| DEPOSITION IN HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT |
AS A FUNCTION PARTICLE DIAMETER

1.0
Total Deposition .
impaction
os -| a . sedimentation
> diffusion interception H
2 i
o i
Soe Extrathoracic H
5 Deposition
3 |
ti Ss
i 2 henea| Alveolar
i s Deposition
i irs i
i 0.2 + i |
i Tracheobronchial |
ii Deposition i
i H
i 0.0 + i
| 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
| Diameter (yum)
ki Nasal Breathing and Selected Parameters: Q = 500 cm’s; V = 1500 cm?; FRC = 3300 cm and f= 10
_ _ — —— :
= seen: =

| © LOG NORMAL CURVES WERE FITTED TO
NORMALIZED COUNT DISTRIBUTIONS DETECTED
BY SMPS.

_ © MASS MEDIAN DIAMETERS (MMD) OF MASS
DISTRIBUTIONS WERE CALCULATED FROM COUNT
MEDIAN DIAMTERS AND GEOMETRIC STANDARD
DEVIATIONS OF CORRESPONDING NUMBER
DISTRIBUTIONS USING HATCH-CHOATE EQUATION.

| © PARTICLE MASS WAS ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF i
AN ASSUMED PARTICLE DENSITY OF 1 g/cm:?- i



_— +

CONCLUSIONS

| © HENCE, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT COUNT BASED
ANALYSIS OF PM EMISSIONS BE.CONDUCTED IN
ADDITION TO MASS BASED EMISSIONS.

© EXHAUST AFTERTREATMENT DEVICES SHOULD BE
| OPTIMIZED FOR REDUCTIONS IN MASS AND
NUMBER OF PM EMISSIONS



08

04

0.0 aw | | ||

ENGINE PAP. FILTER or cate

Normalized Particle Count, [fraction]

TRAP,
Engine Operating Mode

Lome

Isuzu C-240, Steady-State, R-75, Diesel No. 2, Normalized Particle Number
Concentrations, Regional Deposition of DPM, Deposition in Alveolar Region,
Effects of After-treatment Process

MG, 20 D2, 40 mph

Bus Number

[TD] Messe avecter
Orion/DDC 6V92 TA, Bus 2034 without OCC, Steady-State, Diesel No. 2 (D2) and

Mossgas (MG), Normalized Particle Mass Concentrations, Regional Deposition of
DPM, Deposition in Alveolar Region, Effects of Fuel Formulation



R100 R75 1100 150
Engine Operating Mode

Diesel, Measured EES] F-T, Measured

PE oiceesaivootor [fff] F-7- Atvootar

Isuzu C-240, Steady-State, Diesel No. 2 and F-T Synthetic Diesel, Untreated Exhaust,
Normalized Particle Mass Concentrations, Regional Deposition of DPM,
Effects of Fuel Formulation

Isuzu C-240, Steady-State, Diesel No. 2 and F-T Synthetic Diesel, Untreated Exhaust,
Normalized Particle Number Concentrations, Regional Deposition of DPM,
Effects of Fuel Formulation



os

06

04

Normalized Particle Count, [fraction}

02

0.0

‘2048 (with OCC) -2030(wio OCC) 2034 (wio OCC)
‘Bus Number

[TD] messes Avootr

Orion/DDC 6V92 TA, Steady-State, 30 mph, Mossgas Synthetic Diesel, Normalized
Particle Number Concentrations, Regional Deposition of DPM, Deposition in
Alveolar Region, Vehicle-to-Vehicle Variation

CONCLUSIONS

© USE OF SYNTHETIC DIESEL (F-T DIESEL) SHOWED A
REDUCTION IN PM MASS EMISSION RATES BUT AND

INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

DEPOSITED IN THE ALVEOLAR REGION.

® THE USE OF AN OCC AND CATALYZED TRAP
RESULTED IN REDUCTIONS IN THE PARTICLE MASS
' EMISSIONS AND LOWERED MASS DEPOSITION IN

THE ALVEOLAR REGION. HOWEVER, THERE WAS
| AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES
DEPOSITED IN THE ALVEOLAR REGION.

i



Alex Bugarski, Mridul Gautam 7
West Virginia University

Morgantown

USA

Size Distribution and Deposition in Human Respiratory Tract:
Particle Mass and Number


Normalized Particle Mass, fraction]

‘Normalized Particle Count, fraction}

08

os

04

02

0.0

08

06

04

02

Fuel and Speed

[TT] mesures Aveoier
Orion/DDC 6V92 TA, Bus 2034 without OCC, Steady-State, Diesel No. 2 (D2) and

Mossgas (MG), Normalized Particle Number Concentrations, Regional Deposition of
DPM, Deposition in Alveolar Region, Effects of Fuel Formulation

72048 (with OCC)

[I] Messuros I Avecier

Orion/DDC 6V92 TA, Steady-State, 30 mph, Mossgas Synthetic Diesel, Normalized
Particle Mass Concentrations, Regional Deposition of DPM, Deposition in Alveolar
Region, Vehicle-to-Vehicle Variation



BACKGROUND

© THE MODEL DISTINGUISHES FIVE ANATOMICAL
REGIONS:

®NASAL REGION

®EXTRATHORACIC REGION DURING MOUTH
BREATHING

® TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AIRWAY

®BRONCHIOLAR AIRWAY

* ALVEOLAR REGION

®NOSE, EXTRATHORACIC AND TRACHEO-
BRONCHIAL REGIONS

*INERTIAL IMPACTION AND BROWNIAN
DIFFUSION

® TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AIRWAY
®SEDIMENTATION AND BROWNIAN DIFFUSION

® ALVEOLAR REGION

®GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING AND BROWNIAN



OBJECTIVES |

© TO DETERMINE THE REGIONAL DEPOSITION OF

i PARTICULATE MATTER IN HUMAN LUNGS FOR A
Hl VARIETY OF STEADY-STATE ENGINE OPERATING
CONDITIONS, FUEL FORMULATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS OF AFTERTREATMENT DEVICES. i

| © TO CHARACTERIZE THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND
MASS EMISSION RATES OF PARTICULATE MATTER
EMISSIONS FROM OFF-ROAD AND ON-HIGHWAY |
HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES OPERATING ON |
CONVENTIONAL DIESEL, AND ULTRA-LOW SULFUR |
SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUELS. |

|

i BACKGROUND

REGIONAL DEPOSITION IS DEFINED AS THE |
FRACTION OF PARTICLES INSPIRED WHICH IS i
DEPOSITED IN THE REGION OF INTEREST. \

MODEL FOR POLYDISPERSED AEROSOLS (0.5 nm !
TO 15 pm) DEVELOPED KOBRITCH, RUDOLF, AND i
STAHLHOFEN (1994) WAS EMPLOYED. |

HOWEVER, REGIONAL DEPOSITION IN HUMANS
HAS SO FAR ONLY BEEN MEASURED WITH
PARTICLES WITH DIAMETERS GREATER THAN \
100 nm.
i



Size Distribution and Deposition in Human
Respiratory Tract:

Particle Mass and Number

‘Aleksandar Bugarski and Mridul Gautam

National Research Center for Alternative
Transportation Fuels, Engines and Emissions

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering |
West Virginia University

(MAUDERLY et al.)

°FINER PARTICLES PENETRATE MORE READILY INTO
CELLS AND THROUGH TISSUE BARRIERS

°FINER PARTICLES HAVE GREATER SURFACE AREA PER
UNIT MASS, AND A LARGE NUMBER OF TOXIC REACTIONS
OCCUR AT THE SURFACE

°FINER PARTICLES DISSOLVE MORE READILY THAN
LARGER PARTICLES THUS ENHANCING THE BIO-
AVAILABILITY OF SOLUBILIZED COMPOUNDS

© EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT THE
IMPORTANCE OF ULTRAFINES REMAINS SPECULATIVE i

_—— peecnrennreereneneenmneel