67428 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fish and Wildlife Service 

50 CFR Part 17 

RIN 1018–AU93 

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife 

and Plants; Revised Proposed 

Designation of Critical Habitat for 12 

Species of Picture-Wing Flies From the 

Hawaiian Islands 

AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Interior. 

ACTION: Proposed rule. 

SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (Service), revise our 

August 15, 2006, proposal to designate 

critical habitat for 12 species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila 

aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. 

heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, 

D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. 

obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, 

and D. tarphytrichia) under the 

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 

amended (Act). In total, approximately 

9,238 acres (ac) (3,738 hectares (ha)) fall 

within the boundaries of this revised 

proposed critical habitat designation. 

The revised proposed critical habitat is 

located in four counties (City and 

County of Honolulu, Hawaii, Maui, and 

Kauai) in Hawaii. 

DATES: We will accept comments from 

all interested parties until January 28, 

2008. We must receive requests for 

public hearings, in writing, at the 

address shown in the ADDRESSES section 

by January 14, 2008. 

ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment on 

this revised proposed rule, you may 

submit your comments and materials by 

any one of several methods: 

1. By mail or hand-delivery to: Patrick 

Leonard, Field Supervisor, Pacific 

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala 

Moana Boulevard, Room 3–122, P.O. 

Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850. 

2. By electronic mail (e-mail) to: 

fw1pie_pwfch@fws.gov. Please see the 

Public Comments Solicited section 

below for other information about 

electronic filing. 

3. By fax to: the attention of Patrick 

Leonard at 808–792–9581. 

4. Via the Federal eRulemaking Portal 

at: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow 

the instructions for submitting 

comments. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Patrick Leonard, Field Supervisor, 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 

300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3–122, 

P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850; 

telephone 808–792–9400; facsimile 

808–792–9581. If you use a 

telecommunications device for the deaf 

(TDD), call the Federal Information 

Relay Service (FIRS) at 800–877–8339. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Public Comments Solicited 

We intend that any final action 

resulting from this revised proposal will 

be as accurate and as effective as 

possible. Therefore, we request 

comments or suggestions on this revised 

proposed rule. We particularly seek 

comments concerning: 

(1) The reasons why we should or 

should not designate habitat as ‘‘critical 

habitat’’ under section 4 of the Act, 

including whether the benefit of 

designation would outweigh threats to 

the species caused by the designation, 

such that the designation of critical 

habitat is prudent; 

(2) Specific information on: 

• The amount and distribution of 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia habitat, 

• What areas occupied at the time of 

listing and that contain the features 

essential for the conservation of the 

species we should include in the 

designation and why, and 

• What areas not occupied at the time 

of listing are essential to the 

conservation of the species and why; 

(3) Land use designations and current 

or planned activities in the subject areas 

and their possible impacts on proposed 

critical habitat; 

(4) Any foreseeable economic, 

national security, or other potential 

impacts resulting from the proposed 

designation and, in particular, any 

impacts on small entities, and the 

benefits of including or excluding areas 

that exhibit these impacts; 

(5) Whether we could improve or 

modify our approach to designating 

critical habitat in any way to provide for 

greater public participation and 

understanding, or to better 

accommodate public concerns and 

comments; and 

(6) Our proposed exclusion of 78 

acres (ac) (31 hectares (ha)) of lands 

currently managed under the U.S. 

Army’s Oahu Integrated Natural 

Resources Management Plan (INRMP), 

and whether this INRMP provides a 

benefit to the species and should 

therefore exempt these lands from 

designation. 

You may submit your comments and 

materials concerning this revised 

proposal by any one of several methods 

(see ADDRESSES). If you use e-mail to 

submit your comments, please include 

‘‘Attn: Hawaii picture-wing flies critical 

habitat’’ in your e-mail subject header, 

preferably with your name and return 

address in the body of your message. If 

you do not receive a confirmation from 

the system that we have received your 

e-mail, contact us directly by calling our 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 

at 808–792–9400. Please note that we 

must receive comments by the date 

specified in the DATES section in order 

to consider them in our final 

determination and that we will close out 

the e-mail address 

fw1pie_pwfch@fws.gov at the 

termination of the public comment 

period. 

Before including your address, phone 

number, e-mail address, or other 

personal identifying information in your 

comment, you should be aware that 

your entire comment—including your 

personal identifying information—may 

be made publicly available at any time. 

While you can ask us in your comment 

to withhold your personal identifying 

information from public review, we 

cannot guarantee that we will be able to 

do so. 

Comments and materials we receive, 

as well as supporting documentation we 

used in preparing this revised proposed 

rule, will be available for public 

inspection, by appointment, during 

normal business hours at the Pacific 

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, 300 

Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 3–122, 

P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850, 

(telephone 808–792–9400). 

Background 

It is our intent to discuss only those 

topics directly relevant to the 

designation of critical habitat in this 

revised proposed rule. For additional 

information on the 12 species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies for which 

we are proposing to designate critical 

habitat, refer to the final listing rule for 

the 12 species of picture-wing flies 

published in the Federal Register on 

May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26835). 

This revised proposal replaces our 

original proposal to designate critical 

habitat for the 12 species of picturewing flies published on August 15, 2006 

(71 FR 46994). In that rule, we proposed 

to designate approximately 18 acres (ac) 

(7.3 hectares (ha)) as critical habitat for 

11 of the 12 species of Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies. In that same proposal 

we indicated our intent to exclude 

several areas from the critical habitat 

designation under section 4(b)(2) of the 

Act and not to include specific areas 

that we believed did not meet the 

definition of critical habitat under 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67429 

section 3(5)(A) of the Act. We did not 

propose critical habitat for Drosophila 

neoclavisetae, a species endemic to 

Maui, because we did not believe that 

Maui Pineapple Company’s Puu Kukui 

Watershed Management Area met the 

definition of critical habitat under 

section 3(5)(A) of the Act, based on 

ongoing conservation efforts. These 

were the only areas identified to be 

essential for the conservation of D. 

neoclavisetae. Under this revised 

proposed rule, we are proposing to 

designate critical habitat for D. 

neoclavisetae. Under this revised 

proposed rule, we are proposing to 

designate approximately 9,238 ac (3,738 

ha) as critical habitat for 12 species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies. Of these 

lands, we are exempting 78 ac (31 ha) 

of land from this proposed critical 

habitat revision under section 

4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act that are covered 

by the U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii Oahu 

Training Areas Natural Resource 

Management (Final Report, August 

2000) and the Oahu Integrated Natural 

Resource Management Plan 2002–2006 

(Army 2000). 

We are revising our original proposal 

because we received comments from 

peer reviewers in response to the 

original proposed rule questioning the 

methodology and lack of scientific basis. 

The current revised proposal is based on 

the best scientific data available, 

including defining suitable habitat 

based on distribution and density of 

host plants. The methods section of this 

notice presents the specific details and 

approach used to identify the revised 

proposed critical habitat unit 

boundaries. 

Previous Federal Actions 

For more information on previous 

Federal actions concerning the 12 

species of Hawaiian picture-wing flies, 

refer to the final listing rule published 

in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 

(71 FR 26835), and the original 

proposed designation of critical habitat 

published in the Federal Register on 

August 15, 2006 (71 FR 46994). 

Under the terms of a settlement 

agreement approved by the U.S. District 

Court for the District of Hawaii on 

August 31, 2005 (CBD v. Allen, CV–05–

274–HA), we were to (1) make a final 

listing decision for the 12 picture-wing 

flies by May 6, 2006; (2) propose to 

designate critical habitat by September 

15, 2006; and (3) finalize a critical 

habitat rule by April 17, 2007. Our 

determination that the designation of 

critical habitat for the 12 species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies was 

prudent was included in the final listing 

rule, published in the Federal Register 

on May 9, 2006 (71 FR 26849). 

On August 15, 2006, we published a 

proposal to designate 18 ac (7.3 ha) of 

critical habitat for 11 picture-wing fly 

species on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, 

Molokai, and Oahu (71 FR 46994). 

Publication of this proposed rule 

opened a 60-day public comment 

period, which closed on October 16, 

2006. On January 4, 2007, we published 

a notice announcing the availability of 

the draft economic analysis for the 

designation of critical habitat for 11 

species of picture-wing flies and 

reopening the public comment period 

on the proposal until January 19, 2007 

(72 FR 321). 

We received comments from peer 

reviewers expressing concern with the 

biological adequacy of the proposed 18- 

acre (7.3-ha) designation, and the need 

to consider host plant density and 

distribution information in determining 

critical habitat boundaries. In addition, 

one of the peer reviewers presented new 

observation data for one of the species 

addressed in the proposed rule. On 

April 16, 2007, we submitted a joint 

stipulation with the Center for 

Biological Diversity (CBD) to the U.S. 

District Court to modify the timetable of 

the August 31, 2005, settlement 

agreement for the proposed and final 

critical habitat rules for the 12 Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies, citing the need to 

address comments received during the 

public comment periods and to conduct 

additional review of the proposal. A 

joint stipulation was approved by the 

Court on April 18, 2007, to allow 

additional time to reconsider the 

proposed rule in light of the comments 

received, and to provide an opportunity 

for additional public comment. Under 

the terms of the extension, we are 

required to submit a proposed critical 

habitat rule to the Federal Register by 

November 15, 2007, and a final critical 

habitat rule by November 15, 2008. 

Critical Habitat 

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 

of the Act as: 

(1) The specific areas within the 

geographical area occupied by a species, 

at the time it is listed in accordance 

with the Act, on which are found those 

physical or biological features: 

(a) essential to the conservation of the 

species and 

(b) that may require special 

management considerations or 

protection; and (2) specific areas outside 

the geographical area occupied by a 

species at the time it is listed, upon a 

determination that such areas are 

essential for the conservation of the 

species. 

Conservation, as defined under 

section 3 of the Act, means the use of 

all methods and procedures that are 

necessary to bring an endangered or 

threatened species to the point at which 

the measures provided under the Act 

are no longer necessary. 

Critical habitat receives protection 

under section 7 of the Act through the 

prohibition against Federal agencies 

carrying out, funding, or authorizing the 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat. Section 7 of the Act 

requires consultation on Federal actions 

that may affect critical habitat. The 

designation of critical habitat does not 

affect land ownership or establish a 

refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or 

other conservation area. Such 

designation does not allow the 

government or public to access private 

lands. Such designation does not 

require implementation of restoration, 

recovery, or enhancement measures by 

the landowner. 

For inclusion in a critical habitat 

designation, habitat within the 

geographical area occupied by the 

species at the time it was listed must 

first contain features that are essential to 

the conservation of the species. Critical 

habitat designations identify, to the 

extent known using the best scientific 

data available, habitat areas that provide 

essential life cycle needs of the species 

(areas on which are found the primary 

constituent elements, as defined at 50 

CFR 424.12(b)). 

Occupied habitat that contains the 

features essential to the conservation of 

the species meets the definition of 

critical habitat only if those features 

may require special management 

considerations or protection. 

Under the Act, we can designate 

unoccupied areas as critical habitat only 

when we determine that the best 

available scientific data demonstrate 

that the designation of that area is 

essential to the conservation needs of 

the species. 

Section 4 of the Act requires that we 

designate critical habitat on the basis of 

the best scientific and commercial data 

available. Further, our Policy on 

Information Standards Under the 

Endangered Species Act (published in 

the Federal Register on July 1, 1994, (59 

FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act 

(section 515 of the Treasury and General 

Government Appropriations Act for 

Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R. 

5658)), and our associated Information 

Quality Guidelines, provide criteria, 

establish procedures, and provide 

guidance to ensure that our decisions 

are based on the best scientific data 

available. They require our biologists, to 

the extent consistent with the Act and 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67430 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

with the use of the best scientific data 

available, to use primary and original 

sources of information as the basis for 

recommendations to designate critical 

habitat. 

When we are determining which areas 

should be proposed as critical habitat, 

our primary source of information is 

generally the information developed 

during the listing process for the 

species. Additional information sources 

include the recovery plan for the 

species, articles in peer-reviewed 

journals, conservation plans developed 

by States and counties, scientific status 

surveys and studies, biological 

assessments, or other unpublished 

materials and expert opinion or 

personal knowledge. 

Habitat is often dynamic, and species 

may move from one area to another over 

time. Furthermore, we recognize that 

designation of critical habitat may not 

include all of the habitat areas that may 

eventually be determined to be 

necessary for the recovery of the 

species, as additional scientific 

information may become available in 

the future. For these reasons, a critical 

habitat designation does not signal that 

habitat outside the designated area is 

unimportant or may not be required for 

recovery of the species. 

Areas that support populations, but 

are outside the critical habitat 

designation, will continue to be subject 

to conservation actions we implement 

under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. They 

are also subject to the regulatory 

protections afforded by the section 

7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as determined 

on the basis of the best available 

scientific information at the time of the 

agency action. Federally funded or 

permitted projects affecting listed 

species outside their designated critical 

habitat areas may still result in jeopardy 

findings in some cases. Similarly, 

critical habitat designations made on the 

basis of the best available information at 

the time of designation will not control 

the direction and substance of future 

recovery plans, habitat conservation 

plans (HCPs), or other species 

conservation planning efforts to the 

extent any new information available to 

these planning efforts calls for a 

different outcome. 

Methods 

As required by section 4(b) of the Act, 

we used the best scientific data 

available in determining areas occupied 

at the time of listing that contain the 

features essential to the conservation of 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia, and areas unoccupied at 

the time of listing that are essential to 

their conservation. Based on the best 

available information, the units being 

proposed in this revised proposed rule 

as critical habitat represent the only 

geographical areas known to us that 

provide these essential conservation 

features. As a result, we are not 

proposing critical habitat in any areas 

outside the geographical areas presently 

occupied by each of the 12 species. 

We have also reviewed the available 

information that pertains to the habitat 

requirements for these species. The 

following geospatial, tabular data sets 

were used in preparing this revised 

proposed critical habitat: Occurrence 

data for all 12 species (K. Kaneshiro, in 

litt. 2005a, pp. 1–16); vegetation 

mapping data for the Hawaiian Islands 

(Gap Analysis Program (GAP) Data—

Hawaiian Islands 2005); color mosaic 

1:19,000 scale digital aerial photographs 

for the Hawaiian Islands dated April to 

May 2005; and 1:24,000 scale digital 

raster graphics of U.S. Geological 

Survey (USGS) topographic 

quadrangles. Land ownership was 

determined from geospatial data sets 

associated with parcel data from Oahu 

County (2006); Hawaii County (2005); 

Kauai County (2005); and Maui County 

(2004). 

We reviewed a variety of peerreviewed and other articles for this 

revised proposal, which included 

background information on the biology 

of each of the 12 species, (e.g., 

Montgomery 1975, pp. 83, 94, 96–98, 

and 100; Foote and Carson 1995, pp. 1–

4; Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 1–

47); plant ecology and biology (Wagner 

et al. 1999, pp. 45, 52–53, 971, 1,314–

1,315, and 1,351–1,352); and the 

ecology of the Hawaiian Islands and the 

areas being considered in this revised 

proposal (e.g., Smith 1985, pp. 227–233; 

Stone 1985, pp. 251–253, 256, and 260–

263; Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 59–

66, 73–76, and 88–94). Additional 

information reviewed included the 

October 29, 1991, final rule listing the 

plant species Urera kaalae (a host plant 

for two of the fly species) as endangered 

(56 FR 55770); the May 9, 2006, final 

listing rule for the 12 species of picturewing flies (71 FR 26835); the August 15, 

2006, proposed critical habitat 

designation for 11 species of picturewing flies (71 FR 46994); unpublished 

reports by TNCH; and aerial 

photographs and satellite imagery of the 

Hawaiian Islands. 

We obtained additional information 

through personal communications with 

landowners, scientists, and land 

managers familiar with the 12 species 

and their habitats, including individuals 

affiliated with the University of Hawaii, 

University of California at Berkeley, the 

U.S. Geological Survey, the Bishop 

Museum, Hawaii State Department of 

Land and Natural Resources, TNCH, and 

the U.S Army. Specific information 

from these sources included estimates of 

historic and current distribution, 

abundance, and territory sizes for the 12 

species, as well as data on resources and 

habitat requirements. 

As described in the final listing rule 

(May 9, 2006, 71 FR 26835), each 

species of Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

addressed in this revised proposal is 

found only on a single island, and the 

larvae of each species is dependant 

upon only a single or a few related 

species of plants (host plant(s)) 

(summarized in Table 1). 

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF 12 HAWAIIAN PICTURE-WING FLIES BY ISLAND, GENERAL HABITAT TYPE, AND PRIMARY HOST

PLANT(S) 

Species Island Elevation range General habitat type Primary host plants 

Oahu Species 

Drosophila aglaia ........... Oahu ............. 1,400–2,900 feet (ft) 

(425–885 meters (m)).

Mesic forest .................. Urera glabra. 

D. hemipeza ................... Oahu ............. 1,500–2,900 ft (460– 

885 m).

Mesic forest .................. Cyanea sp., Lobelia sp., Urera kaalae (E). 

D. montgomeryi .............. Oahu ............. 1,900–2,900 ft (580– 

885 m).

Mesic forest .................. Urera kaalae (E). 

D. obatai ......................... Oahu ............. 1,500–2,500 ft (460– 

760 m).

Dry to mesic forest ....... Pleomele forbesii. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67431 

TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF 12 HAWAIIAN PICTURE-WING FLIES BY ISLAND, GENERAL HABITAT TYPE, AND PRIMARY HOST

PLANT(S)—Continued 

Species Island Elevation range General habitat type Primary host plants 

D. substenoptera ............ Oahu ............. 1,300–4,000 ft (395–

1,220 m).

Wet forest ..................... Cheirodendron platyphyllum, C. trigynum, 

Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, T. oahuensis. 

D. tarphytrichia ............... Oahu ............. 1,900–2,900 ft (580–

885 m).

Mesic forest .................. Charpentiera obovata. 

Hawaii (Big Island) Species 

D. heteroneura ............... Big Island ...... 3,000–6,000 ft (915–

1,830 m).

Mesic to wet forest ....... Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia sp., 

Delissea parviflora. 

D. mulli ........................... Big Island ...... 2,150–3,250 ft (655–

990 m).

Wet forest ..................... Pritchardia beccariana. 

D. ochrobasis ................. Big Island ...... 3,400–5,400 ft (1,035–

1,645 m).

Mesic to wet forest ....... Clermontia sp., Marattia douglasii, Myrsine sp. 

Molokai Species 

D. differens ..................... Molokai ......... 3,650–4,500 ft (1,115–

1,370 m).

Wet forest ..................... Clermontia sp. 

Kauai Species 

D. musaphilia ................. Kauai ............. 2,600–3,700 ft (790–

1,130 m).

Mesic forest .................. Acacia koa. 

Maui Species 

D. neoclavisetae ............ Maui .............. 3,400–4,600 ft (1,040–

1,400 m).

Wet forest ..................... Cyanea kunthiana, C. macrostegia ssp., 

macrostegia. 

Oahu Species 

Drosophila aglaia 

Drosophila aglaia is historically 

known from five localities within the 

Waianae Mountains of Oahu between 

1,400–2,900 feet (ft) (425–885 meters 

(m)) above sea level. Drosophila aglaia 

is restricted to the natural distribution 

of its larval stage host plant, Urera 

glabra (family Urticaceae), which is a 

small shrub-like endemic tree found 

within dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros 

sp., ohia and koa forest. The larvae of 

D. aglaia feed within the decomposing 

bark and stem of U. glabra. This plant 

does not form large stands, and is 

infrequently scattered throughout slopes 

and gulches within mesic forest habitat 

in the Waianae Mountains on Oahu. 

Drosophila hemipeza 

Drosophila hemipeza is restricted to 

the island of Oahu where it is 

historically known from seven localities 

between 1,500–2,900 ft (460–885 m) 

above sea level (not including the 

Pupukea site, which is considered an 

extirpated population). Montgomery 

(1975, p. 96) determined that D. 

hemipeza larvae feed within the 

decomposing portions of several 

different mesic forest plants, including 

the decomposing stems of Lobelia sp. 

(family Campanulaceae), and the 

decomposing bark and stems of Cyanea 

sp. (family Campanulaceae), on steep 

ridges and gulches within dry to mesic, 

lowland, ohia and koa forest (Kaneshiro 

and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 17; Science 

Panel 2005, p. 16). The larvae also feed 

within the decomposing bark of Urera 

kaalae (family Urticaceae), a federally 

endangered plant (Service 1995, pp. 81–

83; October 29, 1991, 56 FR 55770) that 

grows on slopes and in gulches of 

diverse mesic forest (Wagner et al. 1999, 

pp. 1,314–1,315). In 2004, only 41 

individuals of U. kaalae were known to 

remain in the wild (USFWS 2004, p. 9). 

In 2005, TNCH outplanted many 

seedlings of this species at several 

locations within D. hemipeza’s historic 

range (TNCH 2005, p. 6). 

Drosophila montgomeryi 

Drosophila montgomeryi is 

historically known from three localities 

within the Waianae Mountains on 

western Oahu between 1,900–2,900 ft 

(580–885 m) above sea level. 

Montgomery (1975, p. 97) reported that 

the larvae of this species feed within the 

decaying bark of Urera kaalae, a 

federally endangered plant (USFWS 

1995, pp. 81–83; October 29, 1991, 56 

FR 55770) that grows on slopes and in 

gulches within mesic, lowland, diverse 

ohia and koa forest (Wagner et al. 1999, 

pp. 1,314–1,315). As stated earlier, in 

2004, only 41 individuals of U. kaalae 

were known to remain in the wild 

(USFWS 2004, p. 9). In 2005, TNCH 

outplanted many seedlings of this 

species at several locations within D. 

montgomeryi’s historic range (TNCH 

2005, p. 6). 

Drosophila obatai 

Drosophila obatai is historically 

known from two localities between 

1,500–2,500 ft (460–760 m) above sea 

level on the island of Oahu. Drosophila 

obatai larvae feed within decomposing 

portions of Pleomele forbesii (family 

Agavaceae), a candidate for Federal 

listing (May 11, 2005, 70 FR 24883) 

(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 27; 

Montgomery 1975, p. 98). These host 

plants grow on slopes within dry to 

mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest, and 

occur singly or in small clusters, rarely 

forming large stands (Wagner et al. 

1999, pp. 1,351–1,352). 

Drosophila substenoptera 

Drosophila substenoptera is 

historically known from seven localities 

in both the Koolau and Waianae 

Mountains on the island of Oahu at 

elevations between 1,300–4,000 ft (395–

1,220 m) above sea level. Montgomery 

(1975, p. 100) determined that D. 

substenoptera larvae feed within the 

decomposing bark of Cheirodendron 

platyphllum and C. trigynum trees 

(family Araliaceae), and Tetraplasandra 

kavaiensis and T. oahuensis trees 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67432 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(family Araliaceae) in localized patches 

within mesic to wet, lowland to 

montane, ohia and koa forest. 

Drosophila tarphytrichia 

Drosophila tarphytrichia was 

historically known from both the 

Koolau and the Waianae Mountains 

between 1,900–2,900 ft (580- to 885 m) 

above sea level on the island of Oahu. 

Drosophila tarphytrichia is now 

apparently extirpated from the Koolau 

range, where it was originally 

discovered near Manoa Falls, and is 

presently known from four localities in 

the Waianae Mountains (Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995; Hawaii Biodiversity 

and Mapping Program (HBMP), in litt. 

2005; K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a). The 

larvae of D. tarphytrichia feed on the 

decomposing portions of the stems and 

branches of Charpentiera obovata trees 

(family Amaranthaceae) within dry to 

mesic, lowland, ohia and koa forest 

(Montgomery 1975, p. 100). 

Hawaii (Big Island) Species 

Drosophila heteroneura 

Drosophila heteroneura has been the 

most intensely studied of the 12 species 

discussed in this revised proposed rule 

(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19). 

This species is restricted to the island of 

Hawaii, where historically it was known 

to be widely distributed between 3,000–

6,000 ft (915–1,830 m) above sea level. 

Drosophila heteroneura has been 

recorded from 24 localities on 4 of the 

island’s 5 volcanoes (Hualalai, Mauna 

Kea, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea) within 

mesic to wet, montane, ohia and koa 

forest (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 

4–8). D. heteroneura larvae primarily 

feed within the decomposing bark and 

stems of Clermontia sp. (family 

Campanulaceae), including C. 

clermontioides, and Delissea parviflora 

(family Campanulaceae), but it is also 

known to feed within decomposing 

portions of Cheirodendron trigynum 

(family Araliaceae) (Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, p. 19). 

Drosophila mulli 

Drosophila mulli is restricted to the 

island of Hawaii and is historically 

known from three localities between 

2,150–3,250 ft (655–990 m) above sea 

level. Only adult flies of these species 

have ever been observed, and only on 

the leaf undersides of the endemic fan 

palm, Pritchardia beccariana (family 

Arecaceae), occurring within wet, 

montane, ohia forest. This is the only 

known association of a Drosophila 

species with a native Hawaiian palm 

species. The exact larval feeding site on 

this host plant remains unknown 

because attempts to rear D. mulli from 

decaying parts of P. beccariana have 

thus far been unsuccessful (W. P. Mull, 

Biologist, pers. comm. 1994, p. 1; 

Science Panel 2005, p. 21). 

Drosophila ochrobasis 

Historically, Drosophila ochrobasis 

was widely distributed between 3,400–

5,400 ft (1,035–1,645 m) above sea level 

on the island of Hawaii. D. ochrobasis 

has been recorded from 11 localities on 

4 of the island’s 5 volcanoes (Hualalai, 

Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, and the Kohala 

mountains) (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

p. 8; K. Magnacca, University of 

California at Berkley, in litt. 2006). The 

larvae of this species have been reported 

to feed within decomposing portions of 

three different host plant groups, 

Myrsine sp. (family Myrsinaceae), 

Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae), 

and Marattia douglasii (family 

Marattiaceae) within mesic to wet, 

montane, ohia, koa, and Cheirodendron 

sp. forest (Montgomery 1975, p. 98; 

Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 29). 

Kauai Species 

Drosophila musaphilia 

Drosophila musaphilia is historically 

known from only four sites, one at 1,900 

ft (579 m) above sea level, and three 

sites between 2,600–3,700 ft (790–1,130 

m) above sea level on the island of 

Kauai. Montgomery (1975, p. 97) 

determined that the host plant for D. 

musaphilia is Acacia koa (koa) 

occurring within mesic, montane, ohia 

and koa forest. The females lay their 

eggs on, and the larvae develop in, the 

moldy slime flux (seep) that 

occasionally appears on certain trees 

with injured plant tissue and seeping 

sap. Understanding the full range of D. 

musaphilia is difficult because its host 

plant is fairly common and stable 

within and surrounding its known range 

on Kauai; however, the frequency of 

suitable slime fluxes occurring on the 

host plant appears to be much more 

restricted and temporally unpredictable 

(Science Panel 2005, pp. 23–24). 

Maui Species 

Drosophila neoclavisetae 

Two populations of Drosophila 

neoclavisetae were found historically 

along the Puu Kukui Trail within 

montane wet Metrosideros polymorpha 

(ohia) forests on West Maui. One habitat 

site was discovered in 1969 at 4,500 ft 

(1,370 m) and the other in 1975 at 3,500 

ft (1,070 m) above sea level (Kaneshiro 

and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26; K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11). The 

larval stage host plant of D. 

neoclavisetae has not yet been 

confirmed, although it is likely to be one 

or both of the two Cyanea sp. (Cyanea 

kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp. 

macrostegia) (family Campanulaceae) 

present within its range and occurring 

within wet, montane, ohia forest. 

Because both collections of this fly 

occurred within a small patch of Cyanea 

sp., and many other species in the 

Drosophila adiastola species group use 

plant species in this genus and other 

plants in the family Campanulaceae, 

researchers believe that one or both of 

the two Cyanea sp. found at Puu Kukui 

are the correct larval stage host plants 

for D. neoclavisetae (Science Panel 

2005, pp. 19–20; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, p. 26). 

Molokai Species 

Drosophila differens 

Drosophila differens is historically 

known from three sites between 3,650–

4,500 ft (1,115–1,370 m) above sea level, 

within montane wet ohia forest (K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 2) on the 

island of Molokai. Montgomery (1975, 

p. 83) found that D. differens larvae feed 

within the decomposing bark and stems 

of Clermontia sp. (family 

Campanulaceae) within wet, montane, 

ohia forest (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, p. 16). 

Primary Constituent Elements 

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) 

of the Act and the regulations at 50 CFR 

424.12, in determining which areas 

occupied at the time of listing to 

propose as critical habitat, we consider 

the primary constituent elements (PCEs) 

to be those physical and biological 

features that are essential to the 

conservation of the species and that may 

require special management 

considerations or protection. These 

include, but are not limited to: 

(1) Space for individual and 

population growth and for normal 

behavior; 

(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or 

other nutritional or physiological 

requirements; 

(3) Cover or shelter; 

(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or 

rearing (or development) of offspring; 

and 

(5) Habitats that are protected from 

disturbance or are representative of the 

historic geographical and ecological 

distributions of a species. 

We derived the specific primary 

constituent elements (PCEs) required for 

these 12 picture-wing flies from the 

biological needs of each species as 

described in the listing rule, published 

in the Federal Register on May 9, 2006 

(71 FR 26835), and the August 15, 2006, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67433 

proposed critical habitat designation for 

11 picture-wing flies (71 FR 46994). 

Space for Individual and Population 

Growth and for Normal Behavior 

The general life cycle of Hawaiian 

Drosophilidae is typical of that of most 

flies: After mating, females lay eggs from 

which larvae (immature stage) hatch; as 

larvae grow, they molt (shed their skin) 

through three successive stages (instars); 

and when fully grown, the larvae 

change into pupae (a transitional form) 

in which they metamorphose and 

emerge as adults. 

Breeding for all 12 species of flies 

included in this revised proposal 

generally occurs year-round, but egg 

laying and larval development increase 

following the rainy season as the 

availability of decaying matter, upon 

which the flies feed, increases in 

response to the heavy rains (K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1–2). In 

general, Drosophila lay between 50 and 

200 eggs at a single time. Eggs develop 

into adults in about a month, and adults 

generally become sexually mature one 

month later. Adults generally live for 

one to two months. 

It is unknown how much space is 

needed for these flies to engage in 

courtship and territorial displays, and 

mating activities. Adult behavior may be 

disrupted or modified by less than ideal 

conditions, such as decreased forest 

cover or loss of suitable food material 

(K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1–2). 

Additionally, adult behavior may be 

disrupted and the flies themselves may 

be susceptible to the hunting activities 

of nonnative hymenoptera including 

yellow jacket wasps and ants (Kaneshiro 

and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 41–42). The 

larvae generally pupate within the soil 

located below their host plant material, 

and it is presumed that they require 

relatively undisturbed and unmodified 

soil conditions to complete this stage 

before reaching adulthood (Science 

Panel 2005, p. 5). Lastly, it is wellknown that these 12 species and most 

picture-wing flies are susceptible to 

even slight temperature increases, an 

issue that may be exacerbated by loss of 

suitable forest cover or the impacts from 

global warming (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 

2005b, pp. 1–2). 

Food 

Each species of Hawaiian picturewing fly described in this document is 

found only on a single island, and the 

larvae of each are dependent upon only 

a single or a few related species of 

plants (summarized in Table 1). The 

adult flies feed on a variety of 

decomposing plant matter. The water or 

moisture requirements for all 12 of these 

species is unknown; however, during 

drier seasons or during times of drought, 

it is expected that available adult and 

larval stage food material in the form of 

decaying plant matter may decrease (K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005b, pp. 1–2). 

Primary Constituent Elements for 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia 

Within the geographical areas 

occupied by each Drosophila aglaia, D. 

differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, 

D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. 

musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, 

D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia, we must identify the 

PCEs that may require special 

management considerations or 

protections. 

Based on the requisites for each 

species discussed above and our current 

knowledge of the life history, biology, 

and ecology of each species, and the 

requirements to sustain the essential life 

history functions of the 12 species, the 

following PCEs for larval and adult life 

stages of Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, 

D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia are: 

Oahu Species 

The PCEs for Drosophila aglaia are: 

(1) Dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros sp., 

ohia and koa forest between the 

elevations of 1,400–2,900 ft (425–885 

m); and (2) the larval host plant Urera 

glabra. 

The PCEs for Drosophila hemipeza 

are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,500–2,900 ft (460–885 m); and (2) the 

larval host plants Cyanea angustifolia, 

C. calycina, C. grimesiana ssp. 

grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. obatae, 

C. membranacea, C. pinnatifida, C. 

superba ssp. superba, Lobelia 

hypoleuca, L. niihauensis, L. yuccoides, 

and Urera kaalae. 

The PCEs for Drosophila montgomeryi 

are: (1) Mesic, lowland, diverse ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,900–2,900 ft (580–885 m); and (2) the 

larval host plant Urera kaalae. 

The PCEs for Drosophila obatai are: 

(1) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and koa 

forest between the elevations of 1,500–

2,500 ft (460–760 m); and (2) the larval 

host plant Pleomele forbesii. 

The PCEs for Drosophila 

substenoptera are: (1) Mesic to wet, 

lowland to montane, ohia and koa forest 

between the elevations of 1,300–4,000 ft 

(395–1,220 m); and (2) the larval host 

plants Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp. 

platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp. 

trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, 

and T. oahuensis. 

The PCEs for Drosophila tarphytrichia 

are: (1) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,900–2,900 ft (580–885 m); and (2) the 

larval host plant Charpentiera obovata. 

Hawaii (Big Island) Species 

The PCEs for Drosophila heteroneura 

are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

3,000–6,000 ft (915–1,830 m); and (2) 

the larval host plants Cheirodendron 

trigynum ssp. trigynum, Clermontia 

clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. 

rockiana, C. hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. 

lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, 

C. peleana, C. pyrularia, and Delissea 

parviflora. 

The PCEs for Drosophila mulli are: (1) 

Wet, montane, ohia forest between the 

elevations of 3,150–3,250 ft (960–990 

m); and (2) the larval host plant 

Pritchardia beccariana. 

The PCEs for Drosophila ochrobasis 

are: (1) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia, 

koa, and Cheirodendron sp. forest 

between the elevations of 3,400–5,400 ft 

(1,035–1,645 m); and (2) the larval host 

plants Clermontia calophylla, C. 

clermontioides, C. clermontioides ssp. 

rockiana, C. drepanomorpha, C. 

hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, 

C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, C. peleana, 

C. pyrularia, C. waimeae, Marattia 

douglasii, Myrsine lanaiensis, M. 

lessertiana, and M. sandwicensis. 

Kauai Species 

The PCEs for Drosophila musaphilia 

are: (1) Mesic, montane, ohia and koa 

forest between the elevations of 2,600–

3,700 ft (790–1,130 m); and (2) the larval 

host plant Acacia koa. 

Maui Species 

The PCEs for Drosophila 

neoclavisetae are: (1) Wet, montane, 

ohia forest between the elevations of 

3,400–4,600 ft (1,040–1,400 m), and (2) 

the larval host plants Cyanea kunthiana 

and C. macrostegia ssp. macrostegia. 

Molokai Species 

The PCEs for Drosophila differens are: 

(1) Wet, montane, ohia forest between 

the elevations of 3,650–4,500 ft (1,115–

1,370 m); and (2) the larval host plants 

Clermontia arborescens ssp. waihiae, C. 

granidiflora ssp. munroi, C. kakeana, C. 

oblongifolia ssp. brevipes, and C. 

pallida. 

We propose units for designation 

based on sufficient PCEs being present 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67434 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

to support at least one of each of the 12 

species’ life history functions. Each of 

the areas proposed in this revised 

proposed rule have been determined to 

contain sufficient PCEs to provide for 

both the larval and adult life stage for 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia. 

Special Management Considerations or 

Protections 

When designating critical habitat, we 

assess whether the occupied areas 

contain features essential to the 

conservation of the species that may 

require special management 

considerations or protections. 

Nonnative plants and animals pose 

the greatest threats to these 12 picturewing flies. In order to counter the 

ongoing degradation and loss of habitat 

caused by feral ungulates and invasive 

nonnative plants, active management or 

control of nonnative species is 

necessary for the conservation of all 

populations of the 12 picture-wing flies 

(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 37–

38). Without active management or 

control, native habitat containing the 

features that are essential for the 

conservation of the 12 picture-wing flies 

will continue to be degraded or 

destroyed. In addition, habitat 

degradation and destruction as a result 

of fire, competition with nonnative 

insects, and predation by nonnative 

insects, such as the western yellowjacket wasp (Vespula pensylvanica), 

may significantly threaten many of the 

populations of the 12 picture-wing flies. 

In this revised proposed rule, all of 

the proposed critical habitat units for 

the 12 picture-wing flies may require 

special management to address feral 

ungulates, invasive nonnative plants, 

and yellow-jacket wasps. In addition, 

the units in dry or mesic habitats (see 

Table 1 above) may also require special 

management to address fire and ants. 

These threats are discussed below. 

Feral Ungulates 

Feral ungulates have devastated 

native vegetation in many areas of the 

Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, pp. 60–66). Because the endemic 

Hawaiian flora evolved without the 

presence of browsing and grazing 

ungulates, many plant groups have lost 

their adaptive defenses such as spines, 

thorns, stinging hairs, and defensive 

chemicals (University of Hawaii 

Department of Geography 1998, p. 138). 

Pigs (Sus scrofa), goats (Capra hircus), 

and cattle (Bos taurus) disturb the soil, 

and readily eat native plants (including 

the native host plants for 1 or more of 

the 12 picture-wing flies), and distribute 

nonnative plant seeds that can alter the 

ecosystem. In addition, browsing and 

grazing by feral ungulates in steep and 

remote terrain causes severe erosion of 

entire watersheds due to foraging and 

trampling behaviors (Cuddihy and 

Stone 1990, pp. 60–64 and 66). 

Feral Pigs (Sus scrofa) 

Feral pigs threaten all populations of 

the 12 picture-wing flies. Feral pigs are 

found from dry coastal grasslands 

through rain forests and into the 

subalpine zone on all of the main 

Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, pp. 64–65). An increase in pig 

densities and expansion of their 

distribution has caused widespread 

damage to native vegetation (Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65). Feral pigs 

create open areas within forest habitat 

by digging up, eating, and trampling 

native species (Stone 1985, pp. 262–

263). These open areas become fertile 

ground for nonnative plant seeds spread 

through their excrement and by 

transport in their hair (Stone 1985, pp. 

262–263). In nitrogen-poor soils, feral 

pig excrement increases nutrient 

availability, enhancing establishment of 

nonnative weeds that are more adapted 

to richer soils than are native plants 

(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65). In 

this manner, largely nonnative forests 

replace native forest habitat (Cuddihy 

and Stone 1990, pp. 64–65). 

Foote and Carson (1995, pp. 2–4) 

found that pig exclosures on the island 

of Hawaii supported significantly higher 

relative frequencies of picture-wing flies 

compared to other native and nonnative 

Drosophila species (7 percent of all 

observations outside of the exclosure 

and 18 percent of all observations inside 

the exclosure), and their native host 

plants. Loope et al. (1991, pp. 9–10 and 

19) demonstrated that excluding pigs 

from a montane bog on northeastern 

Haleakala, Maui, resulted in an increase 

in native plant cover from 6 to 95 

percent after 6 years of protection. 

Feral Goats (Capra hircus) 

Feral goats threaten populations of the 

picture-wing flies on Oahu (Drosophila 

aglaia and D. obatai), Hawaii (D. 

heteroneura), and Kauai (D. 

musaphilia). Feral goats occupy a wide 

variety of habitats on Kauai, Oahu, 

Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, from 

lowland dry forests to montane 

grasslands where they consume native 

vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, 

accelerate erosion, and promote 

invasion of nonnative plants (van Riper 

and van Riper 1982, pp. 34–35; Stone 

1985, p. 261). On Oahu, goat 

populations are increasing and 

spreading in the dry upper slopes of the 

Waianae Mountains, becoming an even 

greater threat to the native habitat (K. 

Kawelo, U.S. Army Environmental 

Division, pers. comm. 2005, p. 1). 

Feral Cattle (Bos taurus) 

Feral cattle threaten populations of 

Drosophila heteroneura on the island of 

Hawaii. Large-scale ranching of cattle 

began in the 19th century on the islands 

of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii 

(Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 59–62). 

Large ranches, tens of thousands of 

acres in size, still exist on the islands of 

Maui and Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone 

1990, pp. 59–62). In addition, the 

grazing of cattle continues in several 

lowland regions in the northern portion 

of the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Degradation of native forests used for 

ranching activities is evident. Feral 

cattle occupy a wide variety of habitats 

from lowland dry forests to montane 

grasslands, where they consume native 

vegetation, trample roots and seedlings, 

accelerate erosion, and promote the 

invasion of nonnative plants (van Riper 

and van Riper 1982, p. 36; Stone 1985, 

pp. 256 and 260). 

Nonnative Plants 

The invasion of nonnative plants 

contributes to the degradation of native 

forests and the host plants of picturewing flies (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, pp. 38–39; Wagner et al. 1999, pp. 

52–53 and 971; Science Panel 2005, p. 

28), and threatens all populations of the 

12 picture-wing flies. Some nonnative 

plants form dense stands, thickets, or 

mats that shade or out-compete native 

plants. Nonnative vines cause damage 

or death to native trees by overloading 

branches, causing breakage, or forming 

a dense canopy cover that intercepts 

sunlight and shades out native plants 

below. Nonnative grasses readily burn 

and often grow at the border of forests, 

and carry fire into areas with woody 

native plants (Smith 1985, pp. 228–229; 

Cuddihy and Stone 1990, pp. 88–94). 

The nonnative grasses are more fireadapted and can spread prolifically after 

a fire, ultimately creating a stand of 

nonnative grasses where native forest 

once existed. Some nonnative plant 

species produce chemicals that inhibit 

the growth of other plant species (Smith 

1985, p. 228; Wagner et al. 1999, p. 971). 

Fire 

Fire threatens habitat of the Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies in dry to mesic 

grassland, shrubland, and forests on the 

islands of Kauai (Drosophila 

musaphilia), Oahu (D. aglaia, D. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67435 

hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D. obatai, 

and D. tarphytrichia), and Hawaii (D. 

heteroneura). Dry and mesic regions in 

Hawaii have been altered in the past 200 

years by an increase in fire frequency, 

a condition to which the native flora is 

not adapted. The invasion of fireadapted alien plants, facilitated by 

ungulate disturbance, has contributed to 

wildfire frequency. This change in fire 

regime has reduced the amount of forest 

cover for native species (Hughes et al. 

1991, p. 743; Blackmore and Vitousek 

2000, p. 625) and resulted in an 

intensification of feral ungulate 

herbivory in the remaining native forest 

areas. Habitat damaged or destroyed by 

fire is more likely to be revegetated by 

nonnative plants that cannot be used as 

host plants by these picture-wing flies 

(Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995, p. 47). 

Nonnative Insect Competitors 

Tipulid Flies 

The Hawaiian Islands now support 

several established species of nonnative 

insects which compete with some of the 

12 picture-wing flies within their larval 

stage host plants. The most important 

group of nonnative insect competitors 

includes tipulid flies (crane flies, family 

Tipulidae). The larvae of some species 

within this group feed within the 

decomposing bark of some of the host 

plants utilized by picture-wing flies, 

including Charpentiera, Cheirodendron, 

Clermontia, and Pleomele spp. (Science 

Panel 2005, p. 11; K. Magnacca, U.S. 

Geological Survey, in litt. 2005, p. 1; S. 

Montgomery, in litt. 2005a, p. 1). 

Therefore, all of the picture-wing flies 

addressed in this rule, except for 

Drosophila mulli, D. musaphilia, and D. 

neoclavisetae face larval-stage 

competition from nonnative tipulid 

flies. The tipulid larvae feed within the 

same portion of the decomposing host 

plant area normally occupied by the 

picture-wing fly larvae. The likely effect 

of this competition is a reduction in 

available host plant material for picturewing fly larvae (Science Panel 2005, p. 

11). In laboratory studies, Grimaldi and 

Jaenike (1984, p. 1) demonstrated that 

competition between Drosophila spp. 

larvae and other fly larvae can exhaust 

food resources, which affects both the 

probability of larval survival and the 

body size of adults, resulting in reduced 

adult fitness, fecundity, and lifespan. 

Scolytid Beetles 

Additionally, the Hawaiian Islands 

now support several species of 

nonnative beetles (family Scolytidae, 

genus Coccotrypes), a few of which bore 

into and feed on the nuts produced by 

certain native plant species including 

Pritchardia beccariana, the host plant of 

Drosophila mulli. Affected Pritchardia 

spp., including P. beccariana, drop their 

fruit before the nuts reach maturity due 

to the boring action of the scolytid 

beetles. Little natural regeneration of 

this host plant species has been 

observed in the wild since the arrival of 

this scolytid beetle (K. Magnacca, in litt. 

2005, p. 1; Science Panel 2005, p. 11). 

Compared to the host plants of the other 

picture-wing flies, P. beccariana is long 

lived (up to 100 years), but over time 

scolytid beetles may have a significant 

impact on the availability of habitat for 

D. mulli. 

Nonnative Insect Predators 

Nonnative arthropods pose a serious 

threat to Hawaii’s native Drosophila, 

both through direct predation or 

parasitism as well as competition for 

food or space (Howarth and Medeiros 

1989, pp. 82–83; Howarth and Ramsay 

1991, pp. 80–83; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 40–45 and 47; 

Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 41, 54–57). 

Due to their large colony sizes and 

systematic foraging habits, species of 

social Hymenoptera (ants and some 

wasps) and parasitic wasps pose the 

greatest predation threat to the 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Carson 

1982, p. 1, 1986, p. 7; Gambino et al. 

1987, pp. 169–170; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, pp. 40–45 and 47). 

Ants 

Ants are believed to threaten 

populations of picture-wing flies in 

mesic areas on Oahu (Drosophila aglaia, 

D. hemipeza, D. mongomeryi, D. obatai, 

and D. tarphytrichia) and Hawaii (D. 

heteroneura) (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, p. 43; Science Panel 2005, p. 28). 

At least 44 species of ants are known to 

be established on the Hawaiian Islands 

(Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project 

(HEAR) database, in litt. 2005, p. 2) and 

4 particularly aggressive ant species 

have severely affected the native insect 

fauna (Zimmerman 1948, p. 173; HEAR 

database, in litt. 2005, p. 4). Ants are not 

a natural component of Hawaii’s 

arthropod fauna, and native species 

evolved in the absence of predation 

pressure from ants. Ants can be 

particularly destructive predators 

because of their high densities, 

recruitment behavior, aggressiveness, 

and broad range of diet (Reimer 1993, 

pp. 14–15, 17). The threat to picturewing flies is amplified by the fact that 

most ant species have winged 

reproductive adults (Borror 1989, pp. 

737–738) and can quickly establish new 

colonies, spreading throughout suitable 

habitats (Staples and Cowie 2001, pp. 

55–57). These attributes and the lack of 

native species’ defenses to ants allow 

some ant species to destroy isolated 

prey populations (Nafus 1993, p. 151). 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies pupate in 

the ground where they are exposed to 

predation by ants. Newly emerging 

adults have been observed with ants 

attached to their legs (Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995, p. 43). 

Western Yellow-Jacket Wasp 

An aggressive race of the western 

yellow-jacket wasp became established 

in the State of Hawaii in 1978, and this 

species is now abundant between 

1,969–3,445 ft (600–1,050 m) in 

elevation (Gambino et al. 1990, p. 

1,088). On Maui, yellow-jackets have 

been observed carrying and feeding 

upon recently captured adult Hawaiian 

Drosophila (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 

1995, p. 41). While there is no 

documentation that conclusively ties 

the decrease in picture-wing fly 

observations at historical sites with the 

establishment of yellow-jacket wasps 

within their habitats, the concurrent 

arrival of wasps and decline of picturewing fly observations for all 12 picturewing flies on several of the islands 

(Kauai, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii) 

suggests that the wasps may have 

played a significant role in the decline 

of some picture-wing fly populations 

(Carson 1982, p. 1, 1986, p. 7; Foote and 

Carson 1995, p. 3; Kaneshiro and 

Kaneshiro 1995; Science Panel 2005, p. 

28). 

Criteria Used To Identify Critical 

Habitat 

In this revised proposed rule, we are 

proposing to designate critical habitat 

on lands with documented occurrences 

and that contain the primary constituent 

elements for these 12 Hawaiian picturewing flies. The primary dataset we used 

to document observations of these 12 

picture-wing flies spans the years 1965–

1999 (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–

16). Additional data were obtained from 

individuals familiar with particular 

species and locations, and other sources 

of information as described in the above 

‘‘Methods’’ section. Many sites were 

surveyed infrequently or have not been 

surveyed for a substantial period of 

time, while other sites have relatively 

complete records from 1966–1999. It is 

important to note that the traditional 

methods used to survey for the 12 

species locate only adult flies. The adult 

flies of all of these species are generalist 

microbivores; in contrast, the larval 

stage typically requires a very specific 

host plant species (in some cases, 

several species or genera) for successful 

development. The primary constituent 

elements of the revised proposed critical 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67436 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

habitat include both the host plants 

used by the larvae, as well as the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults. We used known adult location 

data to identify each critical habitat 

unit, and included the surrounding area 

encompassing the physical and 

biological features essential to the 

conservation of the species. 

While there has been considerable 

survey work conducted for Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies overall, some areas 

where these 12 species are found have 

not been surveyed in many years. We 

used the results of the best available, 

recent survey information to develop 

the revised, initial working draft critical 

habitat unit maps for each species. In 

addition, one peer reviewer identified a 

population of Drosophila ochrobasis 

that was previously unknown to us in 

an area containing the features essential 

to the conservation of this species (K. 

Magnacca, in litt. 2006). This area has 

been included in this revised proposal 

(see Unit 19—West Kohala Mountains—

Drosophila ochrobasis). 

We used the best available, recent 

survey data for adult flies to determine 

which sites we would identify as 

occupied and which sites we would 

identify as unoccupied. Additionally, 

we did not include in this revised 

proposal some sites where a given 

species had been observed according to 

the most recent survey data if the area 

had either become degraded (e.g., due to 

loss or degradation of native vegetation, 

increase in nonnative vegetation, or 

documented presence of yellow-jacket 

wasps) and lacked PCEs, or if multiple 

surveys at a particular site over the 

course of several years failed to detect 

a species. However, we did not use the 

presence of yellow-jacket wasps alone to 

conclusively determine a site as being 

unoccupied, unless the habitat was also 

degraded in other respects. Lastly, it is 

important to point out that because of 

the time that has elapsed since some 

surveys were conducted, it is possible 

that some sites identified as unoccupied 

(and thus not included in this revised 

proposed critical habitat) have since 

been re-occupied by the species. 

Conversely, we recognize it may be 

possible that some sites that we have 

identified as occupied according to the 

most recent survey data may now be 

unoccupied. However, we believe that 

using the most recent survey results, in 

conjunction with information on 

existing habitat conditions, reflects the 

best available information for 

determining occupancy. 

After identifying occupied sites for 

each of the 12 species on a series of 

maps, we added a Geographic 

Information System (GIS) layer of the 

known elevation range of a species in a 

given area. This elevation range was 

based upon the lowest and the highest 

elevation at which an adult fly of a 

given species was observed during 

surveys. After this step, GIS data points 

showing known locations of many of the 

flies’ host plant species were added to 

the map series. Most of these plant data 

points were established during botanical 

surveys unrelated to the historic studies 

of the picture-wing flies. The larval 

stages for several of the 12 picture-wing 

flies are known to feed upon host plant 

species that are federally listed as 

endangered or threatened, identified as 

candidate species for listing under the 

Act, or identified as Federal species of 

concern. The data points for the listed 

and candidate host plant species were 

available to us from the State’s Hawaii 

Biodiversity and Mapping Program 

(HBMP), and from survey information 

compiled from field biologists. For areas 

lacking host plant data points, we 

consulted HBMP literature regarding 

other plant species and/or queried 

Drosophila researchers and field 

biologists to determine which native 

host plants were present in those areas. 

After generating multilayered GIS 

maps showing the occupied fly 

population sites, the known elevation 

range for each species, and the known 

host plant locations or habitat types, we 

prepared preliminary critical habitat 

unit maps. These preliminary unit maps 

were then overlaid on a series of 

satellite imagery and aerial photographs, 

and examined closely to identify the 

best quality areas containing contiguous 

forest and essential features. We then 

met individually with several 

Drosophila researchers (see the 

‘‘Methods’’ section above) to review the 

different series of maps for each species 

and to confirm whether the preliminary 

unit maps included PCEs essential to 

both life stages (larval and adult) of each 

fly species. Based on these discussions, 

we adjusted the preliminary unit map 

boundaries by adding areas identified 

by the researchers that contain features 

essential to the conservation of the 

species, or by removing areas unlikely 

to contain these features. The critical 

habitat unit boundaries shown in the 

maps included in this revised proposed 

rule reflect the results of this analysis, 

after taking into account the presence of 

known developed areas, as described 

below. 

In summary, we identified proposed 

critical habitat units that: Contain 

occupied population sites based on the 

most recent survey information; are 

known to contain the PCEs essential to 

both the larval and adult fly life stage 

for each species; and contain relatively 

contiguous native or functional native 

forest. 

Lastly, when determining proposed 

critical habitat boundaries within this 

revised proposed rule, we made every 

effort to avoid including developed 

areas such as buildings, paved areas, 

and other structures that lack PCEs for 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia. The scale of the maps we 

prepared under the parameters for 

publication within the Code of Federal 

Regulations may not reflect the 

exclusion of such developed areas. Any 

such structures and the land under them 

inadvertently left inside critical habitat 

boundaries shown on the maps 

published with this proposed rule have 

been excluded by text in this revised 

proposed rule and are not proposed for 

designation as critical habitat. 

Therefore, Federal actions involving 

these areas would not trigger section 7 

consultation with respect to critical 

habitat and the requirement of no 

adverse modification unless the specific 

action would affect the primary 

constituent elements in the adjacent 

critical habitat. 

Revised Proposed Critical Habitat 

Designation 

We are proposing 32 units as critical 

habitat for Drosophila aglaia, D. 

differens, D. hemipeza, D. heteroneura, 

D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. 

musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, 

D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia. In total, approximately 

9,238 ac (3,738 ha) fall within the 

boundaries of this revised proposed 

critical habitat designation. The critical 

habitat areas we describe below 

constitute our current best assessment of 

areas that meet the definition of critical 

habitat for the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing 

flies. 

The areas we propose as critical 

habitat are: 

(1) Island of Oahu: Drosophila 

aglaia—Unit 1—Palikea; Drosophila 

aglaia—Unit 2—Puu Kaua; Drosophila 

hemipeza—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch; 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 2—Makaha 

Valley; Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 3—

Palikea; Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 4—

Puu Kaua; Drosophila montgomeryi—

Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila 

montgomeryi—Unit 2—Palikea; 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 3—Puu 

Kaua; Drosophila obatai—Unit 1—Puu 

Pane; Drosophila obatai—Unit 2—

Wailupe; Drosophila substenoptera—

Unit 1—Mt. Kaala; Drosophila 

substenoptera—Unit 2—Palikea; 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67437 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch; Drosophila 

tarphytrichia—Unit 2—Palikea; and 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 3—Puu 

Kaua; 

(2) Hawaii (Big Island): Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 1—Kau Forest; 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 2—Kona 

Refuge; Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 

3—Lower Kahuku; Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 4—Pit Crater; 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 5—

Waihaka Gulch; Drosphila mulli—Unit 

1—Olaa Forest; Drosphila mulli—Unit 

2—Stainback Forest; Drosphila mulli—

Unit 3—Waiakea Forest; Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 1—Kipuka 9; 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 2—Kipuka 

14; Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 3—

Kohala Mountains East; Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 4—Kohala Mountains 

West; and Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 

5—Upper Kahuku; 

(3) Island of Kauai: Drosophila 

musaphilia—Unit 1—Kokee; 

(4) Island of Maui: Drosophila 

neoclavisetae—Unit 1—Puu Kukui; 

(5) Island of Molokai: Drosophila 

differens—Unit 1—Puu Kolekole. 

The areas identified as containing the 

features essential to the conservation of 

each of the 12 Hawaiian picture-wing 

flies for which we are proposing critical 

habitat include a variety of 

undeveloped, forested areas that are 

used for larval stage development and 

adult fly stage foraging. Proposed 

critical habitat includes land under 

Federal, State, City and County, and 

private ownership. The approximate 

area and land ownership of each 

proposed critical habitat unit are shown 

in Table 2. 

TABLE 2.—PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS FOR DROSOPHILA AGLAIA, D. DIFFERENS, D. HEMIPEZA, D. HETERONEURA, 

D. MONTGOMERYI, D. MULLI, D. MUSAPHILIA, D. NEOCLAVISETAE, D. OBATAI, D. OCHROBASIS, D. SUBSTENOPTERA, 

AND D. TARPHYTRICHIA

[Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.] 

Proposed critical habitat unit Size of unit 

in acres 

Size of unit 

in hectares 

Land ownership (acres) 

Federal State 

City & 

Co. of 

Honolulu 

Private 

Oahu Units 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 1—Palikea ................................................. 208 84 0 4 0 204 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 2—Puu Kaua ............................................ 87 35 0 0 0 87 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch ................................. 527 213 0 0 0 527 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 2—Makaha Valley ............................... 111 45 0 40 71 0 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 3—Palikea ........................................... (208 ) (84 ) 0 (4 ) 0 (204 ) 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 4—Puu Kaua ...................................... (87 ) (35 ) 0 0 0 (87 ) 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch ........................... (527 ) (213 ) 0 0 0 (527 ) 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 2—Palikea ..................................... (208 ) (84 ) 0 (4 ) 0 (204 ) 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 3—Puu Kaua ................................. (87 ) (35 ) 0 0 0 (87 ) 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 1—Puu Pane ............................................ 33 13 0 33 0 0 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 2—Wailupe ............................................... 77 31 0 45 0 32 

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 1—Mt. Kaala ................................ 116 47 0 59 57 0 

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 2—Palikea ................................... (208 ) (84 ) 0 (4 ) 0 (204 ) 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch ............................. (527 ) (213 ) 0 0 0 (527 ) 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 2—Palikea ....................................... (208 ) (84 ) 0 (4 ) 0 (204 ) 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 3—Puu Kaua .................................. (87 ) (35 ) 0 0 0 (87 ) 

Hawaii (Big Island) Units 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 1—Kau Forest ................................. 125 51 0 125 0 0 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 2—Kona Refuge ............................. 3,604 1,459 3,604 0 0 0 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 3—Lower Kahuku ........................... 687 278 687 0 0 0 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 4—Pit Crater ................................... 46 18 0 0 0 46 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 5—Waihaka Gulch .......................... 120 49 0 120 0 0 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 1—Olaa Forest ............................................ 244 99 0 244 0 0 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 2—Stainback Forest ................................... 76 31 0 76 0 0 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 3—Waiakea Forest ..................................... 373 151 0 373 0 0 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 1—Kipuka 9 ...................................... 9 4 0 9 0 0 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 2—Kipuka 14 .................................... 15 6 0 15 9 0 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 3—Kohala Mountains East ............... 193 78 0 193 0 0 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 4—Kohala Mountains West .............. 132 54 0 41 0 91 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 5—Upper Kahuku ............................. 88 36 64 24 0 0 

Kauai Unit 

Drosophila musaphilia—Unit 1—Kokee ........................................... 794 321 0 794 0 0 

Maui Unit 

Drosophila neoclavisetae—Unit 1—Puu Kukui ............................... 584 237 0 134 0 450 

Molokai Unit 

Drosophila differens—Unit 1—Puu Kolekole ................................... 988 400 0 0 0 988 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67438 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

TABLE 2.—PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS FOR DROSOPHILA AGLAIA, D. DIFFERENS, D. HEMIPEZA, D. HETERONEURA, 

D. MONTGOMERYI, D. MULLI, D. MUSAPHILIA, D. NEOCLAVISETAE, D. OBATAI, D. OCHROBASIS, D. SUBSTENOPTERA, 

AND D. TARPHYTRICHIA—Continued 

[Area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries.] 

Proposed critical habitat unit Size of unit 

in acres 

Size of unit 

in hectares 

Land ownership (acres) 

Federal State 

City & 

Co. of 

Honolulu 

Private 

Total (32 units) .......................................................................... 9,238 3,738 4,356 2,331 128 2,424 

Key: Unit areas in parentheses overlap with other units. Therefore, the total area being proposed as critical habitat for each species will not 

equal the total area being proposed for the 12 species combined because of this overlap. 

We present brief descriptions of all 

units, and reasons why they meet the 

definition of critical habitat for the 12 

picture-wing flies, below. All of the 

proposed critical habitat units for the 12 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies were 

occupied by the species at the time of 

listing. Each unit contains sufficient 

PCEs to provide for both the larval and 

adult life stage of one or more of the 12 

species of picture-wing flies, and may 

require special management 

considerations or protection (see Table 

3). 

TABLE 3.—CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS PROPOSED FOR DROSOPHILA AGLAIA, D. DIFFERENS, D. HEMIPEZA, D. HETERONEURA, 

D. MONTGOMERYI, D. MULLI, D. MUSAPHILIA, D. NEOCLAVISETAE, D. OBATAI, D. OCHROBASIS, D. SUBSTENOPTERA, 

AND D. TARPHYTRICHIA AND POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE SPECIES PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS

Proposed critical habitat unit 

Threats 

Feral 

ungulates 

Nonnative 

plants 

Yellow-jacket 

wasps Ants Nonnative competitors Fire 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 1—Palikea ......... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 2—Puu Kaua .... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 1—Kaluaa 

Gulch .................................................... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 2—Makaha 

Valley .................................................... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 3—Palikea ... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 4—Puu Kaua X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch ........................................ X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 2—

Palikea .................................................. X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 3—Puu 

Kaua ..................................................... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 1—Puu Pane .... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 2—Wailupe ....... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 1—Mt. 

Kaala .................................................... X X ........................ ........................ X ........................

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 2—

Palikea .................................................. X X ........................ ........................ X ........................

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 1—Kaluaa 

Gulch .................................................... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 2—Palikea X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 3—Puu 

Kaua ..................................................... X X ........................ X X X 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 1—Kau 

Forest ................................................... X X X X X ........................

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 2—Kona 

Refuge .................................................. X X X X X ........................

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 3—Lower 

Kahuku ................................................. X X X X X ........................

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 4—Pit 

Crater .................................................... X X X X X X 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 5—

Waihaka Gulch ..................................... X X X X X ........................

Drosophila mulli—Unit 1—Olaa Forest .... X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila mulli—Unit 2—Stainback Forest ......................................................... X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila mulli—Unit 3—Waiakea Forest ......................................................... X X X X X ........................

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 1—Kipuka 9 X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 2—Kipuka 

14 .......................................................... X X X ........................ X ........................


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67439 

TABLE 3.—CRITICAL HABITAT UNITS PROPOSED FOR DROSOPHILA AGLAIA, D. DIFFERENS, D. HEMIPEZA, D. HETERONEURA, 

D. MONTGOMERYI, D. MULLI, D. MUSAPHILIA, D. NEOCLAVISETAE, D. OBATAI, D. OCHROBASIS, D. SUBSTENOPTERA, 

AND D. TARPHYTRICHIA AND POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE SPECIES PRIMARY CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS—Continued 

Proposed critical habitat unit 

Threats 

Feral 

ungulates 

Nonnative 

plants 

Yellow-jacket 

wasps Ants Nonnative competitors Fire 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 3—Kohala 

Mountains East ..................................... X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 4—Kohala 

Mountains West .................................... X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 5—Upper 

Kahuku ................................................. X X X ........................ X ........................

Drosophila musaphilia—Unit 1—Kokee ... X X X X ........................ X 

Drosophila neoclavisetae—Unit 1—Puu 

Kukui ..................................................... X X X ........................ ........................ ........................

Drosophila differens—Unit 1—Puu 

Kolekole ................................................ X X X ........................ X ........................

As provided under section 4(b)(2) of 

the Act, these units may be considered 

for exclusion from critical habitat when 

this rule is finalized. Exclusions are 

considered based on the relative costs 

and benefits of designating critical 

habitat, including information 

contained in the forthcoming economic 

analysis. 

Oahu Units 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 1—Palikea 

consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of lowland, 

mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the 

southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Ranging in elevation between 1,920–

2,985 ft (585–910 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is part 

of a larger area called the Honouliuli 

Preserve, administered and managed by 

TNCH. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

pp. 1–10), this unit was occupied by D. 

aglaia at the time of listing. This unit 

includes the known elevation range, 

moisture regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Urera glabra. 

Drosophila aglaia—Unit 2—Puu Kaua 

consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of lowland, 

diverse mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,865–2,855 ft (570–870 m), this unit is 

privately owned and is part of a larger 

area called the Honouliuli Preserve, 

administered and managed by TNCH. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–

10), this unit was occupied by D. aglaia 

at the time of listing. This unit includes 

the known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Urera glabra. 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac (213 ha) 

of diverse, mesic forest within the 

southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Ranging in elevation between 1,720–

2,785 ft (525–850 m), this unit is 

privately owned and is part of a larger 

area called the Honouliuli Preserve, 

administered and managed by TNCH. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–

10), this unit was occupied by D. 

hemipeza at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea 

sp., and Lobelia sp. 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 2—

Makaha Valley consists of 111 ac (45 ha) 

of lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,995–3,005 ft (610–915 m), this unit is 

owned by the City and County of 

Honolulu and the State, and is largely 

managed as a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 4–

5), this unit was occupied by D. 

hemipeza at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea 

sp., and Lobelia sp. 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 3—

Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 

lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,920–2,985 ft (585–910 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is part 

of a larger area called the Honouliuli 

Preserve, administered and managed by 

TNCH. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

pp. 1–10), this unit was occupied by D. 

hemipeza at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Urera kaalae, Cyanea 

sp., and Lobelia sp. 

Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 4—Puu 

Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of 

lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia 

forest within the southern Waianae 

Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in 

elevation between 1,865–2,855 ft (570–

870 m), this unit is privately owned and 

is part of a larger area called the 

Honouliuli Preserve, administered and 

managed by TNCH. According to the 

most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 

in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–10), this unit was 

occupied by D. hemipeza at the time of 

listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plants 

associated with this species, Urera 

kaalae, Cyanea sp., and Lobelia sp. 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac (213 ha) 

of diverse, mesic forest within the 

southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Ranging in elevation between 1,720–

2,785 ft (525–850 m), this unit is 

privately owned and is part of a larger 

area called the Honouliuli Preserve, 

administered and managed by TNCH. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67440 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–

10), this unit was occupied by D. 

montgomeryi at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plant associated 

with this species, Urera kaalae. 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 2—

Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 

lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,920–2,985 ft (585–910 m), this unit is 

both privately and State-owned, and is 

part of a larger area called the 

Honouliuli Preserve, administered and 

managed by TNCH. According to the 

most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 

in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–10), this unit was 

occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time 

of listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plant 

associated with this species, Urera 

kaalae. 

Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 3—

Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of 

lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia 

forest within the southern Waianae 

Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in 

elevation between 1,865–2,855 ft (570–

870 m), this unit is privately owned and 

is part of a larger area called the 

Honouliuli Preserve, administered and 

managed by TNCH. According to the 

most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 

in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–10), this unit was 

occupied by D. montgomeryi at the time 

of listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plant 

associated with this species, Urera 

kaalae. 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 1—Puu Pane 

consists of 33 ac (13 ha) of lowland, 

mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the 

northeastern Waianae Mountains of 

Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,760–2,535 ft (535–770 m), this unit is 

owned by the State and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 6), 

this unit was occupied by D. obatai at 

the time of listing. This unit includes 

the known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Pleomele forbesii. 

Drosophila obatai—Unit 2—Wailupe 

consists of 77 ac (31 ha) of lowland, 

mesic, koa, and ohia forest within the 

southeastern Koolau Mountains of 

Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,475–2,155 ft (445–655 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is 

largely managed as part of a State forest 

reserve. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

p. 6), this unit was occupied by D. 

obatai at the time of listing. This unit 

includes the known elevation range, 

moisture regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Pleomele forbesii. 

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 1—

Mt. Kaala consists of 116 ac (47 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest within the 

northern Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Ranging in elevation between 2,750–

4,030 ft (840–1,230 m), this unit is 

owned by the City and County of 

Honolulu and the State, and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve 

and natural area reserve. According to 

the most recent survey data (K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 7), this unit 

was occupied by D. substenoptera at the 

time of listing. This unit includes the 

known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plants associated with this 

species, Cheirodendron sp. and 

Tetraplasandra sp. 

Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 2—

Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 

lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,920–2,985 ft (585–910 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is part 

of a larger area called the Honouliuli 

Preserve, administered and managed by 

TNCH. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

pp. 1–10), this unit was occupied by D. 

substenoptera at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Cheirodendron sp. 

and Tetraplasandra sp. 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch consists of 527 ac (213 ha) 

of diverse, mesic forest within the 

southern Waianae Mountains of Oahu. 

Ranging in elevation between 1,720–

2,785 ft (525–850 m), this unit is 

privately owned and is part of a larger 

area called the Honouliuli Preserve, 

administered and managed by TNCH. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–

10), this unit was occupied by D. 

tarphytrichia at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plant associated 

with this species, Charpenteira obovata. 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 2—

Palikea consists of 208 ac (84 ha) of 

lowland, mesic, koa, and ohia forest 

within the southern Waianae Mountains 

of Oahu. Ranging in elevation between 

1,920–2,985 ft (585–910 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is part 

of a larger area called the Honouliuli 

Preserve, administered and managed by 

TNCH. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

pp. 1–10), this unit was occupied by D. 

tarphytrichia at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plant associated 

with this species, Charpenteira obovata. 

Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 3—

Puu Kaua consists of 87 ac (35 ha) of 

lowland, diverse mesic, koa, and ohia 

forest within the southern Waianae 

Mountains of Oahu. Ranging in 

elevation between 1,865–2,855 ft (570–

870 m), this unit is privately owned and 

is part of a larger area called the 

Honouliuli Preserve, administered and 

managed by TNCH. According to the 

most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 

in litt. 2005a, pp. 1–10), this unit was 

occupied by D. tarphytrichia at the time 

of listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plant 

associated with this species, 

Charpenteira obovata. 

Hawaii (Big Island) Units 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 1—Kau 

Forest consists of 125 ac (51 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located 

on the southern flank of Mauna Loa on 

the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 

elevation between 5,215–5,510 ft 

(1,590–1,680 m), the unit is owned by 

the State, and is largely managed as part 

of a State forest reserve. According to 

the most recent survey data (K. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67441 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), this unit 

was occupied by D. heteroneura at the 

time of listing. This unit includes the 

known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plants associated with this 

species, Cheirodendron trigynum, 

Clermontia sp., and Delissea parviflora. 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 2—

Kona Refuge consists of 3,604 ac (1,459 

ha) of montane, mesic, closed koa and 

ohia forest, and is located on the 

western flank of Mauna Loa on the 

island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation 

between 2,980–5,755 (910–1,755 m), 

this unit is owned by the Service, and 

is managed as part of the Kona Unit of 

the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife 

Refuge. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. 

heteroneura at the time of listing. 

This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plants 

associated with this species, 

Cheirodendron trigynum, Clermontia 

sp., and Delissea parviflora. 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 3—

Lower Kahuku consists of 687 ac (278 

ha) of montane, mesic to wet, ohia 

forest, and is located on the southern 

flank of Mauna Loa on the island of 

Hawaii. Ranging in elevation between 

3,705–4,685 ft (1,130–1,430 m), this unit 

is owned and managed by the National 

Park Service (NPS) (Hawaii Volcanoes 

National Park). According to the most 

recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 

2005a, p. 8), this unit was occupied by 

D. heteroneura at the time of listing. 

This unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Cheirodendron 

trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea 

parviflora. 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 4—Pit 

Crater consists of 46 ac (18 ha) of 

montane, mesic, open ohia forest with 

mixed grass species, and is located on 

the western flank of Hualalai and south 

of the Kaupulehu lava flow on the 

island of Hawaii. Ranging in elevation 

between 3,835–4,525 ft (1,170–1,380 m), 

this unit is privately owned and 

managed. According to the most recent 

survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, 

p. 8), this unit was occupied by D. 

heteroneura at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Cheirodendron 

trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea 

parviflora. 

Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 5—

Waihaka Gulch consists of 120 ac (49 

ha) of montane, wet, koa and ohia forest, 

and is located on the southern flank of 

Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. 

Ranging in elevation between 4,065–

4,390 ft (1,240–1,340 m), the unit is 

owned by the State, and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 8), 

this unit was occupied by D. 

heteroneura at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Cheirodendron 

trigynum, Clermontia sp., and Delissea 

parviflora. 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 1—Olaa 

Forest consists of 244 ac (99 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest and is located 

to the northeast of Kilauea Caldera on 

the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on 

the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 

elevation between 3,120–3,300 ft (950–

1,005 m), this unit is owned by the 

State, and is largely managed as part of 

a State forest reserve. According to the 

most recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, 

in litt. 2005a, p. 10), this unit was 

occupied by D. mulli at the time of 

listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plant 

associated with this species, Pritchardia 

beccariana. 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 2—Stainback 

Forest consists of 76 ac (31 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located 

to the northeast of Kilauea Caldera on 

the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on 

the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 

elevation between 1,955–2,165 ft (595–

660 m), this unit is owned by the State 

and is largely managed as part of a State 

forest reserve. According to the most 

recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 

2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by 

D. mulli at the time of listing. This unit 

includes the known elevation range, 

moisture regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Pritchardia beccariana. 

Drosophila mulli—Unit 3—Waiakea 

Forest consists of 373 ac (151 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest, and is located 

to the northeast of Kilauea Caldera on 

the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa on 

the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 

elevation between 3,130–3,585 ft (955–

1,095 m), this unit is owned by the State 

and is largely managed as part of a State 

forest reserve. According to the most 

recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 

2005a, p. 10), this unit was occupied by 

D. mulli at the time of listing. This unit 

includes the known elevation range, 

moisture regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Pritchardia beccariana. 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 1—

Kipuka 9 consists of 9 ac (4 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest with native 

shrubs, and is located within the saddle 

road area on the northeastern flank of 

Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. 

Ranging in elevation between 5,075–

5,125 ft (1,545–1,560 m), this unit is 

owned by the State and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 10), 

this unit was occupied by D. ochrobasis 

at the time of listing. This unit includes 

the known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plants associated with this 

species, Clermontia sp., Marattia 

douglasii, and Myrsine sp. 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 2—

Kipuka 14 consists of 15 ac (6 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest with native 

shrubs, and is located within the saddle 

road area on the northeastern flank of 

Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii. 

Ranging in elevation between 5,105–

5,145 ft (1,555–1,570 m), this unit is 

owned by the State and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 

12–13), this unit was occupied by D. 

ochrobasis at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Clermontia sp., 

Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp. 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 3—

Kohala Mountains East consists of 193 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67442 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

ac (78 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest 

with native shrubs and mixed grass 

species, and is located on the 

southeastern flank of the Kohala 

Mountains on the island of Hawaii. 

Ranging in elevation between 3,850–

4,140 ft (1,175–1,260 m), this unit is 

owned by the State and is largely 

managed as part of a State forest reserve. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, pp. 

12–13), this unit was occupied by D. 

ochrobasis at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plants associated 

with this species, Clermontia sp., 

Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp. 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 4—

Kohala Mountains West consists of 132 

ac (54 ha) of montane, wet, ohia forest 

with native shrubs and mixed grass 

species, and is located on the 

southwestern flank of the Kohala 

Mountains on the island of Hawaii. 

Ranging in elevation between 4,945–

5,325 ft (1,510–1,625 m), this unit is 

privately and State-owned, and is 

largely managed as part of a State forest 

reserve. Drosophila ochrobasis was not 

historically known from this area, but 

was first observed here during field 

surveys in 2006 (K. Magnacca, in litt. 

2006, p. 1). Based upon those positive 

observations and the relatively intact, 

closed-canopy, native forest, including 

the fly’s host plant species found within 

this unit, we have determined that it 

was occupied by D. ochrobasis at the 

time of the listing. This unit includes 

the known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plants associated with this 

species, Clermontia sp., Marattia 

douglasii, and Myrsine sp. 

Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 5—

Upper Kahuku consists of 88 ac (36 ha) 

of montane, wet, ohia forest, and is 

located on the southern flank of Mauna 

Loa on the island of Hawaii. Ranging in 

elevation between 5,235–5,390 ft 

(1,595–1,645 m), the unit is owned by 

the State and the National Park Service 

(Hawaii Volcanoes National Park). The 

area within this unit is largely managed 

as part of a State forest reserve and as 

a national park. According to the most 

recent survey data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 

2005a, pp. 12–13), this unit was 

occupied by D. ochrobasis at the time of 

listing. This unit includes the known 

elevation range, moisture regime, and 

the native forest components used by 

foraging adults and identified as the 

PCEs for this species. This unit also 

encompasses the larval stage host plants 

associated with this species, Clermontia 

sp., Marattia douglasii, and Myrsine sp. 

Kauai Unit 

Drosophila musaphilia—Unit 1—

Kokee consists of 794 ac (321 ha) of 

montane, mesic koa and ohia forest, and 

is located in the Kokee region of 

northwestern Kauai. Ranging in 

elevation between 3,310–3,740 ft 

(1,010–1,140 m), this unit is owned by 

the State and occurs on lands managed 

as part of a State park, forest reserve, 

and natural area reserve. According to 

the most recent survey data (K. 

Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), this unit 

was occupied by D. musaphilia at the 

time of listing. This unit includes the 

known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Acacia koa. 

Maui Unit 

Drosophila neoclavisetae—Unit 1—

Puu Kukui consists of 584 ac (237 ha) 

of montane, wet, ohia forest within the 

west Maui mountains on the island of 

Maui. Ranging in elevation between 

3,405–4,590 ft (1,040–1,400 m), this unit 

is both privately and State-owned. 

Much of the area within this unit occurs 

within the boundary of the Puu Kukui 

Watershed Preserve, lands jointly 

managed by TNCH, the State, and the 

Maui Land and Pineapple Company. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), 

this unit was occupied by D. 

neoclavisetae at the time of listing. This 

unit includes the known elevation 

range, moisture regime, and the native 

forest components used by foraging 

adults and identified as the PCEs for 

this species. This unit also encompasses 

the larval stage host plant associated 

with this species, Cyanea kunthiana, C. 

macrostegia ssp. macrostegia. 

Molokai Unit 

Drosophila differens—Unit 1—Puu 

Kolekole consists of 988 ac (400 ha) of 

montane, wet, ohia forest within the 

eastern Molokai mountains on the 

island of Molokai. Ranging in elevation 

between 3,645–4,495 ft (1,110–1,370 m), 

this unit is privately owned and is 

managed by TNCH as part of the 

Kamakou and Pelekunu preserves. 

According to the most recent survey 

data (K. Kaneshiro, in litt. 2005a, p. 11), 

this unit was occupied by D. differens 

at the time of listing. This unit includes 

the known elevation range, moisture 

regime, and the native forest 

components used by foraging adults and 

identified as the PCEs for this species. 

This unit also encompasses the larval 

stage host plant associated with this 

species, Clermontia sp. 

Effects of Critical Habitat Designation 

Section 7 Consultation 

Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires 

Federal agencies, including the Service, 

to ensure that actions they fund, 

authorize, or carry out are not likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Decisions by the 5th and 9th 

Circuit Court of Appeals have 

invalidated our definition of 

‘‘destruction or adverse modification’’

(50 CFR 402.02) (see Gifford Pinchot 

Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, 378 F. 3d 1059 (9th Cir. 2004) 

and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 

442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely 

on this regulatory definition when 

analyzing whether an action is likely to 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat. Under the statutory provisions 

of the Act, we determine destruction or 

adverse modification on the basis of 

whether, with implementation of the 

proposed Federal action, the affected 

critical habitat would remain functional 

(or retain the current ability for the PCEs 

to be functionally established) to serve 

its intended conservation role for the 

species. 

If a species is listed or critical habitat 

is designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act 

requires Federal agencies to ensure that 

activities they authorize, fund, or carry 

out are not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence of the species or to 

destroy or adversely modify its critical 

habitat. If a Federal action may affect a 

listed species or its critical habitat, the 

responsible Federal agency (action 

agency) must enter into consultation 

with us. As a result of this consultation, 

we document compliance with the 

requirements of section 7(a)(2) through 

our issuance of: 

(1) A concurrence letter for Federal 

actions that may affect, but are not 

likely to adversely affect, listed species 

or critical habitat; or 

(2) A biological opinion for Federal 

actions that may affect, and are likely to 

adversely affect, listed species or critical 

habitat. 

When we issue a biological opinion 

concluding that a project is likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of a 

listed species or destroy or adversely 

modify critical habitat, we also provide 

reasonable and prudent alternatives to 

the project, if any are identifiable. We 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67443 

define ‘‘Reasonable and prudent 

alternatives’’ at 50 CFR 402.02 as 

alternative actions identified during 

consultation that: 

• Can be implemented in a manner 

consistent with the intended purpose of 

the action, 

• Can be implemented consistent 

with the scope of the Federal agency’s 

legal authority and jurisdiction, 

• Are economically and 

technologically feasible, and 

• Would, in the Director’s opinion, 

avoid jeopardizing the continued 

existence of the listed species or 

destroying or adversely modifying 

critical habitat. 

Reasonable and prudent alternatives 

can vary from slight project 

modifications to extensive redesign or 

relocation of the project. Costs 

associated with implementing a 

reasonable and prudent alternative are 

similarly variable. 

Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require 

Federal agencies to reinitiate 

consultation on previously reviewed 

actions in instances where we have 

listed a new species or subsequently 

designated critical habitat that may be 

affected and the Federal agency has 

retained discretionary involvement or 

control over the action (or the agency’s 

discretionary involvement or control is 

authorized by law). Consequently, 

Federal agencies may sometimes need to 

request reinitiation of consultation with 

us on actions for which formal 

consultation has been completed, if 

those actions with discretionary 

involvement or control may affect 

subsequently listed species or 

designated critical habitat. 

Federal activities that may affect 

Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia or their designated critical 

habitat will require section 7 

consultation under the Act. Activities 

on State, Tribal, local, or private lands 

requiring a Federal permit (such as a 

permit from the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers under section 404 of the 

Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) 

or a permit from us under section 10 of 

the Act) or involving some other Federal 

action (such as funding from the Federal 

Highway Administration, Federal 

Aviation Administration, or the Federal 

Emergency Management Agency) are 

also be subject to the section 7 

consultation process. Federal actions 

not affecting listed species or critical 

habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, 

local, or private lands that are not 

federally funded, authorized, or 

permitted, do not require section 7 

consultations. 

Application of the ‘‘Adverse 

Modification’’ Standard 

The key factor related to the adverse 

modification determination is whether, 

with implementation of the proposed 

Federal action, the affected critical 

habitat would continue to serve its 

intended conservation role for the 

species, or would retain its current 

ability for the primary constituent 

elements to be functionally established. 

Activities that may destroy or adversely 

modify critical habitat are those that 

alter the PCEs to an extent that 

appreciably reduces the conservation 

value of critical habitat for Drosophila 

aglaia, D. differens, D. hemipeza, D. 

heteroneura, D. montgomeryi, D. mulli, 

D. musaphilia, D. neoclavisetae, D. 

obatai, D. ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, 

and D. tarphytrichia. Generally, the 

conservation role of the critical habitat 

units is to support the populations of 

these species as identified in this 

revised proposed rule. 

Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us 

to briefly evaluate and describe, in any 

proposed or final regulation that 

designates critical habitat, activities 

involving a Federal action that may 

destroy or adversely modify such 

habitat, or that may be affected by such 

designation. 

Activities that, when carried out, 

funded, or authorized by a Federal 

agency, may affect critical habitat and 

therefore should result in consultation 

for Drosophila aglaia, D. differens, D. 

hemipeza, D. heteroneura, D. 

montgomeryi, D. mulli, D. musaphilia, 

D. neoclavisetae, D. obatai, D. 

ochrobasis, D. substenoptera, and D. 

tarphytrichia include, but are not 

limited to: 

(1) The following activities may result 

in adverse modification if they are likely 

to affect the PCEs of the 12 picture-wing 

flies: Overgrazing; control of feral 

ungulates; clearing or cutting of native 

live trees and shrubs, whether by 

burning or mechanical, chemical, or 

other means (e.g., woodcutting, 

bulldozing, construction, road building, 

mining, herbicide application); 

introducing or enabling the spread of 

nonnative species (e.g., nonnative plant 

species that may compete with native 

host plants, or nonnative arthropod 

pests that prey upon native host plants); 

and taking actions that pose a risk of 

fire. 

(2) Construction where a permit under 

section 404 of the Clean Water Act 

would be required by the U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers. Construction in 

wetlands, where a 404 permit would be 

required, could affect the habitat of 

Drosophila heteroneura. 

(3) Recreational activities that 

appreciably degrade vegetation. 

(4) The purposeful release or 

augmentation of any dipteran predator 

or parasitoid. 

Exemptions and Exclusions 

Application of Section 4(a)(3)(B) of the 

Act 

The Sikes Act Improvement Act of 

1997 (Sikes Act) (16 U.S.C. 670a) 

required each military installation that 

includes land and water suitable for the 

conservation and management of 

natural resources to complete an 

integrated natural resource management 

plan (INRMP) by November 17, 2001. 

An INRMP integrates implementation of 

the military mission of the installation 

with stewardship of the natural 

resources found on the base. Each 

INRMP includes: 

• An assessment of the ecological 

needs on the installation, including the 

need to provide for the conservation of 

listed species; 

• A statement of goals and priorities; 

• A detailed description of 

management actions to be implemented 

to provide for these ecological needs; 

and 

• A monitoring and adaptive 

management plan. 

Among other things, each INRMP 

must, to the extent appropriate and 

applicable, provide for fish and wildlife 

management; fish and wildlife habitat 

enhancement or modification; wetland 

protection, enhancement, and 

restoration where necessary to support 

fish and wildlife; and enforcement of 

applicable natural resource laws. 

The National Defense Authorization 

Act for Fiscal Year 2004 (Pub. L. 108–

136) amended the Act to limit areas 

eligible for designation as critical 

habitat. Specifically, section 4(a)(3)(B)(i) 

of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533(a)(3)(B)(i)) 

now provides: ‘‘The Secretary shall not 

designate as critical habitat any lands or 

other geographical areas owned or 

controlled by the Department of 

Defense, or designated for its use, that 

are subject to an integrated natural 

resources management plan prepared 

under section 101 of the Sikes Act (16 

U.S.C. 670a), if the Secretary determines 

in writing that such plan provides a 

benefit to the species for which critical 

habitat is proposed for designation.’’

We consult with the military on the 

development and implementation of 

INRMPs for installations with listed 

species. INRMPs developed by military 

installations located within the range of 

this revised proposed critical habitat 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67444 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

designation for Drosophila aglaia and D. 

substenoptera were analyzed for 

exemption under the authority of 

section 4(a)(3) of the Act. 

Approved INRMPs 

West Range of Schofield Barracks 

Military Reservation 

The U.S. Army completed its Oahu 

INRMP in 2000, and the INRMP was 

approved by the Service in 2001. 

Conservation measures included in the 

INRMP that benefit Drosophila aglaia 

and D. substenoptera include (1) 

outplanting of native plants which 

provides for the natural forest 

conditions necessary for adult fly 

foraging by both species; (2) feral 

ungulate control which prevents both 

direct loss of the larval stage host plants 

and adult foraging substrate of both 

species and prevents habitat alteration 

by feral ungulates; (3) wildland fire 

control which prevents both loss and 

alteration of habitat for D. aglaia; and (4) 

nonnative plant control which prevents 

habitat alteration for both species. 

Based on the above considerations, 

and in accordance with section 

4(a)(3)(B)(i) of the Act, we have 

determined that conservation efforts 

identified in the U.S. Army Garrison 

Hawaii Oahu Training Areas Natural 

Resource Management (Final Report 

August 2000) and the Oahu INRMP 

2002–2006 (Army 2000) will provide 

benefits to Drosophila aglaia and D. 

substenoptera occurring in habitats 

within or adjacent to the West Range of 

Schofield Barracks Military Reservation. 

The other 10 species of picture-wing 

flies do not occur on Army land. 

Therefore, this installation is exempt 

from critical habitat designation under 

section 4(a)(3) of the Act. We are not 

including approximately 78 ac (31 ha) of 

habitat on Oahu in this revised 

proposed critical habitat designation 

because of this exemption. 

Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act 

Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that 

the Secretary must designate and revise 

critical habitat on the basis of the best 

available scientific data after taking into 

consideration the economic impact, 

national security impact, and any other 

relevant impact of specifying any 

particular area as critical habitat. The 

Secretary may exclude an area from 

critical habitat if he determines that the 

benefits of such exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of specifying such area as part 

of the critical habitat, unless he 

determines, based on the best scientific 

data available, that the failure to 

designate such area as critical habitat 

will result in the extinction of the 

species. In making that determination, 

the legislative history is clear that the 

Secretary has broad discretion regarding 

which factor(s) to use and how much 

weight to give to any factor. 

Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in 

considering whether to exclude a 

particular area from the designation, we 

must identify the benefits of including 

the area in the designation, identify the 

benefits of excluding the area from the 

designation, and determine whether the 

benefits of exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of inclusion. If we consider an 

exclusion, then we must determine 

whether excluding the area would result 

in the extinction of the species. 

We are conducting an economic 

analysis of the impacts of this revised 

proposed critical habitat designation 

and related factors, which will be 

available for public review and 

comment when it is complete. Based on 

public comment on that document, this 

revised proposed designation itself, and 

the information in the final economic 

analysis, the Secretary may exclude 

from critical habitat additional areas 

beyond those identified in this 

assessment under the provisions of 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act. This is also 

addressed in our implementing 

regulations at 50 CFR 424.19. 

Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we 

must consider all relevant impacts, 

including economic impacts. We 

consider a number of factors in a section 

4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we 

consider whether there are lands owned 

or managed by the Department of 

Defense (DOD) where a national security 

impact might exist. We also consider 

whether the landowners have developed 

any conservation plans for the area, or 

whether there are conservation 

partnerships that would be encouraged 

by designation of, or exclusion from, 

critical habitat. In addition, we look at 

any Tribal issues, and consider the 

government-to-government relationship 

of the United States with tribal entities. 

We also consider any social impacts that 

might occur because of the designation. 

In preparing this revised proposal, we 

have determined that the lands within 

the revised proposed designation of 

critical habitat for the 12 picture-wing 

flies are not owned or managed by the 

Department of Defense, there are 

currently no HCPs for these species, and 

the proposed designation does not 

include any Tribal lands or trust 

resources. 

We anticipate no impact to national 

security, Tribal lands, partnerships, or 

HCPs from this revised proposed critical 

habitat designation. Based on the best 

available information, we believe that 

all of these units contain the features 

essential to the species. Therefore, we 

are not proposing to exclude any areas 

under section 4(b)(2) of the Act at this 

time. However, based on public 

comment on this revised proposed 

critical habitat designation and the 

economic analysis, and the information 

in the economic analysis itself, we may 

exclude areas from the final critical 

habitat designation under section 4(b)(2) 

of the Act. 

Economic Analysis 

We are preparing an analysis of the 

economic impacts of this revised 

proposed critical habitat for the 12 

picture-wing flies from the Hawaiian 

Islands. We will announce the 

availability of the draft economic 

analysis as soon as it is completed, at 

which time we will seek public review 

and comment. At that time, copies of 

the draft economic analysis will be 

available for downloading from the 

Internet at http://www.fws.gov/ 

pacificislands, or by contacting the 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 

directly (see ADDRESSES). The draft 

economic analysis prepared for this 

revised proposed critical habitat 

designation will replace the draft 

economic analysis that was prepared for 

the original proposal and announced in 

the Federal Register on January 4, 2007 

(72 FR 321). We may exclude areas from 

the final rule based on information in 

the new draft economic analysis. 

Peer Review 

In accordance with our joint policy 

published in the Federal Register on 

July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we are 

obtaining the expert opinions of at least 

three appropriate independent 

specialists regarding this revised 

proposed rule. The purpose of peer 

review is to ensure that our critical 

habitat designation is based on 

scientifically sound data, assumptions, 

and analyses. We have posted our 

proposed peer review plan on our Web 

site at http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ 

informationquality/index.htm. We will 

send these peer reviewers copies of this 

revised proposed rule, immediately 

following publication in the Federal 

Register. We have invited these peer 

reviewers to comment during a public 

comment period on our specific 

assumptions and conclusions in this 

revised proposed designation of critical 

habitat. 

We will consider all comments and 

information we receive during the 

comment period on this revised 

proposed rule during our preparation of 

a final determination. Accordingly, our 

final decision may differ from this 

proposal. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67445 

Public Hearings 

The Act provides for one or more 

public hearings on this proposal, if we 

receive any requests for hearings. We 

must receive your request for a public 

hearing within 45 days after the date of 

this Federal Register publication. Send 

your request to the person named in FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. We will 

schedule public hearings on this 

proposal, if any are requested, and 

announce the dates, times, and places of 

those hearings, as well as how to obtain 

reasonable accommodations, in the 

Federal Register and local newspapers 

at least 15 days before the first hearing. 

Persons needing reasonable 

accommodations to attend and 

participate in the public hearings 

should contact the Pacific Islands Fish 

and Wildlife Office at 808–792–9400 as 

soon as possible. To allow sufficient 

time to process requests, please call no 

later than one week before the hearing 

date. Information regarding this revised 

proposal is available in alternative 

formats upon request. 

Required Determinations 

Regulatory Planning and Review 

In accordance with Executive Order 

(E.O.) 12866, this document is a 

significant rule in that it may raise novel 

legal and policy issues, but we do not 

anticipate that it will have an annual 

effect on the economy of $100 million 

or more or affect the economy in a 

material way. To determine the 

economic consequences of designating 

the specific area as critical habitat, we 

are preparing a draft economic analysis 

of this proposed action, which will be 

available for public comment. This 

economic analysis also will be used to 

determine compliance with E.O. 12866, 

the Regulatory Flexibility Act, the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act, E.O. 12630, and E.O. 

13211. Due to the tight timeline for 

publication in the Federal Register, the 

Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) has not formally reviewed this 

rule. 

Further, E.O. 12866 directs Federal 

agencies promulgating regulations to 

evaluate regulatory alternatives (OMB 

Circular A–4, September 17, 2003). 

Under Circular A–4, once an agency 

determines that the Federal regulatory 

action is appropriate, the agency must 

consider alternative regulatory 

approaches. Because the determination 

of critical habitat is a statutory 

requirement under the Act, we must 

evaluate alternative regulatory 

approaches, where feasible, when 

promulgating a designation of critical 

habitat. 

In developing our designations of 

critical habitat, we consider economic 

impacts, impacts to national security, 

and other relevant impacts under 

section 4(b)(2) of the Act. Based on the 

discretion allowable under this 

provision, we may exclude any 

particular area from the designation of 

critical habitat providing that the 

benefits of such exclusion outweigh the 

benefits of specifying the area as critical 

habitat and that such exclusion would 

not result in the extinction of the 

species. As such, we believe that the 

evaluation of the inclusion or exclusion 

of particular areas, or a combination of 

both, constitutes our regulatory 

alternative analysis for designations. 

We will announce the availability of 

the draft economic analysis in the 

Federal Register and in local 

newspapers so that it is available for 

public review and comments. The draft 

economic analysis will also be available 

on the Internet at www.fws.gov/ 

pacificislands or by contacting the 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office 

directly (see ADDRESSES). 

Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 

et seq.) 

Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act 

(RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended 

by the Small Business Regulatory 

Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 

1996), whenever an agency must 

publish a notice of rulemaking for any 

proposed or final rule, it must prepare 

and make available for public comment 

a regulatory flexibility analysis that 

describes the effects of the rule on small 

entities (small businesses, small 

organizations, and small government 

jurisdictions). However, no regulatory 

flexibility analysis is required if the 

head of the agency certifies the rule will 

not have a significant economic impact 

on a substantial number of small 

entities. SBREFA amended RFA to 

require Federal agencies to provide a 

statement of the factual basis for 

certifying that the rule will not have a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities. 

At this time, we lack the available 

economic information necessary to 

provide an adequate factual basis for the 

required RFA finding. Therefore, we 

defer the RFA finding until completion 

of the draft economic analysis prepared 

under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and E.O. 

12866. This draft economic analysis will 

provide the required factual basis for the 

RFA finding. Upon completion of the 

draft economic analysis, we will 

announce availability of the draft 

economic analysis of this revised 

proposed designation in the Federal 

Register and reopen the public 

comment period for this revised 

proposed designation. We will include 

with this announcement, as appropriate, 

an initial regulatory flexibility analysis 

or a certification that the rule will not 

have a significant economic impact on 

a substantial number of small entities 

accompanied by the factual basis for 

that determination. We have concluded 

that deferring the RFA finding until 

completion of the draft economic 

analysis is necessary to meet the 

purposes and requirements of the RFA. 

Deferring the RFA finding in this 

manner will ensure that we make a 

sufficiently informed determination 

based on adequate economic 

information and provide the necessary 

opportunity for public comment. 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 

U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) 

In accordance with the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et 

seq.), we make the following findings: 

(a) This rule will not produce a 

Federal mandate. In general, a Federal 

mandate is a provision in legislation, 

statute, or regulation that would impose 

an enforceable duty upon State, local, or 

Tribal governments, or the private 

sector, and includes both ‘‘Federal 

intergovernmental mandates’’ and 

‘‘Federal private sector mandates.’’

These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 

658(5)–(7). ‘‘Federal intergovernmental 

mandate’’ includes a regulation that 

‘‘would impose an enforceable duty 

upon State, local, or [T]ribal 

governments’’ with two exceptions. It 

excludes ‘‘a condition of Federal 

assistance.’’ It also excludes ‘‘a duty 

arising from participation in a voluntary 

Federal program,’’ unless the regulation 

‘‘relates to a then-existing Federal 

program under which $500,000,000 or 

more is provided annually to State, 

local, and [T]ribal governments under 

entitlement authority,’’ if the provision 

would ‘‘increase the stringency of 

conditions of assistance’’ or ‘‘place caps 

upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal 

Government’s responsibility to provide 

funding,’’ and the State, local, or Tribal 

governments ‘‘lack authority’’ to adjust 

accordingly. At the time of enactment, 

these entitlement programs were: 

Medicaid; AFDC work programs; Child 

Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services 

Block Grants; Vocational Rehabilitation 

State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption 

Assistance, and Independent Living; 

Family Support Welfare Services; and 

Child Support Enforcement. ‘‘Federal 

private sector mandate’’ includes a 

regulation that ‘‘would impose an 

enforceable duty upon the private 

sector, except (i) a condition of Federal 

assistance or (ii) a duty arising from 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67446 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

participation in a voluntary Federal 

program.’’

The designation of critical habitat 

does not impose a legally binding duty 

on non-Federal Government entities or 

private parties. Under the Act, the only 

regulatory effect is that Federal agencies 

must ensure that their actions do not 

destroy or adversely modify critical 

habitat under section 7. While nonFederal entities that receive Federal 

funding, assistance, or permits, or that 

otherwise require approval or 

authorization from a Federal agency for 

an action, may be indirectly impacted 

by the designation of critical habitat, the 

legally binding duty to avoid 

destruction or adverse modification of 

critical habitat rests squarely on the 

Federal agency. Furthermore, to the 

extent that non-Federal entities are 

indirectly impacted because they 

receive Federal assistance or participate 

in a voluntary Federal aid program, the 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would 

not apply, nor would critical habitat 

shift the costs of the large entitlement 

programs listed above onto State 

governments. 

(2) We do not believe that this rule 

will significantly or uniquely affect 

small governments. The lands being 

proposed for critical habitat designation 

are owned by the State of Hawaii, City 

and County of Honolulu, private 

citizens, and the National Park Service 

and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

None of these entities fit the definition 

of ‘‘small governmental jurisdiction.’’

Therefore, a Small Government Agency 

Plan is not required. However, as we 

conduct our economic analysis, we will 

further evaluate this issue and revise 

this assessment if appropriate. 

Takings 

In accordance with E.O. 12630 

(Government Actions and Interference 

with Constitutionally Protected Private 

Property Rights), we have analyzed the 

potential takings implications of 

designating critical habitat for the 12 

picture-wing flies in a takings 

implications assessment. The takings 

implications assessment concludes that 

this designation of critical habitat for 

the 12 picture-wing flies does not pose 

significant takings implications for 

lands within or affected by the proposed 

designation. 

Federalism 

In accordance with E.O. 13132 

(Federalism), this revised proposed rule 

does not have significant Federalism 

effects. A Federalism assessment is not 

required. In keeping with Department of 

the Interior and Department of 

Commerce policy, we requested 

information from, and coordinated 

development of, this revised proposed 

critical habitat designation with 

appropriate State resource agencies in 

Hawaii. The designation of critical 

habitat in areas currently occupied by 

12 species of picture-wing flies imposes 

no additional restrictions to those 

currently in place and, therefore, has 

little incremental impact on State and 

local governments and their activities. 

The designation may have some benefit 

to these governments because the areas 

that contain the features essential to the 

conservation of the species are more 

clearly defined, and the primary 

constituent elements of the habitat 

necessary to the conservation of the 

species are specifically identified. This 

information does not alter where and 

what federally sponsored activities may 

occur. However, it may assist local 

governments in longπrange planning 

(rather than having them wait for caseby-case section 7 consultations to 

occur). 

Civil Justice Reform 

This regulation meets the applicable 

standards set forth in sections 3(a) and 

3(b)(2) of Executive Order # 12988 (Civil 

Justice Reform). We have issued this 

revised proposed critical habitat 

designation in accordance with the 

provisions of the Act. This proposed 

rule uses standard property descriptions 

and identifies the primary constituent 

elements within the designated areas to 

assist the public in understanding the 

habitat needs of the 12 species of 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies. 

Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 

This rule does not contain any new 

collections of information that require 

approval by OMB under the Paperwork 

Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 

et seq.). This rule will not impose 

recordkeeping or reporting requirements 

on State or local governments, 

individuals, businesses, or 

organizations. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not 

required to respond to, a collection of 

information unless it displays a 

currently valid OMB control number. 

National Environmental Policy Act 

It is our position that, outside the 

jurisdiction of the United States Court of 

Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, we do not 

need to prepare environmental analyses 

as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 

seq.) in connection with designating 

critical habitat under the Act. We 

published a notice outlining our reasons 

for this determination in the Federal 

Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 

49244). This position was upheld by the 

Circuit Court of the United States for the 

Ninth Circuit (Douglas County v. 

Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), 

cert. denied 516 U.S. 1042 (1996)). 

Clarity of the Rule 

We are required by Executive Orders 

12866 and 12988 and by the 

Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 

1998, to write all rules in plain 

language. This means that each rule we 

publish must: 

(a) Be logically organized; 

(b) Use the active voice to address 

readers directly; 

(c) Use clear language rather than 

jargon; 

(d) Be divided into short sections and 

sentences; and 

(e) Use lists and tables wherever 

possible. 

If you feel that we have not met these 

requirements, send us comments by one 

of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES

section. To better help us revise the 

rule, your comments should be as 

specific as possible. For example, you 

should tell us the numbers of the 

sections or paragraphs that are unclearly 

written, which sections or sentences are 

too long, the sections where you feel 

lists or tables would be useful, etc. 

Government-to-Government 

Relationship With Tribes 

In accordance with the President’s 

memorandum of April 29, 1994, 

Government-to-Government Relations 

with Native American Tribal 

Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, 

and the Department of the Interior’s 

manual at 512 DM 2, we readily 

acknowledge our responsibility to 

communicate meaningfully with 

recognized Federal Tribes on a 

government-to-government basis. In 

accordance with Secretarial Order 3206 

of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal 

Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust 

Responsibilities, and the Endangered 

Species Act), we readily acknowledge 

our responsibilities to work directly 

with Tribes in developing programs for 

healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge that 

tribal lands are not subject to the same 

controls as Federal public lands, to 

remain sensitive to Indian culture, and 

to make information available to Tribes. 

We have determined that there are no 

Tribal lands occupied at the time of 

listing that contain the features essential 

for the conservation, and no Tribal 

lands that are essential for the 

conservation, of the 12 picture-wing 

flies within the State of Hawaii. 

Therefore, we have not proposed 

designation of critical habitat for any of 

these species on Tribal lands. 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67447 

Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use 

On May 18, 2001, the President issued 

an Executive Order (E.O. 13211; Actions 

Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use) on regulations that 

significantly affect energy supply, 

distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 

requires agencies to prepare Statements 

of Energy Effects when undertaking 

certain actions. While this revised 

proposed rule to designate critical 

habitat for 12 species of Hawaiian 

picture-wing flies is a significant 

regulatory action under E.O. 12866 in 

that it may raise novel legal and policy 

issues, we do not expect it to 

significantly affect energy supplies, 

distribution, or use because these areas 

are not presently used for energy 

production and we are unaware of any 

future plans in this regard. Therefore, 

this action is not a significant energy 

action, and no Statement of Energy 

Effects is required. However, we will 

further evaluate this issue as we 

conduct our economic analysis, and 

review and revise this assessment as 

warranted. 

References Cited 

A complete list of all references cited 

in this rule is available upon request 

from the Field Supervisor, Pacific 

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (see 

ADDRESSES). 

Author(s) 

The primary author of this document 

is staff of the Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. 

List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 

Endangered and threatened species, 

Exports, Imports, Reporting and 

recordkeeping requirements, 

Transportation. 

Proposed Regulation Promulgation 

Accordingly, we propose to amend 

part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 

50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, 

as set forth below: 

PART 17—[AMENDED] 

1. The authority citation for part 17 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. 

1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99–

625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. 

2. In § 17.11(h), revise the entries for 

‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing’’

(Drosophila aglaia), ‘‘Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing’’ (Drosophila differens), 

‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing’’

(Drosophila hemipeza), ‘‘Fly, Hawaiian 

picture-wing’’ (Drosophila heteroneura), 

‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing’’

(Drosophila montgomeryi), ‘‘Fly, 

Hawaiian picture-wing’’ (Drosophila 

mulli), ‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing’’

(Drosophila musaphilia), ‘‘Fly, 

Hawaiian picture-wing’’ (Drosophila 

neoclavisetae), ‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picturewing’’ (Drosophila obatai), ‘‘Fly, 

Hawaiian picture-wing’’ (Drosophila 

ochrobasis), ‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picturewing’’ (Drosophila substenoptera), and 

‘‘Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing’’

(Drosophila tarphytrichia), under 

INSECTS in the List of Endangered and 

Threatened Wildlife, to read as follows: 

§ 17.11 Endangered and threatened 

wildlife. 

* * * * * 

(h) * * * 

Species 

Historic range 

Vertebrate population 

where endangered or 

threatened 

Status When 

listed 

Critical 

habitat 

Special 

rules Common name Scientific name 

* * * * * * * 

INSECTS

* * * * * * * 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila aglaia ..... U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila differens U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila hemipeza U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

heteroneura.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

montgomeryi.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila mulli ....... U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ T 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

musaphilia.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

neoclavisetae.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila obatai ..... U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

ochrobasis.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

substenoptera.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

Fly, Hawaiian picturewing.Drosophila 

tarphytrichia.

U.S.A. (HI) ............... NA ............................ E 756 17.95(i) NA 

* * * * * * * 

3. In § 17.95, amend paragraph (i) by 

adding entries for ‘‘Hawaiian picturewing fly (Drosophila aglaia),’’

‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

differens),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila hemipeza),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

heteroneura),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing 

fly (Drosophila montgomeryi),’’


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67448 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

mulli),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly 

(Drosophila musaphilia),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian 

picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

neoclavisetae),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian picturewing fly (Drosophila obatai),’’

‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

ochrobasis),’’ ‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing 

fly (Drosophila substenoptera),’’ and 

‘‘Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

tarphytrichia),’’ in the same alphabetical 

order in which these species appear in 

that table at § 17.11(h), to read as 

follows: 

§ 17.95 Critical habitat—fish and wildlife. 

* * * * * 

(i) Insects. 

* * * * * 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

aglaia) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila aglaia 

are: 

(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, Diospyros 

sp., ohia and koa forest between the 

elevations of 1,400–2,900 ft (425–885 

m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Urera glabra. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila aglaia follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 

(6) Drosophila aglaia—Unit 1—

Palikea, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 593448, 

2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 

2367927; 593193, 2367967; 593165, 

2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 

2368283; 593399, 2368425; 593448, 

2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 

2368833; 593703, 2368906; 593764, 

2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 

2369145; 594002, 2369262; 594079, 

2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 

2369485; 594124, 2369521; 594148, 

2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 

2369497; 594395, 2369473; 594399, 

2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 

2369313; 594461, 2369290; 594551, 

2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 

2369197; 594472, 2369183; 594391, 

2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 

2369072; 594257, 2369015; 594213, 

2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 

2368672; 594035, 2368550; 593966, 

2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 

2368259; 593792, 2368105; 593675, 

2368000. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia—

Unit 1—Palikea follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.000</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67449 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.001</GPH>
67450 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila aglaia—Unit 2—Puu 

Kaua, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 594166, 

2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 

2370843; 594090, 2370815; 594040, 

2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 

2370827; 593852, 2370875; 593778, 

2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 

2370999; 593602, 2371041; 593574, 

2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 

2371118; 593531, 2371121; 593534, 

2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 

2371375; 593552, 2371390; 593628, 

2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 

2371431; 593876, 2371437; 593974, 

2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 

2371415; 594190, 2371399; 594232, 

2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 

2371354; 594170, 2370879; 594172, 

2370877; 594170, 2370855. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila aglaia—

Unit 2—Puu Kaua follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67451 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.002</GPH>
67452 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

differens) 

(1) Critical habitat is depicted for 

County of Maui, island of Molokai, 

Hawaii, on the map below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

differens are: 

(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between 

the elevations of 3,650–4,500 ft (1,115–

1,370 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants Clermontia 

arborescens ssp. waihiae, C. granidiflora 

ssp. munroi, C. oblongifolia ssp. 

brevipes, C. kakeana, and C. pallida. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map unit. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Drosophila differens—Unit 1—Puu 

Kolekole, Maui County, island of 

Molokai, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 718527, 2337536; 718533, 

2337451; 718538, 2337370; 718543, 

2337298; 718547, 2337236; 718551, 

2337182; 718555, 2337138; 718560, 

2337098; 718571, 2337055; 718586, 

2337010; 718607, 2336962; 718632, 

2336912; 718662, 2336860; 718698, 

2336807; 718739, 2336754; 718784, 

2336700; 718835, 2336646; 718892, 

2336593; 718958, 2336551; 719034, 

2336520; 719119, 2336502; 719215, 

2336497; 719320, 2336503; 719420, 

2336509; 719506, 2336508; 719579, 

2336500; 719639, 2336484; 719685, 

2336462; 719675, 2336394; 719613, 

2336327; 718980, 2335781; 718332, 

2335236; 718002, 2334953; 717930, 

2334932; 717877, 2334988; 717855, 

2335060; 717846, 2335123; 717848, 

2335175; 717862, 2335217; 717888, 

2335249; 717921, 2335272; 717946, 

2335291; 717961, 2335308; 717965, 

2335322; 717958, 2335333; 717942, 

2335342; 717928, 2335356; 717919, 

2335377; 717915, 2335404; 717916, 

2335438; 717923, 2335478; 717935, 

2335515; 717952, 2335542; 717974, 

2335558; 718001, 2335564; 718034, 

2335559; 718070, 2335550; 718107, 

2335553; 718144, 2335567; 718182, 

2335593; 718221, 2335630; 718257, 

2335675; 718280, 2335710; 718286, 

2335733; 718277, 2335745; 718253, 

2335744; 718213, 2335731; 718166, 

2335721; 718115, 2335717; 718060, 

2335719; 718001, 2335728; 717937, 

2335742; 717873, 2335764; 717812, 

2335793; 717753, 2335829; 717697, 

2335873; 717643, 2335924; 717591, 

2335977; 717543, 2336020; 717499, 

2336052; 717458, 2336073; 717420, 

2336083; 717385, 2336085; 717351, 

2336089; 717319, 2336098; 717288, 

2336110; 717258, 2336127; 717230, 

2336148; 717204, 2336180; 717183, 

2336223; 717165, 2336280; 717151, 

2336348; 717140, 2336429; 717130, 

2336510; 717118, 2336579; 717103, 

2336636; 717085, 2336680; 717065, 

2336713; 717041, 2336739; 717009, 

2336769; 716968, 2336806; 716919, 

2336847; 716862, 2336894; 716800, 

2336946; 716745, 2337000; 716702, 

2337055; 716669, 2337112; 716647, 

2337171; 716635, 2337231; 716632, 

2337289; 716634, 2337341; 716644, 

2337388; 716660, 2337430; 716683, 

2337468; 716713, 2337497; 716751, 

2337516; 716797, 2337523; 716850, 

2337520; 716912, 2337507; 716976, 

2337488; 717031, 2337481; 717077, 

2337486; 717126, 2337542; 717183, 

2337585; 718403, 2337817; 718484, 

2337833; 718487, 2337824; 718499, 

2337760; 718510, 2337691; 718519, 

2337616. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

differens—Unit 1—Puu Kolekole 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67453 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.003</GPH>
67454 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

hemipeza) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

hemipeza are: 

(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,500–2,900 ft (460–885 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants Cyanea 

angustifolia, C. calycina, C. grimesiana 

ssp. grimesiana, C. grimesiana ssp. 

obatae, C. membranacea, C. pinnatifida, 

C. superba ssp. superba, Lobelia 

hypoleuca, L. niihauensis, L. yuccoides, 

and Urera kaalae. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila hemipeza follows: 

(6) Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 1—

Kaluaa Gulch, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 593231, 

2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 

2374385; 593612, 2374173; 593656, 

2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 

2374077; 593676, 2374072; 593703, 

2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 

2374058; 593793, 2374029; 593779, 

2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 

2373784; 593609, 2373702; 593592, 

2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 

2373553; 593657, 2373561; 593770, 

2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 

2373417; 593842, 2373411; 593842, 

2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 

2373383; 594103, 2373292; 594134, 

2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 

2373256; 594178, 2373323; 594196, 

2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 

2373340; 594341, 2373350; 594339, 

2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 

2373513; 594460, 2373552; 594496, 

2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 

2373509; 594572, 2373460; 594632, 

2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 

2373475; 594728, 2373476; 594762, 

2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 

2373501; 594852, 2373465; 594903, 

2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 

2373489; 594974, 2373334; 594800, 

2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 

2373102; 594744, 2373091; 594710, 

2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 

2372633; 594678, 2372623; 594566, 

2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 

2372663; 594467, 2372672; 594395, 

2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 

2372567; 594558, 2372553; 594551, 

2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 

2372434; 594415, 2372428; 594511, 

2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 

2372421; 594607, 2372385; 594593, 

2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 

2372322; 594661, 2372357; 594700, 

2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 

2372333; 594697, 2372283; 594652, 

2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 

2372294; 594400, 2372294; 594293, 

2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 

2372241; 594126, 2372258; 594075, 

2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.004</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67455 

2372354; 593948, 2372388; 593889, 

2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 

2372425; 593756, 2372442; 593742, 

2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 

2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 

2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663, 

2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 

2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526, 

2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 

2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403, 

2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 

2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328, 

2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 

2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163, 

2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 

2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019, 

2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 

2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908, 

2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 

2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868, 

2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 

2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894, 

2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 

2374216; 593151, 2374494. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

hemipeza—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67456 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.005</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67457 

(7) Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 2—

Makaha Valley, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 586712, 2378108; 586877, 

2378091; 587049, 2378091; 587173, 

2378087; 587333, 2378079; 587506, 

2378079; 587592, 2378075; 587641, 

2378046; 587641, 2378038; 587666, 

2377980; 587543, 2377935; 587399, 

2377931; 587243, 2377919; 587090, 

2377906; 586794, 2377943; 586696, 

2377943; 586597, 2377869; 586507, 

2377767; 586449, 2377684; 586449, 

2377458; 586408, 2377397; 586305, 

2377368; 586206, 2377405; 586054, 

2377643; 585968, 2377726; 585869, 

2377775; 585803, 2377849; 585803, 

2377915; 585869, 2377952; 585894, 

2377956; 585956, 2377952; 586050, 

2377923; 586120, 2377869; 586194, 

2377824; 586317, 2377828; 586383, 

2377878; 586391, 2377956; 586420, 

2378034; 586461, 2378116; 586482, 

2378174; 586552, 2378190; 586630, 

2378149; 586655, 2378128. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

hemipeza—Unit 2—Makaha Valley 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67458 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.006</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67459 

(8) Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 3—

Palikea, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 593448, 

2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 

2367927; 593193, 2367967; 593165, 

2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 

2368283; 593399, 2368425; 593448, 

2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 

2368833; 593703, 2368906; 593764, 

2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 

2369145; 594002, 2369262; 594079, 

2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 

2369485; 594124, 2369521; 594148, 

2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 

2369497; 594395, 2369473; 594399, 

2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 

2369313; 594461, 2369290; 594551, 

2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 

2369197; 594472, 2369183; 594391, 

2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 

2369072; 594257, 2369015; 594213, 

2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 

2368672; 594035, 2368550; 593966, 

2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 

2368259; 593792, 2368105; 593675, 

2368000. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

hemipeza—Unit 3—Palikea follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67460 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.007</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67461 

(9) Drosophila hemipeza—Unit 4—

Puu Kaua, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 594166, 

2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 

2370843; 594090, 2370815; 594040, 

2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 

2370827; 593852, 2370875; 593778, 

2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 

2370999; 593602, 2371041; 593574, 

2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 

2371118; 593531, 2371121; 593534, 

2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 

2371375; 593552, 2371390; 593628, 

2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 

2371431; 593876, 2371437; 593974, 

2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 

2371415; 594190, 2371399; 594232, 

2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 

2371354; 594170, 2370879; 594172, 

2370877; 594170, 2370855. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

hemipeza—Unit 4—Puu Kaua follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67462 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.008</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67463 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

heteroneura) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Hawaii, island of Hawaii, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

heteroneura are: 

(i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

3,000—6,000 ft (915–1,830 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants 

Cheirodendron trigynum ssp. trigynum, 

Clermontia clermontioides, C. 

clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C. 

hawaiiensis, C. kohalae, C. lindseyana, 

C. montis-loa, C. parviflora, C. peleana, 

C. pyrularia, and Delissea parviflora. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila heteroneura 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67464 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.009</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67465 

(6) Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 1—

Kau Forest, Hawaii County, island of 

Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 859357, 2130685; 859117, 

2130401; 858810, 2130412; 858577, 

2130667; 858596, 2130918; 858800, 

2131167; 858976, 2131240; 859117, 

2131196; 859416, 2130970. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 1—Kau Forest 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67466 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.010</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67467 

(7) Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 2—

Kona Refuge, Hawaii County, island of 

Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 836880, 2145492; 836927, 

2144316; 836473, 2144373; 835378, 

2144516; 831663, 2144980; 831685, 

2145029; 831718, 2145184; 831669, 

2145289; 831669, 2145387; 831694, 

2145557; 831685, 2145727; 831685, 

2145882; 831677, 2146020; 831710, 

2146149; 831767, 2146247; 831685, 

2146482; 831572, 2146766; 831572, 

2146953; 831515, 2147156; 831442, 

2147391; 831438, 2147486; 837419, 

2147183. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 2—Kona Refuge 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67468 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.011</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67469 

(8) Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 3—

Lower Kahuku, Hawaii County, island 

of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 849578, 2119874; 849925, 

2117860; 849842, 2117726; 849716, 

2117636; 849492, 2117618; 849240, 

2117726; 849114, 2118058; 848962, 

2118723; 848953, 2119065; 848845, 

2119720; 848728, 2120187; 848701, 

2120646; 848638, 2120870; 848620, 

2121095; 848692, 2121194; 848782, 

2121292; 849007, 2121310; 849177, 

2121319; 849350, 2121233; 849475, 

2120505; 849474, 2120484; 849447, 

2120250; 849528, 2120044. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 3—Lower Kahuku 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67470 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.012</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67471 

(9) Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 4—

Pit Crater, Hawaii County, island of 

Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 821660, 2184453; 821670, 

2184348; 821617, 2184279; 821490, 

2184191; 821428, 2184164; 821304, 

2184150; 821131, 2184187; 821052, 

2184187; 821012, 2184150; 820889, 

2184086; 820850, 2184076; 820824, 

2184102; 820778, 2184164; 820705, 

2184193; 820626, 2184233; 820610, 

2184289; 820657, 2184318; 820673, 

2184316; 820707, 2184310; 820723, 

2184306; 820747, 2184293; 820790, 

2184269; 820818, 2184247; 820832, 

2184215; 820861, 2184180; 820905, 

2184168; 820929, 2184191; 820939, 

2184221; 820974, 2184255; 821024, 

2184261; 821109, 2184261; 821206, 

2184261; 821264, 2184269; 821282, 

2184285; 821292, 2184322; 821254, 

2184360; 821232, 2184396; 821276, 

2184404; 821341, 2184400; 821369, 

2184431; 821363, 2184463; 821333, 

2184499; 821345, 2184528; 821426, 

2184550; 821531, 2184554; 821619, 

2184513. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 4—Pit Crater 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67472 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.013</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67473 

(10) Drosophila heteroneura—Unit 

5—Waihaka Gulch, Hawaii County, 

island of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 868924, 2138585; 868686, 

2138463; 868564, 2138464; 868434, 

2138482; 868325, 2138598; 868350, 

2138841; 868378, 2138886; 868503, 

2139088; 868720, 2139220; 868946, 

2139193; 869076, 2139167; 869160, 

2139055; 869238, 2139018; 869248, 

2138892. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

heteroneura—Unit 5—Waihaka Gulch 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67474 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.014</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67475 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

montgomeryi) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, 

on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

montgomeryi are: 

(i) Mesic, lowland, diverse ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,900–2,900 ft (580–885 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Urera kaalae. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila montgomery i 

follows: 

(6) Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 

1—Kaluaa Gulch, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 593231, 

2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 

2374385; 593612, 2374173; 593656, 

2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 

2374077; 593676, 2374072; 593703, 

2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 

2374058; 593793, 2374029; 593779, 

2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 

2373784; 593609, 2373702; 593592, 

2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 

2373553; 593657, 2373561; 593770, 

2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 

2373417; 593842, 2373411; 593842, 

2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 

2373383; 594103, 2373292; 594134, 

2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 

2373256; 594178, 2373323; 594196, 

2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 

2373340; 594341, 2373350; 594339, 

2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 

2373513; 594460, 2373552; 594496, 

2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 

2373509; 594572, 2373460; 594632, 

2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 

2373475; 594728, 2373476; 594762, 

2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 

2373501; 594852, 2373465; 594903, 

2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 

2373489; 594974, 2373334; 594800, 

2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 

2373102; 594744, 2373091; 594710, 

2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 

2372633; 594678, 2372623; 594566, 

2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 

2372663; 594467, 2372672; 594395, 

2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 

2372567; 594558, 2372553; 594551, 

2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 

2372434; 594415, 2372428; 594511, 

2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 

2372421; 594607, 2372385; 594593, 

2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 

2372322; 594661, 2372357; 594700, 

2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 

2372333; 594697, 2372283; 594652, 

2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 

2372294; 594400, 2372294; 594293, 

2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 

2372241; 594126, 2372258; 594075, 

2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 

2372354; 593948, 2372388; 593889, 

2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 

2372425; 593756, 2372442; 593742, 

2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 

2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 

2372587; 593790, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.015</GPH>
67476 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

2372662; 593663, 2372772; 593543, 

2372859; 593558, 2372894; 593555, 

2372910; 593526, 2372928; 593476, 

2372912; 593422, 2372953; 593420, 

2372976; 593403, 2372997; 593400, 

2373025; 593373, 2373016; 593352, 

2373044; 593328, 2373025; 593215, 

2373118; 593230, 2373171; 593214, 

2373176; 593163, 2373154; 593095, 

2373213; 593091, 2373238; 593064, 

2373243; 593019, 2373295; 592937, 

2373388; 592889, 2373462; 592897, 

2373535; 592908, 2373597; 592923, 

2373668; 592914, 2373772; 592889, 

2373866; 592868, 2373941; 592867, 

2373950; 592894, 2374029; 592908, 

2374120; 592894, 2374162; 592860, 

2374213; 592854, 2374216; 593151, 

2374494. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

montgomeryi—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67477 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.016</GPH>
67478 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 

2—Palikea, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 593448, 

2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 

2367927; 593193, 2367967; 593165, 

2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 

2368283; 593399, 2368425; 593448, 

2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 

2368833; 593703, 2368906; 593764, 

2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 

2369145; 594002, 2369262; 594079, 

2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 

2369485; 594124, 2369521; 594148, 

2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 

2369497; 594395, 2369473; 594399, 

2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 

2369313; 594461, 2369290; 594551, 

2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 

2369197; 594472, 2369183; 594391, 

2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 

2369072; 594257, 2369015; 594213, 

2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 

2368672; 594035, 2368550; 593966, 

2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 

2368259; 593792, 2368105; 593675, 

2368000. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

montgomeryi—Unit 2—Palikea follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67479 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.017</GPH>
67480 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(8) Drosophila montgomeryi—Unit 

3—Puu Kaua, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 594166, 

2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 

2370843; 594090, 2370815; 594040, 

2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 

2370827; 593852, 2370875; 593778, 

2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 

2370999; 593602, 2371041; 593574, 

2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 

2371118; 593531, 2371121; 593534, 

2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 

2371375; 593552, 2371390; 593628, 

2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 

2371431; 593876, 2371437; 593974, 

2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 

2371415; 594190, 2371399; 594232, 

2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 

2371354; 594170, 2370879; 594172, 

2370877; 594170, 2370855. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

montgomeryi—Unit 3—Puu Kaua 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67481 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.018</GPH>
67482 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila 

Mulli) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Hawaii, island of Hawaii, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila mulli 

are: 

(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between 

the elevations of 2,150–3,250 ft (655–

990 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Pritchardia 

beccariana. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila mulli follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67483 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.019</GPH>
67484 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(6) Drosophila mulli—Unit 1—Olaa 

Forest, Hawaii County, island of Hawaii, 

Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 898754, 2154890; 898225, 

2154740; 898030, 2154878; 897846, 

2155268; 897927, 2155578; 898328, 

2155910; 898508, 2155922; 899064, 

2155498; 899064, 2155268. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli—

Unit 1—Olaa Forest follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67485 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.020</GPH>
67486 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila mulli—Unit 2—

Stainback Forest, Hawaii County, island 

of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 903259, 2169945; 903159, 

2169907; 903080, 2169965; 902974, 

2170089; 902953, 2170247; 903012, 

2170346; 903101, 2170415; 903166, 

2170439; 903245, 2170490; 903324, 

2170521; 903420, 2170603; 903509, 

2170651; 903636, 2170699; 903732, 

2170771; 903849, 2170799; 903914, 

2170789; 903955, 2170730; 903869, 

2170662; 903866, 2170658; 903718, 

2170579; 903653, 2170521; 903622, 

2170487; 903441, 2170394; 903386, 

2170322; 903399, 2170250; 903451, 

2170133; 903403, 2170058. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli—

Unit 2—Stainback Forest follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67487 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.021</GPH>
67488 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(8) Drosophila mulli—Unit 3—

Waiakea Forest, Hawaii County, island 

of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 897021, 2168026; 896225, 

2167587; 895745, 2167704; 895687, 

2167996; 895745, 2168207; 896014, 

2168335; 896480, 2168668; 896841, 

2169108; 897302, 2169068; 897522, 

2168908; 897482, 2168607. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila mulli—

Unit 3—Waiakea Forest follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67489 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.022</GPH>
67490 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

musaphilia) 

(1) Critical habitat is depicted for 

County of Kauai, island of Kauai, 

Hawaii, on the map below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

musaphilia are: 

(i) Mesic, montane, ohia and koa 

forest between the elevations of 2,600–

3,700 ft (790–1,130 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Acacia koa. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map unit. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Drosophila musaphilia—Unit 1—

Kokee, Kauai County, island of Kauai, 

Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 432035, 2448683; 432126, 

2448510; 432111, 2448312; 432111, 

2448119; 432106, 2447977; 432010, 

2447906; 432025, 2447779; 431992, 

2447749; 431962, 2447768; 431938, 

2447766; 431926, 2447752; 431895, 

2447719; 431861, 2447686; 431825, 

2447651; 431786, 2447616; 431745, 

2447581; 431701, 2447544; 431658, 

2447505; 431616, 2447462; 431575, 

2447417; 431535, 2447368; 431496, 

2447318; 431457, 2447271; 431418, 

2447231; 431379, 2447198; 431339, 

2447172; 431299, 2447153; 431267, 

2447131; 431247, 2447103; 431239, 

2447068; 431244, 2447027; 431260, 

2446979; 431278, 2446930; 431292, 

2446881; 431300, 2446834; 431303, 

2446788; 431302, 2446743; 431300, 

2446700; 431301, 2446659; 431306, 

2446621; 431252, 2446466; 431186, 

2446345; 431181, 2446332; 430955, 

2445963; 430860, 2445709; 430831, 

2445664; 430760, 2445497; 430648, 

2445441; 430416, 2445421; 430405, 

2445422; 430396, 2445420; 430159, 

2445358; 430153, 2445371; 430148, 

2445402; 430150, 2445437; 430157, 

2445475; 430170, 2445517; 430188, 

2445562; 430212, 2445610; 430240, 

2445660; 430270, 2445707; 430302, 

2445754; 430335, 2445799; 430371, 

2445842; 430407, 2445883; 430441, 

2445921; 430474, 2445956; 430506, 

2445988; 430535, 2446017; 430559, 

2446044; 430567, 2446070; 430558, 

2446095; 430533, 2446120; 430492, 

2446144; 430441, 2446167; 430398, 

2446193; 430363, 2446221; 430337, 

2446252; 430320, 2446284; 430311, 

2446319; 430309, 2446353; 430315, 

2446388; 430327, 2446423; 430347, 

2446457; 430373, 2446492; 430401, 

2446525; 430430, 2446558; 430459, 

2446589; 430489, 2446619; 430518, 

2446649; 430531, 2446681; 430524, 

2446716; 430497, 2446755; 430451, 

2446797; 430387, 2446842; 430330, 

2446887; 430288, 2446930; 430262, 

2446971; 430250, 2447010; 430253, 

2447047; 430263, 2447083; 430274, 

2447118; 430288, 2447153; 430304, 

2447187; 430323, 2447220; 430339, 

2447254; 430350, 2447291; 430356, 

2447331; 430358, 2447373; 430354, 

2447418; 430351, 2447461; 430354, 

2447496; 430361, 2447524; 430374, 

2447545; 430392, 2447558; 430416, 

2447567; 430445, 2447573; 430479, 

2447576; 430518, 2447577; 430563, 

2447574; 430609, 2447572; 430649, 

2447573; 430684, 2447578; 430714, 

2447587; 430737, 2447599; 430755, 

2447616; 430767, 2447639; 430772, 

2447667; 430772, 2447701; 430766, 

2447740; 430756, 2447783; 430755, 

2447821; 430762, 2447853; 430778, 

2447879; 430802, 2447900; 430834, 

2447916; 430864, 2447928; 430893, 

2447937; 430920, 2447943; 430945, 

2447947; 430968, 2447947; 430989, 

2447952; 431007, 2447961; 431022, 

2447974; 431035, 2447992; 431045, 

2448014; 431049, 2448036; 431046, 

2448057; 431036, 2448077; 431019, 

2448096; 430996, 2448113; 430971, 

2448128; 430946, 2448140; 430921, 

2448149; 430896, 2448155; 430871, 

2448158; 430849, 2448165; 430830, 

2448179; 430815, 2448200; 430804, 

2448228; 430796, 2448263; 430799, 

2448299; 430816, 2448330; 430848, 

2448356; 430894, 2448377; 430956, 

2448393; 431018, 2448407; 431064, 

2448423; 431094, 2448440; 431109, 

2448459; 431107, 2448479; 431094, 

2448502; 431076, 2448530; 431054, 

2448563; 431027, 2448601; 430996, 

2448643; 430967, 2448687; 430957, 

2448722; 430966, 2448749; 430994, 

2448766; 431042, 2448775; 431103, 

2448778; 431162, 2448779; 431218, 

2448779; 431269, 2448779; 431317, 

2448777; 431361, 2448775; 431403, 

2448767; 431443, 2448754; 431480, 

2448736; 431515, 2448712; 431548, 

2448685; 431579, 2448661; 431607, 

2448643; 431633, 2448630; 431657, 

2448622; 431678, 2448620; 431692, 

2448631; 431697, 2448656; 431694, 

2448695; 431683, 2448749; 431665, 

2448816; 431657, 2448878; 431666, 

2448928; 431692, 2448967; 431735, 

2448994; 431795, 2449009; 431857, 

2449019; 431913, 2449024; 431963, 

2449027; 432008, 2449026; 432046, 

2449022; 432076, 2449012; 432094, 

2448996; 432100, 2448974; 432095, 

2448945; 432078, 2448910; 432060, 

2448872; 432053, 2448837; 432063, 

2448834; 432035, 2448784. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

musaphilia—Unit 1—Kokee follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67491 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.023</GPH>
67492 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila 

Neoclavisetae) 

(1) Critical habitat is depicted for 

County of Maui, island of Maui, Hawaii, 

on the map below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

neoclavisetae are: 

(i) Wet, montane, ohia forest between 

the elevations of 3,500–4,500 ft (1,070–

1,370 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants Cyanea 

kunthiana and C. macrostegia ssp. 

macrostegia. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map unit. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Drosophila neoclavisetae—Unit 

1—Puu Kukui, Maui County, island of 

Maui, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 750380, 2316357; 750447, 

2316239; 750554, 2316115; 750610, 

2316104; 750638, 2315964; 750593, 

2315879; 750577, 2315666; 750593, 

2315407; 750605, 2315295; 750650, 

2315205; 750711, 2315059; 750751, 

2314806; 750762, 2314750; 750734, 

2314654; 750790, 2314615; 750829, 

2314576; 750852, 2314452; 750869, 

2314300; 750869, 2314227; 750869, 

2314115; 750925, 2313946; 751049, 

2313856; 751122, 2313789; 751122, 

2313766; 751116, 2313643; 751054, 

2313598; 750981, 2313609; 750857, 

2313637; 750695, 2313778; 750650, 

2313896; 750633, 2313974; 750565, 

2314008; 750537, 2314137; 750515, 

2314194; 750481, 2314250; 750453, 

2314261; 750402, 2314210; 750397, 

2314126; 750357, 2314098; 750329, 

2314098; 750312, 2314143; 750290, 

2314227; 750239, 2314244; 750194, 

2314227; 750133, 2314238; 750076, 

2314255; 750009, 2314238; 749885, 

2314289; 749773, 2314435; 749520, 

2314710; 749515, 2314969; 749509, 

2315036; 749509, 2315093; 749565, 

2315087; 749649, 2315036; 749739, 

2314991; 749756, 2315031; 749655, 

2315132; 749599, 2315244; 749554, 

2315340; 749458, 2315407; 749368, 

2315480; 749254, 2315543; 749183, 

2315602; 749145, 2315636; 749117, 

2315676; 749197, 2315711; 749279, 

2315683; 749363, 2315677; 749430, 

2315632; 749498, 2315536; 749571, 

2315469; 749610, 2315469; 749576, 

2315610; 749548, 2315688; 749481, 

2315801; 749481, 2315846; 749582, 

2315823; 749633, 2315862; 749627, 

2315919; 749666, 2315986; 749661, 

2316076; 749633, 2316138; 749661, 

2316216; 749722, 2316188; 749767, 

2316098; 749857, 2316070; 749897, 

2316126; 749942, 2316121; 750026, 

2316065; 750043, 2315964; 750065, 

2315840; 750099, 2315846; 750116, 

2315941; 750172, 2316076; 750088, 

2316244; 750133, 2316301; 750223, 

2316289; 750239, 2316346; 750234, 

2316436; 750279, 2316469; 750318, 

2316436. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

neoclavisetae—Unit 1—Puu Kukui 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67493 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.024</GPH>
67494 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila 

Obatai) 

(1) Critical habitat is depicted for 

County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila obatai 

are: 

(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,500–2,500 ft (460–760 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Pleomele 

forbesii. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of the critical 

habitat units for Drosophila obatai 

follows: 

(6) Drosophila obatai—Unit 1—Puu 

Pane, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 591489, 2379704; 591662, 

2379690; 591807, 2379704; 591822, 

2379699; 591901, 2379571; 591871, 

2379579; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 

2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 

2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591830, 

2379596; 591830, 2379596; 591791, 

2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591791, 

2379601; 591791, 2379600; 591791, 

2379600; 591791, 2379600; 591766, 

2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 

2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 

2379597; 591766, 2379597; 591766, 

2379597; 591741, 2379583; 591741, 

2379583; 591710, 2379565; 591672, 

2379554; 591672, 2379554; 591635, 

2379542; 591614, 2379537; 591614, 

2379537; 591614, 2379537; 591582, 

2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 

2379526; 591582, 2379526; 591582, 

2379526; 591545, 2379500; 591523, 

2379495; 591496, 2379495; 591461, 

2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 

2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 

2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 

2379505; 591461, 2379505; 591461, 

2379505; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 

2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591444, 

2379502; 591444, 2379502; 591432, 

2379498; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 

2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591421, 

2379497; 591421, 2379497; 591420, 

2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 

2379497; 591420, 2379497; 591420, 

2379497; 591405, 2379487; 591405, 

2379487; 591405, 2379487; 591405, 

2379486; 591405, 2379486; 591405, 

2379486; 591403, 2379483; 591354, 

2379454; 591283, 2379460; 591240, 

2379449; 591113, 2379474; 591116, 

2379531; 591169, 2379618; 591284, 

2379716; 591345, 2379723. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai—

Unit 1—Puu Pane follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.025</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67495 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.026</GPH>
67496 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila obatai—Unit 2—

Wailupe, City and County of Honolulu, 

island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 629222, 2358352; 629208, 

2358307; 629199, 2358225; 629147, 

2358205; 629100, 2358307; 629048, 

2358343; 629028, 2358316; 629023, 

2358250; 629005, 2358174; 628908, 

2358169; 628890, 2358110; 628922, 

2358034; 628883, 2358011; 628795, 

2358007; 628791, 2357939; 628753, 

2357885; 628759, 2357799; 628705, 

2357743; 628676, 2357619; 628606, 

2357592; 628536, 2357607; 628552, 

2357673; 628610, 2357731; 628574, 

2357806; 628559, 2357874; 628619, 

2357932; 628637, 2357973; 628635, 

2358074; 628660, 2358185; 628735, 

2358298; 628775, 2358411; 628936, 

2358634; 629070, 2358711; 629243, 

2358647; 629307, 2358506. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila obatai—

Unit 2—Wailupe follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67497 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.027</GPH>
67498 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian picture-wing fly (Drosophila 

ochrobasis) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Hawaii, island of Hawaii, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

ochrobasis are: 

(i) Mesic to wet, montane, ohia, koa, 

and Cheirodendron sp. forest between 

the elevations of 3,400–5,400 ft (1,035–

1,645 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants Clermontia 

calophylla, C. clermontioides, C. 

clermontioides ssp. rockiana, C. 

drepanomorpha, C. hawaiiensis, C. 

kohalae, C. lindseyana, C. montis-loa, C. 

parviflora, C. peleana, C. pyrularia, C. 

waimeae, Marattia douglasii, Myrsine 

lanaiensis, M. lessertiana, and M. 

sandwicensis. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila ochrobasis follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67499 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.028</GPH>
67500 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(6) Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 1—

Kipuka 9, Hawaii County, island of 

Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 884112, 2179392; 884090, 

2179333; 884069, 2179303; 884023, 

2179281; 883971, 2179292; 883936, 

2179295; 883896, 2179273; 883855, 

2179287; 883825, 2179319; 883828, 

2179335; 883861, 2179349; 883869, 

2179346; 883885, 2179346; 883888, 

2179373; 883893, 2179409; 883896, 

2179441; 883934, 2179473; 883985, 

2179484; 884036, 2179444; 884112, 

2179409. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 1—Kipuka 9 follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67501 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.029</GPH>
67502 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 2—

Kipuka 14, Hawaii County, island of 

Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 884379, 2179103; 884375, 

2179051; 884351, 2178992; 884320, 

2178889; 884264, 2178832; 884236, 

2178818; 884211, 2178834; 884141, 

2178891; 884099, 2178924; 884064, 

2178929; 884026, 2178959; 884026, 

2178976; 884052, 2178983; 884071, 

2179008; 884101, 2179013; 884137, 

2179021; 884160, 2179035; 884148, 

2179051; 884151, 2179065; 884210, 

2179063; 884208, 2179084; 884242, 

2179101; 884280, 2179131; 884323, 

2179146; 884365, 2179146. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 2—Kipuka 14 follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67503 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.030</GPH>
67504 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(8) Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 3—

Kohala Mountains East, Hawaii County, 

island of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 848091, 2222077; 847912, 

2222077; 847578, 2222142; 847461, 

2222323; 847396, 2222654; 847508, 

2222900; 847620, 2223146; 847773, 

2223179; 848104, 2223079; 848172, 

2222934; 848235, 2222798; 848327, 

2222764; 848361, 2222693; 848350, 

2222595; 848317, 2222476; 848177, 

2222184. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 3—Kohala Mountains 

East follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67505 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.031</GPH>
67506 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(9) Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 4—

Kohala Mountains West, Hawaii 

County, island of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 841990, 2224000; 842156, 

2223966; 842268, 2223966; 842486, 

2223897; 842666, 2223757; 842803, 

2223586; 842840, 2223426; 842812, 

2223314; 842758, 2223157; 842584, 

2223047; 842430, 2223096; 842355, 

2223157; 842260, 2223278; 842154, 

2223345; 842020, 2223634; 841988, 

2223746; 841967, 2223882. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 4—Kohala Mountains 

West follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67507 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.032</GPH>
67508 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(10) Drosophila ochrobasis—Unit 5—

Upper Kahuku, Hawaii County, island 

of Hawaii, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 850211, 2124185; 849989, 

2124179; 849874, 2124347; 849874, 

2124516; 849975, 2124603; 850177, 

2124724; 850332, 2124866; 850474, 

2124900; 850589, 2124832; 850669, 

2124785; 850690, 2124684; 850669, 

2124549; 850508, 2124448; 850339, 

2124320. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

ochrobasis—Unit 5—Upper Kahuku 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67509 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.033</GPH>
67510 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

Hawaiian picture-wing flies (Drosophila 

substenoptera) 

(1) Critical habitat is depicted for 

County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

substenoptera are: 

(i) Mesic to wet, lowland to montane, 

ohia and koa forest between the 

elevations of 1,300–4,000 ft (395—1,220 

m); and 

(ii) The larval host plants 

Cheirodendron platyphyllum ssp. 

platyphyllum, C. trigynum ssp. 

trigynum, Tetraplasandra kavaiensis, 

and T. oahuensis. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila substenoptera 

follows: 

(6) Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 

1—Mt. Kaala, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 588692, 2378661; 588740, 

2378622; 588806, 2378595; 588799, 

2378573; 588790, 2378564; 588785, 

2378562; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 

2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 

2378565; 588776, 2378565; 588776, 

2378565; 588776, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588766, 2378566; 588766, 

2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588765, 

2378566; 588765, 2378566; 588753, 

2378551; 588731, 2378529; 588722, 

2378520; 588722, 2378520; 588722, 

2378520; 588714, 2378509; 588660, 

2378470; 588660, 2378470; 588660, 

2378470; 588660, 2378470; 588617, 

2378429; 588584, 2378412; 588563, 

2378405; 588530, 2378398; 588530, 

2378398; 588484, 2378387; 588466, 

2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 

2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 

2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588466, 

2378384; 588466, 2378384; 588459, 

2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 

2378380; 588459, 2378380; 588459, 

2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588459, 

2378379; 588459, 2378379; 588395, 

2378293; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 

2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588361, 

2378254; 588361, 2378254; 588349, 

2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 

2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588349, 

2378234; 588349, 2378234; 588344, 

2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 

2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 

2378210; 588344, 2378210; 588344, 

2378186; 588344, 2378186; 588344, 

2378186; 588344, 2378186; 588349, 

2378161; 588349, 2378161; 588349, 

2378161; 588349, 2378161; 588373, 

2378097; 588385, 2378041; 588384, 

2378026; 588380, 2378003; 588364, 

2377972; 588364, 2377972; 588364, 

2377972; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 

2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 

2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 

2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 

2377941; 588351, 2377941; 588351, 

2377941; 588354, 2377924; 588354, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.034</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67511 

2377924; 588354, 2377923; 588354, 

2377923; 588354, 2377923; 588362, 

2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 

2377904; 588362, 2377904; 588362, 

2377904; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 

2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 

2377893; 588369, 2377893; 588369, 

2377893; 588376, 2377888; 588308, 

2377906; 588255, 2377885; 588156, 

2377924; 588103, 2377905; 588064, 

2377903; 587879, 2378062; 587792, 

2378228; 587806, 2378342; 587939, 

2378515; 588067, 2378659; 588232, 

2378655; 588363, 2378748; 588503, 

2378737; 588614, 2378668. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

substenoptera—Unit 1—Mt. Kaala 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67512 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.035</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67513 

(7) Drosophila substenoptera—Unit 

2—Palikea, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 593448, 

2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 

2367927; 593193, 2367967; 593165, 

2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 

2368283; 593399, 2368425; 593448, 

2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 

2368833; 593703, 2368906; 593764, 

2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 

2369145; 594002, 2369262; 594079, 

2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 

2369485; 594124, 2369521; 594148, 

2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 

2369497; 594395, 2369473; 594399, 

2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 

2369313; 594461, 2369290; 594551, 

2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 

2369197; 594472, 2369183; 594391, 

2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 

2369072; 594257, 2369015; 594213, 

2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 

2368672; 594035, 2368550; 593966, 

2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 

2368259; 593792, 2368105; 593675, 

2368000. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

substenoptera—Unit 2—Palikea follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
67514 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.036</GPH>
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67515 

Hawaiian Picture-Wing Fly (Drosophila 

Tarphytrichia) 

(1) Critical habitat units are depicted 

for County of Honolulu, island of Oahu, 

Hawaii, on the maps below. 

(2) The primary constituent elements 

of critical habitat for Drosophila 

tarphytrichia are: 

(i) Dry to mesic, lowland, ohia and 

koa forest between the elevations of 

1,900 and 2,900 ft (580–885 m); and 

(ii) The larval host plant Charpentiera 

obovata. 

(3) Critical habitat does not include 

manmade structures (such as buildings, 

aqueducts, airports, and roads) and the 

land on which they are located existing 

within the legal boundaries on the 

effective date of this rule. 

(4) Critical habitat map units. 

Coordinates are in Universal Transverse 

Mercator (UTM) Zone 4 with units in 

meters using North American Datum of 

1983 (NAD83). 

(5) Note: Index map of critical habitat 

units for Drosophila tarphytrichia 

follows: 

(6) Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 

1—Kaluaa Gulch, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593240, 2374436; 593231, 

2374371; 593281, 2374410; 593315, 

2374385; 593612, 2374173; 593656, 

2374138; 593621, 2374096; 593641, 

2374077; 593676, 2374072; 593703, 

2374057; 593734, 2374039; 593758, 

2374058; 593793, 2374029; 593779, 

2373964; 593731, 2373894; 593660, 

2373784; 593609, 2373702; 593592, 

2373648; 593592, 2373594; 593598, 

2373553; 593657, 2373561; 593770, 

2373549; 593792, 2373496; 593797, 

2373417; 593842, 2373411; 593842, 

2373326; 593905, 2373404; 594053, 

2373383; 594103, 2373292; 594134, 

2373228; 594156, 2373250; 594194, 

2373256; 594178, 2373323; 594196, 

2373386; 594229, 2373390; 594312, 

2373340; 594341, 2373350; 594339, 

2373421; 594383, 2373487; 594381, 

2373513; 594460, 2373552; 594496, 

2373553; 594497, 2373518; 594526, 

2373509; 594572, 2373460; 594632, 

2373519; 594649, 2373523; 594699, 

2373475; 594728, 2373476; 594762, 

2373532; 594791, 2373529; 594828, 

2373501; 594852, 2373465; 594903, 

2373501; 594933, 2373500; 594952, 

2373489; 594974, 2373334; 594800, 

2373150; 594718, 2373120; 594718, 

2373102; 594744, 2373091; 594710, 

2372721; 594720, 2372686; 594716, 

2372633; 594678, 2372623; 594566, 

2372651; 594536, 2372666; 594506, 

2372663; 594467, 2372672; 594395, 

2372663; 594406, 2372650; 594546, 

2372567; 594558, 2372553; 594551, 

2372535; 594389, 2372452; 594395, 

2372434; 594415, 2372428; 594511, 

2372449; 594603, 2372437; 594614, 

2372421; 594607, 2372385; 594593, 

2372353; 594591, 2372317; 594618, 

2372322; 594661, 2372357; 594700, 

2372384; 594696, 2372334; 594697, 

2372333; 594697, 2372283; 594652, 

2372257; 594541, 2372266; 594454, 

2372294; 594400, 2372294; 594293, 

2372267; 594231, 2372261; 594168, 

2372241; 594126, 2372258; 594075, 

2372267; 594030, 2372303; 593999, 

2372354; 593948, 2372388; 593889, 

2372397; 593812, 2372413; 593781, 

2372425; 593756, 2372442; 593742, 

2372467; 593742, 2372490; 593736, 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.037</GPH>
67516 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

2372521; 593736, 2372560; 593757, 

2372587; 593790, 2372662; 593663, 

2372772; 593543, 2372859; 593558, 

2372894; 593555, 2372910; 593526, 

2372928; 593476, 2372912; 593422, 

2372953; 593420, 2372976; 593403, 

2372997; 593400, 2373025; 593373, 

2373016; 593352, 2373044; 593328, 

2373025; 593215, 2373118; 593230, 

2373171; 593214, 2373176; 593163, 

2373154; 593095, 2373213; 593091, 

2373238; 593064, 2373243; 593019, 

2373295; 592937, 2373388; 592889, 

2373462; 592897, 2373535; 592908, 

2373597; 592923, 2373668; 592914, 

2373772; 592889, 2373866; 592868, 

2373941; 592867, 2373950; 592894, 

2374029; 592908, 2374120; 592894, 

2374162; 592860, 2374213; 592854, 

2374216; 593151, 2374494. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

tarphytrichia—Unit 1—Kaluaa Gulch 

follows: 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67517 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.038</GPH>
67518 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(7) Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 

2—Palikea, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 593529, 2367854; 593448, 

2367801; 593302, 2367874; 593242, 

2367927; 593193, 2367967; 593165, 

2368065; 593217, 2368150; 593314, 

2368283; 593399, 2368425; 593448, 

2368578; 593505, 2368716; 593622, 

2368833; 593703, 2368906; 593764, 

2368963; 593832, 2369044; 593901, 

2369145; 594002, 2369262; 594079, 

2369331; 594104, 2369396; 594120, 

2369485; 594124, 2369521; 594148, 

2369525; 594213, 2369525; 594310, 

2369497; 594395, 2369473; 594399, 

2369392; 594396, 2369356; 594417, 

2369313; 594461, 2369290; 594551, 

2369278; 594579, 2369250; 594559, 

2369197; 594472, 2369183; 594391, 

2369179; 594354, 2369153; 594302, 

2369072; 594257, 2369015; 594213, 

2368914; 594136, 2368809; 594083, 

2368672; 594035, 2368550; 593966, 

2368417; 593966, 2368324; 593909, 

2368259; 593792, 2368105; 593675, 

2368000. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

tarphytrichia—Unit 2—Palikea follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67519 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.039</GPH>
67520 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

(8) Drosophila tarphytrichia—Unit 

3—Puu Kaua, City and County of 

Honolulu, island of Oahu, Hawaii. 

(i) Land bounded by the following 

coordinates: 594166, 2370854; 594166, 

2370853; 594164, 2370854; 594122, 

2370843; 594090, 2370815; 594040, 

2370789; 593996, 2370789; 593930, 

2370827; 593852, 2370875; 593778, 

2370907; 593716, 2370947; 593642, 

2370999; 593602, 2371041; 593574, 

2371067; 593558, 2371095; 593539, 

2371118; 593531, 2371121; 593534, 

2371173; 593519, 2371375; 593533, 

2371375; 593552, 2371390; 593628, 

2371404; 593716, 2371426; 593794, 

2371431; 593876, 2371437; 593974, 

2371435; 594036, 2371431; 594138, 

2371415; 594190, 2371399; 594232, 

2371385; 594246, 2371359; 594239, 

2371354; 594170, 2370879; 594172, 

2370877; 594170, 2370855. 

(ii) Note: Map of Drosophila 

tarphytrichia—Unit 3—Puu Kaua 

follows: 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 67521 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3EP28NO07.040</GPH>
67522 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 228 / Wednesday, November 28, 2007 / Proposed Rules 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 

* * * * * 

Dated: November 2, 2007. 

David M. Verhey, 

Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and 

Wildlife and Parks. 

[FR Doc. 07–5706 Filed 11–27–07; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 


jlentini on PROD1PC65 with PROPOSALS3