J-S37032-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: J.G., A MINOR

APPEAL OF: C.R., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1432 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered May 3, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0000662-2020

IN THE INTEREST OF: J.W.G., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: C.R., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1433 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Decree Entered May 3, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-AP-0000200-2022

IN THE INTEREST OF: T.G., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: C.R., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1434 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered May 3, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0000663-2020

IN THE INTEREST OF: T.E.G., JR., A 

MINOR

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA
J-S37032-22

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APPEAL OF: C.R., MOTHER

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: No. 1435 EDA 2022

Appeal from the Decree Entered May 3, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-AP-0000201-2022

BEFORE: BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and OLSON, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED DECEMBER 6, 2022

In this consolidated appeal,1 Appellant, C.R., (“Mother”) appeals from 

the May 3, 2022 Decrees terminating her parental rights to her dependent 

children, T.G. (also known as T.E.G., Jr.), a male child born September 2005, 

and J.G. (also known as J.W.G.), a male child born June 2019, (collectively, 

“the children”),2 pursuant to Section 2511 of the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§§ 2101-2938.3 Mother also appeals from the May 3, 2022 permanency 

review orders that changed the permanent placement goal for T.G. and J.G. 

to a goal of adoption. We affirm.

The trial court provided the following factual and procedural history:

____________________________________________

1

In a September 8, 2022 per curiam order, this Court consolidated the four 

appeals sua sponte.

2 For purpose of our review, we shall refer to the children as T.G. and J.G.

3 On May 3, 2022, in separate decrees, the trial court also terminated the 

parental rights of T.E.G., Sr., the biological father of T.G. and J.G., (“Father”). 

Father is not involved in this appeal.
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Mother gave birth to T.G. [in] September [] 2005. . . . Mother 

gave birth to J.G. [in] June [] 2019. . . . [In] June [] 2019, the 

Philadelphia[, Pennsylvania] Department of Human Services 

[(“DHS”)] received a general protective services [(“GPS”)] report 

which alleged [the following:] Mother gave birth to J.G. at [a 

Philadelphia hospital in] June [] 2019[, and] that J.G. was born

weighing 6 pounds and 11 ounces with an Appearance, Pulse,

Grimace, Activity, and Respiration [(“APGAR”)] reading of 8[ out

of ]8[.] J.G. initially tested negative for opiates but later became 

sick and began to show withdrawal symptoms[.] J.G. was 

[placed] in the [hospital’s] neonatal intensive care unit 

[(“NICU”).] J.G. has a sibling in the family's home, T.G., who has 

Downs Syndrome. The [GPS] report further alleged that Mother 

had no prenatal care and tested positive for marijuana and 

oxycodone[.] Mother stated that she was prepared to care for 

J.G. at home and had all the essential [] items for J.G[.] Mother's

support system [was] J.G.’s maternal grandparents, but they 

resided in New Jersey[.] Mother stated that she was using 

marijuana to treat her seizure disorder[.] Mother and J.G. were 

not bonding well[,] and [] Mother had to be encouraged to visit 

J.G. []

On June 20, 2019, J.G. was discharged from [the Philadelphia 

hospital] to the care of Mother and [] Father[.] On June 21, 2019, 

DHS visited the family's home. DHS determined that J.G. was 

safe at that time.

On August 6, 2019, DHS [again] visited the family's home. Mother 

advised DHS that J.G. [had] issues with digesting his formula and 

she had been taking him to his physician. DHS advised Mother of 

the importance of attending [to] J.G.’s medical appointments. 

DHS recommended that Mother receive substance abuse 

treatment.

On September 3, 2019, DHS received a GPS report which alleged 

that on August 13, 2019, Mother and Father were involved in a 

verbal altercation. [A]s a result of the altercation, Father asked 

Mother to leave the home, and [] when Mother attempted to leave 

the home, Father grabbed Mother and dragged her back into the 

home. []

On September 9, 2019, DHS visited the family’s home and met 

with Mother[. Mother] stated that she and Father had an 

altercation and he asked her to leave the home. She stated that 

she was [] outside the home on her bicycle, not in sight of the 
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children, when Father grabbed her off the bicycle to prevent her 

from leaving. Mother admitted that the children [] missed medical 

appointments. Mother stated that Father was not helping with the 

care of the children, or with household chores. DHS advised 

Mother that Community Umbrella Agency [(“CUA”)

4] services 

would be implemented in the home to assist with the children’s 

care.

On September 11, 2019, DHS received a supplemental report 

which alleged that there were domestic violence concerns with 

Mother and Father[. The report detailed that] a few weeks earlier,

Father was running up and down the street while pushing J.G.[,]

and that Mother [] moved out of the home.

On September 25, 2019, In-Home Services [(“IHS”)] were 

implemented in the home through Asociacion [] Puertorriquenos 

en Marcha [(“APM”).

5]

On October 7, 2019, CUA visited the family’s home. CUA 

recommended that Mother and Father attend a drug and alcohol 

treatment program. Father stated that he did not have time to 

attend treatment and then left the meeting. CUA stressed to 

____________________________________________

4 We note that, generally, CUAs 

are community-based agencies that are responsible for the 

provision of direct case management services to families in 

their designated region. The CUAs ensure that local 

solutions and resources are more accessible to children and 

families. They develop connections to formal and informal 

neighborhood networks that can strengthen and stabilize 

families. In addition, they are responsible for recruitment 

and retention of foster and adoptive parents in the 

neighborhoods where children live.

See https://bethanna.org/about/community-umbrella-agency/ (last visited, 

Nov. 16, 2022).

5 We note that APM is “a Latino-based health, human services, community and 

economic development non-profit organization serving the Philadelphia area[ 

and] committed to helping all families, regardless of background, achieve their 

greatest potential.” See https://apmphila.org/ (last visited Nov. 16, 2022).
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Mother about the need for J.G. and T.G. to attend their medical 

appointments.

[On] October 17, 2019, DHS visited the family’s home, and spoke 

with Father[, who] admitted that he [] grabbed Mother while she 

was on her bicycle because she was leaving with J.G.’s baby 

clothes. Father stated that Mother had been residing in the home

[only on a periodic basis] and [] that he believed [] she needed 

mental health treatment. Father advised DHS that he learned on 

October 16, 2019, that Mother was at [a Philadelphia hospital]

possibly for mental health treatment.

On October 18, 2019, DHS visited Mother at [the Philadelphia 

hospital]. Mother advised DHS that she was having black-out 

episodes with [] no recollection of what had occurred. She also 

expressed that people at the hospital were trying to kill her. DHS

learned that when Mother was admitted to [the hospital] she 

tested positive for fentanyl, oxycodone, and amphetamines, and 

that she [] attempted to smuggle drugs into the hospital.

On October 18, 2019, an initial single case plan [(“SCP”)] was 

created. The objectives for Mother were to ensure that the 

children’s medical and dental needs were being met; to ensure 

that T.G. attended school daily and on time; and to participate in

[a] drug rehabilitation program[, and once] enrolled [] adhere to 

all recommendations. []

On October 24, 2019, CUA was scheduled to visit the family’s 

home but was advised by Father that he and the [children] were 

temporarily residing with his brother because Mother had a 

Protection from Abuse [(“PFA”)] Order [filed] against him. Father 

confirmed that he and Mother had still not enrolled in drug and 

alcohol and domestic violence treatment [programs].

On October 31, 2019, CUA visited the family home and saw Father 

and [the children.] Father advised CUA that the PFA [order] 

against him was lifted[,] and a PFA [order] was granted for him 

against Mother. The [trial] court [] allowed Mother to be in the 

home that day to gather her belongings. Mother stated that she 

would find a shelter in which to reside if she could not find other 

accommodations. Father and Mother advised CUA that they had 

not enrolled in drug and alcohol and domestic violence treatment

[programs].
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On November 7, 2019, CUA visited the family home and saw 

Father and [the children.] Father advised CUA that he was 

unaware of Mother’s whereabouts.

On November 14, 2019, CUA visited the family’s home and saw 

Father[ and the children.] Father advised CUA that Mother had 

not been residing at the home and that J.G. [] missed his medical 

appointment on November 8, 2019.

On November 21, 2019, CUA visited the family’s home and saw 

Father[ and the children.] Father advised CUA that Mother 

continued to receive Women, Infants, and Children [(“WIC”)]

benefits and food stamps but provided little food for the children.

On November 21, 2019, Mother spoke to CUA [via the telephone

and] advised CUA that she was in the process of getting into 

another treatment program.

On December 26, 2019, CUA visited the family[’s] home and saw 

Father and [the children.] Father advised CUA that he had not 

made any medical appointments for the children. CUA expressed 

to Father the importance of ensuring that the children attended

their medical appointments.

On January 17, 2020, CUA visited the family[’s] home and saw 

Mother, Father[,] and [the children.] Mother advised CUA that 

she had been residing in the home for a few days, but her name 

had been removed from the lease, so she had to be out of the 

home in ten days. DHS learned that J.G. had been taken for his 

vaccinations by a family friend.

On February 6, 2020, CUA learned that Mother was admitted to 

[a Philadelphia hospital] after suffering a miscarriage and 

hemorrhaging following an attack by Father. CUA was advised 

that Mother [and the children] would be residing with [a 

third-party] in New Jersey after Mother was discharged [from the 

hospital].

On February 19, 2020, CUA learned that Mother [] contacted a 

family friend and asked that they retrieve [the children] from [the 

third-party’s] home [in New Jersey] because Mother felt that she 

was unable to care for [the children.]

On February 20, 2020, CUA met with Father[ and the children.] 

Father denied hitting Mother and stated that she went to the 
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hospital in an ambulance as a "stunt” in order to kidnap [the 

children] and take them to New Jersey.

On February 28, 2020, March 2, 2020, and March 4, 2020, CUA 

attempted to visit the family[’s] home[,] however, there was no 

answer.

On March 9, 2020, CUA visited the family[’s] home. Father 

admitted that [the children] had not attended their medical and 

dental appointments, and that he had not obtained medical 

insurance and food stamps for them.

On March 20, 2020, CUA visited the family[’s] home. Father 

advised CUA that he did not know the whereabouts of Mother, and 

that she had been living at the home for only a day or two at a 

time. Father advised CUA that Mother was still receiving WIC

benefits and food stamps but was not providing food for the 

children. Father stated that he had lost his job[.] CUA referred 

him to a local food bank.

On March 26, 2020, CUA spoke to [the children’s] paternal aunt[, 

via telephone, and the aunt] stated that she provided food earlier 

in the week to Father. [The aunt] stated that she was willing to 

be a resource for the children.

On April 1, 2020, CUA received a telephone message from Mother 

in which she stated that she had been buying food and supplies 

for the children. CUA returned Mother’s [telephone] call and left 

a message advising her to give [the children’s] medical cards, the

WIC card[,] and food stamps to Father.

On April 3, 2020, CUA visited the family’s home[] and spoke to 

Father outside [] the home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. DHS 

observed that during their conversation an unidentified male 

walked past them and entered the home and that Father was 

pacing and having difficulty speaking. Father admitted that he 

had used marijuana.

On April 8, 2020, [the children] began residing with [their paternal 

aunt and uncle.]

On April 30, 2020, CUA learned from [the aunt] that Mother visited 

the children for the first time in two weeks. [The aunt] stated that 

after Mother left the home, she noticed a bag on the floor which 

she believed contained drugs.
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Mother and Father were not compliant with substance abuse 

treatment or domestic violence treatment. Mother was not 

compliant with mental health treatment.

On May 20, 2020, the SCP was revised. The objectives for Mother 

were to ensure that the children's medical and dental needs were 

being met and to sign release of information forms so that records

can be obtained to ensure that T.G. attended school daily and on 

time[ and] to ensure that T.G.'s individualized education plan 

[(“lEP”)] was updated when appropriate[. Mother was] to 

participate in [a] drug rehabilitation program[, and once enrolled,]

adhere to all recommendations[. Mother was also] to enroll in a 

mental health treatment program and participate until [the 

program was] completed.

On July 8, 2020, an adjudicatory hearing was continued, and 

adjudication was deferred by [the trial court. The] children 

[currently] reside[d] with their [aunt and uncle] under a safety 

plan. No action was taken.

On September 28, 2020, the SCP was [again] revised. The 

objectives for Mother were predominantly the same as the 

previous SCP.

On September 29, 2020, adjudicatory hearings were held for T.G. 

and J.G.[ The] children were adjudicated dependent. Legal

custody transferred to DHS and placement continue[d] with [the 

aunt and uncle, with a] referral for Kinship Care. Mother and 

Father [were granted] supervised visits at [a DHS provided 

location] with 24-hour confirmation. CUA [was instructed] to 

assist [Mother and Father] with transportation for visits, if 

necessary. Mother was referred to [a provider] for a 

dual-diagnosis assessment and three random drug and alcohol 

screens prior to the next hearing. [Mother and Father were]

referred for domestic violence [counseling.] Mother and Father 

were referred to the Achieving Reunification Center [(“ARC”)] for 

employment and housing services[.] DHS was [instructed] to 

conduct a parent locator search [(“PLS”)] for Mother[.] CUA was 

to make outreach to Father and [] conduct an assessment of his 

home.

On January 4, 2021, the SCP was revised. The objectives for 

Mother were predominantly the same as the previous SCP.

On February 11, 2021, a permanency review hearing was held 

before [a] Juvenile Court hearing officer[. At the conclusion of the 
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hearing, it was determined that] legal custody [would] remain[]

with DHS and placement [would] continue[] in Kinship Care.

[Mother and Father were] to have weekly supervised visit[s] at [a 

DHS provided location] for 2 hours initially[. The] visits [were 

permitted to] occur either at [a DHS provided location] or in the 

community, weather permitting, and [] the visits [could] be 

expanded to occur in the foster home as agreed to and arranged 

by the children’s caregiver. The [trial] court further permitted that 

one visit monthly, should [the visitation] occur in the caregiver's 

home, [] be supervised by CUA[.] Mother and Father [were] 

referred to [a provider] for a[n immediate] drug and alcohol 

screen[ and a] dual[-]diagnosis assessment, plus three random 

drug and alcohol screens prior to the next court date[.] The [trial] 

court further ordered that Mother have a mental health 

assessment and comply with all recommendations[. The trial] 

court referred Mother to the Behavioral Health System [(“BHS”)]

for consultation and[] evaluation[.] Mother and Father [were] to 

participate in domestic violence counseling[. Mother and Father 

were] referred to ARC[] and were to allow CUA to assess their 

home[.] CUA was to assess the [] home[ immediately.] CUA was 

to assist Mother with engagement in mental health treatment.

On June 25, 2021, permanency review hearings were held before 

the Juvenile Court hearing officer[. At the conclusion of the 

hearings, it was determined that] legal custody [would] remain[]

with DHS and placement [would] continue[] in Kinship Care[.] 

Mother[’s] and Father[’s] visits remain[ed] status quo. Sibling 

visits [were permitted so the children could visit with a] newborn 

sibling. CUA [was instructed] to assist with transportation to 

visits[.] Attendance for [the] visits [was to] be confirmed 24 

hours in advance. The [trial] court determined that [Mother and 

Father] achieved minimal compliance with [the] permanency plan 

established for the children. The [trial] court learned that 

[Mother’s and Father’s] address had been updated to Vineland, 

New Jersey. [Mother and Father] were referred to [a provider for 

an immediate] drug and alcohol screen, [a] dual[-]diagnosis

assessment[, and] monitoring, plus three random drug and 

alcohol screens prior to the next hearing[. Mother and Father 

were] to comply with all recommendations[. Mother and Father 

were] to engage in mental health treatment[,] to attend ARC for 

all appropriate programs[,] and to participate in [a] domestic 

violence [counseling] program[, as well as] provide CUA proof of 

completion. [The trial court] further ordered that referrals for 

drug and alcohol treatment and domestic violence counseling 
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[were] to be made in New Jersey[,] or as close to [Mother’s and 

Father’s] new residence[ as] possible. [Mother and Father] were 

to ensure that the children’s medical and dental needs were met, 

by signing all appropriate consent forms[.]

On July 21, 2021, the SCP was revised. The objectives for Mother 

were predominantly the same as the previous SCP.

On December 8, 2021, permanency review hearing[s] were held 

before the [trial court, which ordered that] legal custody remain[]

with DHS[] and placement continue[] in Kinship Care [] with [the 

paternal aunt and uncle]. Mother achieved minimal compliance 

with the permanency plan established for the children. Mother 

[was permitted] to have weekly, supervised visits with the 

children at the provider agency and to confirm [her] visits 24 

hours in advance[.] CUA was to assist Mother with transportation 

to and from visits. [Mother and Father were] referred to [a 

provider] for [immediate] drug and alcohol screens[ and]

dual[-]diagnosis assessments[, as well as] two additional random 

drug and alcohol screens to be submitted prior to the next court 

date[.]

Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/22, at 3-15 (record citations and extraneous 

capitalization omitted).

On March 25, 2022, DHS filed petitions for involuntary termination of 

Mother’s parental rights to T.G. and J.G. pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§§ 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), (a)(8), and (b). That same day, DHS also filed 

petitions seeking to change the permanent placement goal for both T.G. and 

J.G. to a new goal of adoption. Daniel Kurland, Esquire was appointed as 

guardian ad litem to represent the legal and best interests of both T.G. and 

J.G. John Joseph Capaldi, Esquire was appointed to represent Father, and 

Susan M. Rubinovitz, Esquire was appointed to represent Mother. DHS was 

represented by Kira Meibos, Esquire, an attorney with the Philadelphia 

Solicitor’s Office. On May 3, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on the 
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termination petitions and the petitions for goal change, at which the 

aforementioned counsel participated. Mother and Father were not present for 

the hearing, despite having received subpoenas to appear. N.T., 5/3/22, at 2

and DHS Exhibit 1.

On May 3, 2022, the trial court found that, with regard to Mother, DHS 

met its burden of proof under Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), (a)(8), and 

(b) of the Adoption Act as to both T.G. and J.G., and subsequently terminated 

Mother’s parental rights to the children.6 The same day, the trial court also 

granted DHS’s request to change the permanent placement goal to one of 

adoption with regard to both T.G. and J.G. This consolidated appeal followed.7

Mother raises the following issues for our review:

1. Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse[] its 

discretion where it determined that the requirements of 23 

Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511(a) [were met, permitting the trial court]

to terminate [Mother’s] parental rights[?]

2. Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse[] its 

discretion where it determined the requirements of 23 

Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511(b) were met[?]

____________________________________________

6 With regard to Father, the trial court found that DHS met its burden of proof 

under Sections 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b), and subsequently terminated 

Father’s parental rights to the children.

7 On June 2, 2022, Mother filed concise statements of errors complained of on 

appeal along with separate notices of appeal at the four trial court dockets

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court subsequently filed its Rule 

1925(a) opinion on July 6, 2022.
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3. Did the trial court err as a matter of law or abuse[] its 

discretion where it determined that the permanency goal for 

T.G. and J.G. should be changed to adoption[?]

Mother’s Brief at 3.

We begin by addressing Mother’s first and second issues which challenge 

the trial court’s termination of her parental rights pursuant to Section 2511 of 

the Adoption Act. In matters involving involuntary termination of parental 

rights, our standard of review is well-settled.

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases 

requires appellate courts “to accept the findings of fact and 

credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported 

by the record.” In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826 (Pa. 

2012). “If the factual findings are supported, appellate courts 

review to determine if the trial court made an error of law or 

abused its discretion.” Id. “A decision may be reversed for an 

abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest 

unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill[-]will.” Id. 

The trial court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely 

because the record would support a different result. Id. at 827. 

We have previously emphasized our deference to trial courts that 

often have first-hand observations of the parties spanning 

multiple hearings. See In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d [1179, 1190 (Pa. 

2010)].

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (original brackets omitted). “[T]he 

trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented, and 

is likewise free to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in 

the evidence.” In re Q.R.D., 214 A.3d 233, 239 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation 

omitted). “If competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will 

affirm even if the record could also support the opposite result.” In re B.J.Z., 

207 A.3d 914, 921 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted).
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The termination of parental rights is guided by Section 2511 of the 

Adoption Act, which requires a bifurcated analysis of the grounds for 

termination followed by an assessment of the needs and welfare of the child.

Our case law has made clear that under Section 2511, the [trial] 

court must engage in a bifurcated process prior to terminating 

parental rights. Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. 

The party seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds 

for termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if the [trial] 

court determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination 

of his or her parental rights does the [trial] court engage in the 

second part of the analysis pursuant to Section 

2511(b)[ - ]determination of the needs and welfare of the child 

under the standard of best interests of the child. One major 

aspect of the needs and welfare analysis concerns the nature and 

status of the emotional bond between parent and child, with close 

attention paid to the effect on the child of permanently severing 

any such bond.

B.J.Z., 207 A.3d at 921 (citation omitted). We have defined clear and 

convincing evidence as that which is “so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing 

as to enable the trier[-]of[-]fact to come to a clear conviction, without 

hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 

1108, 1116 (Pa. Super. 2010) (citation omitted). A child has a right to a 

stable, safe, and healthy environment in which to grow, and the “child's life 

simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that the parent will summon the 

ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.” In re I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 9 

(Pa. Super. 2009).
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Here, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights to T.G. and J.G. 

pursuant to, inter alia, Section 2511(a)(1) and (a)(2).8 Section 2511(a) 

provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

____________________________________________

8 At the termination hearing on May 3, 2022, the trial court stated,

The evidence, which is clear, convincing, and uncontradicted 

supports a finding under [Section] 2511(a)(1) and [(a)](2) 

and [](b)[. T]he evidence under [Section 2511] (a)(1) and 

[(a)](2) [is] that [Mother and Father] are completely 

non-compliant, or minimally compliant to [] an extent that its 

meaningless, and that they, in effect, have abandoned these two 

children.

N.T., 5/3/22, at 38 (emphasis added). In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, however, 

the trial court stated,

The record clearly established that DHS provided clear and 

convincing evidence for terminating Mother’s parental rights and 

that termination meets the developmental, physical, and 

emotional needs and welfare of the [c]hildren and the statutory 

requirements pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511 (a)(1), (2), 

(5), (8)[,] and [](b).

Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/22, at 21 (emphasis added). The decrees terminating 

Mother’s parental rights to T.G. and J.G. also stated that her rights were 

terminated pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), (a)(8), and (b). 

Thus, there is a discrepancy between the trial court’s grounds for termination 

of Mother’s parental rights as set forth at the termination hearing and the 

reasoning set forth in the termination decrees and the trial court’s Rule 

1925(a) opinion. Nonetheless, for the reasons more fully discussed infra, we 

find the record supports termination of Mother’s parental rights under Section 

2511(a)(1). As such, we need not resolve this discrepancy and our discussion 

shall focus on Section 2511(a)(1) and (b) as grounds for termination.
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(a) General rule. - The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the 

following grounds:

(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at least 

six months immediately preceding the filing of the petition 

either has evidenced a settled purpose of relinquishing 

parental claim to a child or has refused or failed to perform 

parental duties.

(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect 

or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without 

essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for 

his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and 

causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or 

will not be remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (a)(2).

“A court may terminate parental rights under Section 2511(a)(1) where 

the parent demonstrates a settled purpose to relinquish parental claim to a 

child or fails to perform parental duties for at least the six months prior to the 

filing of the termination petition.” Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1117 (emphasis in 

original). Recently, our Supreme Court in In re Adoption of C.M., 225 A.3d 

343 (Pa. 2021) reiterated the well-established principle that “a child has a 

right to essential parental care” and that, although the Adoption Act does not 

provide a strict definition of “parental duty” there are “certain irreducible 

qualities of a parent’s attendant obligation.” C.M., 225 A.3d at 364. The C.M.

Court explained that a parent’s parental duty includes, inter alia, (1) a positive 

duty of affirmative performance; (2) communication and association with the 

child; (3) exerted effort to take and maintain a place of importance in the 

child’s life; and (4) exercising reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed 
J-S37032-22

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in the path of the parent-child relationship. Id.; see also In re Adoption of 

L.A.K., 265 A.3d 580, 592 (Pa. 2021). Obstacles preventing a parent-child 

relationship include, inter alia, “substance abuse, mental health issues, 

homelessness, joblessness, criminal charges, or a confluence of some or all of 

these issues[.]” L.A.K., 265 A.3d at 593.

[E]ven where the evidence clearly establishes a parent [] failed to 

perform affirmative parental duties for a period in excess of six 

months, the [trial] court must examine the individual 

circumstances and any explanation offered by the parent to 

determine if that evidence, in light of the totality of circumstances, 

clearly warrants permitting the involuntary termination of parental 

rights.

C.M., 255 A.3d at 364 (citation, quotation marks, and original brackets 

omitted); see also L.A.K., 265 A.3d at 593. In considering the totality of the 

circumstances,

if competent evidence establishes the statutory criteria under 

[Section] 2511(a)(1), [a trial court is required to consider] three 

lines of inquiry: (1) the parent's explanation for his or her 

absence; (2) the post-abandonment contact between parent and 

child, including a parent's efforts to re-establish contact; and (3) 

consideration of the effect of termination of parental rights on the 

child pursuant to [Section] 2511(b).

C.M., 255 A.3d at 365; see also L.A.K., 265 A.3d at 593.

[A] finding of abandonment, which has been characterized as one 

of the most severe steps the [trial] court can take, will not be 

predicated upon parental conduct which is reasonably explained 

or which resulted from circumstances beyond the parent's control.

It may only result when a parent has failed to utilize all available 

resources to preserve the parental relationship.
J-S37032-22

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L.A.K., 265 A.3d at 592 (citations, quotation marks, and original brackets 

omitted); see also C.M., 255 A.3d at 365. “[T]he focus under [Section]

2511(a)(1) is not the degree of success a parent may have had in reaching 

the child, but examines whether, under the circumstances, the parent []

utilized all available resources to preserve the parent-child relationship.” 

C.M., 255 A.3d at 365.

Once the trial court determines that involuntary termination of parental 

rights is warranted under Section 2511(a), the trial court is required to engage 

in an analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b) to determine whether termination 

is in the best interests of the child. Section 2511(b) states,

§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

. . .

(b) Other considerations. - The court in terminating the 

rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare 

of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated 

solely on the basis of environmental factors such as 

inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and 

medical care if found to be beyond the control of the parent. 

With respect to any petition filed pursuant to subsection 

(a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any efforts by 

the parent to remedy the conditions described therein which 

are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the 

filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b). The analysis under Section 2511(b)

focuses on whether termination of parental rights would best 

serve the developmental, physical, and emotional needs and 

welfare of the child. As this Court has explained, [Section] 

2511(b) does not explicitly require a bonding analysis and the 

term “bond” is not defined in the Adoption Act. Case law, 
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however, provides that analysis of the emotional bond, if any, 

between parent and child is a factor to be considered as part of 

our analysis. While a parent's emotional bond with his or her child 

is a major aspect of the [Section] 2511(b) best-interest analysis, 

it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the 

court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.

In addition to a bond examination, the trial court can equally 

emphasize the safety needs of the child, and should also 

consider the intangibles, such as the love, comfort, security, 

and stability the child might have with the foster parent. 

Additionally, this Court stated that the trial court should 

consider the importance of continuity of relationships and 

whether any existing parent-child bond can be severed 

without detrimental effects on the child.

In re Adoption of J.N.M., 177 A.3d 937, 943-944 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citation 

and original brackets omitted), appeal denied, 183 A.3d 979 (Pa. 2018). A 

trial court may rely on a caseworker or social worker to determine the status 

of and nature of a parent-child bond. J.N.M., 177 A.3d at 944 (holding, a trial 

court “is not required by statute or precedent to order a formal bonding 

evaluation be performed by an expert” (citation omitted)); see also In re 

C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005) (holding, a trial court must 

“discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, with utmost attention 

to the effect on the child of permanently severing that bond” (citation 

omitted)).

Here, as noted supra, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights 

to T.G. and J.G. pursuant to, inter alia, Section 2511(a)(1), (a)(2), and (b), 

stating “the evidence under [Section 2511] (a)(1) and [(a)](2) [is] that 

[Mother and Father] are completely non-compliant, or minimally compliant to 

[] an extent that its meaningless, and that they, in effect, have abandoned 
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these two children.” N.T., 5/3/22, at 38. In support of its conclusion, the trial 

court summarized the evidence as follows:

[The trial] court heard clear, convincing, and persuasive evidence 

from [a case manager, who] testified she was assigned to the case 

on August 24, 2021. She stated the children became known to 

DHS pursuant to a GPS report dated [June 2019,] alleging that 

Mother gave birth to J.G.[] and Mother tested positive for 

marijuana and oxycodone. J.G. also tested positive.

[The case manager] testified Mother stated to DHS that she was 

prepared to care for J.G. DHS learned another child, T.G., was 

also in Mother and Father’s care. The infant, J.G., was discharged 

from the [NICU in June 2019,] and was placed with [Mother and 

Father]. CUA services were implemented in the home on June 21, 

2019, and the children were determined to be safe.

DHS subsequently became aware of domestic violence between 

Mother and Father. [Mother and Father] were not attending any 

drug and alcohol treatment [programs,] and there were concerns 

regarding the children missing several medical appointments. 

[The case manager] testified [that] SCP objectives were 

established for [Mother and Father that addressed] those

[concerns.] The children were adjudicated dependent on 

September 29, 2020[,] and were placed in Kinship Care with 

[their] paternal aunt and uncle, where they remain today.

[The case manager] testified Mother's SCP objectives were to 

ensure the children's medical[ and ]dental needs were met and to 

sign consent[ forms,] to complete [a] dual[-]diagnosis

[assessment], follow recommendations[,] and do random drug 

screens. Mother [was] to engage in mental health [treatment], 

attend ARC for parenting, employment, and housing education, 

participate in [a] domestic violence program[,] and to attend 

supervised visitation.

[The case manager] testified she referred Mother to ARC for 

services, but Mother did not attend. Regarding mental health, 

Mother has not provided any proof of enrollment. Regarding 

domestic violence counseling, Mother has not provided any proof

of enrollment. Mother indicated to [the case manager] that she 

was going to join a program in New Jersey close to where she 

lived that covered mental health [treatment], drug and alcohol 

[treatment,] and domestic violence [counseling]. Mother has not 
J-S37032-22

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provided any proof of enrollment, nor did she provide any contact 

information for the program in New Jersey.

[The case manager] further testified Mother and Father have 

another infant child, who is six or seven months old, and the 

family is active with Children and Youth Services in New Jersey[, 

regarding this infant child]. [The case manager] spoke with 

[Mother’s] New Jersey case [worker,] who informed her that 

Mother attends domestic violence [counseling] at [a treatment 

center in New Jersey.]

[The case manager] testified she attempted to verify this 

information by calling Mother, but [Mother] never answered the 

telephone call.

Regarding the random drug screens ordered by [the trial] court,

[the case manager] testified Mother was referred [to a screening 

center] but did not comply. Regarding visitation, [the case 

manager] noted that Mother was offered eight visitations since the 

last court date, [and] Mother attended two of the eight visits.

When questioned [by the case manager], Mother stated she had 

transportation issues[. The case manager] told Mother to inform 

her in advance[,] and transportation would be arranged. Mother 

did not comply with informing her.

[The case manager] testified Mother stated [] that she gave the 

previous case worker documents, and she gave [the case 

manager] the same documents, which was proof that she

completed [a] drug and alcohol program in July [] 2020. She 

noted Mother was aware of the SCP objectives because [the case 

manager] reviewed them with her, and Mother was told she 

needed to comply with the objectives for reunification. [The case 

manager] continues to have concerns about the children being 

with Mother because Mother continues to use drugs. [The case 

manager] spoke with the case [worker] in New Jersey and learned 

that all the drug screens they recorded have been positive for 

drugs. Further, [the case manager] noted Mother has not 

addressed her mental health objective and has not been 

consistent with visitation.

[The case manager] testified she [] observed Mother with the 

children and opined that Mother and T.G. do not have a 

parent-child bond. T.G. has Downs Syndrome and Mother's 

interaction with [T.G.] is inappropriate and upsets him. Mother 

told T.G.[, at first,] that [his paternal aunt] was his aunt, then 

when [the case manager and Mother] reviewed the SCP objectives
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Mother freaked out and told T.G. that [his paternal aunt] was not 

his aunt and that she [was] not family. T.G. has [developmental]

delays and[,] based on Mother's interactions with him, [the case 

manager] opined Mother does not care that [T.G.] is present when 

she acts out, and she lost it in front of him. Regarding J.G., [the 

case manager] opined Mother does not have a parent-child bond 

with him. She noted that when J.G. comes to visitation[,] he 

spends time near the door always asking when [his paternal aunt]

will return to pick [T.G. and him] up and looks forward to the end 

of the visits.

[The case worker] testified the children have lived in the current 

Kinship foster home for two years[,] and the Kinship foster 

parents are interested in adoption. She testified the children look 

to their paternal aunt and uncle for love, protection, and support.

She opined the children would not suffer irreparable harm if 

Mother's paternal rights were terminated because [the children]

are not bonded to Mother [but, rather,] are bonded with their aunt 

and uncle. She further opined it would be in the children’s best 

interests to be freed for adoption.

Id. at 18-21 (record citations and extraneous capitalization omitted).

A review of the record demonstrates that in April 2020, vis-à-vis a family 

agreement, the children began living apart from Mother and Father and living, 

instead, with their paternal aunt and uncle. N.T., 5/3/22, at 13-14. The 

children began residing with their aunt and uncle because Mother and Father 

“could not control their substance abuse or domestic violence” and they were 

not attending to the children’s medical needs. Id. at 14. At that time, 

Mother’s reunification goals, pursuant to her SCP, were, inter alia, (1) to 

ensure that the children’s medical and dental needs were being met and all 

necessary consent forms were provided; (2) to complete a dual-diagnosis 

assessment, follow any recommendations based on that assessment, and 

submit to three random drug and alcohol screenings; (3) participate in, and 
J-S37032-22

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complete, a mental health treatment program; (4) attend ARC for parenting 

skills training and employment and housing services; (5) participate in 

domestic violence counseling; and (6) attend supervised visitation with the 

children. Id. at 16-17.

On September 29, 2020, the children were adjudicated “dependent 

children,” and legal custody was granted to DHS with the aunt and uncle 

continuing to maintain physical custody pursuant to a Kinship foster care 

arrangement. See DHS Exhibit 2, at 33-34. Over the course of the next year 

and six months (September 2020 to March 2022), the trial court conducted 

several permanency review and status review hearings.9 The outcome of 

these hearings was, inter alia, (1) a continuation of placement of the children 

with the aunt and uncle; (2) the maintaining of a placement plan of 

reunification of the children with Mother; and (3) a reiteration of Mother’s SCP 

goals for reunification. Id. at 34-41. It was noted at the June 2021 

permanency hearing that Mother and Father relocated to Vineland, New 

Jersey. Id. at 38. It was also documented at the June 2021, and the 

December 2021, permanency hearings that there was “minimal compliance” 

by Mother in meeting her reunification goals. Id. at 37, 40.

____________________________________________

9 Permanency review hearings were held on February 11, 2021, June 25, 

2021, and December 8, 2021. Status review hearings were held on 

September 23, 2021, and March 10, 2022, although this last hearing was 

continued to provide Mother and Father an opportunity “to deliver documents 

relating to services they have participated in” to DHS. See DHS Exhibit 2, at 

34-41.
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At the termination hearing, the case manager testified that, in the six 

months preceding the filing of the petitions for termination of Mother’s 

parental rights (September 2021 to March 2022), Mother did not attend ARC 

for parenting skills education and housing and job assistance. N.T., 5/3/22, 

at 17. The case manager also stated that Mother did not provide proof that 

she was enrolled in, or had completed, a mental health treatment program or 

domestic violence counseling, as required under her reunification plan. Id. 

Mother also did not attend her three random drug screenings as required. Id.

at 19. The case manager stated that when she questioned Mother about her 

compliance with these reunification goals, Mother stated she would attend an 

all-encompassing program, covering drug and alcohol, mental health, and 

domestic violence services, with a provider in New Jersey, where Mother 

currently resided. Id. at 18. The case manager stated that Mother never 

provided proof of completion of an all-encompassing program or contact 

information for the provider. Id. The case manager also described Mother as 

being inconsistent with her involvement in the children’s lives, noting that 

since the March 10, 2022 status review hearing, Mother only attended two out 

of the eight arranged visitation sessions. Id. at 19-20. Mother informed the 

case manager that transportation was an issue with her attending the 

visitation sessions. Id. at 20. The case manager told Mother that 

transportation could be arranged with advance notice, but Mother never 

contacted the case manager about arranging transportation to the missed 

visitation sessions. Id.
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The case manager testified that Mother’s New Jersey children and youth 

services case worker informed the case manager that Mother participated in

domestic violence counseling services in New Jersey and was involved with a 

treatment services provider also in New Jersey.10 Id. at 19. The case 

manager attempted to contact Mother about obtaining proof of Mother’s 

participation in these New Jersey-based programs, but Mother never returned 

the case manager’s inquiries. Id. The New Jersey case worker also informed 

the case manager that Mother tested positive on each test administered for 

drug use. Id. at 22.

Upon review, we concur with the trial court, and the record supports, 

that Mother abandoned and failed to perform her parental duties with regard 

to T.G. and J.G. DHS has proven by clear and convincing evidence the 

statutory criteria under Section 2511(a)(1) for termination of Mother’s 

parental rights to the children. Moreover, despite receiving a subpoena to 

appear at the termination hearing, Mother did not attend the termination 

hearing to provide an explanation of her absence from the children’s lives. 

See N.T., 5/3/22, at 2, 5-7, and DHS Exhibit 1. We further concur with the 

trial court, and the record supports, that since abandoning her parental duties 

in April 2020, and in particular within the six months prior to the filing of the 

____________________________________________

10 As noted supra, Mother and Father were “active” with New Jersey children 

and youth services related to their infant child, who is not the subject of the 

case sub judice. N.T., 5/3/22, at 18.
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petitions for termination of parental rights, Mother has put forth no effort or

only minimal effort to maintain parent-child relationships with T.G. or J.G.

Finally, in considering the effects termination of Mother’s parental rights 

would have on the children, as well as the best interests of the children, 

pursuant to Section 2511(b), the trial court noted that termination of Mother’s 

parental rights would not have an irreparable effect on the children and that 

it was in the best interests of the children that Mother’s parental rights were 

terminated. Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/21, at 21. Upon review, we concur with 

the trial court, and the record supports, that termination of Mother’s parental 

rights is in the best interest of the children pursuant to Section 2511(b). The 

case manager testified that she had opportunities in which to observe Mother 

interacting with the children, and, in her opinion, neither child had a 

parent-child bond with Mother. Specifically, the case manager, in describing 

Mother’s relationship with T.G. as unhealthy, recalled an incident where 

Mother’s conduct was inappropriate. N.T., 5/3/22, at 26. On this occasion, 

Mother falsely told T.G. that his paternal aunt was not his relative and due, in 

part, to T.G.’s Down Syndrome condition, he became upset and angry. Id. 

The case manager stated that Mother showed little care or concern as to the 

effect her false statement had on T.G. Id. With regard to J.G., the case 

manager stated that her assessment of the lack of a parent-child bond was 

based upon her observation that, during visitation with Mother, J.G. would 

remain “at the door” asking if his aunt were there yet. Id. at 27. The case 

manager testified that the children looked to their aunt and uncle, rather than 
J-S37032-22

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Mother and Father, for love, protection, and support. Id. at 28-29. The case 

manager’s assessment of the children and the lack of a parent-child bond with 

Mother was uncontested as Mother failed to appear at the termination hearing, 

further demonstrating the lack of a loving and supportive relationship with the 

children.

For these reasons, we concur with the trial court, and the record 

supports, that DHS has proven by clear and convincing evidence that grounds 

for termination of Mother’s parental rights exists under Section 2511(a)(1) 

and (b). Consequently, we discern no error of law or abuse of discretion in 

the decrees terminating Mother’s parental rights to T.G. or J.G.

In her third issue, Mother challenges the trial court’s order changing the 

children’s permanent placement goal from reunification to adoption. Mother’s 

Brief at 24-28. Mother argues,

A change in the permanency goal for the [c]hildren is at best 

premature. T.G. was sixteen years old at the time of the May 3, 

2022 hearing, and fourteen years old when removed from Mother. 

He had a relationship with Mother, who was working on her 

objectives in New Jersey. Likewise, Mother was developing a 

relationship with J.G. through visitation. . . . [J.G.] was two years 

old at the time of the May 3, 2022 hearing. [He] spent several of 

his first months of life with Mother before moving to his [aunt and 

uncle’s] home in kinship foster care.

Mother’s Brief at 24-26, 27.

In cases involving a [trial] court's order changing the placement 

goal from [reunification] to adoption, our standard of review is 

abuse of discretion. To hold the trial court abused its discretion, 

we must determine its judgment was manifestly unreasonable, 

that the [trial] court disregarded the law, or that its action was a 

result of partiality, prejudice, bias[,] or ill[-]will. While this Court 
J-S37032-22

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is bound by the facts determined in the trial court, we are not tied 

to the [trial] court's inferences, deductions[,] and conclusions[. 

We] have a responsibility to ensure that the record represents a

comprehensive inquiry and that the [trial court] applied the 

appropriate legal principles to that record. Therefore, our scope 

of review is broad.

In re S.B., 943 A.2d 973, 977 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations and quotation 

marks omitted), appeal denied, 959 A.2d 320 (Pa. 2008). “[T]he focus of 

dependency proceedings is upon the best interest of the children and [] those 

considerations supersede all other concerns, including the conduct and the 

rights of the parent.” In Interest of L.T., 158 A.3d 1266, 1276 (Pa. Super. 

2017) (original quotation marks omitted) (stating, “[i]n a change of goal 

proceeding, the best interests of the child, and not the interests of the parent, 

must guide the trial court, and the parent's rights are secondary”); see also 

In re N.C., 909 A.2d 818, 823 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating, “[s]afety, 

permanency, and well-being of the child must take precedence over all other 

considerations, including the rights of the parents” (emphasis in original)). 

“When the child welfare agency has made reasonable efforts to return a foster 

child to his or her biological parent, but those efforts have failed, then the 

agency must redirect its efforts towards placing the child in an adoptive 

home.” N.C., 909 A.2d at 823. Courts of this Commonwealth have long 

recognized that “a child’s life simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that 

[a] parent will summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.” 

L.T., 158 A.3d 1276, citing N.C., 909 A.2d at 824.
J-S37032-22

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Section 6351 of the Adoption Act, governing disposition of dependent 

children, directs trial courts to systematically conduct permanency hearings 

“for the purpose of determining or reviewing the permanency plan of the child, 

the date by which the goal of permanency for the child might be achieved[,]

and whether placement continues to be best suited to the safety, protection[,]

and physical, mental[,] and moral welfare of the child.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 6351(e)(1). Section 6351(f) requires the trial court, at each permanency 

hearing, to determine all of the following:

(1) The continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the 

placement.

(2) The appropriateness, feasibility and extent of compliance with 

the permanency plan developed for the child.

(3) The extent of progress made toward alleviating the 

circumstances which necessitated the original placement.

(4) The appropriateness and feasibility of the current placement 

goal for the child.

(5) The likely date by which the placement goal for the child might 

be achieved.

(5.1) Whether reasonable efforts were made to finalize the 

permanency plan in effect.

(6) Whether the child is safe.

(7) If the child has been placed outside the Commonwealth, 

whether the placement continues to be best suited to the safety, 

protection and physical, mental and moral welfare of the child.

(8) The services needed to assist a child who is 14 years of age or 

older to make the transition to successful adulthood.

(8.1) Whether the child continues to meet the definition of “child” 

and has requested that the court continue jurisdiction pursuant to 

section 6302 if the child is between 18 and 21 years of age.
J-S37032-22

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(8.2) That a transition plan has been presented in accordance with 

section 475 of the Social Security Act (49 Stat. 620, 42 U.S.C.[A.]

§ 675(5)(H)).

(9) If the child has been in placement for at least 15 of the last 22 

months or the court has determined that aggravated 

circumstances exist and that reasonable efforts to prevent or 

eliminate the need to remove the child from the child's parent, 

guardian or custodian or to preserve and reunify the family need 

not be made or continue to be made, whether the county agency 

has filed or sought to join a petition to terminate parental rights 

and to identify, recruit, process and approve a qualified family to 

adopt the child unless:

(i) the child is being cared for by a relative best suited to 

the physical, mental and moral welfare of the child;

(ii) the county agency has documented a compelling reason 

for determining that filing a petition to terminate parental 

rights would not serve the needs and welfare of the child; 

or

(iii) the child's family has not been provided with necessary 

services to achieve the safe return to the child's parent, 

guardian or custodian within the time frames set forth in the 

permanency plan.

(10) If a sibling of a child has been removed from his home and 

is in a different placement setting than the child, whether 

reasonable efforts have been made to place the child and the 

sibling of the child together or whether such joint placement is 

contrary to the safety or well-being of the child or sibling.

(11) If the child has a sibling, whether visitation of the child with 

that sibling is occurring no less than twice a month, unless a 

finding is made that visitation is contrary to the safety or wellbeing of the child or sibling.

(12) If the child has been placed with a caregiver, whether the 

child is being provided with regular, ongoing opportunities to 

participate in age-appropriate or developmentally appropriate 

activities. In order to make the determination under this 

paragraph, the county agency shall document the steps it has 

taken to ensure that:
J-S37032-22

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(i) the caregiver is following the reasonable and prudent 

parent standard; and

(ii) the child has regular, ongoing opportunities to engage in 

age-appropriate or developmentally appropriate activities. 

The county agency shall consult with the child regarding 

opportunities to engage in such activities.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351(f).11

Although Mother does not cite to the specific sections of Section 6351(f) 

that are subject to her challenge, a review of Mother’s argument – that the 

change in the permanency plan to adoption was premature because Mother 

was working on achieving her reunification goals – demonstrates a challenge 

to the trial court’s findings under Section 6351(f)(2), (f)(5), and (f)(5.1). In 

granting DHS’s request to change the permanency goal to adoption, the trial 

court explained,

[The trial] court heard credible, persuasive testimony that Mother 

is not ready, willing, and able to care for [the children]. Paternal 

____________________________________________

11 We note that, effective January 2, 2023, criteria 8 and 8.2 will state as 

follows:

(8) The services needed to assist a child who is 14 years of age or 

older to make the transition to successful adulthood, and 

whether the services are being provided as required under 

67 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 7505 (relating to transition plan and 

services).

(8.2) If the child is 18 years of age or older, whether a 

suitable transition plan has been presented in accordance with 

section 475 of the Social Security Act (49 Stat. 620, 42 U.S.C.[A.]

§ 675(5)(H)) and 67 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 7505.

2022 Pa. Legis. Serv. Act. 2022-118 (H.B. 1866) (enacted Nov. 3, 2022, 

effective Jan. 2, 2023).
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aunt and uncle are the pre-adoptive resource for the children and 

are able to provide safety and permanency for them. It is in [the

children’s] best interests to be adopted by [their aunt and uncle.]

[The trial] court finds the record sustains the factual findings and 

legal conclusions that reunification is not feasible and that enough 

competent[,] clear[,] and convincing evidence exists to change 

the permanency goals for the children from reunification to 

adoption.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/22, at 22-23 (extraneous capitalization omitted).

Based upon a review of the record, we concur with the trial court, and 

the record supports, that Mother has not complied with her reunification goals 

and, as such, it is in the best interest of the children that the permanency goal 

be changed to adoption. As discussed supra, despite requests by the case 

manager, Mother, who did not attend the permanency hearing on May 3, 

2022, did not provide proof of compliance with her reunification goals, 

including, inter alia, that she attended parenting, job, and housing training, 

participated in, and completed, mental health and drug and alcohol treatment 

programs, obtained domestic violence counseling, underwent drug 

screenings, and maintained an active presence in the children’s lives. Rather, 

when asked for proof of documentation about her participation in such 

counseling and treatment programs, Mother failed to return telephone 

inquiries or to provide documentation and contact information for the 

providers. Moreover, Mother has only visited with the children two out of eight 

times since the permanency hearing on March 10, 2022, and reportedly 

continues to test positive for drug use. Some of Mother’s reunification goals 

began as part of her SCP in October 2019. Mother voluntarily placed the 
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children with the children’s aunt and uncle in April 2020, because of, inter alia, 

her underlying drug and alcohol problems, and the children were adjudicated 

dependent in September 2020. Mother’s reunification goals, as discussed 

supra, have remained relatively the same for more than 18 months from the 

time the children were adjudicated dependent until the termination hearing 

on May 3, 2022. The children currently reside in a stable, loving home with 

their aunt and uncle who provide them with safety, security, and love. While 

in the care of the aunt and uncle, the children have maintained attendance at 

school and daycare facilities and their medical and dental needs continue to 

be met. We concur with the trial court, and the record supports, that a change 

in the permanency goal to adoption is in the best interests of the children. 

While Mother argues that such a change is “premature,” the record confirms 

that Mother has not performed her parental duties and the children’s lives 

simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that Mother may eventually summon 

the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting. Therefore, we conclude 

that the trial court did not commit an error of law or abuse its discretion in 

changing the children’s permanency goals to adoption.

Decrees affirmed. Orders affirmed.
J-S37032-22

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 12/6/2022