[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 15-10995

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 9:13-cr-80230-BB-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

STANLEY P. PHILLIPS, 

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(April 8, 2016)

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Before TJOFLAT, JILL PRYOR, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Stanley Phillips appeals his convictions for eight counts of wire fraud, in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343. Although the issues were not advanced in District 

Court, he raises on appeal these issues:

(1) Whether venue was proper in the Southern District of Florida;

(2) Whether the fraudulent e-mail at issue in Count One was sent in 

furtherance of a fraudulent scheme; and

(3) Whether Counts Two through Eight of Phillips's indictment were

multiplicitous.

First, Phillips waived his objection to venue by not challenging it in the 

district court. See United States v. Greer, 440 F.3d 1267, 1271 (11th Cir. 2006). 

The superseding indictment itself laid out the facts being alleged and included the 

locations of each of the players in the scheme, thereby putting Phillips on notice of 

any alleged defect in venue from the moment the indictment was filed.

Second, Count One of his indictment properly alleged a fraudulent 

transmission because the pertinent e-mail was sent in furtherance of Phillips's 

scheme to defraud. The elements of wire fraud under 18 U.S.C. § 1343 are (1) the 

intentional participation in a scheme to defraud and (2) the use of the interstate 

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wires in furtherance of the scheme. United States v. Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1270 

(11th Cir. 2003). The defendant need not have sent the wire, but rather the wire 

need only be reasonably foreseeable. Id. at 1270, 1272. It is not necessary that the 

transmitted information include any misrepresentation or for the transmission itself 

to be essential to the success of the scheme to defraud, but it can be "incident to an 

essential part of the scheme" or "a step in the plot." Id. at 1272-73 (quoting 

Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 710-11, 109 5. Ct. 1443, 1447-48, 103 L. 

Ed. 2d 734 (1989)). Thus, a "routine and innocent" mailing can form the basis of a 

wire-fraud conviction if it was an essential part of the scheme. See Schmuck, 489 

U.S. at 713-14, 109 S. Ct. at 1449-50 (holding that the mailing of innocent title 

applications after a fraudulent sale took place to complete the transaction was part 

of a fraudulent scheme because they were necessary for the passage of title); 

United States v. Waymer, 55 F.3d 564, 569-70 (11th Cir. 1995) (holding that the 

innocent act of mailing checks supplied the mailing element for the defendant's 

mail-fraud conviction because the mailings were in furtherance of the scheme to 

defraud).

Here, although the e-mail that Smejkal sent to Phillips was merely the 

transmission of an invoice template that did not include misrepresentations, it was 

a step in furtherance of Phillips’s plot to defraud AWA and HSIII. See Hasson, 

333 F.3d at 1270. After receiving the template from Smejkal’s husband, Phillips 

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used that template to create and send the fraudulent invoices to AWA and HSIII, 

which were the subject of the wire-fraud charges.

Although Phillips argues that Schmuck and Waymer may imply that a 

mailing that is not necessary for a scheme or upon which a scheme was not 

dependent, is insufficient to be considered "in furtherance" of a fraudulent scheme, 

Hasson states that a transmission "need not be essential to the success of a scheme 

to defraud," as long as it is "incident to an essential part of the scheme." Schmuck, 

489 U.S. at 713; Waymer, 55 F.3d at 569; Hasson, 333 F.3d at 1270. Because the 

invoice template was incident to an essential part of the scheme, namely, the 

creation of fraudulent invoices, the district court did not err on Phillips's conviction 

on Count One. 

Third, Phillips waived his objection to the multiplicity of his indictment by 

not challenging the issue before trial. See United States v. Mastrangelo, 733 F.2d 

793, 800 (11th Cir. 1982). Phillips's indictment provided sufficient factual 

information for him to mount a challenge to any alleged multiplicity for Counts 

Two through Eight before trial, as the indictment included details about the date, 

subject matter, and context of the e-mails at issue in each count.

AFFIRMED.

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