IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

September 14, 2010 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JEFFREY SCOTT

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 07-07601 James M. Lammey, Jr., Judge

No. W2009-00707-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 14, 2011

A Shelby County jury convicted the defendant, Jeffrey Scott, of second degree murder. The

trial court sentenced him as a Range I, violent offender to twenty-five years in the Tennessee

Department of Correction. On appeal, the defendant presents nine issues for our review: (1)

whether the trial court erred by admitting evidence of prior bad acts that were relevant only

to show propensity; (2) whether the trial court erred by admitting hearsay statements under

the state of mind and excited utterance exceptions; (3) whether the trial court erred by

admitting fifty color autopsy photographs; (4) whether the trial court erred by allowing

improper lay opinion testimony; (5) whether the trial court erred by allowing testimony that

was protected by the attorney-client privilege and that violated the defendant’s right to

confrontation; (6) whether the trial court erred by denying the defendant’s motions for

mistrial or to strike a witness’s testimony; (7) whether the evidence was sufficient to sustain

the conviction for second degree murder; (8) whether the sequential jury instructions

precluded the jury from considering a conviction for voluntary manslaughter; and (9) whether

the trial court misapplied enhancement and mitigation factors in sentencing. Following our

review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and the applicable law, we affirm the judgment of

the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J.C. MCLIN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and D. KELLY

THOMAS, JR., JJ., joined.

Leslie I. Ballin (at trial and on appeal), Blake D. Ballin (at trial and on appeal) and Richard

S. Townley (on appeal) for the appellant, Jeffrey Scott.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney

General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Patience Branham, Karen Cook
and Steven Crossnoe, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of

Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Background

On October 11, 2007, a Shelby County grand jury indicted the defendant, Jeffrey

Scott, for the first degree murder of Ashley Scott, his wife. He went to trial in January 2009.

State’s Proof. Dr. Robert McGee testified that he had been friends with the

1

defendant for over twenty years. He knew the victim through the defendant. Dr. McGee

testified that on November 23, 2006, he was a resident physician in Shelby County. He said

that on that day, which was Thanksgiving Day, he received a call from the defendant during

the afternoon. The defendant asked how he was and what he was doing the rest of the day.

After Dr. McGee answered, the defendant asked if he could come to the Scotts’ house to take

a look at the victim because the defendant “had some concern about [her.]” Dr. McGee

testified that the defendant’s tone of voice had “an element of concern, but there was not an

element of . . . urgency.” The defendant told Dr. McGee that the victim was “‘not waking

up right - [she was] not acting right.’” Dr. McGee asked him if they had been drinking, and

the defendant responded affirmatively. Dr. McGee said that the defendant asked him to

come alone. After a discussion with his wife, who was in the car with him at the time of the

defendant’s call, Dr. McGee called the defendant back to get more information, and the

defendant responded by repeating his request that Dr. McGee come over to the Scotts’ house.

In order to get to the Scotts’ house faster, Dr. McGee took his family to his parents’ house,

let his wife take his car, and borrowed his parents’ car. When he got to the Scotts’ house, he

met the defendant in the den. The defendant pointed Dr. McGee to their bedroom, where Dr.

McGee found the victim lying on the floor next to the bed. He testified that the victim “was

very bruised and beaten.” Dr. McGee identified a photograph of the victim and testified that

the photograph showed the condition in which he found her. He said that he asked the

defendant what had happened, and the defendant responded that they had gotten into an

argument. Dr. McGee checked the victim’s pulse and told the defendant to call 911, which

the defendant did. Dr. McGee said that the victim was dressed in a shirt and jeans.

On cross-examination, Dr. McGee agreed that he told the police that the victim had

vomit coming from her mouth and nose when he saw her. He also told police that she was

not wearing shoes, and her feet were bluish. He described her hands as being blue and white.

Dr. McGee agreed that he told the police that the victim had a bruise on her right forehead

Dr. McGee identified himself during histestimony as “Robert.” However, the transcript also refers

1

to him as “Roger.” For purposes of this opinion, we will refer to him only as Dr. McGee.

-2-
and around her right eye. Dr. McGee testified that the post-mortem photograph that he had

previously identified might show bruises that were not present when he saw the victim

because the body goes through post-mortem changes. Dr. McGee further testified that the

defendant appeared “very calm” and “very much in shock.”

On re-direct examination, Dr. McGee said that he arrived at the Scotts’ house fortyfive minutes to an hour after speaking with the defendant. He said that he did not observe

any injuries on the defendant.

Paula Hagood testified that she was a police radio dispatcher for the Memphis Police

Department. She testified that on November 23, 2006, she took a 911 call from the

defendant, which was recorded in the normal course of business. The state played the

recording for the jury. Ms. Hagood testified that she notified her supervisor that “the call

was very possibly a homicide” because she “knew someone was gravely injured [and it was

her] responsibility to let [her supervisor] know of any high-priority calls.”

Memphis Police Officer Sloan Liddell testified that he was the first to respond to the

Scotts’ house. Upon entering the bedroom, he observed a man giving the victim CPR. He

testified that he perceived the situation as an emergency and shouted to the fire department

personnel to hurry. Officer Liddell said that the victim “appeared to have been beaten about

the head.” Officer Liddell and his partner, Officer Elkins, spoke with the defendant, who

told them that he and the victim had argued, and the argument turned into a physical

altercation. After another officer related to Officer Liddell that the victim had more injuries

than Officer Liddell had personally noticed, he detained the defendant in his police car.

On cross-examination, Officer Liddell agreed that the defendant told him that the

subject of the argument with the victim was a text message that the defendant found on her

phone.

Gary Kent Garmon testified that he was a firefighter-paramedic for the Memphis Fire

Department. He said that he had worked for the fire department for thirteen years and had

been in the Army for twenty-four years, twelve of which was as a medic. He stated that he

served in Iraq from 2005 to 2006 where he treated patients with injuries from explosions,

blunt trauma, and bullets. Mr. Garmon testified that he and his partner responded to the

Scotts’ house on November 23, 2006. He initially observed blunt trauma to the victim’s

head, and after someone removed her clothing, he also observed blunt trauma to her legs,

chest, and back. Mr. Garmon stated that the victim had no pulse or blood pressure and was

not breathing. He said the victim’s pupils were dilated and non-responsive, which indicated

to him that she suffered trauma to her head. He said that another indication of head trauma

was the blood-colored vomit coming from the victim’s mouth and nose. Mr. Garmon

-3-
testified that the victim had “racoon eyes which [is seen] when [one] get[s] hit in the face or

head trauma” and “battle signs, which is a bruising behind the ears, which usually indicates

head trauma.” He further stated that he observed a bruise on her back that, to him, appeared

to be a shoe print. Mr. Garmon testified that he and the EMT used a defibrillator to shock

the victim four times and also administered various medications to start the victim’s heart.

When that was not successful, they continued CPR and intubated the victim. Mr. Garmon

said that, in his experience, the injuries to the victim’s lip were not caused by intubation.

They ultimately transported the victim to the hospital.

On cross-examination, Mr. Garmon agreed that his report did not indicate bruising on

the victim’s chest, mouth, knees, lower legs, ankles, or feet.

On re-direct examination, Mr. Garmon testified that he might not document injuries

that did not pertain “to the mechanism of saving [the patient’s] life.”

Chief Daniel Wakefield, the battalion chief of emergency medical services for the

Memphis Fire Department, testified that in November 2006, he was the emergency medical

services lieutenant for the northeast quadrant of Memphis. Chief Wakefield testified that he

responded to 590 Wesley Woods Drive, the Scotts’ home, after the dispatch office related

that they were sending police to the scene, and he arrived two to three minutes after the

ambulance. When he first saw the victim, the paramedic and EMT were treating her and had

removed some of her clothing. He observed bruising to her head, face, flank, abdominal

area, knees, and lower legs. Chief Wakefield testified that it “looked like the [victim] had

been assaulted.” He said that a half-moon-shaped bruise on the victim’s flank indicated, to

him, trauma caused by the toe of a shoe. He described another bruise as appearing “to be a

bottom imprint of a shoe.” Chief Wakefield explained that the paramedic and EMT

attempted to resuscitate the victim and that they transported her to the hospital because their

monitor showed that she had some pulseless electrical activity, indicating a possibility that

they could revive her.

Memphis Police Officer Stan Elkins testified that he arrived at the Scotts’ home after

Officer Liddell and before the ambulance. He said that the victim was “lying on the floor,

and it appeared she had been beaten up.” Officer Elkins spoke with the defendant, who told

him that he and the victim had been drinking the night before, they had argued, and the

victim had been in the garage from 1:00 a.m. until 9:00 a.m., when he brought her into the

bedroom. Officer Elkins arrested the defendant and wrote a domestic assault report.

On cross-examination, Officer Elkins agreed that he smelled alcohol on the

defendant’s breath. The defendant told him that the victim passed out around 1:00 a.m. and

slept in the garage. The defendant further told him that he moved the victim from the garage

-4-
into the den at 9:00 a.m. and from the den to the bedroom at 12:00 p.m. The defendant

reported that the victim had been “breathing fine” throughout the day.

Memphis Police Sergeant Robert Edwards testified that he was working felony

response on November 23, 2006, and responded to a suspected aggravated assault at 590

Wesley Woods Drive. He spoke with the defendant, who was sitting in a patrol car, and the

defendant reported that he and the victim had gotten into an argument over a text message

from a male on the victim’s phone, which turned into a physical altercation. The defendant

did not believe that he had injured the victim. The defendant said that he gave the victim a

pillow and blanket and made her sleep in the garage. He eventually brought her inside and

placed her in front of the fireplace. The defendant stated that he tried to put her into their bed

but was unable to do so. Sergeant Edwards said that he had the defendant transported to 201

Poplar Avenue after interviewing him and Dr. McGee. He testified that he saw the victim’s

cell phone, which had been tagged as evidence, inside the residence, and he left it for the

crime scene unit to collect. Sergeant Edwards stated that he did not see any injuries on the

defendant, and the defendant turned down medical treatment.

Michelle Ann Bowe, an emergency room nurse at Baptist Memorial Hospital -

Memphis (“BMH-Memphis”), testified that the victim was in critical condition when she

arrived at the emergency room. The victim had a faint pulse and minimal blood pressure, so

the hospital staff gave her medications to increase her blood pressure. Ms. Bowe testified

that the victim had bruising around both of her eyes and multiple bruises in other locations.

Ms. Bowe identified pictures of the victim and testified that they accurately depicted the

victim’s appearance.

Dr. Miguel Rodriguez, an emergency room physician at BMH-Memphis, testified that

he treated the victim on November 23, 2006. He said that she was not breathing on her own

and had bruising throughout her body. Dr. Rodriguez recalled a large bruise on her right

flank that “looked like a foot mark or a boot mark.” He said that one of her ears was very

swollen, and he described it as a cauliflower ear, typically seen on a person who has been

struck multiple times in the ear. Dr. Rodriguez testified that intubation would not have

caused the swelling of the victim’s lips. He said that based on his training in recognizing

child abuse, the victim’s extensive bruising “raise[d] the suspicion that there [was] some

pattern of abuse here, and she had clear evidence that [there] was potential abuse here.” Dr.

Rodriguez testified that the victim’s fixed pupils indicated that she was either comatose or

semi-comatose and that she might have had a brain injury. He said that a CAT scan indicated

that the victim had severe swelling of the brain with a shifting of the brain.

-5-
On cross-examination, Dr. Rodriguez testified that his report from November 23,

2006, indicated that the CAT scan showed a “subdural hematoma along the right side with

a mid-line shift and massive cerebral edema.”

On re-direct examination, Dr. Rodriguez testified that the victim’s blood testsrevealed

that she had “an extensive amount of muscle cell breakdown.” He said that her alcohol level

was “132” at 5:00 p.m. He explained that normal on the scale would be less than ten while

“[g]reater than 50 would be considered toxic, and greater than 400 [would be] fatal.” He

testified that the victim’s blood glucose level was elevated, which he opined could have been

caused by the body’s release of glucose during a stressful situation, undiagnosed diabetes,

or having had a meal that was high in carbohydrates.

Dr. Michael Smith, a pulmonary and critical care physician at BMH-Memphis,

testified that Dr. Rodriguez called him to help with the victim’s treatment. He recalled that

his initial impression was that the victim “[l]ooked like someone that had been beaten to

death.” He testified that the victim had bruising on “[b]oth legs, knees, stomach[,] her back,

her face, her ear, her head, [and] both arms.” Regarding the bruise depicted in the state’s

exhibit 7, Dr. Smith said that the bruise “appear[ed] to be a boot print.” Dr. Smith testified

that lividity was setting in but would not have caused the victim’s bruising. He said that his

report stated that the victim’s bruises “appear[ed] to be in different stages of age,” but he

explained that the use of bruise coloration to age bruises was controversial and that bruise

coloration varied from person to person. He further testified that in consultation with Dr.

Rodriguez as well as a neurosurgeon, they reached the conclusion that the victim was brain

dead and that massive head trauma caused the brain death. Dr. Smith testified that the

victim’s alcohol level when at the hospital was 132, and he opined that the alcohol level did

not cause her death.

Special Agent Linda Littlejohn, a forensic scientist at the Tennessee Bureau of

Investigation Crime Laboratory’s micro-analysis section, testified that the Memphis Police

Department sent her three pairs of shoes and a disk containing photographs of the victim’s

injuries so that she could attempt to compare the shoe patterns to the injury patterns. Agent

Littlejohn visually compared the shoe treads to the pattern of the injury and concluded that

the three pairs of shoes were inconsistent with the injury. She said that the injury pattern

could have been a shoe print but she could not state that conclusion with certainty because

she did not have a matching shoe.

Dr. Jonathan Bradley Stern, an obstetrician and gynecologist, testified that the victim

was his patient in 2006. He said that she was on a medication to increase her chances of

ovulating. Dr. Stern saw the victim on November 14, 2006, and gave her a full physical at

that time. He testified that she did not have any bruises.

-6-
Theresa Gayle Smith testified that she worked for Dr. Stern. She saw the victim on

November 22, 2006, when the victim went to Dr. Stern’s office for a blood test. Ms. Smith

testified that she did not notice any bruising on the victim at that time.

Lisa Harris, a realtor, testified that she assisted the defendant and the victim in the sale

of their home at 590 Wesley Woods Drive and in the purchase of another home. She further

testified that they signed a contract on the new home on November 14, 2006, and the contract

became effective on November 17.

Memphis Police Officer Patricia Kay Turnmire, with the crime scene unit, responded

to 590 Wesley Woods Drive on November 23, 2006, along with Officer Allen Pounds. She

testified that she photographed the garage, where a Jeep and a Volkswagen were parked.

Officer Turnmire said that the trunk of the Volkswagen contained clothes, some of which

were on hangers. She testified that a pet cage was in the garage and that it appeared that

someone had moved it because there was an indentation on the wall where the cage had been.

Officer Turnmire photographed and took samples of stains on the garage floor that appeared

to be body fluids or blood. She said that a broken vase and dried flower arrangement were

in a garbage can in the garage.

Officer Turnmire further testified that she did a walkthrough of the house on

November 23 and observed a purse, cell phone, the defendant’s passport, and a wine bottle

on the kitchen counter. She said that there was a vase and dried flower arrangement on the

fireplace mantle that matched the broken vase found in the garage. Officer Turnmire

observed a house shoe and a pillow next to the fireplace, as well as particles that appeared

to be part of the broken vase. She testified that a printed e-mail addressed to the victim was

on the desk in the home’s office, and the state published the e-mail to the jury. Officer

Turnmire said that there was some type of fluid on the floor of the master bedroom. She

collected a towel from the bedroom floor that appeared to have the same type of fluid on it

as the bedroom floor and the garage floor. The parties stipulated that the crime laboratory

was unable to complete testing of the collected fluid samples by the time of trial.

Investigator Thomas Helldorfer testified that he was retired from the Memphis Police

Department and had been the case coordinator for this investigation. Investigator Helldorfer

recalled seeing the defendant’s passport at 590 Wesley Woods Drive, on the kitchen counter

next to the refrigerator, on November 25, 2006. Someone from the defense counsel’s office

brought the defendant’s passport to Investigator Helldorfer on January 29, 2007. He further

recalled seeing a laptop at the house, which belonged to the school where the victim taught,

but when he attempted to collect it at a later point in time, the laptop “turned up missing.”

Investigator Helldorfer testified that he collected a DNA sample from the defendant. He said

-7-
that when he collected the sample, he told the defendant that they could not discuss the case

but could talk about something else, such as the weather. The defendant asked what day it

was, and upon being informed that it was Tuesday, he asked who had won the Monday Night

Football game.

Memphis Police Sergeant William D. Merritt testified that on November 24, 2006, he

photographed the defendant for purposes of documenting what, if any, injuries he had.

Sergeant Merritt said that he did not see any injuries on the defendant.

Paul Dooley testified that he worked with the victim at Bolton High School. He

described himself as her department chair, mentor, and friend. He said that her classroom

was across the hall from his. Mr. Dooley recalled that the victim received a DUI conviction

in August 2005, and she began to complain of verbal and emotional abuse at home after that.

He said that on one occasion in November 2005, the victim called him at 6:00 a.m. to tell him

that she would not make it to school because she and the defendant had been fighting. He

stated that she sounded very upset. Mr. Dooley recalled another incident on July 29, 2006,

when the victim called him at 3:15 a.m. and said that the defendant had hit her and strangled

her. He described her as being panicky.

Elizabeth Scism testified that she and the victim became friends when the victim was

her student teacher in 2003. Ms. Scism said that she and the victim remained friends after

the victim’s student teaching period was over, and they kept in touch through e-mails and

instant messaging as well as seeing each other in person. Ms. Scism testified that the victim

called her soon after Thanksgiving in 2005. She said that the victim called from Blair

Brown’s house and spoke very fast. Ms. Scism testified that the victim

told [her] she refused to go to Thanksgiving dinner; that she and [the

defendant] were not getting along. She proceeded to tell [her] that he tried to

choke her, and then she went on to talk about some sex life - that [the

defendant] was into porn; that [the defendant] refused to kiss her; that she

would ask him to kiss her, and he wouldn’t do it.

Ms. Scism further testified that the victim called her in January 2006 and asked Ms.

Scism to cover for her because she had checked into a hotel but had told the defendant that

she was at Ms. Scism’s house. Ms. Scism said that the victim told her in “numerous

conversations” that the defendant called her “lots of bad names [and] insulted her in other

ways.” Ms. Scism stated that the victim told her that the defendant said she was not a good

teacher and would not be a good mother. She said that the victim was “depressed, hurt, [and]

frustrated” when she related what the defendant said.

-8-
On cross-examination, Ms. Scism admitted that she had been concerned about the

victim’s drinking because the victim had been in an accident and received a DUI conviction.

Additionally, she agreed that the victim had told her that she did not go a day without getting

drunk and never remembered going to bed. Ms. Scism further agreed that when the victim

asked Ms. Scism to cover for her, the victim told her that she went to the hotel with “bad

intentions” but “decided against it” when she got there.

Virginia Blair Brown testified that she met the defendant when she began working for

his father’s company in March 2000. She said that she had a sexual relationship with the

defendant “off and on” from December 2002 until the middle of 2005. Ms. Brown testified

that she knew the victim through the defendant and became “good friends” with the victim.

She stated that the defendant told the victim about his relationship with her after their

relationship ended. Ms. Brown testified that the victim came to her house more than once

because the victim had a fight with the defendant “and she wanted to get away.” On one

occasion in November 2005, the victim went to Ms. Brown’s house and was lying on the bed

in Ms. Brown’s bedroom when the defendant arrived. Ms. Brown testified that the defendant

“had been drinking” and “was in a rage.” She said that he “punched her in the back about

. . . three times real [sic] fast.” She recalled that she got him away from the victim and made

him leave her house, but when she asked the victim about calling the police, the victim told

her not to call them.

Ms. Brown testified that she was with the victim when the victim met Mr. Lowe, and

she knew that the victim had an affair with him. She further testified that in late October or

early November 2005, on one occasion when the victim went to Ms. Brown’s house, the

defendant called Ms. Brown and told her that he had learned about the affair when he saw

text messages between the victim and Mr. Lowe on the victim’s cell phone. She recalled that

the victim spoke about leaving the defendant in 2005 but did not recall the defendant ever

saying that he considered leaving the victim.

Ms. Brown said that she last saw the victim on November 22, 2006, when they went

together to see the house that the victim and the defendant had bought. She testified that

after they saw the new house, they went to the Scotts’ current house, and she stayed with the

victim until the defendant arrived, at which time she left.

On cross-examination, Ms. Brown testified that at some point during the victim’s

affair with Mr. Lowe, the victim and Mr. Lowe were together in Ms. Brown’s guest

bedroom, and Ms. Brown called the defendant and told him to come to her house because she

wanted him to catch the victim. She explained that she felt that the victim was using her, and

she was frustrated.

-9-
Ms. Brown testified that on another occasion, she and the victim were at a bar, and

the victim began speaking with a man there. The victim did not want to leave with Ms.

Brown and said she would get a ride from the man. Ms. Brown testified that she called the

defendant and told him what the victim was doing, but she said she did not know whether the

defendant found the victim with the man.

Ms. Brown recalled the victim being “in a rage,” yelling at her on more than one

occasion, but she did not remember the victim ever being “in a rage” directed at the

defendant. She said that she was aware that the victim and defendant “were going to a

counselor to try to work things out.”

Ms. Brown testified that she and the victim went to a concert in the fall of 2005. They

both were drinking, and the victim fell down. Ms. Brown said that she did not remember the

victim hitting her head but she “remember[ed] a knot being caused from it.”

Ms. Brown recalled an incident involving the victim’s dog, when the defendant took

the dog for a ride in his Jeep. She said the dog was hurt somehow, but she did not know

exactly what happened. She met the victim and the defendant at the veterinarian’s office, and

the victim and defendant were yelling at each other.

Regarding November 22, 2006, Ms. Brown recalled that the victim had several glasses

of wine at lunch and was in a good mood. She said that the victim was excited about the new

house and the possibility of having a child with the defendant.

Lori Machen testified that she and the victim met when they were in fifth grade in

Bossier City, Louisiana. They were best friends until the victim died. She and the victim

kept in touch by telephone and occasional visits. Ms. Machen knew the defendant through

the victim. She testified that she began getting phone calls from the defendant in November

2005. He called once every week or every other week for a month and a half to two months.

He told her that the victim “was drinking a lot; that she was falling down; getting hurt;

waking up the next morning and not remembering it happening.” The defendant said that the

victim was spending time with Ms. Brown and that Ms. Brown was a bad influence on her.

In one conversation, the defendant told Ms. Machen “that he wanted to have children but that

he did not want [the victim] to be the mother of his children.” He also “called to tell [her]

about the affair [the victim] was having [and] that he thought that he deserved better than

[the victim].”

Ms. Machen testified that during the time period that the defendant was calling her,

she called the victim, but the victim would not return her calls. She said that she encouraged

the defendant to see a counselor because she “was always going to [be] biased toward [the

-10-
victim] because she was [her] best friend.” The last time that the defendant called her, he

told her “that the counselor had advised him to leave [Ms. Machen] out of it,” and he would

not call her again. After that phone call, she began communicating with the victim again.

Ms. Machen testified that she saw the victim in September 2006, when the victim

stayed at her house in Louisiana and they attended their ten year high school reunion. The

defendant did not go with the victim to her reunion. Ms. Machen said that when she tried to

discuss the victim’s marriage, the victim told her that she was having a good time and did not

want to talk about it. According to Ms. Machen, the defendant called the victim “constantly”

while the victim was in Louisiana. Ms. Machen said that the last time she talked to the

victim was in November 2006, but she could not recall the exact date. She had a missed call

from the victim on her cell phone at either 10:42 or 10:43 on November 22, 2006, but the

victim did not leave a message.

Michael Lowe testified that he “met [the victim] out one night” in the fall of 2005.

He said that they stopped having an intimate relationship in the spring or summer of 2006

but remained friends until the victim died. He said that they communicated mostly through

text messages. Mr. Lowe did not recall sending her any text messages on November 22 or

23, 2006, nor did he remember receiving any text messages from her on those days.

On cross-examination, Mr. Lowe testified that he and a friend were at the Fox and

Hound, watching football, when the victim and Ms. Brown sent drinks over to them. He and

his friend joined them where they were sitting, and later that night he went to the victim’s

house with her. Mr. Lowe recalled seeing the defendant at Ms. Brown’s house on the only

occasion that he and the victim had sexual relations at Ms. Brown’s house. He said that he

did not remember the victim sending him pictures of herself. He agreed that their text

message communications were sometimes sexual in nature.

On cross-examination, Mr. Lowe testified that he would have remembered it if the

victim had sent him pictures of herself. He said that they had sex on four occasions, the last

time being at Ms. Brown’s house the day that he saw the defendant there.

Megan Tate testified that she had been the victim’s student and teacher’s assistant.

She said that the victim was friendly and gave out her cell phone number to students. Ms.

Tate said that on Thanksgiving Day, 2006, she sent a mass text message saying “Happy

Thanksgiving” to two groups, one at midnight and one at 6:00 a.m. She said that the victim

was in one of those two groups, but she could not recall which one. Ms. Tate stated that the

victim did not respond. She said that on November 23, 2006, after she heard a rumor about

the victim’s death, she called the victim and left a voice mail.

-11-
Rachel Songstad testified that she was a divorce lawyer. She said that she met the

victim in August 2005 after a mutual friend asked Ms. Songstad to refer the victim to a

criminal lawyer who could represent her in her DUI case. She saw the victim at Bolton High

School in September 2005, and she told the victim that she was a divorce attorney. The

victim responded by asking Ms. Songstad for advice about a friend who was being abused.

Ms. Songstad again saw the victim in October 2005, at which time she observed a

knot on the right side of the victim’s head, and the victim again asked about her friend’s

situation. Ms. Songstad testified that she asked the victim whether she, and not a friend, was

the one being abused, and she told the victim that if she hired Ms. Songstad as her attorney,

that attorney-client privilege would protect their conversations. The victim said that she

could not afford to hire her, so Ms. Songstad told her that a dollar would be enough

consideration. The victim gave her four quarters. Ms. Songstad testified that she considered

herself retained at that point. She said that she asked the victim whether her husband had

given her the knot on her head, and the victim responded affirmatively. Ms. Songstad

advised her to leave the defendant and gave her several options of what she could do. The

victim replied that “[the defendant] told [her] that if [she] ever tried to leave him, he would

kill [her].” The victim told Ms. Songstad that the defendant had been hitting her since

college.

Ms. Songstad testified that she saw the victim with a black eye in October 2005, and

the victim said that the defendant had hit her in the eye. She met with the victim in April

2006 at Bolton High School, and the victim told her that the defendant had “drug her all

through the house [and] she said she had marks all over her back.” Ms. Songstad explained

that the victim never called her from her cell phone because the defendant checked her phone

for numbers he did not know. Ms. Songstad testified that in July 2006, the victim called her

from a phone at a tanning salon, and Ms. Songstad met her in the parking lot of the tanning

salon. The victim told her that the defendant “had knocked her down; and when he kicked

her, she fell into a piece of furniture and busted her chin open.” Ms. Songstad said that the

victim had a bandage on her chin because she had gone to a minor emergency center for

treatment.

In September 2006, the victim called Ms. Songstad after she returned from her high

school reunion. Ms. Songstad met with the victim at Bolton High School, and the victim told

her that when she returned home, she noticed pictures turned around and things out of place.

The victim said that she confronted the defendant about that, and he admitted that a prostitute

had been in the house while she was gone. The victim further told her that the defendant

went through her luggage and told her that she had dressed “like a whore” while she was

gone. The victim told Ms. Songstad that she replied “to the effect of, ‘Well, if I dressed like

a whore, maybe you would be with me instead of having prostitutes in the house.’” The

-12-
victim said that the defendant knocked her down and put his foot on her chest, “kind of on

her throat,” and she told him to stop because she could not breathe. She said he told her he

did not want her to breathe.

Ms. Songstad testified thatshe and the victim discussed divorce on several occasions.

She said that the victim called her on November 22, 2006, and told her that she had her filing

fee money ready and wanted to file for divorce. Ms. Songstad told her that she could not

meet with her right away because she was in Nashville. She advised the victim to “[j]ust get

out of there,” and she would talk to her Sunday when she returned to Memphis. The victim

replied that she would get out, but “she just had to get some things from the house.” The

victim asked Ms. Songstad whether she should tell the defendant that she was going to file

for divorce, but Ms. Songstad advised her not to tell. Ms. Songstad testified that the victim

responded that “she at least owed [the defendant] and his family an explanation as to why she

was leaving.” She said that she found out that the victim was dead on November 23.

Erica Dorris, a sales support manager at AT&T, testified concerning cell phone

records for an account associated with a number ending in 1009. The records listed the

defendant as the billing party and user. She testified that the account was “unsuspended” on

October 6, 2005, but she said that the records did not indicate when or why the defendant

suspended the account. Ms. Dorris testified that the records showed two phone calls from

the phone to the phone’s voice mail number on November 23, 2006, one at 10:51 a.m. and

the second at 12:09 p.m.

On cross-examination, Ms. Dorris testified that the contact e-mail for the account was

the victim’s e-mail address. She testified that the report indicated that from October 29,

2006, until November 22, 2006, almost all of the text messages were either sent to or

received from Mr. Lowe. She agreed that of the twenty-eight multi-media messages sent in

the same time frame, all but two were sent to Mr. Lowe. On November 22, 2006, five multimedia messages were sent to Mr. Lowe.

On re-direct examination, Ms. Dorris said that AT&T was unable to determine the

contents of multi-media messages.

Shelby County Sheriff’s Office Deputy Steve Bierbrodt testified as an expert in the

forensic analysis of cell phones. In the victim’s phone, he found five pictures of female

genitalia that had been sent via multi-media messaging to Mr. Lowe’s number. Deputy

Bierbrodt testified that the pictures could have been taken by the phone or downloaded from

another source. He further testified that he was unable to determine when the messages were

sent.

-13-
On cross-examination, Deputy Bierbrodt agreed that the sex toy pictured in some of

the pictures on the victim’s phone looked the same as a sex toy found in a drawer in the

Scotts’ bedroom.

Dr. Lisa Funte, assistant medical examiner in Shelby County, testified that the victim

died from blunt-force injuries, including

Bilateral subdural hemorrhage.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the pons.

[Uncal] herniation in the right temporal lobe.

Subgaleal hemorrhage[.]

[H]emorrhage in the left temporalis muscle.

Abrasions and contusions of the face and head.

Lacerations of the mucosal surface of the lower lip.

Abrasions and contusions of the torso and extremities.

Dr. Funte testified that the victim suffered multiple blows to the head, but she was

unable to determine the exact number of blows. She explained that a blow or blows to the

head shifted the brain inside the intracranial cavity to the point that the brain broke the

vessels and veins leading into and out of the skull, and the veins and vessels bled into the

brain, causing a subdural hematoma. The subdural hematoma expanded as the amount of

blood increased, and it pushed down on the brain, compressing the vessels at the base of the

brain. That compression prevented blood and the oxygen carried by blood from getting to

the brain, causing death of the brain tissue. Dr. Funte testified that as the brainstem died, it

disrupted the activity of the respiratory and cardiac centers, ultimately causing death.

Dr. Funte said that in the course of the autopsy, she did not “see any indication of any

disease or disease process that would have led to [the victim’s] death.” She testified that

either a blow or a fall could have caused the laceration on the victim’s lip, and that either

injury or a secondary cause, such as the fluids given to her by the hospital staff, might have

caused the swelling of her lip. Dr. Funte stated that the victim had contusions on her left

shoulder, left hand, torso, lower left leg, left knee, right elbow, right arm, right thigh, right

leg, right foot, and flank. She opined that medical intervention caused the rectangular

bruising on the victim’s torso. Dr. Funte stated that some of the victim’s contusions were

consistent with falling, but “[t]he overall pattern and location of those contusions [were]

inconsistent with falling; [they were] consistent with an assault.” She testified that she ruled

the victim’s death a homicide.

-14-
Dr. Funte said that she sent vitreous fluid from the victim’s eye to a laboratory for

screening and learned that the alcohol level in the vitreous fluid was 0.113 grams per

deciliter. She explained that the vitreous alcohol level was reflective of blood alcohol level

but not exactly the same. Dr. Funte opined that the vitreous alcohol level could have caused

impairment, including falling. She further stated that the alcohol level does not remain stable

after death.

On cross-examination, Dr. Funte said that she saw three individual impacts in one

image previously shown to the jury. She further said that, while the individual injuries were

consistent with falling, “[i]t [was] unlikely that a person [would] get up and fall down as

many times in as many directions as the overall picture of these injuries present[ed].” She

agreed that the injury to the lip might have been an injury secondary to intubation.

Defendant’s Proof. The defendant tendered, and the court qualified, Dr. O’Brian

Cleary Smith as an expert in anatomic pathology, forensic pathology, clinical pathology, and

advanced trauma life support. Dr. Smith testified that after reviewing the victim’s medical

records and autopsy report, he found “that there [was] a readily scientifically defensible

alternative explanation to [the victim’s] death,” namely, alcoholic ketoacidosis. He opined

that the cause of the victim’s death was blunt-force trauma that occurred as a result of falling

or having seizures caused by alcoholic ketoacidosis. Dr. Smith explained that alcoholic

ketoacidosis was “a derangement of the body’s metabolism based upon the abuse of alcohol”

and affected the functions of the liver, pancreas, kidney, and other organs. He opined that

alcoholic ketoacidosis explained the levels of potassium, glucose, and ketone found in the

victim’s blood, as well as the breaking down of her muscles. Dr. Smith said that alcoholic

ketoacidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis were differentiated by the type of ketones produced

by the liver, but common laboratory methods did not measure the type of ketone. He testified

that the victim’s blood clotting studies and the sub-therapeutic level of acetaminophen in her

blood indicated to him that she “ha[d] a propensity to bleed excessively.” Dr. Smith

explained that even a small amount of acetaminophen would have been problematic for

someone with a pre-existing liver disease.

Dr. Smith testified that he reviewed the victim’s CT scan from the hospital and

compared it to the autopsy report. He said that the hospital CT scan indicated one subdural

hematoma on the right side of the brain, and the autopsy report indicated both a hematoma

on the right side and a hematoma of equal size on the left side of the victim’s brain. Dr.

Smith opined that an artery that ruptured under pressure on the left side might have caused

the hematoma on that side.

Dr. Smith opined that the victim’s blood alcohol level between 12:30 a.m. and 1:00

a.m. on November 23, 2006, would have been 0.349, based upon her blood alcohol level at

-15-
the hospital and the average rate of alcohol metabolism. Dr. Smith further opined that the

bruises on the victim’s body, which he noted were mostly on “bony prominences,” generally

indicated a pattern of falling rather than assault. Dr. Smith said that he could not determine

from photographs exactly what caused the injury pattern on the right side of the victim’s

head, but he opined that the dog kennel in the garage could have caused the pattern of

intersecting lines when the victim was either pushed into the kennel or fell onto the kennel.

Dr. Smith testified that the fact that the defendant did not have any injuries was significant

because he “would have expected some bruises on the [defendant’s] knuckles[,] . . . arm[,]

or . . . elbow.” Dr. Smith testified that sectioning the victim’s bruises, which Dr. Funte did

not do, would have helped determine the ages of the bruises, which in turn would have

helped determine whether the victim suffered her injuries due to alcoholic ketoacidosisinduced seizures over a period of time or from a beating at one time. He further testified that

he would have tested the subdural hematomas to determine the timeline of when they

occurred. Dr. Smith said that the symptoms of having a subdural hematoma varied

depending on how fast the hematoma accumulated: a person might faint, stumble, or have

seizures. He testified that Dr. Funte assessed the number of blows by “looking at the

bleeding spots on the skull,” but he opined that a better method would have been to look at

the victim’s skin because the skin would have been “the best repository of any sort of transfer

of injury or other materials there that may suggest the instrumentality” used. Regarding the

bruise that previous witnesses believed was a shoe print, Dr. Smith agreed that the bruise was

a pattern contusion, but because the victim was clothed, he opined that her clothing might

have caused the pattern. Dr. Smith said that he would have taken sections of all of the

victim’s organs to look for damage that would only be apparent under a microscope. He

concluded that the investigation was not complete enough for him to have ruled the victim’s

death a homicide.

State’s Rebuttal. Dr. Karen Elizabeth Chancellor, the Chief Medical Examiner for

Shelby County, testified as an expert in clinical pathology, anatomic pathology, forensic

pathology, and neuropathology. Dr. Chancellor testified that after reviewing the victim’s

autopsy report, autopsy photographs, and medical records, she concurred with Dr. Funte’s

finding as to cause of death – blunt-force trauma to the head. Dr. Chancellor said that the

“chain of events [that] led to [the victim’s] death . . . started with blunt-force injuries to the

head that led to the subdural hematoma, that led to the brain swelling and herniation, which

led to the brainstem hemorrhage and caused her death.” She opined that the laboratory

results from the hospital were “all consistent with someone who has suffered a severe

traumatic injury.” Dr. Chancellor testified that she did not see any laboratory values that

indicated that alcoholic ketoacidosis caused the victim’s death. She said that hospital CT

scans have proven to be inaccurate regarding the presence or absence of subdural

hematomas, and autopsies were the most accurate method to determine whether a person had

a subdural hematoma. Dr. Chancellor opined that estimating a blood alcohol level prior to

-16-
time of death would be difficult because the fluids administered at the hospital would have

skewed the blood alcohol level taken at the hospital and because people metabolize alcohol

at different rates. Dr. Chancellor stated that sectioning the victim’s bruises to determine age

would have been unnecessary because the autopsy clearly revealed the cause of death. She

further stated that sectioning the victim’s organs would only have been necessary if the

medical examiner could not otherwise determine the cause of death.

Following the close of proof and deliberations, the jury returned a verdict finding the

defendant guilty of the lesser-included charge of second degree murder. The trial court held

a sentencing hearing and subsequently sentenced the defendant as a Range I, violent offender

to twenty-five years in the Tennessee Department of Correction.

II. Analysis

A. Prior Bad Acts Testimony

The defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the

testimony of Paul Dooley, Virginia Blair Brown, Elizabeth Scism, and Rachel Songstad.

Specifically, the defendant argues that the trial court “utilized relations [between the

defendant and the victim] as a general, independent ground for admission under [Tennessee]

Rule [of Evidence] 404(b),” contrary to State v. Gilley, 173 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2005), in which

the supreme court ruled that its decision in State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561 (Tenn. 1993), “did

not establish a per se rule allowing the admission of evidence of prior acts of physical abuse

committed by a defendant against a victim.” Gilley, 173 S.W.3d at 7. The defendant also

argues that the trial court did not properly follow the procedure outlined in Rule 404(b) for

each witness’s testimony.

Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b), evidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts is generally not admissible “to prove the character of a person in order to show action

in conformity with the character trait.” The rationale underlying this rule is that the

admission of such evidence carries with it the inherent risk of the jury convicting the accused

of a particular crime based upon his bad character or propensity to commit the crime rather

than the strength of the evidence. State v. Rickman, 876 S.W.2d 824, 828 (Tenn. 1994). The

risk is greater when the accused’s other bad acts are similar to the crime for which the

accused is on trial. Id.; see also State v. McCary, 922 S.W.2d 511, 514 (Tenn. 1996).

Nonetheless, evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts may be admissible where it is

probative of a purpose other than the accused’s propensity. Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). Although

Rule 404(b) does not explicitly list the exceptions under which evidence of prior crimes,

wrongs, or acts may be admitted, our courts have held that such evidence may be admissible

to show another purpose such as motive, intent, guilty knowledge, identity of the defendant,

absence of mistake, or the existence of a common scheme. See, e.g., State v. Berry, 141

-17-
S.W.3d 549, 582 (Tenn. 2004); Collard v. State, 526 S.W.2d 112, 114 (Tenn. 1975). To

admit such evidence, Rule 404(b) specifies the following:

(1) The court upon request must hold a hearing outside the jury’s presence;

(2) The court must determine that a material issue exists other than conduct

conforming with a character trait and must upon request state on the record the

material issue, the ruling, and the reasons for admitting the evidence;

(3) The court must find proof of the other crime, wrong, or act to be clear and

convincing; and

(4) The court must exclude the evidence if its probative value is outweighed

by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b).

Should a review of the record indicate that the trial court substantially complied with

the requirements of Rule 404(b), the trial court’s admission of the challenged evidence will

remain undisturbed absent an abuse of discretion. State v. James, 81 S.W.3d 751, 759 (Tenn.

2002); State v. DuBose, 953 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. 1997). “An abuse of discretion occurs

when the trial court applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a conclusion that is

‘illogical or unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party complaining.’” State v. Dotson,

254 S.W.3d 378, 392 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn.

2006)).

1. Failure to Follow Gilley

The defendant’s first contention is that the trial court failed to follow the Tennessee

Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Gilley, 173 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2005). In that case, brought

before the court on interlocutory appeal, the supreme court ruled that the intermediate

appellate court misinterpreted the supreme court’s holding in State v. Smith, 868 S.W.2d 561

(Tenn. 1993). Gilley, 173 S.W.3d at 1. The supreme court stated

Notwithstanding the language in Rule 404(b), the Court of Criminal

Appeals stated that evidence of prior physical abuse committed by a defendant

against a victim is “seemingly per se admissible” under State v. Smith, 868

S.W.2d 561 (Tenn.1993). In Smith, evidence of prior violent acts committed

by the defendant against the victims was admitted in the defendant’s trial for

first degree murder. On appeal, this Court observed that the evidence “was

admitted not to prove the Defendant acted in accord with this character but as

-18-
part of the proof establishing his motive for the killings.” Id. at 574. This

Court also observed that the probative value of the evidence was not

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id.

Our decision in Smith did not establish a per se rule allowing the

admission of evidence of prior acts of physical abuse committed by a

defendant against a victim, nor did our decision abandon the requirement that

such evidence must be relevant to a material issue at trial. To the contrary, we

stated that the evidence was relevant to the defendant’s motive. Id. at 574.

Moreover, the evidence of motive was also circumstantial evidence of identity,

which was a material issue at trial in light of the defendant’s alibi defense. See

id. at 568; see also Neil Cohen et al., Tennessee Law of Evidence § 4.04(9), p.

4–84 (4th ed. 2000) (“Although motive itself is rarely an issue in a case, it is

often circumstantial proof of some other important matter, such as identity,

intent, or lack of accident.”). Given these principles, the Court of Criminal

Appeals’ broad interpretation of Smith was error.

Accordingly, because there is no per se rule of admissibility under Rule

404(b) for prior acts of abuse committed by a defendant against a victim, the

trial court must, on remand, consider the admissibility of the State’s proposed

evidence by applying the specific safeguards set forth in Rule 404(b).

Id. at 7. The supreme court reversed the Court of Criminal Appeals’ judgment and remanded

to the trial court. Id.

When the case came before the Court of Criminal Appeals again on direct appeal, the

panel concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting evidence of the

defendant’s prior violent acts, reasoning that the prior violent acts were probative of the

defendant’s intent, which was a material issue in the first degree murder case because the

state was obliged to prove that the victim’s killing was premeditated and intentional. State

v. Gilley, 297 S.W.3d 739, 758 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (“Gilley II”). The supreme court

denied the defendant’s application for permission to appeal. Id. at 739.

The defendant’s argumentsuggeststhat the supreme court’sruling overturned the line

of cases stating that the relationship between the victim and the defendant could be relevant

to show motive or intent. See, e.g. Smith, 868 S.W.2d at 574; State v. Turnbill, 640 S.W.2d

40, 46–47 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982); State v. Glebock, 616 S.W.2d 897, 905–06 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1981). However, the supreme court’s decision in Gilley corrected the Court of Criminal

Appeals’ overbroad interpretation of Smith without disturbing the rules pertaining to Rule

404(b) proof. See Gilley, 173 S.W.3d at 7. The defendant has not shown any evidence that

-19-
the trial court allowed proof of the relationship between the victim and the defendant under

a general ground for admission, independent of the requirements of Rule 404(b). Rather, the

record shows that the trial court substantially complied with the requirements of Rule 404(b)

and did not apply the per se approach that the supreme court cautioned against in Gilley. In

fact, if the defendant’s argument that “[p]er se admissibility would remove the trial court’s

discretion to view the facts and circumstances of each prior bad act individually to make the

best determination of admissibility” is correct, then the trial court’s exclusion of much of the

state’s Rule 404(b) evidence demonstrates that the trial court individually determined

admissibility and did not apply a per se rule that all of the defendant’s alleged prior bad acts

were admissible. We conclude, therefore, that the defendant’s first argument is without

merit.

2. 404(b) Witnesses

In this case, the trial court conducted lengthy jury-out hearings on each of the state’s

proposed 404(b) witnesses. The trial court characterized the witnesses’ testimony asfollows:

Basically, there [are] several different types of witnesses. There are

witnesses who observed odd or unusual behavior of the victim - saw some

injuries but did not inquire as to the source of those injuries.

And then we have people who had conversations with Ms. Scott

regarding injuries. Some of them relayed that she was in an excited state when

she said these things or had something that indicated what her state of mind

might have been - what her future actions might have been, rather than the

state of mind of the defendant. And some that were unclear.

And then we have statements from people who witnessed an altercation

between the victim and the defendant; and of course, we have the defendant’s

own statements about his relationship with the victim.

Prior to ruling on the admissibility of each witness’s testimony, the trial court

interpreted State v. Glebock, 616 S.W.2d 897 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981), to mean that the

2

“relations existing between the victim and the defendant” were “relevant” but not

“automatically admissible” and that “[t]hese relations indicate[d] hostility toward the victim

and a settle[d] purpose to harm or injure the victim.” The trial court ruled that parts of some

witnesses’ proffered testimonies were admissible and excluded the proffered testimonies of

six of the state’s proposed witnesses.

 A portion of the transcript refers to this case as State v. Glaubach. 

2

-20-
Regarding the testimony of Paul Dooley, the court allowed parts of his testimony

about the defendant’s prior bad acts, as related to him by the victim, after finding (1) that

clear and convincing evidence proved that the events occurred, (2) that the statements met

the “excited utterance” exception to the hearsay rule, and (3) that the testimony was relevant

to the material issues of “premeditation and intent” as proof of the defendant’s settled

purpose to harm the victim. The court excluded the parts of Mr. Dooley’s testimony that

related to general conversations with the victim and to injuries he observed on the victim for

which there was an alternate explanation other than that the defendant caused the injury. The

record shows that the trial court substantially complied with the procedure outlined in Rule

404(b), and, therefore, it is entitled to great deference. See James, 81 S.W.3d at 759.

The defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion because, he argues,

the acts about which Mr. Dooley testified were only relevant to show the defendant’s

propensity to commit the charged offense. However, as another panel of this court noted,

“Tennessee courts have accepted the use of evidence of a homicide defendant’s threats or

prior violent acts directed toward the homicide victim as a means of allowing the State the

opportunity to establish intent.” Gilley, 297 S.W.3d at 758. We cannot say that the trial

court applied an incorrect legal standard or reached an illogical conclusion; therefore, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Mr. Dooley’s testimony.

The trial court found that Virginia Blair Brown’stestimony was admissible under Rule

404(b). The court stated that it was “convinced, by clear and convincing evidence, that she

saw what she saw and that she heard what she heard” and that the probative value was not

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The court found that Ms. Brown’s testimony

was “relevant to a number of things - whether or not she intended on leaving him which

could give a motive for committing an offense such as this - and intent as well.” The court

further ruled that the victim’s statements to Ms. Brown were admissible under either the

“state-of-mind” or “excited utterances” exceptions to the hearsay rule.

The defendant contends that the trial court did not comply with Rule 404(b) because

it did not state the relevance of the proffered testimony to a material issue other than

propensity. The record reveals that the trial court found that the testimony was relevant to

both motive and intent; therefore, the defendant’s argument is without merit. We conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Ms. Brown’s testimony.

The court additionally found Elizabeth Scism’stestimony to be admissible under Rule

404(b). The court stated that the proof was clear and convincing, that the victim’s statements

to Ms. Scism were admissible as “excited utterances,” and that Ms. Scism’s testimony

showed the relations between the victim and the defendant, which the court found were

-21-
relevant to prove premeditation and intent. The court further found that the probative value

was not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

The defendant complains that the trial court “invoked intent and motive as material

issues, but did not provide the necessary missing link that would show how the alleged prior

bad act was relevant to show motive or intent.” The defendant also argues that Ms. Scism’s

testimony that the defendant watched pornography and would not kiss the victim was not

relevant to any material issue. However, the record shows that the trial court explicitly stated

that the entirety of Ms. Scism’s testimony ruled admissible under Rule 404(b) was relevant

to show the relations between the victim and the defendant, which was relevant to prove

premeditation and intent. As previously discussed, this type of evidence is an acceptable

means of allowing the state to prove intent. See Gilley II, 297 S.W.3d at 758. Therefore, we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

Regarding Rachel Songstad’s testimony, the trial court found that it was relevant to

“show the marital relationship . . . which is relevant to show premeditation and intent.” The

court also said that Ms. Songstad’s testimony was relevant to show that the victim intended

to leave the defendant. The court found that the victim’s statements each met a hearsay

exception, that the testimony proved the events in question by clear and convincing proof,

and that the danger of unfair prejudice did not outweigh the probative value. The court

excluded any testimony from Ms. Songstad that the victim was fearful of the defendant.

The defendant argues that (1) the state did not prove by clear and convincing evidence

that the defendant committed the prior bad acts and (2) the court did not identify a material

issue other than propensity. Regarding the first argument, the defendant contends that

inconsistencies between Ms. Songstad’s proffered testimony and her testimony in front of

the jury, as well as inconsistencies between her testimony and the testimony of other

witnesses, “undermined the credibility and reliability of Songstad’s testimony.” However,

3

the credibility of a witness is a matter for the fact-finder and not this court. State v. Bland,

958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). Therefore, the defendant’s contention is without merit.

As for his second issue, as with the other witnesses, the court did not abuse its discretion in

allowing evidence of prior bad acts that showed the relationship between the defendant and

the victim under the precedents of Smith, 868 S.W.2d at 574; Turnbill, 640 S.W.2d at 46–47;

Gilley II, 297 S.W.3d at 758; and Glebock, 616 S.W.2d at 905–06.

The state respondsthat the defendant waived this argument by not objecting on this ground at trial. 3

However, we agree with the defendant’s argument in hisreply briefthat the defense pre-trial motion in limine

and his objection to all of Ms. Songstad’s testimony was sufficient to preserve the issue for appeal. See State

v. McGhee, 746 S.W.2d 460, 463-64 (Tenn. 1988). 

-22-
B. Hearsay Statements

The defendant argues that the trial court erred in ruling that statements by the victim

to Paul Dooley, Elizabeth Scism, and Rachel Songstad were admissible either under the

“state-of-mind” hearsay exception or the “excited utterance” hearsay exception.

The admission of evidence is a matter left to the discretion of the trial court, and the

trial court’s decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v.

Banks, 271 S.W.3d 90, 116 (Tenn. 2008). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial

court applies an incorrect legal standard or reaches a conclusion that is ‘illogical or

unreasonable and causes an injustice to the party complaining.’” State v. Dotson, 254

S.W.3d 378, 392 (Tenn. 2008) (quoting State v. Ruiz, 204 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006)).

Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while

testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”

Tenn. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible unless it falls under one of the enumerated

exceptions to the hearsay rule. See Tenn. R. Evid. 802. Those exceptions are defined under

Tennessee Rules of Evidence 803 and 804 and include exceptions for “excited utterances”

and statements of a declarant’s then-existing state of mind.

1. Excited Utterances

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(2) defines an “excited utterance” as a “statement

relating to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of

excitement caused by the event or condition.” The rationale for admitting an “excited

utterance” is that the perceived event produces nervous excitement, which temporarily

suspends the capacity to reflect, making the fabrication of statements about that event

unlikely. State v. Gordon, 952 S.W.2d 817, 819 (Tenn. 1997) (citations omitted). In

addition, a statement relating to a startling event is typically made while the memory of the

circumstance or event is still fresh, thus creating a more accurate testimonial to the event than

would be produced by a later in-court description of it. Id. at 819-20.

In order to meet the parameters of the “excited utterance” exception “(1) there must

be a startling event or condition that causes the stress of excitement; (2) the statement must

relate to the startling event or condition; and (3) the statement must be made while the

declarant was under the stress or excitement of the event or condition.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d

at 116; see also State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689, 699-700 (Tenn. 2001), superseded by statute

on other grounds as stated in State v. Odom, 137 S.W.3d 572 (Tenn. 2004); Gordon, 952

S.W.2d at 820. Relevant factors to the determination of whether a statement meets the

“excited utterance” exception include the passage of time, whether the statement was made

in response to a question, “the nature and seriousness of the event or condition; the

appearance, behavior, outlook, and circumstances of the declarant, including such

-23-
characteristics as age and physical or mental condition; and the contents of the statement

itself, which may indicate the presence or absence of stress.” Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820

(citations omitted).

The defendant argues that the trial court did not make explicit findings regarding the

passage of time between an event occurring and the victim’s statements to Paul Dooley,

Elizabeth Scism, and Rachel Songstad, and therefore, the trial court could not make a

determination as to whether the victim’s statements were sufficiently connected in time to

the events she described. However, the time interval between a startling event and a

4

statement is but one consideration in determining the statement’s admissibility as an “excited

utterance.” See Gordon, 952 S.W.2d at 820. In Banks, the supreme court noted that “the

evidence [did] not permit an exact determination of the length of the interval between

[declarant] being shot and [the police officer] arriving on the scene.” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at

117, n. 14. Similarly, in this case, the evidence does not permit an exact determination of

5

the passage of time. In fact, the only person who could have given evidence of the time

interval was the victim. The defendant suggests, however, that hours or even days passed

between the event and the victim’s statements. In Banks, the supreme court, relying on the

defendant’s suggested time frame, ruled that the trial court did not err by admitting a

statement made several hours after the event, reasoning that “the ‘length of time between

6

a startling event and the statement does not automatically preclude the statement’s being

admissible as an excited utterance.’” Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 117 (quoting Williams v. State,

No. W2006–00605–CCA–R3–PC, 2007 WL 2120174, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson,

July 24, 2007)). The court further reasoned that the time interval was “material only as a

circumstance bearing on the issue of continuing stress.” Id. (citation omitted). Following

the supreme court’s reasoning, in this case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

relying on other factors to makes its admissibility ruling when it did not have evidence with

which to make an exact determination of the passage of time. Therefore, we conclude that

the defendant’s argument is without merit.

The defendant also asserts that the trial court erred by “rel[ying] on evidence not

introduced at trial” when admitting the victim’sstatementsto Ms. Songstad in October 2005.

The defendant states that the court found that the victim was crying during that encounter and

The state respondsthat the defendant waived this argument by not objecting on this ground at trial, 4

but the defendant, in his reply brief, argues that his objections were sufficient to preserve the matter for

appeal. We agree with the defendant. See id.

For purposes of that opinion, the supreme court adopted the defendant’s suggested time frame. 

5

Banks, 271 S.W.3d at 117, n. 14.

The defendant suggested that four to six hours passed. Id. at 117.

6

-24-
subsequently found that the statement was an “excited utterance” despite the fact that Ms.

Songstad did not testify that the victim was crying. Contrary to the defendant’s assertion,

however, the record reveals that the trial court admitted the October 2005 statement because

the victim “was visibly trembling . . . [and] obviously in an excited state” and did not state

that its decision was based on non-existent testimony of the victim’s crying. Therefore, the

defendant’s argument has no merit.

2. State of Mind Exception

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(3) defines the “state of mind” hearsay exception as

[a] statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation,

or physical condition (such as intent, plan, motive, design, mental feeling,

pain, and bodily health), but not including a statement of memory or belief to

prove the fact remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution,

revocation, identification, or terms of declarant’s will.

However, “only the declarant’s conduct, not some third party’s conduct, is provable by this

hearsay exception.” Id., Advisory Comm’n Cmts.; see also State v. Hutchison, 898 S.W.2d

161, 171 (Tenn. 1994).

The defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting the victim’s statements

to Elizabeth Scism and Rachel Songstad through the “state of mind” hearsay exception.

Regarding Ms. Scism’s testimony, our close review of the record reveals that the trial court

allowed parts of her proffered testimony under the “excited utterance” hearsay exception but

excluded another portion of her testimony because it did not meet the “state of mind” hearsay

exception. During the jury-out hearing, the court ruled that Ms. Scism’s telephone

conversation with the victim was admissible as an “excited utterance.” Later, in a bench

conference during Ms. Scism’s testimony before the jury, the court ruled that a statement of

the victim made in October 2006 did not meet the “state of mind” hearsay exception. Based

on our close review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not find Ms. Scism’s

testimony admissible under the “state of mind” hearsay exception; therefore, the defendant’s

argument is without merit.

The defendant also contends that the trial court erred by admitting the victim’s

statements to Ms. Songstad under the “state of mind” hearsay exception. The defendant says

that the victim’s statement to Ms. Songstad that the defendant told her that he would kill her

if she left him did not meet the “state of mind” hearsay exception because, he argues, it was

“‘a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact remembered,’ i.e., that the Defendant

made the threat.” The record reveals that the state offered the statement to prove the victim’s

conduct of staying in the marriage, rather than as proof of the defendant’s conduct and that

the statement was relevant to show the state of the relationship between the victim and the

-25-
defendant; therefore, the statement met the “state of mind” exception. See State v. Trusty,

326 S.W.3d 582, 602-03 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2010) (holding that trial court did not err by

admitting homicide victim’s statements that she was afraid of the defendant, with whom she

had a tumultuous romantic relationship). To the extent that the statement could be taken as

proof of the defendant’s future conduct, the trial court gave a limiting instruction regarding

the use of Rule 404(b) evidence, which included this statement by the victim. We conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the victim’s statement through

Ms. Songstad.

The defendant also argues that the victim’s September 2006 statement to Ms.

Songstad that she told the defendant when he was choking her that she could not breathe and

that the defendant responded that he did not want her to breathe was inadmissible hearsay

under either the “state of mind” hearsay exception or the “excited utterance” hearsay

exception. We have already ruled that the statement met the criteria for the “excited

utterance” exception; therefore, any error in admitting it under the additional basis of the

“state of mind” exception is harmless. We conclude that the defendant is without relief for

this issue.

C. Post-Mortem Photographs

The defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting fifty full color postmortem photographs of the victim. He claims that the state sought their admission to inflame

the passions of the jury. The defendant further claims that the photographs had little

probative value for an issue in dispute, that the medical examiner’s oral testimony was

sufficient to describe the injuries, that the autopsy photographs were shocking in nature, and

that the photographs were largely repetitive. Finally, the defendant asserts that the trial court

erred in admitting Exhibits 2 and 6-13 because they were not properly authenticated.

The admission of photographs is generally discretionary with the trial court and,

absent an abuse of that discretion, will not result in the grant of a new trial. See State v.

Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). However, a photograph must be relevant to an

issue that the jury must decide before it may be admitted into evidence. See State v. Vann,

976 S.W.2d 93, 102 (Tenn. 1998), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1071 (1999); State v. Braden, 867

S.W.2d 750, 758 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993); see also Tenn. R. Evid. 401, 402. “[P]hotographs

of [a] corpse are admissible in murder prosecutions if they are relevant to the issues at trial,

notwithstanding their gruesome and horrifying character.” Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 950-51.

Nevertheless, evidence that is not relevant to prove some part of the prosecution’s

case should not be admitted solely to inflame the jury and prejudice the defendant. See id.

Additionally, the probative value of the photograph must outweigh any unfair prejudicial

effect that it may have upon the trier of fact. See Vann, 976 S.W.2d at 102-03; see also Tenn.

-26-
R. Evid. 403 (“[A]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.”). In this respect, photographs

of murder victims are prejudicial by their very nature. However, prejudicial evidence is not

excludable per se. If this were true, all evidence of a crime would be excluded at trial.

Rather, what is excluded is evidence which is unfairly prejudicial, in other words, evidence

which has an undue tendency to suggest a decision on an improper basis, frequently, though

not necessarily, an emotional one. See Banks, 564 S.W.2d at 951. The Banks court defined

several factors for the reviewing court to consider when determining the admissibility of

post-mortem photographs:

The matters to be taken into consideration include the value of photographs as

evidence, that is, their accuracy and clarity, and whether they were taken

before the corpse was moved, if the position and location of the body when

found is material; the inadequacy of testimonial evidence in relating the facts

to the jury; and the need for the evidence to establish a prima facie case of

guilt or to rebut the defendant’s contentions. If the inflammatory nature of the

photograph is thus outweighed, it is admissible.

Id.

In this case, the trial court held an extensive jury-out hearing regarding the autopsy

photographs prior to Dr. Funte’s testimony. The state argued that the photographs were

necessary to explain Dr. Funte’s testimony and to respond to the expected testimony of the

defendant’s expert, Dr. Smith. The court excluded some of the photographs and ordered the

state to crop other photographs so that the cropped portions would be “dehumanized.” The

court also cautioned the jury that “although [the photographs] may be disturbing,” they were

not to use the disturbing nature of the photographs “for sympathy or prejudice for or against

either side” and were “not to allow that to reflect in [their] verdict.”

After reviewing the photographs in question and the record as a whole, we cannot say

that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the photographs. Some of the

photographs depicted bruises, and the cause of those bruises was clearly one issue in

contention because the state attempted to show that the defendant caused the bruises and the

defendant’s expert provided an alternate explanation. The autopsy photographs of the

victim’s brain, skull, and scalp, while graphic, were relevant to Dr. Funte’s testimony

regarding the location, extent, and number of the victim’s injuries. Despite the defendant’s

contention that the cause of death was not at issue, as both Dr. Funte and Dr. Smith testified

that the victim died of blunt-force trauma, Dr. Funte testified that the victim received at least

three blows to the head, while Dr. Smith opined that one injury could have caused the

damage. Furthermore, Dr. Smith called Dr. Funte’s methodology into question, and the

-27-
photographs were relevant to her explanation of her methodology. The defendant complains

that the accuracy of the photographs was impaired because the defendant, fire department

personnel, and hospital staff moved the victim and because of the length of time that passed

between the victim’s death and when the medical examiner’s office took the photographs.

However, the jury heard testimony regarding any potential inaccuracy, so any possible

prejudice in that regard was negated. We conclude that the probative value of the

photographs was not outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice; therefore, the defendant

is without relief on this issue.

The defendant’ssecond argument regarding the photographsidentified by Dr. McGee,

Mr. Wakefield, and Mr. Garmon is that the witnesses did not properly authenticate the

photographs because the photographs were of the victim in the morgue, and the witnesses

did not see the victim in the morgue. Rule 901 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence states as

follows: “The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to

admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to the court to support a finding by the trier

of fact that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” The methods of

authentication or identification in Rule 901(b) are various and include testimony from a

witness with knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed. In this case, the state asked the

witnessesin question whether the photograph depicted the victim as they saw her at the crime

scene, not whether the photograph depicted the victim as they saw her at the morgue.

Therefore, the witnesses’ testimony that the photographs were consistent with the victim’s

appearance at the crime scene was sufficient to authenticate the photographs as depicting the

victim’s appearance to them at the crime scene and was not improper testimony as the

victim’s appearance at the morgue, which was outside of their personal knowledge. The

defendant’s argument is without merit as to this issue.

D. Lay Opinion Testimony

The defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting improper lay opinion

testimony of Paula Hagood, the 911 dispatcher; and of Gary Garmon and Daniel Wakefield,

Memphis Fire Department personnel, in violation of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 701(a).

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 701(a) provides:

If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’s testimony in the form

of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are

(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness and

(2) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the

determination of a fact in issue.

-28-
“Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable

because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.” Tenn. R. Evid. 704.

However, when the jury can readily draw its own inferences on an ultimate issue based on

easily related facts and common experience, unaided by opinion testimony, it is error for the

court to admit the opinion testimony. See Blackburn v. Murphy, 737 S.W.2d 529, 533 (Tenn.

1987). A lay witness may express an opinion to describe his or her observations if that is the

only way in which the witness can effectively communicate those observations to the jury.

State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 550 (Tenn. 1992). “When the admission or exclusion of

opinion evidence is challenged on appeal, it is reviewable only for abuse of discretion.” State

v. Schiefelbein, 230 S.W.3d 88, 130 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2007).

The record shows that the parties had a bench conference on a separate issue during

Paula Hagood’s testimony. At that time, the state informed defense counsel that it expected

Ms. Hagood to testify “[t]hat she notified the police department and ask[ed] the homicide

squad or felony response to respond.” Defense counsel did not lodge an objection at that

time. Ms. Hagood’s testimony resumed, and the state asked her why she went to her

supervisor as a result of the defendant’s 911 call. Defense counsel then objected to the

relevancy of the question, and the state responded that the question went to the testimony

they discussed during the bench conference. The court ruled for the state, and Ms. Hagood

testified that she told her supervisor that “the call was very possibly a homicide” and that it

was her “responsibility to let him know of any high-priority calls.” Defense counsel did not

object after her testimony.

In our view, the defendant has waived his argument regarding Ms. Hagood’s allegedly

improper testimony. By failing to make a contemporaneous objection to testimony, a

defendant waives appellate consideration of the issue. See State v. Schmeiderer, 319 S.W.3d

607, 625 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 302 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001)).

Appellate relief is not required when a party has “failed to take whatever action was

reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P.

36(a). The defendant had two opportunities to object to Ms. Hagood’s testimony as improper

lay opinion - during the bench conference and during her testimony - but he only objected

to relevancy. His objection to the relevancy of the state’s question - “And why did you go

to your supervisor?” - was insufficient to preserve the issue for appeal, and thus, he has

waived this argument. See Alder, 71 S.W.3d at 302.

The defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting testimony from Gary

Garmon, a paramedic, that a bruise on the victim’s back “looked like a shoe print” and that

bruises behind the victim’s ears were “battle signs.” Chief Daniel Wakefield also testified,

over the defendant’s objection, that the victim “looked like [she] had been assaulted” and that

the bruise “to [him] would indicate trauma from like the toe of a shoe.” The trial court noted

-29-
that neither witness could state definitively that the bruise was a shoe print and allowed the

testimony, ruling under Tennessee Rule of Evidence 701 that the testimony was “based on

the perception of a witness, and . . . helpful to a clear understanding of a witness’[s]

testimony.”

In Brown, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that a nurse’s testimony that an injury

“looked like a cigarette burn” was admissible, while a paramedic’s testimony as to the cause

of a victim’s bruised face was inadmissible, but was harmless error. 836 S.W.2d at 550. In

this case, Mr. Garmon’s testimony as to the appearance of the bruise was more like the

nurse’s testimony in Brown, and Chief Wakefield’s testimony was more like the paramedic’s

testimony because he identified a potential cause - trauma caused by a shoe - while Mr.

Garmon merely stated that the bruise “looked like a shoe print.” Therefore, we conclude that

it was not error for the trial court to allow Mr. Garmon’s lay opinion testimony. We conclude

that it was not error to allow Chief Wakefield’s testimony regarding the victim’s overall

appearance, but it was error to allow him to testify as to the cause of the bruise. However,

that error was harmless in light of the record as a whole. Other witnesses testified that the

bruise appeared to be a shoeprint, and the jury heard testimony from Agent Littlejohn that

she could not state with scientific certainty that the bruise was caused by the defendant’s

shoes. As for Mr. Garmon’s statement regarding “battle signs,” the defendant has waived

appellate review by not making a contemporaneous objection. See Alder, 71 S.W.3d at 302.

The defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

E. Further Objections to Rachel Songstad’s Testimony

The defendant contends that the trial court’s admission of Rachel Songstad’s

testimony violated the attorney-client privilege and the defendant’s constitutional right to

confront the witnesses against him.

The Tennessee Code Annotated defines the attorney-client privilege in section 23-3-

105:

No attorney, solicitor or counselor shall be permitted, in giving testimony

against a client or person who consulted the attorney, solicitor or counselor

professionally, to disclose any communication made to the attorney, solicitor

or counselor as such by such person during the pendency of the suit, before or

afterward, to the person’s injury.

“[T]he attorney-client privilege exists to protect the client and to foster full communication

with the attorney. Because the privilege exists to protect the client, it belongs only to the

client and thus may not be asserted by a third party.” State v. Tracy F. Leonard, No.

M2001-00368-CCA-R3CD, 2002 WL 1987963, *8 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Aug.

-30-
28, 2002). Here, the defendant does not have standing to assert the victim’s privilege, and

his argument is without merit.

In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the United States Supreme Court

held that testimonial out-of-court statements violate a defendant’s rights under the

Confrontation Clause and are only admissible when (1) the declarant/witness is unavailable

and (2) the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant/witness.

541 U.S. at 68-69; see also State v. Maclin, 183 S.W.3d 335, 345 (Tenn. 2006), abrogated

by State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287 (Tenn. 2008). In Maclin, the Tennessee Supreme Court

held that the trial court should employ a case-by-case approach to inquire whether a

challenged statement was made “‘under circumstances which would lead an objective

witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial.’”

Maclin, 183 S.W.3d at 349 (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at 52). The court provided an

inexhaustive list of factors for courts to consider:

(1) whether the declarant was a victim or an observer; (2) whether contact was

initiated by the declarant or by law-enforcement officials; (3) the degree of

formality attending the circumstances in which the statement was made; (4)

whether the statement was given in response to questioning, whether the

questioning was structured, and the scope of such questioning; (5) whether the

statement was recorded (either in writing or by electronic means); (6) the

declarant’s purpose in making the statements; (7) the officer’s purpose in

speaking with the declarant; and (8) whether an objective declarant under the

circumstances would believe that the statements would be used at a trial.

Id. at 349.

In Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813 (2006), the United States Supreme Court

refined the holding in Crawford by holding that:

Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation

under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the

interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.

They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is

no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation

is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal

prosecution.

547 U.S. at 822.

-31-
In State v. Cannon, 254 S.W.3d 287, 302 (Tenn. 2008), the Tennessee Supreme Court

ruled that Davis abrogated its holding in Maclin “because the Court adopted a ‘primary

purpose test . . . requir[ing] courts to examine the context in which a statement is given.’”

State v. Franklin, 308 S.W.3d 799, 814 (Tenn. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1598 (2011).

The court adopted the primary purpose test for Tennessee, holding that “[s]tatements are

testimonial if the primary purpose of the statement is to establish or to prove past events

potentially relevant to later criminal prosecutions.” Cannon, 254 S.W.3d at 303. In applying

the primary purpose test to the facts of the case, the Cannon court held that, in an issue of

first impression, statements made to a sexual assault nurse examiner were testimonial

because of (1) the police department’s procedure to have a sexual assault nurse examiner

speak with a potential victim of sexual assault; (2) the nurse’s training by law enforcement

in questioning and collecting evidence; (3) the structured nature of the questioning and

examination, described by the nurse as an investigation; and (4) the fact that there was no

longer an ongoing emergency. Id. at 305. The court noted that the United States Supreme

Court categorized a 911 dispatcher as an agent of law enforcement, but the court did not

categorize the sexual assault nurse examiner as an agent and cautioned against using its

holding as a “blanket rule” regarding all sexual assault nurse examiners, reasoning that there

is a continuum between testimonial and non-testimonial statements, and that the trial courts

should use “in limine procedures and redaction to balance appropriately an accused’s right

of confrontation against the prosecution’s right to present admissible evidence.” Id.

Recently, the Tennessee Supreme Court addressed whether statements made in “an

exchange between two truly private parties” can ever be testimonial. See Franklin, 308

S.W.3d at 815. The court reasoned:

Drawing from cases involving police interrogations, the law is clear that

statements “‘are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that

there is no . . . ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the

interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later

criminal prosecution.’” To account for the absence of law enforcement in this

case, we merely need to replace “interrogation” with “dialogue,” “exchange,”

or a similarly neutral term. Conversely, the statement is nontestimonial if the

primary purpose is something other than establishing or proving past events

potentially relevant to prosecution, such as providing or enabling assistance to

resolve an ongoing emergency. An objective standard, focusing on the

perspective of a reasonable person, governs the determination of the

statement’s primary purpose.

Id. at 815-16 (internal citations omitted). The court stated that the inexhaustive list of factors

from Maclin remained relevant for a court to consider when determining whether a statement

-32-
is testimonial but should not be used mechanically. Id. at 818. The court further stated that

both the declarant’s and the questioner’s intent should be analyzed. Id. at 817-18.

In Franklin, the court considered whether a contractor’s written statement bearing the

license plate number of a robbery suspect’s car was testimonial and concluded

that the contractor was simply responding to a plea for help from a distressed

individual in need of assistance. An employee from the business next door to

his job site claimed that she was robbed and asked him to observe a tag

number of a vehicle belonging to a man who was leaving the premises. In the

heat of that moment, a reasonable person in the contractor’s position would

have had very little time to think. He was merely providing requested

assistance. The fact that the tag number became relevant to a later prosecution

does not automatically make the tag number “testimonial.”

Id. at 819 (citing U.S. v. Mendez, 514 F.3d 1035, 1046 (10th Cir. 2008)). The court held that

the statement was nontestimonial hearsay because “[t]he primary purpose was not to establish

or prove past events of potential relevance to subsequent criminal prosecution.” Id. at 822.

As in Franklin, this case involves an exchange between two private parties, an

attorney and her client, the victim, who was also a friend. The trial court analyzed the

defendant’s Confrontation Clause argument under Maclin, the applicable law at the time.

The trial court allowed the victim’s statements to Ms. Songstad, finding that the declarantvictim did not make the statements with the belief that they would be used at a later trial; that

the victim initiated contact; that there was no formality involved; that the victim gave the

statements in response to unstructured questioning “and the scope of the questioning was

trying to get her to open up and tell what was happening in her life;” that the statements were

not recorded; that the victim’s purpose in making the statements was “to confide in a friend;”

and that Ms. Songstad did not contemplate using the statements at a trial.

The defendant now argues that under Cannon, the trial court’s analysis fails and this

court should find that the victim’s statements to Ms. Songstad were testimonial hearsay in

violation of the defendant’s right to confront witnesses against him. However, it is clear that

under Franklin, the trial court’s analysis is sound. From both the victim’s and the witness’s

perspective, reasonable people in their positions would not have contemplated that the

primary purpose of the victim’s statements was to establish or prove past events in a trial for

her murder. We conclude that the victim’s statements to Ms. Songstad were nontestimonial

7

The defendant argues that Ms. Songstad planned to obtain a restraining order against the defendant 7

(continued...)

-33-
hearsay and the admission of the statements did not violate the defendant’s right under the

Confrontation Clause.

F. Motions for Mistrial/ to Strike Witness’s Testimony

The defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying the

defendant’s two motions for mistrial, and in the alternative to strike Rachel Songstad’s

testimony. He contends that Ms. Songstad had an “agenda” and “blatantly disregarded the

court’s restrictions on her testimony.” He further contends that the trial court’s striking of

portions of her testimony and its curative instruction were insufficient to avoid a miscarriage

of justice.

The determination of whether to grant a mistrial rests within the sound discretion of

the trial court. State v. Smith, 871 S.W.2d 667, 672 (Tenn. 1994). The reviewing court

should not overturn that decision absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247,

279 (Tenn. 2002). The burden of establishing the necessity for mistrial lies with the party

seeking it. State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). No abstract

formula should be mechanically applied in making this determination, and all circumstances

should be taken into account. State v. Mounce, 859 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Tenn. 1993). A

mistrial should be declared in a criminal case only when something has occurred that would

prevent an impartial verdict, thereby resulting in a miscarriage of justice if a mistrial is not

declared. See id.; State v. Jones, 15 S.W.3d 880, 893 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999); Arnold v.

State, 563 S.W.2d 792, 794 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977). “Generally a mistrial will be declared

in a criminal case only when there is a ‘manifest necessity’ requiring such action by the trial

judge.” State v. Millbrooks, 819 S.W.2d 441, 443 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991) (quoting Arnold,

563 S.W.2d at 794). A manifest necessity exists when there is “no feasible alternative to

halting the proceedings.” State v. Knight, 616 S.W.2d 593, 596 (Tenn. 1981).

“The purpose of a motion to strike evidence is to exclude incompetent evidence from

the record and consideration by the trier of fact.” State v. Melvin, 913 S.W.2d 195, 200

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). The moving party may direct the motion to the exclusion of an

item of evidence, part of a witness’s testimony, or a witness’s entire testimony. Id.

(...continued)

7

on the victim’s behalf, and he reasons that because criminal contempt is one penalty for violation of a

restraining order, that Ms. Songstad obtained the victim’s statements to establish or prove past events

relevant to a future criminal prosecution. However, no such restraining order was in place at the time, and

indeed, the victim had not requested that Ms. Songstad seek one prior to her death. In any event, even if Ms.

Songstad did consider whether she could use the victim’s statements in a prosecution for a violation of a

protective order, which the record does not support, it was not her primary purpose in eliciting the victim’s

statements.

-34-
In this case, the court instructed the state that it would allow Rachel Songstad to

testify with the restriction that she was not to discuss the victim’s fear of the defendant.

However, when relating a conversation with the victim about an altercation the victim and

the defendant had, Ms. Songstad testified that the victim was “scared at that point.” The

defendant moved for a mistrial, which the court denied. The court told the parties during a

bench conference that it would remind Ms. Songstad of the restrictions on her testimony.

Defense counsel requested that the court not use the term “restrictions” when addressing the

witness in the hearing of the jury. The court told the witness, “I would like to remind you

about what my previous rulings were about your testimony.” The witness responded, “Okay.

. . . Your Honor, may I know what - may I ask Your Honor what the restrictions are on my

testimony?” The court asked the jury to step out of the courtroom and reminded the witness

that she was not to discuss the victim’s fear of the defendant because it was irrelevant in a

first degree murder case. Defense counsel moved to strike Ms. Songstad’stestimony because

“it appear[ed] that she had an agenda” based on her use of the word “restrictions” after the

parties agreed not to use that term. The witness said that she did not hear the parties’

discussion during the bench conference. The court allowed Ms. Songstad’s testimony to

continue.

Later, Ms. Songstad testified that when the victim was describing how the defendant

choked her, the victim “seemed fearful.” The defendant moved for a mistrial, or in the

alternative, to strike the witness’s testimony. The court ruled “in light of the case law that

says this is harmless error[,] that it doesn’t rise to the level of a reversal . . . I don’t know if

a mistrial would be a proper sanction; however, I think a curative instruction to the jury to

disregard the last statement would be in order.” The court gave this instruction to the jury:

Ladies and gentlemen, I’m going to direct you - order you to disregard

the witness’[s] last statement to you; and I want to add to that, that fear is not

an element of murder in the first degree.

So, at this time, whether or not [the victim] was fearful at any time is

irrelevant at this point in the trial. Okay. So, disregard that last statement.

In our view, there was no ‘manifest necessity’ to halt the proceedings and declare a

mistrial. The jury had heard testimony from three other witnesses about the defendant’s

assaults on the victim and the victim’s demeanor. Testimony that the victim was scared or

seemed fearful would not be surprising. The trial court ordered the jury to disregard the

witness’s statements regarding fear. Jurors are presumed to follow the instructions of the

court. Reid, 91 S.W.3d at 279. Clearly, there was an alternative to halting the proceedings;

therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the motion for mistrial. As

for the motion to strike the witness’s testimony in its entirety, the remainder of the witness’s

-35-
testimony was competent, relevant evidence, and the trial court properly determined that an

instruction to the jury to disregard the witness’s statements regarding fear was a sufficient

remedy. The defendant is without relief as to this issue.

G. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for

second degree murder. He “concedes that the evidence tended to show that he committed

certain assaultive acts” toward the victim, but he claims that the state did not prove beyond

a reasonable doubt that he was reasonably certain that the assaultive acts would result in the

victim’s death and that he acted without adequate provocation to mitigate the offense to

voluntary manslaughter.

Our review begins with the well-established rule that once a jury finds a defendant

guilty, his or her presumption of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of

guilt. State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Therefore, on appeal, the

convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating to this court why the evidence will not

support the jury’s verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State

v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). To meet this burden, the defendant must

establish that no “rational trier of fact” could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v. Evans,

108 S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn. 2003); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). In contrast, the jury’s verdict

approved by the trial judge accredits the state’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in favor

of the state. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). The state is entitled to the

strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn

from that evidence. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 558; Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. Questions

concerning the credibility of the witnesses, conflicts in trial testimony, the weight and value

to be given the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier

of fact and not this court. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). We do not

attempt to re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn.

2002); Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. Likewise, we do not replace the jury’s inferences drawn

from the circumstantial evidence with our own inferences. See State v. Elkins, 102 S.W.3d

581, 582 (Tenn. 2003); Reid, 91 S.W.3d at 277.

A defendant may be convicted on the basis of direct or circumstantial evidence or a

combination of both. State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003); see

also State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In fact,

circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. State v. Tharpe, 726

S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). Moreover, the state does not have the duty to exclude

every other hypothesis except that of guilt. See State v. Genaro Dorantes, No.

M2007-01918-SC-R11-CD, 2011 WL 208306, at *12 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the United

-36-
States Supreme Court standard that the jury is only required to weigh evidence, whether

direct or circumstantial, against the reasonable doubt standard); see also State v. James, 315

S.W.3d 440, 455 n. 14 (Tenn. 2010) (noting that federal courts have rejected the notion that

the government has a duty to exclude every other hypothesis save that of the defendant’s

guilt). “Circumstantial evidence in this respect is intrinsically no different from testimonial

evidence.” Holland v. United States, 348 U.S. 121, 140 (1954). Therefore, when

considering the sufficiency of evidence, we treat direct and circumstantial evidence the same.

Second degree murder is “[a] knowing killing of another.” See Tenn. Code Ann. §

39-13-210(a)(1). A knowing act requires one to be “aware of the nature of the conduct” and

“aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” Id. § 39-11-302(b). “A

person can act knowingly irrespective of his or her desire that the conduct or result will

occur.” State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d 598, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). “In second degree

murder, the result of the conduct is the sole element of the offense. . . . [A] result-of-conduct

crime does not require as an element that an actor engage in a specified course of conduct

to accomplish the specified result.” State v. Ducker, 27 S.W.3d 889, 896 (Tenn. 2000).

Taken in the light most favorable to the state, the evidence supports the defendant’s

conviction. He admitted that he and the victim had a physical altercation the evening before

her death, that he forced her to sleep in the garage, that he dragged her inside at some point

in the night, and that he did not call Dr. McGee to check on the victim’s health until noon the

following day. The medical evidence revealed that the victim received multiple blows to her

head, which caused her death. By its conviction, the jury rejected the testimony of the

defendant’s medical expert that the victim’s injuries could be explained by alcoholic

ketoacidosis. The defendant’s admission and the medical evidence alone are sufficient to

sustain the defendant’s conviction for second degree murder.

The defendant claims that he had adequate provocation because he discovered

messages on the victim’s phone that she had sent to another man, but there is no proof that

he discovered the messages that night. The analyst was unable to determine when the

messages were sent, and there was testimony that the defendant had been aware of the

victim’s affair with Mr. Lowe for at least a year. The defendant is without relief for this

issue.

H. Sequential Jury Instructions

The defendant claims that the acquittal-first jury instructions precluded the jury from

considering all of the legal issues and misled the jury, violating his right to trial by jury.

Under the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a defendant has a right to trial

by jury. State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000). A defendant also has a right

-37-
to a correct and complete charge of the law, so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence

will be submitted to the jury on proper instructions. Id. In evaluating claims of error in jury

instructions, courts must remember that “‘jurors do not sit in solitary isolation booths parsing

instructions for subtle shades of meaning.’” State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (quoting

Boyde v. California, 494 U.S. 370, 380-381 (1990)). Therefore, we review each jury charge

to determine if it fairly defined the legal issues involved and did not mislead the jury. See

State v. Hall, 958 S.W.2d 679, 696 (Tenn. 1997).

The Tennessee Supreme Court has determined that acquittal-first jury instructions do

not offend a defendant’s right to trial by jury under the Tennessee Constitution. See State v.

Davis, 266 S.W.3d 896, 905 (Tenn. 2008). The Davis Court held that

while a defendant is entitled by our constitution to have the jury charged on all

offenses encompassed within the indictment and supported by the proof, our

constitution does not go so far as to mandate the order in which those offenses

are considered. Our constitution also does not prohibit the requirement that a

jury first reach a unanimous verdict of acquittal with respect to a greater

offense before it proceeds to consider a defendant’s guilt of a lesser-included

offense.

Id. The defendant, therefore, does not have any relief under the Tennessee Constitution, and

he does not make any argument that the federal constitution requires a different result.

Therefore, the defendant’s argument is without merit.

I. Sentencing

The defendant argues that the trial court misapplied enhancement and mitigating

factors.

An appellate court’s review of a challenged sentence is de novo on the record with a

presumption the trial court’s determinations are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d).

The Sentencing Commission Comments to this section of the statute indicate that the

defendant bears the burden of establishing that the sentence is improper. When the trial court

follows the statutory sentencing procedure and gives due consideration to the factors and

principles relevant to sentencing, this court may not disturb the sentence. See State v. Carter,

254 S.W.3d 335, 344-45 (Tenn. 2008).

As a Range I offender, the defendant was subject to a sentence of fifteen to twentyfive years for second degree murder, a Class A felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(a)(1).

-38-
Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced the defendant to twenty-five years

as a violent offender in the Tennessee Department of Correction.

8

In its sentencing, the trial court found that the following enhancement factors,

enumerated in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-114, applied: (1) the defendant had

a history of prior criminal behavior - based on the assault witnessed by Ms. Brown; (5) the

defendant treated the victim with exceptional cruelty - based on the defendant’s “allowing

[the victim] to suffer and languish for hours without seeking help;” (6) the personal injuries

inflicted on the victim were particularly great - based on the bruises that did not contribute

to the victim’s death; and (14) the defendant abused a position of trust - based on a finding

that the defendant swore an oath to protect the victim as his wife. The court placed great

weight on enhancement factor (5) and “a lot of weight” on factors (1) and (6).

The court discussed various mitigating factors, determining that it would not give any

weight to the defendant’s arguments that he acted under strong provocation or that

substantial grounds existed to justify the offense. The court held that it had insufficient

information to determine whether the circumstances were so unusual that it was unlikely that

the defendant had a sustained intent to violate the law or whether the defendant “present[ed]

a danger to commit future crimes.” Regarding the defendant’s lack of criminal record, the

court said, “I guess I could render it some weight, but it certainly doesn’t explain why

somebody would just beat the living heck out of somebody and leave them to die.” The court

acknowledged that the defendant “perhaps” had the potential to contribute positively to

society, that he had a stable work history, and that he was a college graduate, but declined

to put any weight on those mitigating factors because “[the defendant] had the whole world

in his hand[, and] he had the opportunity to correct whatever problem he had with his anger

before the day that he beat [the victim] to death.”

Enhancement Factor (1). The defendant contends that the trial court misapplied

enhancement factor (1), arguing that the defendant’s lack of criminal record rendered this

factor inapplicable and that “a single uncharged act of assault should not constitute ‘criminal

behavior.’” However, the enhancement factor encompasses crimes for which a defendant

has not been charged. See State v. Carico, 968 S.W.2d 280, 288 (Tenn. 1998). Domestic

assault is a criminal offense in Tennessee. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-111. The trial court

relied on one incident of domestic assault, but there was ample proof, by a preponderance of

the evidence, in the testimony of Paul Dooley, Elizabeth Scism, and Rachel Songstad that the

defendant committed other assaults against the victim. See Carico, 968 S.W.2d at 287

(discussing “federal and state decisions recogniz[ing] that the trial court may utilize criminal

Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-501(i) provides that “[t]here shall be no release

8

eligibility” for persons who commit the enumerated offenses, including second degree murder.

-39-
behavior shown by a preponderance of the evidence to enhance a sentence without violating

federal or state due process.”); see also State v. Nelson Troglin, No.

E2001-00251-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 385800, at *22 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville,

March 12, 2002) (concluding that the trial court did not err in applying an enhancement

factor for criminal behavior when there was proof that the defendant had shot at a witness

in his trial). Therefore, even though the defendant was never charged with domestic assault,

the trial court did not err by applying this enhancement factor to the defendant’s sentence.

Enhancement Factor (5). The defendant contends that the trial court erred by

applying enhancement factor (5) because the finding that the defendant treated the victim

with exceptional cruelty “was not supported by the evidence and the court relied on facts also

used to prove the offense.” The defendant argues that the jury took the defendant’s failure

to render aid into account in its conviction, and therefore, that same failure to render aid

cannot be used to enhance his sentence.

In order to sustain application of the “exceptional cruelty” enhancement factor, there

must be a finding of acts “separate and apart from the actions which constituted the

offenses.” See State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 99 (Tenn. 1997). The facts of the case “must

‘denote[ ] the infliction of pain or suffering for its own sake or from the gratification derived

therefrom, and not merely pain or suffering inflicted as the means of accomplishing the crime

charged.’” State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 258 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting State v. Kelly Haynes,

No. W1999-01485-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 298744, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson,

Mar. 14, 2000).

This court has upheld the application of enhancement factor (5) in a second degree

murder case where the facts showed that the victim had many internal and external injuries

other than the skull fracture that led to her death. State v. Gray, 960 S.W.2d 598, 611 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1997). While the Gray court noted that factor (5) is most often found in cases

of abuse or torture, the court found it “certainly applicable in this case given the traumatic

and severe injuries sustained by the victim.” Id. Subsequent panels of this court concluded,

based on Gray, that exceptional cruelty is not an element of second degree murder. See State

v. Lonnie Lee Owens, No. M2005-00362-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 2653973, *5-6 (Tenn.

Crim. App., at Nashville, Oct. 18, 2005), State v. Mark A. Stacy, No.

E2000-02906-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 487685, *7 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Knoxville, May 9,

2001);see also State v. Edward Charles Tennial, No. W2006-00999-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL

2935625, *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, October 9, 2007) (finding enhancement factor

(5) applicable in first degree murder case when defendant stabbed victim eleven times, and

one stab wound was the proximate cause of the victim’s death). Additionally, the Tennessee

Supreme Court has affirmed the application of enhancement factor (5) in a case involving

-40-
a delay in medical treatment when the defendants hit a victim with a baseball bat and left her

alone, “unconscious and bleeding.” Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 99.

In this case, the record supports the application of enhancement factor (5). The

defendant admitted to having an altercation with the victim sometime on November 22, 2006.

He did not call Dr. McGee until the afternoon of the following day and did not call 911 until

3:43 p.m. Meanwhile, according to the medical testimony, the hemorrhages in the victim’s

brain were expanding and her muscle cells were breaking down. We agree with the trial

court that the defendant left the victim languishing for hours without seeking medical help

and that this constituted exceptional cruelty, which is not an element of second degree

murder. Contrary to the defendant’s assertion that the jury considered his failure to render

aid as an element in its conviction and that same failure to render aid cannot, therefore, be

used to enhance his sentence, failure to render aid is not an element of second degree murder.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-210(a)(1). Therefore, the defendant is without a remedy for

this issue.

Enhancement Factor (6). The defendant argues that the trial court erred in its

application of enhancement factor (6) - that the personal injuries inflicted on the victim were

great - because the death of the victim was an element of the offense. We agree with the

defendant that the application of this enhancement factor was error. The personal injuries

inflicted in every homicide are “particularly great,” and this factor is therefore an essential

element of the offense such that it may not be applied to enhance the defendant’s sentence.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114; State v. Williamson, 919 S.W.2d 69, 82 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1995). Accordingly, the trial court should not have enhanced the defendant’s sentence

on this basis.

Enhancement Factor (14). The defendant contends that the state did not prove that

the defendant abused a position of private trust. In State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482 (Tenn.

1996), the court articulated the standard for determining the existence of a position of trust

solely in terms of the defendant and victim. The court gave the following description of the

requisite position of trust:

The position of parent, step-parent, babysitter, teacher, coach are but a few

obvious examples. The determination of the existence of a position of trust

does not depend on the length or formality of the relationship, but upon the

nature of the relationship. Thus, the court should look to see whether the

offender formally or informally stood in a relationship to the victim that

promoted confidence, reliability, or faith.

Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d at 488.

-41-
In State v. Gutierrez, 5 S.W.3d 641 (Tenn. 1999), the supreme court considered

whether there was an abuse of a position of trust when a defendant killed his live-in

girlfriend. The court reasoned that relationships that promote confidence, reliability, or faith

typically include a degree of vulnerability, and “[i]t is the exploitation of this vulnerability

to achieve criminal purposes which is deemed more blameworthy and thus justifies

application of the enhancement factor.” Gutierrez, 5 S.W.3d at 646. The court further

reasoned that using the mere existence of a relationship or the fact of cohabitation to justify

this enhancement factor might “lead to unwarranted results” and “an overly-broad application

of the enhancement factor.” Id. at 645. Likewise, relying on a husband’s marriage oath to

protect his wife to justify the application of this enhancement factor, as the trial court in this

case did, would lead to an overly-broad application and unwarranted results, allowing this

enhancement factor to be applied in every case where a spouse commits a crime against his

or her spouse.

The trial court’s secondary justification was that the defendant put the victim in a

vulnerable position by rendering her unconscious. We agree with the defendant that this was

not the type of vulnerability described in Gutierrez. The issue is whether the relationship

created the vulnerability, not whether the defendant’s actions created the vulnerability. Here,

the defendant and the victim were married, but the testimony at trial did not describe a

marriage relationship that promoted confidence, reliability, and trust that created a

vulnerability on behalf of the victim. As in State v. Paul Graham, “[i]n short, the evidence

portrays the antithesis of a relationship based on confidence, reliability, or faith.” Graham,

No. M2003-00331-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 741666, *14 (Tenn. Crim. App., atJackson, April

7, 2004). We conclude that the state did not prove the existence of the type of relationship

required to apply enhancement factor (14); therefore, it was error for the court to enhance the

defendant’s sentence on this basis.

Mitigation Factors. The defendant’s contention that the trial court did not consider

mitigation factors in this case is without merit. The trial court clearly considered many

mitigating factors, such as the defendant’s lack of criminal record and education, but placed

little weight on such factors.

An error in the application of enhancement factors will not necessarily result in

modification of the sentence if the trial court, in determining the specific sentence,

considered the nature and characteristics of the crime, the character and background of the

defendant, and the purposes of the Sentencing Act. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b).

Despite the trial court’s reliance on two inapplicable enhancement factors, the record

supports the court’s consideration of the remaining two enhancement factors. The record

reflects that in determining the specific sentence length, the trial court considered the

-42-
provisions of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-210, as well as the required

principles of sentencing. As such, we affirm the length of the sentences as imposed.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

___________________________________

J.C. McLIN, JUDGE

-43-