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Mining Publication: Work-Principle Model for Predicting Toxic Fumes of Nonideal Explosives
Keywords: Anfo Refuge chambers Thermodynamics
Original creation date: August 2004
Authors: MS Wieland
Peer Reviewed Journal Article - August 2004
Download PDF Document (0.90 MB)
NIOSHTIC2 Number: 20025499
Propellants Explos Pyrotech 2004 Aug; 29(4):236-243
The work-principle from thermodynamics was used to formulate a model for predicting toxic fumes from mining explosives in underground chamber tests, where rapid turbulent combustion within the surrounding air noticeably changes the resulting concentrations. Two model constants were required to help characterize the reaction zone undergoing rapid chemical transformations in conjunction with heat transfer and work output: a stoichiometry mixing fraction and a reaction-quenching temperature. Rudimentary theory with an unsteady uniform concentration gradient was taken to characterize the combustion zone, yielding 75% for the mixing fraction. Four quenching temperature trends were resolved and compared to test results of ammonium nitrate compositions with different fuel-oil percentages (ANFO). The quenching temperature 2,345 K was the optimum choice for fitting the two major components of fume toxicity: carbon monoxide and total nitrogen oxides. The resulting two-constant model was used to generate comparisons for test results of ANFO compositions with additives. Although respectable fits were usually found, charge formulations that reacted weakly could not be resolved numerically. The work-principle model yields toxic concentrations for a range of charge formulations, making it a useful tool for investigating the potential hazard of released fumes and reducing the risk of unwanted incidents.
Image of publication Work-Principle Model for Predicting Toxic Fumes of Nonideal ExplosivesPeer Reviewed Journal Article - August 2004
Download PDF Document (0.90 MB)
NIOSHTIC2 Number: 20025499
Propellants Explos Pyrotech 2004 Aug; 29(4):236-243
See Also
Emergency Escape and Refuge Alternatives
Factors Affecting ANFO Fumes Production
How to Operate a Refuge Chamber: A Quick Start Guide
Low Temperature Limits for Mixing Recycled Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Ammonium Nitrate to Make ANFO-Type Blasting Agents
Recommendations for Refuge Chamber Operations Training
Refuge Alternatives in Underground Coal Mines
Technology News 537 - NIOSH Develops New Mine Refuge Chamber Training
Thermal Stability of ANFO Made with Recycled Oil
Underground Mine Refuge Chamber Expectations Training: Program Development and Evaluation
When Do You Take Refuge? Decisionmaking During Mine Emergency Escape
Page last reviewed: September 21, 2012
Page last updated: September 21, 2012
Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Mining Program
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