# EUR-Lex - 52012DC0072 - EN

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# 52012DC0072

**REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS The application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE) /* COM/2012/072 final */**

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REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE
AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS

The application of Council Regulation (EC)
No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society
(SCE)

(Text with EEA relevance)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1........... Introduction.................................................................................................................... 4

2........... The aim of the Statute..................................................................................................... 4

3........... Application of the SCE Statute:
The inventory of SCEs.................................................... 5

4........... positive and negative factors
affecting the setting up of an SCE, according to the public consultation     6

4.1........ General trend.................................................................................................................. 6

4.2........ Positive and cooperative-specific
drivers for setting up an SCE........................................ 6

4.3........ Evaluation of other alleged
advantages............................................................................. 6

4.4........ Negative factors............................................................................................................. 7

5........... Reasons for the relative lack of
success of the SCE statute............................................... 7

6........... The question of simplification........................................................................................... 7

7........... Trends on the distribution of SCEs.................................................................................. 8

8........... Reporting on specific issues and
possible amendments to the regulation............................ 8

8.1........ Reporting on specific issues
referred to Article 79 of the Regulation................................. 8

8.2........ Simplification of references to
national laws..................................................................... 9

9........... CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................... 10

1.
Introduction

The European Cooperative Society Regulation
(SCE from its Latin name ‘Societas Cooperativa Europaea’) was adopted on 22
July 2003[1],
two years after the adoption of the European Company Statute (SE from its Latin
name Societas Europaea)[2].
The SCE Regulation is complemented by Council Directive 2003/72/EC on the
involvement of employees in the SCE (‘SCE Directive’)[3]. The deadline for adapting
national legislation to the Regulation and Directive on the SCE was set for 18
August 2006.

2.
The aim of the Statute

The Statute’s main objective is to
facilitate the cross-border and trans-national activities of cooperatives[4]. Like the SE Statute, the
European Cooperative Society (SCE) Statute is an optional legal instrument. For
their cross-border activities/operations, firms can opt to take the legal form
of an SCE or that of a national cooperative.

An SCE can be created in any of the
following ways:

·
by converting a national cooperative which has
establishments in another Member State;

·
by merging two or more cooperatives from
different Member States;

·
by five or more natural persons and companies of
any legal business form operating in different countries;

·
by two companies or five natural persons resident
in at least two Member States.

In all these cases there is necessarily a transnational
element, since the founders must come from at least two countries.

The purpose of the SCE statute is to remove
legal obstacles to the creation and management of cooperative groups from different
Member States. Their cross-border business activities are hampered by the disparities
between the laws on cooperatives that apply in different countries. The SCE Regulation
seeks to limit these problems by allowing cooperatives to restructure themselves
through cross-border mergers. It allows an SCE to transfer its registered
office to a Member State other than the one where it was first established. The
Regulation empowers an SCE to choose the system of corporate governance that suits
it best. It may be a one- or two-tier system; the Board of Directors may or may
not have a supervisory committee.

Article 79 of the
SCE Regulation requires the Commission to present a report on its application
five years after its entry into force. This report has to include, where
appropriate, proposals for amending the Regulation. The application of the
Directive, which provides for arrangements for the involvement of employees in
the SCE, was reviewed in 2010[5].

To gather the
necessary data for this report, the European Commission’s Directorate-General
for Enterprise and Industry (DG ENTR) commissioned an external study[6], which was delivered in
September 2010. In April 2011, DG ENTR launched a public consultation on the
results and recommendations of this study. At the same time, in the Single
Market Act[7],
the Commission said it intended to examine whether the SCE Regulation needed
revising or simplifying to serve the interests of cooperatives better.

In its
Communication on the Social Business Initiative – adopted on 25 October 2011[8] – the Commission said that,
depending on the results of the public consultation, it might propose simplifying
the SCE Regulation, making it more independent of national laws and making it
easier to set up social cooperatives.

The findings of
the public consultation were published soon afterwards, in November 2011[9]. This report is based on those
findings.

3.
Application of the SCE Statute: The inventory of
SCEs

In November 2011, 24
SCEs were registered in the 30 EU/EEA Member States, as follows: five in Italy;
seven in Slovakia; one each in France, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Spain
and Sweden; three in Hungary, two in Germany and two in Belgium. The SCE
Regulation was due to enter into force in 2006. However, the large majority of
Member States failed to meet this deadline. As of December 2011, three Member
States had not yet taken the necessary steps to ensure the effective
application of the Regulation.

The Annex to this report contains more
detailed information on the inventory of SCEs and their characteristics.

4.
positive and negative factors affecting the
setting up of an SCE, according to the public consultation
4.1.
General trend

According to the professional organisations,
there is no general trend applying to all cooperatives. When deciding whether to
create a national cooperative or an SCE, or when assessing the best country in
which to register an SCE, one of the most important issues to consider is taxation.
The SCE Statute however, does not regulate taxation, since this is governed by
the laws of the country where the SCE is based. Thus, the taxation of
cooperatives’ revenues and corporate tax, taxation of profits or surpluses
within the hands of the co-operators and taxation of indivisible reserves still
differs from one country to another.

After taxation, the other issues to
consider - in descending order of importance - are national labour law
requirements, and the complexity and relative strictness of the national legislation
on cooperatives. When deciding where to register a cooperative, business people
will also prefer a country with good communication networks and a
business-friendly administrative environment.

4.2.
Positive and cooperative-specific drivers for
setting up an SCE

Cooperatives and professional organisations
say that the most important benefit of setting up an
SCE is to have a European image. This image may help the founders of a
cooperative to penetrate markets where a European brand is more marketable than
a national one. This applies mostly in areas such as the provision of social
services.

A number of organisations
also say that the right to create an SCE is an advantage for cooperative
operators, because it allows them to stress their affiliation to the
cooperative movement in general when they want to set up a subsidiary in
another country, or a cross-border joint venture. Some stakeholders
see the SCE Statute as having a symbolic character,
because it raises the profile of social-economy businesses. Cooperatives point
out that their business model differs from traditional capital based companies.
It relies on solidarity, democratic governance, members’ participation and
proximity to members and customers – seeking to satisfy their interests rather
than the interests of managers.

4.3.
Evaluation of other alleged advantages

Most stakeholders do not see the supra-national
character of an SCE as a potential advantage when carrying out cross-border
structural changes in a group. Only large cooperative financial establishments
and mutual insurance societies seem interested in that feature of the SCE, seeing
it as helpful in reorganising and simplifying their group structure. As
of December 2011, however, no such SCEs had been created.

The possibility of transferring the
registered office to another Member State is seen neither as an essential
driver nor as a real comparative advantage of the SCE compared to national
companies. This question was raised in the public consultation, but there were
no replies. In practice, no SCE had transferred its registered office as of December
2011.

The public consultation also asked
stakeholders whether they valued the opportunity to create an SCE in order to carry
out a cross-border merger. None of them saw this as an important driver.
As of December 2011, the Commission has no information on any such operation.

Nor do firms appear interested in converting
a national cooperative into an SCE: stakeholders made no comments on this
option.

4.4.
Negative factors

The consultation with stakeholders has
revealed several problems in applying the SCE Regulation. These apply to both setting
up and running an SCE.

The most significant problem for setting up
SCEs is lack of awareness about the SCE among the business community.
The most important negative drivers are set-up costs, the complex
procedures to be followed (because of the numerous references to national
law) and legal uncertainty as to which law applies in each case.

A number of stakeholders also see the
minimum capital requirement of € 30 000 as an obstacle, at least
for natural persons wishing to set up small SCEs in order to cooperate across borders.
However, the alternative view is that having sufficient capital shows that a
business is serious.

Some respondents consider the rules on employee
involvement as a negative driver as, in their view, they are cumbersome and
complex. These rules are also considered disproportionate where only few
employees are concerned. However, workers' organisations and other respondents
do not point to problems in this area.

5.
Reasons for the relative lack of success of the
SCE statute

People responding to the consultation argue that the SCE statute
has been relatively unsuccessful not only because it is complex but also mainly
because firms that choose to operate as a cooperative tend to be well anchored
in their local territory. After all, the purpose of a cooperative is to serve
the members who participate directly in the democratic management of the firm.

The overwhelming majority of cooperatives are small businesses
operating within national borders. A number of stakeholders’ organisations
therefore doubt whether the SCE statute offers any advantage. In addition, people
setting up cooperatives tend to rely on their own national laws, which they
know better.

Some also point out that
the SCE Regulation was implemented very late (indeed, several years too late) in
many Member States, even in countries such as France, Italy and Spain where the
cooperative movement is very strong,

6.
The question of simplification

All stakeholders tend to believe that the
complexity of the instrument is a major obstacle to the success of the SCE. The
European organisation representing all national and sectoral federations of cooperatives
in the EU says that national cooperative laws seem simpler and more flexible.
According to several stakeholders, the complexity of the Regulation (with its
multiple references to national legislation) deters not only cooperatives but
also other types of firm that might otherwise be interested in organising their
activities through an SCE.

Stakeholders are unanimous that the SCE
Regulation badly needs simplifying if it is to be more widely used by firms
both large and small. Because of its many references
to national law, this type of Regulation does not offer any real benefit for
cooperatives.

In fact, as of December
2011, none of the large cooperative groups, which operate,
or plan to operate, at European level has used the SCE instrument. One very large
group in the retail distribution sector, bringing together national
cooperatives, which are leaders in their home markets, has chosen to create a
cooperative under Belgian law rather than an SCE. Similarly, an important
merger of farm and dairy sector cooperatives in Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands
did not take place via an SCE[10].

7.
Trends on the distribution of SCEs

There is no positive correlation between
the strength and importance of the cooperative movement in a country and the
number of SCEs in that country. France, Germany, Italy and Spain are examples
of countries where firms have shown little interest in setting up SCEs, even
though the national authorities actively promote the cooperative movement, and
national organisations give cooperatives strong technical and legal support.

Furthermore, a small number of Member
States seem to be hosting a number of 'shelf' or inactive SCEs, following the
similar practice on 'shelf' SEs. These are companies with no activities,
created by professional providers in these countries and available for sale. It
seems that operators from abroad buy ready-made shelf SCEs mainly to save time
and costs, and to avoid the complex set-up procedure and negotiations on
employee involvement. The Commission has little information on what becomes of shelf
SCEs once they have been activated.

8.
Reporting on specific issues and possible
amendments to the regulation
8.1.
Reporting on specific issues referred to Article
79 of the Regulation

Under Article 79 of the SCE Regulation,
this report must examine whether it is appropriate to allow an SCE’s head
office and registered office to be located in different Member States. It must
also consider whether provisions in the statutes of an SCE should be allowed to
deviate from, or complement, the national laws on cooperatives, even when such
exceptions are not granted to local cooperatives.

These two questions are raised in an
identical way by the SE Regulation, since they relate to the functioning and
operation of both European Companies and European Cooperatives.

Under Article 79, this report must also
consider whether it is appropriate to allow provisions that enable an SCE to
split into two or more national cooperatives, and whether to allow for specific
legal remedies in the case of fraud or error when registering an SCE created by
a merger. These two questions specifically relate to SCEs, since there is no
legislation in this area similar to the 3rd, 6th and 10th
company law directives[11]
applicable to public limited companies.

On none of these questions does the
Commission have sufficient evidence from which to draw clear conclusions. This
is because so few SCEs have been created and because the Regulation was brought
into force very late in the Member States. The following points, however, stand
out:

·
The question of whether to allow the head office
or main administration of an SCE to be located in a country other than that of its
registered office does not seem to be of concern to the cooperative movement.
There were no comments on this point from stakeholders who replied to the
consultation. Cooperatives are enterprises with strong links to local
communities and need to maintain a strong relationship with the territories in
which they operate, just as traditional capital companies do.

·
The question of whether to allow the articles of
association of an SCE to deviate from local laws on cooperatives is an issue
that preoccupies all stakeholders. Opinion is divided on whether SCEs should be
given more autonomy from national laws. The majority of respondents believe
that the SCE Regulation should give cooperative members the flexibility to choose
the governance model and structure that will best serve their objectives and
needs. However, a number of replies expressed serious reservations, saying that
this autonomy may allow an SCE to deviate from the principles and values of the
cooperative business model. Respondents also said that SCEs should not be
exempt from mandatory rules on the protection of minority members' or
employees’ rights.

·
The questions on the division of an SCE into two
or more national cooperatives and on remedies if a merger is cancelled do not
seem to concern cooperatives, at least until now. As of December 2011, no SCE appears
to have been created by merger.

8.2.
Simplification of references to national laws

The SCE Regulation was partly based on the SE
statute adopted two years earlier. A large number of the SCE rules which are of
general application, and not cooperative-specific repeat the similar provisions
agreed in the Council and the EP at the time of the adoption of the SE. These
include the rules on mergers, on the hierarchy of applicable laws and on transferring
the headquarters of a company, as well as the requirement for a cross-border
element.

The text of the SCE Regulation also contains
many references to the national legislation on either cooperatives or public
limited companies with share capital. For example, an SCE must hold a
shareholders’ general meeting at least once a year, unless the national law on
national cooperatives provides for more frequent meetings, or if there is a merger
to protect creditors, it must be governed by the national law on mergers of
public limited-liability companies.

In addition, the SCE Regulation contains a
series of options or references that allow Member States to dictate a particular
behaviour to the SCE. These often begin with the words ‘a Member State may
provide’. For example, in the event of a merger, a Member State may adopt
provisions to ensure appropriate protection for members who have opposed the
merger. Others use wording such as ‘Where the laws of the Member State of
the SCE’s registered office so permit’.

To simplify the Regulation, the more than
30 Articles containing such options and references can be grouped into three
main categories. First, there are articles regulating issues that are common to
the SCE and SE Regulations. Second, there are provisions that make a direct
reference to public limited company (plc) law. Third, there are rules containing
references and options that regulate cooperative-specific activities and issues.

·
For articles in the first category, the
Commission intends to propose amendments of these provisions, if appropriate,
in line with the ongoing reflection on potential amendments to the corresponding
articles in the SE Regulation. The issues are identical and solutions should be
the same for both Regulations.

·
For articles in the second category, the
Commission believes it should extensively consult stakeholders on whether the
references to public limited companies are still necessary. Some stakeholders
have said that these references tend to neglect the existing national
legislation on cooperatives. Furthermore, not all Member States have
legislation specific to cooperatives.

·
For articles in the third category, where the Regulation
says that a given rule will apply to an SCE only if this is permitted by
national law, the Commission will consult stakeholders on ways to make the SCE Regulation
more independent of national laws.

9.
CONCLUSION

Following this report, the Commission
intends to consult stakeholders on whether and how to simplify the SCE
Regulation. For this purpose, it is co-hosting two large conferences to
celebrate the 2012 UN International Year of Cooperatives. The first, in April
2012, will be held in Brussels and will be attended by stakeholders'
organisations. The second will take place in September 2012, during the Cyprus
Presidency, and will bring together representatives of the Member States.

In these fora, the Commission will ask stakeholders
whether individual articles should be simplified by deleting and replacing the
references to public company law, and whether the SCE Regulation can be made
more independent of national laws.

In a broader context, the question of the
European legal forms, such as the SE or the SCE, and the need for their review
also forms part of the ongoing reflection on the future of EU Company Law. The
results of this reflection will help the Commission’s assessment on the
necessity and, if appropriate, on the instruments to be used in order to meet
the demand of business in Europe for a more level playing field, better
regulation and simplification.

ANNEX

The application of Council Regulation 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on
the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE)

1.         Introduction

This Annex accompanies the Commission Report on the implementation
of the SCE Regulation. It provides an inventory and a description of existing
SCEs.

2.         Inventory of SCEs

According to the information received by
the study[12]
and the data contained in the list on existing SCEs of Libertas Institute,
Germany[13],
by 22 November 2011, 24 SCEs were registered in the EU/EEA Member States.

Information on the number of existing SCEs was obtained mainly by
national experts engaged in the SCE study. This number has been matched with
the information from the Official journal of the EU (OJEU see below) and TED
(Tender Electronic Daily). In the OJEU some SCEs (two out of 24) do not show up
at all; 13 appear under the “SE” label; another 3 under the “EEIG” label; only
seven under the “SCE” label. The fact that the OJEU misses many European forms
of legal entities is a point which other researchers have already raised while
investigating SE Regulation implementation[14].

The number of SCEs increased from 2006 to 2009. In 2010
and 2011 fewer new SCEs were created than in 2009. The number of new SCEs set up each year from 2006 to November 2011 was 1 in 2006, 5 in
2008, 8 in 2009, 7 in 2010 and 3 in 2011.

3.         SCEs and their characteristics

3.1.      Nationality of founders

There is very few information on the nationality of the founders
involved in the creation of the existing SCEs. The Regulation does not require
such data to be published when the SCE is registered. According to Article 13,
notice of an SCE's registration shall be published only for information
purposes in the Official Journal of the EU, comprising the name, number, date
and place of registration of the SCE, the date and place of publication in its
home country, the registered office and its sector of activity. These data are
normally forwarded to the Office for Official Publications of the EU by the
national register within one month of the registration of the SCE in its home
country.

According to the study, out of the five Italian SCEs one is created
with a Finish and a Spanish partners, a second with a French mutual, and a
third with a Maltese co-founder. There is no detailed information other than
the one required by the Regulation about 9 SCEs (six Slovak, one French, one
German and one Hungarian). Missing information is due to the fact that either
some of the concerned SCEs are newly established or that SCEs refused to
provide requested information to national experts when the study was performed.

3.2.      Geographical mapping

Slovakia is the country with the most
registered SCEs - 7, but at the same time 6 of them could be considered as
shelf SCEs as they are registered on the same address and have the same
activity. Italy ranks second with 5 SCEs, which is consistent with the fact
that Italy is a country where cooperatives are well developed and promoted by
the State pursuant to the constitutional provision of art. 45. The absence of a
national implementation law has not discouraged people to set up an SCE in
Italy. Belgium and Hungary follow. In 20 countries (18 MSs and 2 EEA countries)
no SCEs have been established.

3.3. Methods of creation

Concerning the 14 SCEs on which
there are available data in this regard, all of them have been formed ex
novo (or ex nihilo) in accordance with the first, second and third
indents of Art. 2, par. 1, SCE R., that is,

(a) “by
five or more natural persons resident in at least two Member States”;

(b) “by
five or more natural persons and companies and firms ...resident in, or
governed by the law of at least two different Member States”;

(c) “by
companies and firms ...which are governed by the law of at least two different
Member States.

To be more precise, six SCEs have
been formed in accordance with (a) above; another six in accordance with (b)
above; and yet another two in accordance with (c) above. The method of
formation of other SCEs is still not known. Formation via merger or conversion
did not take place.

There is no information about transfer
of registered office. There is no information about
liquidated SCEs or converted to a national legal form SCEs.

Article 1, par. 2 of the
Regulation states that “unless otherwise provided by the statutes of the SCE
when that SCE is formed, no member shall be liable for more than the amount
he/she has subscribed. Where the members of the SCE have limited liability, the
name of the SCE shall end in ‘limited’”. Regarding the legal form, 13 of 24
SCEs are registered as “limited”: 7 in Slovakia, 3 in Italy and 3 in Hungary.
However, it is not certain what the degree of liability of the other SCEs is.

3.4. Fields of activities,
board structure, subscribed capital, number of employees

According to the information available most of the existing SCEs
provide services. Seven SCEs could be considered as “social cooperatives” or
social enterprises in the sense of the Social Business Initiative[15] and have objectives like
employment of disadvantaged people, medical consulting, and services in the
area of health. Another seven have real estate activities, two are in the
construction sector and three provide business consulting.

Concerning the board structure, 5 SCEs had chosen the
one-tier[16]
board structure and 10 the two-tier[17]
one. All Italian SCEs had chosen the two-tier system.

15 SCEs were created with a subscribed capital equal or close
to the minimum capital requirement of € 30,000. One SCE was created with €
110,000 of subscribed capital. An average balance sheet cannot be
provided for the existing SCEs due to the lack of information. The net
turnover is known for two SCEs: for 2009 one of them had € 1,000 net
turnover and another one less than € 15,000.

The number of employees in the 12 SCEs for which there is
available data in this regard, counts 32 in total. These people are prevalently
employed by two SCEs (one has 13 employees, the other 10). Six SCEs have only
one or two employees. Four SCEs declared that they do not have any employees.

Table. Existing SCEs (as of 22.11.2011)

Country || Number of SCEs

AUSTRIA || 0

BELGIUM || 2

BULGARIA || 0

CYPRUS || 0

CZECH REP || 0

DENMARK || 0

ESTONIA || 0

FINLAND || 0

FRANCE || 1

GERMANY || 2

GREECE || 0

HUNGARY || 3

ICELAND || 0

IRELAND || 0

ITALY || 5

LATVIA || 0

LIECHTENSTEIN || 1

LITHUANIA || 0

LUXEMBOURG || 0

MALTA || 0

NETHERLANDS || 1

NORWAY || 0

POLAND || 0

PORTUGAL || 0

ROMANIA || 0

SLOVAKIA || 7

SLOVENIA || 0

SPAIN || 1

SWEDEN || 1

UK || 0

TOTAL NUMBER SCEs || 24

[1]               OJ
of 18 August 2003 (L207): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:207:0001:0024:EN:PDF

[2]               Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of 8 October
2001 on the Statute for a European company (SE), OJ L 294, 10.11.2001, p. 1–21,
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc=Regulation&an_doc=2001&nu_doc=2157

[3]               Council Directive 2003/72/EC of 22 July 2003
supplementing the Statute for a European Cooperative Society with regard to the
involvement of employees, OJ
L 207, 18.8.2003, p. 25 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&numdoc=32003L0072&model=guichett&lg=en

[4]               The text was proposed
by the Commission on 1992 together with two other drafts, one for a European
Association and the second for a European Mutual Society, that were withdrawn
by the Commission on 2006, due to lack of progress in the negotiations in the
Council. All three proposals were part of an package on the promotion of
‘Social Economy’ enterprises; the drafts constituted the reply to the claims of
‘social economy’ to be granted the possibility to create their own European
legal forms, and thus to ensure equal terms of competition with the traditional
capital companies. .

[5]               Report form the
Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and
Social Committee and the Committee of Regions on the review of Council Directive 2003/72/EC of 22 July 2003
supplementing the Statute for a European Cooperative Society with regard to the
involvement of employees (COM(2010)0481 of 16.9.2010)

[6]               Study on the
implementation of the Regulation 1435/2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative
Society (SCE):

Executive
Summary and Part I: Synthesis and comparative report: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sce_final_study_part_i.pdf

and
Part II:National Reports: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sce_final_study_part_ii_national_reports.pdf

[7]               COM(2011) 206: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0206:EN:NOT
.

[8]               COM(2011) 682 : http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/social_business/index_en.htm
.

[9]               Summary of responses: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/public-consultation-files/summary_replies_en.pdf

[10]             Coopernic (COOPérative
Européenne de Référencement et de Négoce des Indépendants
Commerçants) Scrl is a European purchasing cooperative of independent
retailers and traders (Centres E. Leclerc, Colruyt, Conad, Coop and Rewe).
The aim of the alliance is to allow
independent retailers to exchange know-how, reduce supply chain costs. In
December 2007, Friesland Foods and Campina announced their intentions to merge.
One year later, in December 2008, they received the approval of the European
competition authorities to become Friesland Campina.

[11]             http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/company/official/index_en.htm#directives

[12]             The table in Appendix
4, Part I of the Study, presents the most relevant data concerning the existing
SCEs: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sce_final_study_part_i.pdf

[13]             Libertas –
Europäisches Institut GmbH: http://www.libertas-institut.com/de/EWIV/List_SCE.pdf

[14]             Eidenmüller, Engert,
Hornuf, Incorporating under European Law: The Societas Europaea as a Vehicle
for Legal Arbitrage, 10th European Business Organisation Law Review (2009)

[15]             COM (2011) 682 : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0682:FIN:EN:PDF

[16]                    A board structure with only one administrative board.

[17]                    A board
structure with a management board and a supervisory board.