NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL
- TEXT PUBLICATION File Name: 14a0815n.06
No. 13

- 4379 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff
- Appellee ,

v. DEBORAH L. KISTNER , Defendant
- Appell ant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
OPINION

Before: KEITH , MOORE, and STRANCH , Circuit Judges. KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Deborah Kistner participated in three separate but related mortgage fraud conspiracies from 2006 to 2010 . On appeal, she claims that her trial counsel failed to provide her with constitutionally effective assistance. Because her claim s are meritless , we AFFIRM the judgm ent of the district court.
I. BACKGROUND Beginning in 2006, Kistner worked with real estate agent Jeffrey Corry and mortgage broker David Brentley in executing a mortgage kickback scheme in central Ohio

. See R. 170 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 30

– 32) (Page ID #1031

– 33) (describing the Ohio Conspiracy). Under this scheme, Corry and Brentley would recruit investors by promising that they could purchase property without a down payment and receive money at the property’s closing. Brentley would then secure mortg age financing for the investors by completing loan applications on their behalf. Id. at 31

– 32 (Page ID #1032

– 33). These applications would “contain[] a number of falseNo. 13

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United States v. Kistner

2 statements , ” in order to bring down the cost of the down payment. R. 48 (Superseding Indictment at ¶ 18) (Page ID #122). Concurrently, Corry would negotiate a sale price, which would be below the amount of the loan requested by Brentley. R. 170 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 17 ) (Page ID #1018). Finally, Kistner would enter the picture, as the title agent to broker the sale between the investors and the property seller. Id. at 32 (Page ID #1033). The seller would collect a previously agreed upon profit and the remainder

— the di fference between the loan value and the property’s sale price

— would be “kickback ed ” to the investors. Kistner eventually sought to profit from both sides of this conspiracy. She, along with her husband Mark, purchase d six hom es under this kickback scheme , t hereby receiving income both as a title agent (through her commissions) and as an investor (through the mortgage kickbacks). PSR ¶ 40. From March to August 2007, Kistner took part in a separate conspiracy, organized by Ryan Krivit and based out of Cen tral and South Florida. See R. 171 (Plea Hr’g Tr. at 32) (Page ID #1114). In this scheme, property sellers would “agree[] to prices lower than the stated contract prices” that would be reported to various lending institutions. R. 170 (Sentencing Hr’g
Tr

. at 13) (Page ID #101 4). The buyers would receive “a portion of the contract price.” Id. The remainder of the loan would then be distributed to Kistner and her codefendants. This scheme was referred to at sentencing as the Florida Conspiracy. Id. After the housing market went south , Kistner engaged in a third conspiracy, involving short sales of some of the properties she had originally purchased as part of the Ohio C onspiracy.No. 13

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United States v. Kistner

3 R. 171 (Plea Hr’g Tr. at 33) (Page ID #1115 ). Because Kistner’s ap pea l does not discuss the short

- sale conspiracy, we do not go into its details here.
In 2012, a federal grand jury returned a twenty

- one count, superseding indictment against Kistner , her husband Mark , Philip Ennis (an employee of Kistner’s), and Jaime Smith (a loan officer) . R. 48 (Superseding Indictment) (Page ID #119). After four days of trial, Ki stner decided to accept the governm ent’s plea agreement, pleading guilty to three counts of conspiracy to commit bank fraud, one count of bank fraud, and three c ounts of conspiracy to commit money laundering. R. 171 (Plea Hr’g Tr. at 8

– 12 ) (Page ID #1090

– 94). She was sentenced to sixty

- six months of imprisonment. R. 170 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 67) (Page ID #1068). On appeal , Kistner a llege s in her brief that she “was denied effective assistance when counsel did not challenge the fact [1] that one of the counts was barred by the statute of limitations, [2] that one of the counts was barred by double jeopardy and [3] failing to raise the issue of sele ctive prosecution.” Appellant Br. at 16. At oral argument, however, Kistner’s
counsel stated that he no longer wished to pursue the selective prosecution issue on direct appeal, opting instead to raise the issue later in a § 2255 proceeding. Under these circ umstances , we do not address the issue of selective prosecution here

. II. DISCUSSION We review de novo claims of i neffective assistance of counsel

. United States v. Ferguson , 66 9 F.3d 756, 761 (6th Cir. 2012) . “ In order to succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in the context of a guilty plea, a defendan t must demonstrate that counsel’ sNo. 13

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4 performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced his defense such that there is a reasonable pr obability that, but for counsel’ s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would h ave insisted on going to trial.” Id. at 762 (citing Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984) )

. “[I]n most cases[,] a motion brought under § 2255 is p referable to direct appeal for deciding claims of ineffective assistance.” Massaro v. United States , 538 U.S. 500, 504 (2003). However, in some cases, a cou rt may entertain an ineffective

- assistance claim on direct appeal where “the parties have adequate ly developed the record,” making additional fact finding unnecessary. United States v. Pierce , 62 F.3d 818, 833 (6th Cir

. 1995).
A . Statute of Limitations Kistner asserts that her trial counsel failed “to challenge count two in the indictment as [being] time barred,” which, according to Kistner, “deals solely with the so called Waggon er Chase property.” Appellant Br. at 19, 22. While acknowledging “that the allegations in the
indictmen t allege a time period of April 2006 to April of 2008,” “[t]he fact o f the matter is that the last act committed as part of any conspiracy related to this particular piece of property” occurred in June 2006. Id. at 21, 22. Under 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a), “the statute of limitations would have run in this case in June of 2011.” Id. at 22. The grand jury returned its superseding indictment in June 2012 ; under Kistner’s theory, count 2 would have been time

- barred. This argument is merit less

. As an initial matter, Kistner is incorrect in asserting that count 2 “deals solely with the so called Waggoner

- Chase property.” In Kistner’s supersedingNo. 13

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5 indictment, counts 1 to 7 relate to the Ohio Conspiracy. Count 1 lays out the details behind the conspiracy, and charges Kistner with conspiracy to commit bank fraud from 2006 to 2008. Count 2 incorporates by reference much of count 1, while charging her with conspiracy to commit money laundering. T hese charges are followed by substantive fraud and money laundering charges

— counts 3 t hrough 7. For conspiracies, like those charged in count 2, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until “ the last overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy alleged in the indictment” occurs. United States v. Smith , 197 F.3d 225, 228 (6th Cir. 1999). That date is not June 2006, but April 2008, when the Kistners committed money laundering with respect to their purchase of the Tara Glen property. R. 48 (Superseding Indictment at ¶ 37) (Page ID #128). Count 2 w as not time

barred. Therefore, trial counsel did not provide ineffective assistance on this ground.
B . Double Jeopardy Kistner also alleges that her trial counsel “fail[ed] to file a motion based upo n double jeopardy.” Appellant Br. at 27. According to Kistner, “Count 16 [of the superseding indictment]

. . . mimicked [the language of] Count 1 .

. . . These [sic] conspiracies contained in these two counts are almost identical save the adding of some additional players. Arguably, this violates the Fifth Amendment prohibition against double jeopardy.” Id. at 28. This argument is meritless. In rejecting Kistner’s double

- jeopardy claim, we are guided by our decision in United
States v. Sinito , 723 F.2d 1250 (6th Cir. 1983). In that case, we app lied a “totality of theNo. 13

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United States v. Kistner

6 circumstances test” to determine wheth er two conspiracies actually aro se from a single conspiracy. Id. at 1256. This test requires the district court “to consider the elements of: 1) time; 2) persons acting as co

- conspirators; 3) the statutory offenses charged in the indictments; 4) the overt acts charged by the government or any other description of the offenses charged which indicates the nature and scope of the activity which the government sought to punish in each case; and 5) places where the events alleged as part of the conspiracy took place.” Id. We determined that “[w]here several of these factors differ between the conspiracies, the conclusion follows that the alleged illegal conspiracies are separate and distinct offenses.” Id. at 1256

– 57. The first factor, time, weigh s slightly in Kistner’s favor. Counts 16 through 21 of the superseding indictment relate to the Florida Conspiracy. Counts 1 through 7 relate to the Ohio Conspiracy. The two conspiracies do overlap: the Florida Conspiracy took place between March and August 2007, and the Ohio Conspiracy took place between September 2006 and April 2008. The second factor, however

— those persons acting as co

- conspirators

— clearly weighs against Kistner. Kistner’s own brief acknowledges that though the Ohio and Florida Conspiracies occurred during the “same time frame” and arguably involved the “same act,” they nonetheless involved “d ifferent players.” Appellant Br. at 28. The Florida Conspiracy was organized by Ryan Krivit, and involved mortgage brokers, loan officers, and investors in South and Central Florida . PSR at ¶ ¶ 43

– 46. The Ohio Conspiracy , on the other hand, involved an entirely different set of associates

. Id. at ¶¶ 35

– 41.No. 13

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United States v. Kistner

7 On its face, the third factor, the statutory offenses charged, points in Kistner’s favor.
Both c ount 1 and c ount 16 involved c onspiracy to commit bank fraud . Yet, in this case, the fact that these counts involved the same offense does not give rise to a double

- jeopardy claim . It i s simply a recognition that Kistner (successfully, for a time) operated in Florida

. T urning to the fourth factor , the working mechanics of the two offenses are materially different from one another . In the Ohio Conspiracy, Kistner and other co

- conspirators received a fixed return for their services , with the property investors retaining the bulk of the profits . R. 48 (Superseding Indictment at ¶ 26) (Page ID #124). On the other hand, in the Flo rida Conspiracy, the property investors received a fixed return, with the profits largely going to Krivit, Kistner, and other mortgage brokers and real estate a gents. Id. at ¶ 77 (Page ID #143). In other words, Kistner stood to gain

— and did in fact gain

— a far greater return from her participation in the Florida conspiracy. See PSR at ¶ 39, 43. Finally, the last factor

— the places where the events alleged in the conspiracy took place

— clearly argues against a finding of double jeopardy. The difference here is self

- evident: one conspiracy took place in Ohio, the other in Florida. After taking t he Sinito factors into consideration, we find that Kistner ’s claim fail s on its face. A s with her statute

- of

- limitations claim, Kistner’s trial counsel did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness by failing to raise a double

- jeopardy c laim in the proceedings below.No. 13

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United States v. Kistner

8 III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgme nt.