J-A03044-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

FRED TEICHMAN, M.D. AND 

CENTRAL PENN WOMEN'S HEALTH 

Appellants

v.

EVANGELICAL COMMUNITY 

HOSPITAL, MICHAEL N. O'KEEFE, 

LAWRENCE GINSBURG, M.D., 

CHRISTOPHER OLSON, D.O., 

CHRISTOPHER MOTTO, M.D., AND 

MARIA E. FULLANA-JORNET, M.D.

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1706 MDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment Entered December 13, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Civil Division at No(s): 

13-0840

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED: JUNE 25, 2020

Fred Teichman, M.D., and Central Penn Women’s Health (collectively, 

“Appellants”), appeal from the December 13, 2018 entry of Judgment after

the trial court granted Appellees’ Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the 

Verdict (“JNOV”) based on its determination that Appellees were entitled to 

statutory immunity under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act 

(“HCQIA”), 42 U.S.C. § 11101, et seq. After careful review, we affirm.

The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows. Dr. Fred 

Teichman (“Appellant”) is a board-certified obstetrician and gynecologist. 

Appellant practiced obstetrics and gynecology at his medical practice, 
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Appellant Central Penn Women’s Health, located in Lewisburg. For more than 

30 years, Appellant also had unrestricted clinical staff privileges at Evangelical 

Community Hospital (“Hospital”). Hospital’s bylaws (“Bylaws”) govern the 

relationship between Hospital and its medical staff, including Appellant, and 

represent the terms of the contract between Appellant and Hospital.

In June 2012, one of Appellant’s post-partum patients nearly bled to 

death (“Post-partum Bleed Incident”). On June 19, 2012, as a result of the 

Post-partum Bleed Incident and other prior and ongoing issues,

1 Hospital 

summarily suspended Appellant’s clinical privileges pursuant to Section 2.6.2 

of the Bylaws. On July 3, 2012, following a meeting of Hospital’s Medical 

Executive Committee (“MEC”), Hospital reinstated Appellant’s clinical 

privileges subject to the condition that Appellant provide a proctor to oversee 

his patient care at Hospital. Appellant refused to comply with this condition 

and instead pursued administrative remedies, including an appeal to Hospital’s 

Board of Directors, as prescribed by Article IX of the Bylaws. Appellant was 

not successful in obtaining administrative relief. 

____________________________________________

1 These issues, discussed in further detail infra, include: (1) Appellant viewing 

pornographic material on his office computer in 2006; (2) Appellant touching 

inappropriately a nurse midwife in the operating room; (3) Appellant touching 

inappropriately and making inappropriate sexual comments to a physician’s 

assistant student; (4) Appellant failing to communicate during surgery; and 

(5) the “Cytotec” Incident, in which, on January 20, 2012, Appellant 

prescribed the medication Cytotec, an abortifacient, on an outpatient basis to 

a pregnant patient who allegedly did not have access to a car or a telephone.
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On December 31, 2013, Appellants initiated this action by filing a fourcount Complaint against Hospital and the individual defendants2 (collectively, 

“Appellees”). Appellants raised a claim of Breach of Contract and for Equitable 

Relief3 against Hospital alone, and claims of Tortious Interference with 

Contract and Civil Conspiracy against all Appellees. Essentially, Appellants 

alleged that Appellees “engaged in a campaign based on baseless accusations 

and innuendo to remove Appellant from the staff of [Hospital], strip him of his 

clinical privileges[,] and destroy his professional practice while violating 

provisions of the Health Care Quality Improvement Act (HCQIA) (42 U.S.C. § 

11101, et seq.) and [Hospital’s Bylaws].” Trial Ct. Op., 2/26/19, at 2. 

On January 31, 2014, Appellees filed an Answer and New Matter

asserting that Hospital terminated Appellant’s medical privileges following its 

peer review process and as a result of Appellant’s inappropriate medical 

decisions, his failure to communicate with colleagues during surgery, and his 

inappropriate comments of a sexual nature to a physician’s assistant student. 

Appellees took the position that they conducted their professional review 

____________________________________________

2 The individual defendants are: (1) Michael N. O’Keefe, Hospital’s President 

and Chief Executive Officer; (2) Dr. J. Lawrence Ginsburg, Hospital’s VicePresident of Medical Affairs; (3) Dr. Christopher Olson, President of Hospital’s 

Medical Staff and the Chair of the Medical Executive Committee; (4) Dr. 

Christopher Motto, Chair of Hospital’s Department of Surgery; and (5) Dr. 

Maria E. Fullana-Jornet, Chair of Hospital’s Obstetrics Committee.

3 Appellant sought reinstatement to Hospital’s medical staff. 
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activities in compliance with the HCQIA and, therefore, statutory immunity 

applied.4

On January 8, 2018, Appellees filed a Motion to trifurcate the issues for 

trial. Appellants filed a Motion in Opposition and, following a hearing, on June 

13, 2018, the trial court entered an order granting Appellees’ Motion. The 

court limited Phase One of the jury trial to whether Appellees complied with 

the HCQIA’s procedural requirements when taking adverse action against 

Appellant on June 19, 2012, and July 3, 2012, and, thus, were entitled to 

statutory immunity.

5

 Relevant to the issues raised in this appeal, in response 

to the parties’ numerous pre-trial Motions in Limine, the trial court also 

entered Orders, inter alia: (1) precluding the parties from mentioning the 

Bylaws at the Phase One trial; and (2) permitting witness testimony about 

Appellant’s viewing of pornographic materials in 2006. 

On September 4, 2018, Phase One of the trial commenced. The 

evidence presented at the Phase One trial concerned each of the instances of 

____________________________________________

4 Following the close of discovery, on November 28, 2016, Appellees filed a 

Motion for Summary Judgment. The trial court denied the Motion on 

November 30, 2017.

5

If after the jury determined that HCQIA immunity applied, Phase Two would 

be limited to alleged violations of the Bylaws and equitable remedies, and 

Phase Three would not be necessary. If, however, the jury found that HCQIA 

immunity did not apply, Phase Two of the trial could be limited to alleged 

violations of the Bylaws and Appellants’ tort claims, and evidence of animus, 

bias, bad faith, and unfair competition would be admissible. If the jury or 

court entered a verdict for Appellants after Phase Two, the court would hold a 

Phase Three trial to assess damages, and the court would determine equitable 

relief.
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Appellant’s alleged misconduct, as well as Appellant’s inability to communicate 

effectively and cooperate with other Hospital staff, and the actions Appellees 

took before the MEC decided to take adverse action against Appellant on June 

19, 2012, and July 3, 2012. 

With respect to the Post-partum Bleed Incident, the evidence indicated 

that Appellee Christopher Motto, M.D., in his role as chair of the Department 

of Surgery, became directly involved following the incident. In addition, in his 

capacity as department chair, he directed that Hospital obtain a second 

opinion about Appellant’s actions, and informed Appellant that Hospital would 

obtain a second opinion at the time of the incident.6

Regarding the Cytotec Incident, the evidence showed that Appellee Dr. 

Fullana-Jornet became directly involved following the incident as chair of 

Hospital’s Obstetrics Committee. Dr. Fullana-Jornet testified that it was 

inappropriate for Appellant to prescribe Cytotec to a patient and immediately 

discharge her when the patient did not drive and had no immediate access to 

a telephone or car. The evidence also indicated that Hospital obtained an 

outside opinion regarding Appellant’s actions in the Cytotec Incident that 

confirmed that Appellant’s actions were inappropriate.

The evidence showed that the information provided by Drs. Motto and 

Fullana-Jornet to the MEC was critical to the MEC’s decision to suspend 

____________________________________________

6 Ultimately, the physician who rendered the second opinion replaced 

Appellant as the doctor providing direct care to the patient involved in this 

incident.
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Appellant’s privilege on June 19, 2012, and to reinstate them conditionally on 

July 3, 2012.

The parties also presented extensive evidence about Appellant’s alleged 

inappropriate conduct involving the nurse midwife assisting Appellant with a 

surgical procedure and the female physician’s assistant student. With respect 

to the former, the evidence indicated that during a surgical procedure 

Appellant wiped sweat from the top of nurse’s breast. With respect to the 

latter, the testimony indicated that Appellant engaged in a discussion about 

sexually transmitted diseases with the student using inappropriate vulgar 

language. Several hospital staff overheard this and reported that Appellant’s 

language and conduct offended them. Subsequently, Appellant sat close to 

the same student on a gurney in the hallway while engaging her in 

conversation. The appropriateness of this conduct was also called into 

question. 

There was also evidence that, in 2006, while Appellant was in practice 

with several other physicians, Appellant viewed pornographic material and 

adult websites on his office computer. As a result, Appellee Dr. Ginsburg and 

Appellant’s medical partners compelled Appellant to attend a course and 

obtain an evaluation regarding boundaries and the reason for his conduct. 

Appellant went to Vanderbilt University for the assessment and Vanderbilt 

University generated a report (“Vanderbilt Report”) and provided it to 

Appellant, Appellee Dr. Ginsburg, and Hospital. The MEC had access to this 

information at the time of its decisions regarding Appellant. 
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Last, Appellees presented evidence that Appellant lacked the ability to 

cooperate and communicate with Hospital staff. Specifically, in addition to the 

above, two nurses and an anesthesiologist testified about Appellant’s rude and 

unprofessional treatment of them on several occasions.

Following the presentation of evidence, the court presented the jury with 

a verdict slip in three separate parts. The first part of the jury slip contained 

specific questions about the role of Dr. Fullana-Jornet, who was not part of 

the MEC. The court asked the jury to determine whether Dr. Fullana-Jornet 

participated with or assisted the MEC when it took adverse action against 

Appellant on both June 19, 2012, and July 3, 2012. 

The second section of the jury slip required the jury to determine: (1) 

whether on June 19, 2012, the MEC acted after reasonable effort to obtain the 

facts; (2) whether on June 19, 2012, the MEC acted in the reasonable belief 

that the action taken by the MEC was warranted by facts known after such 

reasonable effort to obtain the facts; (3) whether the MEC conducted an 

investigation after the June 19, 2012 suspension to determine the need for a 

professional review action; (4) whether, if the MEC had failed to suspend 

Appellant on June 19, 2012, the failure may have resulted in an imminent 

danger to the health of any individual; and (5) whether the MEC’s June 19, 

2012 action was subject to subsequent notice and hearing or adequate 

procedures. 

The third section of the jury slip required the jury to consider, with 

respect to the MEC’s July 3, 2012 conditional reinstatement, whether it acted: 
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(1) after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts; (2) after adequate notice and 

hearing procedures were afforded to Appellant under the circumstances; and 

(3) in a reasonable belief that the action was warranted by the facts known 

after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts. 

The jury returned the verdict slip indicating that it found Dr. FullanaJornet did participate or assist the MEC with its June 19, 2012 action, but not 

with its July 3, 2012 action.

The jury then found that the MEC failed to make a reasonable effort to 

obtain the facts before taking adverse action against Appellant June 19, 2012.

7

 

According to the instructions on the jury slip, as a result of answering “no” to 

this question, the jury should have proceeded to answer the questions relating 

to the July 3, 2012 incident. Instead, however, the jury answered two other 

questions related to the June 19, 2012 incident, indicating that it found that 

if the MEC had failed to suspend Appellant on June 19, 2012, the failure may 

have resulted in an imminent danger to the health of any individual. 

With respect to the July 3, 2012 incident, the jury found that Appellees 

completely complied with the requirements of the HCQIA in taking its adverse 

action against Appellant. Accordingly, based on this verdict, the court found 

that the HCQIA applied to Appellees for the action taken on July 3, 2012, and 

that, therefore, Appellants were entitled to immunity for all actions taken on 

or after July 3, 2012. 

____________________________________________

7 This finding rendered Appellees ineligible for statutory immunity under the 

HCQIA.
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On September 25, 2018, Appellees moved for JNOV on the jury’s verdict 

that Hospital was not entitled to immunity for the actions it took on June 19, 

2012. Appellees argued both that they were entitled to judgment as a matter 

of law and that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the jury should 

have entered a verdict for Appellees. With respect to the latter argument, 

Appellees asserted that the jury’s findings—that (1) the MEC did not act after 

reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter and (2) had the MEC not 

acted, there might have been imminent danger to the health of any 

individual—were inherently inconsistent findings. They argued that no two 

reasonable minds could make a factual finding both that Appellant’s conduct 

created a possibility of an imminent danger to a patient, and that Appellees 

did not undertake reasonable efforts to obtain the facts of the matter. The 

trial court agreed and determined that the jury’s findings with respect to the 

June 19, 2012 incident were inherently inconsistent. It, therefore, entered a 

JNOV in favor of Appellees.8 

Appellants timely appealed the Judgment. Both Appellants and the trial 

court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

____________________________________________

8 Following entry of JNOV, Appellants elected not to proceed with their 

outstanding claims for equitable relief. See N.T., 9/25/18, at 26. Accordingly, 

on September 25, 2018, the trial court entered an order indicating that its 

Order granting JNOV in favor of Appellees was “final and in resolution of this 

matter.” Order, 9/25/18. The court’s Final Order, based Appellants election 

not to proceed with their outstanding claims for equitable relief, eliminated 

the need to conduct Phases Two and Three jury trials. 
J-A03044-20

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Appellants raise the following five issues on appeal:

1. Where there was sufficient evidence to sustain the [j]ury’s 

finding that [Appellees] did not undertake a reasonable effort to 

obtain the facts of the matter before summarily suspending Dr. 

Teichman, was it error for the trial court to enter JNOV?

2. Where the June 19, 2012 summary suspension and July 3 

modification thereof were part of the same professional review 

action, and where the [j]ury found [Appellees] failed to fulfill a 

requirement of the HCQIA in connection with the June 19 action, 

was it error for the trial court to find [Appellees] immune from 

liability for any of [Appellants’] damages suffered after July 3, 

2012.

3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in precluding 

[Appellants’] counsel from cross-examining adverse fact 

witnesses as to their bias and antagonistic animus toward Dr. 

Teichman?

4. Where the [b]ylaws governed the parties’ conduct and were 

relied upon by the parties during the entirety of the professional 

review activities, did the trial court abuse its discretion when it 

precluded [Appellants] from referencing the [b]ylaws?

5. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it permitted 

evidence of 2006 events irrelevant to the reasons for the 2012 

summary suspension, and which evidence, given its nature and 

lack of, or at most, de minimus, probative value was far 

outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice to [Appellants] and 

confusion of the issues?

Appellants’ Brief at 3-4.

Issue 1

In its first issue, Appellants claim that the trial court erred in entering 

JNOV because the evidence supported the jury’s finding that Appellees’ efforts 

to obtain the facts before summarily suspending Appellant on June 19, 2012, 

were unreasonable. Appellants’ Brief at 35 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(2), 

(4)). The gravamen of Appellants’ complaint is that Appellees failed to 
J-A03044-20

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comprehensively obtain and review hospital and medical records before 

suspending Appellant. Id. at 38-47. Appellants argue that “it was within the 

jury’s province to [] find [Appellees’] effort unreasonable[,]” and that in 

granting JNOV the “trial court improperly substituted its own judgment for 

that of the [j]ury[.]” Id. at 40.

Whether the trial court appropriately granted a motion for JNOV is a 

question of law over which we exercise plenary review. Rohm and Haas Co.

v. Continental Cas. Co., 781 A.2d 1172, 1176 (Pa. 2001). 

A trial court may enter a JNOV if, after its review of the evidentiary

record it concludes that: (1) even with all factual inferences decided adversely

to the movant, the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and/or 

(2) that the evidence was such that no two reasonable minds could disagree 

that the outcome should have been rendered in favor of the movant. Id.

On appeal, “[w]hen we review a motion for JNOV, we must consider the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, who must receive 

the benefit of every reasonable inference of fact arising therefrom, and any 

conflict in the evidence must be resolved in his favor.” Id. (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). Questions of credibility and conflicts in the 

evidence are for the fact-finder to resolve, and we will not reweigh the 

evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the finder of fact. Holt v. 

Navarro, 932 A.2d 915, 919 (Pa. Super. 2007). “Absent an abuse of 

discretion, the trial court’s determination will not be disturbed.” Id. (citation 

omitted). 
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In 1986, Congress passed the HCQIA to “improve the quality of medical 

care by encouraging physicians to identify and discipline other physicians who 

are incompetent or who engage in unprofessional behavior.” Manzetti v. 

Mercy Hosp. of Pittsburgh, 776 A.2d 938, 945 (Pa. 2001) (citation 

omitted). Congress included immunity provisions in the HCQIA that “provide 

that anyone participating in or aiding a professional review body shall not be 

held liable in monetary damages for claims arising out of the peer review 

process.” Id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 11111(a)(1)). 

Under Section 11112(a) of the HCQIA, immunity applies if a peer review 

organization undertakes a professional review action: (1) in the reasonable 

belief that the action was in furtherance of quality healthcare; (2) after a 

reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter; (3) after adequate notice 

and hearing procedures are afforded to the physician involved or after such 

other procedures as are fair to the physician under the circumstances; and (4)

in the reasonable belief that the action was warranted by the facts known after 

such reasonable effort to obtain facts and after meeting the requirement of 

paragraph (3). 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a). 

The HCQIA further provides that, “if a professional review action . . . of 

a professional review body meets all the standards specified in [Section] 

11112(a)[,] (A) the professional review body, (B) any person acting as a 

member of staff of the body, (C) any person under a contract or other formal 

agreement with the body, and (D) any person who participates with or assists 

the body with respect to the action, shall not be liable in damages under any 
J-A03044-20

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law of the United States or any State [] with respect to the action . . . .” Id.

at § 11111.

In the case of health emergencies, the HCQIA immunity provision 

provides for “an immediate suspension or restriction of clinical privileges, 

subject to subsequent notice and hearing or other adequate procedures, 

where the failure to take any such action may result in an imminent danger 

to the health of any individual.” Id. at § 11112(c)(2).

The HCQIA includes a presumption that a professional review activity 

meets the standards for immunity. Manzetti, 776 A.2d at 945 (citing 42 

U.S.C. § 11112(a)). The plaintiff bears the burden of rebutting the 

presumption that the peer review process was not reasonable by a 

preponderance of the evidence. Id. 

“The reasonableness requirements of [Section] 11112(a) create an 

objective standard, rather than a subjective good faith standard.” Id. (citation 

and internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]his inquiry is whether a person 

presented with the same information that was placed before the peer review 

body would reasonably have concluded that their actions would restrict 

incompetent behavior or would protect patients. This inquiry examines the 

totality of the circumstances.” Id. at 946. Evidence that the peer review body 

conducted its inquiry as a result of hostility or bias toward the sanctioned 

physician is irrelevant “to the objective test of whether the professional review 

action was reasonable.” Babb v. Centre Community Hosp., 47 A.3d 1214, 

1226 (Pa. Super. 2012).
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“The proper focus for [the factfinder] was whether, viewing all of the 

evidence available to it, the peer review body conducted a fair proceeding, 

made a reasonable effort to obtain the facts[,] and possessed a reasonable 

belief its action was in furtherance of patient care.” Id. “Absent such fair 

proceeding, reasonable effort or reasonable belief, immunity will not attach.” 

Id.

Here, the evidence showed that Appellees primarily based their initial

decision to summarily suspend Appellant on three distinct grounds: (1) the 

risk of harm to patients from Appellant’s poor decision-making in the Postpartum Bleed and Cytotec Incidents; (2) the risk of harm to patients from 

Appellant’s failure to communicate with Hospital physicians and other staff; 

and (3) the risk of harm to patients from Appellant’s inappropriate comments 

to and touching of Hospital employees. 

Instantly, the trial court determined that the entry of JNOV on the issue 

of immunity was appropriate because Appellees were entitled to judgment as 

a matter of law and because no two reasonable minds could disagree that the 

jury should have entered a defense verdict. Trial Ct. Op., 2/26/19, at 12. In 

other words, the court found that, based on the evidence, no reasonable jury 

could have found that Appellees did not conduct a reasonable investigation 

before summarily suspending Appellant on June 19, 2012, and, thus, as a 

matter of law, immunity applied. 

Specifically, the court noted that the two primary issues concerning the 

MEC on June 19, 2012, were the Cytotec and the Post-partum Bleed Incidents, 
J-A03044-20

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and the evidence showed that Dr. Motto and Dr. Fullana-Jornet became

directly involved in handling those incidents, and that information gathered 

from Dr. Motto and Dr. Fullana-Jornet informed the MEC’s June 19, 2012 

decision. Id. at 4-5. Given this, and (1) the testimony that the MEC sent for 

an out-of-hospital third-party evaluation of Appellant’s conduct, (2) Dr. 

Fullana-Jornet’s and Dr. Motto’s testimony that they believed Appellant’s 

decisions had been threatening patient safety, and (3) the testimony from 

Appellant’s co-workers about Appellant’s attitude and cooperation level, the 

court concluded that no two reasonable minds could conclude that the MEC 

had not made a reasonable effort to obtain information necessary to make its 

June 19, 2012 decision. N.T., 9/25/18 at 23-24. See also Trial Ct. Op. at 13. 

Further, the trial court noted the inconsistency in the jury’s finding that 

the MEC did not conduct a reasonable investigation regarding the June 19, 

2012 action, but did conduct a reasonable investigation regarding the July 3, 

2012 action. In particular, the court observed that “[t]he testimony was that 

the vast majority of the information gathered by the MEC occurred prior to 

June 19th. There was some [information gathered] after June 19th[,] but 

between [June 19th and] July 3rd not nearly as much [] occurred [as] prior 

to June 19th. In spite of that, the jury concluded that on [] July 3rd the MEC 

made a reasonable effort to obtain the facts.” N.T., 9/25/18, at 23.

In sum, the trial court found that it “defied logic” to conclude that 

Appellees did not make a reasonable effort to obtain information before acting 

on June 19, 2012, especially in light of the jury’s specific finding that “had the 
J-A03044-20

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MEC not suspended [] Appellant on June 19, 2012, there may have been 

imminent danger to the health of any individual.” Trial Ct. Op. at 13. Thus, 

it concluded that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the evidence 

showed that Appellees’ made a reasonable effort to obtain information before 

summarily suspending Appellant on June 19, 2012.

Viewing all of the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in 

the light most favorable to Appellant as the verdict-winner, we conclude that 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the evidence 

demonstrated that Appellees made a reasonable effort to obtain the facts prior 

to summarily suspending Appellant’s privileges. Accordingly, the trial court 

properly concluded that Appellees were entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law on the issue of statutory immunity for the actions they took on June 19, 

2012. 

Issue 2

In their second issue, Appellants claim that the trial court erroneously 

found Appellees immune from damages that Appellants suffered after July 3, 

2012. Appellants’ Brief at 47. Asserting the theory that the court should have 

considered the June 19, 2012 and July 3, 2012 actions “as a whole,” they 

argue that, because the jury determined that Appellees were not entitled to 

immunity for the action they took on June 19, 2012, it never should have

reached the question of Appellees’ entitlement to immunity for the July 3, 

2012 action. Id. Appellants are not entitled to relief on this claim.
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The jury’s finding that Appellees were entitled to statutory immunity for 

the July 3, 2012 action and the trial court’s entry of JNOV as to Appellees’ 

immunity for the June 19, 2012 action, which conferred statutory immunity 

on Appellees for the June 19, 2012 action, has resulted in a finding of 

immunity for all defendants for both actions. Accordingly, any claims arising 

from the jury’s initial finding that Appellees were not entitled to immunity for 

the June 19, 2012 action are moot.9 

Issue 3

In their third issue, Appellants claim that the trial court erred by 

precluding them from cross-examining witnesses about their bias or animus 

towards Appellant. Appellants’ Brief at 53-56. Appellants assert that they are 

not challenging the trial court’s order precluding them from arguing that 

Appellees rooted their action against Appellant in bias or animus.10 Id. at 55-

56. Rather, they aver that the court’s ruling prevented them from generally 

undermining the credibility of Appellees’ witnesses by exposing those 

witnesses’ biases. Id. at 56. Appellants argue that they were unfairly

____________________________________________

9 To the extent that Appellants challenge the court’s failure to treat the June 

19, 2012 and July 3, 2012 actions as separate and distinct, our review of the 

Record indicates that Appellants have waived this issue by not raising it before 

the trial court. See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“[I]ssues not raised in the lower court are 

waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”). See also Jones 

v. Ott, 191 A3d 782, 787 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“In order to preserve an issue 

for appellate review, a litigant must place a timely, specific objection on the 

record.”).

10 As noted supra, evidence of ill will, bias, economic competition, or bad 

motive on the part of Appellees was not relevant to the jury’s consideration of 

Appellees’ HCQIA immunity. Babb, 47 A.3d at 1226.
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prejudiced by the court’s preclusion of evidence of Appellees’ bias against 

Appellants because it “handcuffed [their] ability to expose [Appellees’] lack of 

reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matters relied on and lack of 

credibility on other material matters[.]” Id.

We review the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an 

abuse of discretion. Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 920 (Pa. Super. 2014). 

We will not overturn such a ruling absent an abuse of discretion or 

misapplication of law. Id. 

Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make a fact [of 

consequence] more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” 

Pa.R.E. 401. Irrelevant evidence is inadmissible, and all relevant evidence “is 

admissible except as otherwise provided by law.” Pa.R.E. 402. However,

relevant evidence may be excluded “if its probative value is outweighed by a 

danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, 

misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting 

cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403.

Pa.R.E. 607(b) provides that “[t]he credibility of a witness may be 

impeached by any evidence relevant to that issue, except as otherwise 

provided by statute or these rules.” Pa.R.E. 607(b) (emphasis added). See 

Commonwealth v. Birch, 616 A.2d 977, 978 (Pa. 1992) (explaining that 

evidence demonstrating a witness’s interest or bias is admissible for 

impeachment purposes).
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Under the HCQIA, a party’s motivation is “irrelevant to the objective test 

of whether the professional review action was reasonable.” Babb, 47 A.3d 

1226 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)). Thus, “in an HCQIA action, plaintiffs are 

not permitted to introduce evidence of bad faith of the participants in the peer 

review process.” Manzetti, 776 A.2d at 945. 

Appellants have asserted that, as an exception to the HCQIA’s wellsettled rule, evidence of Appellees’ ill will or bias is admissible for purposes of 

impeachment. They have not, however, supported this argument with citation 

to any controlling case law and our review has found none. Because evidence 

of a party’s motivation is inadmissible under the HCQIA without exception, 

Appellants’ claim fails.

Issue 4

Appellants next challenge the trial court’s evidentiary ruling precluding 

the parties from referring to the Bylaws. Appellant’s Brief at 56-61. 

Appellants assert the court improperly excluded reference to the Bylaws 

because, as the contract between the parties, they served as the basis for 

Appellant’s conduct and provide necessary context to understanding it. Id.

at 56-57. Appellants have waived this issue.

The Notes of Testimony from the July 9, 2018 hearing on the parties’ 

Motions in Limine reflect that the court and the parties discussed whether the 

court would permit testimony about the Bylaws, and that the parties all

agreed that the Bylaws were not admissible to show compliance with or 

violation of the HCQIA—the precise and exclusive subject of Phase One of the 
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trifurcated trial.11 N.T., 7/9/18, at 54-55. See also id. at 57 (where the 

court ruled that the parties could not testify as to the contents of the Bylaws 

and that, whether the parties’ actions, including those of Appellant, were 

consistent with the Bylaws was irrelevant to whether Appellees complied with 

the HCQIA). The Notes of Testimony reflect the parties’ consensus that “no 

testimony about the bylaws comes in in phase one.” Id. at 61. Having agreed 

prior to trial with Appellees and the court that the parties were precluded from 

referencing the Bylaws at trial, Appellants cannot now complain that the trial 

court erred in its ruling. See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“[I]ssues not raised in the lower 

court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”). See 

also Jones, 191 A.3d at 787 (“In order to preserve an issue for appellate 

review, a litigant must place a timely, specific objection on the record.”). 

Accordingly, Appellants have waived this issue.12

Issue 5

In their final issue, Appellants challenge the trial court’s evidentiary 

ruling that permitted the admission of evidence pertaining to Appellant’s 2006 

____________________________________________

11 The trial court’s June 12, 2018 Order precluding testimony about the Bylaws 

reflects this agreement.

12 Moreover, because the propriety of Appellant’s conduct was not at issue in 

Phase One of the trifurcated trial, whether his conduct was in conformance 

with or informed by the Bylaws was irrelevant. Therefore, to the extent that 

Appellant sought to use the Bylaws to explain his behavior, the Bylaws were 

likewise irrelevant. 
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viewing of pornography from his office computer.

13 Appellants’ Brief at 61-

66. Specifically, Appellants argue that the court should have excluded 

evidence pertaining to the 2006 pornography viewing, including the Vanderbilt 

Report, as irrelevant and more prejudicial than probative. They assert that 

Appellees’ proffered evidence in support of their assertion of statutory 

immunity indicates that “the 2006 matters had no bearing whatsoever on 

[Appellees’] determination to summarily suspend [Appellant’s] clinical 

privileges on June 19, 2012[,] or to modify the terms on July 3, 2012.” Id.

at 63-64 (emphasis in original). 

In denying Appellants’ Motion in Limine, the trial court rejected 

Appellants’ argument and found that Appellant’s 2006 conduct was relevant 

because it influenced Appellees’ 2012 decisions. Trial. Ct. Op., 8/15/18, at 2-

3 (quoting Appellees’ Answer to Appellants’ Motion in Limine where Appellees 

asserted that: (1) the “incidents which occurred in 2012 were both a 

continuation of his prior difficulties (boundaries and communication), and a 

worsening of those issues;” and (2) several of the parties present at the 2012 

MEC meetings “were aware of or participated in addressing the 2006 

occurrence”). The court also noted that Appellees referenced Appellant’s 

“inappropriate actions and comments of a sexual nature on the hospital 

premises, which was witnessed by other staff” as the basis for the MEC action 

when informing Appellant in its June 19, 2012 letter to him. Id. at 4.

____________________________________________

13 The trial court preliminarily addressed this issue in its August 15, 2018 pretrial Order, and made a final ruling during trial on September 14, 2018.
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The trial court revisited this issue on the record during trial. See N.T., 

9/14/18, at 3-8. The trial court noted that the evidence Appellants sought to 

preclude had been included in the binder of information compiled by Appellees 

and presented to the MEC for its consideration and to Appellants upon 

Appellants’ prior counsel’s request to provide the information upon which 

Appellees would rely in making its decision. Id. at 4-5. See also N.T., 

9/13/18, at 208. The trial court found, based on the testimony to that point, 

that Appellant’s “sexual issues were very much an issue for the MEC and 

[Appellees].” N.T., 9/14/18, at 6. The court concluded, therefore, that “the 

Vanderbilt assessment and the language regarding the viewing of 

pornography and the language that follows [] – and the fact that it was in the 

binder given to [Appellant - ] is clearly relevant to the notice and [Appellees’] 

reasonable beliefs that their actions were warranted.” Id. at 7. 

Having found evidence of the 2006 pornography incident and the 

Vanderbilt Report relevant, the trial court also addressed whether its probative 

value outweighed its potential prejudice to defendant. The court concluded 

that the evidence of the 2006 pornography viewing and the subsequent 

Vanderbilt Report “would not inflame the [j]ury [so that it would] make a 

decision based on something other than legal propositions.” Id. at 7-8. See 

also Trial Ct. Op., 8/15/18, at 4-5. Further, we observe that because the 

2006 behavior was considered as part of the totality of Appellant’s misconduct, 

its probative value outweighed any prejudice.
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Our review indicates that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

denying Appellant’s Motion in Limine and permitting the admission of evidence 

pertaining to Appellant’s admitted viewing of pornography in his office 2006. 

Accordingly, Appellants are not entitled to relief on this claim.

Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 06/25/2020