IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 309PA22

Filed 23 May 2024

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

WALTER D. GIESE

On writ of certiorari pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-32(b) to review an order 

denying the State’s petition for writ of certiorari entered on 30 June 2022 by Judge 

Thomas Wilson in Superior Court, Onslow County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 

31 October 2023.

Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Zachary K. Dunn, Special Deputy

Attorney General, for the State-appellant.

Mary McCullers Reece and R. Christian Smith for defendant-appellee.

EARLS, Justice.

In early 2022, Walter D. Giese was charged with cyberstalking and making 

harassing phone calls to Sharon Griffin. At the time, Ms. Griffin was the county 

manager for Onslow County. Appointed by and responsible to the Board of 

Commissioners, Ms. Griffin oversaw the county’s facilities and public services. Each 

year she also proposed a county budget to the Board.

As county manager, Ms. Griffin sometimes crossed paths with District 

Attorney Ernie Lee (DA Lee). The elected chief of the Fifth Prosecutorial District, DA 
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Lee spearheads criminal prosecutions in Onslow County. He and his assistant district 

attorneys (ADAs) try cases in the county’s courthouse and work in county-provided 

offices. Onslow County also covers some operating expenses for the district attorney’s 

office (DA’s office), such as custodial services and furniture. Because county managers

superintend county courthouses and propose the annual budget, Ms. Griffin’s duties

at times overlapped with DA Lee’s. 

Before trial, Mr. Giese moved to disqualify DA Lee and his staff from 

prosecuting him. As county manager, Ms. Griffin’s decisions could affect the finances 

and functioning of DA Lee’s office. And as the alleged victim, Mr. Giese contended, 

prosecutors in the Fifth Prosecutorial District had “self-interest” in appeasing Ms. 

Griffin. That “self-interest” could seep into their decision-making, shaping whether, 

for what, and how they prosecuted Mr. Giese. Extending that logic, Mr. Giese urged 

the district court to disqualify DA Lee and his staff because Ms. Griffin’s position as 

county manager triggered a conflict of interest. The district court agreed and barred 

the Fifth Prosecutorial District from handling the case.

The State challenged that disqualification order by petitioning the superior 

court for a writ of certiorari. But after a hearing, that court denied the State’s petition, 

found a conflict of interest, and left the disqualification order intact. This Court

allowed the State’s petition for writ of certiorari to review the superior court’s order. 

We now vacate and remand.

I. Facts and Procedural History
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A. The Parties

Mr. Giese is no stranger to local government. As a licensed soil scientist and 

registered environmental health specialist, he works in wastewater services. In that 

sphere, he helps businesses obtain septic tank permits and serves as an on-site 

wastewater evaluator for the state. Mr. Giese’s job brings him in close contact with 

county and municipal governments. As part of his work, he regularly interacts with 

Onslow County staff. This case centers on his contacts with a particular employee: 

Ms. Griffin. According to the State, Mr. Giese made harassing phone calls to and 

cyberstalked Ms. Griffin. But according to Mr. Giese, he merely criticized Ms. Griffin 

when requesting county records. 

Everyone agrees, however, that Ms. Griffin was county manager at all relevant 

times. The Board of Commissioners appointed her to that position in 2020. In that 

role, she worked under the Board’s guidance as the “chief administrator of county 

government.” See N.C.G.S. § 153A-82(a) (2023). Among her duties, she supervised the 

county’s programs and services and managed its facilities. See N.C.G.S. § 153A82(a)(2). She also played a role in finances. Each year, she proposed a county budget 

to the Board. See N.C.G.S. § 153A-82(a)(5). After the Board adopted a budget, she 

ensured that the money was properly spent. See N.C.G.S. § 153A-82(a)(4).

DA Lee is the State’s chief prosecutor for the Fifth Prosecutorial District. As 

the elected district attorney (DA), he has “exclusive responsibility” for prosecuting 

crimes in his district. See State v. Diaz-Tomas, 382 N.C. 640, 646 (2022) (cleaned up). 
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Four counties are under his jurisdiction, including Onslow County.1 See N.C.G.S. § 

7A-60(a1) (2023). Twenty ADAs work under him and share in his duties. See id. 

Because Mr. Giese was charged and slated for trial in Onslow County, DA Lee

oversaw his case. 

Though county managers and DAs hold different roles with different tasks, 

their duties sometimes intersect. For one, counties must provide “physical facilities 

for the judicial system operating within their boundaries.” In re Alamance Cnty. Ct. 

Facilities, 329 N.C. 84, 99 (1991); see also N.C.G.S. § 7A-302 (2023). That mandate

includes office space for DAs. See id.; see also N.C.G.S. § 7A-304(a)(2) (2023). Counties 

also cover some expenses for the DA’s office, such as custodial services and office 

furniture. See id. As part of their duties, then, county managers supervise the 

facilities where DAs and their staff work. And when county managers propose the 

annual budget, their request covers the DA office’s expenses. 

B. The District Court Disqualifies the DA’s Office

Mr. Giese worried that Ms. Griffin’s dual role as victim and county manager 

could influence his case. He thus moved to disqualify DA Lee’s office from prosecuting 

him. The State opposed the motion. But after a hearing, the district court granted it, 

concluding that Ms. Griffin’s “inherent authority” as county manager kindled a 

conflict of interest with the DA’s office. 

1 Along with Onslow County, DA Lee’s district also includes Duplin, Jones, and

Sampson Counties. See N.C.G.S. § 7A-60(a1) (2023).
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According to the district court, Ms. Griffin’s role required her to “rely on the 

[DA]’s office for the County she supervises to prosecute [Mr. Giese].” The court 

reasoned that Ms. Griffin was an important government employee whose 

responsibilities overlap with the DA’s interests. The court noted, for instance, that 

Ms. Griffin “supervises and has control over the county building, services, and 

furniture provided to the [DA]’s Office.” She also made “budget requests that directly

impact” DA Lee and his staff. From that, the district court “assume[d]” that Ms. 

Griffin “has discussions with the [DA]’s office (sic) concerning their (sic) needs for 

facility (sic) and services before the budget proposal is submitted.” And since Ms. 

Griffin wielded “discretion to make significant decisions that impact the [DA]’s office,” 

the district court found an actual conflict of interest that “could rise to a level of self 

interest in obtaining [Mr. Giese’s] conviction.” The court thus disqualified the entire 

District Attorney’s Office for the Fifth Prosecutorial District and assigned Mr. Giese’s 

case “to a conflicts Prosecutor (sic).”

C. The Superior Court Denies the State’s Petition for Certiorari

Dissatisfied with that ruling, the State petitioned the superior court for a writ 

of certiorari. Mr. Giese opposed the State’s petition. After a hearing, the superior 

court, like the district court, found an actual conflict of interest. Relying on State v. 

Britt, 291 N.C. 528 (1977), the superior court maintained that an actual conflict exists 

if a prosecutor “has any self interest in obtaining the conviction of defendant.” That 

self-interest existed in Mr. Giese’s case, the court reasoned, since Ms. Griffin 
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“prepares and submits the annual budget” for Onslow County, including the budget 

“for the [DA’s office] for expenses not including salaries.” Because the alleged victim 

was “directly involved with preparing the budget for” DA Lee’s office, the superior 

court found that an actual conflict of interest barred the entire Fifth Prosecutorial 

District from prosecuting Mr. Giese. It thus denied the State’s petition and sustained 

the district court’s disqualification order.

D. The State Requests Review of the Superior Court’s Order

The State sought a writ of certiorari from the Court of Appeals to review the 

superior court’s order. The Court of Appeals denied its petition. Judge Tyson 

dissented, arguing that the district court made “a gross error of law.” The State then 

petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari to review the superior court’s order. We 

allowed the petition. 

II. Standard of Review

In this case, we review the superior court’s grounds for denying the State’s

petition for writ of certiorari. We thus examine whether, as a matter of law, Ms. 

Griffin’s position as county manager created an actual conflict requiring DA Lee’s 

disqualification. Because that inquiry raises a legal question, we review it de novo. 

See State v. Khan, 366 N.C. 448, 453 (2013). 

III. Legal Standard for Disqualifying District Attorneys

A. The Interests at Play
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The decision to disqualify a DA is a multifaceted one. This Court has thus

rejected a “per se disqualification rule,” electing instead to “balance the respective 

interests of the defendant, the government, and the public.” State v. Camacho, 329 

N.C. 589, 600 (1991) (cleaned up). That course, we have explained, is “constitutionally 

preferable” and avoids needless disruption of our constitutional system. Id. at 599.

On the one hand, DAs are “elected officials whose duty to prosecute is expressly 

mandated by constitutional provisions.”2 Id. They are “chosen for [their districts] by 

the qualified voters thereof.” N.C. Const. art. IV, § 18. And they carry out their 

“constitutionally and statutorily mandated duties on behalf of the public.” Camacho,

329 N.C. at 598. Chief among DAs’ duties is the “exclusive responsibility” for 

prosecuting crimes in their district. Diaz-Tomas, 382 N.C. at 646 (cleaned up); see 

also N.C.G.S. § 7A-61 (2023).

Because DAs act “on behalf of the State” and its people, N.C. Const. art. IV, 

§ 18, they wield “great power and grave responsibility,” State v. Barefoot, 241 N.C. 

650, 655 (1955). In criminal cases, DAs serve as “advocate[s] of the State’s interest.” 

Britt, 291 N.C. at 542; see State v. Smith, 352 N.C. 531, 559 (2000). But a DA’s “first 

2 For economy and clarity, this opinion refers to DAs alone. But the same principles 

apply to ADAs. By Constitution and statute, DAs wield the exclusive “responsibility and 

authority to prosecute all criminal actions in the superior courts.” State v. Camacho, 329 N.C. 

589, 593 (1991). But an elected DA “may, in his or her discretion and where otherwise 

permitted by law, delegate the prosecutorial function to others.” Id. As “lawful designees” of 

a DA’s power and responsibility, ADAs enjoy the authority of the DA’s office and the 

“constitutional and statutory duties” attached to it. Id. at 596. For that reason, the same 

balancing test governs the disqualification of DAs and ADAs alike. 
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responsibility is not to win at any cost” but “to be a just advocate.” Id. Because the 

State has an “elevated responsibility to seek justice above all other ends,” a DA—as 

its mouthpiece—does too. State v. Hooper, 358 N.C. 122, 127 (2004). Thus, the State 

and DAs alike “win[ ] [their] point whenever justice is done.” State v. Williams, 362 

N.C. 628, 638 n.5 (2008) (cleaned up).

When a court disqualifies a DA, it may stymie his role as a fair-minded 

“representative of the people and zealous advocate for the State.” State v. Britt, 288 

N.C. 699, 714 (1975). From the sidelines, a DA can neither press the State’s case nor 

preserve the cause of justice. An improper disqualification may thus invade the 

“constitutional and statutory duties” which only a DA and his “lawful designees may 

perform.” Camacho, 329 N.C. at 596. And for the same reason, it may “unnecessarily 

interfere” with “the system established by our Constitution.” Id. at 600.

Disqualification may also affect the public’s interest in a fair and functional 

justice system. See id. When the people elect a DA, they select—and expect—an 

officer who prosecutes “with energy and skill,” while affording just treatment to the 

accused. Britt, 288 N.C. at 710 (cleaned up). Put another way, the public has an 

interest in seeing defendants “fairly and promptly tried for their alleged crimes.” 

United States v. Goot, 894 F.2d 231, 237 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 811 (1990); 

see also Hooper, 358 N.C. at 127 (underscoring need for the “effective administration 

of justice”). So when a court ousts a DA from a case, it may impede his elected role. 

In that way, faulty disqualification may erode a DA’s “public protection function” and 
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cheapen the votes that placed him in office. See Camacho, 329 N.C. at 600 (quoting 

Goot, 894 F.2d at 236). 

All the same, defendants enjoy a constitutionally protected right to due process 

and fair proceedings. Id. We have indeed recognized that life and liberty—the values

at stake in a criminal prosecution—are among the “weightiest interests that our state 

and federal constitutions serve to protect.” State v. Robinson, 375 N.C. 173, 189–90 

(2020); accord McBride v. McBride, 334 N.C. 124, 130 (1993) (noting that “the interest 

in personal liberty” is, “perhaps, the most fundamental interest protected by the 

Constitution of the United States”). Thus defendants’ interests—like those of DAs

and the public—are weighty too and must factor into the calculus. See Camacho, 329 

N.C. at 600 (“In deciding questions of disqualification we balance the respective 

interests of the defendant, the government, and the public.” (quoting Goot, 894 F.2d 

at 236)).

B. Camacho’s Balancing Test

Our decision in Camacho remains the key precedent on disqualification. In 

that case, an ADA worked as a public defender before joining the DA’s office. Id. at 

591. During her tenure as a public defender, some of her colleagues represented the 

defendant at his first trial. Id. The ADA did not see the defendant’s files or touch the 

merits of his case, though she did research some legal issues for a motion. Id. When 

she started as an ADA, the defendant moved to disqualify her and her colleagues from 

prosecuting him in his second trial. Id. The trial court granted the motion, reasoning 
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that flatly disqualifying the DA’s office was necessary to “avoid even the possibility 

or impression of any conflict of interest.” Id. at 593 (emphasis omitted).

We vacated that decision, holding that a mere risk of impropriety could not 

oust a DA’s office from prosecuting a case. Id. at 600–01. To respect our constitutional 

structure and DAs’ role in it, we forbade courts from disqualifying prosecutors unless 

they find an “actual conflict of interest[ ].” Id. at 601. “In this context,” we explained, 

an actual conflict exists if a prosecutor once represented the defendant and—by virtue 

of that attorney–client relationship—gained “confidential information which may be 

used to the defendant’s detriment at trial.” Id.

Applying that standard, we deemed disqualification improper because the trial 

court found—and the “uncontroverted evidence” showed—that “the [DA’s office] had 

no actual conflict of interest[ ].” Id. at 596. According to the trial court, the ADA never 

had “any contact, directly or indirectly, with the merits of the [defendant’s] case.” Id. 

at 597. She culled “no confidential information about the defendant’s case while in 

the Public Defender’s Office.” Id. And she did not convey “any information of a 

confidential nature” to the DA’s office after she switched jobs. Id. The trial court thus 

concluded what “[a]ll of the evidence” confirmed: That no “actual conflict of interests 

existed on the part of any member of the District Attorney's Office.” Id. at 602. And 

since the court found no actual conflict, it “exceeded its authority” by disqualifying 

the DA’s office. Id.
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Camacho offers three key lessons. First, “the mere appearance of impropriety” 

cannot justify disqualification. Id. at 599. An actual conflict requires more than “a

possibility that an impression of a conflict of interest[ ] might arise at some future

time.” Id. at 597.3

Second, disqualification is off the table “unless and until” the trial court finds

“an actual conflict of interest[ ] as that term has been defined in this opinion.” Id. at 

601–02. An actual conflict thus exists when a member of a DA’s office once 

represented a defendant and obtained confidential information that “may be used to 

the defendant’s detriment at trial.” Id. at 601; see also id. at 599. Without that 

essential ingredient, however, a court’s disqualification power lies dormant. Id.; see 

also State v. Anthony, 354 N.C. 372, 391–94 (2001) (finding no actual conflict when 

prosecutors were “initially assigned to be co-counsel for defendant,” but joined “the 

Gaston County District Attorney’s Office by the time of trial” because the prosecutors

“resigned prior to obtaining any confidential information about the case,” did not 

3 In his motion to disqualify, Mr. Giese argued that DA Lee had an “apparent conflict 

of interest” because he and his “staff rel[ied] on the alleged victim for resources and services 

provided by the County including janitorial and maintenance staff in addition to facilities 

and furniture.” To that, Mr. Giese added another reason to disqualify: The “mere appearance 

of impropriety based on the professional relationship between the prosecutor and alleged 

victim erodes the public trust whether or not an actual conflict of interest exist[s].” Camacho

clearly forecloses that latter rationale. State v. Camacho, 329 N.C. 589, 599 (1991); see also 

id. at 597 (“[W]e conclude that the trial court erred by ordering that the [DA] and his staff 

withdraw from this case because their prosecution of the defendant might create an 

appearance of a conflict of interest[ ].”). Had the lower courts disqualified the Fifth 

Prosecutorial District based on “a mere appearance of impropriety,” those decisions would be 

flatly incongruent with our precedent. See id. at 599. Because the courts below purported to 

find an actual conflict between DA Lee and Ms. Griffin, we reach and consider that legal 

conclusion.
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discuss “the case with other prosecutors at their new employment,” and “avoid[ed] all 

contact with the case after changing jobs”); accord State v. Reid, 334 N.C. 551, 561

(1993) (“We caution the trial court on remand for a new trial to insure that there is 

no conflict of interest, as defined in Camacho, on the part of the prosecution and no 

participation in the case against defendant on the part of [his former attorney].”). 

Third, even if a court finds an actual conflict, it must balance the competing 

interests to decide the propriety and extent of disqualification. Id. Put another way, 

the cure should not be worse than the disease—the judiciary must “make every 

possible effort to avoid unnecessarily interfering” with a DA’s “performance of 

constitutional and statutory duties.” Id. at 595–96. So in crafting relief, a trial court 

may not “exceed any steps necessary to protect the interests of the defendant or the 

courts.” Id. at 596. A disqualification remedy must thus “be drawn as narrowly as 

possible,” reaching only those prosecutors with an actual conflict. Id. at 595. When a 

court embraces an “unnecessarily all-encompassing order,” it upsets Camacho’s 

balancing test and distends “the system established by our Constitution.” Id. at 596.

IV. Application to Mr. Giese’s Case

Here, the lower courts found an actual conflict of interest based on the 

professional overlap between county managers and DAs. That was error. As defined 

by Camacho, an actual conflict exists when a prosecutor once represented a 

defendant, “obtained confidential information which may be used to the defendant’s 

detriment at trial,” and then “participated in the prosecution of the case or divulged 
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any confidential information to other prosecutors.” Id. at 601 (cleaned up). Measured 

in that light, the professional nexus between Ms. Griffin and DA Lee falls far short 

of an actual conflict. No evidence suggests—nor does Mr. Giese allege—that anyone 

in the Fifth Prosecutorial District ever represented him and either “acquired 

confidential information” or “betrayed any confidences.” Id. at 597 (cleaned up).

Because a county manager’s sway in peripheral administrative and budgetary 

matters did not raise an actual conflict under Camacho, disqualification was offlimits.

In holding the opposite, the superior court seized on State v. Britt, 291 N.C. 

528 (1977), reading that case to “outline[ ] when a conflict of interest exists for a 

prosecutor.” That reliance was misplaced. In Britt—a due process case—the same DA 

tried a defendant multiple times for the same offense, sometimes overzealously. Britt, 

291 N.C. at 541. Our decision, however, did not hinge on a conflict of interest. Instead,

we resolved the defendant’s due process claims by examining the “fairness” of the 

proceedings and the presence of misfeasance. Id. at 542. “[A]t all times,” we explained, 

the DA was “acting as the advocate of the State’s interest” and properly “seeking to 

convict and punish the guilty or seeking acquittal of the innocent.” Id. Nothing 

suggested otherwise. The record betrayed no “misconduct in this trial.” Id. No 

evidence signaled “that the prosecutor has any conflict of interest, e.g., prior 

representation of defendant.” Id. And nothing augured “that the prosecutor has any 

self-interest in obtaining the conviction of defendant, e.g., revenge.” Id. On that basis, 
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we discerned no “denial of fairness in permitting [the DA] to prosecute defendant 

such as would constitute a denial of due process.” Id.

Camacho—decided over a decade after Britt—specifically addressed conflicts 

of interest. The opinion did not cite Britt or import its due process analysis into the 

realm of disqualification. Most importantly, Camacho carefully balanced the 

interests at play when a court is asked to disqualify a DA. From that, it coined a rule 

aligned with fundamental constitutional values and faithful to our constitutional 

system. See Camacho, 329 N.C. at 601. So when Mr. Giese moved to disqualify DA 

Lee, Camacho supplied the standard; the superior court erred in ignoring it.

A second flaw flowed from the first. Recall that the lower courts did not stop at 

disqualifying DA Lee—they extended that bar to all members of the Fifth 

Prosecutorial District. Those disqualification orders were “unnecessarily allencompassing” and incongruent with Camacho’s narrow-tailoring requirement. See 

id. at 596. In Camacho itself, we admonished courts from automatically diffusing one 

prosecutor’s conflict to each of her colleagues. See id. at 601. Instead, disqualification 

orders must be narrowly drawn to reach only those prosecutors with an actual 

conflict. See id. at 596. And here, Mr. Giese offered no evidence of an actual conflict

with DA Lee, much less the twenty ADAs serving under him. By mandating officewide disqualification without finding an office-wide conflict, the lower courts “swe[pt] 

much too broadly.” See id. 
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That said, Camacho does not preclude defendants from raising due process 

claims. We need not survey every potential breach of due process, but it goes without 

saying that “punish[ing] a person because he has done what the law plainly allows 

him to do is a due process violation of the most basic sort.” United States v. Goodwin, 

457 U.S. 368, 372 (1982) (cleaned up). In the same vein, Britt expressly contemplates 

that misconduct or significant self-interest may raise due process concerns. Britt, 291 

N.C. at 541–42. And of course, prosecutors may not base decisions on an “unjustifiable 

standard such as race, religion, or other arbitrary classification . . . [or] a defendant’s 

decision to exercise his statutory or constitutional rights.” State v. Garner, 340 N.C. 

573, 588 (1995); see also Goodwin, 457 U.S. at 372 (warning of due process violations 

when a defendant is “punished for exercising a protected statutory or constitutional 

right”). But this case does not present—and Mr. Giese does not raise—a colorable due 

process violation. 

V. Conclusion

Camacho strikes a necessary balance between fairness, functionality, and 

faithfulness to constitutional design. Applying that decision, we vacate the superior 

court’s order because it—like the district court—disqualified DA Lee and his staff 

without finding an actual conflict. As Camacho makes clear, a county manager’s 

“inherent authority” does not bar a DA from prosecuting a case in which that county 

manager is the alleged victim. Instead, an actual conflict of interest exists when the 

prosecution—by virtue of a prior attorney-client relationship—obtains confidential 
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information that “has been or is likely to be used to the detriment of the defendant.” 

Id. at 598; see also id. at 601. Nothing of the sort happened in Mr. Giese’s case.

Without an actual conflict of interest or legitimate due process concerns, courts 

may not “unnecessarily interfere with [DAs’] performance” of their “constitutionally 

mandated duty.” Camacho, 329 N.C. at 599. Neither condition is present here. We 

thus vacate the superior court’s order denying the petition for writ of certiorari and 

remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

VACATED AND REMANDED.