# Mining Contract: Two-Way, Through-the-Earth Emergency Communication System for Trapped Miners and the Surface

Keywords:Emergency communicationsThrough-the-earth communications systems

| Contract #                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | 200-2009-32117 |
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| 9/4/2009                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| 12/4/2010                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| This contract will design a prototype two-way, through-the-earth (TTE) emergency communication system, fabricate the hardware, and test the system at an underground coal mine. The design of the underground components of the though-the-earth (TTE) system will be based upon a software-definable digital transceiver and a resonant magnetic dipole air-core loop antenna, used for both transmission and reception. Intrinsically safe battery packs will provide power. The surface transmitter electronics and antenna will be similar. The surface receiver will employ co-polarized magnetic dipole antennas to overcome the effects of surface radio frequency interference (RFI) and surface interface reflections. Two underground transceivers will be fabricated, with the electronics and graphics display housed in an explosion-proof enclosure with a Lexan cover. These units, along with the surface components, will be subjected to environmental tests, including vibration, shock, and temperature cycling, in a laboratory setting. The integrated system will be subjected to simulation tests to verify noise suppression and text messaging capability. Component certifications will be sought from the MSHA Approval and Certification Center. Detailed field test plans will be developed and a Test Readiness Review conducted. The system will be tested at an underground coal mine with suitable range and surface access. A final report will document research results. |
| - Emergency Communications and Tracking                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |

## Contract Status & Impact

This contract is complete. To receive a copy of the final report, send a request to mining@cdc.gov.

The objective of this contract was to design and build a two-way TTE communication prototype based on Stolar’s expertise in radio geophysics and to field test it at several underground mining operations.

#### Prototype Development

Stolar created a TTE modem technology which uses low-frequency transceivers to communicate via text messaging for two-way communications. Stolar’s system accomplished this using relatively low-power instrumentation and simple, portable hardware.

At the heart of the TTE system is the transceiver electronics, also described as low-frequency modems. Two different prototype systems were built: the primary software-definable digital transceiver (SDDT) system, and a secondary field-programmable gated array (FPGA) system. The FPGA system does not compete directly with the SDDT, but explores the feasibility of a wideband frequency shift keying (FSK)-type modem for future implementation in a faster digital signal processing platform. The FPGA prototype was systematically field tested in parallel with the SDDT modem during this project to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each design. For each system, three transceiver units were built: two surface units (plastic housings), and one underground unit (X/P housing).

The antennas used for this project were rigid air-core loops of either 4-ft or 6-ft diameter. They can be used as either vertical or horizontal magnetic dipoles (VMD or HMD), depending on their orientation and the companion transceiver’s point of reference.
        - VMD mode is optimal for low-noise environments where TTE signal sensitivity will be high and the depth of penetration will be in the upper 40% of the maximum capabilities of the system.
        - HMD mode is optimal for higher-noise environments since less noise from horizontal power lines can couple to the vertical antenna. However, HMD mode has less signal sensitivity and will reduce the depth of penetration to less than 70% of the maximum capabilities.

The primary screen menu on the transceiver’s LCD display lets the user enter custom text messages or turn on a location beacon. Another screen menu lets the user select from a variety of predefined messages.
        - The text messages use a user-selected frequency of either 2 kHz or 4 kHz. The default lower frequency is commonly used for depths of 500 feet and deeper. The higher frequency has less penetrating power in the earth (higher attenuation rate) and is typically reserved for short-range applications where background noise at 2-kHz may be higher than normal.
        - In beacon mode, the modem is used as a continuous transmission source for detection and location by the surface gradiometer (Delta Tracker).

Two types of power packs were developed, a high power (24V) and low power (15V). The low-power pack is lithium-ion based and has a capacity of 50 hours in a small, lightweight enclosure. The high-power pack is lead-acid based and can run a transceiver nearly 30 hours. The packs can be linked to augment lifespan. Capacity estimates for a single pack assume a 90/10 duty cycle at maximum transmission loop current.

#### Field Testing

Stolar field tested the prototype at several hard rock and coal mining sites between May and October, 2010. Preliminary testing in the western US proved that Stolar’s TTE technology can provide communication through a variety of rock types with depths ranging from 700 to 1,300 feet, depending on local rock types and their physical and electrical properties. The most recent demonstration achieved two-way text messaging in the deepest part of a commercial coal mine in southwestern Pennsylvania (nearly 800 feet) with ample signal strength in reserve; the maximum range at this mine was projected at nearly 1,100 feet.

To help with field testing and data collection and to assist with modem setup at different sites, a diagnostic program was created. This program links wirelessly to the individual transceivers for real-time signal analysis including signal strength, decoding sensitivity and threshold, and background noise.

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          - Advanced Tutorial on Wireless Communication and Electronic Tracking: Introduction
          - Earth Conductivity Estimation from Through-the-Earth Measurements of 94 Coal Mines Using Different Electromagnetic Models
          - Magnetic Communication System (MCS)
          - Passive Fiber Optic System for Locating, Tracking, and Communicating with Personnel in Coal Mines
          - Performance and Safety Investigation of Emergency Backup Batteries and Battery Charging Systems for Underground Mining Applications
          - Preliminary Performance Predictions For Electromagnetic Through-The-Earth Mine Communications: A Collection of Working Memoranda
          - Simulation and Measurement of Through-the-Earth, Extremely Low-Frequency Signals Using Copper-Clad Steel Ground Rods
          - Through-the-Earth (TTE) Communications: Range Reliability Improvements
          - Through-The-Earth Wireless Real-Time Two-Way Voice Communications
          - Ultra-Low Frequency Through-the-Earth Communication Technology

July 18, 2016

September 18, 2012

National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMining Program

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