In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: April 26, 2016

S16A0559. CLARK et al. v. DEAL, GOVERNOR et al.

S16X0560. DEAL, GOVERNOR v. CLARK et al.

MELTON, Justice.

In this action, John Clark, Ivory Kenneth Dious, Francys Johnson, Jr.,

Henry C. Ficklin, and Darryl A. Momon (collectively referred to as “Clark”)

contend that Amanda H. Mercier, Nels S.D. Peterson, and Brian M. Rickman

have no right to hold office as judges on our Court of Appeals.1 Specifically,

Clark contends that these new judges were improperly appointed by Governor

Nathan Deal. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the trial court’s denial

of Clark’s petition for a writ of quo warranto.

1. The underlying facts of this case are not disputed. Effective on January

1, 2016, Act No. 138 (House Bill 279 or the “Act”) established three new seats

on the Court of Appeals, amending OCGA § 15-3-1 (a) to provide for a total of

1 “The writ of quo warranto may issue to inquire into the right of any

person to any public office the duties of which he is in fact discharging.” OCGA

§ 9–6–60.
15 judges. In addition, OCGA § 15-3-4 was amended to add subsection (b),

which provides in relevant part: “The additional judgeships created in 2015 shall

be appointed by the Governor for a term beginning January 1, 2016, and

continuing through December 31, 2018, and until their successors are elected

and qualified.” Pursuant to theAct, Governor Deal appointed Mercier, Peterson,

and Rickman to the new positions. A short time after the Governor announced

the appointments, but before the announced appointees took office, Clark filed

a petition to challenge the appointments in the Superior Court of Fulton County,

naming as defendants the Governor in his official capacity, Mercier, Peterson,

and Rickman. Clark argued that the gubernatorial appointment of Court of

Appeals judges to newly created seats violated the Georgia Constitution,

maintaining that new judges are required to be chosen by general election. 

Accordingly, Clark requested the following: (1) a declaratory judgment that the

appointment provision of the Act is unconstitutional; (2) an injunction and

temporary restraining order against the Governor to stop him from

commissioning or administering the oath of office to the new judges; and (3)

a writ of quo warranto against Mercier, Peterson, and Rickman. 

The trial court denied Clark’s petition on the merits. After considering the

2
Georgia Constitution, related statutory authority, and the history of judicial

appointments to the Court of Appeals, the trial court held that the 1983 Georgia

Constitution permits the Governor to fill newly created seats on the Court of

Appeals by appointment. Clark then appealed, and, in addition, filed an

emergency motion for supersedeas, again to prevent the Governor from

administering the oath of office to the appointees. This Court denied the

emergency motion on December 18, 2015. The Governor also filed a crossappeal, contending that the trial court erred in its determination that sovereign

immunity did not protect him from the injunction and declaratory judgment

action brought against him. The new Court of Appeals judges took office on

January 1, 2016. 

2. Initially, we must determine what part, if any, of Clark’s action remains

viable. Because the new judges have already taken office, those portions of

Clark’s action relating to the issuance of a declaratory judgment, injunctive

relief, and a temporary restraining order against the Governor are now moot, as

the very action which Clark sought to stop has already occurred. “[I]f the thing

sought to be enjoined in fact takes place, the grant or denial of the injunction

becomes moot.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Board of Commrs. of

3
Richmond County v. Cooper, 259 Ga. 785 (387 SE2d 138) (1990). A case is

moot when its resolution would amount to the determination of an abstract

question not arising upon existing facts or rights. SeeChastain v. Baker, 255 Ga.

432 (339 SE2d 241) (1986). Based on this same reasoning, the Governor’s

cross-appeal is moot as well. The Governor was never prevented from swearing

in and commissioning the new judges, and, therefore, there is no longer any

reason to consider whether Clark’s unsuccessful attempt to enjoin and obtain a

declaratory judgment against the Governor was barred by sovereign immunity.

So, the only remaining part of this action which remains viable is Clark’s

petition for a writ of quo warranto, which became ripe at the time that the new

judges assumed office. Accordingly, this opinion addresses only that portion of

the underlying suit.

3. Throughout this litigation, Clark has contended that OCGA § 15-3-4 (b) 

is unconstitutional because the Georgia Constitution requires that Court of

Appeals judges who fill newly created seats must be selected by a general

nonpartisan election. The Constitution, itself, belies this claim in Article VI,

which address the judicial branch of government. 

Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. I. does provide that

4
[a]ll superior court and state court judges shall be elected on a

nonpartisan basis for a term of four years. All Justices of the

Supreme Court and the Judges of the Court of Appeals shall be

elected on a nonpartisan basis for a term of six years. The terms of

all judges thus elected shall begin the next January 1 after their

election. All other judges shall continue to be selected in themanner

and for the term they were selected on June 30, 1983, until

otherwise provided by local law.

Likewise, OCGA § 21-2-9 (b) provides that Court of Appeals judges “shall be

elected in the nonpartisan general election next preceding the expiration of the

term of office.” However, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. III expressly states that

“[v]acancies shall be filled by appointment of the Governor except as otherwise

provided by law in the magistrate, probate, and juvenile courts.” (Emphasis

supplied.) Therefore, the Constitution clearly allows the Governor to appoint

new judges when there is a vacancy on the Court of Appeals. The only

remaining question, then, is whether a newly created position on the Court of

Appeals qualifies as a “vacancy” under Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. III. Both the

appropriate rules of construction and the historical record indicate that it does.2

2 Clark argues that, without exception, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. I requires all

Court of Appeals judges to be elected in a nonpartisan election. This argument,

however, ignores other constitutional provisions which clearly show that there

are exceptions to this rule. The power of the Governor to make appointments in

the case of vacancies, itself, is such an exception. This is further exemplified by

5
(a) In reviewing the propriety of OCGA § 15-3-4 (b), it must be

remembered that “all presumptions are in favor of the constitutionality of [a

statute].” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) JIG Real Estate, LLC v.

Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 289 Ga. 488, 490 (2) (712 SE2d 820) (2011).

Furthermore, we must “presume that the words used in the Constitution bear

their ordinary meanings at the time those words were included. See Warren v.

State, 294 Ga. 589, 590 (755 SE2d 171) (2014).” Savage v. State, 297 Ga. 627,

635 (4) (b) (774 SE2d 624) (2015). “‘Constitutions, like statutes, are properly

to be expounded in the light of conditions existing at the time of their adoption.’

[Cit.]” Clarke v. Johnson, 199 Ga. 163, 166 (33 SE2d 425) (1945).

At the time that the Governor was given the power to appoint appellate

judges to fill vacancies in the 1983 Constitution, Black’s Law Dictionary stated

that “vacancy,” when applied to official positions, meant, “in its ordinary and

popular sense, that an office is unoccupied, and that there is no incumbent who

has a lawful right to continue therein until the happening of a future event,

Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. IV, which provides: “An appointee to an elective office

shall serve until a successor is duly selected and qualified and until January 1

of the year following the next general election which is more than six months

after such person's appointment.”

6
though the word is sometimes used with reference to an office temporarily

filled.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1388 (5th ed. 1979). As noted by the trial court,

a standard dictionary likewise defined “vacancy” as follows: “1. The condition

of being vacant or unoccupied. 2. An empty or unoccupied space. 3. A position,

an office, or a place of accommodation that is unfilled or unoccupied.” The

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1969 (3d ed. 1979). Our

own cases, both before and after the ratification of the 1983 Constitution, give

the term “vacant” a similar definition. See Pittman v. Ingram, 184 Ga. 255, 256-

257 (190 SE 794) (1937) (“office is not vacant so long as it is supplied, in the

manner provided by the constitution or law, with an incumbent who is legally

qualified to exercise the powers and perform the duties which pertain to it”)

(Citation omitted.); Parkerson v. Hart, 200 Ga. 660, 664 (38 SE2d 397) (1946)

(“[w]hen there is no one to fill the office, a vacancy exists”) (Citation omitted.);

Garcia v. Miller, 261 Ga. 531 (2) (408 SE2d 97) (1991) (office is not vacant so

long as it is filled by an incumbent who is legally qualified to exercise the

powers and perform the duties which pertain to it).

Therefore, the ordinary meaning of the term vacancy is, in essence, a

public office without an incumbent. The newly created positions on the Court

7
of Appeals certainly fit this definition. See also 63C AmJur2d Public Officers

& Employees § 111 ("[A] newly created office, which is not filled by the

tribunal which created it, becomes vacant on the instant of its creation, and

remains so until it is filled by an incumbent. The term 'vacancy' thus applies to

an existing office without an incumbent, though it has never been filled.");

Throop, A Treatise on the Law Relating to Public Officers and Sureties in

Official Bonds § 431 (1892) ("An existing office without an incumbent is

vacant, whether it be a new or an old office."). Accordingly, the constitutionality

of OCGA § 15-3-4 (b) is supported by this ordinary definition and plain

meaning. 

Nonetheless, Clark contends that we should look to OCGA § 45-5-1 3to

3 This statute provides:

 (a) All offices in the state shall be vacated:

(1) By the death of the incumbent;

(2) By resignation, when accepted;

(3) By decision of a competent tribunal declaring the office vacant;

(4) By voluntary act or misfortune of the incumbent whereby he is

placed in any of the specified conditions of ineligibility to office;

(5) By the incumbent ceasing to be a resident of the state or of the

county, circuit, or district for which he was elected;

(6) By failing to apply for and obtain commissions or certificates or

by failing to qualify or give bond, or both, within the time

prescribed by the laws and Constitution of Georgia; or

(7) By abandoning the office or ceasing to perform its duties, or

8
determine the meaning of “vacancy.” Clark argues that only the limited number

of situations listed in that statute may be properly considered a vacancy, and a

newly created position is not contained in this list. Clark’s argument is

misplaced for several reasons. First, it rests on the false premise that the list

contained in OCGA § 45-5-1 may provide the sole definition of a constitutional

term. Nothing in Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. III states that the Legislature is given the

power to exclusively define the term “vacancy” as it is used therein. To the

contrary, the 1983 Constitution’s drafters appear to have intended that

“vacancy” be interpreted in a broad sense, as they gave the term no limitations.4

Second, Clark contends that the terminology of OCGA § 45-5-1 directly

contradicts OCGA § 15-3-4 (b), and, as such, the latter statute should not be

followed. Even if we were to assume that an actual conflict existed, “the courts

are not only to be guided by the General Assembly's last expression on a subject,

both.

4

In comparison, the Governor’s ability to fill vacancies in the executive

branch appears to bemore limited. “When any public office shall become vacant

by death, resignation, or otherwise, the Governor shall promptly fill such

vacancy unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law; and persons

so appointed shall serve for the unexpired term unless otherwise provided by

this Constitution or by law.” 1983 Ga. Const. Art. V, Sec. II, Par. VIII.

9
but the latest declaration controls.” (Citations omitted.) Tippins Bank & Trust

Co. v. Southern Gen. Ins. Co., 266 Ga. 97, 98 (464 SE2d 381) (1995). OCGA

§ 15-3-4 (b) is the last expression, and it allows the gubernatorial appointment

of Court of Appeals judges to newly created seats. Finally, Clark’s contentions

regarding OCGA § 45-5-1 (a) fail because that statute addresses the topic of

when an office has been vacated, not when a vacancy exists. Prior to having an

occupant, a newly created office cannot be vacated because no incumbent exists

to vacate it. However, the 1983 Constitution allows the Governor to appoint

whenever a vacancy exists, not just when an office has been vacated.

Therefore, for all of the reasons discussed above, the broadly used

meaning of “vacancy” includes a newly created position on the Court of

Appeals.

(b) The history of gubernatorial appointments also gives support to a

finding that OCGA § 15-3-4 (b) is constitutional. The Court of Appeals was

established in 1906 by constitutional amendment, and the amendment provided

explicitly that the newly created judicial offices - the three original seats on the

Court of Appeals - were to be filled initially by popular election. See Ga. L.

1906, p. 24. Ten years later, the Court of Appeals was expanded to six judges,

10
and consistent with the explicit direction of the 1906 amendment, the three

additional seats were filled initially by election. See Ga. L. 1916, p. 56. In 1945,

however, Georgia adopted a new Constitution, and although it authorized the

General Assembly to establish new seats on the Court of Appeals by statute, it

omitted the provision of the 1906 amendment that newly created seats on the

Court of Appeals be filled initially by election. See Ga. Const. of 1945, Art. VI,

Sec. II, Par. VIII. In 1960, legislation was passed to add a seventh judge to the

Court of Appeals, and although it did not explicitly direct how the new seat was

to be initially filled, it clearly contemplated that the seat would be filled prior to

any election. Accordingly, a judge was appointed to the seventh seat by then

Governor Ernest Vandiver and commissioned for a period prior to running in a

general election. See Ga. L. 1960, pp. 158, 160. In 1961, two more positions

were created on the Court of Appeals, and, once more, they were initially

appointed by Governor Vandiver. See Ga. L. 1961, pp. 140, 142. For the first

time after our current constitution was adopted, in 1996, a tenth judge was added

to the Court of Appeals, and legislation explicitly provided for an appointment

by the acting governor. See Ga. L. 1996, p. 405. Finally, in 1999, two additional

judgeships were created, and, again, the legislation establishing the positions

11
expressly provided that the governor would make appointments to the newly

created seats. See Ga. L. 1999, p. 10. 

The historical practice is clear. Although Clark and the dissent rely on the

use of elections to fill the first six seats on the Court of Appeals, those seats

were established under the 1906 constitutional amendment, which explicitly

required elections to fill the newly created seats. Although much of the 1906

amendment was carried forward into later constitutions, the provision for new

seats to be filled initially by election was omitted from the 1945 Constitution,

the 1976 Constitution, and most importantly, the 1983 Constitution. Since

1945, whenever the General Assembly has exercised its constitutional authority

to create new seats on the Court of Appeals by statute, it has authorized

(explicitly or implicitly) the acting governor to fill those seats initially by

appointment, and the governor has done so. “[T]hough that legislative precedent

might not be dispositive, it is entitled to some respect.”5(Citation omitted.)

5 The 1945 Constitution not only omitted the provision that newly created

seats on the Court of Appeals be filled initially by election, but it also

established a seventh seat on the SupremeCourt and provided explicitly that that

seat was to be filled initially by gubernatorial appointment. That provision of the

1945 Constitution was the most recent constitutional expression of the will of

the People on the way in which a newly created judicial office on a statewide

appellate court was to be initially filled. 

12
DeKalb County School Dist. v. Ga. State Board of Ed., 294 Ga. 349, 357 (751

SE2d 827) (2103). Moreover, at the time that the 1983 Constitution was enacted,

this practice was well under way. Therefore, we must assume that the drafters

of the 1983 Constitution were well aware of this practice and saw no need to

change it. Instead, they intended for the governor’s authority to fill vacancies

under Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. III to extend to newly created seats on the Court of

Appeals when the General Assembly has not made other provisions for filling

the seats.6

4. Although Clark and the dissent contend otherwise, OCGA § 15-3-4 (b)

does not serve to wholly disenfranchise the citizens of Georgia with regard to

the newly created seats on the Court of Appeals. To the contrary, all three of the

6 We note that, at the regular session of the General Assembly following

the effective date of the GeorgiaConstitution of 1983, bills were passed creating

four new seats on superior courts. These bills explicitly stated that the seats

would be initially filled by an appointment by the Governor. See Ga. L. 1984,

p.434 § 2 (Cobb Judicial Circuit); Ga. L. 1984, p.451 § 2 (Atlanta Judicial

Circuit); Ga. L. 1984, p.469 § 2 (Clayton Judicial Circuit); and Ga. L. 1984,

p.472 § 2 (Houston Judicial Circuit). “Courts long have acknowledged that,

when a legislature enacts a statute that touches upon a constitutional provision

close in time to the adoption of that constitutional provision, the statute is

powerful evidence of the contemporary understanding of the constitutional

provision.” (Citation omitted.) DeKalb County School Dist. v. Ga. State Board

of Ed., 294 Ga. 359, 355 (1) (a) n.12 (751 SE2d 827) (2013). 

13
new judges will be required to run in a nonpartisan general election to keep their

new positions. As in the similar case of Perdue v. Palmour, 278 Ga. 217, 221

(600 SE2d 370) (2004), 

[t]his case is not resolved by a subjective opinion of how extensive

the power of the governor should be in regard to appointments to

elective office. It is determined by the unambiguous mandate of the

constitution as ratified by the voters of Georgia. It is about

implementing the last expression of the sovereign will of the

people, in this case, [the governor’s power to fill vacancies under

Art. VI, Sec. VII, Par. III of the 1983 Georgia Constitution].

That power enables the governor to appoint Court of Appeals judges to newly

created seats.7 The dissent’s analysis, which focuses on language only contained

in the 1945 Georgia Constitution, has no bearing on this result, as it is the 1983

Constitution which must inform our opinion. As such, the trial court properly

denied Clark’s petition for a writ of quo warranto. In addition, for the reasons

set forth above, the Governor’s cross-appeal must be dismissed as moot.

Judgment affirmed in Case No. S16A0559. Case dismissed in Case No.

S16X0560. All the Justices concur, except Benham, J., who dissents.

7 We do not reach any question of whether the General Assembly may

create new judicial seats and require that those seats be initially filled by general

election.

14
S16A0559. CLARK et al. v. DEAL, GOVERNOR et al.

S16X0560. DEAL, GOVERNOR v. CLARK et al.

BENHAM, Justice, dissenting.

I have not been able to bring my mind to concur with my associates

in the judgment rendered in this cause. This is to me a source of

sincere regret. I esteem it a personal misfortune. I have labored to

see this question in the light in which they view it, but have been

unable to attain to the same conviction. With profound respect for

them, and sincere distrust of the justness of my own conclusions, I

am constrained to dissent.

Tuttle v. Walton, 1 Ga. 43, 56 (1846) (Justice Nisbet dissenting).1

The GeorgiaConstitution of 1983 unequivocally states that justices of the

Georgia Supreme Court and judges of the Georgia Court of Appeals “shall be

elected.” Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Para. I. The Georgia

Constitution also provides that “vacancies” can be filled by the governor. Ga.

Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Para. III. Although the word “vacancies” is

1This quote is taken from the first dissent published in the first volume of the Georgia

Reports.
not defined in Article VI of the 1983 constitution, historically, in this state, a

vacancy is an event “which causes an unexpired term.” See, e.g., Ga. Const. of

1976, Art. VI, Sec. II, Paras. III and VIII; Ga. Const. of 1945, Art. VI, Sec. II,

Paras. III and VIII. See also, e.g., Hooper v. Almand, 196 Ga. 52, 59 (25 SE2d

778) (1943) (the governor’s right to appoint contemplates vacancies that occur

within the term; an unexpired term);2 Stephens v. Reid, 189 Ga. 372, 377-379

(6 SE2d 728) (1939) (by 1896, it was the goal of the legislature to have judges

elected by the people; only vacancies which caused an unexpired term were

filled by executive appointment); Pittman v. Ingram, 184 Ga. 255 (190 SE 794)

(1937) (a vacancy caused “by death or resignation or otherwise” does not refer

to a position where no one has been elected). Such “legislative precedent ...is

entitled to some respect.” DeKalb County School District v. Georgia State

2

In Hooper v. Almand, Humphries was nominated to succeed himself in the Atlanta Judicial

Circuit at the Democratic state convention on October 7, 1942. Humphries died 15 days later on

October 22, 1942. The general election was to be held on November 3, 1942. On October 24, two

days after Humphries' death, the governor appointed Almand to fill the position, despite the fact that

Hooper secured the most votes in the election days later.

This Court examined the issues of vacancy and the power of gubernatorial appointment and

found that “vacancy” had no technical meaning. Hooper v. Almand, 196 Ga. at 59. Rather, this

Court reasoned, “vacancy” applies not to the incumbent, but to the term or office, depending upon

the context of a statute or constitutional provision in which the term is used. Id. The correct

construction of “vacancy” is a vacancy in term given the subject matter and context of the

gubernatorial appointment provision; and, an unexpired term, in the minds of the framers, was the

remaining portion of a definite, fixed term in which a vacancy had been occasioned by death,

resignation, or some other cause. Id. at 59, 66. 

2
Board of Education, 294 Ga. 349, 357 (751 SE2d 827) (2013). 

Indeed, the above-described understanding of vacancy is consistent with

the ordinary meaning of vacancy at the time the 1983 Georgia Constitution was

drafted and enacted. For example, the full definition of “vacancy” contained in

Black’s Law Dictionary (5th Ed. 1979) provides:

Vacancy. A place or position which is empty, unfilled, or

unoccupied. An unoccupied or unfilled post, position or office. An

existing office, etc., without an incumbent. The state of being

destitute of an incumbent, or a proper or a legally qualified officer. 

The term is principally applied to an interruption in the incumbency

of an office, or to cases where the office is not occupied by one who

has a legal right to hold it and to exercise the rights and perform the

duties pertaining thereto. The word “vacancy,” when applied to

official positions, means in its ordinary and popular sense, that an

office is unoccupied, and that there is no incumbent who has a

lawful right to continue therein until the happening of a future

event, though the word is sometimes used with reference to an

office temporarily filled.

3
(Emphasis supplied.) The above-referenced definition coincides with Georgia’s

historical understanding that a vacancy, for the purposes of gubernatorial

appointment, is when an existing incumbency has been interrupted and there is

no incumbent who can legally continue to serve. Furthermore, Article V,

Section II, Paragraph VIII (a) of the 1983 GeorgiaConstitution, which describes

the governor's appointment powers regarding "any public office," provides that

a gubernatorial appointee is to serve "for the unexpired term." (Emphasis

supplied.) The situation at bar is not an existing incumbency that has been

interrupted; but rather is a newly created position that has never been occupied

for any period of time. A newly created position cannot logically have an

unexpired term that would need to be filled by appointment.3

Given the extensive history showing that the governor appoints when the

vacancy in question has caused an unexpired term, it is hard to fathom the

executive, legislative, and now the judicial branches’ departure from the letter

and spirit of our Constitution. It seems this devolution began in the 1960s when

3

I note that our decision in Perdue v. Palmour, 278 Ga. 217 (600 SE2d 370) (2004), is not

applicable to the case at bar because the judicial vacancy at issue in that case was created when the

incumbent resigned, i.e., when the incumbencywas interrupted. Consequently, there was no dispute

that the governor was authorized to appoint in that situation. Id. at 218. Therefore, the majority’s

reliance on that case is misplaced.

4
Governor Vandiver issued executive orders filling newly created judgeships on

theCourt of Appeals with his appointees. It is clear that Governor Vandiver had

no constitutional authority for these actions. The GeorgiaConstitution of 1945,

which was in effect at that time, provided as follows:

In case of any vacancy which causes an unexpired term [of a

Justice of the Georgia Supreme Court], the same shall be filled by

executive appointment, and the person appointed by the Governor

shall hold his office until the next regular election, and until his

successor for the balance of the unexpired term shall have been

elected and qualified.

***

The times and manner of electing Judges [of the Court of Appeals],

and the mode of filling a vacancy which causes an unexpired

term, shall be the same as are or may be provided for by the laws

relating to the election and appointment of Justices of the Supreme

Court.

Ga. Const. of 1945, Art. VI, Sec. II, Paras. III and VIII (emphasis supplied). 

5
The new judgeships in 19604

and 1961

5 were not vacancies causing unexpired

terms and so Governor Vandiver was not constitutionally authorized to fill those

positions by executive order or otherwise. Morever, the legislation which

created the seventh, eighth and ninth judgeships did not grant Governor

Vandiver any explicit authority to appoint judges for the new positions.6 Yet,

it appears no one challenged the constitutionality of Governor Vandiver’s

actions in 1960 and 1961 and no one challenged the constitutionality of any of

the subsequent gubernatorial appointments to newly created Court of Appeals

judgeships in 1996

7

and 1999.

8 The fact that these gubernatorial appointments

went unchallenged, however, does not cure the constitutional problem at stake

4See Ga. L. 1960, p. 160 (expanding the Court of Appeals to a seventh judge). 

5See Ga. L. 1961, p. 140 (expanding the Court of Appeals to an eighth judge and a ninth

judge). 

6The tenets of statutory construction likewise prohibit us from presuming that the legislature

gave any implicit authority for Governor Vandiver to fill the judgeships by appointment. See Turner

v. Georgia River Network, 297 Ga. 306, 308 (773 SE2d 706) (2015) (“‘expressio unius est exclusio

alterius (expression of one thing implies exclusion of another) and expressum facit cessare tacitum

(if some things are expressly mentioned, the inference is stronger that those not mentioned were

intended to be excluded)’”).

7See Ga. L. 1996, p. 405 (expanding the Court of Appeals to a tenth judge). It is worth noting

that this 1996 legislation was the first time the General Assemblyexplicitly stated the governor could

appoint persons to fill the newly created judgeships. 

8See Ga. L. 1999, p. 10 (expanding the Court of Appeals to an eleventh judge and a twelfth

judge). 

6
in the present controversy. The majority opinion has failed to explain how

executive and legislative action cloaked as tradition, or what the majority terms

as a “standard practice,” which was not in fact the standard, can trump the

constitution of our state. See, e.g., Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer,

343 U.S. 579, 610 (72 SCt 863, 96 LEd 1153 (1952) (Frankfurter, J.,

concurring) (“The Constitution is a framework for government. Therefore the

way the framework has consistently operated fairly establishes that it has

operated according to its true nature. Deeply embedded traditional ways of

conducting government cannot supplant theConstitution or legislation, but they

give meaning to the words of a text or supply them.”). Here, both the history

and the constitutional language adopted over the years show that the governor

is only authorized to appoint appellate judges when a vacancy causes an

unexpired term.

9

Furthermore, no reason has been put forward as to why the General

Assembly did not, could not, or would not create and time the fulfillment of

these new judgeships with a general election in compliance with Ga. Const. of

9

I express no opinion as to the expansion of the superior and state courts and the merits of

filling those new positions by gubernatorial appointment.

7
1983, Art. VI, Sec. VII, Para. I. Over a hundred years ago, when the Georgia

Court of Appeals was created in 1906, the initial three judgeships were filled by

election. Ga. L. 1906, p. 24, §3. Then, in 1916, when the legislature first

expanded the number of seats on the Court of Appeals, it did so in a manner that

allowed the seats to be filled by election. See Ga. L. 1916, p.56, §2.

10

I do not

understand why the same cannot be done in 2016. At the time of my writing

this dissent, a general election for nonpartisan positions, including judgeships,

is scheduled to take place in May 2016. Since the appellate judgeships at issue

were created on May 6, 2015, the date when Governor Deal signed HB 279 into

law, any potential candidates for these judgeships would have had ten months

to file a notice of candidacy by March 11, 2016,

11 in time for the May 2016

election and those elected would be on track to take office by January 2017. 

The Court of Appeals has been managing its workload with twelve judges for

just under two decades, and so there was no urgent need to fill these positions

by gubernatorial appointment. As it now stands, the current appointees are not

10

Judicial candidates were to participate in the November 1916 general election and the

winner seated for a term beginning in January 1917. Id.

11See http://sos.ga.gov/index.php/elections/2016_election_dates (Accessed March 23, 2016). 

 

8
required to run for election until 2018 and will be in place for two years12

without their stewardship having been sanctioned by the people of Georgia. 

This result is particularly egregious because "[t]he right to vote is fundamental,

forming the bedrock of our democracy." (Citations omitted.) Favorito v. Handel,

285 Ga. 795 (1) (a) (684 SE2d 257) (2009). 

While I cannot change the past, I can be vigilant in the present and sound

the alarm for the future. I believe that the legislation allowing these

gubernatorial appointments is unconstitutional and I believe the people of

Georgia have been deprived of their constitutional right to elect the appellate

judges who ultimately have the last say over their issues and disputes. As such,

I respectfully decline to join today’s majority opinion. 

12The new judges’ appointments end December 31, 2018.

9