# United States Court **of Appeals**  **f or the Fifth Circuit** 

No. 21

- 20133 Summary Calendar

**United States of America,** Plaintiff

— Appellee **,**

versus **Steffen Thomas Savarino,** Defendant

— Appellant

**.**

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas USDC No. 4:19

- CR

- 142

- 1

Before **Barksdale, Costa,** and **Engelhardt,** Circuit Judges

**. Per Curiam**  **:** *
Steffen Thomas Savarino was convicted of three counts of mail

matter theft by a postal employee , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1709 . He was sentenced to time served and two years of supervised release. In May 2020, a few months after his sentencing, Savarino’s probation officer report ed to

* Pursuant to **5th Cir cuit**  **R ule**  47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in **5th Cir cuit**  **R ule**  47.5.4. United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED October 22, 2021

Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 21-20133 Document: 00516066216 Page: 1 Date Filed: 10/22/2021No. 21

- 20133

2 the district court that Savarino had been arrested for felony theft (more than $2500 and less than $30,000), on 28 April 2020. The court accepted the probation officer’s recommendation that no action be taken , pending disposition of the state charge. In February 2021, Savarino’s probat ion officer filed a p etition, asserting Savarino violated the conditions of his supervised release by committing another felony theft, on 29 January 2021. The officer noted the still

- pending felony

- theft charge from Savarino’s April 2020 arrest also

serve d as a basis for revoking his supervised release. In a s uperseding p etition, Savarino’s probation officer contended Savarino also violated the conditions of his supervised release by failing to : submit to urine surveillance ; and participate as direct ed i n outpatient substance

- abuse
treatment. The court revoked Savarino’s supervised release and imposed an 18

- month sentence, above the Sentencing Guidelines range

. Savarino contests the sentence and asserts the district court erred in imposing it because the court improperly considered, as dominant factors, the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of Savarino’s new theft offenses and to provide just punishment for th em
. Both parties contend the standard of review is plain error ; but , of
course, o ur court, not the parties, determines the appropriate standard of review. E.g. , United States v. Torres

- Perez , 777 F.3d 764, 766 (5th Cir. 2011). When defendant properly preserves an objection to his revocation sentence,

a r evocation sentence is reviewed under a “plainly unreasonable” standard. See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(4) (review of sentence) ; United States v. Miller , 634 F.3d 841, 843 (5th Cir. 2011) (adopting “plainly unreasonable” standard for revocation sentences)

. Unpre served challenges are reviewed for plain error. United States v. Whitelaw , 580 F.3d 256, 259 (5th Cir. 2009). A party can Case: 21-20133 Document: 00516066216 Page: 2 Date Filed: 10/22/2021No. 21

- 20133

3 preserve error by informing the court of the desire d action or objecting to the court’s action and stating the grounds for the objec tion. Holguin

- Hernandez v. United States , 140 S. Ct. 762, 764 (2020). Holguin

- Hernandez , however, stopped short of “decid[ing] what is sufficient to preserve a claim that a trial court used improper procedures in arriving at its chosen sentence . . . [o r] when a party has properly preserved the right to make particular arguments supporting its claim that a sentence is unreasonably long”. Id. at 767 (emphasis omitted)

. And o ur court has declined to address the appropriate standard of review for specific assertions supporting a substantive

- unreasonableness claim that were not clearly raised before the district court. See, e.g. , United States v. Holguin

- Hernandez , 955 F.3d 519, 520 n.1 (5th Cir. 2020) (pretermitting issue regarding appropriate standard of review because defendant could not even overcome “ less deferential abuse of discretion standard ” ) (opinion on remand); United States v. Navarr o
- Jusino , 993 F.3d 360, 362 n.2 (5th Cir. 2021) (same) ; but see United States v. Cano , 981 F.3d 422, 425 (5th Cir. 2020) (reviewing for plain

error c ontention district court relied on improper factor because defendant failed to raise issue). Savarino sought a lower sentence than the one imposed. At no point, however, did he assert the court improperly considere d a factor when imposing his revocation sentence. Our court need not decide whether Savarino preserved his sentencing contention because it fails under either standard of review. Reversal of a sentence imposed on revocation under 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e) (modi fication of conditions or revocation) is required only if impermissible considerations , such as the seriousness of the violation s and the need for just punishment , were dominant factors in the district court’s sentencing decision. See United States v. Riv era , 784 F.3d 1012, 1017 (5th Cir. Case: 21-20133 Document: 00516066216 Page: 3 Date Filed: 10/22/2021No. 21

- 20133

4 2015)

. There is no error, however, when such a factor “is merely a secondary concern or an addition al justification for the sentence”

. Id. ; see also United States v. Sanchez , 900 F.3d 678, 684 & n.5 (5th Cir. 2018) (explaining revocation sentences are proper if court does “ not take account of retribution ” (citation omitted) )

. T he court’s statements, in context, demonstrate the court was primarily frustrated with Savarino ’s pattern of noncompliance with the terms

o f his supervised release and chose the 18

- month sentence to afford adequate deterrence and sanction Savarino for his breach of the court’s trust

. These are permissible considerations in a revocation hearing. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e); 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1 ), (a)(2)(B); United States v. Cano , 981 F.3d 422, 426 (5th Cir. 2020) ( explaining “[a] sentence imposed on revocation of supervised release punishes a breach of trust for violating the conditions of supervision”(citation omitted)) ; U.S.S.G. Ch.7, Pt.A, in tro. c omment 3(b) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2014) (explaining when imposing revocation sentence, court primarily sanction s defendant’s breach of trust)

. Accordingly, while the court may have considered retribution as an additional justification for the sent ence, other permissible statutory factors were dominant

. S ee Sanchez , 900 F.3d at 684 (affirming district court’s upward variance based on “defendant’s lack of respect for the law” (citation omitted)) . Moreover, it is not clear under existing law that the court’s specific comments gave dominant weight to an impermissible factor, and any

e rror is, therefore, not reversible under the plainly

- unreasonable standard

. S

ee id. at 682 (explaining sentence vacated only if identified error “is not just unreasonable but plainly unreasonable ” (emphasis in original)) ; United States v. Warren , 720 F.3d 321, 326 (5th Cir. 2013) (“If we find the sentence unreasonable, we may reverse the district court only if we further determine the error was obvious under existing law ”

. (citation omitted))

. **AFFIRMED**

. Case: 21-20133 Document: 00516066216 Page: 4 Date Filed: 10/22/2021