# EUR-Lex - 52012DC0071 - EN

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# 52012DC0071

**REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE on the application of Directive 2003/8/EC to improve access to justice in cross border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes /* COM/2012/071 final */**

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REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE

on the application of Directive 2003/8/EC
to improve access to justice in cross border disputes by establishing minimum
common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes

1.
Introduction

In a genuine European area of justice, individuals and
businesses should not be discouraged from exercising their rights by the
complexity of legal and administrative systems. All citizens should be able to
approach the courts and authorities of any Member State as easily as they would
those of their home country. Access to justice should not be precluded by the
costs inherent in the cross-border dimension of a dispute in civil and
commercial matters.

The European Council called on the Council and the
Commission already in 1999[1]
to establish minimum standards to ensure an adequate level of legal aid in
cross-border civil cases throughout the Union. On the proposal of the
Commission issued on 18 January 2002[2]
the Council adopted Directive 2003/8/EC[3]
(‘the Directive’) to improve access to justice in
cross-border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating to legal
aid for such disputes on 27 January 2003.[4] The Directive
entered into application on 30 November 2004[5].

The Stockholm Programme[6]
called for an evaluation of the effectiveness of the legal instruments adopted
at Union level. After 5 years of the application of the Directive, the
Commission decided to launch its evaluation[7].

The Commission launched a study[8] in 2010 in order to
be provided with input to assess in detail the transposition and the
application of the Directive. The study provides for a legal analysis and an
empirical part based on a survey conducted among the different groups of stakeholders
from all Member States.[9]

In addition, the application of the Directive was discussed
with the European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters in its
meetings in 2006 and 2010. Furthermore, the Commission has accommodated
letters, complaints and petitions concerning the Directive in its assessment.

This report presents the Commission assessment of the
application of the Directive for the period of 30 April 2004 – 31 December 2010[10]. Although the Directive is applicable in relation to various European
procedures, such as the European Small Claims procedure[11], and supports their
application, this report does not include specific information on the use of
the Directive in the context of the European procedures due to a very short
period of time between entry into application and the data collection carried
out for this report by the above-mentioned study.

2.
Main elements of the Directive

Article 1 of the Directive states that the purpose of the
Directive is to improve access to justice in cross-border disputes by
establishing minimum common rules relating to legal aid in such disputes. The
Directive seeks to promote the application of legal aid in cross-border civil
and commercial disputes for persons who lack sufficient resources and where aid
is necessary to secure effective access to justice. As pointed out in
recital 5 to the Directive, access to justice is a generally recognised
right which is also enshrined in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental
Rights of the European Union[12].

The Directive provides that any citizen who is party to a civil
or commercial dispute in a Member State other than that in which he has his habitual
residence is entitled to legal aid on the same terms as a citizen resident in
that State.

‘Legal aid’ within the meaning of Article 3 of the
Directive covers the following services:

·
pre-litigation advice;

·
legal assistance;

·
representation in court;

·
exemption from, or assistance with, the cost of
proceedings, including costs related to the cross-border nature of the dispute;
and

·
the fees to persons mandated by the court to
perform acts during the proceedings.

Furthermore, the
Directive regulates the following issues:

·
The obligation to grant legal aid to persons who
are partially or totally unable to meet the costs of proceedings (Article 5);

·
The possibility for the Member States' competent
authorities to reject legal aid applications for actions which appear to be
manifestly unfounded (Article 6);

·
The categories of expenses that should be
covered by legal aid, such as interpretation, translation of the documents
required by the court or by the competent authority or travel costs (Article
7);

·
The categories of expenses that should be
covered by the Member State of domicile or habitual residence (Article 8);

·
The principle of continuity of legal aid
(Article 9);

·
The principle of the application of legal aid to
extrajudicial procedures (Article 10);

·
The principle of the application of legal aid
for the enforcement of authentic instruments (Article 11);

·
The designation and empowerment of the Member
States national authorities to grant or refuse legal aid (Article 12 in
conjunction with Article 14) and

·
The application procedure (Article 13 in
conjunction with Article 15).

Article 21(1) of the Directive requires Member States
to ‘bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions
necessary to comply with this Directive no later than 30 November 2004 with the
exception of Article 3(2)(a) where the transposition of this Directive into
national law shall take place no later than 30 May 2006’.

3.
Transposition of the Directive and its
application
3.1.
In general

Before the Directive
came into force, legal aid in cross-border civil law matters was guaranteed only
in certain Member States by application of international agreements or their
national internal law. There were two categories of agreements: bilateral and
multilateral[13],
yet both had only a restricted scope. The adoption and transposition of the
Directive brought, in general, clarity and uniformity among the Member States.

By the end of the
reporting period, a cross-border legal aid system for civil cases that
effectively benefits persons who are domiciled in other Member States has been
introduced in all the Member States[14]
on the basis of the Directive. National legislation transposing the Directive
is presented in the Commission Staff Working Paper[15] accompanying this
report.

Although the
interpretation of individual provisions of the Directive may differ between the
Member States, there has been hardly any litigation or complaints in relation
to the transposition. The only judgment delivered by the European Court of
Justice related to the Directive dates from 22 December 2010[16].

3.2.
The conditions for the grant of legal aid
3.2.1.
The unanimously acknowledged
principle of legal aid for persons who lack sufficient resources

The provisions of
Article 5.1, which state that legal aid must be granted to persons whose
resources do not enable them to bear the costs of proceedings referred to in
the Directive, have been transposed in all Member States. The same applies to
Article 5.2, which provides that the resources of such persons must be
assessed in the light of objective criteria.

Furthermore, the
Directive acknowledges the possibility that there may be significant
differences in the standards of living in individual Member States, and has
provided that, where thresholds are defined, those thresholds may be set aside
if the applicant proves that there is a difference in the cost of living in the
two Member States concerned. This provision has been transposed by all except
one Member State[17].

3.2.2.
The transposition of the
" importance" of the dispute for the applicant

The Directive allows
Member States to opt for a system under which the applications may be refused for
actions which appear to be manifestly unfounded[18]. This opportunity
exists in many national legal aid systems, and has been selected by the
majority of the Member States, who thus arm themselves against the possibility
of frivolous applications.

However, Article 6.3
provides that when the decision on merits of an application is to be taken,
Member States are obliged to take into account “the importance of the
individual case to the applicant”. It seems that the concept of “the importance
of the individual case to the applicant” is a concept that lends itself to
different interpretations in the Member States. It is in fact difficult to
determine whether this “importance” has financial connotations or should be
looked at from the moral perspective or perhaps relates to some other criteria,
for example, an application that relates to human rights and fundamental
freedoms.

4.
Proceedings relating to the Directive
4.1.
Litigation procedures

The implementation of
the principle of civil legal aid poses very few difficulties for the Member
States in case of litigation procedures. However, the situation is somewhat
different in relation to extrajudicial procedures and the enforcement of
judgments and authentic instruments.

4.2.
Extrajudicial procedures

As regards
extrajudicial procedures, Article 10 of the Directive states that judicial aid
must cover the costs of such procedures if they are required by the law or if
the parties are ordered by the court to have recourse to them. The concept of
extrajudicial procedures differs among Member States and the interpretation of
Article 10 may occassionally give rise to difficulties and ununiform
application. At times, extrajudicial procedures ordered by the court[19] or required by the
law[20]
are not eligible for legal aid in some Member States.

4.3.
The enforcement of court decisions and authentic
instruments

Articles 9 and 11 of
the Directive concern the enforcement of both judgments and authentic
instruments.

Article 9.2 states that
the recipient of legal aid in the Member State where the court is sitting must
receive the legal aid provided for by the law of the Member State where
recognition or enforcement is sought. Although the interpretation concerning
the determination whether the grant of such aid is automatic or whether the
recipient must make an application in the Member State of enforcement is not uniform
among the Member States, it should be underlined that the majority of the
Member States has transposed well this provision[21].

Article 11 stipulates
that legal aid shall be granted for the enforcement of authentic instruments in
another Member State. Although the majority of the Member States has transposed
this provision[22],
two issues can be identified on which there are some questions in practice:
Firstly, the concept of an authentic instrument does not exist in all Member
States, and secondly, Article 11 does not specify which Member State is
required to bear these costs, although it is logical that Articles 7 and 8 on
the share of costs between the Member State in which the court is sitting and
the Member States of habitual residence of legal aid applicant applies
analogically.

5.
The costs covered by legal aid under the Directive

The Directive lists a
number of costs that the Member States must cover in connection with
cross-border legal aid in civil and commercial matters.

5.1.
The costs related to assistance, representation,
interpretation and translation

The principle of
granting legal aid in connection with judicial proceedings is widespread
amongst the national legal aid schemes.

As a result, the
provisions of the Directive stating that legal aid must cover the costs
relating to the assistance of a lawyer or representation by a lawyer, and
relating to interpretation and translation, have been transposed in all Member
States[23].

5.2.
Travel costs

Article 7(c) of
the Directive states that legal aid must cover travel costs where the physical
presence of the recipient is required in court by the law or by the court of
the Member State where the court is sitting. This provision has been transposed
by the majority of the Member States[24].
The Commission stresses that the requirement to cover these costs is a
fundamental feature of the Directive, since travel costs are, of necessity,
costs incurred in connection with a cross-border dispute. In addition, the
Directive limits the financial impact on Member States, because it restricts
this obligation to proceedings for which the physical presence of the persons
concerned is required.

5.3.
The assistance of a local lawyer before the application of legal aid has been received in the Member
State where the court is sitting

Article 8 states
that the Member State of the habitual residence must bear the costs associated
with the assistance of a local lawyer for the applicant until the application
for legal aid has been received in the Member State where the court is sitting.

A coherent
implementation of this provision poses some challenges. On the one hand, it is
for the court of habitual residence to appoint a lawyer. On the other hand,
only certain costs, these related to the local lawyer and the translation of
documents are covered by Article 8, but the travel expenses for the hearing
before the competent court to establish whether or not legal aid should be granted
are not covered under the Directive. In addition it is not clear whether the
assessment of the claim before appointing the local lawyer could be done, and,
from this perspective, whether the applicant must fulfil the conditions for
legal aid in the Member State of domicile[25].

6.
Observations on the practical application of the
Directive
6.1.
General

During the period
2004-2009 the number of persons benefitting from cross border legal aid has
increased only to a limited extent. The Eurobarometer No. 351[26] shows that the
awareness of cross-border legal aid in civil and commercial matters amounts to
12% of respondents in the EU[27].

The situation may be
explained by the lack of knowledge of the instrument also among legal
professionals. The low number of requests may also be explained by the scope of
application of the Directive and its limitation to civil and commercial matters[28].

According to the data
available, the total number of cross-border legal aid applications processed by
any Member State only twice reached 100[29].

Key: Average
number of applications per Member States, between 2005 and 2009, where R refers
to the applications received in the Member State and T refers to the
applications transmitted to another Member State[30].

6.2.
Scope of application

Although the principle
of cross-border legal aid itself has been well established in all Member States,
some practical complications have come to light. Differences in interpretation
were noted as regards the definition of the scope of the Directive, i.e. civil
and commercial cases. In addition it was observed that the definition of a
cross border dispute[31] does not cover a number of situations that
would seem have cross-border aspects[32].

6.3.
The designation of professionals

The modalities for the
designation of the lawyers handling cases of legal aid differ from one Member
State to another. Claimants have, at occasions, encountered difficulties in
getting an assigned legal counsel capable of understanding not only the
language but also the legal system of the beneficiary of legal aid.

6.4.
Conditions for the grant of legal aid

The differences in the
cost of living between Member States were taken into consideration by the
Directive[33] but there are no objective criteria specifying
the way in which these differences should be taken into account. In addition,
the documents supplied by an applicant who is domiciled in another Member State
in support of his economic situation may be difficult to assess by the State
that is to provide legal aid.

6.5.
Costs covered by the Directive

As regards the question
of the coverage by legal aid of the costs of representation or legal advice
provided by a lawyer, it can be reported that arrangements for the choice and
designation of such an advisor differ significantly between Member States. The
professionals in many Member States indicate lengthy payment terms and the very
low fee level. However, this situation is not specific to the Directive and
relates equally to the national legal aid system for domestic cases.

7.
Information obligations for Member States

Article 18 of the
Directive provides that the competent national authorities shall cooperate to
provide the general public and professional circles with information on the
various systems of legal aid, in particular via the European Judicial Network
in civil and commercial matters[34].

The Commission observes
the insufficient knowledge about the dispositions of the Directive among
citizens, legal professionals and national legal boards, as evidenced by the
survey:

Citizens seeking justice: Only 15% of citizens are aware of the Directive.

o

Barristers are better informed of the right to
cross-border legal aid in civil and commercial matters and, in fact favour its
extension to relationships with third countries: 30 % of barristers know about
the Directive's advantages.

Bailiffs are
distinguished by the fact that no-one questioned had had recourse to the
Directive.

The Commission concludes that the Member
States must undertake additional efforts to comply with Article 18 i.e. provide the general public and professionals with
information on the various systems of legal aid in civil and commercial matters
as required by the Directive.

8.
The contribution of the Commission to the
implementation of the Directive

While the Member States remain the primary
responsible for the correct transposition and application of the Directive, the
Commission has contributed to its implementation in the reporting period as
follows:

The Commission established the Committee
under Article 17 of the Directive and adopted in 2004 and 2005 two decisions
required under Article 16, a Decision establishing a form for legal aid applications
and respectively a Decision establishing a form for the transmission of legal
aid applications.[35]

The forms provided for in the Decisions are
available electronically in the website "European Judicial Atlas in Civil
Matters"[36]
since 2006, and will be available in the European e-Justice Portal[37]
in dynamic form soon. The information on competent authorities under Article 14
has been published in the Atlas. In addition, information on legal aid in civil
matters in the EU is available on the website of the European Judicial network
in civil and commercial matters since 2007.

During the reporting period, the Commission
has held two meetings of the European Judicial Network in civil and commercial
matters on the subject of the implementation of the Directive. The Commission
has also twice conducted Eurobarometers to find out the level of awareness of
the legal aid rules.

Finally, the Commission has carried out a
full conformity check of the national transposing measures of all Member
States, finalised in 2010.

9.
Relationships between the European Union Member
States and third countries in the area of civil legal aid

Relationships between
Member States and third countries as regards the legal aid are based on
international conventions and internal law, and differ from one Member States
to another. The Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms[38] does not lay down specific rules in relation to civil
legal aid, and the 1977 European Agreement on the transmission of applications
for legal aid[39]
concerns only the procedures related to the cross-border legal aid. The 1980
Hague Convention on Access to justice[40]
only concerns certain Member States[41]
and third countries[42].
The Directive takes the precedence over the European Agreement and the Hague
Convention on Access to Justice in cases between the Member States pursuant to
Article 20.

The accession of the
European Union to the Hague Convention on Access to Justice[43] would enable the
uniform application of the Convention through the Union and could attract the
accession of other states. It would also follow the policy commitment of
promoting the Hague instruments taken by the EU when it became member of the
Hague Conference on Private International Law in 2007. This may be important,
as, according to the survey, over three quarters of the respondents favour the
extension of civil legal aid beyond EU borders.

10.
Points of reflection as regards the possible
improvements of the Directive

On the basis of the assessment of the
application of the Directive by the Member States and the difficulties that
have been encountered so far, some points of reflection may be put forward in
relation to the improvements to be considered in the future.

10.1.1.
Economic criteria to benefit
from legal aid

It appears
that there is a need to have further clarification on the issue of economic
criteria to grant legal aid. This is important as there are cases where the
claimant obtains from the court of his domicile a confirmation that under
national rules he would be eligible for legal aid but he is deprived of it by
the competent court.

From this
perspective two solutions could be considered:

Taking into account the
difference in the cost of living between Member States, the eligibility and the
amount of legal aid could be calculated on the basis of a common and objective
criteria or on the basis of the criteria applied in the usual place of
residence of the person applying for legal aid, or

Harmonisation of the
economic level or mutual recognition of thresholds.

10.1.2.
Costs not covered currently

An interesting
situation which is not covered by the Directive arises when travelling costs
are to be incurred for the hearing before the judge who is to decide whether or
not legal aid should be granted. Should the applicant have not sufficient
financial resources to cover these expenses, he may be deprived of the
possibility to obtain legal aid by the competent court. This situation may
arise particularly in the situation where the applicant resides in the Member
State with much higher costs of living than the Member State of the competent
court. In addition, it has to be underlined that although such a situation goes
indeed beyond the scope of the Directive, there are cases in which the
applicant gets a confirmation from the court of his residence that he would be
eligible for legal aid in its jurisdiction but has to cover his travel expenses
to the hearing before the competent court. If he had no financial resources to
cover the trip he could be effectively deprived of legal aid[44].

10.1.3.
Facilitation of relationship between legal
professionals and beneficiaries

A second point to
tackle could be the facilitation of relationships between professionals and
beneficiaries in another Member State through measures such as: the designation
of a professional who speaks the language of the beneficiary, the assistance of
a translator, or even the designation of a second professional from the State of
the legal aid recipient, who would serve as a link and, for example, conduct
correspondence with the legal professional based in another State.

10.1.4.
Clarity as to the
whereabouts of the competent authority

It appears to be advisable to designate a
single receiving and transmitting authority in each Member State in order to
facilitate the implementation of the Directive. This is particularly important
in the situation when the legal aid application is submitted directly to the
competent authority of the Member State in which the court is sitting or where
the decision is to be enforced. As the Directive does not regulate the issue
what happens if the application is submitted to the incorrect receiving agency,
discrepancies in such situation may arise.

10.1.5.
Scrutiny of the same application by two
authorities with two possibly different results

The Directive, in
Article 13, foresees two ways of submitting the application for legal aid:
either to the competent authority of the Member State in which the applicant is
domiciled or to the competent authority of the Member State in which the court
is sitting[45].
In addition, the Directive foresees the possibility to refuse to transmit the
application if the transmitting authority decides that the application is
unfounded or outside the scope of the Directive. Such a situation may
potentially create confusion as it is possible that the receiving authority may
reject the application although the transmitting authority would consider it as
founded. It is also possible that the applicant, whose application was rejected
by the transmitted authority, will resend the application to the receiving
authority directly which would create unnecessary burden as the same
application would have to be considered twice, most likely with the same negative
result.

11.
Conclusions

All the Member States
which are bound by the Directive have transposed the right to legal aid in
cross border cases in civil and commercial matters, although it can be observed
that not all the application modalities of the Directive have been perfectly
implemented. These difficulties are explained principally by the fact that the
dispositions of the Directive are sometimes different from national provisions
concerning legal aid and the lack of the ECJ case law did not yet add to the
uniformity of application.

It has to be
underlined, however, that there has been only one case before the European
Court of Justice concerning cross-border legal aid which may prove that the
practical application of the Directive is satisfactory.

The Commission
considers that the implementation of the Directive can be improved firstly on
the basis of current provisions. The main point of improvement for the Member
States is an efficient and active promotion of the Directive through providing
the general public and professionals with information on the various systems of
legal aid under the Directive.

Furthermore, the Commission will step up
its efforts to increase awareness about the provisions of this Directive. The
Commission also will analyse the findings of the conformity checks and follow
up them as appropriate.

Further to the points
of reflection presented above, the Commission will also take into account the
reactions to this Report in its considerations for actions, as appropriate.

Finally, as regards the
legal aid policy with third countries, the Commission will consider the
accession of the European Union to the 1980 Hague Convention on Access to
Justice, particularly as the European Union is a member of the Hague Conference[46]. Such a step could
be desirable as it would enable the uniform application of the Convention
through the Union and could attract the accession of other states.

[1]               Tampere European Council of 15 and 16 October 1999 -
Presidency Conclusions.

[2]               Proposal for a Council Directive to improve access to
justice in cross-border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating
to legal aid and other financial aspects of civil proceedings (2002/C 103
E/29), COM(2002) 13 final — 2002/0020(CNS).

[3]               Council Directive 2002/8/EC of 27 January
2003 to improve access to justice in cross-border disputes by establishing
minimum common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes, OJ L 26,
31.1.2003, p. 41–47. Corrigendum on the reference number of the Directive for
"2003/8/EC", OJ L 32, 7.2.2003, p. 15.

[4]               It is to be underlined that the Directive applies
only to legal aid in cross-border civil and commercial disputes. In particular,
it does not cover domestic disputes and neither criminal nor administrative
cases.

[5]               With the exception of Article 3(2)(a), for which the
deadline for transposition into national law was 30 May 2006.

[6]               The Stockholm Programme — An Open And Secure Europe
Serving And Protecting Citizens, 2010/C 115/01, 4.05.2010.

[7]               Commission Decision on Annual Work Programme 2010 under
Civil Justice Programme, C(2009)10659.

[8]               DBB Law, Study on the application of Council
Directive 2003/8/EC of 27 January 2003 on legal aid and on the legal compliance
of the national transposition, final report June 2011.

[9]               There were in total 545 respondents
consisting of legal aid boards (53), statistical bodies (13), bailiffs (43),
judges (60), barristers (237), citizens seeking justice (102) and others (37).

[10]             This period was also targeted
by the survey

[11]             Regulation
(EC) No 861/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July
2007 establishing a European Small Claims Procedure, OJ L 199, 31.7.2007

[12]             Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,
2000/C 364/01, 18.12.2000

[13]             I.e.
The Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on International
Access to Justice and European Agreement on the Transmission of Applications for Legal
Aid, Strasbourg, 27.I.1977.

[14]             Denmark
is not covered by the scope of the Directive.

[15]             Commission Staff Working Paper [ADD NUMBER]

[16]             Judgment
of the European Court of Justice of 22 December 2010, in Case C‑279/09,
DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v. Bundesrepublik
Deutschland.

[17]             Slovakia has not transposed fully this provision.

[18]             Article 6.1

[19]             With exception of Ireland, Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary, Finland
and the UK.

[20]             With exception of Ireland, Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary, Austria,
Finland and the UK.

[21]             With the exception of Ireland, Estonia, Lithuania,
Romania, Slovenia and Finland.

[22]             Ireland, Greece, Estonia, Cyprus, Hungary and Slovakia have
deficiencies in transposing this provision.

[23]             Article
3.2 (b) and Article 7 (a) and (b).

[24]             Belgium, Bulgaria, Ireland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom have some deficiencies in the
transposition.

[25]             Despite of possible uncertainties in interpretation of
Article 8(a), it may be concluded that the Czech Republic, Romania and Slovakia
have deficiencies in the implementation of this provision.

[26]             Special
Eurobarometer 351: Civil Justice, October 2010 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_351_en.pdf

[27]             The awareness of cross-border legal aid is highest
among the Slovenian and Dutch respondents, with 28% having heard of it.
Conversely, the awareness is lowest among respondents from Portugal (7%),
Ireland (8%), Germany (8%) and Poland (8%).

[28]             The Report does not include observations on the
practical application of the Directive in relations to the claims brought under
the European small claims procedure as the Regulation entered in application
only in 2009.

[29]             In
France in 2006 and 2008.

[30]             The number of the transmitting request does not have to
correspond to the number of the receiving requests due to the possibility to
submit the request directly to the competent authority of the Member State in
which the court is sitting.

[31]             In
Article 2 of the Directive.

[32]             For example in relation to the costs of having a
bailiff summon a person residing in another Member State before a national
jurisdiction.

[33]             Article 5

[34]             See
Council Decision of 28 May 2001 establishing a European Judicial Network in
civil and commercial matters, 2001/470/EC, Official Journal L 174 , 27/06/2001
and European Parliament and the Council Decision of 18 June 2009 amending
Council Decision 2001/470/EC establishing a European Judicial network in civil
and commercial matters, 568/2009/EC, Official Journal L 168/35, 30/6/2009, http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/legal_aid/legal_aid_ec_en.htm

[35]             Commission Decision 2004/844/EC 9 November
2004 establishing a form for legal aid applications under Council Directive
2003/8/EC and Commission Decision 2005/630/EC of 26
August 2005 establishing a form for the transmission of legal aid applications
under Council Directive 2003/8/EC.

[36]             http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/judicialatlascivil/html/la_information_en.htm

[37]             https://e-justice.europa.eu/home.do?action

[38]             Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Rome, 4.11.1950

[39]             Signed in Strasbourg on 27 January 1977 and amended by
an additional protocol signed in Moscow in 2011.

[40]             Convention
of 25 October 1980 on International Access to Justice, http://www.hcch.net/index_en.php?act=conventions.text&cid=91

[41]             Bulgaria, Spain, The Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Cyprus. Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg,, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Finland, Sweden.

[42]             Albania,
Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Morocco, Serbia,,
Switzerland, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

[43]             In practice, this would be done through a Council
Decision authorizing the Member States to accede in the interest in the EU,
since the Convention does not contain a REIO-clause.

[44]             See Petition 1667/2009.

[45]             Or where the decision is to be enforced

[46]             Accession
by the European Community to Conventions of The Hague Conference on Private International
Law, 15226/08, JUSTCIV 235, 6.11.2008