DA 10-0569

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2011 MT 239

ROBERT DARON RIGGS,

 Petitioner and Appellant,

 v.

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Respondent and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DV 06-411C

Honorable Loren Tucker, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Monica J. Tranel, Jack H. Morris; Tranel, McCarter & Morris, 

Attorneys at Law, Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Steve Bullock, Montana Attorney General; Sheri K. Sprigg, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Marty Lambert, Gallatin County Attorney; Ashley J. Whipple, Deputy 

County Attorney, Bozeman, Montana

 Submitted on Briefs: July 27, 2011

 Decided: September 27, 2011

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

September 27 2011
2

Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Robert Daron Riggs (“Riggs”) appeals the denial of his amended petition for 

postconviction relief by the Eighteenth Judicial District Court, Gallatin County. We affirm.

¶2 The facts surrounding the underlying charges are detailed in State v. Riggs, 2005 MT 

124, 327 Mont. 196, 113 P.3d 281, and we will not fully recite them here. Riggs was 

convicted by a jury of incest, sexual intercourse without consent, and two counts of sexual 

assault, all felonies, involving the sexual abuse of four young girls – D.M., D.C. (one of 

Riggs’ step-daughters), S.M., and M.J. Riggs was sentenced to 24 years in the Montana 

State Prison, followed by a suspended sentence of 25 years. This Court affirmed his 

conviction. Riggs, ¶ 1. 

¶3 Riggs, acting pro se, filed his first petition for postconviction relief on July 26, 2006. 

The District Court initially denied Riggs’ petition. Riggs obtained counsel and was allowed 

to file an amended petition for postconviction relief (“Petition”). The Petition alleged 

approximately 80 claims of ineffective assistance of Riggs’ trial counsel, Herman “Chuck” 

Watson III (“Watson”). The State responded. The District Court partially denied Riggs’ 

Petition, finding that many of Riggs’ claims were procedurally barred, did not satisfy the 

pleading requirements, did not pass substantive review, or were withdrawn. 

¶4 An evidentiary hearing was held on the 12 remaining claims in Riggs’ Petition on 

October 22-23, 2009. Both parties submitted evidence and witness testimony. On 

September 29, 2010, the District Court issued extensive Findings of Fact, Conclusions of 

Law, and Order denying Riggs’ remaining 12 claims. Riggs appeals. We will discuss the 

facts of each claim separately below.
3

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶5 We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. State v. Gunderson, 

2010 MT 166, ¶ 66, 357 Mont. 142, 237 P.3d 74; State v. Green, 2009 MT 114, ¶ 14, 350 

Mont. 141, 205 P.3d 798. 

DISCUSSION

¶6 Riggs’ ineffective assistance of counsel claims can be grouped into two general areas 

– pretrial and trial. He alleges that Watson “did no pretrial work,” specifically that Watson 

failed to: (1) file motions; (2) interview witnesses; (3) object to the Information being 

amended; (4) prepare his witnesses to testify; and (5) object to the late disclosure of the 

State’s rebuttal expert. Riggs also alleges that during trial, Watson failed to: (1) properly 

conduct voir dire and challenge jurors; (2) object to the admission of the victims’/witnesses’ 

prior consistent statements; and (3) object to the admission of Riggs’ statements. Riggs 

argues these errors alone, or cumulatively, warrant the reversal of his conviction and a new 

trial. 

¶7 We note that Riggs’ appeal focuses exclusively on the issues stated above in ¶ 6, and 

does not address all the 80-plus claims alleged in his Petition and subsequently dismissed by 

the District Court. Our consideration of Riggs’ appeal is confined to the issues presented. 

See In re B.P., 2001 MT 219, ¶ 41, 306 Mont. 430, 35 P.3d 291 (we will not formulate 

arguments for a party on appeal).

¶8 The State argues that while Riggs’ expert (in his postconviction proceedings), 

William Boggs (“Boggs”), would have conducted his defense much differently, Watson’s 

performance falls within the wide range of professionally competent assistance. The State 
4

asserts that Riggs has not shown the errors, if any, were so serious as to deprive him of a fair 

trial. 

¶9 When reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel claims, we employ the two-part test 

set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). State v. Savage, 2011 MT 23, 

¶ 22, 359 Mont. 207, 248 P.3d 308. In order for a criminal defendant to prevail on an 

ineffective assistance of counsel claim, he or she must demonstrate both (1) that counsel’s 

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that a reasonable 

probability exists that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Savage, ¶ 22; Gunderson, ¶ 67. If the defendant 

makes an insufficient showing regarding one prong, the other need not be addressed. 

Gunderson, ¶ 68.

¶10 To establish deficient performance, the defendant must show that, considering all the 

circumstances, counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness 

under prevailing professional norms. Whitlow v. State, 2008 MT 140, ¶¶ 14, 20, 343 Mont. 

90, 183 P.3d 861. In making this determination, we keep in mind that counsel’s function is 

to make the adversarial process work in a particular case. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. We 

“must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of 

reasonable professional assistance.” Gunderson, ¶ 69. In scrutinizing counsel’s 

performance, we must make every effort to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight. 

Whitlow, ¶ 15. That another attorney would have handled the case differently does not mean 

counsel was ineffective. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (“There are countless ways to provide 

effective assistance in any given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would not 
5

defend a particular client in the same way.”). We “must judge the reasonableness of 

counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed at the time of 

counsel’s conduct.” Whitlow, ¶ 16; Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. The Sixth Amendment 

guarantees reasonable competence, not perfect advocacy judged with the benefit of 

hindsight. Whitlow, ¶ 32. 

¶11 A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel will not succeed when predicated upon 

counsel’s failure to make motions or objections which, under the circumstances, would have 

been frivolous, or would have, arguably, lacked procedural or substantive merit, or would 

likely not have changed the outcome of the proceeding. Heddings v. State, 2011 MT 228, 

¶ 33, ___ Mont. ___, ___ P.3d ___. 

¶12 A defendant must also establish prejudice – that but for counsel’s deficient 

performance, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceedings would have 

been different. Gunderson, ¶ 67. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to 

undermine confidence in the outcome of the proceeding. Robinson v. State, 2010 MT 108, 

¶ 12, 356 Mont. 282, 232 P.3d 403. The prejudice inquiry focuses on whether counsel’s 

deficient performance renders the trial result unreliable or the proceedings fundamentally 

unfair. State v. Rose, 2009 MT 4, ¶ 115, 348 Mont. 291, 202 P.3d 749 (abrogated on other 

grounds).

A. Alleged Pretrial Errors

1. Pretrial Motions

¶13 First, Riggs alleges that Watson failed to file any pretrial motions, other than one 

motion to sever. He argues the motion to sever “neglected to put forward the best argument 
6

for severance.” This, Riggs argues, “entitles” him to a presumption of ineffectiveness. 

However, the presumption of ineffectiveness arises only in extraordinary circumstances, 

such as when “counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful 

adversarial testing.” United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984); Hammer v. State, 

2008 MT 342, ¶ 12, 346 Mont. 279, 194 P.3d 699. Counsel’s failure must be complete. Bell 

v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 696-97 (2002).

¶14 The circumstances that allow for a presumption of ineffectiveness are not present 

here. Watson did more than file one motion to sever, as we noted in Riggs, ¶ 8. He also 

moved to dismiss several charges for lack of probable cause. Riggs, ¶ 8. Watson also filed 

various other pretrial motions, and successfully argued for the exclusion of certain evidence 

before opening statements. There was not a complete failure on Watson’s part to test the 

prosecution’s case. Further, Riggs has not shown how Watson’s failure to file additional or 

different motions would have resulted in a different outcome. Heddings, ¶ 33. Riggs has 

simply not demonstrated either Strickland prong. We find no ineffectiveness on this issue. 

2. Witness Interviews

¶15 Here, Riggs argues that Watson’s “failure to conduct any investigation constitutes 

neglect and deficient representation.” (Emphasis in original). Watson’s failures, according to 

Riggs’ position on appeal, are failing to interview numerous witnesses, including CJ Gonder 

(“Gonder”), Riggs’ son Daron Riggs (“Daron”), and Jason Sullivan (“Sullivan”). Riggs 

claims that Gonder’s and Daron’s testimony would exonerate him. Riggs also claims 

Sullivan’s testimony would be “exculpatory and would have told the jury that [S.M.], at 
7

least, lied about sex.” Riggs alleges Watson “didn’t interview anybody” and that failure 

destroyed Riggs’ life.

¶16 Watson had a duty “to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable 

decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Weaver v. State, 2005 MT 158, 

¶ 17, 327 Mont. 441, 114 P.3d 1039 (citing State v. Thomas, 285 Mont. 112, 119, 946 P.2d 

140, 144). We assess a decision not to investigate for reasonableness in light of all the 

circumstances of the case, “applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.” 

Weaver, ¶ 17. Counsel’s actions are usually based, quite properly, on informed strategic 

choices made by the defendant and on information supplied by the defendant. Strickland, 

466 U.S. at 691; Thomas, 285 Mont. at 117-18, 946 P.2d at 143.

¶17 To say that Watson failed “to conduct any investigation” is an overstatement. Watson 

testified that “we interviewed everybody who could reasonably have any information about 

this case.” He further testified that he determined who may have information based upon 

“interviewing everybody who Rob [Riggs] and LaRae [Riggs’ then-wife (“LaRae”)] 

suggested we interview as well as my determination.” Notably, according to Watson, 

neither Riggs nor LaRae mentioned that Gonder or Daron would have useful information. 

¶18 Watson’s private investigator, Linda Sanem (“Sanem”), conducted most of the 

witness interviews. Watson explained that he did this so his investigator could be called to 

impeach a witness if the witness’s story changed. The record reveals that Sanem conducted 

many interviews, including Detective Hanson (the primary investigator), M.J., S.M., D.C., 

D.M., Riggs, LaRae, and Sullivan, as well as others. Sanem testified that, based on the 
8

information she gleaned, she never felt it necessary to interview Gonder or Daron. Sanem 

was in regular contact with Watson about the interviews and investigation. 

¶19 Assuming that Watson did not meet his duty to investigate, Riggs must still show a 

reasonable probability that, had Watson interviewed the witnesses, the outcome would have 

been different - that is, the information obtained from these witnesses would have produced a 

different result. Weaver, ¶ 21. Riggs has not met this burden. 

¶20 We agree with the District Court that Gonder’s testimony was less than convincing. 

His hearing testimony conflicts with Riggs’ and LaRae’s trial testimony, which never 

mentioned Gonder's presence at their home on September 25, 1999 (the night D.M. was 

assaulted) or November 3, 2000 (the night S.M. was assaulted).1 His hearing testimony also 

somewhat conflicts with his own affidavit. Ultimately, Gonder could not be sure of the dates 

he was at the Riggs’ home or who was present. Gonder’s testimony is far from 

“exculpatory” as Riggs has alleged. Riggs has not shown a reasonable probability that the 

outcome of the trial would have been different if Watson had interviewed Gonder. 

¶21 Daron’s testimony suffers the same problems as Gonder’s. His testimony about who 

was present in Riggs’ home conflicts with undisputed trial testimony about who was or was 

not present in the home on September 25, 1999, and November 3, 2000. Additionally, the 

affidavit he submitted was not prepared by him, but by an investigator for Riggs. We agree 

with the District Court that Daron demonstrated little independent, reliable recall about the 

events of September 25, 1999, and November 3, 2000. Riggs has not shown a reasonable 

 

1

 Riggs mentions Daron had a “friend” over on November 3, 1999. He does not mention 

Gonder. 
9

probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different if Watson had interviewed 

Daron. 

¶22 Regarding Sullivan, this claim was dismissed on the pleadings by the District Court. 

Riggs attempts to make an argument here about Watson’s failure to call Sullivan as a 

witness, not failure to interview. Sanem did, in fact, interview Sullivan. Sullivan met Riggs 

in the Gallatin County jail, then came forward with a story about S.M. and D.C. being “very 

sexual and aggressive” at a party. It is not at all clear that Sullivan’s story was admissible, 

especially given § 45-5-511, MCA (Montana’s rape shield statute), and Riggs has cited no 

Montana authority to support its admissibility. Riggs has not demonstrated a reasonable 

probability that, had Watson called Sullivan as a witness, the outcome of the trial would have 

been different. 

¶23 Riggs has made no argument on appeal regarding any other specific witnesses that 

should have been interviewed, and we will not make his arguments for him. In re B.P., 

¶ 41. Riggs has not met his burden under Strickland; therefore his ineffective assistance of 

counsel claims for failure to interview witnesses fail. We find no ineffectiveness on this 

issue. 

3. Amendment of the Information

¶24 The Information charged Riggs with sexual assault against M.J. “committed within 

the month of March, 2001[.]” The State sought to amend the Information to change the date 

from March 2001 to November 2000. The motion stated “The amended charge is supported 

by the original affidavit of probable cause. Defense counsel [Watson] has been advised of 

the instant motion and has no objection.” The State filed its motion to amend on March 1, 
10

2002. Trial began on March 4, 2002. Before voir dire, the State addressed the pending 

motion. The District Court sought Watson’s position on the motion. Watson stated “I don’t 

have any objection. I think they’re entitled to amend the Information on, you know, a 

technicality up to the time of trial. I have no objection.” The District Court granted the 

motion to amend. 

¶25 Riggs argues that the amendment was not merely to form, but to substance, and as 

such was prohibited by § 46-11-205(1), MCA, which bars the State from substantively 

amending an Information within 5 days of trial. The District Court determined this claim 

was record based, and therefore could not be raised in a petition for postconviction relief, but 

rather must have been raised on direct appeal. Since Riggs did not raise the issue on direct 

appeal in Riggs, the District Court dismissed the claim as procedurally barred. Riggs argues 

it was error for the District Court to dismiss the claim without a hearing because the record 

did not reveal why Watson did not object.

¶26 An amendment is one of form where the same crime is charged, the elements of the 

crime and the proof required remain the same, and the defendant is informed of the charge 

against him. State v. Spotted Eagle, 2010 MT 222, ¶ 10, 358 Mont. 22, 243 P.3d 402. 

Unless the time of an event is a “material ingredient in the offense,” timing is not required to 

be stated with “impossible precision.” State v. Shaver, 233 Mont. 438, 445-46, 760 P.2d 

1230, 1234-35 (1988). Especially in cases of child abuse, this court has not required the 

information to precisely state the time of an offense. Shaver, 233 Mont. at 445-46, 760 P.2d 

at 1234-35.
11

¶27 Under the particular facts of this case, the amendment was to form only, and as such, 

it was not ineffective for Watson to fail to object. All of the elements of the sexual assault 

charge remained the same, the proof required was the same, and Riggs was informed of the 

charge. The affidavit of probable cause discusses two incidents regarding M.J. – one 

occurring in November 2000 and one occurring during “spring break.” Riggs had notice, 

from the time he was originally charged, that the State was alleging that he sexually 

assaulted M.J. in November 2000. Although the claim was dismissed as procedurally barred 

before the hearing, Riggs did question Watson at the hearing about why he did not object to 

the amendment. Watson stated “I think as I recall, I knew all along that this was one incident 

in November and that this was just a typo.” Further, the only testimony the State elicited 

from M.J. at trial was about the incident in November 2000. 

¶28 Based upon all the information in the record, we find that Riggs has not met his 

burden under Strickland to show that both Watson’s failure to object fell below an objective 

standard of reasonableness, and that if Watson had objected, there exists a reasonable 

probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different. We find no 

ineffectiveness on this issue.

4. Witness preparation

¶29 Riggs argues that Watson failed to prepare him and LaRae to testify at the trial. He 

argues “Watson didn’t do anything right.” The crux of the argument appears to be that 

Watson was ineffective in preparing the witnesses because the prosecutor asked Riggs “If 

this jury is to believe your testimony today, they must conclude that” the girls have got to be 

“mistaken or lying?” Boggs, Riggs’ expert, testified that “if you’ve set up your client to 
12

testify and that’s going to be the last question he’s asked, he shouldn’t be there, and you 

haven’t done anything right. You can’t have that question asked[.]” 

¶30 The State argues that Riggs is essentially blaming Watson for allowing him to testify, 

instead of getting Riggs a plea agreement. Further, the State argues that no amount of 

preparation could overcome the truth, and that Riggs has failed to show how any additional 

preparation would have changed the outcome of the trial.

¶31 Regarding Watson’s alleged failure to prepare LaRae to testify, we conclude Riggs' 

claim has no merit. LaRae testified at the hearing that Watson spent time with her and she 

“felt prepared. I felt like we had – we, I guess at that time, had an awesome defense.” Riggs 

himself testified “I’m not going to say she didn’t do a – have a good testimony at my trial.” 

LaRae also testified that she and Riggs were using drugs and alcohol frequently in the 

months leading up to trial, and would fall out of contact with Watson. She testified “I think 

[Watson] was providing the best assistance he could. I’m not sure there was a whole lot of 

cooperation . . . [f]rom Rob, from me, from really anyone.” Riggs has not shown that a 

reasonable probability exists that, had Watson spent more time preparing LaRae, the 

outcome of the trial would have been different.

¶32 Regarding Watson’s alleged failure to prepare Riggs, Watson testified that he spent 

“at least a dozen” hours preparing Riggs. Riggs testified during his four or five in-person 

meetings with Watson “there was never any preparation for my trial.” Significantly, Riggs 

never testified to what he felt Watson should have done to prepare him for his trial 

testimony. Nor has he argued on appeal what Watson should have done, or how further 

preparation would have resulted in a different outcome at trial. Riggs simply states “[t]he 
13

trial transcript bears witness to Watson’s failure to prepare Riggs and his wife to testify.” 

Based upon both the record and the testimony from the hearing, it is unclear how any 

additional preparation by Watson could have resulted in either Riggs not testifying, or the 

prosecution not asking that particular question. Success is not the test of efficient counsel. 

State v. Martz, 233 Mont. 136, 140, 760 P.2d 65, 68 (1988). That Boggs would have 

prepared Riggs differently does not make Watson ineffective. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 

¶33 Riggs has not met his burden under Strickland. He has not shown that, had Watson 

spent more time preparing him to testify, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome 

would have been different. 

5. State’s rebuttal expert

¶34 Riggs appears to argue both that Watson was ineffective for failing to object to the 

“late” disclosure of the State’s rebuttal expert, Dr. Bellante, and for failing to object because 

her expert report was not disclosed. For these propositions, he cites § 46-15-322(6), MCA,

which states: 

The prosecutor shall furnish to the defendant no later than 5 days before trial 

or at a later time as the court may for good cause permit, together with their 

statements, a list of the names and addresses of all persons whom the 

prosecutor intends to call as rebuttal witnesses to evidence of good character 

or the defenses of alibi, compulsion, entrapment, justifiable use of force, or 

mistaken identity or the defense that the defendant did not have a particular 

state of mind that is an element of the offense charged.

¶35 This section applies only to rebuttal witnesses called for the specific purposes listed in 

the statute. See State v. Sage, 221 Mont. 192, 196, 717 P.2d 1096, 1098 (1986) (the duty to 

disclose rebuttal witnesses does not arise until the defendant has given notice of affirmative 

defenses). Dr. Bellante was called to rebut Riggs’ expert testimony regarding investigative 
14

techniques employed by the officers who interviewed the four girls. Section 46-15-322(6), 

MCA, does not apply to Dr. Bellante’s testimony. 

¶36 Further, even if it did apply, the notice was filed more than five days before the trial, 

and was not late. Watson testified that he did not object because “I had actual notice well 

prior” to the formal notice. Watson did not move for Dr. Bellante’s expert report under § 46-

15-322(1)(c), MCA2, because he “previously determined that there were no notes or 

records.” There is no evidence in the record that any report, or statement, was prepared by 

Dr. Bellante. 

¶37 Based upon these facts, we agree with the District Court that Riggs failed to show that 

Watson’s decision not to object for either “late” disclosure or failure to file an expert report3

was objectively unreasonable. We also agree that Riggs has not shown that had Watson 

objected, a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the trial would have been 

different. Heddings, ¶ 33. We find no ineffectiveness on this issue.

B. Trial Errors

1. Voir Dire

¶38 Riggs argues that Watson’s failure to strike juror Donahue, who served on the jury, 

from the panel was “a very serious professional mistake that probably affected the fact 

finding body.” He also argues that Watson did not delve further into juror Klein’s 

relationship with M.J.’s family, and used a preemptory challenge instead of challenging 

 

2 We note this statute is not cited in Riggs’ appellate briefs. 

3 Watson did object to Dr. Bellante’s testimony on other grounds. We affirmed the District Court’s 

ruling on Dr. Bellante’s testimony. Riggs, ¶¶ 25-32.
15

Klein for cause. Riggs argues these juror errors were structural, thus prejudice must be 

presumed.4

¶39 The State argues Watson fulfilled his duty to ensure Riggs’ right to a fair trial by a 

panel of impartial jurors. Specifically, the State argues that juror Donahue did not express 

any bias against Riggs, and his responses during voir dire did not require Watson to remove 

him from the jury panel. Regarding juror Klein, the State argues Riggs has not shown any 

prejudice because Klein did not serve on the jury. 

¶40 The purpose of voir dire in a criminal case is to determine the existence of a 

prospective juror’s partiality, that is, his or her bias and prejudice. State v. Herrman, 2003 

MT 149, ¶ 23, 316 Mont. 198, 70 P.3d 738. The right to a trial by an impartial jury is 

principally secured through the voir dire and challenge process; therefore, defense counsel 

must develop information in the record that demonstrates a juror’s bias as to a party or issue 

in the case. State v. Lamere, 2005 MT 118, ¶ 15, 327 Mont. 115, 112 P.3d 1005. Adequate 

voir dire enables counsel to properly raise challenges for cause. Lamere, ¶ 15. Adequate 

voir dire also enables counsel to intelligently exercise preemptory challenges, which are 

essentially a matter of trial strategy. Lamere, ¶ 15. 

¶41 Disqualification based on a juror’s prejudice is necessary only when a juror forms a 

fixed opinion on the guilt or innocence of the defendant which he or she would not be able to 

lay aside and render a verdict based solely on the evidence presented in court. Whitlow, ¶ 30 

(citing State v. Freshment, 2002 MT 61, ¶ 12, 309 Mont. 154, 43 P.3d 968.). 

 

4 Riggs mentions juror Flory in his statement of facts, but makes no argument regarding the District 

Court’s dismissal of that claim. Therefore, we will not address juror Flory.
16

¶42 Jury selection is “critically important” in assuring the defendant’s fundamental right 

to a fair trial and impartial jury. Lamere, ¶ 24. Errors in the jury selection process are 

structural errors. Lamere, ¶ 24. Structural errors undermine the fairness of the entire 

proceeding and are presumptively prejudicial. Lamere, ¶ 25.

i. Juror Klein

¶43 Riggs’ claim regarding Watson’s questioning of Klein was dismissed by the District 

Court as record-based, and thus it should have been raised on appeal. We agree with the

ultimate conclusion, although for a different reason - Riggs has not shown Watson’s 

performance was deficient. Watson questioned Klein about his knowledge of M.J.’s family. 

 Klein said “I know Rick [M.J.’s father].” Watson asked Klein if he would “be hampered by 

your concerns about what might occur or what you might have to deal with in the event you 

return a not guilty verdict based on your personal relationship with [M.J.] and her family.” 

Klein responded “I have no personal relationship with her. I’m not sure I have ever met the 

child.” Klein also said “I think there would be a lot of agony, but hopefully, we’ll have the 

instructions necessary as a jury to weigh the evidence on the basis of how it’s presented in 

fairness associated with it. I think I could personally set aside any feelings towards that . . . 

.” Finally, Klein said he could find Riggs not guilty if the State did not prove its case, even 

if he personally suspected Riggs was guilty. 

¶44 Watson testified that, based on the entirety of the exchanges with Klein, he felt that 

Klein ultimately said he could set aside any potential for bias and be a fair juror despite 

knowing M.J.’s father. Therefore, Watson felt he had no basis to challenge Klein for cause. 

Klein, however, did not serve on the jury; he was removed with a preemptory challenge. 
17

¶45 After reviewing all of Klein’s answers during voir dire, and the evidence presented at 

the hearing on Riggs’ Petition, we cannot say that Watson’s questioning of Klein fell below 

an objective standard of reasonableness. Watson’s questioning of Klein revealed that Klein 

could set aside any personal feelings, weigh the evidence presented, and acquit Riggs if the 

State did not prove its case. Watson was not ineffective in his questioning of Klein. 

ii. Juror Donahue

¶46 Riggs argues juror Donahue should not have served on the jury because of four 

specific answers he gave during voir dire. In response to one of the witnesses having a 

learning disability, Donahue said “I’ve had a learning disability all my life and I know what 

she’s going through and what it can do to her.” He also said, with that in mind, he would be 

able to weigh her (the witness’s) credibility “accurately.” Second, the prosecutor asked 

whether anyone had “a particularly strong feeling – is anybody a teetotaler? Yes, Mr. 

Donahue, you don’t drink at all?” Donahue said “No, I had to quit six years ago.” Donahue 

also said “alcohol will do strange things to people.” When asked if he “could listen to the 

facts and reach an impartial decision without letting the alcohol evidence weigh too heavily” 

in his mind, Donahue responded “Well, I don’t know; that’s the question right there. I’d 

have to hear all the facts.” Third, Donahue said he felt the defendant should testify, despite 

the defendant’s right to not testify. Finally, in response to a question about how to crossexamine child victims, Donahue said children should not be cross-examined “like an adult 

would be.” Donahue said that he could be impartial in a case like Riggs’ (involving child 

sexual abuse). 
18

¶47 The State argues that Watson’s decision to keep Donahue on the jury panel was 

reasonable, given Watson’s explanation. Watson testified that he didn’t find anything about 

Donahue’s answers that would indicate partiality or bias. Watson felt Donahue’s statement 

regarding having a learning disability was not “particularly noteworthy,” nor did he feel it 

would create any sympathy with the witness. Watson testified that Donahue’s statements 

about alcohol raised no alarm because Watson never thought alcohol was an issue in the case 

in any significant sense – “nobody testified he [Riggs] was intoxicated.” Also, Watson said 

he would be suspicious of a juror that did not think alcohol would do strange things to a 

person. Watson felt that was a commonly held belief. Watson was also not troubled about 

Donahue’s feeling that the defendant should testify because Riggs intended to testify, and 

Watson felt “this guy would be reassured and be more likely to believe him [Riggs].” 

Finally, regarding Donahue’s feelings on cross-examining the victims, Watson felt that 

Donahue’s response did not indicate bias or impartiality because Watson also felt “you have 

to be careful about how you cross-examine child victims.” 

¶48 The District Court found that Watson’s failure to use a preemptory challenge on 

Donahue was objectively reasonable and was not ineffective assistance.

¶49 We agree with the District Court. After reviewing all of Donahue’s answers during 

voir dire, and the evidence presented at the hearing on Riggs’ Petition, we cannot say that 

Watson’s handling of Donahue fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Even 

Boggs agreed that a reasonable attorney could form different opinions about Donahue’s 

statements regarding alcohol and Donahue’s desire for the defendant to testify. Donahue’s 

responses, in their totality, do not reveal any prejudice or bias against Riggs. It is reasonable 
19

that Watson made a strategic decision to keep Donahue on the jury in light of the case 

Watson was going to present. Watson was not ineffective. 

2. Witnesses’ Prior Consistent Statements

¶50 Riggs argues that the stories of the four girls, “the State’s only evidence against 

Riggs, were swaddled in the credibility of adults and presented once, twice and three times to 

the jury through social workers, law enforcement officers, and the girls’ mothers.” Riggs 

argues several witnesses offered prior consistent statements, which were inadmissible at trial 

because there was no allegation of subsequent fabrication, improper influence, or motive. 

Riggs argues Watson’s failure to object to the admission of the statements was ineffective 

assistance of counsel. 

¶51 The State argues that many of the witnesses cited by Riggs did not actually testify to 

prior consistent statements by the girls. Further, the State argues it was part of Riggs’ 

defense strategy to show the inconsistencies in the multiple statements made by the girls to 

detract from their credibility. Therefore, Watson did not object to the admission of the girls’

multiple statements for strategic reasons. 

¶52 The District Court found that Boggs’ testimony at the hearing showed that the alleged 

prior consistent statements were not hearsay, were successfully objected to, or were 

inconsistent with other statements made by the girls. While Boggs may have taken a 

different strategic approach to the case, and the statements specifically, the District Court 

found that Watson’s approach was not ineffective. 

¶53 We agree with the District Court. Counsel’s use of objections lies within his or her 

discretion. Clausell v. State, 2005 MT 33, ¶ 20, 326 Mont. 63, 106 P.3d 1175. Objections 
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may, or may not, be made for any number of reasons. See State v. Olsen, 2004 MT 158, ¶ 

17, 322 Mont. 1, 92 P.3d 1204. Here, no objection was made because Watson wanted to 

point out the numerous inconsistencies in the girls’ statements. Watson testified that he 

wanted to use the girls’ various statements at trial to “impeach[] these girls to death with 

what [Riggs] is now calling consistent statements which don’t strike me as being consistent 

at all.” 

¶54 Boggs’ testimony was, essentially, that if all you have is inconsistent victim 

statements, you “quite likely” should not be at trial in the first place. In other words, he did 

not agree with Watson’s strategy. Differing strategies cannot be the basis for an ineffective 

assistance of counsel claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 (“There are countless ways to 

provide effective assistance in any given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys 

would not defend a particular client in the same way.”). We conclude that Watson’s trial 

strategy was objectively reasonable. Riggs has not met the first Strickland prong; thus, his 

claim fails.

3. Riggs’ Statements

¶55 Finally, Riggs argues that Watson was ineffective for failing to object or move to 

exclude several of Riggs’ own statements made to law enforcement during the 1999 

investigation regarding D.M.’s allegations. Riggs’ specific statements were: that he had 

been molested as a child, that he had more to do than “talk about some shit that some lying 

little kid was talking . . . about him[,]” and “why would I do that to somebody else if I could 

do it to my own kids” but that he would not do that. Riggs argues these statements were 

inadmissible 1) because they were bad character evidence under State v. Gommenginger, 242 
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Mont. 265, 270-71, 790 P.2d 455, 459 (1990), and 2) by operation of § 41-3-202(5)(b), 

MCA. The State argues that the statements were not bad character evidence and that § 41-3-

202(5)(b), MCA, has no application in this case. 

¶56 The District Court found that Riggs’ statements were admissible under M. R. Evid. 

801(d)(2)(A) as the admissions of a party opponent. The District Court also declined to 

address Riggs’ argument regarding § 41-3-202(5)(b), MCA, finding it was raised on appeal 

and considered by this Court.

i. Bad Character Evidence

¶57 We do not agree that Riggs’ statements were bad character evidence under

Gommenginger. Gommenginger dealt with the testimony of one police officer, who testified 

that he learned from confidential informants and other officers that the defendant was a drug

dealer. We concluded his testimony amounted to “hearsay” and contained “elements of both 

opinion and reputation evidence” and its admission constituted reversible error. 

Gommenginger did not deal with statements made by the defendant himself, and has no 

application here. 

¶58 Riggs’ statements were admissible under M. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(A) which provides 

that a statement is not hearsay if the statement is offered against a party and is the party’s 

own statement. State v. Smith, 276 Mont. 434, 441, 916 P.2d 773, 777 (1996). Just as in 

Smith, the statements were made by the defendant in a criminal case (Riggs), offered against 

him by the prosecution, through the testimony of the person to whom the statements were 

made. Smith, 276 Mont. at 441, 916 P.2d at 777. The statements were admissible. 
22

¶59 Watson was not ineffective for failing to object to the admission of these statements 

under Gommenginger. Heddings, ¶ 33. The statements were admissible and did not 

constitute bad character evidence. 

ii. Section 41-3-202(5)(b), MCA

¶60 While we did not consider on direct appeal the issue of the applicability of § 41-3-

202(5)(b), MCA, we agree with the result the District Court reached. Section 41-3-

202(5)(b), MCA, deals with the Department of Public Health and Human Services’ 

(DPHHS) handling and retention of reports of child abuse or neglect. Riggs’ statements 

were made in connection with a DPHHS investigation in 1999, which was closed as 

“unfounded” by Detective Hanson. Riggs argues that § 41-3-202(5)(b), MCA, required the 

destruction of the reports from that investigation well before his trial in 2002 - “within 30 

days of the determination that the child has not suffered abuse or neglect.” Section 41-3-

202(5)(b), MCA. The State argues that while Detective Hanson used the word “unfounded” 

he was not using it in the technical sense required under the child abuse and neglect statutes, 

thus the correct destruction period is found in § 41-3-202(5)(c)(i), MCA, which governs 

unsubstantiated reports. 

¶61 After a review of the report and the hearing testimony, we agree with the State. 

“Unfounded” means “after an investigation, the investigating person has determined that the 

reported abuse, neglect, or exploitation has not occurred.” Section 41-3-102(31), MCA.

“Unsubstantiated” means “after an investigation, the investigator was unable to determine by 

a preponderance of the evidence that the reported abuse, neglect, or exploitation has 

occurred.” Section 41-3-102(32), MCA. Detective Hanson’s report does not say that the 
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abuse did not occur, rather it says “[a]s no corroborating evidence exists, recommend the 

case be closed as unfounded.” Indeed, the report’s substance indicates more than an 

“unfounded” report. Further, Gayle Frandsen, a DPHHS employee, testified at the hearing 

that her records indicated the 1999 D.M. investigation was closed as “unsubstantiated, no 

charges being filed.” 

¶62 The report was classified by DPHHS as unsubstantiated, and therefore § 41-3-

202(5)(c)(i), MCA, applies. That section provides that unsubstantiated reports are destroyed 

“within 30 days after the end of the 3-year period starting from the date the report was 

determined to be unsubstantiated.” Section 41-3-202(5)(c)(i), MCA. Under this statute, the 

destruction date of the report would have been after Riggs’ trial. 

¶63 We find no ineffectiveness on Watson’s part for failing to attempt to exclude Riggs’

statements under § 41-3-202(5)(b), MCA. It does not apply to the 1999 report. Heddings, 

¶ 33.

CONCLUSION

¶64 For the reasons stated above, we affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Riggs’ 

Petition. Because we find no ineffective assistance of counsel on Riggs’ individual claims, 

there can be no cumulative error. 

¶65 Affirmed. 

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur:

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ BETH BAKER