1 RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 16a0030p.06 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

_________________

J OHN L. G ALLO , et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees ,

v

.

M OEN I NCORPORATED , Defendant-Appellant

. ┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┘ Nos. 14-3633/3918

Appeal from the United St ates District Court for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland. No. 1:13-cv-02440—James S. Gwin, District Judge. Argued: October 15, 2015
Decided and Filed: February 8, 2016
Before: BOGGS, SUTTON, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

_________________ COUNSEL

ARGUED: Bobby Roy Burchfield, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Joyce Goldstein, GOLDSTEIN GR AGEL LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Bobby Roy Burchfield, Joshua Da vid Rogaczewski, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Washington, D.C., Kirk Wa tkins, MCDERMOTT WILL & EMERY LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for Appellant. Joyce Go ldstein, Richard L. Stoper, Jr., GOLDSTEIN GRAGEL LLC, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellees . Douglas A. Darch, BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Christopher La ndau, K. Winn Allen, KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
SUTTON, J., delivered the opinion of th e court in which BOGGS, J., joined. STRANCH, J. (pp. 14–24), delivere d a separate dissenting opinion. 

### >Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 2

_________________ OPINION

_________________ SUTTON, Circuit Judge. At issue is whether several collective bargaining agreements
entitle a class of retirees from Moen Inc. to vested healthcare benef its for life. The district court granted relief to the class based on UAW v. Yard-Man, Inc. , 716 F.2d 1476 (6th Cir. 1983), and
other Sixth Circuit decisions applying Yard-Man . In M&G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett , 135 S. Ct. 926 (2015), decided after the district court’s decision in this case, the Court repudiated
the Yard-Man line of cases. Consistent with Tackett , we must reverse the district court’s
decision.

I.
Between 1983 and 2005, Moen and its predecesso r corporation entered into a series of (usually) three-year collective bargaining agreemen ts (often called CBAs) with the International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricu ltural Implement Workers of America and its local affiliate. Each agreement offered two type s of health-related benefits to individuals who retired from Moen’s plant in Elyria, Ohio: (1 ) hospitalization, surgical, and medical coverage and (2) Medicare Part B premium reimbursements, which compensated retirees for the expenses of participating in the federa l government’s medical insurance program. Em ployees who retired between August 8, 1983, and March 1, 1996, along with their dependents, received “[c]ontinued hospitalization, surgical and medical coverage . . . without cost.” E.g. , R. 52-11 at 42; R. 52-14 at 76. If the retirees were over age 65, the co mpany also reimbursed the full cost of their Medicare Part B premiums, and it did the same for retirees’ spouses over age 65. Employees who retired on or after March 1, 1996, along with their dependents, r eceived hospitalization, surgical, and medical coverage upon payment of a co-premium. “The co-premium amount for the retiree,” the CBAs provided, “will be frozen at the co-premium in effect at [the] time of
retirement.” E.g. , R. 52-15 at 37; R. 52-18 at 36. If ove r 65, these retirees (plus their over-65 spouses) received Medicare Part B prem ium reimbursements at specified rates.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 3

The parties terminated the last CBA in 2008, wh en Moen shut down its Elyria operations. The UAW and its local affiliate entered into a “Closure Effects Agreement” with Moen, providing that hea lthcare coverage “shall continue” for re tirees and their spouses “as indicated under the [final] Collective Bargaining Agreement.” R. 52-23 at 2, 7. The plant closed in
December 2008.
After the plant closed, Moen continued to pr ovide the same healthcare benefits to its retirees for a while. In March 2013, the company d ecreased the benefits available for retirees in response to “recent Medicare improvements” and “more effective supplemental benefit plans,” as well as the federal government’s imposition of an excise tax on high-cost “Cadillac plans” through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, see 26 U.S.C. § 4980I. R. 51-31 at 1; R. 52-30 at 5. After the changes, Medicare-elig ible retirees no longer received healthcare coverage or Part B premium reimbursements, and the company shifte d non-Medicare-eligible retirees to a healthcare plan that re quired higher out-of-pocket payments.

Seven retirees and the UAW sued Moen in response. The retirees argued that their
healthcare benefits had “vested” under the CBA s and the plant closing agreement, prohibiting Moen from changing their coverage . The district court certified a class of “all Moen healthcare benefits plan participants” who had retired from the Elyria plant and who were not covered by an earlier settlement agreement. R. 42 at 2. The class includes roughly200 individuals. Both parties filed motions for summary judgment, and the district court granted th e plaintiffs’ motion. Relying on Yard-Man , the court concluded that the CBAs and the plant closing agreement required Moen to offer the same healthcare benef its to the retirees for life. The court also granted $776,767.19 in attorney’s fees and cost s to the plaintiffs. Moen appealed.

II.
M&G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett , 135 S. Ct. 926 (2015), orients this appeal. In reversing a decision from our court, the Supr eme Court instructed us to interpret collective bargaining agreements “according to ordi nary principles of contract law.” Id. at 933. The Court
then instructed us what not to do in applying these principl es. It repudiated Yard-Man and its heirs, directing us not to “plac[e] a thumb on the scale in favor of vested retiree benefits in allNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 4

collective-bargaining agreements.” Id. at 935. It rejected our pr ior “inferences” in favor of vesting healthcare benefits for life as “too speculative and too far removed from the context of any particular contract to be useful indiscerning the parties’ intention.” Id. It rejected our prior assumption that “retiree healthcare benefits are not subjec ts of mandatory collective bargaining,” pointing out that parties frequently“voluntarily agree” to bargain about retiree
healthcare. Id. at 936. It reject ed our “premise that retiree be nefits are a form of deferred compensation,” reminding us that Congress has rejected that premise. Id. ; see 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1), (2)(A)(ii). It directed us to consid er the general durational clauses in the CBAs (usually three years) in deciding how long a company has committed to provide healthcare
benefits to retirees. 135 S. Ct . at 936. It told us that “cour ts should not construe ambiguous writings to create lifetime promises.” Id. And it explained that, “when a contract is silent as to the duration of retiree benefits, a court may not in fer that the parties inte nded those benefits to
vest for life.” Id. at 937; see generally Tackett v. M&G Polymers USA, LLC , No. 12-3329, 2016 WL 240414, at *3–4 (6th Cir. Jan. 21, 2016).

The Court offered one more piece of guidance. At th e same time it rejected Yard-Man , it
endorsed our decision in Sprague v. General Motors Corp. , 133 F.3d 388 (6th Cir. 1998) (en banc). Sprague rejected the application of Yard-Man in the context of noncollectively bargained contracts about retir ee healthcare benefits and refuse d to infer from silence and ambiguous contracts a commitment to unalterable he althcare benefits to retirees for life. Id. at
400. Tackett thus directed us to treat collectively and noncollectivel y bargained contracts about retiree healthcare benefits similarly—to apply the same basic rules of contract interpretation to
both sets of contracts. See 135 S. Ct. at 936–37.
Guided by the Court’s directives about what to do and what not to do in this area, we
must conclude that the Moen-UAW collective bargaining agreements do notprovide unalterable healthcare benefits for life to the Elyria retir ees and their dependents. Here are the key provisions of the 2005 CBA, similar in re levant part to the earlier CBAs:
Continued hospitalization, surgical a nd medical coverage will be provided without cost to past pensioners and their dependents prior to March 1, 1996.

. . .Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 5

Effective March 1, 1996, future retirees will be covered under the new medical plan. The co-premium amount for the retire e will be frozen at the co-premium in effect at time of retirement.

. . . Future retirees as of [January 1999] w ill be reimbursed for Medicare Part B for employee and spouse at Medicare Part B $45.50/$91.00.

R. 52-18 at 36.
First and foremost , nothing in this or any of the other CBAs says that Moen committed to provide unalterable healthcare bene fits to retirees and their spous es for life. That is what matters, and that is where the plaintiffs fall short. Tackett directs us to apply ordinary contract principles and not to tilt the i nquiry in favor of vesting—a fram e of reference that prompts two questions. What is the contract right that the pl aintiffs seek to vindicat e? And does the contract contain that right? The pl aintiffs claim a right to healthcare benefits for life. But the contracts never make that commitment. Yes, Moen offere d retirees healthcare benefits. And yes Moen, like many employers, may have wished that bus iness conditions and stable healthcare costs (hope springs eternal) would permit it to provi de similar healthcare benefits to retirees throughout retirement. But the question is wh ether the two parties signed a contract to that effect. Nothing of the sort appear s in the collective bargaining agreements. See Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937.

Second , not only do the CBAs fail to say that Moen committed to provide unalterable
healthcare benefits for life to retirees, everything they say aboutthe topic was contained in a three-year agreement

. If we do not expect to find “elep hants in mousehol es” in construing
statutes, see Whitman v. Am. Trucking Ass’ns , 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001), we should not expect to find lifetime commitments in time-limited agreements, Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 936. Each of the CBAs made commitments for approximately thr ee-year terms—well short of commitments for life. Present in each CBA, the general durational clause supplied a concre te date of expiration after which either party could terminate the agr eement. When a specific provision of the CBA does not include an end date, we refer to the general durational clause to determine that provision’s termination. Litton Fin. Printing Div. v. NLRB , 501 U.S. 190, 207 (1991). Absent aNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 6

longer time limit in the context of a specific pr ovision, the general durational clause supplies a final phrase to every term in the CBA: “until this agreement ends.” See id. ; see also Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 936. Reading the healthcare provisi ons in conjunction with the general durational clause gives meaning to the phras es “[c]ontinued,” “wil l be provided,” “will be covered,” and the
like. These terms guarantee benefits until the agreemen t expires, nothing more. See UAW v. Skinner Engine Co. , 188 F.3d 130, 141 (3d Cir. 1999); Senn v. United Dominion Indus., Inc. , 951 F.2d 806, 816 (7th Cir. 1992).

Consistent with traditional contract interpretation principles and with prior precedents of the Supreme Court, “contractual obligations will cease, in the ordinary course, upon termination of the bargaining agreement.” Litton , 501 U.S. at 207. Any other approach, Tackett explained, “distort[s] the text” of CBAs by “refus[ing] to apply general durational clauses to provisions governing retiree benefits.” 135 S. Ct. at 936. Because “the written agreement is presumed to encompass the whole agr eement of the parties,” id. , and because Congress has placed special emphasis on the “written terms” of retiree healthcare plans, id. at 933 (quotation omitted); see 29 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(1), we must en force those terms as written. See Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life
& Accident Ins. Co. , 134 S. Ct. 604, 611–12 (2013).

Third , each of the last three CBAs says that “ [c]ontinued hospitalization, surgical and medical coverage will be provided without cost to past pensioners and their dependents prior to March 1, 1996.” E.g. , R. 52-16 at 39 (emphasis a dded). Consistent with the three-year term of these CBAs, the language provides “continued” healthcare benefits to “past pensioners”— namely, former employees who retired under prior CBAs. There would be no need to “continue” such benefits if prior CBAs had created vest ed rights to such benefits. And indeed no comparable language appears in the CBA provisions dealing with pension benefits that vested under prior agreements.

Fourth , while the authors of the CBAs opted not to say that retiree healthcare benefits were vested for life, they explicitly vested pension benefits for qualifying retirees. The difference in language demands a difference in m eaning. “It is understood that when [certain] benefits are no longer payable, ” each CBA provides, “the normal monthly survivor pension benefit will be paid for the rest of the survivor’s life.” E.g. , R. 52-18 at 34. B ecause a contractNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 7

“should be read to give effect to all its provisions and to render them consistent with each other,”
Mastrobuono v. Shearso n Lehman Hutton, Inc. , 514 U.S. 52, 63 (1995), we must assume that the explicit guarantee of lifetime bene fits in some provisions and not others means something. See
Skinner , 188 F.3d at 144. The absence of vesting language in the CBAs becomes even starker when we look at the pension plan itself, which de fines a “Five Year Certain and Life Annuity” as “[a] series of monthly payments for the life of the Participant ” and a “Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity” as “[a]n annuity for the life of the Participant with a survivor annuity for the life of his spouse .” R. 52-11 at 11, 14 (emphasis added). No such language appears in the CBA provisions dealing withhealthcare benefits.
Fifth , the agreements contain reservation-of-rights clauses that evidence an intent not to vest and that apply to employees and retirees. “The Company,” one such clause says, “shall have the right to amend, cancel or reinsure the policies or change the underwriters thereof, so long as [specified] benefits are maintained for th e life of this Agreement[ .]” R. 52-18 at 33. How can one simultaneously say that healthcare be nefits are “vested” but may be “cancel[ed]” by the employer? Even the caveat—that certain “benefits” must be “maintained”—applies only “for the life of this Agreement,” a timeline that is incompatible with construing the agreement to
create vested and unalterable benefits. And al though the reservation-of-ri ghts clause comes in a paragraph discussing employ ee benefits, it does not limit itself to those benefits. It instead refers to Moen’s right to cancel the insurance “ policies ,” which—as other sections of the CBAs demonstrate—covered employees and retirees. The CBAs, moreover, sometimes use the word “employee” to refer to both employees and retirees. The article that provides for retiree health insurance begins by stating th at “[b]enefits desc ribed in this article apply to all employees ,” and a table outlining retiree co-premiums lists th e contributions required by “[e]mployee” and “[e]mployee + 1.” Id. at 33, 36 (emphasis added).

Sixth , these principles yield a similar conclu sion when applied to the plant closing agreement. “Healthcare . . . and related bene fits shall continue unde r Article XVII [of the CBA],” the contract says, “for all retirees and spouses as indicated under the Collective Bargaining Agreement .” R. 52-23 at 7 (emphasis added) . Although this provision does not specify which CBA it refers to, we presume (and th e parties agree) that the relevant CBA is theNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 8

final one, the 2005 agreement. The most natural reading of the plant closing contract is that it
offers the same benefits under the same conditions as the 2005 CBA. Because a right to permanent healthcare benefits did not vest under that CBA, it did not vest under the plant closing agreement either.

Seventh , the above analysis not only respects the language of the relevant agreements and
Tackett , but it also brings our court into alignment with other circuits around the country. No court to our knowledge has found, or would fi nd, a promise of lifetime unalterable healthcare benefits based on CBA language of this sort in a time-limited agreement. See Senior v. NSTAR Elec. & Gas Corp. , 449 F.3d 206, 218–19, 224 (1st Cir. 2006); Joyce v. Curtiss-Wright Corp. , 171 F.3d 130, 134–35 (2d Cir. 1999); Skinner , 188 F.3d at 141–44; Gable v. Sweetheart Cup
Co. , 35 F.3d 851, 854–56 (4th Cir. 1994); Nichols v. Alcatel USA, Inc. , 532 F.3d 364, 377–78 (5th Cir. 2008) (preliminary injunction); Senn , 951 F.2d at 814–16; Anderson v. Alpha Portland Indus., Inc. , 836 F.2d 1512, 1516–20 (8th Cir. 1988); Bazzone v. Auto. Indus. Welfare Fund , 860 F.2d 1088, at *2–5 (9th Cir. 1988) (unpublished table disposition).
The plaintiffs offer several contrary arguments . They point out that the CBAs state that “[c]ontinued” coverage “ will be provided”; that future retirees “ will be covered”; that copremiums “ will be frozen”; that “[p]ension payments will be increased by the amount of current Medicare charges”; and that the employer “ will pay the monthly premium charge” for retirees’
health insurance. E.g. , R. 52-13 at 81; R. 52-18 at 36 (emphasis added). If Tackett tells us anything, however, it is that the use of the future tense without more—without words committing to retain the benefit for life—does not guarant ee lifetime benefits. 135 S. Ct. at 937. The relevant provisions offer healthcare coverage until some point in the future, but they do not say what that point is.
The plaintiffs invoke provision s in the CBAs that include specific durational limits, claiming that the absence of a comparable limit in the retiree healthcare provisions shows that the parties intended the commitment to last for life. The 2005 CBA, for example, says that “Hospitalization, Surgical and Medi cal Benefits for terminated employees, including lay-off, will
continue in effect for the duration of the mont h for which premiums have been paid, except as [specified in another provision].” R. 52-18 at 35. The absence of specific durational limits in theNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 9

retiree benefits provisions, argue the plaintiffs, means that these be nefits were meant to last for life. But specific and general terms usually work in tandem, and that is just the case here. The CBAs’ general durational clauses provide a baseline or defau lt rule, a point at which the agreements expire absent more specific limits relevant to a particular term. In the absence of specific language in the retiree healthcare provi sions, the general durati onal clause controls.
Referring to some of our Yard-Man cases, the plaintiffs note th at we have inferred that retiree healthcare benefits vest when CBAs tie eligibility for retiree healthcare benefits to eligibility for pensions. See, e.g. , Noe v. PolyOne Corp. , 520 F.3d 548, 558–59 (6th Cir. 2008); McCoy v. Meridian Auto. Sys., Inc. , 390 F.3d 417, 422 (6th Cir. 2004). The CBAs at issue do just that, they add, in two ways. They first pr ovide that “[c]ontinued hos pitalization, surgical and medical coverage will be provided without cost to past pensioners and their dependents,” e.g. , R. 52-18 at 36 (emphasis added), ra ther than using a more generi c term like “past employees.” And some of the agreements provide Medicare Part B reimbursements by increasing retirees’ pension payments. But Tackett rejected this kind of “tying” an alysis as a relic of a misdirected frame of reference, calling it one of many Yard-Man inferences that was “inconsistent with ordinary principles of contractlaw.” 135 S. Ct. at 937. Even the concurrence, which addressed the tying analysis in greater detail, stated only th at tying language could sh ed light on the parties’
intent when it connected the duration of pensions to the duration of health benefits ( e.g. , “[R]etirees ‘will receive’ health-care benefits if they are ‘receiving a monthly pension’”). Id. at 938 (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (emphasis added). Th at sort of durational lin kage is absent here, where the CBAs simply state that those who are eligible for pensions are also eligible for health benefits. It is not surprising that CBAs address pension and healthcare benefits for retirees. And it is not surprising that the CBAs make pensione r status a condition of receiving healthcare
benefits. But neither one of these features of th e CBAs means that retirees will get those benefits for as long as they earn a pension, particularly sin ce the pension provisions use vesting language and the healthcare provisions do not.
Moving beyond the language of the agreemen ts, the plaintiffs claim that each CBA incorporates background understandi ngs that favor lifetime vesting of retiree healthcare benefits. At the time the parties negotiated each CBA, plaintiffs note, Yard-Man governed and thus theNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 10

parties would have assumed that those infere nces (and the unalterabl e lifetime healthcare benefits that go with them) would have applied. The short answer is that this new inference about prior assumptions would ha ve been just as true in Tackett— a case from our circuit that involved a collective bargaining agreement negotiated when Yard-Man remained good law. And yet nothing in Tackett (or the concurrence) hints at the idea that Yard-Man would linger, vest as it were, as a precedent that would bind future interp retations of such agreements. This theory of background understandings also sits at a lofty le vel of generality, one that, if accepted, might have to account for other ever-uncertain assumpti ons about the future. Would healthcare costs rise at the same pace as general inflation or would they far exceed it? Would the National
Government enact a national hea lthcare law? And, if so, woul d that new law impose a tax on generous, so-called Cadillac health care plans? Nor is it fair to assume that all parties who
entered such CBAs were certain about the fate of Yard-Man . That explains why our court upheld substantial class-action se ttlements between Ford and the UAW and General Motors and the UAW that were premised in part on uncertainty about the future of Yard-Man. UAW v. Gen. Motors Corp. , 497 F.3d 615, 631–32 (6th Cir. 2007)

. That uncertainty was not unwarranted. No court of appeals in the country applied our Yard-Man inferences. And even this court refused to apply the inferences in the contex t of contracts that were not the subject of collec tive bargaining,

see Sprague , 133 F.3d at 400—what had always been a strangely inverted regime that favored employees who had the benefit of uni on representation over those without it, Rossetto v. Pabst Brewing Co. , 217 F.3d 539, 543–44 (7th Cir. 2000).
The plaintiffs also make several arguments re lated to the plant closing agreement. They begin by pointing to the agreement’s promise that healthcare benefits “s hall continue,” noting that the contract includes neither a general nor a specific durational clause that might limit the period of continuation. But this argument ignores the contex t of the relevant language, which
states that healthcare bene fits “shall continue . . . as indicated under the [2005] Collective Bargaining Agreement .” R. 52-23 at 7 (emphasis added). Th e contract thus did not need explicit durational language because it in corporated the term s of the 2005 CBA, which did not provide
for vested benefits.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 11

But, the plaintiffs persist, doesn’t this interpretation make the “shall continue” clause redundant? An earlier provision of the plant clos ing agreement provided that “[a]ll terms and conditions of the 2005–2008 Collective Bargaining Ag reement shall remain in effect until all bargaining unit employees cease working at the facility.” Id. at 2. If the contract already provided that the 2005 CBA would govern until th e last unionized employee left, then it would not have been necessary to include an additional provision stating that benefits “shall continue” for as long as the 2005 CBA permits. But the rule that courts should interp ret contracts to avoid superfluous words is a “tool[] for dea ling with ambiguity, not a tool for creating ambiguity in the first place.” TMW Enters., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co. , 619 F.3d 574, 578 (6th Cir. 2010). Because the phrase “as indicated unde r the Collective Bargai ning Agreement” is unambiguous, there is no reason to invoke an interpretive canon that would c onvert a clear phrase into a misty one. That is particularly true when the plaintiffs’ inte rpretation does nothing to reduce the alleged redundancy. If, as the plaintiffs claim, the CBAs already vested h ealthcare benefits, there was no need to provide for the continuation of those benefits in the pl ant closing agreement at all.
The plaintiffs point to two cas es to support th eir reading of the plant closing contract, but both are inapposite. The plant closing agreements in Temme v. Bemis Co. , 622 F.3d 730, 733, 736–37 (7th Cir. 2010), and Zielinski v. Pabst Brewing Co. , 463 F.3d 615, 616–18 (7th Cir. 2006), did not incorporate the time limits of prev ious CBAs—and, to the extent they impliedly incorporated such limits, the language of the earlier CBAs was its elf consistent with vesting. The problem here is th at the final CBA does not offer vested benefits, meaning that an agreement that incorporates it by refe rence does not do so either.
The plaintiffs point to extrinsic evidence, su ch as the fact that Moen continued paying healthcare benefits for five years after the plan t closing agreement expired, claiming that this shows the parties’ “inten[t]” to create vested and unalterable retiree healthcare benefits. Appellees’ Br. 57. Two responses. The first and best way to divine the intent of the parties is
from the four corners of their contract and from traditional canons of contract interpretation. That language and these canons offer no evidence of any intent to fix these benefits permanently into the future. Absent ambiguity from th is threshold inquiry, no basis for going beyond the
contract’s four corners exists. See Witmer v. Acument Global Techs., Inc. , 694 F.3d 774, 778Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 12

(6th Cir. 2012). At any rate, a company does not act inconsistently when (1) it continues paying healthcare benefits to retirees and (2) reserves the right to alter or eliminate those benefits in the future. That a company to its cr edit hopes to subsidize healthcare be nefits for its retirees for as long as possible does not mean it has promised to do so, and above all such action does not mean that it has no right to alter those benefits in the future to account for changes to its healthcare plans for employees or, as here, to account for new fede ral legislation.
One other point. Moen argues that Tackett creates a clear-statement rule—that, before a retiree may impose a duty on a company to provid e vested and unalterable healthcare benefits, it must satisfy the rigors of clarity associated wi th waivers of sovereign immunity and the like. See United States v. Nordic Vill., Inc. , 503 U.S. 30, 33–34 (1992). But clear-statement rules of this sort generally come into play after courts deploy the customary rules of interpretation.
See id. at 34–37; Gregory v. Ashcroft , 501 U.S. 452, 464–67 (1991); Dellmuth v. Muth , 491 U.S. 223, 227–32 (1989). Only at that point do courts ask wh ether the parties or th e legislature, as the case may be, has clearly/expressly/pl ainly created the duty at issue and only at that point do they
establish a default rule in favor of or against certain outcomes or policies.

Tackett does not create such a rule. It tells c ourts to apply “ordinary principles of contract law”—identifying relevant principles in this setting along the way—and tells courts to follow those principles where they lead. 135 S. Ct. at 933. That a pproach of course still permits courts to draw implications and inferences fr om the language of the contract. Interpretation always requires the reader to take signals from the writer in one way or another. When contracting parties say one thing in a part of the cont ract and say something else in a related section, to use one example, they imply a differe nce in meaning. And when readers see a benefit created in a three-year contract, to use another, they are entitled to infer that any right to the
benefit ends after three years. In overruling Yard-Man , in short, Tackett does not create a clearstatement rule in the other direction. It instea d eliminates the use of in ferences and implications not grounded in “ordinary principles of contract law” and explains the kinds of tools properly deployed in this sett ing. As applied to this set of contracts , those principles require the conclusion that no vesting occurred.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 13

III.
Moen also challenges the district court’s awar d of attorney’s fees and costs. Because we reverse the district court’s judgmen t, we vacate its fee award too. See Reese v. CNH Am. LLC , 574 F.3d 315, 328 (6th Cir. 2009).

IV.

For these reasons, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment, vacate the attorney’s fee award, and remand the case for the district court to enter judgment for the
defendant.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 14

_________________ DISSENT

_________________ STRANCH, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I ag ree that the Supreme Court’s decision in M & G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett , 135 S. Ct. 926 (2015), governs this case and have no quarrel with much of the majority’s articulation of its holding. I do not di spute that the Supreme Court rejected certain “infer ences” applied by our court in UAW v. Yard-Man, Inc. , 716 F.2d 1476 (6th Cir. 1983), and its progeny, finding them to be “inconsistent withordinary principles
of contract law.” Tackett, 135 S. Ct. at 937. The majority also correctly r ecognizes that Tackett
does not create a clear-statement rule in favor of employers: employees are not required to “satisfy the rigors of clarity” to ve st retiree healthcare benefits. (M aj. Op. at 12.) Instead, as this court clarified on remand, the Supreme Court “declined to adopt an ‘explicit language’ requirement in favor of companies” and instead in structed that courts are to interpret collective bargaining agreements in accordance with ordina ry contract principles—without placing a thumb on the scale for either employers or employees. Tackett v. M & G Polymers USA, LLC , No. 12- 3329, 2016 WL 240414, at *4–5 (6th Cir. Jan. 21, 2016) (published). 1 It is here that my disagreement arises. I think that the majoritytransgressed this admonition by placing a thumb on the employer’s scale.
The question presented is whether Moen In corporated’s Retirees (a designation that includes their spouses and eligib le dependents) are correct in their claim that the collective bargaining agreements and plant closing agreement grant vested, lifetime healthcare benefits to Retirees. The majority determines that ordinary contract principles compel the conclusion that the agreements unambiguously do not grant lifetime healthcare benefits a nd then declines to address the bulk of the extrinsic evidence pres ented by Retirees. I disagree with both determinations. I conclude that the language of the agreements—when properly viewed in their

1 The Supreme Court’s remand marked the case’ s third appearance before this court ( Tackett III ), which previously heard appeals from the district court’s dismissal of the complaint, Tackett v. M & G Polymers USA, LLC , 561 F.3d 478 (6th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) ( Tackett I ), and judgment following a bench trial, Tackett v. M & G Polymers USA, LLC , 733 F.3d 589 (6th Cir. 2013) ( Tackett II ). To maintain consistency with the case references, the appropriate Roman numeral will be used to identify our cases, and the Supreme Court case will be referenced simply as Tackett

.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 15

entirety—is ambiguous and that the extrinsic ev idence resolves the ambiguity in favor of Retirees. I therefore respectfully dissent.
I. Applying Ordinary Pr inciples of Contract Law
In interpreting a collective bargaining agreement, as with any other contract, “the parties’
intentions control.” Tackett, 135 S. Ct. at 933 (quoting Stolt-Nielson S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp. , 559 U.S. 662, 682 (2010)). “Where the words of a contract in writing are clear and unambiguous, its meaning is to be ascertained in accordance with its plainly expressed intent.”
Id. (quoting 11 R. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 30: 6, p. 108 (4th ed. 2012) (Williston)). At this stage, courts “may look to known customs or usag es in a particular industry to determine the meaning of a contract,” as long as the custom or usage is supported by affirmative evidence in the particular case. Id. at 935 (citing 12 Williston § 34:3). Where the parties’ intentions remain ambiguous after review of the language of the agreement, extrinsic evidence may be used to resolve that ambiguity. Id. at 937–38 (Ginsburg, J., concurri ng) (citing 11 Williston § 30:7, p. 116–124); see also Brooklyn Life Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Dutcher , 95 U.S. 269, 273 (1877) (“There is no surer way to find out what parties mean t, than to see what they have done.”).
Because courts consider both industry customs or usages and extrinsic evidence to determine the meaning of a contract, context matters. See Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 935. As the Supreme Court acknowledged in Tackett , the context here—inter pretation of collective bargaining agreements negotiated between representatives of the company and its employees/retirees in the manufactur ing industry—calls for application of “ordinary principles of contract law, at least when those principles ar e not inconsistent with federal labor policy.” Id. at 933 (citing Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, of Ala. , 353 U.S. 448, 456–57 (1957)). Federal labor policy has long recognized the unique charac ter of collective barg aining relationships: “[t]he collective agreemen t covers the whole employment relati onship. It calls into being a new common law—the common law of a particular i ndustry or of a particular plant,” which “implements and furnishes the context of the agreement.” United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co. , 363 U.S. 574, 579–80 (1960). A ccordingly, context is particularly important here.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 16

Recognizing the importance of context, Re tirees urge this court to consider the background understandings of the parties. Tackett III acknowledged that the Supreme Court “did not purport to discuss all of the or dinary principles of contract law” and identified other ordinary contract principles showing that courts may consider background understandings. See Tackett
III, 2016 WL 240414, at *4 (identifying additional “ordin ary principles of contract law” from Justice Ginsburg’s concurrence (i ncluding that courts may consid er the parties’ “bargaining history”) and from the parties’ arguments refe rencing 11 Williston § 30:19 (stating that courts may consider “that contracts incorporate existing law”)). Discounting this context, however, the majority concludes that the legal distinction between benefit packages that are the subject of collective bargaining and those that are not is a “strangely inverted regime” that favors employees who have “the benefit of union representation.” (Maj. Op. at 10 (citing Rossetto v. Pabst Brewing Co. , 217 F.3d 539, 543–44 (7th Cir. 2000)).) 2 In other words, the majority suggests that collective bargaining agreements should be interprete d without consideration of the background understandings that are unique to collective bargaining. Of course all employees share a legitimate concern about their benefit packages, but, as recogni zed by federal labor policy, a collective bargaining system entails pr actical distinctions from other contracting
situations.
The majority’s refusal to acknowledge distin ctions regarding the nature of collective bargaining causes it to mischaracterize Retiree s’ argument that courts should consider the background understandings of the parties as nothing more than a request to adopt a “new inference about prior assumptions .” (Maj. Op. at 9–10.) Based on its mischaracterization, the majority then attacks Retirees’ argument by positi ng a list of “ever-uncertain assumptions about the future” for which courts should not account. ( Id. at 10) That discussion is simply inapposite (though it should be acknowledged thatuncertainties don’t just stri ke those fearing the cost to

2 Pabst presents the same issue as this case but is inapp licable because it arises under the Seventh Circuit’s presumption that, under a collective bargaining agreement th at is silent on the issue, entitlement to healthcare benefits expires with that agreement unless a canvass of its language reveals a patent ambiguity or there is objective evidence showing a latent ambiguity. 217 F.3d at 545, 547. That court’s consideration of latent ambiguity, however, has some relevance to our case, as the opinion recognizes that even if contract language seems clear, an examination for latent ambiguity is based on the “real-world context of application,” id. at 543, viewed under federal common law, id. at 541, which is developed pursuant to federal labor law and policy.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 17

provide healthcare coverage—there are plenty of uncertainties for Retirees fearing the loss of their family’s heal thcare coverage).
Retirees’ argument is not about whether today we can posit uncertainties—it merely proposes a proper examination of “the entire agr eement in light of relevant industry-specific ‘customs, practices, usages, and terminology’” and ot her ordinary principles of contract law.
Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937–38 (Ginsburg, J., concurri ng). The argument re quests an examination directed to the context when the parties entered the CBA . For example, one context wholly missed by the majority is the reality that collective bargaining negotiations for employee contractual pay and benefit packag es routinely entail a primarilyfixed amount of money to be divided between pay and benefits . In collective bargaining, ne gotiating additional contributions into benefits means less pay in an employee’ s pocket, which is a dynamic different from nonrepresented industries. Thus, in applying ordina ry contract principles, it is appropriate to recognize the industrial reality of the give and take of a nego tiated union contract when gathering the intention of the parties from the whole instrument.
A. Language of the Agreements
The majority serially examines and reject s each contract argument of Retirees as
insufficient to show either a contractual commitme nt to provide lifetime h ealthcare benefits or an ambiguity in the contract documents that would allow for examination of extrinsic evidence. But this divide and conquer analysis transg resses the “cardinal principle” of contract interpretation: the intention of the parties to a contract is “to be gathered from the whole
instrument.” Id. (quoting 11 Williston § 30:2, p. 27). Ch aracteristics and pa rticulars of the whole instrument—the collective bargaining agre ements and the plant closing agreement—must be considered together. I turn now to examination of these agreements.
Retirees argue that the use of future tense language throughout the collective bargaining agreements evidences intent to vest retiree healthcare. The majority opines that, “[i]f Tackett tells us anything,” it is that the future tense language used by the parties, without more, “does not guarantee lifetime benefits.” (Maj. Op. at 8 (citing Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937).) But Tackett did not address what may be implied from the use of future tense and expressly chose not to answerNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 18

the vesting question but to remand it for this court to do so, absent the Yard-Man inferences. See
Tackett III, 2016 WL 240414, at *1. In Litton Financial Printing Divi sion, a Division of Litton Business Systems, Inc. v. NLRB , moreover, the Supreme Court expl ained that duties in a contract may arise from its “express or implied terms. ” 501 U.S. 190, 203, 207 (1991) . Consistent with the “cardinal principle” of contract interpreta tion, we must look to both express and implied terms in all the agreements to determ ine the intention of the parties. See Tackett III, 2016 WL 240414, at *4 (citing Litton , 501 U.S. at 207).
The majority dismisses out of hand the st andalone argument based on future tense language and instead specifies an additional requir ement to point to “words committing to retain
the benefit for life”—an addition at odds with Litton . (Maj. Op. at 8.) Th e future tense language used in the agreements, however, could imply inte nt that retiree healthcar e be vested—especially if other aspects of the “whole inst rument” point in that direction. Both are true here. The 2005 collective bargaining agr eement, for example, provides that “[c]ontinued hospita lization, surgical and medical coverage will be provided without co st to past pensioners and their dependents”;
“future retirees will be covere d under the new medical plan”; “[ t]he co-premium amount for the retiree will be frozen at the co-premium in effect at the time of retireme nt”; and “[t]he Company will pay the monthly premium charge . . . for all reti rees and future retirees . . . and their eligible dependents under the terms of the po licy.” It is appropriate to consider the presence of this future tense language in the agreements, along withtheir other characteristic s and particulars, to ascertain the intention of the parties. The majority’s blanket conclusion otherwise amounts to a clear statement rule in favor of employers, a pos ition that it correctly di savowed as contrary to
Tackett . (Maj. Op. at 12.) See Tackett III, 2016 WL 240414, at *4.
Turning to other evidence of intent to ve st that can be gleaned from the “whole instrument,” Retirees cite the link in the agre ements between retiree healthcare benefits and pensioner status. The 2005 collective bargaining ag reement states that health benefits “will be provided without cost to past pensioners and their dependents” and in cludes Medicare Part B reimbursements in “pension payments.” The ma jority presumes this language to refer to eligibility and then concludes that “ Tackett rejected this kind of ‘tying’ analysis.” (Maj. Op. at 9.) The Supreme Court did reject as an improp er inference the conclusion that “the tying ofNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 19

eligibility for health care benefits to receipt of pe nsion benefits suggested an intent to vest health
care benefits.” Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937. But the contract language before us does not refer to eligibility. Justice Ginsburg’s concurrence illustrates a prope r examination of contractual language that specifies the relati onship between healthcare and pension benef its: “[b]ecause the retirees have a vested, lifetime right to a monthl y pension . . . a provision stating that retirees ‘will receive’ health-care benefits if they are ‘r eceiving a monthly pension’ is relevant to the
examination.” See id. at 938 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). The majority posits the necessity for magic language (“for as long as”) (Maj. O p. at 9), but the agreement at issue in Tackett did not contain that language, the majority did not require that language, and Justice Ginsburg’s example did not include that language. Tracking Justice Ginsburg’s exampl e, the contract language here specifies that Retirees have a vested, lifetim e right to a monthly pension and “will receive” healthcare benefits if they are “pensioners.” This is durationaltying language that is relevant to
our examination of the “whole instrument.”
Retirees also argue that intent to vest is suggested by the agreements’ inclusion of explicit
durational limitations for other benefits but not retiree healthcare. For example, the 2005 collective bargaining agreement limits th e time in which terminated and laid-off employees may receive healthcare, and the plant closi ng agreement gives healthcare benefits to employees for certain time periods based on the employee’s length of service. The majority dismisses this argument based on the collective bargaining agreements’ inclusion of general durational clauses. Noting that “we should not expectto find lifetime commitments intime-limited agreements,” the majority presumes that when a specific provisi on of a collective bargaining agreement does not include an explicit end date that provision must be governed by th e general durational clause of the agreement. (Maj. Op. at 5–6 (citing Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 936).)
As acknowledged by Tackett III, the majority’s formulation is neither authorized nor compelled by Tackett and improperly places a thumb on the employers’ scale. See Tackett III, 2016 WL 240414, at *4. The Supreme Court did criticize Yard-Man and its progeny for creating presumptions of vesting “not from record evid ence, but instead from its own suppositions about the intentions,” including the presump tions that “a general durational clause says nothing about the vesting of retiree benefits” and that a contract must “include a specific durational clause forNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 20

retiree health care benefits to prevent vesting.” Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 935–36 (quoting Noe v. PolyOne Corp. , 520 F.3d 548, 555 (6th Cir. 2008)). But those criticisms do not authorize the majority’s opposite inferences—that a general durational clause says everything about vesting and that vesting occurs only if the contract in cludes a “longer time limit” in the “specific provision.” (Maj . Op. at 5–6.) See Tackett III, 2016 WL 240414, at *4 (“[W]e also cannot presume that the absence of such specific language, by itself, evidences an intent not to vest benefits or that a genera l durational clause says everything about the intent to vest.”). Having noted that “contractual obligations will cease, in the ordinary course, upon termination of the bargaining agreement,” the Supreme Court explaine d that this “principle does not preclude the conclusion that the parties intended to ve st lifetime benefits for retirees.” Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 937 (citing Litton , 501 U.S. at 207). Litton teaches that “[e]xceptions [to this ordinary course] are determined by contract inte rpretation. Rights wh ich accrued or vested under the agreement will, as a general rule, survive termination of the agreement,” Litton , 501 U.S. at 207, and “constraints upon the employer” may arise “from th e express or implied terms of the expired agreement,” id. at 203. Thus, we must “consider all re levant contractual language in light of industry practices,” seeking the express or implied intention of the parties. Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 938 (Ginsburg, J., concurring).
Relevant contract language also includes the 2008 plant closing agreement, which states that the 2005 collective bargaining agreement shall cease to exist, “except for items as agreed to in this agreement,” when “all bargaining unit em ployees cease working at the facility.” Retiree
healthcare is identified as an it em that will not cease to exist upon plant closure: “Healthcare,
Sub and Pension and related benefits shall continue . . . for all retirees and spouses as indicated under the [2005 agreement].” Retirees argue that the only way to ma ke this benefits continuation clause not redundant or superfluous is to interpret it as recognizing the inte nt to vest retiree
healthcare benefits in the coll ective bargaining agreements and authorizing provision after the plant’s closing. See TMW Enters., Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co. , 619 F.3d 574, 578 (6th Cir. 2010) (holding that courts, to deal with ambiguity, should interpret contracts to a void superfluous words).Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 21

The majority rejects Retirees’ argument by c oncluding that the plan t closing agreement simply incorporates the terms of the 2005 coll ective bargaining agreement and, because that agreement did not provide for vested benefits, “a n agreement that incorporates it by reference does not do so either.” (Maj. Op. at 11.) The ma jority then denies app licability of the rule against superfluous words on the basis that the rule is a “tool[] for dealing with ambiguity, not a
tool for creating ambiguity in the first place,” and that the plant closing agreement’s clause incorporating the 2005 agreement is unambiguous. ( Id. (quoting TMW Enters., Inc. , 619 F.3d at 578).)
Again, contract principles dictate that we seek the intention of the parties from the whole of the contract language—here, both the collective bargaining ag reements and the plant closing agreement. Interpreting the collective bargaining agreements as not vesting retiree healthcare benefits renders the plant closing agreement’s “s hall continue” clause s uperfluous. If retiree healthcare was not vested by the 2005 collective bargaining agreement, then the benefits would have terminated pursuant to the plant closin g agreement’s general provision that the 2005 agreement will cease to exist upon plant closi ng. There would have been no reason for the parties to reiterate, in the same document, that the benefits “shall continue” for as long as the 2005 agreement permits. It did not do so for any other non-vested provis ions. Interpreting the 2005 agreement as vesting retir ee healthcare, on the other hand, would give the plant closing agreement’s “shall continue” clause meaning. Sp ecifically, the clause woul d confirm that retiree healthcare benefits, as vested by the 2005 agreement, are not subject to the plant closing agreements’ general provision that the 2005 agr eement will cease to exist upon plant closing. The rule against superfluous words thus resolves ambiguity that could have arisen in the language of the two contracts.
As a final point, the majority construes the collective bargaining agreements’ reservationof-rights clauses as evidencing an in tent not to vest. (Maj. Op. at 7.) The answer to that is simple: that provision does not unambiguously appl y to Retirees. In each of the collective bargaining agreements, the reserv ation-of-rights clause is contained in a separate paragraph furnishing insurance for Moen’s “employees,” not their “retirees,” while different contract paragraphs govern retiree health insurance. The term “employ ee” has meaning: “[t]he ordinaryNos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 22

meaning of ‘employee’ does not include retired wo rkers; retired employees have ceased to work
for another for hire.” Allied Chem. & Alkali Workers of Am ., Local Union No. 1 v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Chem. Div. , 404 U.S. 157, 168 (1971). But even if the reserva tion of rights clause did apply to Retirees, the other provisions evidencing intent to vest renders the agreements as a whole ambiguous.
Applying ordinary contract principles and the Supreme Court’s instructions in Tackett to all of the relevant contract language viewed in light of industry pract ices reveals ambiguity within the various contract pr ovisions. Because the parties’ intentions cannot be derived unambiguously from the language of the agreemen ts, I turn to the extr insic evidence to see whether the ambiguitymay be resolved.

B. Extrinsic Evidence
The record contains objective evidence of the parties intent to vest retiree healthcare
benefits. That evidence includes statements from Moen representatives to Retirees—made in negotiating sessions, before the pension committee, and in one-on-one conversations—that their
benefits were “for life” or “forev er” and advising surviving spouses that they were “entitled” to continue medical benefits upon the death of a Re tiree. Moen’s Retireme nt Health Enrollment
Forms contain no indication to Re tirees that their health bene fits could be cancelled or the premiums paid increased. Surviving spouses of Retirees were assured in writing that “as long as” the spouse continues to r eceive a pension, they“would continue to be covered under the group insurance program,” expressly linking the duration of retiree h ealthcare to pensioner status. In accordance with this understanding, th e parties operated for decades as if the retiree benefits were vested—Moen continued to provide benefits until 2014, years after the plant had
closed. See UAW v. Skinner Engine Co. , 188 F.3d 130, 144 (3d Cir. 19 99) (holding that courts may infer from employer continuing to provide re tiree benefits after termination of a collective bargaining agreement that retiree benefits were vested by that agreement); Weimer v. KurzKasch, Inc. , 773 F.2d 669, 676 n.6 (6th Cir. 1985) (same); Bower v. Bunker Hill , 725 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1984) (same). Moen never reduced retiree benefits, and each Retiree’s benefits mirrored the benefits provided at the time he or she retired.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 23

In addition, the record reveals that many employees, following the plant closing agreement but before plant closure, chose to take a significantly reduced pe nsion and retire early under an active 2005 collective bargaining agreemen t in order to qualify for retiree healthcare benefits. By choosing to retire early, these em ployees accepted an actuarial reduction in their pension of “a percentage equal to 1/2 of 1%” for each month prior to their 62nd birthday. One employee, for example, qualified for and took early retirement at age 58 and testified to suffering a 23% reduction in his lifetime monthl y pension benefit. The choice to take a significantly reduced pension acros s their lifetime makes no sense unless these employees were told and believed that, by reti ring during the term of the 2005 co llective bargaining agreement, they would receive vested retiree healthcare.
The majority responds that the language of the agreements is unambiguous and thus extrinsic evidence must be ignored. It then indi rectly addresses the parties’ actions regarding retiree healthcare by doing just what Tackett warned against—assessi ng intent based on its own suppositions that have no support in the reco rd (and are in fact contradicted by it). See Tackett , 135 S. Ct. at 935 (chastising this court for “deriv[ing] its assessment of likely behavior not from record evidence, but instead from its own suppositi ons”). For example, the majority opines that “Moen, like many employers, may have wished thatbusiness conditions and stable healthcare costs (hope springs eternal) woul d permit it to provide similar h ealthcare benefits to retirees throughout retirement.” (Maj. Op. at 5.) In th at same vein, the majority assigns favorable motivation to Moen, opining that a company cannotbe blamed for hoping “t o its credit . . . to
subsidize healthcare benefits for its retirees for as long as possibl e.” (Maj. Op. at 12.)
The majority points to no record evidence su pporting these assessmen ts of the parties’
intentions. Such conclusions of benevolence are belied by the statements and admissions regarding Moen’s contractual re sponsibilities. The majority’s assessments, therefore, are speculative and far removed from the context of th ese particular agreements and the practices of this industry, and thus cannot be used to expl ain away the extrinsic evidence that reveals an
intent to vest retiree healthcare benefits.Nos. 14-3633/3918 Gallo, et al. v. Moen Inc. Page 24

II. Conclusion
The majority examines the contractual agreem ents piece-by-piece while broadening and misapplying the Supreme Court’s decision in Tackett to find that the parties’ unambiguously
intended not to vest retiree healthcare. Review ing the whole of the contractual agreements and the specific contract language evidencing the intent ions of the parties lead s me to conclude that the CBA and the plant closing agreements ar e ambiguous on the issue of vested retiree healthcare benefits. The background understandings of the parties; realit ies of the relationship between the parties; customs, practices, and usag es in the industry; context of negotiations; and law and policy also lead to that conclusion. The extrinsic evidence, including the statements and actions of the parties, resolves that ambiguity in favor of Retir ees. Thus, under the standard set
out in Tackett, the district court’s grant of summary j udgment to Retirees should be affirmed.