant and the majority rely on this Court’s decision in People v Harper (37 

NY2d 96 [1975]) as support for the conclusion that a jurisdictional defect may be brought 

on by an ineffective amendment. However, in Harper, the information was amended 

during trial to add two counts of menacing involving victims not covered in the original 

menacing count (id. at 98-99). Defendant was convicted of the two added counts and 

acquitted of all remaining counts (id. at 99). Adding counts based on different facts after 

trial commences raises double jeopardy and notice issues not remotely relevant here. For 

this reason, in Harper the Court began its analysis by noting that “[i]n the present case 

there was a trial rather than the entry of a plea” (id.). The rule in Harper does not apply 

where, rather than adding new charges during trial, the court permitted the People to correct 

a typographical error in a misdemeanor complaint prior to a guilty plea.3

3 The majority’s citation to two cases involving classic examples of jurisdictional defects, 

People v Scott (3 NY2d 148, 152 [1957] [complete absence of a verified information]) and 

People v Correa (15 NY3d 213, 222 [2010] [allegation that the court lacked subject matter 

jurisdiction to try the case]) serves only to place in stark contrast the technical defect at 

issue here (majority op at 11). Reliance on People v Van Every (222 NY 74 [1917]; see

majority op at 11) is more surprising still given this Court’s statement in Easton that Van 

Every, cited by County Court as the controlling authority in reversing defendant’s 
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The People argue that any flaw in the amendment process should be considered a 

technical defect, relying on our decision in Easton, which involved facts more analogous 

to the present case. In Easton, the arresting officer filed a misdemeanor information 

charging the defendant with driving while intoxicated on a date one year after defendant 

was arrested (307 NY at 338). On the eve of trial, the court permitted a factual amendment 

to cure the typographical error over defendant’s objection that the information was 

“defective as a matter of law” (id.). Defendant was convicted and he appealed. County 

Court reversed the conviction, holding that the Code of Criminal Procedure in effect at the 

time did not permit the amendment and the typographical error in the date made the 

information “void and fatally defective” (127 NYS2d 163, 164 [1954]). The court held 

that “[t]he rules of procedure in criminal cases cannot be treated with the same elasticity 

as the rules of pleading in civil actions” because “[t]he principle of adherence to our 

established rules of criminal procedure greatly outweighs the importance of any individual 

case” (id. at 165-66). 

This Court reversed and reinstated the conviction, explaining that although a 

conviction could not be upheld if it was obtained “without jurisdiction, even though the 

record evidence stamps defendant plainly guilty,” amending the typographical error in the 

date did not rise to that level (Easton, 307 NY at 338). Because the officer could easily 

have sworn out a new information with the correct date, “[t]here was neither reason nor 

necessity for another piece of paper” (id.). We upheld the conviction, despite an 

conviction (127 NYS2d at 164), was “entirely inapposite, and defendant’s reliance upon 

[it is] misplaced” (307 NY at 338). 
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amendment made to the information, on the eve of trial, over defendant’s objection, and in 

apparent contravention to the language of the criminal procedure code. 

At a minimum, Easton stands for the unquestionable proposition that correcting a 

mere typographical error in the date of the crime—even one that as here would have made 

the crime impossible to commit as charged—does not render a facially-sufficient 

accusatory instrument jurisdictionally defective.4 Therefore, defendant’s claim that the 

statutory amendment process was not followed in this case was forfeited by his guilty plea. 

We should continue to apply Easton’s rule, whether grounded in common law or common 

sense, and affirm the order of the Appellate Term.

4 This Court did not dispute County Court’s holding regarding the applicability of the 

criminal procedure law, holding only that “decisions” dealing with amending indictments 

should not be relied upon in this context (Easton, 307 NY at 338-339). Accordingly, given 

County Court’s holding, Easton may be read as providing a common law basis for 

amending a misdemeanor information to correct a typographical error in the date despite

any criminal procedure rule to the contrary.
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RIVERA, J. (dissenting):

I am in full agreement with the majority’s conclusion that defendant’s challenge to 

the validity of the amendment to the accusatory instrument presents a nonwaivable 

jurisdictional issue reviewable by us on this appeal (majority op at 11). However, I would 
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affirm for the reasons explained by the Appellate Term (see People v Hardy, 63 Misc 3d 6 

[NY App Term, 11th & 13th Jud Dists 2019]).

Order reversed and accusatory instrument dismissed. Opinion by Judge Wilson. Judges 

Stein, Fahey and Feinman concur. Judge Garcia dissents and votes to affirm in an opinion 

in which Chief Judge DiFiore concurs. Judge Rivera dissents and votes to affirm in a 

separate dissenting opinion.

Decided October 15, 2020