[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 16

- 12031 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________

Agency No. A205

- 375

- 768

YUNIOR LOPEZ

- PINEDA, Petitioner,

versus U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent.

________________________ Pet ition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

________________________ (July 13, 2017) Before ED CARNES , Chief Judge, MARCUS and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 1 of 92 In June 2012 the Department of Homeland Security charged Yunior Lopez

Pineda , a citizen of Guatemala, with being removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) , as an immigrant who, at the time of his application for admission, was not in possession of a valid entry or travel document

. Through counsel, Lopez

- Pineda filed an applicati on for withholding of removal and for protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degr ading Treatment or Punishment

. 1 In November 2014 a n Immigration Judge denied his applications for relief and ordered him removed to Guatemala. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed the IJ’s order and denied Lopez

- Pineda’s motion to remand. Lopez

- Pineda now petitions for review of the BIA’s decision

. I. Lopez

- Pineda contends tha t the BIA’s conclusion that he was not eligible for withholding of removal was not supported by substantial evidence. He argues that the BIA failed to consider that he is subject to persecution because he belongs to a “particular social group” comprised of young “indigenous business entrepreneurs.”

“ In a petition for review of a BIA decision, we review conclusions of law de novo and factual determinations under the substantial evidence test. ” Gonzalez v. U.S. A tt ’y Gen. , 820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016)

. U nder the highly

1 Because he filed his application more than one year after arriving in the United States, Lopez

- Pineda conceded that he was not eligible for asylum. See 8 C.F.R. § 208.4(a).

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 2 of 93 deferential substantial evidence test , “we view the record evide nce in the light most favorable to the [ BIA’s ] decision and draw all reasonable inferenc es in favor of that decision.” Adefemi v. Ashcroft , 386 F.3d 1022, 1026

– 27 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc)

. We must affirm the BIA’s decision “if it is supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” D

Muhumed v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 388 F.3d 814, 818 (11th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted); see Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 327 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003) (“ To reverse the [BIA’s] fact findings, we must find that the record not only
suppo rts reversal, but compels it.”). In this case, “we revi ew only the BIA’ s decision because the BIA did not expressly adopt the IJ ’ s opinion or reasoning .” Zhang v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 572 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2009)

. To qualify for withholding of removal, a petitioner must establish that his “life or freedom would be threatened” in his country because of his “race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b )(3)(A); see Rodriguez v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 735 F .3d 1302, 1308 (11th Cir. 2013) (“ The applicant must demonstrate that he would more likely than
not be persecuted upon being returned to his country of origin .”)

. A petitioner may satisfy his burden of proof by showing either “(1) past persecution in his count ry based on a protected ground, in which case a rebuttable presumption is created that his life or freedom would be threatened if he r eturned to his country; or (2) a future

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 3 of 94 threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his country .” Delgado v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 487 F .3d 855, 861 (11th Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). Per secution is an “ extreme concept ” that “ requires more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, u naccompanied by any physical punishment, infliction of harm, or significant deprivation of liberty

. ” Shi v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 707 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th Cir. 2013). In determining whether an alien has suffered past persecution, the factfinder must conside r the cumulative effect of the alleged acts. Delgado , 487 F .3d at 861

. The statute governing withholding of removal protect s “ not only against persecution by government forces, but also against persecution by non

- governmental groups that the government cannot control .” Ruiz v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 440 F.3d 1247, 1257 (11th Cir. 2006)

. However, e vidence that is consistent with acts of private violence or shows that the petitioner has been the victim of criminal activity does not, on its own, constitute evid ence of persecution based on a statutorily protected ground. Id. at 1258. Even assuming that a “particular social group” of indigenous entrepreneurs exists and Lopez

- Pineda falls within that group , t he record does not compel the conclusion that he suffered past persecution based on a protected ground. Mendoza , 327 F.3d at 1287. T he evidence shows that three or four gang members approached Lopez

- Pineda on five different occasions and demanded money from

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 4 of 95 him. They never physically attacked him or u sed any weapons against him , but he could see that they had knives. He gave them money the first two times but had no money to give them when they approached him the other three times. A fter the last encounter, t he gang members threate ne d to kill him if he didn’t pay them within 24 hours . Lopez

- Pineda fled Guatemala three weeks later

. The gang members did not harass or attack his family before or after he fled the country. The gang members’ actions, considered cumulatively, do not amount to persecution based on a protected ground. A ccording to Lopez

- Pineda’s own testimony, the gang members confronted him because they knew he ran a successful business and had a significant amount of money on him so that he could buy repair parts

— not because he was a member of an indigenous entrepreneur
group . E vidence that one is a victim of criminal activity is not evidence of persecution based on a statutorily protected ground. Ruiz , 440 F.3d at 1258. T he BIA consider ed whether Lopez

- Pineda was a member of a “particular social group” and concluded that, even if he were, the evidence showed “the central reason the criminal street gang targeted [him] was due to its criminal intent to extort him of the money he earned from his business repairing and installing electronics.” As a result, although the evidence shows that gang members held up Lopez

- Pineda, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that he ha d

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 5 of 96 not suffered past persecution based on protected ground. See Rodriguez , 735 F.3d at 1308. Because Lopez

- Pineda did not show past persecution, it was still his burden to show “ a future threat to his life or freedom on a protected ground in his country .” Delgado , 487 F.3d at 861. An applicant who has not shown past persecution “ cannot demonstrate that his or her life or freedom would be threatened if the [IJ] finds that the applicant could avoid a future threat to his or her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the proposed country of removal and, under all the circum stances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do so. ” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16 (b)(2). It is the petitioner’s burden to show “ that it would not be reason able for him

. . . to relocate ” within the particular country

. Id. § 208.16 (b)(3)(i). Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Lopez

- Pineda could relocate within Guatemala to avoid any potential future threat to his life or freedom. The record shows that Lopez

- Pineda comp leted his bachelor’s degree in

e lectro nic e ngineeri ng and e lectricity, was an honor roll student, and successfully owned and operated an electronic repair work shop out of his home. He is young, he althy, educated, and hardworking

. See id. § 208.16(b)(3) (listing factors to consider in determining the reasonableness of relocations).

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 6 of 97 A lthough Lopez

- Pineda submitted articles suggesting that discrimination against indigenous people exists across Guatemala , that evidence is not enough to show a “future threat to his life or freedom” because he is an indig enous entrepreneur. Lopez

- Pineda never identified the ethnicities of the gang members who accosted him or provided evidence that his status as an indigenous entrepreneur played a role in the gang members’ motivation. Instead, t he evidence showed that the y targeted him because he had money , and there is no evidence suggesting that he would face a future threat to his life or freedom in other parts of Guatemala from those or other gang members

. As a result, Lopez

- Pineda did not demonstrate that he more likely than not would be persecuted on a protected ground if forced to return to Guatemala

. Mendoza , 327 F.3d at 1287. S ubstantial evidence supports the BIA’s de nial of withholding of removal. II. Lopez

- Pineda also contends that that the BIA abused it s discretion in denying his motion to remand because he provided new evidence that was material and would likely change the outcome of his case . “[I] f a motion to remand seeks to introduce evidence that has not previously been presented, it is generally treated as a motion to reopen

. . . .” Najjar v. Ashcroft , 257 F.3d 1262, 1301 (11th Cir. 2001) . We review for abuse of discretion th e denial of a motion to reopen

. Zhang , 572 F.3d at 1319

. “The moving party

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 7 of 98 b ears a heavy burden ,” and o ur review is limited to determining whether the BIA exercised its discretion “ in an arbitrary or capricious manner. ” Id. A motion to reopen must state the “new facts that will be proven at a hearing to be held if the motion is granted and shall be supported by affidavits or other evidentiary material.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). “A motion to reopen proceedings shall not be granted unless it appears to the [BIA] that evidence sought to be offered is material and was not available and could not have been discov ered or presented at the former hearing.” Id. T he alien must show that the “new evidence offered would likely change the result in the case. ” Ali v. U.S. Att’y Gen. , 443 F .3d 804, 813 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). As the movant, Lopez

- Pineda bore the “heavy burden ” of proving that the BIA abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen

. Lopez

- Pineda points to a report and four articles that he submitted to the BIA documenting the history of the “[p]ersecution of indigenous people in Guatemala.” Except for one article, all of the documents predate the IJ’s decision , and Lopez

- Pineda does not explain how that evidence “ was not available and could not have been discovered or presented at the former hearing .” See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). The article dated after the IJ’s decision discusses the arrest of an indigenous activist who “was denouncing human rights violations” and “defending the natural resources of [indigenous] communities.” But Lopez

- Pineda fails to connect that arrest to the likelihood that

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 8 of 99 he would be persecuted if he return s to Guatemala

. Because Lopez

- Pineda did not offer any new evidence “likely [to] change the result in [his] case,” Ali , 443 F.3d at 813, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying his m otion to reopen. 2 PETITION DENIED.

2 In his brief to this Court, Lopez

- Pineda made only passing references to the denial of his claim for protection under the CAT. As a result, he has abandoned that claim, and we do not consider it. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co. , 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (“[A]n appellant abandons a claim when he either makes only passing references to it or raises it in a perfunctory manner without supporting arguments and authority.”).

Case: 16-12031 Date Filed: 07/13/2017 Page: 9 of 9