# U n i t e d S t a t e s C o u r t o f A pp e a l s

For the Eig hth Circu it

_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

No . 1 8 -1 6 92

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Un i t ed St at es o f Am eri ca

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Pl a i n t i

f f - Ap pel l ee

v

.

Ken n et h Ro b ert Si m

p s o n

l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l Def

en da n t - Ap pel l an t

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ap p eal fro m

Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt
fo r t he Eas t ern Di s t ri ct o f M i s s o u ri - St . Lo u i s

_

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Su b m i t t ed : J u l y

1 6 , 2 01 9
Fi l ed : Au g u s t 6 , 2 0 1 9

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

Befo re BENTON, W OLLM AN, an d KELLY, Ci rcu i t J u d g es

.

_ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

BENTON, Ci rcu i t J u d g e.

Ken n et h Ro b ert Si m

p s o n d i rect l y ap p eal s aft er t he d is t ri ct co u rt 1 rev o k ed h i s

s u p erv i s ed rel eas e fo r t h e t h i rd t i m e, s en t en ced h i m to 2 4 m on t h s i n p ri s o n, rei m p o s ed

a l i fe t erm o f s u p erv is ed rel eas e (wi t h s p eci al co n d i t i o n s o f s u p erv i s io n ), an d i m p o s ed

1 Th e Ho n orab l e Ro d n ey W

. Si p p el

, Ch i ef J ud g e, Un i t ed St at es Di s t ri ct Co u rt
fo r t h e Eas t ern Di s t ri ct o f M i s s o u ri

.s ev eral n ew co nd i t i o n s o f s u p erv i s i o n

. Hav i n g ju ri s d ict i o n u n der 2 8 U.S.C. § 1 2 9 1,

t h i s co u rt affi rm s

.

At s en ten ci n g , Si m

ps o n ch al len g ed t he 2 4

- m o n t h s en t en ce as “ b ey o n d

ex ces s i v e” an d o b

ject ed t o t h e i m

p o s i ti o n o f t h e s p eci al co n d i t i o n s cl ai m in g t h ere

were “ no fact u al fi n d i n g s m ad e as t o t h e n eces s ary n at u re o f an y o f th e co nd i t i o n s .”

In h i s p ro s e b ri ef, h e ag ai n as s ert s t h e do u b l e-jeo p ard y , rei nt eg ra t i o n a n d r ecu s al

arg u m en t s he p res en t ed i n a p ri o r ap p eal

, an d st at es h e h as n o in ten t i o n o f co m p l y i n g

wi t h t h e t erm s o f rel eas e.

Becau s e Si m

p s o n ob ject ed at s en t en ci n g , t h i s co urt rev i ews a rev o cat i o n

s en t en ce an d t he i m

p o s i t i o n of co n d i t io n s fo r an ab u s e o f d is cret i o n. Uni t ed St a t es

v. Fo nd er , 7 1 9 F3 d 9 6 0

, 96 1 (8 t h Ci r. 2 01 3 ); Uni t ed St a t es v. Wi ed

ower , 6 3 4 F.3 d

4 9 0

, 4 9 3 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 1 ); Uni t ed St a t es v. Ri cha r t

, 6 6 2 F.3 d 1 0 37

, 1 0 56 (8 t h Ci r.

2 0 1 1 ); Uni t

ed St at es v. M i l l er , 5 5 7 F.3 d 9 1 0

, 9 1 5 -1 8 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 9 ).

Th e d is t ri ct co urt d i d n o t ab u s e i t s d i s cret i o n i m p o s i ng a 2 4 -m o n t h rev o cat i o n

s en t en ce b ecau s e i t p ro p erl y co n s i d ered t h e 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 5 53 (a) fact ors , an d d i d n ot

o v erl o o k a rel ev an t fact o r, o r co m m i t a cl ear erro r i n wei g h i n g rel ev an t fact o rs

. Uni ted S t a t e s v

. La r i

s o n , 4 3 2 F.3 d 9 2 1

, 9 2 2 -2 4 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 6 ). T he s en ten ce was

b el o w t he s t at u t o ry l i m i t

. 1 8 U.S.C. § § 3 5 8 3 (e)(3 ), (h), (k )

. Si m p s on ’ s o bject i o n to

t h e co u rt rei m

p o s i n g ol d su p erv i sed rel eas e co n d i t i o n s am o u n t s t o an i m p ro p er

co l l at eral at t ack o f t h e u n d erl y i n g s en t en ce. M i l l er , 5 5 7 F.3 d at 9 1 3

.

Di s t ri ct co u rt s are en co u rag ed t o p ro v i d e an ex pl an at i o n o f h o w t h e co n d i t i on s

s at i s fy t he req u irem en ts o f § 3 5 8 3 (d ), b u t wh ere t h e b as i s fo r t h e sp eci al co n d i t i on s

can b e d i s cern ed fro m th e reco rd

, rev ers al i s n o t req ui red

. U ni t ed St a t es v.

Tho m p s o n , 8 8 8 F.3 d 3 4 7

, 3 5 1 (8 t h Ci r. 2 01 8 ); Uni t ed St a t es v. Po i t r a , 6 4 8 F.3 d 8 8 4,

8 9 0 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 11 ); Uni t

ed St a t es v. Tho m

p s o n , 6 53 F.3 d 6 8 8

, 6 9 1

, 69 3 -9 4 (8 t h Ci r.

2 0 1 1 ). Sp eci al Co n d i t i o n No

. 2 4 req ui res Si m p s on t o s u b m i t t o p eri od i c p o l y g rap h

-2

-t e s t i n g (at t h e d i scret i o n o f t h e p ro b at i o n o ffi cer) t o en s ure co m p li an ce wi t h t h e

req u i rem en t s o f h is s up erv i s i o n o r t reat m en t

. Si m ps o n ad m i t ted h e d i d n o t rep o rt to

t h e co m m u n i t y co rrect i on s cen t er o r t o t h e p ro bat i on o ffi cer as req u i red

. He h as

rep eat ed l y

s t at ed t h at h e do es no t i n t en d t o co m p l y wi t h t he t erm s of hi s s up erv i s ed

rel eas e, an d h e has rep eat e dl y fai l ed t o co m p l y

. Th e reco rd s t ro n g l y s u p p o rt s t h e

i m p o s i t i o n o f t h is Co n d it i o n

. W i ed o wer , 6 3 4 F.3 d at 4 94

.

Th ere w as n o ab u se o f d i s cret i o n i n t h e i m p o si t i o n o f Sp eci al Co nd i t i o n No

. 2 3

, wh i ch p ro hi b i t s t h e u s e o r p o s s es s i on o f au d i o / v i s u al reco rd i n g o r p ro d u ci n g

eq u ip m en t ab s en t wri t t en ap p ro v al o f t h e p ro b at i o n o ffi ce. Al t ho u g h Si m ps o n was

n o t ch arg ed wi t h p ro d u ci n g o r d i s t ri bu t i n g ch i ld p o rn o g rap h y , t h e reco rd refl ect s h e

r e c e i v ed at l eas t 3 0 0 b u t fewer t h an 6 0 0 i m ag es o f ch i l d p o rn o g rap hy

, al l of w h i c h

were pro du ced u s i n g p h o t o g rap h i c eq u i p m en t

. P i c t u res were u s ed i n t hi s o ffen s e

ev en i f Si m

ps on di d n o t pro du ce o r di s t ri b u t e t h e i m ag es , m a k i n g t h i s Co n d i t i o n

reas on ab l y rel at ed t o t h e o ffen s e. Si m p s o n is n o t co m

p l et el y res t ri ct ed fro m t h e u s e

o r p o ss es s i o n o f au d io / vi su al reco rd i n g or p ro d u ci n g eq u i p m en t if h e fi rs t o b t ai n s

p erm i s s i o n fro m h i s pro bat i o n o ffi ce. Uni t ed St a t es v. Cr a ig

, 6 4 2 Fed

. Ap p x

. 6 3 2,

6 3 6 (8 t h C i r. 2 0 1 6 ); Uni ted St a t es v. Ko ch

, 6 2 5 F.3 d 47 0

, 4 8 1 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 0 );

Uni ted St a t es v. Ri s t i ne , 3 3 5 F.3 d 6 9 2 , 6 9 6 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 03 ).

T his c our t de c line s to c o n s i d er Si m

ps o n ’ s arg um en ts t h at (1 ) s u p erv i sed rele a se

an d rev o cat i o n v io l at e d o ub l e

- j eo p ard y pri n ci p l es an d i n h i b i t rei n t eg rat i o n i n to

s o ci et y , an d (2 ) t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt ju d ge s h o ul d h av e recu s ed h im s el f. T h e s e

arg u m en t s h av e b een co n s i d ered an d reject ed b y t h i s co urt o n d i rect ap p eal s fro m

Si m p s on ’ s p ri o r rev o cat i o n s

. Uni t ed St a t es v. Si m p s on , 7 0 4 Fed

. Ap p x

. 6 0 9 (8 t h Ci r.

2 0 1 7 ), cer t

. d

en i ed

, 1 3 8 S. Ct

. 1 3 1 4 (2 0 1 8 ); Uni ted St a t es v. Si m ps o n , 6 5 3 Fed

. Ap p x

. 8 5 0 (8 t h Ci r. 2 01 6 ), cer t

. d en i ed

, 1 37 S. Ct

. 3 1 8 (2 0 16 ). W h en a co u rt d eci d es

a ru l e o f l aw, t h at d eci s i o n g ov ern s th e s am e i s s u es i n s u b s eq u en t s t ag es of t h e cas e.

M a x fi el d v. Ci nt a s Co r p ., No

. 2

, 4 8 7 F.3 d 1 1 32

, 1 1 3 4 -3 5 (8 t h Ci r. 2 0 0 7 ). Th i s co u rt

al s o d ecl i n es t o ad d res s Si m p s o n ’ s n ewl y -r a i s e d a s s ert i o n t h at t h i s co u rt ’ s p ri o r

-3

-ru l i n gs n ev er ad ju d i cat ed h i s cl ai m s b ecau s e it i s n o m o re th an a co l lat eral at t ack o n

t h o s e p ri o r ru l i n g s

.

Th e ju d g m en t i s affi rm ed

.

* * * * * * *

KELLY, Ci rcu i t J u d ge, d i s s en t i n g i n p art

.

“ [A] di st ri ct co urt i s g i v en wi d e d i s cret i o n i n i m p o si n g co nd i t i o n s o n a

d efen d an t ’ s s u p erv i sed rel eas e.” Po i t ra, 6 4 8 F.3 d at 88 9

. No t wi t h s tan d i n g t h i s

d i s cret i o n , a d i s tri ct co u rt m ay o rd er a s p eci al co n d i ti o n o f s u p erv i sed rel eas e o n l y i f

t h a t co n d i t i o n i s “ reas o n ab l y rel at ed ” t o cert ai n fact o rs en u m erat ed i n § 3 5 5 3 (a),

“ i n vo l v es n o g reat er d ep ri v at i o n o f l i b ert y t h an i s reas o n ab l y n eces s ary ” fo r t h e

p u rp os es o f cert ai n § 3 5 5 3 (a) fact o rs , an d “ i s co n s i s t e n t w i t h an y p ert i n en t p o l i cy

s t at em en t s i s s u ed b y th e Sen t en ci n g Co m m i s s io n .” 1 8 U.S.C. § 3 5 8 3 (d ). G i v en t h es e

l i m i tat i on s , “ wh en i m

p os i ng a s p eci al co n d it i o n o f s u p erv i s ed rel eas e, a ‘ d i s t ri ct co ur t

mu s t m a k e an i n d i v i d u al i zed i n q ui ry i n t o th e fact s an d ci rcu m s t an ces u n d erl y i n g a

cas e an d m ak e s u ffi ci en t fi n d i n g s on t he reco rd so as t o en s u re t hat t h e s p eci al

co n di t i o n s at i s fi es t h e s t at u t o ry req u irem en t s .’ ” Po i t ra, 6 48 F.3 d at 8 8 9 (em p h as i s

ad d ed ) (q u o ti n g W i ed o wer, 6 34 F.3 d a t 49 3 ). W e h av e rep eat ed l y hel d t h at t h e

fai l u re t o m ak e i n d iv i d u al i zed fi n d i n g s co n st it u t es erro r. See, e.g ., U n i t ed St at es v.

Os m an , No

. 1 8 -1 5 0 2

, 2 0 1 9 W L 3 0 2 2 3 31

, at *3 (8 th Ci r. J u l y 11

, 2 01 9 ) (“ Fai l u re to

m ak e t h es e p art icu l ari zed fi n d i n g s i s p l ai n erro r.”); Po i tra, 6 48 F.3 d at 8 8 9

. An d we

h av e s t res s ed t h at req u i ri n g i n d i vi d u al i ze d f i n d i n g s h el p s t o “ en s u re t h at each

co n di t i o n o f s u perv i sed r e l e a s e c om p l i es wi t h th e s t at ut o ry req u i rem en t s th at i t b e

b o t h reas o n ab ly neces s ary an d reas o n ab l y rel at ed t o t h e reh ab i l it at i ve p ro ce s s ”;

“ i n st i l l res p ect fo r ju d i ci al p ro ceed i n g s i n b o t h t h e d efen dan t an d th e gen eral p u b l i c”;

an d “ al l ow fo r m ean in g fu l ap p el l at e rev i ew.” Po i t ra, 6 4 8 F.3 d at 8 8 9

– 90

.

-4

-Yet

, ev en aft e r S i m p s o n o b ject ed at th e fi rs t o pp o rt un i t y t o t h e l ack o f

i n d i v i d u al i zed fi nd i n g s, t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt fai l ed to m ak e an y

. To d ay t h e co u rt ex cu s es

t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt ’ s erro r o n t h e g ro u n d t hat t he bas i s fo r Sp eci al Co n d i t i o n 2 3 can b e

d i s cern ed fro m t h e reco rd

. I d i s ag ree. W e h av e p rev i o u s l y u p h el d a s im il ar co n d i t i o n

wh ere ag g rav at i ng fact o rs m ad e i t “ reas o n ab l e to b el i ev e” t h at t h e d efen d an t “ l i k el y ”

wo u l d p h o t o grap h an d ex ch an g e i m ag es of m i n ors

. Ri s t i n e, 3 35 F.3 d at 6 9 5

– 9 6

. Fo r

ex am p l e, i n Ri s ti n e, o n p l ai n -erro r rev i ew, we u p h el d a res t ri ct i o n o n a d efen d an t ’ s

u s e o f ph o t o g rap h ic eq u i p m en t wh ere h e “ po s ses s ed t h ou s an d s of p h ot os of [m i n o rs ,]

ex p res s ed i nt eres t in h av i n g s ex u al rel at i o n s wi t h [m i n o rs ] ,” an d h ad s o ld

s u b s cri p t i o n s t o p o rn o g rap hi c im ag es

. Id

. Li k ewi s e, i n Ko ch

, w e u p h e l d a s i m i l ar

res t ri ct i o n wh ere t h e o v eral l reco rd s h o wed t hat t h e d efen d an t was a “ s op h i s t i cat ed

co m p u t er u s er” wh o h ad d o n e “ m o re t h an m erel y p o s s es s ch i l d p o rn o g rap h y .” 6 2 5

F.3 d at 4 81

– 8 2

.

Here, i n c o n t ras t, I d is cern n o t h i n g fro m t h e reco rd t h at wo u ld su p po rt a b an

o n au d i o / v i s u al reco rd i n g o r p ro d u ci n g eq u ip m en t

— i n cl u d i n g, b y i t s p l ai n l an g u ag e,

a cel l p h o n e eq u i p p e d w i t h a cam era. Si m p so n i s n ot accu s ed of p ro d u ci n g ch i ld

p o rn og rap hy o r ex ch an g i n g i t wi t h o t h ers , an d t h e Pres en t en ce In v es t ig at io n Rep o rt (PSR) i n cl u d es no i n fo rm at i o n fro m wh i ch i t wo u l d b e reas o n ab l e t o b el i ev e t h at t h e

res t ri ct i o n i s ju s t ifi ed

. To t h e co n t rary , th e PSR s t at ed ex p res s l y t h at Si m p s o n ’ s

co n du ct “ was li m it ed t o t h e r e c e i p t o r s ol i ci t at io n o f m at eri al i n v o l vi n g t he s ex u al

ex p lo i t at io n o f a m i n o r; an d t h e d efen d an t d i d n o t i n ten d t o t r a ff i c i n , o r d i s t r i b u t e,

s u ch ma t er i a l .” (em

p h as i s ad d ed ). I res pect fu l l y d i s ag ree wi t h t h e co u rt ’ s v i ew t h at

b ecau s e s o m eo n e o t h er t h an Si m p s o n u s ed ph o t o g rap h i c eq ui p m en t t o creat e t h e

i m a g e s t h at Si m

p so n p o s s es s ed

, t h e co n d it i on i s n eces sari l y ju s t i fi ed i n S i mp s o n ’s

cas e. As we h av e ex p l ai ned

, t h e d i s t ri ct co u rt “ m u s t b e carefu l t o co n d u ct an i n q u i ry

‘ on an i n di v i d u al i zed b as i s ,’ ” Un i t ed St at es v

. Kel l y , 6 2 5 F.3 d 5 1 6

, 5 1 9

– 20 (8 t h Ci r.

2 0 1 0 ) (q u o t i n g Un i t ed St at es v

. Dav i s , 4 5 2 F.3 d 9 91

, 9 9 5 (8 t h Ci r. 20 0 6)), an d “ m ay

n o t i m p os e s peci al co n d i t i o n s cat eg o ri c a l l y o n al l i nd i v i d u al s co nv i ct ed o f cert ai n

-5

-o ffen s es ,” i d

. at 52 0

. Becau se t h i s reco rd l ack s th e n eces s ary i n d iv i d u al i zed fi n d i n g s ,

I wo u ld v acat e Sp eci al Co n d i t i o n 2 3 an d rem an d fo r res en t en ci ng

.

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