Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People
Search
            ×
                        Mining
                        Mining
                            NIOSH
                            All CDC
                    Submit
                For a full list of topics:A-Z Index
                Advanced Search
            Advanced Search


The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)





Mining Publication: Thermal Stability of ANFO Made with Recycled Oil
Keywords: Anfo Costs Diesel fuel Fuel additives Thermal analysis 
 Zinc
This page is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated. Contact NIOSH Mining if you need an accessible version.
Original creation date: February 1999
Authors: TC Ruhe, TS Bajpayee
Conference Paper - February 1999
Download PDF Document (0.52 MB)
NIOSHTIC2 Number: 20024508
Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Nashville, Tennessee, February 7-10, 1999. Cleveland, OH: International Society of Explosives Engineers, 1999 Feb; 2:263-271
The NIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory conducted research to determine the safe operating conditions for using recycled (used) lubricating oil from mining equipment as a partial replacement for diesel fuel to make ANFO-type blasting agents. The use of recycled oil (RO) conserves energy, reduces oil imports, and reduces mining costs. Since RO has a variable composition, there was concern that the additives/impurities it contains may cause ANFO made with RO to be unstable (as compared to regular ANFO) at high summer ambient storage temperatures. Reactivity of RO with zinc was also a concern. Thermal stability tests were done to help quantify and resolve these issues. ANFO mixtures (0.66 lb (300 g)) were put into sample containers made of steel, stainless steel, and galvanized (zinc-coated) steel pipe fittings, which were heated in isothermal ovens. The experimental parameters were temperature settings of 140 deg F (60 deg C) and 176 deg F (80 deg C), four sample container (pipe fitting) metal combinations, and nominal heating periods of 1 and 3 days. The ANFO samples contained 6% each of the following 12 different oils/oil mixtures: No. 1 was diesel fuel, Nos. 2-6 were five candidate oils (2-5 were used oils and 6 was a new synthetic oil), No. 7 was 5% diesel fuel + 1% graphite, and Nos. 8-12 were 3% diesel fuel + 3% each of the five candidate oils). All samples showed no reactivity when heated at 140 deg F (60 deg C). All samples (except No. 7) reacted at 176 deg F (80 deg C) in a steel pipe with galvanized caps as follows: No. 1 reacted most, Nos. 8-12 reacted moderately, and Nos. 2-6 reacted least. All ANFO samples were tested and found not to be cap-sensitive.
Image of publication Thermal Stability of ANFO Made with Recycled OilConference Paper - February 1999
Download PDF Document (0.52 MB)
NIOSHTIC2 Number: 20024508
Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Explosives and Blasting Technique, Nashville, Tennessee, February 7-10, 1999. Cleveland, OH: International Society of Explosives Engineers, 1999 Feb; 2:263-271
See Also
Aerosols Emitted in Underground Mine Air by Diesel Engine Fueled with Biodiesel
The Availability of Primary Copper in Market Economy Countries: A Minerals Availability Appraisal
Effectiveness of Iron-Based Fuel Additives for Diesel Soot Control
The Effects of Ventilation and Preburn Time on Water Mist Extinguishing of Diesel Fuel Pool Fires
The Effects of Water Emulsified Fuel on Diesel Particulate Matter Concentrations in Underground Mines
Factors Affecting ANFO Fumes Production
Low Temperature Limits for Mixing Recycled Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Ammonium Nitrate to Make ANFO-Type Blasting Agents
Nature and Cost of Low Back Pain
A Review of Recent Accidents Involving Explosives Transport
Work-Principle Model for Predicting Toxic Fumes of Nonideal Explosives
Page last reviewed: September 21, 2012
Page last updated: September 21, 2012
Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Mining Program
Facebook
        Twitter
        LinkedIn
        Syndicate Mining
        Site BrowserSafety and Health TopicsData & StatisticsMethodologyMine DisastersMSHA Data FilesMine & Mineworker ChartsTools & PublicationsTools You Can UsePublicationsNews & ArticlesResearch ProgramNORA Mining CouncilStrategic PlanMining Program, 2019-2023Miner Health Program, 2020-2030ProjectsContractsFunding OpportunitiesMining LinksAbout UsContact NIOSH MiningEmploymentFacilitiesHistoryVisitor Information NIOSH Homepage
 NIOSH A-Z
Workplace Safety & Health Topics
Publications and Products
Programs


About CDC
					Contact Us
					800-232-4636
 Facebook Twitter Instagram LinkedIn Youtube Pinterest Snapchat
 CONTACT CDC
				Contact Us
							Call 800-232-4636
							Email Us
			ABOUT CDC
				About CDC
							Jobs
							Funding
			POLICIES
				Accessibility
							External Links
							Privacy
							Policies
							No Fear Act
							FOIA
							OIG
							Nondiscrimination
							Vulnerability Disclosure Policy
			CONNECT WITH US
				Facebook
								Twitter
								Instagram
								LinkedIn
							Youtube
								Pinterest
								Snapchat
								Email
			LANGUAGES
				Español
							繁體中文
							Tiếng Việt
							한국어
							Tagalog
							Русский
							العربية
							Kreyòl Ayisyen
							Français
							Polski
							Português
							Italiano
							Deutsch
							日本語
							فارسی
							English


U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
			Accessibility
			External Links
			Privacy
			Policies
			No Fear Act
			FOIA
			Nondiscrimination
			OIG
			Vulnerability Disclosure Policy
			USA.gov


Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy Close
 Links with this icon  indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
				Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
				You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
				CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Website Disclaimers
 Cancel Continue