IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 95-CA-01294-SCT

DOROTHY A. LANE

v.

GRAND CASINOS OF MISSISSIPPI, INC. -

GULFPORT

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/25/95

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. KOSTA N. VLAHOS

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: JOHN RANDALL SANTA CRUZ

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: RICHARD P. SALLOUM

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 3/26/98

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED: 4/16/98

EN BANC.

SMITH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Dorothy Lane, while a janitorial service employee of the Gulfport Grand Casino, suffered injuries

to her shoulder when she fell after being struck by a buffing machine operated by a fellow employee.

Lane brought suit arguing that she was entitled to recover under the Jones Act and general maritime

law.

¶2. Grand Casino argues that Lane was not entitled to relief under the Jones Act or general maritime

law because Lane was not a seaman and the Grand Casino was not a vessel within the meaning of

either the Jones Act or general maritime law. Grand Casino subsequently moved for summary

judgment arguing that Lane was not a seaman for purposes of the Jones Act or general maritime law

and that dockside casinos are not vessels within the meaning of either the Jones Act or general

maritime law. The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of Grand Casino and dismissed

the suit. Lane appealed to this Court arguing that the trial judge erroneously determined that a

dockside casino does not constitute a vessel for purposes of the Jones Act or general maritime law.

¶3. This Court has recently considered this exact factual situation and held that an employee under

similar circumstances could not qualify as a seaman, thus the employee was not entitled to Jones Act

or general maritime law benefits. See Thompson v. Casino Magic Corp., No. 96-00458-SCT, (Miss.
Mar. 12, 1998). The Thompson Court stated, "However, it should be made clear that in each case

the trial court must consider the factual circumstances of each particular case in light of the concerns

expressed in this opinion as well as by the Fifth Circuit's comments in Pavone v. Mississippi

Riverboat Amusement Corp. as quoted supra when determining if a particular barge is a vessel for

purposes of federal maritime jurisdiction. On the facts of this particular case, since Thompson is not a

seaman, we need not determine whether the Casino Magic Barge is a vessel for maritime purposes."

Thompson, No. 96-00458-SCT, slip op. at 6.

¶4. Considering the facts of this particular case, we find that Lane's position of employment in

janitorial service did not constitute a substantial relationship to the navigation of the Grand nor

expose her to the perils of the sea. Lane was merely a land based janitorial employee who happened

to be working on the Grand at the time of the accident. Thus, Lane was not a seaman for purposes of

the Jones Act or general maritime law. This Court need not determine whether the barge at issue is a

vessel for maritime purposes.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

¶5. Dorothy Lane (hereinafter "Lane") was employed by the Gulfport Grand Casino (hereinafter "the

Grand") and served in the capacity of janitorial services when on or about March 23, 1994, Lane

received injuries to her left shoulder when she fell after being struck by a buffing machine operated by

a fellow employee. On November 23, 1994, Lane filed her complaint alleging negligence on the part

of the casino and its employees. Lane alleged that she was entitled to recover damages under the

Jones Act and general maritime law because the dockside casino is a vessel for purposes of admiralty

jurisdiction.

¶6. In response, the Grand denied liability and argued that Lane was not entitled to recover under the

Jones Act or general maritime law because she was not a seaman nor is the casino a vessel.

Furthermore, the Grand asserted that Lane's exclusive remedy was the Mississippi Compensation Act

under which compensation and medical benefits were being paid. On July 14, 1995, the Grand filed a

Motion for Summary Judgment and for Sanctions.

¶7. After review, Judge Vlahos, relying on precedent of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, granted

summary judgment in favor of the Grand Casino and dismissed the case with prejudice holding that

the Grand Casino was not a vessel for purposes of the Jones Act or general maritime law. Judge

Vlahos specifically found:

The Gulfport Grand Casino is a barge platform and falls outside any of the tests for vessel

status. It was not designed as a vessel for the transportation of passengers, equipment, or cargo,

but as a dockside, shore based casino. Any navigational function of the Gulfport Grand Casino

is incident to its primary purpose of serving as a stationary dockside casino. At the time of the

Plaintiff's alleged accident, the Gulfport Grand Casino was not in navigation but was securely

fastened to its dockside mooring cells in inland waters and had been so secured over the

preceding fourteen months.

¶8. From this ruling, Lane now appeals to this Court.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶9. This Court, in Richmond v. Benchmark Construction Corp., set forth the appropriate procedure

for reviewing a case dismissed by the trial court on summary judgment grounds as follows:

Rule 56(c) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure allows summary judgment where there

are no genuine issues of material fact such that the moving part[y] is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. To prevent summary judgment, the non-moving party must establish a genuine

issue of material fact by means allowable under the Rule. Lyle v. Mladinich, 584 So.2d 397,

398 (Miss.1991).

This Court employs a de novo standard of review in reviewing a lower court's grant of summary

judgment. Short v. Columbus Rubber & Gasket Co., Inc., 535 So.2d 61, 63 (Miss.1988).

Evidentiary matters are viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Palmer v.

Biloxi Reg'l Med. Ctr., Inc., 564 So.2d 1346, 1354 (Miss.1990). If any triable issues of fact

exist, the lower court's decision to grant summary judgment will be reversed. Otherwise, the

decision is affirmed. Brown v. Credit Ctr., Inc., 444 So.2d 358, 362 (Miss.1984).

Richmond v. Benchmark Constr. Corp., 692 So. 2d 60, 61 (Miss. 1997).

DISCUSSION OF LAW

WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT

TO THE GULFPORT GRAND CASINO.

¶10. Lane contends that the circuit court erroneously granted summary judgment to the Grand

Casino by concluding that the Grand was not a vessel for purposes of general maritime law and that

Lane was not a seaman. The Grand contends that summary judgment was appropriate because the

pertinent facts established as a matter of law that the Grand was not a vessel within the meaning of

the Jones Act or general maritime law. However, this Court finds that the trial court judge correctly

granted summary judgment because Lane fails to attain seaman status.

¶11. In order to recover under the auspices of the Jones Act or general maritime law, a plaintiff must

establish that he/she is a "seaman." Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni, 502 U.S. 81, 87 (1991).

"Seaman status is ordinarily a question for the trier of fact and even where facts are largely

undisputed, the jury's role should not be lightly short-circuited." Daniel v. Ergon, Inc., 892 F.2d

403, 407 (5th Cir. 1990) (citing Bernard v. Binnings Constr. Co., 741 F.2d 824, 827 (5th Cir. 1984)

). "Thus, the issue of seaman status 'should only be removed from the trier of fact (by summary

judgment or directed verdict) in rare circumstances . . . and even marginal Jones Act claims should be

submitted to the jury.'" Daniel, 892 F.2d at 407 (quoting Bernard, 741 F.2d at 827). "However,

where the 'only rational inference to be drawn from the evidence is that the worker is not a seaman,'

summary judgment is proper." Id. (quoting Beard v. Shell Oil Co., 606 F.2d 515, 517 (5th Cir.

1979)).

¶12. In Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, the United Sates Supreme Court, after a lengthy historical

discussion of the various approaches that different federal courts have taken in determining seaman

status for purposes of the Jones Act and general maritime law, stated that there were two essential

requirements for seaman status to exist. Chandris, Inc. v. Latsis, 515 U.S. 347, 368 (1995). The
Court described the two essential requirements as follows:

First, as we emphasized in Wilander, "an employee's duties must 'contribut[e] to the function of

the vessel or to the accomplishment of its mission.'" 498 U.S., at 355 (quoting Robison, 266

F.2d, at 779). The Jones Act's protections, like the other admiralty protections for seamen, only

extend to those maritime employees who do the ship's work. But this threshold requirement is

very broad: "All who work at sea in the service of a ship" are eligible for seaman status. 498

U.S., at 354.

Second, and most important for our purposes here, a seaman must have a connection to a vessel

in navigation (or to an identifiable group of such vessels) that is substantial in terms of both its

duration and its nature. The fundamental purpose of this substantial connection requirement is

to give full effect to the remedial scheme created by Congress and to separate the sea-based

maritime employees who are entitled to Jones Act protection from those land-based workers

who have only a transitory or sporadic connection to a vessel in navigation, and therefore

whose employment does not regularly expose them to the perils of the sea. See 1B A. Jenner,

Benedict on Admiralty § 11a, pp. 2-10.1 to 2-11 (7th ed. 1994) ("If it can be shown that the

employee performed a significant part of his work on board the vessel on which he was injured,

with at least some degree of regularity and continuity, the test for seaman status will be

satisfied" (footnote omitted)). This requirement therefore determines which maritime employees

in Wilander's broad category of persons eligible for seaman status because they are "doing the

ship's work," 498 U.S., at 355, are in fact entitled to the benefits conferred upon seamen by the

Jones Act because they have the requisite employment-related connection to a vessel in

navigation.

Chandris, 515 U.S. at 368-69. The Court further stated that all of the various approaches in

determining seaman status employed by the Courts of Appeals arrive at the same point:

The Jones Act remedy is reserved for sea-based maritime employees whose work regularly

exposes them to "the special hazards and disadvantages to which they who go down to sea in

ships are subjected." Sieracki, 328 U.S., at 104 (Stone, C. J., dissenting). Indeed, it is difficult

to discern major substantive differences in the language of the two phrases. In our view, "the

total circumstances of an individual's employment must be weighed to determine whether he

had a sufficient relation to the navigation of vessels and the perils attendant thereon."

Wallace v. Oceaneering Int'l, 727 F.2d 427, 432 (CA5 1984). The duration of a worker's

connection to a vessel and the nature of the worker's activities, taken together, determine

whether a maritime employee is a seaman because the ultimate inquiry is whether the worker in

question is a member of the vessel's crew or simply a land-based employee who happens to be

working on the vessel at a given time.

Chandris, 515 U.S. at 370 (emphasis added). The United States Supreme Court concluded that in

order to attain seaman status "a seaman must have a substantial connection with a vessel in

navigation both in duration and nature." Id. "The status of the individual as a seaman is based on

his/her substantial status as a member of the crew, and the substantial relationship to the vessel and

its navigation in the water." Thompson, No. 96-00458-SCT, slip op. at 8 (citing Chandris, 515 U.S.

at 360-61).
¶13. Two years later, in Harbor Tug & Barge Co. v. Papai, the United States Supreme Court

revisited its two essential requirement test for determining seaman status set forth in Chandris.

Harbor Tug & Barge Co. v. Papai, ____ U.S. ____, 117 S. Ct. 1535, 1540 (1997). The Supreme

Court stated that whether an employee satisfies seaman status often will turn on the second standard

in Chandris "which requires the employee to show a 'connection to a vessel in navigation (or to an

identifiable group of such vessels) that is substantial in terms of both its duration and its nature.'"

Papai, 117 S. Ct. at 1540 (quoting Chandris, 515 U.S. at 368). The Supreme Court further

explained the appropriate analysis under this second standard as follows:

For the substantial connection requirement to serve its purpose, the inquiry into the nature of

the employee's connection to the vessel must concentrate on whether the employee's duties take

him to sea. This will give substance to the inquiry both as to the duration and nature of the

employee's connection to the vessel and be helpful in distinguishing land-based from sea-based

employees.

Id.

¶14. In the case sub judice, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to the Grand.

Summary judgment was appropriate in this case because at no point in her employment at the Grand

did Lane attain seaman status under the criteria set forth in Chandris. In order for Lane to achieve

seaman status while working on the Grand, her employment would have had to reach the level of a

substantial connection to the Grand in terms of both its duration and its nature.

¶15. In Thompson, this Court held that:

Thompson was not a seaman for two distinct reasons. First, Thompson's relationship to a ship

in navigation (the Dubuque Belle) was so temporal that she was not a seaman. Thompson had

no duties while the boat was in motion, she slept at home, boarded off ship and was an hourly

wage earner. Therefore Thompson was more like a casual worker on the water, not a seaman.

Second, she was not a seaman because she fails to classify as part of the crew with regard to

navigation and operation of the Dubuque Belle at sea. Clearly, if the Dubuque Belle left the

dock and sailed around the Gulf of Mexico and Thompson was on board as a change person,

she would probably be considered a seaman.

Thompson, No. 96-00458-SCT, slip op. at 9-10.

¶16. In requiring that these type cases must be determined on their respective particular facts, this

Court in Thompson also noted that:

[T]o say a casino barge is not a "vessel" under federal maritime law in all circumstances is

overly broad and incorrect. These barges are capable of moving on navigable waters and several

casino barges have been moved due to inclement weather as well as to relocate for business

reasons. If an accident occurs during one of these moves and a worker is injured during that

move, it is possible that the worker may classify as a "seaman" and his claim should not be

barred because this Court has determined as a matter of law that the casino barge is not a

"vessel."
Id. at 5.

¶17. Under the facts of this case, there exists no factual dispute that Lane's employment status with

the Grand failed to reach the level of seaman status. First of all, the Grand was not a vessel in

navigation. At the time of Lane's injury, the Grand was a stationary dockside casino that had never

been used in navigation, was securely fastened to its dockside mooring cells in inland waters, and had

been secured over the preceding fourteen months. Second, Lane was employed in janitorial services

and was injured while assisting in the cleaning of one of the bathrooms on the Grand. Lane had no

duties while the casino boat was in motion, she slept at home, boarded off the Grand and was an

hourly wage earner. Further, she was not a seaman because she fails to classify as part of the crew

with regards to the navigation and operation of the Grand at sea. Granted, had the barge sailed from

dock on the open sea and Lane was injured while on board as a janitor, we possibly would be faced

with a different result because Lane might qualify as a seaman. See id. at 5.

¶18. The Jones Act was passed to provide further protection for persons who subjected themselves

to the perils of the sea. Chandris, 515 U.S. at 370. It is obvious that Lane did not have a substantial

relation to the navigation of the Grand nor was she exposed to the perils of the sea. Id. Here, "[w]

here the 'only rational inference to be drawn from the evidence is that the worker is not a seaman,'

summary judgment is proper." Daniel v. Ergon, Inc., 892 F.2d 403, 407 (5th Cir. 1990) (quoting

Beard v. Shell Oil Co., 606 F.2d 515, 517 (5th Cir. 1979)). We hold, as in Thompson, that under

the facts of this particular case, that at the time of the accident, Lane was nothing more than a landbased employee who happened to be working on the Grand at a given time, and thus, Lane can not

be classified as a seaman.

CONCLUSION

¶19. In order to recover under the auspices of the Jones Act or general maritime law, a plaintiff must

establish that he/she is a "seaman." Southwest Marine, Inc. v. Gizoni, 502 U.S. 81, 87 (1991). Even

considering the facts in the most favorable light to Lane's claims, Lane fails to attain seaman status.

Lane's connection to a vessel in navigation falls short of reaching a level substantial in both its

duration and its nature and, thus, fails to satisfy the criteria set forth in Chandris. Summary judgment

was appropriate in the instant case because no factual dispute existed as to whether Lane was a

seaman for purposes of the Jones Act or general maritime law. The only rational inference to be

drawn from the evidence is that Lane is not a seaman. Daniel, 892 F.2d at 407. Therefore, the

decision of the trial court to grant the Motion for Summary Judgment in favor of the Grand Casino is

affirmed.

¶20. JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.

PRATHER, C.J., SULLIVAN AND PITTMAN, P.JJ., BANKS, ROBERTS, MILLS AND

WALLER, JJ., CONCUR. McRAE, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION.

McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶21. Once again, the majority has missed the boat in construing so narrowly two of the requisites of

seaman status: contribution to the function or mission of a vessel and connection with a vessel in

navigation which is substantial both in nature and duration. I disagree with the conclusion that
Dorothy Lane, a janitor injured while cleaning a bathroom on the Grand Casino gambling ship, is not

a seaman for purposes of the Jones Act or general maritime law. Accordingly, I dissent.

¶22. Pursuant to the Jones Act and general maritime law, "seaman" status depends on three factors:

"(1) the vessel on which the claimant was employed must be in navigation; (2) the claimant must have

a more or less permanent connection with the vessel; and (3) the claimant must be aboard primarily to

aid in navigation." Omar v. Sea-Land Service, Inc.,813 F.2d 986, 988 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting

Estate of Wetzel v. Seaward Marine Services, Inc. 709 F.2d 1326, 1327 (9th Cir. 1983) and citing

Desper v. Starved Rock Ferry Co., 342 U.S. 187, 190-191, 72 S.Ct. 216, 218, 96 L.Ed. 205 (1952))

. The term "seaman" long has been construed liberally to include "all those on board whose labor

contributes to the accomplishment of the main object in which the vessel is engaged." Osland v. Star

Fish & Oyster Co., 107 F. 2d 113 (5th Cir. 1939). See also The J.S. Warden, 175 F. 314 (D.C.N.Y.

1910)(Hand, J.)("As I can see in principle no reason why there should be an artificial limitation of

rights to those engaged in the navigation of the ship, to the exclusion of others who equally further

the purposes of her voyage . . . I shall decide that the libelant has a lien for his wages as a

bartender."). Thus, cooks, stewards, pursers, porters, chambermaids, laundresses, bartenders,

barbers, fishermen all have been afforded seaman status for purposes of obtaining seaman's remedies.

M. Norris, The Law of Seamen, § 2:3 (4th ed. 1985). Clearly, Lane's duties as a janitor furthered the

Grand's purpose as a gaming vessel. That she slept at home, earned hourly wages and had no duties

while the boat was in motion are of no relevance to the issue of whether she contributed to the

vessel's function or purpose nor do those factors impact the "permanence" of her relationship to the

vessel. Moreover, as the case law overwhelmingly illustrates, seaman status is not reserved only for

those who are involved literally in the navigation of a vessel. Thus, in Texaco, Inc. v. Addison, 613

So. 2d 1193 (Miss. 1993), we found that a roustabout on a welding barge used to reconstruct an

offshore fixed platform oil storage and collection facility was a Jones Act seaman. Addison, like

Lane, was an hourly wage earner who slept on shore. He spent nine to ten hours a day on the welding

barge platform. He was injured when he fell while carrying some pipes. At the time of the accident,

the barge platform was moored to a tank battery mounted on piles permanently driven into the floor

of the Gulf.

¶23. The Fifth Circuit's decision in Palmer v. Fayard Moving and Transportation Corp.,930 F. 2d

437 (5th Cir. 1991) provides further support for Lane's claim. Palmer, a public relations agent for

Fayard Moving, was injured when she slipped on a ladder while boarding the M/V FRANCES

FAYARD. Using the test set out in Offshore Co. v. Robison, 266 F.2d 769, 778-779 (5th Cir. 1959)

, the Fifth Circuit found that Palmer, unlike Lane, was employed primarily in a land-based position

and thus did not meet the first part of the Robison test.(1) Robison provides:

[T]here is an evidentiary basis for a Jones Act case to go to the jury: (1) if there is evidence that

the injured workman was assigned permanently to a vessel (including special purpose structures

not usually employed as a means of transport by water but designed to float on water) or

performed a substantial part of his work on the vessel; and (2) if the capacity in which he was

employed or the duties which he performed contributed to the function of the vessel or to the

accomplishment of its mission, or to the operation or welfare of the vessel in terms of its

maintenance during its movement or during anchorage for its future trips.

Id. at 778. See also McDermott Int'l., Inc. v. Wilander, 498 U.S. 337, 111 S.Ct. 807, 816, 112
L.Ed.2d 866 (1991)(following Robison). As distinguished from Palmer, who spent only nineteen

percent of her time working on the boat, Lane's duties cleaning the Grand's bathrooms required that

she perform all of her work on the vessel.

¶24. Today's majority further denies Lane seaman status because of its finding that at the time of her

injury, the Grand was not a "vessel in navigation" since it was "a stationary dockside casino that had

never been used in navigation, was securely fastened to its dockside mooring cells in inland waters,

and had been secured over the preceding fourteen months." In so finding, the majority apparently

overlooks the basic precept that for purposes of the Jones Act, "vessel in navigation" means that it is

"engaged as an instrument of transportation and commerce on navigable waters" and need not be

"plying the seas" at the time an injury occurs.(2) Norris, The Law of Seaman, § 2:8 (4th ed. 1985).

The Grand was engaged in commerce to the same extent as any other pleasure ship, e.g., the "Love

Boat" or any vessel used for entertainment rather than for shipping cargo. Under Mississippi law, it

was required to be moored in navigable waters and was, at the time of Lane's accident, so located.

Further, it matters not the Grand had been moored for fourteen months; it need only be capable of

navigation. In Addison, we found that a welding barge, moored to tank battery supported by pilings

driven into the floor of the bay, was a vessel for purposes of the Jones Act. Addison, 613 So. 2d at

1200. In that case, we noted with approval Louisiana's use of the maritime law "capability test" which

defines a "vessel" as encompassing "'every description of water craft or other contrivance used or

capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.'" Id. (quoting Orgeron v. Avondale

Shipyards, Inc., 561 So. 2d 38, 41 (La. 1990)). In Orgeron, a barge used as a work platform was

found to be a "vessel" because it was capable of navigation on water and at the time of the accident,

it was floating on navigable water. Orgeron, 561 So. 2d at 43. The Grand was afloat in navigable

waters at the time of Lane's injury. It may be towed and thus, it is capable of navigation. It matters,

not, therefore, that it was moored at the time of Lane's injury or that the vessel was not sailing the

bounding main.

¶25. "Seaman status is ordinarily a question for the trier of fact and even where the facts are largely

disputed, the jury's role should not be lightly short-circuited." Daniel v. Ergon, Inc., 892 F. 2d 403,

407 (5th Cir. 1990). As the Fifth Circuit further stated, in language quoted by the majority, "the issue

of seaman status 'should only be removed from the trier of fact (by summary judgment or directed

verdict) in rare circumstances . . . and even marginal Jones Act claims should be submitted to the

jury.'" Daniel, 892 F. 2d at 407 (quoting Bernard v. Binnings Construction Co., 741 F. 2d 824, 827

(5th Cir. 1984)). Summary judgment is proper only "where the 'only rational inference to be drawn

from the evidence is that the worker is not a seaman.'" Id. (quoting Beard v. Shell Oil Co., 606 F. 2d

515, 517 (5th Cir. 1979). In the case sub judice, that Lane was not a seaman is not the only rational

inference that can be drawn from the evidence. Accordingly, I disagree with the majority's decision to

affirm the circuit court's award of summary judgment to Grand Casino.

1. It bears note that while the Fifth Circuit found that the land-based Palmer was not a Jones Act

seaman, the court found that she still could invoke admiralty jurisdiction and pursue a negligence

claim under general maritime law since she was injured while the vessel was moored in navigable

waters and she was, at the very least, a passenger aboard the vessel. Palmer, 930 F.2d 439-441.
2. Even if the Grand does not meet the majority's narrow construction of vessel, Robison's definition

of vessel includes "special purpose structures not usually employed as a means of transport by water

but designed to float on water." Robison, 266 F.2d at 778.