SAND & GRAVEL OPERATOR 

MINING FACTS–2008

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

March 2011

Mining Operations 

In 2008, a total of 7,132 sand and gravel mining 

operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and 

Health Administration (MSHA).1

Sand and gravel mines were the largest mining 

commodity, comprising 47.8% of all mining operations. 

Sand and gravel mines were found throughout all 50 

states and Puerto Rico. 

Minnesota had the largest number of sand and gravel 

mines (n=488; 6.8%). 

Employees 

A total of 42,307 employees,2 corresponding to 33,343 

full-time equivalent (FTE)3 employees, were reported by 

sand and gravel mine operators.

Within the mining sectors,4 sand and gravel mine 

operator employees accounted for 9.8% of all 

employee hours reported to MSHA. 

All sand and gravel operator hours reported were for 

surface work locations. 

0

50

100

150

200

250

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Number of Employee Hours (millions) Coal Operator Metal Operator Nonmetal Operator Stone Operator Sand & Gravel Oper Coal Contractor Noncoal Contractor

Fatalities 

Three occupational fatalities occurred among sand and 

gravel operator employees in 2008. This compared to five 

fatalities in 2007. 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Number of Occupational Fatalities

Nonfatal Lost-time Injuries 

There were 550 nonfatal lost-time injuries among sand 

and gravel operator employees occurring at an overall 

rate of 1.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7, 2.1] 

injuries per 100 FTE employees. A total of 25,912 days 

lost from work5

resulted from these injuries. 

The most frequent classifications of nonfatal losttime injuries for sand and gravel operator employees 

involved handling materials (n=196; 35.6%) and slip 

or fall of person (n=136; 24.7%). 

Sprains and strains were the most frequently reported 

nature of injury (n=213; 38.7%).

The back was the most frequently reported body part 

injured (n=105; 19.1%) followed by fingers (n=88; 

16.0%). Back injuries represented 3,697 days 

lost from work; finger injuries represented 2,623 

days lost. 

Distribution of Nonfatal Lost-time Injuries by Accident Class, 2008 (N=550)

35.6%

9.6%

11.1%

24.7%

9.8%

9.1%

Handling materials

Slip or fall of person

Hand tools Machinery

Powered haulage

All other

Sum of percentages may not equal 

100% due to independent rounding. 

Note: "Fall of ground" includes MSHA's Accident/Injury/Illness class for fall of face, rib, pillar, side, or highwall; fall of 

roof, back, or brow; and machinery cases when the source of injury was caving rock, coal, ore, or waste.
Mine and Employment Characteristics, 2008

1 2 3 Commodity and Number of Mining Operations Number of Employees Number of FTE Employees

Type of Employer Underground Surface Total Underground Surface Total Underground Surface Total 

Coal Operator 665 1,464 2,129 40,370 49,685 90,055 45,866 54,312 100,178

Metal Operator 105 188 293 5,844 33,282 39,126 5,842 34,840 40,682

Nonmetal Operator 44 676 720 2,579 20,454 23,033 2,725 20,534 23,260

Stone Operator 111 4,522 4,633 1,875 77,100 78,975 2,029 74,720 76,749

Sand and Gravel Operator NA 7,132 7,132 NA 42,307 42,307 NA 33,343 33,343

Operator Total 925 13,982 14,907 50,668 222,828 273,496 56,462 217,750 274,212

Number of Companies

Coal Contractor NA NA 3,467 6,262 37,510 43,772 4,105 22,216 26,321

Noncoal Contractor NA NA 6,128 2,992 72,459 75,451 1,998 38,088 40,086

Contractor Total NA NA 9,595 9,254 109,969 119,223 6,103 60,304 66,407

TOTAL 59,922 332,797 392,719 62,565 278,054 340,620

Commodity and 

Type of Employer

Coal Operator 12 26.2 6 11.9 18 18.7 2,103 4.6 768 1.5 2,871 3.0

Metal Operator 3 NC 2 NC 5 13.8 163 2.8 649 2.1 812 2.2

Nonmetal Operator 1 NC 1 NC 2 NC 95 3.5 412 2.4 507 2.5

Stone Operator 1 NC 6 9.4 7 10.6 33 1.6 1,593 2.5 1,626 2.5

Sand and Gravel Operator NA NA 3 NC 3 NC NA NA 550 1.9 550 1.9

Operator Total 17 30.1 18 9.4 35 14.2 2,394 4.2 3,972 2.1 6,366 2.6

Coal Contractor 3 NC 9 43.4 12 48.3 168 4.1 313 1.5 481 1.9

Noncoal Contractor 0 NC 5 13.9 5 13.2 38 1.9 463 1.3 501 1.3

Contractor Total 3 NC 14 24.7 17 27.1 206 3.4 776 1.4 982 1.6

TOTAL 20 32.0 32 12.9 52 16.8 2,600 4.2 4,748 1.9 7,348 2.4

Mining Occupational Fatalities and Injuries, 2008

Total Underground Surface Total

Nonfatal Lost-time Injuries (per 100 FTE employees)

Rate Rate No. Rate No. Rate No. Rate 

Occupational Fatalities (per 100,000 FTE employees)

Underground Surface

 No. No. Rate No.

NA Not applicable. NC Not calculated when N is less than 5. 95% CI for rates reported on reverse side. Totals may not sum due to independent rounding. 

Data source: Publicly released employment and accident/injury/illness data collected by MSHA under 30 CFR 50. 

Notes: All analyses of accident data exclude office employees. Occupational fatalities exclude all cases under 17 years of age. Further 

statistical methodology is available on the NIOSH Internet [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/statistics/method.htm]. Caution should be 

used when interpreting rates based on a small number of events. 

1Mines at which only independent contractors were working and did not show any employment were not counted. 

2Average number of employees working at individual mines during calendar quarters of active operations (includes office workers). 

3

Full-time equivalent employees computed using reported employee hours (2,000 hours = 1 FTE). 

4Mining sectors include coal operators, metal operators, nonmetal operators, stone operators, sand and gravel operators, coal contractors, 

 and noncoal contractors. 

5

Includes actual days away from work and/or days of restricted work activity. For permanently disabling injuries only, statutory days 

 charged by MSHA were used if they exceeded the total lost workdays. 

To receive documents or other information about 

occupational safety and health topics, contact NIOSH at 

Telephone: 1–800–CDC–INFO (1–800–232–4636) 

TTY: 1–888–232–6348

E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov

or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh. 

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011–167