IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

DUANE C. HARDY, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) C.A. No. 7531

- VCP SHERRY L. HARDY and MICHAEL T. ) HARDY, individually and as Trustees ) of the Duane C. Hardy 2011 Trust, and ) TOLMIROS, LLC, ) ) Defenda nts. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION Date Submitted: April 16, 2014 Date Decided: July 2 9 , 2014
William X. Moore, Esq., Edward H. Wilson, II, Esq., ROEBERG, MOORE & FRIEDMAN, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Attorneys for Plaintiff Duane C. Hardy

. Richard K. Goll, Esq., LAW FIRM OF RICHARD K. GOLL, Millville, Delaware; Represented Defendants Sherry L. Hardy, Michael T. Hardy and Tolmiros, LLC at trial , but was permitted to withdraw as counsel on April 16, 2014

. Sherry L. Hardy and Michael T. Hardy, P ro S e Defendant s . PARSONS, Vice Chancellor.1

The plaintiff, Duane C. Hardy , received a large cash settlement as a member of the class that brought sexual abuse charges against the Catholic Diocese of Wilmington ( the ―Diocese‖), among others. In anticipation of receiv ing his first settlement payment, the pl aintiff, with the assistance of counsel, created a trust, naming himself as the beneficiary, and appointed his sister and nephew , Sherry L. Hardy and Michael T. Hardy , respectively, as co - trustees. The plaintiff‘s c hoice of trustees proved to be disastrous. This case arises out of the beneficiary‘s allegations that the trustees breached their fiduciary duties by engaging in self

- interested transactions and failing to administer the trust for its intended purpose. B y the time of trial, the t rust accounts had a zero balance.
Duane 1 seeks to recover losses the trust incurred as a result of the trustee s‘ breach es of fiduciary duties. The relief he requests includes an award of money damages with prejudgment interest, the imposition of a constructive trust on items purchased with the

t rust corpus , and an award of his attorneys‘ fees and expenses. In response, Sherry and Michael deny any liability, because, they allege, Duane consented to all or most of the ir self

- int erested transactions. In addition, the defendants contend that, even if they may have breached their fiduciary duty, they are absolved from any monetary damages by the exculpation clause of the Trust Agreement. For the reasons stated in this post

- trial opinion, I hold Sherry and Michael joint ly and severally liable for their self

- interested purchases and for many of the other

1 Because the three main actors in this dispute have the same surname, i.e. , Hardy, I refer to them by their first names in the interest of brevity and clarity. No disrespect is intended.2

expenditures the plaintiff challenged based on their failure to account for money withdrawn from the t rust . I do not find the def endants liable for approximately $30,000 that was gifted to Duane‘s friends and family, allegedly at Duane‘s behest, and for certain of the other challenged expenditures. By way of relief, I award Duane money damages and I have imposed a constructive trus t on the two vehicles the d efendants purchased with trust assets and on Sherry‘s 8.3% property interest in a residence located at 412 W.
3 rd Street, Wilmington, DE, 19801. B ased on Sherry and Michael‘s breaches of their duties to the Trust, their egregiou s pre - litigation conduct , and certain actions taken vexatiously or in bad faith during the course of this litigation, I award Duane his attorneys‘ fees and expenses in connection with this litigation

. Finally, this Memorandum Opinion reflects my finding s of fact and conclusions of law on Plaintiff‘s recently filed motion s to set aside Michael‘s fraudulent transfer of one
of the autom obiles and for contempt. The d efendants did not respond to these motions. Based primarily on my finding that the disputed tra nsfer was fraudulent, I grant most of the relief sought by these two motions.
I. BACKGROUND A. The Parties Plaintiff, Duane, is the settlor and beneficiary of the Duane C. Hardy 2011 Trust (the ―Trust‖). Defendant Sherry and her son Michael are the co

- trustees of the Trust (collectively, ―Trustees‖ or ― Defendants‖) . Sherry is Duane‘s older sister and Michael is Duane‘s nephew.3

Defendant Tolmiros, LLC (―Tolmiros‖) was a business entity formed under the law s of Delaware on October 31, 2011. Michael established Tolmiros for the purpose of making investments , but it never engaged in any actual business transactions

. The Court entered a default judgment against Tolmiros on January 16, 2013, due to Tolmiros‘s failure to obtain legal counsel as required under Delawa re law. 2 The January 16 Order stated that a hearing on damages against Tolmiros would be scheduled to coincide with the trial on the merits against Defendants Sherry and Michael. No material evidence or argument was presented at trial on behalf of Tolmir os. Therefore, to the extent a money judgment or constructive trust is entered against Sherry or Michael, the Court also will award the same relief, jointly and severally, against Tolmiros.
B. Facts 3 1. Creation of the Trust Duane was a party in a class action suit, which ultimately ended in a settlement, against the Diocese for abuse he endured as a child. Under the settlement, Duane was to receive an initial disbursement of $533,508.13 , follo wed by two smaller disbursements

. Before he received the funds, D uane, who suffers from bi

- polar disorder and schizophrenia , and has struggled with drug and alcohol addiction, indicated to his

2 Scheduling Conference and Pl.‘s Mot. for Default Judgment as to Def. Tolmiros, LLC and the Court‘s Ruling at 3, 6 (D.I. No. 103); Se e Poore v. Fox Hollow Enters. , 1994 WL 150872, at *2 (Del. Super. Mar. 29, 1994).

3 The facts recited herein constitute the Court's post

- trial findings of fact. Unless othe rwise noted, these facts are drawn from the stipulated facts section of the pa rties ‘ Joint Pre

– Trial Stipulation and Order , filed September 18, 2013.4

attorney that to preserve his money, he wanted others to m anage his settlement proceeds. Duane has stated that he drinks a six

- pack of beer daily. 4 Duane also has only a ninth grade education

. 5 On August 31, 2011 , Duane created an irrevocable trust , the Duane C. Hardy 2011 Trust, of which he was both the Settlo r and the Beneficiary. His older sister Sherry and her adult son Mic hael were appointed co

- trustees of the Trust. At the time of the Trust‘s inception, an attorney explained to Defendants the duties and obligations required of them as trustees and reviewed with them the terms of the T rust. 6 The stated purpose of the T rust was ―to insure that . . . the physical necessities, comfort, happiness and best interests of the Beneficiary . . . be met.‖ 7 The Trust Agreement states that the Beneficiary , Duane, ―has a disability‖ and that the Grantor‘s wish was that ―the Benefici ary attain the highest level of life satisfaction and achievement, consistent with the Beneficiary‘s disability.‖ 8 In order to prevent the Trust from supplanting Duane‘s Social Security Disability Insurance income of $650.00 per month, t he Trust Agreement provided that the Trust funds were to supplement any public

4 Tr. 196.

5 Id . at 171 (Duane).

6 Tr. 9

– 10 (Sherry); i d. at 118 (Michael). Citations in this format are to the trial transcript. If the identity of the witness is not clear from the associated text, the witness‘s name is indicated parenthetically.

7 JX A at 1.

8 Id.5

assistance Duane received. 9 Article 2 of the Trust Agreement further clarified that despite any language to the contrary within that agreement, ―no trust or principal shall be paid to or expende d for the benefit of the Beneficiary, so long as his care, comfort and welfare needs are adequately provided by programs designed to provide support needs to beneficiaries w ith disabilities . . . . ‖ 10 The Trust Agreement provided the Trustees ―sole
and unc ontrolled discretion‖ to ―distribute or apply as much of the net income or principal of the Trust for the care, comfort, welfare, education or training of the Beneficiary , ‖ as the Trustees deemed to be in Duane‘s best interest. 11 Article 8 required the Tru stees to ―prepare an annual report of receipts and disbursements to the Beneficiary‖ and to make Trust records available for the Beneficiary‘s inspection at all
reasonable times. 12
Under an exculpation clause in Article 7, the T rustees are ―not liable for a ny act or omission in the administration of the trust or for the loss or damage to trust pro perty, except as caused by the T rustee‘s intentional misconduct or gross negligence.‖ 13

9 Id.

10 Id.

11 Id. at 2.

12 Id. at 6.

13 Id. at 5.6 2. Rapid depletion of the a ccounts

a. Initial d eposit in October On October 27, 201 1, Duane received the initial distribution of his settlement proceeds, totaling $345,676.88 after payment of attorney fees and costs. The next day Defendants deposited $336,676.88 of the funds into two separate accounts at Wilmington Saving Funds Society (―WSFS‖)

— $172,838.44 into a money market account (―Account 1‖) and $163,838.44 into a high interest bearing checking account (―Account 2‖). 14 Notably, the initial deposits totaled $9 , 000 less than the amount of the settlement check. Defendants have provi ded varying accounts as to what happened to the $9 , 000 . That question and the facts related to the disbursements made from the Trust accounts are discussed in the A nalysis infra

.

b. Payments to friends and f amily The first significant withdrawals from the Trust accounts included a $15,000 check written out to cash on November 4, 2011, and a $21,700 debit withdrawal on November 8, 2011 , for a total of $36,700. 15 Michael testified that , at Duane‘s behest , he gifted a majority of the $36,700 to various family members and friends of Duane

. 16 According to several witnesses, Duane made a list of names and corresponding dollar

amounts reflecting gifts he wished to give his family and friends from the settlement

14 JX C at 1; JX E at 1.

15 JX E at 1.

16 Tr. 114.7

proceeds. 17 Defendants did not attempt to put any lis t in evidence , but did pro vide copies of the cashier‘s checks given to each donee

. 18 For his part, Duane denied making a list and maintained that he only authorized two payments in the nature of gifts , totaling $3,000

. 19

c. Sherry a nd Michael buy themselves ca rs In the years preceding Duane‘s settlement, Sherry did not own a car. 20 At various times throughout his adult life, Duane was in prison. 21 During his most recent incarceration , Duane apparently wrote his sister Sherry a letter, dated September 23, 2009 , updating h er on his pending case against the Diocese. 22 After reminding S her ry to send him money, Duane concluded the letter by stating ―I saw your car in the paper

— Lincoln MKX. You desirve [sic] it sis[.] I hope you enjoy it.‖ 23 Before he actually

17 Tr. 318

– 19 (Allen Hardy); id. at 258 (Shalon Hardy); i d. at 303 (Rashon Hardy). [I found this testimony credible, even though Allen, Shalon, and Rashon each benefitted from gifts they received from the Trust. Tr. 318 (Allen); id . at 271

- 72 (Shalon); id . at 305 (Rashon)].

18 See JX L at 1

– 16.

19 Tr. 209

– 10 (Du ane).

20 Tr. 22 (Sherry).

21 Tr. 205

– 06 (Duane).

22 JX X at 1. Duane denies having written this letter or causing it to be sent. Tr. 180.

23 Id.8

rec eived any money from the class action settlement, Duane told Sherry, 24 her daughter Shalon , 25 and others 26 that he expected to receive as much as $44 million in the
settlement. Just over two years after he allegedly wrote the September 23, 2009 letter,
Duane received his first settlement payment. Then , within two weeks of depositing the
funds from the settlement into the T rust account s , Sherry purchased a 2011 Lincoln MKX (the ―Lincoln‖) for $49, 920 with funds from the Trust

. Relying on the 2009 letter, She rry testified that Duane wanted her to have the vehicle

. 27
The L in coln was titled to Tolmiros, a ―financing‖ business Michael s tarted shortly after he became a T rustee, and was Tolmiros‘ s sole asset. 28 Michael describe d his business plan for Tolmiros as b eing to ―look [] for rental properties that [he ] could invest Duane‘s money in. ‖ 29 Michael also believed that a luxury car would attract potential
i nvestors for the now

- defunct business

. 30

24 Tr. 80 (Sherry).

25 Id. at 257 (Shalon).

26 Id. at 80 (Sherry).

27 Tr. 21.

28 Id . at 23

– 25 (Sherry).

29 Id . at 120 (Michael).

30 Id.9

O n the same day Sherry purchase d the Lincoln, Michael bought himsel f a 2006 Mercedes Benz CL5 (the ―Mercedes‖) for $33,120 and spent an additional $5,362.81 on an extended warranty. All of the money for these purchases came from the Trust. By the end of November 2011 , after Defendants had spent $83, 402

. 8 1 on the
Lincoln and the Mercedes, dispersed gifts to Duane‘s family and friends, and made various cash withdrawals, more than half of the original $345,676.88 was gone. 31 Only $162,033.63 remained in the Trust. 32

d. Renovating the 412 W. 3 rd Street p roperty Duane and hi s sister Sherry each inherited from their mother an 8.3% interest in a property located at 4 12 W. 3rd Street, Wilmington, Delaware ( the ―Hardy R esidence‖). Both Defendants reside permanently in the Hardy R esidence

. Duane lived there on and off through th e years. After his release from prison in June 2011, he returned to the Hardy R esidence and remained there until approximately November 7, 2011, when Defendants moved Dua ne to an apartment in Newark, Delaware

. 33 Sherry and Michael spent approximately $2 , 5 00 from the Trust furnishing th at apartment. 34
In late November 2011 , after Duane move d to Newark, Defendants began a m ajor renovation project at the Hardy R esidence. Ultimately, Sherry and Michael spent over

31 JX C at 3; JX E at 7.

32 JX C at 3; JX E at 7.

33 JX H at 2.

34 Id. at 4.10

$75,000 .00 on various upgrades and repairs. 35 Among other things, they purchased all new appliances for the house and installed granite counter tops in the kitchen. 36 When questioned at her deposition about the renovation expenditures, Sherry st a t ed that Duane gave her permission to use Trust funds t o pay them , because it would have made his mother ―proud to see the house fixed.‖ 37 Michael considered the renovation a goo d investment for Duane. He apparently believed that using Duane‘s T rust to fund the improvements would somehow increase Duane‘s 8.3% ownership interest. 38

e. Duane signs the C onsent Document At some point in December 2011, people close to Duane began to e xpress concerns regarding Sherry and Michael‘s spending habits

. 39 In order to ―cover [themselves] just in case somebody would try to s ue [them] outside of Duane,‖ 40
Defendants drafted a document (the ―Consent Document‖) for Duane‘s signature that

35 Tr. 33

– 34 (Sherry).

36 JX N at 1

– 2.

37 JX K at 58 (Sherry‘s Dep.).

38 JX P at 27.

39 Tr. 151 (Michael).

40 Tr. 153.11

effectively would give Defendants carte blanche to use the T rust funds any way they wanted

. 41 The document states as follows:

I, Duane Hardy, g ave Michael Hardy and Sherry Hardy[,] my trustees[,] the consent to use my trust fund to buy new and used cars for business and personal use. Also to repair 412 W. 3 rd Street, Sherry Hardy‘s home, as much funds as possible to complete the task. Duane Har dy has also gave [ sic ] the consent to Michael Hardy and Sherry Hardy to use Duane Hardy‘s trust funds for any other personal uses. 42 Sherry and Michael took Duane to have the Consent Document notarized on December 20, 2011, at which point the Trust held $ 106,972.97. B y the end of December , $93,972.97 remained. 43

f. Defendants close the original accounts and open new ones Shortly after signing the Consent D ocument, Duane received further warnings regarding Sherry and Michael‘s spending. 44 Frustrated that Def e ndants had yet to provide him with any Trust records or account statements despite his repeated requests, Duane visited a local WSFS branch and obtained account information directly from a bank teller

. 45 Seemingly i n response, on January 19, 2012, Defendan ts withdrew the

41 Sherry testified that the document was intended to protect Duane from ―greedy family members,‖ Tr. 65, but I do not find her testimony credible. By its terms, the Consent Document purports to protect only Defendants themselves.

42 JX U at 1.

43 JX C at 6; JX E at 11.

44 Tr. 1 76

– 77 (Duane).

45 Id . at 177.12

entire balance s of Account 1, $64,536.16, and Account 2, $4,201.12, 46 and deposited the money in two new accounts at WSFS (―Account 3‖ and ―Account 4,‖ respectively). After the transfer, Defendants continued to draw from the accounts , by, f or example, making out sizeable checks to cash. There is no evidence however, that Defendants advise d Duane about the existence or status of the new accounts. B y the end of January, 2012, Accounts 3 and 4 had a combined balance of $56,277.25. 47
In a fu rthe r attempt to conceal the status of the Trust accounts, on February 8, 2012, S herry sent to Jacobs and Crumpla r, P

. A

. , the law firm that handled the lawsuit against the Diocese and helped create Duane‘s Trust, a letter requesting that only members of th e firm, the co

- trustees, and their attorneys receive information about the
Trust. 48 Sherry further requested that Jacobs and Crumpl a r ―not follow the directions of Mr. Duane C. Hardy, his lawyer, or anyone who holds Mr. Hardy‘s power of attorney.‖ 49

3. The con tinued dissipation of the Trust On February 28, 2012, when only $34,385.58 remained in the Trust , 50 Duane filed

a c omplaint against Defendants in this Court alleging a breach of trust through intentional

46 JX C at 9; JX E at 14.

47 JX D at 1; JX F at 1.

48 JX I at 1. Duane was not copied on the letter.

49 Id.

50 JX D at 5; JX F at 2.13

misconduct and gross negligence. 51 Two days after Mi chael and Sherry formally were served, Michael signed and had notarized a written statement in which he promised : (1) to show Duane bank statements at Duane‘s request ; and (2) to purchase Duane a vehicle. 52 O n March 15, 2012, Duane dismissed his complaint without prejudice. 53
U ndeterred by the threat of litigation, Defendants continued to withdraw large amounts of money from the Trust

. 54 Defendants‘ recordkeeping system, or lack thereof, however, makes it difficu lt to determine how most of the remaining Trus t funds were spent. Defendants claim to have kept receipts f o r some of the purchases they made, but the only consistent records reflecting disbursement of Trust funds were the actual bank

statements . Unfortunately , those statements generally do not show what the money was spent for or to whom it was paid . The bank statements do show , however, that the account balance declined precipitously and , by the end of March , only $3 , 654 , or roughly 1% of the original deposit into the Trust , remained. 55 Thus, in a period of only five months, virtually all of Duane‘s settlement with the Diocese was gone.

51 Verified Compl. ¶ 4, Hardy v. Hardy , No. 7288

- ML (Del. Ch. dismissed Mar. 15, 2012).

52 JX W at 1.

53 Notice of Dismissal, Hardy v. Hardy , No. 7288

- ML (Del. Ch. dismissed Mar. 15, 2012).

54 JX D at 6; JX F at 7.

55 JX D at 5, 7.14 4. The receipt b ook With only a negligible balance remaining in the Trust and facing the possibility that Defendants would have access to the funds from the two smalle r settlement distributions, totaling $30,118.54, 56 Duane initiated this action by filing a nother

c o m plaint against his sister and nephew on May 15, 2012. During their depositions on August 7, 2012 , Duane‘s counsel questioned Sherry and Michael re garding th eir recordkeeping for the Trust

. Neither Defendant could identify any specific procedure they had implemented for documenting Trust expenditures. 57 In fact, b oth Defendants seemed unsure about whether any records existed, and said they would have to go ho me and look. 58 For example , Sherry testified as follows:

Q : So you didn‘t keep track of where the money went? A : Sometimes I did and sometimes I didn‘t. Q : Well, when you did, how did you do that? A : I may have written it down. I‘m not sure. Q : So, is what you are telling me, y ou don‘t know if you did or didn‘t keep track of where the money went. A : I probably did. 59 Michael gave similarly ambiguous and vague responses

.

Q: Do you have any sort of records of the trust expenditures? A: Possi bly.

56 JX J at 1

– 2.

57 JX K at 44

– 45 (Sherry‘s Dep.); JX P at 24

– 25 (Michael‘s Dep.).

58 JX K at 44

– 46; JX P at 24

– 25.

59 JX K at 46.15 Q: Okay. Where do you think that might be? A: I would have to look around. 60 On January 22, 2013 , Duane ‘s counsel served a Request for Production, s eeking ―copies of all financial records maintained by trustees, but not limited to accounting
book s, spreadsheets, checking account balances, and other related documents indicating withdrawals and deposits from the Duane C. Hardy 2011 Trust.‖ 61 Yet, Sherry and Michael failed to turn over any additional records in response to that request. 62 O n May 1, 2 013, the Court granted Motion to Compel by Plaintiff and o rder ed Defendants to respond within five days. Once again, Sherry and Michael failed to produce any records. On August 5, 2013, Plaintiff f iled a second Motion to Compel. The Court also granted

t hat motion and imposed a deadline of September 4, 2013 for Defendants to produce any responsive documents or be barred from introducing or referencing any documents not produced by the deadline. On September 4, Defendants produced to Plaintiff‘s counsel

c opies of numerous receipts from a n alleged receipt book

. 63
Several characteristics of the receipts Defendants produced , however, raise questions about their authenticity and reliability. F i r st , neither Defendant mention ed the

60 JX P at 24

– 25.

61 Pl.‘s Mot. to Compel Ex. A (D.I. No. 66).

62 Plaintiff filed his first Motion to Compel on February 20, 2013. Shortly thereafter, Defendants hand

- delivered a response to the Second Request for Production, which stated, ―We do not have all of the documents requested.‖ Pl.‘s Post

- Trial Opening Br. 21.

63 Although Sherry testified that the receipts Defendants produced came from a receipt book, Defendants never produced the receipt book itself. Tr. 38.16

r eceipts during their depos ition , despite specific questions regarding trust recordkeeping. Second , although , t he receipt s presumably were bound in a book initially , no book or portion of a book was produced. Third, t he receipts bear preprinted number s and have blanks to fill in i nformation about the expenditure, including the date. Yet, w hen the receipts Defendants produced are placed in sequential order based on the receipt number, the handwritten dates on the receipts are not in order. For example, receipt number 465809 is dat ed November 9, 2011, but the immediately preceding receipt number 465808 is dat ed April 24, 2012

. 64 Even receipts bearing the same date are no t in consecutive order; i nstead , they are spread throughout the receipt number sequence

. 65
In addition , the compila tion of receipt s contains instances where the receipts suggest that , on the same day , Duane received multiple disbursements of the same amount of money. For example, on March 28, 2012, the receipts show that Duane received three separate payments of $1,22 5. 66 Whe n the corresponding receipts are arranged in receipt number order , they are: 465 8 31, 465801, and 465854 . Furthermore, the bank records indicate that on March 28, 2012, there were two, rather than three,

64 JX Z at 9

– 10.

65 JX Z at 38, 67 (February 7, 2012); JX Z at 9, 27 (April 24, 2012).

66 JX Z at 6, 24, 46.17

separate withdrawals from the Trust accounts in the amount of $1,225. 67 Lastly, Duane‘s signature on each of the receipts varies gre atly throughout the receipt compilation

. 68
C. Procedural History Duane ‘s May 15, 2012 complaint (the ―Complaint‖) accused Sherry and Michael

o f breach of trust through i ntentional misconduct and gross negligence and asserted a claim against Tolmiros, LLC for unjust enrich m e nt . The Trustees and Tolmiros

answer ed on June 27, 2012. On January 15, 2013, Plaintiff moved for de fault ju dgment against Tolmiros. T he Court grant ed that motion on January 16, 2013, and ordered
Tolmiros to as sign title of the Lincoln to Plaintiff‘s attorney within seven days. On the same day, January 16, however , Plaintiff learned that Tolmiros had transferred t itle of the Lincoln to Sherry the day before. Duane then moved to set aside the transfer of the Lincoln to Sherry based on the Delaware Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act

. 69 On January 29, 2013, after hear ing argument , the Court granted the motion to set asi de the fraudulent transfer. The parti es actively engaged in discovery in the latter part of 2012 and much of
2013. As mentioned supra , that included two motions to compel by Plaintiff. The Court

67 See JX D at 6; JX F at 5. There are also other instances in which the receipts do not align with the bank statements. For example, the receipts indica te that on April 3, 2012, Defendants gave Duane three separate payments of $1,000. JX Z at 7, 25, 54. Yet, the bank statements indicate only two separate $1,000 withdrawals on April 4. JX F at 5. See also Pl.‘s Post

- Trial Opening Br. 24 for additional examples.

68 See JX Z at 1

– 71.

69 6 Del. C. §§ 1301

– 1311.18

held a two

- day trial on the merits of this action on October 14 and 15, 2013. Duane and Defenda nts submitted post

- trial briefs , and on April 16, 20 14, the Court heard post

- trial oral argument. By the time of the argument, Duane ‘s cou nsel had learned that Michael had transferred title t o the Mercedes to a third party, in apparent violation of the Co urt‘s
Januar y 29, 2013 70 and October 15, 2013 71 Orders , reflected in transcript rulings prohibiting the undisclosed transfer or conveyance by Defendants of any asset purchased with funds from the Trust. On April 22, 2014, Plaintiff filed a motion for contem pt and a motion to set aside Michael‘s conveyance of the Mercedes as fraudulent

. Defendant never responded to those motio ns. This Memorandum Opinion constitutes my post

- trial findings of fact and c onclusions of law on the issues presented at trial and my ruling s on the motions for contempt and to set aside the conveyance

. D. Parties’ Contentions Duane contends that Defendants, in their role as trustees, breached their fiduciary duties by engaging in self

- interested transactions, failing to administer the tru st for its intended purpose, and failing to maintain adequate records or to inform Duane of all
material facts relating to expenditures made from the trust. Duane seeks money damages against Defendants and the imposition of a constructive trust over the L incoln, the Mercedes, and Sherry‘s 8.3% interest in the Hardy R esidence , among other things

.

70 Scheduling Conference and Pl.‘s Mot. for Default Judgment as to Def. Tolmiros, LLC and the Court‘s Ruling at 9

- 10 (D.I. No. 103).

71 Tr. 347.19

Additionally, Duane requests that the Court remove Defendants as trustees and appoint a professional trustee to manage the remainder of the Trust. Defendants m aintain that they did not breach any fiduciary duties owed to Duane because Duane kn e w of and consented to most of their self

- interested purchases. While Defendants admit that they could have kept more accurate and complete records, 72 they insist that they regularly informed Duane of how they used the Trust funds and assert that they did not provide Duane with bank statements in order to protect him from outside influences.
II. ANALYSIS

A. The Trustees’ self
- interested t ransactions 1. The legal s tandard Inherent in the trust relationship is the duty of loyalty, which requires a trustee to administer the trust solely for the interest of the beneficiary and exclude all selfish interests and all consideration of the interests of third persons. 73 Self

- interested

tra ns actions by fiduciaries are not prohibited altogether , but require the beneficiary‘s voluntary consent to the transaction after full disclosure. 74 Under Delaware law, when a fiduciary has a close confidential relationship with the beneficiary , such consent requires

72 Defs.‘ Post

- Trial Br. 7.

73 George Gleason B ogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees , § 543, at 217

– 18 (2d rev. ed. 1993).

74 Estate of Carpenter v. Dineen , 2008 WL 859309, at *12 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26, 2008).20

impartial advice from a competent and disinterested third pers on, sufficient to allow the beneficiary to make an informed decision. 75
Self

- interested transactions involving a fiduciary or one in a confidential relationship with another are pre sumptively fraudulent 76 and voidable in equity. 77 ―[I]f the transaction is challenged, the burden of persuasion to justify upholding the transaction is on the fiduciary.  ̳That burden is even greater where the transfer of property is made
without considerat ion.‘‖ 78

2. Sherry and Michael b reach ed the duty of l oyalty

a. The Lincoln and the Mercedes Sherry and Michael‘s automobile purchases were self

- interested transactions, which benefitted Defendants at Duane‘s expense. As self

- interested transactions, they
are pr esumptively voidable. To overcome the presumptive invalidity of the transactions,
Defendants argue that Duane consented to and even encouraged the purchases, offering the notarized Consent Document as proof. Duane‘s written consent is ineffective in th e circumstances of this case , however, for at least two reasons. First, Sherry and Michael have not shown that Duane received any material consideration in exchange for the use of his Trust fund to buy the two automobiles. In addition , Sherry and Michael failed to

75 Schock v. Nash , 732 A.2d 217, 229 (Del. 1999); see also Dorman v. Plummer , 2001 WL 32645, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan. 9, 2001).

76 Peyton v. William C. Peyton Corp. , 7 A.2 d 737, 746

– 47 (Del. 1939).

77 Estate of Carpenter , 2008 WL 859309, at *12.

78 Id.21

prove that Duane was fully informed as to the state of his Trust , the cost of the Lincoln and Mercedes , and other relevant facts before he allegedly consented to those purchases. Second, Sherry and Michael had a confidential relationship with Duane. ―A confidential relationship exists where  ̳circumstances make it certain the parties do not deal on equal terms but on one side there is an overmastering influence or on the other weakness, dependence or trust, justifiably reposed.‘‖ 79 In determini ng whether a confidential relationship exists , this Court has considered factors such as ―reliance on another for physical, emotional, or decisional support , a query informed by the beneficiary‘s disposition and mental and physical capabilities, as well th e existence and extent of any additional support network. Kinship by blood or marriage is also a factor, but is not itself determinative. ‖ 80
Several factors in this case suggest that in addition to the formally recognized fiduciary relationship between Def endants and Duane, as Trustees and Beneficiary, a confidential relationship exis ted as well

. Defendants are blood relatives of Duane. Sherry is his older sister, and Michael is his nephew. Sherry and Michael also assisted Duane in various ways, such as taking him shopping, helping him get his own apartment, and occasionally providing transportation. Michael testi fied that ―[Sherry and I] would

79 In re Will of Wiltbank , 2005 WL 2810725, at * 6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 18, 2005) (quoting In re Will of S

zewzcyk , 2001 WL 456448, at *5 (Del. Ch. Apr. 26, 2001)).

80 Mitchell v. Reynolds , 2009 WL 132881, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 6, 2009).22

drop whatever we were doing and we would make sure he was ok ay,‖ 81 which confirms Duane‘s reliance on Defendants

. In addition, Defendants‘ willingness to assume the role of Duane‘s caretakers , in light of Duane‘s mental illness and struggles with substance abuse , put them in a ―relatively superior position‖ 82 with respect to Duane

. In fact , the Trust Agreement sign ed by Duane, Sherry, and Michael at a time when Duane had the benefit of impartial advice from a competent and disinterested third per son acknowledges that Duane has a ―disability,‖ and describes the Trust‘s purpose and intent as follows:

By this trust, Grantor [Duane] intends to insure that, to the best extent possible, the physical necessities, comfort, happiness and best interests of Beneficiary [Duane] will be met. It is the Grantor‘s wish that the Beneficiary attain the highest level of life satisfa ction and achievement, consistent with the Beneficiary’s disability

. 83 In contrast, nothing in the Trust Agreement authorizes Defendants, as Trustees, to engage in self

- interested transactions. Therefore, I find that Sherry and Michael had a confidentia l, fiduciary relationship with Duane at all times relevant to this litigation. This conclusion is buttressed by the fac t that the Trust is designated as a Spendthrift Trust. Specifically, Article 6A , entitled ―Spendthrift Clause‖ states : ―No Beneficiary will be allowed to assign, transfer (voluntarily or involuntarily), pledge or anticipate any interest in income or principal held or payable, and no Beneficiary‘s creditors (including a spouse

81 Tr. 159 (Michael).

82 Swain v. Moore , 71 A.2d 264, 267 (Del. Ch. Feb. 7, 1950).

83 JX A at 1 (emphasis added).23

or former spouse of the Beneficiary) will be allowed to attach or otherwise reach any such interest.‖ 84 This clause in the Trust Agreement suggests that , at a minimum, Duane‘s ability to consent to the T rustee‘s making self

- interested gifts or payments to themselves would be limited. As previously noted, Duane was di sabled in that he
suffered from bi

- polar disorder and schizophrenia and has struggled with drug and alcohol addiction. Because the Court finds the existence of a confidential r elationship, Sherry and Michael‘ s automobile purchase s are presumed fraudulent, and therefore voidable, absent proof that Duane consented to those transactions by signing the Consent Document or otherwise after he received impartial advice from a competent and disinterested third party. Sherry and Michael presented no evidence that Duane received such impartial advice

. Therefore, as to their respective purchase s of the Lincoln and the Mercedes , I find that Sherry and Michael breached their duty of loyalty. 85 In arguing that Duane did give his informed consent to the purchase of the t wo automobiles, Defendants rely most heavily on the notarized Consent Document signed on or about December 20, 2011. First, I note that there is no evidence that Duane received any impartial advice from a competent and disinterested third party in connect ion with

84 Id. at 3.

85 Whether Defendants can be held personally liable for these and the other alleged breaches of duty discussed in this Memorandum Opinion depends on whether their conduct is exculpated under the Trust Agreement. I address that issue in Section II. E in fra

.24

his signing that document. The record indicates that he dealt only with Sherry and Michael in that regard, and they both were interested in that consent because it purported to ratify and facilitate their engaging in self

- interested transactions. For that reason alone, the Consent Document is ineffectuated . Even if impartial advice were not needed in this instance, however, I still do not find that the Consent Document constitutes credible evidence that Duane gave his informed and voluntary cons ent to, for example, Defendants ‘ use of Trust funds to purchase the Lincoln and the Mercedes. As Trustees, Defendants had to obtain Duane‘s fully informed consent rega rding the automobile purchases. Section 97 of the Restatement of Trusts provides in relevant part that:

― A beneficiary who consented to or ratified, or released the

trustee from liability for, an act or omission that constitutes a breach of trust cannot hold the trustee liable for that breach provided

. . . the beneficiary (or the benefi ciary‘s representative), at the time of the consent, ratification, or release, was aware of the beneficiary‘s rights and of all material facts and implications that the trustee knew or should have known relating to the matter . . . .‖ 86 In this case, Defen dants presented no credible evidence that Duane ever received such full disclosure.
b. The Renovations to the Hardy Residence The use of the Trust to pay for various renovations to the Hardy Residence are
also self

- interested transactions, because Duane no longer lived at the residence and

86 Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 97 (2012).25

Sherry and Michael directly benefit ted from the transactions. Accordingly, to meet the requirements of the duty of loyalty and overcome the presumption that all transactions related to the Hardy Residence renovations were invalid, Sherry and Michael , as T rustees, had to prove that Duane voluntarily consented to the transactions after full disclosure. Because Sherry and Michael had a close confidential relationship with Duane as related to the Trust fund , they also had to prove that he received competent and impartial, third

- party advice. Again, Sherry and Michael failed to produce any persuasive evidence on either of these issues. Therefore, I find that, as to the money spent on repairs to the Hardy Residence, Defendants breached their duty of loyalty.
B. Gifts to family and f riends During their tenure as T rustees, Sherry and Michael gave money to Duane‘s friends and family membe r s , allegedly at Duane‘s behest, and they now have provided documentation purporting to show that $30,200 of the Trust was allocated to these gifts

. Duane insists that he only instructed Sherry and Michael to give monetary gifts to two of his friends , Mr. Sal and Harold Gregory , amounting to a total of $3,000

. 87 Duane specifically denied authoriz ing such gifts to anyone else. 88
Trust principle s allow Duane, as beneficiary, to transfer his interests in the Trust, absent any trust provisions to the contrary. 89 F iduciaries owe Duane, as beneficiary, not

87 Tr. 208.

88 Id

. 89 See Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 132 (1959).26

only a duty of loyalty, as previously discussed, but also a duty to exercise due care. 90 That is, Sherry and Michael have a duty to administer the trust with ―the skill and care that a man of ordinary prudence would exercise in dealing with his own property in light of the situation existing at the time. ‖ 91 The Trust Agreement for Duane‘s Trust g ive s broad discretion to the Trustees

. T he only limitation on Defendants ‘ authority to effectuate gratuitous transfers to third parties at Duane‘s request relevant in this case is their fiduciary duty of care.
Th e ultimate issue as to whether Defendants breached their duty of care regarding the gifts is whether Duane directed the transactions, as Defendants maintain, or whether Sherry and Michael gave the money away on their own volition, as Duane asserts

. The
Co urt evaluates such a claim using a preponderance of the evidence standard. 92 In support of this aspect of his Complaint, the only limitations on discretion relied upon by Duane were the requirement s that the Trust be administrated for Duane‘s benefit and t hat the Trustees comply with their duty of care. 93 As Plaintiff, Duane bears the burden of proof and must show by a preponderance of the evidence that he is entitled to relief.

90 Wilmington Trust Co. v. Coulter , 200 A.2d 441, 448 (Del. 1964).

91 Id

. 92 Estate of Osborn v. Kemp , 2009 WL 2586783, at *4 (De l. Ch. Aug. 20, 2009).

93 Duane does not allege or argue that the Trustees‘ actions with respect to the gifts were self

- interested, even though a number of the donees are blood relatives of Sherry and Michael. That may be because those same individuals ar e blood relatives of Duane, as well, and natural objects of Duane‘s bounty. In any event, because the transactions have not been challenged as self

- interested, they are not27

To resolve the conflicting evidence regarding the disputed gifts, the Court mu st evaluate Duane‘s credibility as a witness. Based on his testimony at trial, I do not consider Duane a particularly reliable witness. There is no dispute as to his being diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. In addition, he currently has an addiction to alcohol; he admittedly drinks, on average, at least a six pack of beer a day. 94
In som e respects, Duane fell back on his alcohol addiction as a crutch or excuse for providing un helpful or evasive testimony. In certain other respects, howev er, Duane‘s testim ony was coherent and credible. One example involved his efforts to gain access to his bank records from Defendants and from WSFS. In yet other instances, Duane‘s answers were so absolute and unqualified that they strained credulity. In th at regard, I find not credible Duane‘s denial that he ever visited the Hardy R esidence after he was moved to the Studio Green apartments in Newark, Delaware , especially because several other witnesses testified to the contrary. When asked whether he ha d visited 412 West 3d Street at any time in the two and one

- half years before trial, for example, Duane responded: ―No, not whatsoever. Since the house been fixed or since I left there, no, I

presumptively void and the burden of proof does not shift to Defendants to justify upholding those transactions. Plaintiff did not contend that the Spendthrift Clause of the Trust Agreement limited his or the Trustees‘ ability to make gifts from the Trust. Accordingly, I do not address that issue.

94 Tr. 171, 196 (Duane).28

haven‘t been there.‖ 95 Duane further asserted that any witness who testified to the contrary would be lying. 96 In a similar vein, Duane denied that he ever authorized any gifts to anyone from the Trust other than to two individuals

– namely, Mr. Sal and Harold Gregory. Duane swore that they were ―the only two people that I ever gave money to, because they‘re my best friends.‖ 97 Th at testimony , however, conflicts with the evidence provided by several other witnesses and with a number of trial exhibits. Thus, while I do accept some aspects of Duane‘s testimony, I find his testimony on the subject of gifts from the Trust to be unreliable. More than one witness stated that shortly after Duane received his settlement money, he created or effectively dictated a list of family members and friends to whom
h e wanted to make modest gifts. 98 No such list was ever produced in the litigation or made an exhibit at trial. Nevertheless, several witnesses identified certain specific individuals who received gifts and the amounts they received. In addition, Joint Trial Exhibit (―JX ‖) L consists of a number of cashier‘s check s that allegedly reflect gifts Defendants contend Duane authorized. There are copies of sixteen cashier‘s checks in Exhibit L. Two of th e checks, dated November 9 and November 16, 2011, respectively,

95 Tr. 203

. 96 Id. at 204.

97 Id. at 209

- 10.

98 Tr. 318

- 19 (Allen); Tr. 258 (Shalon).29

are to Sal Panariello for $3,000 and to Harold Gregory for $1,000. 99 This evidence corresponds fairly closely to Duane‘s testimony regarding the gifts he authorized to Mr. Sal and Harold Gregory. 100 With only thr ee exceptions, all of the cashier ‘s checks in JX 11 bea r dates in November 2011, the first full month the Trust was in effect. The

ex ceptions are a check to Julius Allen Hardy for $700 dated January 23, 2012, one to Vernell Hardy for $500 dated January 19, 2012, and one to Shalon Hardy for $1,000
dated March 9, 2012 . Shalon, who helped Duane on occasion, testified that she asked Duane for the $1,000 check to her. 101 Based on the relatively small amounts of the gifts to Julius and Vernell , and the fact that cashier‘s checks were used, I find that Duane did auth orize those gifts, as well. The elements of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty are: (i) that a fiduciary duty exists; and (ii) that a fiduciary breached that duty. 102 In considering a party‘s claims, ―the relative weight given to any particular piece of evidence, and particularly witness testimony, is a matter for the court to determine as the trier of fact .‖ 103 To di sprove Duane‘s testimony that he authorized only two gifts from the Trust, totaling $3,000 ,

99 JX L at 12, 14.

100 The only deviation is that Duane said he had given ―Mr. Sal‖ $2,000, instead of $3,000 as reflected on the cashier‘s check.

101 Tr. 272

- 73 (Shalon).

102 Heller v. Kiernan , 2002 WL 385545, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 2002) , aff’d, 806 A.2d 164 (Del. 2002).

103 In re IAC/InterActive Corp. , 948 A.2d 471, 493 (Del. Ch. 2008).30

Defendants produced copies of cashier‘ s checks t hey dispersed to a number of Duane‘s family and friends

. Defendants also called several witnesses who testified that Duane promised them the money they received

. Having considered all the evi dence o n the issue of these gifts , I find that Duane did ask Sh erry and Michael to give monetary gifts to a select group of donees beyond the two persons Duane identified

. Considering Duane‘s history of reliance on others for money , housing, and other necessities throughout his life , I find in credible his testimony that he did not intend to make a relatively small monetary gift to a single member of his family after he received his settlement. Further more , Defendants presented convincing contrary evidence, including the fact that the Trustees used cashier ‘s checks i nstead of cash for the alleged gifts. By using cashier ‘s checks, Defendants created a more reliable and transparent record of what they had done

. Because this supports Sherry and Michael‘s defense, I find
that Duane has faile d to sustain his burden of pr oving by a preponderance of the evidence that the disputed gifts were not authorized

. Accordingly, I hold that Sherry and Michael did not breach any fiduciary duty in connection with the $30,200 in documented gifts to the indentified third parties . I deny , therefore, Duane‘s claim to that extent

.31 C. Unverifiable e xpenditures 1. The duty to a ccount As fiduciaries, trustees have a duty to account to beneficiaries for their disposition of trust assets and bear the burden of proving that a disposition was proper

. 104 ―[I]ncluded within the duty to account is a duty to maintain records that will discharge the fiduciaries‘ burden, and that if that duty is not observed, every presumption will be made against the fiduciaries.‖ 105 The other items for which Duane asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and monetary relief generally relate to the failure of Sherry and Michael to account to Duane for the performance of the Trust and to the existence of

nume rous unverifiable expenditures. I turn to those issues next. 2. The $9,000 that was n e ver d eposited into the Trust account While Duane‘s initial settlement disbursement was for $345,676.88, only $336,676.88 was deposited into the Trust bank accounts. Each Trustee provided a different explanation for how the missing $9,00 0 was spent. According to Sherry , Duane received about $3,000 and about $6,000 went to household bills . When questioned further, she also said some of the money may have gone to family members. Michael
testified that all of the money went to Duane, who spent most of it on a trip to Atlantic City and gave the rest to family members. Because Sherry and Michael produced no

recor ds to support their ― accounting ‖ for the disposition of the $9,000, every presumption

104 Technicorp Int’l II, Inc. v. Johnston , 2000 WL 713750, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2000)

. 105 Technicorp Int’l II, Inc. , 2000 WL 713750, at *3. I d

.32

must be made against them. Duane admitted t hat he took three separate trips to Atlantic City and received $2,000 in cash from the Trust for each trip. 106 One of those trips occurred immediately after he received the funds from the settlement. In addition, Duane testified that the cost of his hotel room in Atlantic City was paid for in advance, so that the $2,000 he received in cash was in addition to that. 107 Assuming the cost of the hotel room for a couple of nights was approximately $1,000, but otherwise making any presumptions in favor of Duane an d against Defendants, I find that Sherry and Michael have failed to account for $6,000 of the $9,000 that was not deposited in the Trust accounts in October 2011. Therefore, Sherry and Michael breached their duty to account for that item to the extent of $6,000.

3. The u naccounted for $121, 688 Of the $336,676.88 Sherry and Michael did deposit into the Trust accounts, Plaintiff contends they withdrew approximately $319,100 of it in cash

. 108 Defendants provide d sufficient records or credible evidence to demons trate how some, but not all, of that cash was spent, leaving $121,688 unaccounted for. As T rustees, Sherry and Michael bear the burden of proving that the disposition of the $121,688 was proper. In their testimony, which Duane controverted , Defendants av erred that Duane f requentl y asked for large amounts of cash in order t o support his drug addiction and pay off debts ,

106 Tr. 190

- 91.

107 Tr. 215.

108 Pl.‘s Post

- Trial Opening Br. 44 n.20.33

presumably drug or alcohol

- related , and that Defendants feared that Duane might be harmed if they did not give him the money to re pay the ― loans. ‖ To resolve this factual dispute, I must address a threshold issue regarding the admissibility and reliability of a compilation of receipts Defendants produced at the end of the discovery period.

4. Is Defendants’ comp ilation of receipts (JX Z ) a dmissible? Defendants Sherry and Michael principally rely on their compilation of receipts to rebut Duane‘s claims that they breach ed their duty to account as to more than $100,000 in allegedly undocumented and un verifiable Trust dispositions. Defendants maintain that the receipts show that most of the funds unaccounted for went directly to Duane in the form of cash. Duane vigorously disputes the authenticity of the receipts and seeks to have them excluded from evidence. Several factors make the authenti city of the receipts highly suspect. Notably, neither Sherry nor Michael mentioned the receipts during their depositions when asked how they recorded transactions involving the Trust funds. The earliest re ceipt is dated November 2, 2011, and the latest April 24, 2012. Sherry was deposed on August 7, 2012.
At that time , the bank records had been produced, but not the receipts. After Plaintiff‘s counsel inquired about the numerous checks made out to cash, the following exchange occurred: Q: Did you kee p track of how [the money was spent]?

A: Somewhere, I guess. I have to check. I will have to check. Q: Did you have a checkbook, a check regist [e r ] ? A: I will have to check. Q: But you are not answering my question. Did you write it down? Did you type i t into a computer?34 A: I’m not sure. Q: So you kept track of what all the money was for, but you are not sure how? A: Well, you can ask Michael that. Q: Well, I‘m asking you. A: I didn‘t do the stuff here. Q: So you didn‘t keep track of where the money wen t? A: Sometimes I did, and sometimes I didn‘t.

... Q: So is what you are telling me, you don‘t know if you did or didn‘t keep track of where the money went? A: I probably did. Q: You probably did, and if you did, you wrote it down? A: Possibly. 109 Sherry nev er mentioned the existence of the receipt book in her deposition. In fact, Defendants did not disclose the existence of the receipt s until September 4, 2013

– a deadline set by the Court after a later motion to compel. Michael also was deposed on August 7, 2012. He, too, did not disclose the existence of a receipt book:

Q: Do you have any sort of records of the trust expenditures? A: Possibly. Q: Okay. Where do you think that might be. A: I would have to look around. Q: Well, I will ask you another quest ion. Did you make it a habit when an expenditure was made of writing down? You cashed all these checks. Did you write down where the money went? A: No. That‘s what bank records are for. Q: But the bank records just shows a check made out to cash. A: Rig ht. 110

109 JX K at 44

- 46 (emphasis added).

110 Tr. 242 (Michael) (emphasis added).35

During the trial, however, Sherry and Michael both purported to describe in detail the procedure they followed when Duane asked for money. That procedure allegedly involved filling out the receipt book, having Duane sign the receipt every single tim e, Michael keeping the yellow copy, and Duane receiving the white. 111 If Defendants had a consistent procedure for giving Duane money, it is unlikely that either Sherry or Michael could have forgotten about the receipt book, especially considering how frequ ently they claimed Duane asked for money. Indeed, Michael asserted at trial that he did not forget about the receipts, but instead lied under oath during his deposition. Despite his evasive answers during his deposition, Michael insisted at trial that he always recorded any transactions in the receipt book, and simply ―chose not to tell the truth‖ during the deposition. 112 Michael‘s directly contradictory testimony on this issue undermine s his credibility generally and also raises serious questions about t he authenticity of the receipts. Additionally, the belated timing of the production of the receipts raises questions about whether the receipt book even existed before Defendants‘ depositions or, instead,
was created later. Sherry and Michael failed to m ention the receipt book in the ir depositio ns or in response to either of Plaintiff‘s two m otions to c ompel Defendants‘

111 Tr. 236 (Michael). Duane denied signing or havin g any such receipts, and apparently did not have any of them in his possession. See Tr. 182 (Duane stating that the first time he saw the receipts was in his attorney‘s office).

112 Tr. 244 (Michael).36

production of ―copies of all financial records maintained by trustees, but not limited to accounting books, spreadsheets, checking accoun t balances, and other related documents indicating withdrawals and deposits from the Duane C. Hardy 2011 Trust.‖ Moreover, the receipts themselves contain multiple discrepancies that undermine their validity. As previously stated, the dates of the receipt s do not appear in the logical order that one would expect if the receipts , in fact , were filled out each time Duane asked for money. Also, Duane‘s signature on the receipts is inconsistent and the receipts often do not match up to the bank statements. F urther, the receipts indicate that Duane received from Defendants $154,708.20 in cash. Yet, the verified expenditures, including the Mercedes and the Lincoln, the renovations to the Hardy R esidence, and Duane‘s rent and other expenses, 113 account for $214,9 88. If the receipts are accurate, then Defendants spent $369,696, when the Trust only contained $345,676.88. Inferences reasonably drawn from Defendants‘ contradictory testimony, the suspicious timeline of when
Defendants produced the receipt book, and t he multiple discrepancies within the receipts support the conclusion that Defendants created the receipt book after Duane initiated th is litigation , in an effort to avoid or minimize his liability. Therefore, I find that the receipts

113 The following are the documented transactions for t he benefit of Duane: $8,516 for Duane‘s rent, $2,491 to furnish his apartment, $5,060.34 in MoneyG rams, $549.18 for groceries, approximately $9,500 for trips to Atlantic City.37

do not constitute rel iable evidence , and I will not cons ider them in the analysis of whether the Defendants breached their duty to account and to maintain records. 114 Despite Defendants‘ lack of records , after listening to Duane‘s testimony and even drawing all reasonable infere nces in his favor, I am convinced that at least some relatively modest portion of the unaccounte d for T rust funds went to Duane or to pay ―debts‖ he incurred to various individuals . Duane has struggled with drug and alcohol addiction , although he claims h e has not been using illegal drugs for more than three
years. 115 In fact, during the trial, he asserted that he was intoxicated on a few specific occasions to avoid responsibility for and circumvent the lega l consequences of his actions. For ex ample, Duane claimed that when he signed the Consent Document, he did not know what he was signing in part because he was ―under the influence of alcohol.‖ 116 In addition, I note that Duane created the Trust because he doubted his ability to manage his money responsibl y and knew that he was susceptible to the influence of others. To a limited degree, therefore, I credit Defendants ‘ poorly documented testimony that Duane involved himself with and indebted himself to questionable people. For similar reasons, I

114 Essentially, Defendants failed to authenticate the compilation of rece ipts by failing to present probative evidence sufficient to support a finding that they are what Defendants claim. See D.R.E. (901)(a).

115 Duane was released from prison in June 2011. Tr. 174 (Duane). He denies having used any illegal dru gs since that time. Tr. 197.

116 Tr. 187 (Duane).38

do not co nsider trustworthy Duane‘s unqualified denial that he knew or owed money to

any of the people Defendants or other witnesses mention ed in their testimony at trial. While I believe that at least some of the unaccounted for money went to Duane or was spent fo r his benefit , in decid ing how much, I must balance Duane‘s culpability with the duty of care and the duty to account Sherry and Michael owe d Duane. As T rustees, Sherry and Michael are ―under a duty to the beneficiary in administering the trust to exercis e such care and skill as a man of ordinary prudence would exercise in dealing with his own property .‖ 117 Sherry and Michael had a duty to exercise care and to account with regard to all of the Trust transactions they engaged in as Trustees , including transa ctions made at D uane‘s request. In establishing the Trust, Duane sought to rely on the Trustees‘ judgment, rather than his own, in order to protect his assets. Sherry an d Michael insist
that all of the inadequately documented $121, 000 in expenditures wen t to Duane. E ven if they had sufficient records to support that allegation , however, Defendants failed to present any persuasive evidence that would justify their having giv e n Duane such a large percentage of his Trust in les s than a year. While it might be prudent to give money to an individual who may otherwise be in danger, distributing a total of over $120,000 in cash within a six

- month period in a series of numerous transactions t o a person who suffers from mental illness and drug addiction is grossl y inconsistent with ―ordinary prudence .‖ In considering the circumstances and the evidence , therefore, I find that Defendants

117 In re Cook’s Trust Estate , 171 A. 730, 731 (Del. Ch. 1934).39

breached their duty of care and duty to account as to $90,000 of the $121,685.87 in
unaccounted for Trust assets.
D. Are Sherry and Michael entitled to exculpation under the Trust Agreement for any of their breaches of fiduciary duty? Under the Trust Agreement‘s exculpation clause (Article 7B), there are limits to Sherry and Michael‘s liability. Article 7B provides in relevant part: ― The Trustee shall not be liable for any act or omission in the administration of the trust or for the loss or damage to trust property, except as caused by the trustee‘s intentional misconduct or gross negligence.‖ 118 Thus, to succeed in holding Sherry or M ichael or both liable for monetary damages for breach of any fiduciary duty or loss of trust property, Duane must prove that they engaged in intentional misconduct or acted with gross negligence. I turn next, therefore, to a brief analysis of each of the instances in which Sherry and Michael
breach ed one or more of their fiduciary duties to determine whether their acts or omissions in connection with that breach are exculpated. Sherry and Michael breached their duty of loyalty to Duane and the Trust when they spent over $158,000, nearly half of Duane‘s settlement, on luxury vehicles for themselves and renovations to the Hardy R esidence, where Duane no longer lived and in which he held only a small ownership interest. Those actions directly contravened th e purpose and terms of the Trust and were not preceded or attended by any voluntary and fully informed consent by Duane, let alone a consent based on the impartial advice of a

118 JX A at 6.40

competent and disinterested third person. I find, therefore, that as to these b reaches of duty, Sherry and Michael engaged in intentional misconduct or, at a minimum, were grossly negligent in the performance of their duties as T rustees. 119 Thus, Sherry and Michael are liable for any damages resulting from the purchase of the automobi les or the improvements to the Hardy R esidence not properly allocated to Duane

. As to the $6,000 of unaccounted for losses from the Trust principal that occurred immediately before the opening of the two accounts at WSFS in late October 2011, Plaintiff failed to prove that loss resulted from either intentional misconduct or gross negligence. Rather, it appears to have been the product of simple n egligence and inadequate record keeping. I hold, therefore, that Sherry and Michael are not liable for the lo ss of that $6,000 based on Article 7B of the Trust Agreement

. Finally, I address Defendants‘ breach of duty in failing to account for the disposition of $90,000 of t he Trust. In that regard, I note that Sherry and Michael withheld from Duane bank statem ents and related information regarding the Trust

119 Gross negligence in the civil context is defined as a higher level of negligence representing an extreme departure from the ordinary standar d of care. In other words, a finding of gross negligence requires more than ordinary inadvertence or inattention. The Delaware Supreme Court has referred to gross negligence as the functional equivalent of criminal negligence, which is defined as the fai lure to perceive a risk of harm of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of conduct a reasonable person would observe. The words willful and wanton imply a degree of negligence higher than gross negligence. In order for conduct to be willful or wanton, it must reflect a conscious indifference or an  ̳I don‘t care‘ attitude. Brown v. United Water Del., Inc. , 291, 2010 WL 2052373, at *276 (Del. Super. May 20, 2010) (internal quotations omitte d).41

accounts, transferred the remainder of the Trust to two new bank account s after learning that Duane had gained access to account information regarding the original accounts, and instructed the law firm handl ing the remainder of Duane‘s settlement to withhold from Duane all information regarding the Trust. Based on Defendants‘ efforts deliberately to conceal information from Duane and their failure to keep adequate records of the expenditures they made, to wh om, and for what purpose, I find that Sherry and Michael engaged in willful misconduct or were at least grossly negligent with respect to the $90,000 in unaccounted for funds. Therefore, I conclude that the exculpation clause does
not insulate Defendants from liability for that loss. 120
E. Removal of Trustees Part of the relief Duane seeks in this action is the removal of Sherry and Michael
as T rustees and the appoint ment of a prof essional trustee. The Court of Chancery has the power to remove a trustee , b ut does so sparingly. 121 Removal of a trustee is reserved for situations in which the trust property is ―endangered by a lack of capacity, honesty or fidelity,‖ and is not appropriate for ―some mere negligent breach of duty, arising largely
from an honest mistake.‖ 122

120 I f Defendants‘ decision to comply with Duane‘s requests was merely imprudent and violative of their of care duty, the exculpatory clause could conceivably protect Sherry and Michael from li ability for ordinary negligence. JX A at 5. Their evidenc e shows, however, that Defendants ‘ actions were significantly more culpable than that.

121 In re Catell’s Estate , 38 A.2d 466, 469

– 70 (Del. Ch. 1944).

122 Id.42

There is no bette r evidence to suggest that the T rust property is ―endangered by a lack of capacity, honesty or fidelity,‖ than the zero balance that remai ns in both of the
T rust accounts. In fact, even Defendants acknowledge that they ―should have first declined to serve and once they agreed to serve, they should have considered hiring a third party to assist them in the administration of the trust.‖ 123 For the reasons stated in
S ection II. A supra , I have determined that , in several instances , S herry and Michael‘s
misadministration of the Trust not only breached their fiduciary duties, but also constituted gross negligence or intentional mi sconduct

. Defendant s spent nearly half of the Trust on self

- interested transactions , while failing to leave Duane with enough money to pay his rent much beyond the end of this year, 2014 . Further, I am convinced by Defendants ‘ conduct , including their attempts to conceal account information from Duane, lying under oath, and fraudulently conveying the Mercedes in direct violation of the Court‘s orders, that if they remained as Trustees, their lack of honesty would endanger what little additional funds Duane has left from his settlement with the Diocese

. 124 Therefore, I conclude that Defendants‘ actions since the creation of the Trust in October 2011 justif

y remov ing Sherry and Michael from their role s as T rustees.

123 Defs.‘ Post

- Trial Br. 5.

124 The two smaller distributions Duane received from his settlement cu rrently are being held in escrow by Jacobs & Crumplar.43

By way of further relief, Duane seeks the appointment of Life Solutions, Inc., or its equivalent, as substitute trustee. 125 The Court of Chancery possess es the authority to appoint a trustee if the trust instrument fails to do so. 126 ―Where the terms of the trust provide a method for filling vacancies by some method other than by appointment of the court, however, the designated method of replacement should be followed. 127 Article 10 of the Trust Agreement deals with Successor Trustees. It provides:

At such time as SHERRY L. HARDY or MICHAEL T. HARDY is no longer willing to serve as co

- Trustee hereunder, the other co

- Trustee then serving shall continue as T rustee hereunder, serving as the sole Trustee. If a trustee is serving as sole trustee, that trustee may appoint one or more persons or institutions to serve either (or both) as co

- trustee or as successor trustee (in that order named by the sole trustee). Trustee may at any time appoint a qualified nonprofit organization, such as Delaware CarePlan, Inc., to serve as successor Trustee, and may amend this Trust Agreement, without the need f

or court approval, to conform the terms of this Agreement to those c ustomarily used by such successor trustee. 128 Having concluded that both Sherry and Michael intentionally or with gross negligence repeatedly violated their fiduciary duties to the Trust, I will order that they be removed as

125 Pl‘s Post

- Trial Opening Br. 46; Joint Pre

- Trial Stip. and Order § IV .A(3).

126 McNeil v. McNeil , 798 A.2d 503, 513 (Del. 2002).

127 Id . (citing Austin Wakeman Scott & William Franklin Fratcher, Scot t on Trusts , § 388 (4th ed. 1987)).

128 JX A at 6

- 7.44

Trustees. Consequently, neither Michael nor Sherry will be in a position to appoint a
Successor Trustee.
N othing in the terms of the Trust Agreement appears to provide an alternative method for filling vacancies other than by a Trustee‘s appointment of nonprofit organization or implic itly by appointment of the Court. T he last paragraph of Article 10 of the Trust Agreement indicates that Duane, as Settlor of the Trust, was amenable to the appointment of a qualified non

- profit organization to serve as Successor Trustee. To the extent p ossible, I will attempt to honor that expression of intent in appointing a Successor
Trustee. Nothing in the record indicates that the successor Trustee requested by Plaintiff in this litigation, Life Solutions, Inc. is a qualified non

- profit organizatio n 129 as specified in Article 10 of the Trust Agreement. Therefore, I provisionally will deny Duane‘s request to have Life Solutions, Inc. appointed as substitute trustee , and appoint, instead, Delaware CarePlan, Inc

. to serve as succe ssor trustee. If Delaw are Care Plan is unwilling to serve, the Court directs Plaintiff‘s counsel to submit a list of other qualified non

- profit organizations in Delaware that could fulfill that role, and to indicate any preference Duane has in that regard. If there is no other qualified non

- profit organization, the Court will appoint Life Solutions, Inc. in accordance with the authority granted in 12 Del. C

. § § 3501 and 3502.

129 I have no reason otherwise to question the competence of Life Solutions, Inc. to fill the role of Successor Trustee.45 F. Duane’s a ttorneys ’ f ees and c osts

a. The American Rule and its e xceptions Plaintiff requests tha t the Court hold Sherry and Michael liable for the enti rety of Duane‘s attorneys‘ fees and expenses on two grounds: (1) their egr egious pre

- litigation conduct ; and (2) their bad faith conduct during litigation. Under the Ame rican Rule, litigants are gener ally responsible for their own legal fees, regardless of which party prevails. 130 Delaware law provides , however, that ―[i] n judicial proceedings involv ing breaches of trust, the court, as justice and equity may require, may award costs and expenses, includ ing reasonable attorneys ‘ fees, to any party, to be paid by another party or from the Trust that is the subject of the controversy.‖ 131 In addition, an exception to the American Rule exists where the party against whom attorneys‘ fees are sought to be

asses sed acted in bad faith in bringing a case or in pursuing it in a way that increased the litigation‘s cost or in the conduct that gave rise to the litigation, such that attorneys‘ fees may be considered an appropriate part of damages

. 132 The decision to awar d attorneys‘ fees is within the Court‘s discretion. 133

130 Tandycrafts, Inc., v. Initio P ’rs , 562 A.2d 1162, 1164 (Del. 1989).

131 12 Del . C. § 3584.

132 Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC v. ASB Allegiance Real Estate Fund , 68 A.3d 665, 687, 2013 WL 1914714, at *12 (Del. 2013).

133 McNeil v. McNeil , 798 A.2d 503, 514 (Del. 2002).46 b. Attorneys’ fees for pre
- litigation c onduct With respect to pre

- litigation conduct, not ―every case of intentional fiduciary wrongdoing justifies fee

- shifting.‖ 134 Rather, the exception is normally applied only in instances of bad faith, ―where the pre

- litigation conduct of the losing party was so egregious as to justify an award of attorneys‘ fees as an element of damages.‖ 135 Duane created the Trust Agreement on August 31, 2011 and the settlement funds firs t were deposited in the Trust‘s accounts on October 28, 2011. Duane filed his Complaint on May 15, 2012. On October 27, 2011 , the Trust principal was over $345,000. By the end of March 2013 , all that remained was $3,654. Thus, on Defendants‘ watch as T rustees , approximately 99% of Duane‘s Trust was dissipated in five months with virtually no tangible benefit to Duane being evident

. Defendants ‘ mishandling of the Trust demonstrates a gl aring lack of financial acumen and an utter disregard for Duane‘s b est interest

. The Trustees, who both were unemployed when they assumed their fiduciary positions, never had managed a large sum of money and had no money management training other than their ―life experience.‖ 136 If

t heir mi smanagement of the Trust had ste mmed predomina n tly from their lack of education and financial training , I probably would not be inclined to find bad faith. Sherry and Michael‘s actions, however, were more culpable than that. Within two weeks

134 Venhill Ltd. P’ship ex rel. Stallkamp v. Hellman , 20 08 WL 2270488, at *33 ( Del

. Ch. June 3, 2008).

135 Estate of Carpenter v. Dinneen , 2008 WL 2950764 (Del. Ch. Mar. 6, 2008).

136 JX P at 24.47

of obtaining the settlement funds, they each bought themselves luxury automobiles at Duane‘s expense without informing him in advance of what they were doing or making any reasonable effort to ensure that he understood the situation and its ramifications and gave his fully informed consent to those transactions. Sherry and Michael also engaged
in similarly self

- interested transactions regarding the improvements to the Hardy
R esidence. In addition, Defendants not only breached their duty to account for the performance of the Trust, Sherry and Michae l actively restricted Duane‘s access to
account information and tried to conceal that information from him by opening new accounts without telling Duane about them. Based on the evidence adduced at trial, I find that Sherry and Michael acted egregiously a nd with utter disrega rd for the purpose of the Trust

– i.e. , ―to insure that, to the best extent possible the physical necessities, comfort, happiness and best interests of [Duane] will be met.‖ I conclude, therefore, that Sherry and Michael‘s pre

- litigatio n conduct amounted to bad faith and will require them to pay Duane‘s reasonable attorneys‘ fees and expenses in connection with the prosecution of
this action as part of his resulting damages

.

c. Attorneys’ fees for bad faith l itigation Plaintiff also seeks a ttorneys‘ fees on the grounds Sherry and Michael conducted th is litigation in bad faith. In extraordinary circumstances, Delaware courts have relied

on the bad faith exception to the American Rule and awarded attorneys‘ fees where ―parties have unnecessar ily prolonged or delayed litigation, falsified records or48

knowingly asserted frivolous claims.‖ 137 To satisfy the bad faith requirement, a party‘s conduct ―must rise to a high level of egregiousness, such that their actions extend beyond
the realm of zealou s advocacy.‖ 138 The Court does not lightly apply th is exception and imposes a ―stringent evidentiary burden of producing clear evidence of bad faith conduct on the party seeking an award of fees.‖ 139 The Delaware Supreme Court , in Johnston v. Arbitrium (Cay man Islands) Handels AG , 140 upheld this Court‘s award of attorneys‘ fees when the litigant s unnecessarily required the institution of litigation, delayed litigation, falsified evidence, asserted frivo lous motions, and provided inconsistent testimony to suit their needs

. 141 Plaintiff contends that Defendants‘ refusal to respond to discovery requests , late production of relevant documents, fraudulent transfers of the Lincoln and Mercedes in contravention of the Court‘s order , and Michael‘s false statements under oath , among other things, warrant fee shifting in this case

. Defendants‘ disregard for the Court‘s explicit orders as to the automobiles unnecessarily increased Duane‘s litigation expenses. In addition , Michael admi ttedly lied during his deposition when asked about the existenc e of accounting records for the a dmitted purpose of misleading opposing counsel. I find ,

137 Johnston v. Arbitrium (Cayman Is.) Handels AG , 720 A.2 d 542, 546 (Del. 1998)

. 138 Estate of Carpenter, 2008 WL 29 50764, at *17.

139 Id.

140 720 A.2d 542 (Del. 1998).

141 Id. at 564.49

therefore , that Plaintiff has shown that Defendants acted in bad faith during the course of this litigation and award Duane his attorneys‘ fe es on the basis of that misconduct and Defendants‘ various breach es of their fiduciary duties as Trustees. Thus, Defendants are liable for the reasonable attorneys‘ fees and expenses Duane incurred in connection with
this action

. G. Plaintiff’s m otion s t o s et a side Michael’s t ransfer of the Mercedes as fraudulent and for contempt

a. Background facts On April 22, 2014, over six months after the trial, Duane move d to set aside an alleged fraudulent transfer of the Mercedes from Michael to a woman who shared th e same address with him in Pennsylvania. The motion also sought to hold Michael in contempt for the transfer. Despite the passage of more than three months since the filing of that motion , neither Michael nor Sherry has responded to it. Accordingly, I c onsider the motion ripe for decision at this time. On May 15, 2012, Plaintiff filed his Complaint against Sherry and Michael alleging intentional misconduct, gross negligence , and unjust enrichment in their capacity
as Trustee s of the Trust. 142 The Compla int specifically focused , among other things, on Michael‘s purchase of the Mercedes with funds from the Trust. Duane alleged, and this Court has found, that Michael purchased the Mercedes with funds from the Trust. A title search conducted by Plaintiff‘s counsel indicated that Michael received title to the

142 Compl. ¶ 5.50

Mercedes in Delaware on November 6, 2011. 143 The search listed the Hardy R esidence as Michael‘s address. 144 At the t rial of this matter on October 15, 2013, Plaintiff‘s counsel requested an order from the court that none of the T rust assets that were left be sold or encumbered, pending the Court‘s decision on the merits. 145 The Court granted
th at request, stating that no ―assets from the trust should be transferred, conveyed, spent [or] paid to anybody unti l [this] matter is resolved ‖ (the ―October Order‖). 146 Michael was present when the Court issued that directive, and had testified earlier that same day. 147 Therefore, Michael knew the Mercedes was not to be transferred or conveyed. The day after the Octob er Order was entered, Duane‘s counsel requested a vehicle record abstract for the Mercedes. The record, dated October 16, 2013, indicated the Mercedes still was registered to Michael, but not at the Hardy R esidence. Instead, Michael‘s address was listed as 209 S. 4 th Street, Apt. 2, Darby, Pennsylvania. 148 An updated vehicle record obtained on April 4, 2014 indicate d that title to the Mercedes then

143 Pl.‘s Mot. to Set Aside Michael T. Hardy‘s Fraudulent Transfer and Mot. for Contempt Ex. A (D.I. No. 102) (hereinafter ―Pl.‘s Mot. for Fraudulent Transfer and Mot. for Co ntempt).

144 Id

. 145 Tr. 346.

146 Tr. 347.

147 Tr. 235

- 53.

148 Pl.‘s Mot. for Fraudulent Transfer and Mot. for Contempt Ex. B (D.I. No. 102).51

was held by Kristina Monique Moses , 149 residing at the same address that had been listed fo r Micha e l on the Oct ober 16 record. 150 There is no evidence that any consideration was paid for this transfer of title

. In Duane‘s motion s , he argues that Michael violated the October Order by transferring title to the Mercedes to Moses. Duane also asserts that the convey ance of the Mercedes to Moses was fraudulent under the Delaware Uniform Fraudulent Transfer
Act. 151
b. Was the transfer to Moses fraudulent? Section 13 04(a)(1) declares as fraudulent: ―a transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor as to a creditor, wheth er the creditor‘s claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud any creditor of the debtor.‖ 152 To prove Michael‘ s transfer of the Mercedes to Moses was fraudulent under Section 1304(a)(1), therefore, Duane must show Michael actually intended to hinder, delay or defraud him. Section 1304(b) lists eleven numbered factors that may be considered in determining actual i ntent.

149 Id . Ex. C.

150 Id . Ex. B.

151 Pl.‘s Mot. for Fraudulent Transfer and Mot. for Contempt ¶ 24.

152 6 Del. C. § 1301(a)(1)

.52

With relevance to this case, the following factors support a finding of actual intent ―to hinder, delay or defraud‖ : (1) if the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed; 153 and ( 2 ) if before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor had been sued or threatened with suit. 154 Both of these factors listed in Section 1304(b) support a finding that Michael had an actual intent to defraud here. 155 First, the transfer was concealed from both Duane and the C ourt. The Mercedes was f irst registered in Delaware, then changed to Pennsylvania, and finally transferred to Moses. No disclosure about the transfer was made to Plaintiff or to the C ourt even though Michael was on notice that he could not sell or transfer the Mercedes with out p roviding advance notice to the Court until resolution of this case. 156 Second, before the transfer was made, Michael not only had been sued by Duane regarding the Trust, but Duane‘s

153 6 Del. C. § 1301(b)(3).

154 6 Del. C. § 1301(b)(4).

155 Several other factors under 6 Del. C. § 1301(b) also support the conclusion that Michael had an actual intent to hinder delay or defraud. For example, factor b(1) focuses on whether th e transfer was made to an insider. The Act defines an ―insider‖ of a debtor who is an individual to include ―[a] relative of the debtor.‖ 6 Del. C. § 1301(a)(1). Moses shares the same address as Michael. Therefore, she conceivably could be an insider u nder the Act. Additionally, factors b(2) and b(7) similarly support this conclusion.

156 On January 16, 2013, during oral argument on Plaintiff‘s Motion to Set Aside Tolmiros, LLC‘s Fraudulent Transfer to Sherry L. Hardy, the Court notified Michael that h e was not to transfer or sell the Mercedes without disclosing his intentions to the Court. Specifically, the Court ordered: ―If you are planning to sell the Mercedes or some sort of thing like that you are going to have to let the [Plaintiff] and [the Cou rt] know.‖ Scheduling Conference and Pl.‘s Mot. for Default Judgment as to Def. Tolmiros, LLC and the Court‘s Ruling at 9

- 10 (D.I. No. 103).53

claims had been tried and Michael was awaiting a possible judgment against him. 157 Hence, I find that Michael‘s transfer of the Mercedes to Moses was made with actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud Duane, and thus constitutes a fraudulent transfer. 158

c. Did Michael act in contempt of the October Order? Court of Chancery Rule 70 ( b ) authorizes the Court to provide relief ―[f]or failure to obey a restraining or injunctive order, or to obey or to perform any order,‖ upon defendant‘s knowledge of the order and facts constituting disobedience. In this case, the Court orally granted P lai ntiff ‘s request for , in effect, a status quo order at trial. 159 Specifically , the C ourt stated that ―no assets from the trust should be transferred . . . to anybody until [this] matter is resolved.‖ 160 Michael knew from the pretrial proceedings and the trial proceedings that same day that the Mercedes was alleged to be an ―asset from the trust.‖
Because Michael was present when the Court gave th e October Order, he was aware of the Order when he transferred the Mercedes to Moses, apparently for no considerati on. Indeed, Michael was on notice since January 16, 2013, that the Mercedes could not be sold or transferred without disclosing his intentions to the Court in

157 Hardy v. Hardy , No. 7531

- ML ( filed May 15, 2012).

158 6 Del. C. § 1304(a)(1).

159 Tr. 347.

160 Id

.54

advance. 161 The Mercedes was purchased with money from Duane‘s Trust and, therefore, was subject to the October Order. The vehicle record abstracts from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation demonstrate that Michael transferred title to the Mercedes
to Moses sometime after the October O rder and before April 4 , 2014. Based on these facts, I f ind that Michael acted in contempt of the Court when he transferred the Mercedes to Moses

.

d. Relief for the fraudulent transfer and contempt The relief Plaintiff seeks for the fraudulent conveyance and contempt largely overlaps, so I discuss those issues to gether. First, Duane seeks to have Michael‘s regist ration of the Mercedes in Pennsylvania for the apparent purpose of divest ing this Court of jurisdiction over it and his later conveyance of title in the vehicle to Moses set aside as fraudulent transfers. I will grant this relief. As of February 15, 2013, the Mercedes was registered to Michael in Delaware. In a telephone conference with the parties and counsel on January 16, 2013, I directed that no changes be made with respect to the Mercedes without p rior notice to Plaintiff and the Court. On October 15, 2013, I ordered that no assets from the Trust, which would include the Mercedes, be transferred or conveyed pending the resolution of this matter

. As of October 16, 2013, the Mercedes was registered to Michael in Pennsylvania, and then by April 10, 2014 it was registered in Pennsylvania to Moses. Under Section 1307(a) of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, a creditor, such as Duane, may obtain ―[a]voidance of the transfer or obligation to

161 See supr

a , note 156.55

the extent necessary to satisfy the creditor‘s claim.‖ That relief is appropriate here. Therefore, I will set aside the transfer from Michael to Moses of the Mercedes and order Michael to have the Mercedes prom ptly reregistered in Delaware. Plaintiff also seeks a n order directing Michael to transfer title and the keys to the Mercedes to Plaintiff‘s counsel , as Plaintiff‘s representative, with in five days of the Court‘s order, and that a constructive trust be placed on the vehicle. Consistent with the
broad remedi es for a fraudulent transfer authorized by Section 1307, I will grant that relief in the sense that I will impose a constructive trust on the Mercedes and direct that it be held by Plaintiff‘s counsel pendi ng further order of the Court. Finally, based on the Court‘s finding that Michael acted in contempt of the October Order, I grant Plaintiff‘s request for an award of its attorneys‘ fees and expenses in prosecuting the motion s to set aside t he transfer and for contempt. T h u s , I w i l l o r d e r M i c h a e l t o p a y t h o s e f

e e s a n d e x p e n s e s .

III. CONCLUSION For the reasons st ated in this Memorandum Opinion , I conclude as follows: (1) that Sherry and Michael breached their fiduciary duty of loyalty to the Trust and Duane, as the Beneficiary, in connection with the purchase of the Lincoln and the Mercedes and as to the Trust funds spent on repairs to the Hardy Residence, and are liable to Duane for $ 158,402.81 in damages as a result of those breaches ; (2) that Duane failed to prove his claim for breach of fiduciary duty as to the $30,200 in gifts that were made from Trust funds to iden tified family and friends of
Duane , and that aspect of his claim will be dismissed with prejudice ;56

(3) that as to the $9,000 from the settlement with the Diocese that was not deposited into the Trust‘s two accounts at WSFS in October 2011, Sherry and Michael
b reached their duty to account for $6,000 of that amount, but are exculpated from liability
for that br each under the Trust Agreement; t herefore, this aspect of Plaintiff‘s claim will be dismissed with prejudice ; (4) As to the $121,685.87 of the Trust funds tha t Plaintiff claims were not accounted for, Sherry and Michael breached their duty of care and to account as to $90,000 of that amount; I deny Plaintiff‘s claim for breach of fiduciary duty for anything above that $90,000 and will dismiss with prejudice tha t aspect of Plaintiff‘s claim ; (5) that the breach by Sherry and Michael referenced in subparagraph 4 above is not exculpated; so they are liable to Plaintiff for $90,000 on that aspect of his claim; (6) that Sherry and Michael promptly shall be removed as Trust ee of the Trust; (7) that the Court will appoint Delaware CarePlan, Inc. (―DCP‖) as successor trustee, subject to DCP‘s agreement to serve in that role and obtaining any necessary modifications to the Trust Agreement; if complications arise in that regard, the Court will proceed as stated in Section II. E of this Memorandum Opinion; (8) that Plaintiff is entitled to reimbursement from Sherry and Michael for the attorneys‘ fees and expenses Duane reasonably incurred in pursuing this action; (9) that Duane is entitled to pre - judgment interest at the legal rate of interest under 6 Del. C. § 2301(a), compounded quarterly, on the following amounts of damages owed, jointly and severally, by Sherry and Michael from the dates indicated:57 (a) for the Lincoln and Mercedes, $83,402.81 from November 30, 2011 ; (b) for improvements to the Hardy Residence, $75,000, from November 30, 2011 from December 31, 2011, by which time it appears most, if not all, of the $75,000 had been spent ; (c) for $90,000 in unaccounted for Trust funds from December 31 , 2011. (10) that Plaintiff is entitled to the imposition of a constructive trust for Duane‘s
benefit on : (a) the 8.3% interest Defendant Sherry holds in the Hardy Residence ; and (b)
the Lincoln and the Mercedes

. 162 For the reasons stated in this Memorandum Op inion, I also grant Plaintiff‘s
Motion to Set Aside Fraudulent T ransfer and Motion for Contempt, both of which relate to the Mercedes. On that basis, I will set aside the transfer of the Mercedes from Michael to Moses and order Michael promptly to have th e registration of the Mercedes changed from Pennsylvania back to Delaware. I also will order Michael to transfer title and the keys to the Mercedes to Plaintiff‘s counsel , as Plaintiff‘s representative, within ten days of the Order t h a t i s being entered on this same date based on the rulings in this

162 Plaintiff also requests the Court to impose a constructive trust on items purchased to renovate the hardy Residence. Pl.‘s Post

- Trial Opening Br. 44. A constructive trust is an equitable remedy as to which one factor a court generally co nsiders is the balance of equities. See Real Estate of Shock l e y v. Foraker , 2004 WL 51260, at *4 (Del. Ch. Jan. 6, 2004) (internal citations omitted). I deny without prejudice, this aspect of Plaintiff‘s request for relief, because I consider such relief to be premature and potentially overly disruptive and unnecessary at this point

. The relief could involve for example, attempts to remove appliances and fixtures such as granite countertops from the Hardy Residence.58

Memorandum Opinion, and will place a constructive trust on the Mercedes for Duane‘s benefit. In addition, based on my findings that Michael engaged in a fraudulent transfer and acted in contempt of this Court‘s October 15, 2013 Order, I grant Plaintiff‘s request
for an award a g a i n s t M i c h a e l of his reasonable attorneys‘ fees and expens es incurred in prosecuting the M otion to S et A side the F raudulent T ransfer and the Motion for
C ontempt. Plaintiff‘s counsel shall file with the C ourt and promptly ser ve on Defendants within twenty days of the Order accompanying this Memorandum Opinion appropriate documentation for the reasonable attorneys‘ fees and expenses Plaintiff seeks to recover in connection with the prosecution of this action and the recent m otions. Defendants shall have twenty days from the filing of that submission to object to the claimed attorneys‘ fees and expenses on any appropriate grounds, including that specific fees and
expenses claimed are unreasonable i n the circumstances. Thereafter, the Court will determine the appropriate amount of attorneys‘ fe es and expenses to be awarded on the basis of the rulings s e t f

o r t h i n this Memorandum Opinion

.