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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

GAINESVILLE DIVISION

THE BARTRAM, LLC,

Plaintiff,

 vs. CASE NO.: 1:10-cv-28-SPM/AK

LANDMARK AMERICAN INSURANCE

COMPANY, et al.,

Defendants.

____________________________________/

ORDER DENYING IN PART AND GRANTING IN PART

MOTION TO STRIKE DEFENDANT’S AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES

THIS CAUSE comes before the Court on Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike the 

Affirmative Defenses to the Amended Complaint (doc. 43) and memorandum in support

thereof. The Court has also considered the arguments raised in Defendant’s

Memorandum in Opposition to Motion to Strike (doc. 46). For the following reasons, the

Court finds that Plaintiff’s motion to strike must be GRANTED in part and DENIED in

part.

BACKGROUND

This case is an action involving builder’s risk insurance policies issued by: 

Landmark American Insurance Company [hereinafter Defendant], Rockhill Insurance

Company, and Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance Company, and sold to the Plaintiff
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for the construction of Bartram Apartments [hereinafter apartment complex]. The

builder’s risk insurance policy [hereinafter insurance policy] issued by Defendant was

effective June 25, 2007, through September 25, 2008 (doc. 36 ¶ 20). The apartment

complex was completed and received its final certificate of occupancy in September 2008

(doc. 36 ¶ 21). Plaintiff claims that around July 2008, prior to the completion of

construction, Plaintiff noticed water damage in the apartment complex (doc. 35 ¶ 3).

Believing that water damage was limited to the isolated instances involving few units,

Plaintiff fixed this water damage, by among other things, caulking and painting (doc. 35

¶ 3). Thereafter, around June 17, 2009, Plaintiff noticed, among other things, cracks on

the exterior walls in the apartment complex (doc. 35 ¶ 3). Plaintiff claims that, upon

inspection, Plaintiff learned that the damages on the exterior walls resulted from serious

and systematic construction defects (doc. 35 ¶ 3). Plaintiff contends that by July in 2008,

its discovery of the water damage constituted an occurrence for purposes of Plaintiff’s

insurance policy, or that the injury-in-fact theory triggered the coverage under Plaintiff’s

insurance policy (doc. 35 ¶ 6). Moreover, Plaintiff contends that the damages suffered by

the Plaintiff due to construction defects of the apartment complex are within the scope of

damages covered by Plaintiff’s insurance policy and that Defendant breached Plaintiff’s

insurance policy by refusing to compensate Plaintiff for the damages (doc. 35 ¶¶ 6-7).

Defendant indicated that Plaintiff pursues a parallel lawsuit against the C.B. Contractors,

LLC, The Bartram v. C.B. Contractors, LLC, Case No. 1:09-cv-00254-SPM-AK,

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[hereinafter The Bartram] for the damages before this Court (doc. 36 ¶ 21). Defendant

has raised various affirmative defenses to the complaint (doc. 36 ¶¶ 10-18). In the instant

motion, Plaintiff requests to strike all of Defendant’s affirmative defenses (doc. 43 ¶¶ 6-

14).

ANALYSIS

 Rule 12(f) provides that the court may order that “an insufficient defense or any

redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter” be stricken from a pleading.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). However, a motion to strike will usually be denied, unless, the

allegations have no possible relation to the controversy and may cause prejudice to one of

the parties. See Allstate, 2010 WL 2889214, at * 1 (quoting Scelta v. Delicatessen

Support Services, Inc., 57 F. Supp. 2d 1327, 1347 (M.D. Fla. 1999) (quoting Seibel v.

Society Lease, Inc., 969 F. Supp. 713, 715 (M.D. Fla. 1997)). “An affirmative defense

will only be stricken . . . if the defense is insufficient as a matter of law.” Microsoft Corp.

v. Jesse's Computers & Repair, Inc., 211 F.R.D. 681, 683 (M.D. Fla. 2002) (quoting

Anchor Hocking Corp. v. Jacksonville Elec. Auth., 419 F. Supp. 992, 1000 (M.D. Fla.

1976)). “An affirmative defense is insufficient as a matter of law only if: (1) on the face

of the pleadings, it is patently frivolous, or (2) it is clearly invalid as a matter of law.” Id.

“To the extent that a defense puts into issue relevant and substantial legal and factual

questions, it is ‘sufficient’ and may survive a motion to strike, particularly when there is

no showing of prejudice to the movant.” Reyher v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 881 F.

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Supp. 574, 576 (M.D. Fla. 1995) (citation omitted). Affirmative defenses are also subject

to the general pleading requirements of Rule 8. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8. Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 8(b)(1)(A) requires that a party “state in short and plain terms its defenses to

each claim asserted against it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1)(A). Although Rule 8 does not

obligate a defendant to set forth detailed factual allegations, a defendant must give the

plaintiff “fair notice” of the nature of the defense and the grounds upon which it rests.

See Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964 (2007). “Factual allegations

must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id.

I

Plaintiff asserts that Defendant alleged mere legal conclusions in its first through

ninth and eleventh affirmative defenses devoid of any elements or supporting facts. (Doc.

43 ¶ 6). 

 Defendant’s first and seventh affirmative defenses allege that: (1) Plaintiff’s

Amended Complaint fails to state a claim against Defendant upon which relief could be

granted; and (7) it fails to state a cause of action for breach of contract. A complaint may

be dismissed for failure to state a claim “when its allegations . . . show that an affirmative

defense bars recovery on the claim.” Marsh v. Butler County, Ala., 268 F.3d 1014, 1022

(11th Cir. 2001). However, the foregoing broad statements are merely denials of

Plaintiff's claims rather than affirmative defenses. See Premium Leisure, LLC v. Gulf

Coast Spa Manufacturers, Inc., No. 8:08-cv-1048-T-24 EAJ, 2008 WL 3927265, at *3

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(M.D. Fla. Aug. 21, 2008). “In attempting to controvert an allegation in the complaint, a

defendant occasionally may label his negative averment as an affirmative defense rather

than as a specific denial.” Home Management Solutions, Inc. v. Prescient, Inc., No. 07-

20608-CIV, 2007 WL 2412834, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 21, 2007) (quoting Charles Alan

Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1269 (3d ed. 2004)). When

this occurs, the proper remedy is not to strike the claim, but instead to treat the claim as a

specific denial. Id.; Ohio Nat'l Life Assurance Corp. v. Langkau, No. 3:06-cv-290-J20MCR, 2006 WL 2355571, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 15, 2006). Accordingly, the Court

will treat these affirmative defenses as denials. For this reason, Plaintiff’s motion to

strike the first and seventh affirmative defenses is hereby denied.

 Defendant’s second affirmative defense claims that Plaintiff’s cause of action is

barred in total or at least in part by Plaintiff’s failure to mitigate damages (doc. 36 ¶ 10). 

Failure to mitigate damages is an affirmative defense. Slip-N-Slide Records, Inc. v. TVT

Records, LLC, No. 05-CIV-21113, 2007 WL 3232270, at * 13 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 31, 2007);

see also Ali v. City of Clearwater, 915 F. Supp. 1231, 1242 (M.D. Fla. 1996). Plaintiff

claims that this defense should be stricken because Defendant failed to state what

measures Plaintiff allegedly failed to take to mitigate damages (doc. 43 ¶ 7). Rule 8

obligates Defendant to give the plaintiff “fair notice” of the nature of the defense and the

grounds upon which it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1)(A); see also Bell Atlantic Corp., 127

S.Ct. at 1964. This affirmative defense, does not set forth a “short and plain statement”

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explaining its factual basis. See id. Thus, pursuant to Rule 12(e), Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(e),

the Court grants Plaintiff's motion to strike the second affirmative defense, but grants

Defendant leave to amend it.

 Defendant’s third affirmative defense claims that “Plaintiff is at fault in the

matters referred to in the Amended Complaint and such fault on the part of Plaintiff

proximately caused or contributed to the Plaintiff’s damages” (doc. 36 ¶ 10). This

affirmative defense is not insufficient as a matter of law. Indeed, it pleads the proper

affirmative defense of contributory negligence. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c). However, this

affirmative defense, does not set forth a “short and plain statement” explaining its factual

basis. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1)(A); see also Bell Atlantic Corp., 127 S.Ct. at 1964.

Thus, pursuant to Rule 12(e), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(e), the Court grants

Plaintiff's motion to strike the third affirmative defense, but grants Defendant leave to

amend it. 

 Defendant’s fourth affirmative defense claims that if Plaintiff suffered any

damages, such damages resulted from negligence or breach of contract of some other

party other than Defendant (doc. 36 ¶ 10). Plaintiff claims that this defense is a barebones conclusory allegation, which simply names a legal theory but does not indicate

how the theory is connected to the case at hand (doc. 43 ¶ 7). Further, Plaintiff claims

that this defense is insufficient by failing to allege what third party allegedly caused

Plaintiff’s damages. (doc. 43 ¶ 8). However, Defendant alleges that Plaintiff brought

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parallel suit against the C.B. Contractors, The Bartham, and seeks recovery for the

damages that were caused by the contractor’s defective workmanship (doc. 36 ¶ 21). The

Court finds that the Defendant’s fourth affirmative defense is adequate to survive

Plaintiff’s motion to strike since it fairly presents questions of law and fact which the

Court ought to hear. See Reyher, 881 F. Supp. at 576. Moreover, Plaintiff has received

notice of the nature of the defense and Plaintiff has failed to show prejudice by its

inclusion in Defendant’s pleading. For this reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike

Defendant’s fourth affirmative defense is hereby denied.

 Defendant’s fifth affirmative defense claims that Plaintiff’s cause of action is

barred in total or at least in part by the intervening acts and omissions of other third

parties (doc. 36 ¶ 10). Plaintiff asserts that this affirmative defense should be stricken

because Defendant failed to allege what third party allegedly caused Plaintiff’s damages

(doc. 43 ¶¶ 7-8). This affirmative defenses, as pleaded, is legally insufficient. Without

establishing what acts or omissions Defendant is alluding to, and what third parties

Defendant is referring to, the affirmative defense fails to provide fair notice to Plaintiff as

to the nature of the defense. Grovenor House, L.L.C. v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co.,

2010 WL 3212066, at *3 (S.D. Fla., Aug. 12, 2010). Accordingly, the Court grants

Plaintiff's motion to strike the fifth affirmative defense, but grants Defendant leave to

amend it. 

Defendant’ sixth affirmative defense asserts that if Plaintiff succeeds in securing a

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right to recover or in recovering for the alleged damages from a third party, Plaintiff

action against Defendant will be barred to the extent of Plaintiff’s right to recover from a

third party or Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant will be limited by Plaintiff’s actual

recovery (doc. 36 ¶¶ 10-11). Plaintiff claims that this defense should be stricken because

it fails to provide Plaintiff with fair notice as to what type of collateral sources or setoff

could apply to the facts of this case and upon what legal authority this defense is

purportedly based (doc. 43 ¶ 8). As Defendant asserted, Plaintiff seeks recovery for

damages against C.B. Contractors caused by C.B. Contractors’ faulty workmanship (doc.

43 ¶ 21). Further, although there is no authority in support of Defendant’s claim that

monetary relief received by the Plaintiff from the third party should set off the damages,

this defense may have legal and factual bearing on the subject matter of the litigation. 

Plaintiff has received notice of the nature of the defense (payment) and Plaintiff has

failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in Defendant’s pleading. For this reason,

Plaintiff’s motion to strike Defendant’s sixth affirmative defense is hereby denied. 

 Defendant’s eighth affirmative defense claims that Plaintiff’s claims against C.B.

Contractors in The Bartram, bar Plaintiff’s recovery under Plaintiff’s insurance policy

(doc. 36 ¶ 11). This assertion is merely a denial of Plaintiff's claims rather than the

affirmative defense. See Premium Leisure, 2008 WL 3927265, at *3. Thus, the proper

remedy is not to strike the claim, but instead to treat the claim as a specific denial. See id.

Accordingly, the Court denies Plaintiffs motion to strike Defendant’s eighth affirmative

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defense. 

 Defendant’s ninth affirmative defense claims that Plaintiff is not entitled to

attorney fees pursuant to section 627.428, Florida Statutes, since Defendant has not

breached Plaintiff’s insurance policy and Plaintiff has not had any judgment entered

against Defendant in this action (doc. 36 ¶ 11). Plaintiff pointed out that Plaintiff’s

request for attorney fees from Defendant identifies section 627.428 as a basis (doc. 27 ¶

6). Fla. Stat. § 627.428. As Defendant may ultimately prevail on the issues, Plaintiff has

not at this stage so clearly demonstrated Defendant’s potential liability that striking

Defendant’s affirmative defense would be proper. See Goodbys Creek, LLC v. Arch Ins.

Co.,No. 3:07-cv-947-J-34 HTS, 2009 WL 1139572, at *2 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 27, 2009).

Consequently, Defendant’s ninth affirmative defense will not be stricken. 

 Defendant’s eleventh affirmative defense claims that if Defendant tendered any

payment to the Plaintiff for Plaintiff’s alleged damages, then Defendant should be

entitled to have any judgment entered against Defendant set off by this payment (doc. 36

¶ 11). Plaintiff asserts that this defense should be stricken for failing to provide Plaintiff

with fair notice as to how setoff could apply to the facts of this case (doc. 43 ¶ 9). 

Although Rule 8 obligates a defendant to give the plaintiff “fair notice” of the nature of

the defense and the grounds upon which it rests, the defendant does not have to provide

detailed factual allegations. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1)(A); see also Bell Atlantic Corp., 127

S.Ct. at 1964. Moreover, Plaintiff has received notice of the nature of the defense

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(payment) and has failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in Defendant’s pleading.

Therefore, the Court finds that the Defendant’s eleventh affirmative defense is adequate

to survive Plaintiff’s motion to strike. Thus, Plaintiff’s motion to strike Defendant’s

eleventh affirmative defense is hereby denied.

II.

 Plaintiff further claims that Defendant’s “tenth, twelfth through twenty third

affirmative defenses merely contain bare bone assertions that . . . [Plaintiff’s] . . . 

insurance policies do not cover or exclude coverage for . . . [Plaintiff’s] . . . damages.

”(doc. 43 ¶ 9). Moreover, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant improperly recites policy

conditions and exclusions not explaining how such provisions could possibly constitute

affirmative defenses. (doc. 43 ¶ 10).

Defendant’s tenth affirmative defense asserts that Plaintiff’s insurance policies

determine the liabilities of the parties in this action (doc. 36 ¶ 11). Defendant is entitled

to a defense that puts into issue a relevant and substantial legal issue and factual

questions when there is no showing of prejudice to the movant.” Reyer, 881 F. Supp. at

577. As Defendant has put Defendant’s liability and its scope in question, the Court

finds that the Defendant’s tenth affirmative defense is adequate to survive Plaintiff’s

motion to strike. Defendant’s pleading provides Plaintiff fair notice of its defense and

Plaintiff has failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in Defendant’s pleading.

Plaintiff’s motion to strike the eleventh affirmative defense is hereby denied.

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 Defendant’s twelfth affirmative defense claims Plaintiff cannot recover for

damages that Plaintiff suffered prior to the coverage period afforded by Plaintiff’s

insurance policy (doc. 36 ¶¶ 12). Defendant’s statement is merely a denial of Plaintiff's

claims rather than the affirmative defense. See Premium Leisure, 2008 WL 3927265, at

*3. Accordingly, the Court will treat this affirmative defense as a specific denial. For this

reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike Defendant’s twelfth affirmative defense is hereby

denied.

Defendant’s thirteenth affirmative defense asserts that “Plaintiff’s excess policy

does not attach unless several terms of the Plaintiffs’s insurance policy are applied and

exhausted.” (Doc. 36 ¶ 12) . Since Defendant’s assertions are merely denials of Plaintiff's

claims, the Court will treat these assertions as specific denials. See Premium Leisure,

2008 WL 3927265, at *3. For this reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike Defendant’s

thirteenth affirmative defense is hereby denied. 

 Defendant’s fourteenth affirmative defense claims that pursuant to Plaintiff’s

insurance policy, Plaintiff had a duty, among other duties, to promptly notify Defendant

about the damages (doc. 36 ¶¶ 12-13). Further, Defendant asserts that Plaintiff failed to

give Defendant prompt notice and therefore Plaintiff forfeited recovery provided by

Plaintiff’s insurance policies (doc. 36 ¶¶ 22-23). This Court finds that Defendant’s

fourteenth affirmative defense fairly presents questions of law and fact which the Court

ought to hear. Defendant’s pleading provides Plaintiff fair notice of its defense and

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Plaintiff has failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in Defendant’s pleading. Thus,

Plaintiff’s motion to strike Defendant’s fourteenth affirmative defense is hereby denied.

Defendant’s fifteenth affirmative defense states that Plaintiff failed to comply

with the contractual conditions precedent to filing this cause of action (doc. 36 ¶ 13).

Defendant quotes Plaintiff’s insurance policy’s provision that required Plaintiff to

provide Defendant prompt notice of damages (doc. 36 ¶¶ 12-13). Defendant, further,

asserts that Plaintiff submitted a loss notice to Defendant in August, 2009, seeking

recovery for the alleged damage to the insured property, which occurred more than a year

before that date (doc. 36 ¶ 23). Therefore, Defendant claims that Plaintiff failed to give

the Defendant prompt notice of the damage, which is a breach of contract and failure to

comply with the contractual conditions precedent to filing this cause of action (doc. 36 ¶

23). The Court finds that the Defendant’s fifteenth affirmative defense is adequate to

survive Plaintiff’s motion to strike since the affirmative defense of Plaintiff’s failure to

comply with the contractual conditions precedent to filing this cause of action fairly

presents questions of law and fact which the Court ought to hear. Reyher, 881 F. Supp. at

576. Defendant’s pleading provides Plaintiff fair notice of its defense and Plaintiff has

failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in Defendant’s pleading. For this reason,

Plaintiff’s motion to strike the fifteenth affirmative defense is hereby denied.

Defendant’s sixteenth affirmative defense asserts that Plaintiff’s claims are

subject to Plaintiff’s insurance policy exclusions (doc. 36 ¶ 13). Defendant quotes

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Plaintiff’s insurance policy’s provision that excludes Plaintiff”s recovery for damages

caused by faulty workmanship (doc. 36 ¶ 13). Since Defendant asserted that Plaintiff

seeks recovery for damages against C.B. Contractors caused by C.B. Contractors’ faulty

workmanship, this Court finds that the Defendant’s sixteenth affirmative defense is

adequate to survive Plaintiff’s motion to strike. Plaintiff has received notice of the nature

of the defenses and Plaintiff has failed to show prejudice with its inclusion in

Defendant’s pleading. Thus, Plaintiff’s motion to strike the sixteenth affirmative defense

is hereby denied.

 Defendant’s seventeenth affirmative defense claims that “Plaintiff has failed to

establish a fortuitous covered loss under the terms and conditions of the policy . . . .”(

Doc. 36 ¶ 14) This assertion, in Defendant’s pleading, is a denial of Plaintiff's claims

rather than the affirmative defense. See Premium Leisure, 2008 WL 3927265, at *3.

Accordingly, the Court will treat this affirmative defense as a specific denial. For this

reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike the seventeenth affirmative defense is hereby denied.

 Defendant’s eighteenth affirmative defense asserts that “ Plaintiff’s claim is

barred to the extent it has failed to establish entitlement to insurance proceeds based on

and defined by a Covered Cause of Loss.” (Doc. 36 ¶ 14) Again, this assertion in

Defendant’s pleading is a denial of Plaintiff's claims rather than the affirmative defense.

See Premium Leisure, 2008 WL 3927265, at *3. Accordingly, the Court will treat this

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affirmative defense as a specific denial. For this reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike the

eighteenth affirmative defenses is hereby denied.

 Defendant’s nineteenth and twentieth affirmative defenses claim that

Plaintiff’s claims arose outside of the Plaintiff’s insurance policy coverage period;

therefore, Plaintiff is barred from recovery for damages (doc. 36 ¶¶ 14-15, 21).

Defendant quotes Plaintiff’s insurance policy’s provision establishing the coverage

period (doc. 36 ¶¶ 14-15). Defendant, further, asserts that pursuant to the complaint

filled by Plaintiff in The Bartram, Plaintiff begun to notice problems with the work

performed by Plaintiff’s contractor after the project was completed and the certificate of

occupancy had been received (doc. 36 ¶ 25). The Court finds that the Defendant’s

nineteenth and twentieth affirmative defenses are adequate to survive Plaintiff’s motion

to strike since these affirmative defenses fairly present questions of law and fact that the

Court ought to hear. Reyher, 881 F. Supp. at 576. In addition, the Court finds that there

is no prejudice to Plaintiff by allowing these defenses to remain as pleded. For this

reason, Plaintiff’s motion to strike the nineteenth and twentieth affirmative defenses is

hereby denied.

Defendant’s twenty first, twenty second, and twenty third affirmative defenses

assert that Plaintiffs claims are excluded from coverage by one or more of the insurance

policy’s exclusionary provisions (doc. 36 ¶¶ 16-18). Defendant quotes the language of

the insurance policy’s provisions as the basis for this defense (doc. 36 ¶¶ 16-18). Again,

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these assertions in Defendant’s pleading are denials of Plaintiff's claims rather than

affirmative defenses. See Premium Leisure, 2008 WL 3927265, at *3. Accordingly, the

Court will treat these affirmative defenses as specific denials. See id. For this reason,

Plaintiff’s motion to strike these affirmative defenses is hereby denied.

 Finally, Defendant’s twenty fourth affirmative defense claims that Defendant

reserves the right to add additional affirmative defenses as discovery in this matter

progresses. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15 governs the amendment of pleadings.

Rule 15(a) provides that when more than twenty days have passed since service of a

pleading, a party may amend its pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of

the adverse party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). The court shall give leave to amend freely when

justice requires. Id. Although the language of the reservation is imprecise, the Court

denies Plaintiff’s motion to strike the reservation of right to add affirmative defenses

because Defendant does retain the right to seek leave of the Court to amend Defendant’s

pleading. 

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED

1. Plaintiff’s motion to strike (doc. 43) is granted as to second, third, and

fifth affirmative defenses.

2. Plaintiff’s motion to strike (doc. 43) is denied as to the remaining

affirmative defenses.

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3. Defendant shall have up to and including December 1, 2010, to file an

amended pleading.

 DONE AND ORDERED this 16th day of November, 2010.

 s/ Stephan P. Mickle 

Stephan P. Mickle

Chief United States District Judge

 Case No.: 1:10-cv-28-SPM/AK