2019 IL App (1st) 181173 

FIRST DIVISION

June 10, 2019 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

No. 1-18-1173 

MICHAEL L. HEIDER, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

DJG PIZZA, INC., d/b/a J.L.’S PIZZA & SPORTS BAR,

 

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the 

Circuit Court of 

Cook County. 

No. 17 L 2330 

Honorable 

Patricia Sheahan

Judge Presiding. 

 PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Pierce and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 While exiting the defendant’s bar and restaurant the plaintiff in this case slipped and fell 

on a patch of wet concrete, suffering a broken leg that required multiple surgeries and that 

continues to cause him pain and limited mobility. The circuit court granted defendant’s motion 

for summary judgment on plaintiff’s negligence claim, concluding that plaintiff failed to present 

any evidence regarding how the floor in that area came to be wet or establishing that defendant 

had actual or constructive notice of a dangerous condition on its property. For the reasons that 

follow, we reverse. 
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¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 Plaintiff Michael Heider fell on March 13, 2015, at J.L.’s Pizza & Sports Bar (JL’s 

Pizza), a sports bar located in Palatine, Illinois. JL’s Pizza has 5500 square feet of interior space

and, at the time of the incident, had about 16 customer tables. JL’s Pizza has only one main 

entrance, with an exterior door leading to a vestibule and an interior door leading to the bar and 

restaurant area. The floor of the bar by the interior door is cement painted with Epoxy. 

¶ 4 David Gagner, the owner of JL’s Pizza, testified at his deposition that a floor mat

measuring approximately two feet by four feet with a carpeted top and nonskid rubber backing

was positioned somewhere near the interior door on the day of Mr. Heider’s accident,. Mr. 

Gagner did not purchase this mat; it was present when he purchased JL’s Pizza, and he had not 

moved the mat prior to Mr. Heider’s fall. Mr. Gagner explained that he had in fact purchased the 

business only one day before the incident, on March 12, and was the sole owner. He was not 

affiliated in any way with the prior establishment, which had operated for some time under 

another name, and had no prior experience running a bar or restaurant. 

¶ 5 Mr. Gagner testified that, after the bar closed on March 12, the area near the mat was 

swept and vacuumed but not mopped. Mr. Gagner could not recall whether he had lifted the mat 

and inspected it prior to the incident. According to him, JL’s Pizza had no written rules, 

regulations, policies, or work procedures regarding floor maintenance at the time of the incident. 

¶ 6 Three employees were present at JL’s Pizza on March 13: Mr. Gagner, a bartender, and a 

server. The bartender and server were employees of the previous management who continued 

working for a few days just to assist Mr. Gagner during the transition period. There were also 

approximately 50 customers present the day of the incident. 

¶ 7 Mr. Heider testified at his deposition that on March 13, 2015, he was working as a school 
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bus driver and met some coworkers at JL’s Pizza shortly after 3 p.m., when his shift ended that 

day. Two of those coworkers—Charles Brace and Richard Butterly—arrived at the bar shortly 

after Mr. Heider did and were also deposed in this case. All three testified that they had been to 

JL’s Pizza on a few other occasions. 

¶ 8 According to Mr. Gagner, Mr. Heider, Mr. Brace, and Mr. Butterly, the weather on 

March 13, 2015, was sunny and clear. Mr. Heider, Mr. Brace, and Mr. Butterly did not see any 

puddles as they walked up to the entrance of JL’s Pizza. They did not notice the positioning of 

the floor mat or any dampness in the area. In fact, none of the three remembered if a mat was 

even there when he entered the bar. 

¶ 9 Mr. Heider, Mr. Brace, and Mr. Butterly were seated together with their other coworkers

at a table that, according to Mr. Heider and Mr. Butterly, was about 10 to12 feet from the 

entryway. Each of the men was able to see the entranceway from where he was seated, although 

Mr. Butterly did not have a direct view of the front door and Mr. Heider said he could see one 

corner of the door from where he was seated. Mr. Butterly was unable to recall whether Mr. 

Heider left the table at any point, but Mr. Brace stated that he never saw Mr. Heider get up from 

the table. Mr. Heider stated he only left the table when he decided to go home for the day, shortly 

after 5 p.m. This timing was corroborated by Mr. Butterly. 

¶ 10 Mr. Heider testified that he did not observe any JL’s Pizza employee mopping or 

cleaning the bar’s entryway or inspecting it during the approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes that 

he was seated in the bar. He noticed some customers moving in and out of the bar but did not see 

anyone spill anything. Mr. Butterly and Mr. Brace testified that they also did not notice anyone 

spill anything or any employee of JL’s Pizza mopping near the entryway. 

¶ 11 Mr. Heider testified that he had two 12-ounce bottles of beer while he was at JL’s Pizza
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and had eaten a sandwich for lunch earlier that day. He stated that he was not intoxicated when 

he got up to go home. Mr. Gagner, Mr. Brace, and Mr. Butterly also testified that Mr. Heider did 

not appear to be intoxicated at any time. 

¶ 12 According to Mr. Heider, it was still quite bright outside, and the lighting in the entryway 

was good when he stood up to go home. Mr. Heider could see the concrete floor of the entryway 

as he walked from the table to the door, and he was looking straight ahead as he walked out. He 

did not turn around to say good-bye to anyone. He did not look down at the floor. As Mr. Heider 

walked closer to the door, his right foot slid forward and his left foot slid back behind him. He 

stated that it was “kind of, like a splits *** I felt my back leg snap, and I went down.” Mr. 

Heider was certain that he slipped on the cement floor and not on the mat. When he fell, he 

stated that his buttocks were on the mat and his legs were sticking directly across the doorway. 

Mr. Heider believes he slipped on water because when he landed on the floor he was wet and the 

floor, although there was no puddle, appeared damp. The mat was also wet. As he propped 

himself up on it, he had to keep wiping his hands on his jeans. 

¶ 13 This was the first time Mr. Heider had noticed the mat. He said it was at an angle and 

only a corner of it was in front of the doorway. According to him, it looked as if someone or 

something had pushed the mat away from the doorway and “squeegeed” water onto the floor.

Mr. Heider acknowledged that he just assumed this was the case and did not know for sure. Mr. 

Heider testified that he had not noticed any dampness when he first walked into JL’s Pizza. He 

did not know how or when the water got on the floor. At first he thought it had been tracked in 

by customers because, as he stated, “it had to come from someplace,” but he and the other 

witnesses all agreed it had not rained that day. 

¶ 14 Mr. Butterly saw Mr. Heider fall. He said Mr. Heider was looking straight at the door as 
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he walked, and he did not see Mr. Heider look back. There were some tables and other customers 

blocking Mr. Butterly’s view, and so he could only see Mr. Heider from the waist up. Mr. Heider 

told Mr. Butterly that he thought he might have broken something during his fall, and Mr. 

Butterly asked someone in their group to call 911. 

¶ 15 At this point, Mr. Butterly noticed that the mat was curled up towards the right of the 

door. He did not know how or why it got there, but said it was possible that Mr. Heider might 

have moved it when he slipped. Mr. Butterly also noticed that the floor was wet. He did not see 

any puddles but could see that the floor was damp. Like Mr. Heider, Mr. Butterly did not know 

how or when the floor became wet and had not noticed the dampness when he walked into JL’s 

Pizza. After Mr. Heider’s fall, he did not recall seeing anyone dry the entryway floor. He did not 

see any “wet floor” signs, either before or after Mr. Heider’s fall. 

¶ 16 Mr. Brace was in the bathroom when Mr. Heider fell. When he returned he saw Mr. 

Heider lying on the mat to one side of the door and Mr. Heider told him that he had broken his 

leg. Mr. Brace agreed it was possible that Mr. Heider had moved the mat to the right of the door 

when he fell. Mr. Brace took a few pictures of the scene on his cell phone while the paramedics 

were attending to Mr. Heider. At this point, the mat was flat, and the left edge of the mat was to 

the right side of the doorway. The floor was damp, in an approximately 12-inch by 9-inch area, 

and Mr. Brace said this could be seen in the photographs. He did not see any “wet floor” signs in 

the area where Mr. Heider had fallen. About five minutes after Mr. Heider was taken away in an 

ambulance, Mr. Brace noticed that an employee of JL’s Pizza came over, mopped the entrance, 

and placed the mat in front of the doorway. 

¶ 17 Although Mr. Gagner represented in his discovery responses that he “witnessed the 

occurrence,” he testified at his deposition that he was approximately 30 feet away, near the edge 
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of the bar, and did not actually see Mr. Heider fall. According to him, Mr. Heider and his 

coworkers were seated as much as 25 feet from the bar’s entryway. When he discovered that 

something had occurred, Mr. Gagner went over and saw Mr. Heider lying on the floor and 

holding his leg. Mr. Gagner identified himself as the owner of the establishment and called 911. 

He did not personally examine Mr. Heider’s injuries. He did not remain in the area where Mr. 

Heider had fallen until the paramedics left. He was not able to identify anyone who witnessed 

Mr. Heider’s fall. According to Mr. Gagner, the bartender was more than 10 feet away, behind 

the bar, when Mr. Heider fell. 

¶ 18 Mr. Gagner stated that the mat was not in the same location as it had been when he 

opened that morning at 11 a.m. He was not sure when it had moved away from the door. He did 

not believe that anyone had tracked in water from outside i. Mr. Gagner inspected the area after 

Mr. Heider was taken away and did not notice any moisture or dampness. He could not recall 

whether he moved the mat back in front of the door at that time. 

¶ 19 Mr. Gagner was not aware of any procedures for reporting accidents and did not 

complete any paperwork regarding Mr. Heider’s fall. He knew that water on the cement floor of 

a bar could create a slipping hazard and stated that if he had come across either a wet mat or a 

wet cement floor, he would have cleaned it up. Mr. Gagner stated in his discovery responses that 

JL’s Pizza had an informal policy wherein all employees were “instructed and trained to 

constantly monitor the restaurant and to keep it clean and free of debris and to constantly inspect

for any excessive or unusual water or any other conditions.” If anything was found, employees 

were trained to mop or clean the subject area. Mr. Gagner said the bar had “wet floor” signs in its

mop closet. 

¶ 20 Paramedics took Mr. Heider to a nearby hospital, where he was told he had “a bad break” 
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and would need surgery. The next day a 16-inch rod was inserted into his bone and screws were 

placed in his knee and ankle. Mr. Heider had a difficult recovery process. He had multiple leg 

casts over six to eight weeks before transitioning to a walking boot, to crutches, and finally to a 

cane. Eventually, the screw in Mr. Heider’s knee was removed but he still has three screws in his 

ankle. Mr. Heider has not had any more complications with his ankle fracture, but he still 

experiences substantial pain in his knee. According to him, he still has to “baby the leg,” and it is 

sometimes sore at the end of the day. He is no longer able to run or do any other strenuous 

physical activity. When school started again in the fall of 2015, Mr. Heider was still unable to 

return to work. He eventually took a different job, driving a delivery truck, which he still does. 

¶ 21 JL’s Pizza moved for summary judgment, arguing that Mr. Heider’s deposition testimony 

demonstrated that he could not conclusively identify what caused him to fall. It emphasized, in 

particular, both Mr. Heider’s testimony that at the time of his fall he was looking straight ahead 

and not down at the floor and his testimony that he had no idea how the water he landed in came 

to be in the bar’s entryway or how the floor mat came to be pushed to one side of the door. JL’s 

Pizza argued in the alternative that even if Mr. Heider could point to a specific dangerous 

condition that caused his injury, there was no evidence that the bar had actual or constructive 

notice of that condition. 

¶ 22 In response, Mr. Heider maintained that the cause of his fall was not speculative and that 

his deposition testimony was clear: he slipped when he placed his foot on the wet cement floor of 

the bar’s entryway. Emphasizing this point, Mr. Heider attached to his response an affidavit 

stating as follows: 

“1. Neither my right foot nor my left foot made contact with the floor mat as I 

exited J.L.’s Pizza and slipped and fell. 
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2. I do not know who or what caused the floor mat to be pushed or moved to the 

right side of the exit doorway where I fell. However, I do know that I did not push or 

move the floor mat to the right side of the exit doorway either before or during my fall. 

3. While I was present in J.L.’s Pizza before my fall on March 13, 2015, I did not 

see any J.L.’s Pizza employees do a walk through and/or inspect the entrance/exit area 

where I fell.”

¶ 23 In its reply brief, JL’s Pizza focused solely on its argument that Mr. Heider had failed to 

present any evidence of constructive notice. The circuit court agreed and granted summary 

judgment in favor of JL’s Pizza on this basis. Mr. Heider now appeals. 

¶ 24 II. JURISDICTION

¶ 25 The circuit court granted JL’s Pizza’s motion for summary judgment on May 8, 2018, 

and Mr. Heider filed his notice of appeal on June 4, 2018. We have jurisdiction over this appeal 

pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and Rule 303 (eff. July 1, 2017), 

governing appeals from final judgments in civil cases. 

¶ 26 III. ANALYSIS

¶ 27 “Summary judgment is proper where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and 

affidavits on file reveal that there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Thompson v. Gordon, 241 Ill. 2d 428, 438 (2011). “The 

purpose of summary judgment is to determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, not 

to try a question of fact.” Id. A plaintiff need not prove his case at the summary judgment stage. 

Id. Summary judgment is a “drastic and extraordinary remedy” (Anest v. Bailey, 198 Ill. App. 3d 

740, 744 (1990)) and “should be granted only when the right of the moving party is clear and 

free from doubt” (internal quotation marks omitted) (Colburn v. Mario Tricoci Hair Salon & 
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Day Spas, Inc., 2012 IL App (2d) 110624, ¶ 32). Where there are “no facts in dispute but 

reasonable minds could draw different inferences from the facts, then a triable issue exists which 

precludes the entry of summary judgment.” Jewish Hospital of St. Louis v. Boatmen’s National 

Bank of Belleville, 261 Ill. App. 3d 750, 755 (1994). We review de novo an order granting or 

denying a motion for summary judgment. Pielet v. Pielet, 2012 IL 112064, ¶ 30. 

¶ 28 The circuit court in this case granted summary judgment in favor of JL’s Pizza because it 

found there was “no evidence establishing how in this case the water got there [on the floor of 

the bar’s entryway], how long it had been there, or whether any defendant or employees knew or 

should have known of its presence.” Mr. Heider contends that summary judgment was improper 

because he presented at least some evidence suggesting that, however the water came to be there, 

it was present for long enough to give JL’s Pizza constructive notice of a dangerous condition on 

its property. 

¶ 29 Where, as here, a plaintiff seeks recovery based on a defendant’s alleged negligence, “the 

plaintiff must plead and prove the existence of a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a 

breach of that duty, and injury proximately resulting from the breach.” Bruns v. City of 

Centralia, 2014 IL 116998, ¶ 12. A business owner owes a duty to business invitees “to exercise 

ordinary care in maintaining their property in a reasonably safe condition.” (Internal quotation 

marks omitted.) Milevski v. Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 2018 IL App (1st) 172898, ¶ 29. 

¶ 30 Illinois follows section 343 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (Restatement (Second) 

of Torts § 343 (1965)). Genaust v. Illinois Power Co., 62 Ill. 2d 456, 468 (1976). According to 

the Restatement, a possessor of land has a duty to remedy or warn of a dangerous condition on 

its property if (1) the condition presents an unreasonable risk of harm to people on the property,

(2) the defendant knew, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known, of both the 
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condition and the risk, and (3) the defendant could have reasonably expected that people on the 

property would not realize the danger or would fail to protect themselves against such danger. 

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 (1965). 

¶ 31 Accordingly, courts have held that a possessor of land may be liable for falls resulting 

from slips on foreign substances in three circumstances: 

“The general rule is that liability will be imposed where a business invitee is 

injured by slipping on a foreign substance on the premises if (1) the substance was 

placed there by the negligence of the proprietor, or (2) his servant knew of its 

presence, or (3) the substance was there a sufficient length of time so that, in the 

exercise of ordinary care, its presence should have been discovered, i.e., the 

proprietor had constructive notice of the substance.” Hayes v. Bailey, 80 Ill. App. 

3d 1027, 1030 (1980). 

¶ 32 We begin by noting what is not at issue here. First, there is no question regarding what 

caused Mr. Heider to fall. Whatever initial arguments it may have made in the circuit court, JL’s 

Pizza now agrees that “the undisputed evidence establishes [Mr.] Heider slipped on a small, 

unidentified foreign substance near the entrance/exit to JL’s Pizza’s that every witness described 

as ‘dampness.’ ” No evidence was presented—beyond the unsupported speculation of Mr. 

Butterly and Mr. Brace—that Mr. Heider slipped on the mat itself, or on anything other than the 

damp concrete. Cases relied on by JL’s Pizza in the circuit court, standing for the proposition 

that summary judgment is proper when a plaintiff is unable to identify the cause of his or her 

injury, are therefore inapplicable. See, e.g., Kimbrough v. Jewel Cos., 92 Ill. App. 3d 813, 817 

(1981) (granting summary judgment in favor of defendant store owner where the plaintiff “stated 

repeatedly in her deposition that she did not know why she fell”).
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¶ 33 And, as the circuit court noted, absolutely no evidence was presented regarding how the 

dampness got on the concrete floor. Thus, Mr. Heider’s theory of liability cannot rest at this 

point on a showing that JL’s Pizza’s employees were responsible for putting it there or that JL’s 

Pizza had actual knowledge of someone else putting it there. But Mr. Heider did present at least 

some evidence supporting his argument that the dampness was on the floor long enough to give 

JL’s Pizza constructive notice of a dangerous condition on its property. 

¶ 34 A business owner “has constructive notice of all conditions discoverable by reasonable 

inspection of the premises.” Lombardo v. Reliance Elevator Co., 315 Ill. App. 3d 111, 120 

(2000). Constructive notice may be proven by demonstrating that a condition existed for an 

extended period of time and the defendant could therefore have discovered the condition 

“through the exercise of reasonable care.” Id. If the plaintiff is able to present any evidence 

tending to show constructive notice, summary judgment is not appropriate and the case should 

proceed to trial. Hayes, 80 Ill. App. 3d at 1030. “Generally, whether a defendant is deemed to 

have constructive notice of the existence of a dangerous condition on its property is a question of 

fact.” Smolek v. K.W. Landscaping, 266 Ill. App. 3d 226, 229 (1994). 

¶ 35 We agree with JL’s Pizza that Mr. Heider’s reliance on Mr. Gagner’s testimony regarding

what Mr. Heider describes as a “continuous” inspection policy is misplaced. There is no general 

duty for a business owner to continuously inspect the business premises. Hresil v. Sears, 

Roebuck & Co., 82 Ill. App. 3d 1000, 1002 (1980) (holding that it would be an “unfair 

requirement” to suggest that a store owner must constantly patrol its aisles). What Mr. Gagner 

described when he claimed that employees were “instructed and trained to constantly monitor” 

the establishment is really nothing more than the lack of a formal, time-based inspection policy. 

Cases that plaintiff relies on, like Newsom-Bogan v. Wendy’s Old Fashioned Hamburgers of 
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New York, Inc., 2011 IL App (1st) 092860, ¶ 19, in which constructive notice was premised on

such a time-based policy, are thus distinguishable. In Newsom-Bogan, the plaintiff claimed that 

she slipped and fell on grease on the defendant’s floor. Id. ¶ 5. The court found that the 

defendant’s written manual was “sufficient to create a duty to inspect every 15 minutes.” Id.

¶ 19. And because the plaintiff did not see any employees inspecting the area for 20 minutes, the 

court held that this was sufficient to create a question of fact as to constructive notice, based on 

the defendant’s failure to follow its own policy. Id. 

¶ 36 Here, the important thing about Mr. Heider’s testimony is not that he did not see any 

employee inspect the entryway while he was at JL’s Pizza, but rather that during that entire time 

he did not see anything that could have caused water to get there, indicating that the dampness 

was there the whole time. This is also what distinguishes this case from our decision in Tomczak 

v. Planetsphere, Inc., 315 Ill. App. 3d 1033 (2000). In Tomczak, the plaintiff slipped and fell at 

the defendant’s skating rink. Id. at 1035. The plaintiff testified that she noticed a puddle in the 

area where she fell but she was “unable to say how long the puddle was present” or what had 

caused it. Id. JL’s Pizza contends that Mr. Heider has similarly presented no evidence as to how 

long the dampness that caused his fall was present before he slipped. But this assertion ignores 

the deposition testimony of Mr. Heider, Mr. Brace, and Mr. Butterly. All three individuals 

testified that there was no rain the day of Mr. Heider’s accident. Further, none of them saw 

anyone spill anything near the front door, nor did they notice any employees mopping the area 

near the front door. Mr. Heider testified that he had a view of the bar’s entryway from where he 

sat for the entire 1 hour and 40 minutes that he was present at JL’s Pizza. This testimony was 

corroborated by Mr. Brace, who testified that he never saw Mr. Heider leave the table at any 

point before leaving the bar. 
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¶ 37 JL’s Pizza makes much of the fact that Mr. Heider could only see a corner of the door 

itself and may have lost sight of that corner when he walked around the table where his 

coworkers were gathered. But as Mr. Heider points out, he did not fall in the doorway, but in the 

space in front of the doorway. Mr. Heider’s testimony is that he could see this area from his 

table, he never left the table, and during that time he witnessed nothing that would have caused 

the water he later slipped on to be there. On a motion for summary judgment, we must construe 

the evidence “strictly against the movant and liberally in favor of the opponent.” Kolakowski v. 

Voris, 83 Ill. 2d 388, 398 (1980). We conclude that Mr. Heider’s unrebutted testimony was 

enough to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the water in the entryway

was present for long enough to give JL’s Pizza constructive notice of a dangerous condition on 

its property. 

¶ 38 If by insisting that summary judgment was proper because Mr. Heider did not present any 

“affirmative evidence” as to how long the dampness was present near its front door, JL’s Pizza 

believes that Mr. Heider was required to present direct evidence of constructive notice, this is 

incorrect. Facts may be shown by either direct or circumstantial evidence. See Van Steemburg v. 

General Aviation, Inc., 243 Ill. App. 3d 299, 322 (1993) (noting that a party “is entitled to 

establish negligence by circumstantial evidence alone”). And circumstantial evidence alone may 

be enough to defeat summary judgment if the conclusions to be drawn from the evidence “are 

probable, not merely possible.” Boatmen’s National, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 755. Mr. Heider testified 

that he was within view of the entryway to JL’s Pizza for 1 hour and 40 minutes before he fell, 

and during that time, he saw no one spill anything or mop the entryway floor. Mr. Heider’s 

account is neither inherently improbable nor self-contradictory. See Bucktown Partners v. 

Johnson, 119 Ill. App. 3d 346, 354 (1983) (finding a witness’s testimony “inherently 
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improbable” under Illinois law only “if it is contradictory of the laws of nature or universal 

human experience” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Nor was it contradicted by any other 

testimony or evidence. No one said that they observed a dry entryway floor when Mr. Heider and 

his coworkers arrived at JL’s Pizza. And no witness saw anything occur during the time that Mr. 

Heider was seated within view of the entryway that could have caused the water to be there. 

¶ 39 Taking Mr. Heider’s unrebutted testimony as true, together with the testimony of every 

witness that it was a clear day on which no customers would have tracked rainwater in from 

outside the bar, it is a reasonable inference—and not a mere possibility among equally plausible 

explanations—that the water, however it came to be in the entryway of the bar, was there the 

whole time. Whether this is sufficient evidence to establish constructive notice of a dangerous 

condition that required JL’s Pizza to remedy the situation or provide a warning to its patrons is a 

question for the trier of fact to decide. It certainly constitutes some evidence of constructive 

notice. And that is all that is necessary to survive summary judgment. See, e.g., Rexroad v. City 

of Springfield, 207 Ill. 2d 33, 46 (2003) (holding summary judgment was inappropriate where the 

record contained at least “some evidence” that students could become distracted and fail to avoid 

the otherwise open and obvious risk of a hole in a school parking lot); Prostran v. City of 

Chicago, 349 Ill. App. 3d 81, 85 (2004) (“A plaintiff need not prove her case during a summary 

judgment proceeding, but must present some evidence to support each element of the cause of 

action.” (Emphasis added.)). 

¶ 40 This case is different from the cases JL’s Pizza relies on in which there was no

evidence—direct or indirect—regarding how long a foreign substance was present on the 

defendant’s premises. In Hayes, for example, this court affirmed the trial court’s decision 

directing a verdict for the defendant because the plaintiff presented no evidence that the water on 
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which he slipped “had been on the floor [for] a substantial period of time.” Hayes, 80 Ill. App. 3d 

at 1031. In Hresil, 82 Ill. App. 3d at 1002, a directed verdict for the defendant was appropriate, 

given that the plaintiff had provided no evidence that the foreign substance was on the floor of 

the store for longer than 10 minutes and this was, in the court’s view, too short a time period to 

put the defendant on constructive notice of a dangerous condition. 

¶ 41 The situation in this case more closely resembles that in Wiegman v. Hitch-Inn Post of 

Libertyville, Inc., 308 Ill App. 3d 789 (1999). There the plaintiff’s sister testified that she had 

been in the area earlier the same day and had observed considerable water in the area of the fall. 

Id. at 793. Because the plaintiff had thus presented some evidence that the puddle of water could 

have existed for three hours prior to her fall, the court found the issue of constructive notice was 

properly submitted to the jury. Id. at 802.

¶ 42 The facts presented here are also distinguishable from those in Smolek, another case

relied on by JL’s Pizza. In Smolek, the plaintiff tripped over a hole in the defendant’s lawn. 

Smolek, 266 Ill. App. 3d at 226. The plaintiff herself did not see the hole when she was walking 

around because it was hidden by grass and vegetation. Id. at 227. When, after her fall, the 

plaintiff tried to explain to the defendant where the hole had been, the defendant even then 

struggled to find it. Id. The defendant explained that there were “tree roots, wood chips, and 

vegetation inside the hole.” Id. The court affirmed a directed verdict in defendant’s favor on the 

basis that a property owner cannot have constructive notice of a dangerous condition if the 

evidence establishes that it was concealed in such a way that it would not be detected in the 

exercise of ordinary care. Id. at 230. 

¶ 43 JL’s Pizza contends that it is Mr. Heider’s argument that the dampness in the entryway 

was concealed by the floor mat. But Mr. Heider made clear in his response to JL’s Pizza’s
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motion for summary judgment that he was “not claiming that the floor mat caused his fall” but 

rather that his “fall was caused by water on the cement floor.” The notion that the wet mat may 

have concealed the wet floor for any length of time is nothing but speculation. Because there is 

no evidence in this case that a reasonable inspection would not have revealed the damp concrete, 

JL’s Pizza’s reliance on Smolek is misplaced.

¶ 44 However, we must also reject Mr. Heider’s argument that the only reasonable inference 

to be drawn from the mat’s location relative to the entryway is that an employee of JL’s Pizza 

moved the mat aside and therefore had actual notice of the water on the floor. On the record 

before us, there is simply no way to determine how or when the mat shifted position. 

¶ 45 Because Mr. Heider has presented some evidence, albeit circumstantial evidence, that the 

wet floor he slipped on existed for approximately 1 hour and 40 minutes prior to his fall, whether 

JL’s Pizza had constructive notice of a dangerous condition on its property is a question of fact 

for the trier of fact to resolve. Summary judgment was improper. 

¶ 46 IV. CONCLUSION 

¶ 47 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this order. 

¶ 48 Reversed and remanded.