Trends in Electrical Injury in the U.S., 1992–2002 

James C. Cawley, Senior Member, IEEE, and Gerald T. Homce 

The authors are with the Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, National Institute 

for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 USA 

Abstract—This paper updates an earlier report by the authors 

that studied electrical injuries from 1992 to 1998. The previous 

information is expanded and supplemented with fatal and nonfatal 

injury rates and trends through 2002. Injury numbers and rates 

were used to compare and trend electrical injury experience for 

various groups and categories. This information allowed identification of at-risk groups that could most benefit from effective 

electrical safety interventions. The data presented in this paper 

are derived from the U.S. Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor 

Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, Survey of Occupational Illnesses and Injuries, and Current Population Survey. Between 1992 and 2002, 3378 workers died from on-the-job 

electrical injuries. Electricity remained the sixth leading cause 

of injury-related occupational death. From 1999 to 2002, 4.7% 

of all occupational deaths were caused by electricity, down from 

5.2% in the 1992–1998 time period. The cause of death was listed 

as electrocution in 99.1% of fatal cases. Contact with overhead 

power lines was involved in 42% of all on-the-job electrical deaths. 

The construction industry accounted for 47% of all electrical 

deaths between 1992 and 2002 but showed overall improvement 

from 1995 to 2002 by reducing its electrical fatality rate from 

2.2 to 1.5 per 100 000 workers. In addition, 46 598 workers were 

nonfatally injured by electricity. Contact with electric current of 

machine, tool, appliance, or light fixture and contact with wiring, 

transformers, or other electrical components accounted for 36% 

and 34% of nonfatal electrical injuries, respectively. Contact with 

underground buried power lines was involved with 1% of fatal 

injuries and 2% of nonfatal injuries. The research of the National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health aimed at evaluating 

commercially available overhead power line proximity warning 

alarms is described. This paper is expected to be the initial step for 

eventual development of a performance standard for such systems. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

ELECTRICAL accidents continue to be a significant cause 

of on-the-job death in U.S. industries. An earlier report by 

the authors [1] examined both fatal and nonfatal occupational 

electrical accidents for the period from 1992 to 1998. This paper 

updates that original work by including more recent fatal and 

nonfatal electrical injury data and supplementing it with injury 

rates and trends. Injury numbers and rates were used to compare 

and trend electrical injury experience for various groups and 

categories. This information allowed identification of at-risk 

groups that could most benefit from effective electrical safety 

interventions. 

A. Data Sources

The fatality data presented in this paper are derived from 

the U.S. Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) 

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI).1 For the years 

between 1992 and 2002, CFOI reports 67 373 occupational 

fatalities. The database includes incident narratives, the source 

of injury, the victim’s occupation, location of the incident, 

work activity at the time of the incident, and other details. 

Each case is verified through at least two documents such as 

a death certificate, news account, or police report. CFOI fatality 

numbers include fatal injuries to all workers but exclude deaths 

from the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Employment 

data used in this paper to compute fatal injury rates are taken 

from the BLS Current Population Survey (CPS).2 CPS data 

represent civilian workers who are 16 years old or older. 

Nonfatal electrical injury data in this paper are derived from 

the BLS Survey of Occupational Illnesses and Injuries (SOII). 

SOII provides an estimate of the nonfatal occupational injuries 

and illnesses that cause days away from work in the U.S. 

each year. SOII is a cooperative program in which employer 

survey reports are collected and processed by state agencies 

cooperating with the BLS. In 2002, for example, 182 000 

business establishments were surveyed, representing nearly the 

entire U.S. private economy. SOII is a statistical estimate based 

on a stratified sample of industry respondents. It contains no 

narrative or work activity information.3 SOII nonfatal injury 

estimates exclude the self-employed, federal, state, and local 

government employees, farms with fewer than 11 employees, 

and private households, but may include workers under the age 

of 16. Unlike CFOI, nonfatal injuries related to the events of 

September 11, 2001 may be included because the SOII 

survey design does not permit BLS to estimate these workers 

separately. 

B. BLS Data Selected for Analysis

The data presented in this paper cover the time period from 

992 to 2002. The year 2002 was the last that industries were 

dentified using the standard industrial classification (SIC) 

ystem. Beginning with 2003 data, both CFOI and SOII began 

o use the North American Industrial Classification System. 

1A more complete discussion of BLS’s available data, methods, and limitaions can be found at the Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities Home Page. 

2For more information about the Current Population Survey, see the BLS 

ebsite at http://www.bls.gov/cps/home.htm. 

3A more complete discussion of BLS’s SOII and its data, methods, and 

limitations can be found at BLS’s Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities Home Page. 

1

i

s

t

t

w
Because of the differences between these two systems, BLS 

advises users against making comparisons between the 2003 

or later industry and occupation categories and similar data 

from previous years.4 For the industry classifications used in 

this paper (SIC), mining includes oil and gas extraction and 

excludes independent mining contractors; agriculture includes 

forestry and fishing as well as landscapers and groundskeepers; 

transportation includes public utilities such as communications, 

electric, gas, water, and sewer; and finance includes insurance 

and real estate. 

Occasionally, some data do not meet publication criteria. 

These data include cases where confidentiality is an issue for 

small case counts, where estimated data have a large standard 

error and where rate data are derived from either of these 

sources. These data are specifically noted on the tables and 

figures. 

Some of the analyses in this paper refer to the “events” that 

were associated with individual electrical injuries. Events used 

in CFOI and SOII are defined and assigned by BLS and include 

the following electrical categories: 

1) contact with electric current, unspecified; 

2) contact with electric current of a machine, tool, appliance, 

or light fixture; 

3) contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical 

components; 

4) contact with overhead power lines; 

5) contact with underground buried power lines; 

6) struck by lightning; 

7) contact with electric current, not elsewhere classified. 

The occupations mentioned in this paper are also defined and 

assigned by BLS for CFOI and SOII. 

TABLE I 

TOP TEN CAUSES OF FATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES, 

BY EVENT, 1992–2002 

4Beginning in 2002, the SOII data were compiled by using new OSHA 

record-keeping guidelines and may not be completely compatible with previous 

years. See www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/12/art2full.pdf for a more complete 

discussion of the differences. 

C. Electrical Injury Rates

The actual numbers of electrical injuries can indicate the 

overall magnitude of various electrical safety issues in the 

workplace. However, they are usually not useful for comparing 

electrical injury experience among different industries, or even 

from year to year in the same industry or group, because 

of differences in employment. Rates of injury normalize the 

data to account for differences in exposed populations and, 

therefore, afford a more direct means to compare the electrical 

safety history of disparate groups.5 

II. ELECTRICAL INJURY DATA 

A. Electrical Fatalities

There were 3378 worker fatalities classified as electrical 

events between 1992 and 2002,6 as shown in Table I. As in 

the 1992–1998 analysis, electricity remained the sixth leading 

cause of injury-related occupational death. Overall, the percentage of deaths from electrical causes from 1999 to 2002 

represents 4.7% of all occupational deaths, down from 5.2% 

for the 1992–1998 time period. In 99.1% of the cases, the cause 

of death is listed as electrocution. 

Table II shows that contact with overhead power lines was 

responsible for 42% of all on-the-job electrical deaths. Contact 

with overhead power lines may occur during their installation, 

maintenance, or repair, tree trimming and pruning, when 

operating or working near high-reaching mobile equipment and 

machinery, or to workers carrying hand-held objects such as 

ladders, tools, or construction materials. Contact with wiring, 

transformers, or other electrical components is the next most 

common event listed, at 26%. This category involves many 

work activities that are normally carried out by electricians. 

Contact with electric current of a machine, tool, appliance, 

or light fixture accounted for 16% of electrical fatalities. This 

injury type most often occurs to electricians, nonconstruction 

laborers, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning workers. 

It is often associated with wiring or grounding problems on 

tools and equipment. Contact with underground buried power 

lines was responsible for about 1% of electrical fatalities and is 

5In this paper, rates of fatal injury per 100 000 workers 16 years old or older 

(in one year) were computed as follows: 

Fatal Injury Rate = (Fatalities during a given year/Employment)×100 000.

For example, in the year 2000, civilian employment was 136 891 000, and 

civilian occupational fatalities totaled 5891, yielding a rate of fatal injury per 

100 000 workers of 4.3. Similarly, by using the number of electrical fatalities 

as the numerator, the electrical contribution to the overall electrical fatality 

rate per 100 000 workers was 0.19. Rates presented in this paper for nonfatal 

injuries were obtained from publicly available BLS data. BLS nonfatal injury 

rates represent the number of days away injuries to 10 000 full-time workers in 

one year. BLS calculated these rates as follows: 

Nonfatal Injury Rate = (Number of injuries/Total hours worked by all 

employees during the calendar year) × 20 000 000

where 20 000 000 = base hours for 10 000 full-time equivalent workers working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year. 6There were 3390 workers whose deaths were attributed to electrical shock 

or electrical burns from 1992 to 2002. Twelve of these deaths were not classified 

as electrical events. The 3378 deaths listed as electrical events were used in this 

analysis. 
generally associated with installation or repair of buried power 

lines. 

Table III shows the number of electrical fatalities in several 

industries. 47% of all electrical deaths between 1992 and 

2002 occurred in construction. The construction industry has 

approximately 7 million wage and salary workers and another 

1.9 million who are self-employed. Nearly two-thirds of establishments in the construction industry employ fewer than five 

people.7 

Agricultural and transportation industries accounted for 12% 

and 11% of all electrical deaths, respectively. Of the 356 

total electrical fatalities in the transportation industry group, 

42% of the workers involved were identified as electric power 

installers and repairers. For electric power line installers and 

repairers, contact with overhead power lines was involved 

in 47% of fatalities, whereas contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components was involved in 33% of 

fatalities. 

TABLE II 

FATAL ELECTRICAL INJURIES FOR ALL INDUSTRIES, 

BY EVENT, 1992–2002 

B. Nonfatal Electrical Injury

Table IV shows the distribution by event of the 46 598 

nonfatal electrical injuries estimated to have occurred from 

1992 to 2002 in the U.S. The percentage of nonfatal accidents 

attributable to specific events is strikingly different than that of 

fatalities. For example, contact with overhead power lines was 

7BLS website: http://stats.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs003.htm. 

involved in only 4% of nonfatal electrical injuries compared 

to 42% for fatalities. Contact with electric current of machine, 

tool, appliance, or light fixture and contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components accounted for 36% and 

34% of nonfatal electrical injuries, respectively. Contact with 

underground buried power lines was involved in 2% of nonfatal 

injuries. 

The BLS “nature of injury” classification was also used 

to examine nonfatal electrical injuries. The nature of injury 

or illness describes the principal physical characteristic of a 

disabling condition, such as an electrical shock or electrical 

burn. BLS classifies all burns from an electrical source (arc 

radiation burns, thermal burns, electrical current conduction 

through a body part, etc.) as electrical burns. Fig. 1 shows that 

nonfatal electrical injuries between 1992 and 2002 included 

over 18 000 burn injuries and over 29 000 electrical shocks. 

The ratio of electrical shock to electrical burn injuries varies 

considerably among the industry groups. 

Table V reports the median number of days away from work 

(due to the injury) for nonfatal injuries, listed by event code 

for each year. Overall, contact with overhead power lines and 

underground power lines resulted in the most severe injuries, as 

measured by days away from work. 

C. Hazardous Occupations

Table VI shows occupations ranked by the total number 

of electrical fatalities sustained in each between 1992 and 

2002. Electricians and their apprentices sustained the most 

electrical fatalities, and electric power installers and repairers 

ranked third. These groups obviously have an increased exposure to electrical hazards, but other occupations listed, such 

as construction laborers and groundskeepers, are typically not 

recognized as having a high risk of electrical injury [2], [3]. 

III. ELECTRICAL FATALITY RATES 

Overall, rates of on-the-job fatality from all causes decreased 

from 1994 to 2002. As shown in Fig. 2, rates of electrical 

fatality generally tracked this overall decline. In 1994, the 

overall fatality rate per 100 000 workers was 5.4. In 2002, it 

declined to 4.0. The electrical fatality rate decreased from 0.28 

in 1992 to a low of 0.19 in 2000 but climbed to 0.21 in both 

2001 and 2002. 

A. Rates by Event

Fig. 3 shows fatal electrical injury rates for 1992–2002 

categorized by the electrical event involved. Data not meeting 

BLS’s publication criteria have been omitted from Figs. 3, 4, 6, 

7, and 11 and are specifically noted on each figure. Contact with 

overhead power lines was clearly the most common type of fatal 

electrical accident. Although yearly fluctuations occurred, it 

generally ranged from 0.10 to 0.12 per 100 000 workers, showing no sustained improvement. The second most common type 

of electrical injury involved was contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components. This category also showed 

no sustained improvement during the study period, remaining in 

the 0.06–0.08 range. Rates for contact with electric current of 
machines, tools, appliances, or light fixtures remained between 

0.03 and 0.04 for the past several years. Rates for all remaining 

types of electrical events remained below 0.02 per 100 000 

workers between 1996 and 2002. 

TABLE III 

NUMBER OF ELECTRICAL FATALITIES, BY INDUSTRY, 1992–2002 

TABLE IV 

NONFATAL ELECTRICAL INJURIES INVOLVING DAYS AWAY FROM WORK, 

PRIVATE INDUSTRY, BY EVENT, 1992–2002 

Fig. 1. Distribution of nonfatal electrical shocks and electrical burns, by 

industry. 

B. Rates by Industry Group

Fig. 4 shows electrical fatality rates in major industry groups. 

As described earlier, the “all-industry” curve is produced by 

dividing the total annual number of electrical fatalities by the 

total employment. The rates for individual industries are calculated similarly but use employment figures for each industry as 

the denominator. 

Three industry groups, construction, mining, and agriculture, 

had electrical fatality rates that were consistently above the allindustry average. The construction industry had the highest rate 

of electrical fatalities each year studied with the exception of 

1993 and 2002 when it was surpassed by the mining industry. 

Construction accounted for 47% of all electrical deaths between 

1992 and 2002, but the industry showed an overall improvement 

between 1995 and 2002, reducing its electrical fatality rate 

from 2.2 to 1.5 per 100 000 workers. The mining industry 

exhibited significant fluctuations in its electrical fatality rate, 

with an increase from 0.8 in 1998 to 1.6 in 2002. The agriculture 

industry data suggest improvement between 1992 and 2000, but 

in 2001 and 2002, electrical fatality rates climbed back to levels 

near those found ten years earlier. The transportation industry 

had electrical fatality rates that remained at or just above the allindustry rates from 1992 to 2002. Since this category includes 

public utility workers, electric power line installation and repair 

may account for many of the fatal electrical injuries. 
TABLE V 

MEDIAN NUMBER OF DAYS AWAY FROM WORK FOR NONFATAL 

ELECTRICAL INJURIES, BY EVENT, 1992–2002 

TABLE VI 

TEN OCCUPATIONS SUSTAINING THE MOST FATAL 

ELECTRICAL INJURIES, 1992–2002 

The manufacturing, wholesale, retail, finance, services, and 

public administration sectors all had electrical fatality rates at 

or below the all-industry average rates for the study period and 

were omitted to simplify Fig. 4. 

C. Rates by Event for Selected Industries

Figs. 5–7 show electrical fatality rates by event for the 

construction, agriculture, and transportation industry groups. 

As already noted, each of these groups had electrical fatality 

rates above the all-industry annual rates between 1992 and 

2002.8 Only the top two or three event categories are included 

for each industry group in order to simplify the figures, but the 

number of fatalities listed (N) represents all electrical fatalities 

for that group, including those omitted for clarity. 

1) Construction Industry: Fig. 5 shows that contact with 

overhead power lines killed more construction workers than 

any other single type of electrical accident from 1992 to 2002, 

but the data for this category suggest a sustained decline since 

1998. Over the same period, contact with wiring, transformers, 

or other electrical components and the contact with electric 

current of machine, tool, appliance, or light fixture fatality rates 

remained essentially unchanged. 

2) Agricultural Industry: Fig. 6 shows that, except for 1994, 

contact with overhead power lines caused 50% or more of 

electrical fatalities in agriculture each year from 1992 to 2002. 

The total annual rates for agriculture through 2000 suggest a 

downward trend overall, but this was followed by a sharp rise 

in 2001, due, in large part, to contact with overhead power lines. 

3) Transportation Industry: As shown in Fig. 7, the total 

annual electrical fatality rates in transportation were trending 

downward through 2001, but the rate rose in the last year of the 

study period due to increases in contact with overhead power 

lines and contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical 

components. Many of these injuries occurred in the electrical 

utility sector of this industry group. 

IV. NONFATAL ELECTRICAL INJURY RATES 

Fig. 8 shows the overall rates of electrical shock and burn 

injuries for the 1992–2002 period. The electrical shock injury 

rate remained steady from 2000 to 2002 at 0.2 per 10 000 

workers. The electrical burn rate remained steady in 2001 to 

2002 at 0.1. 

A. Rates by Industry Group

Fig. 9 shows the nonfatal electrical burn injury rates for the 

four industries that were at or above the all-industry aggregate 

for 1992–2002. The construction industry had the highest nonfatal electrical burn rates but exhibited a clear downward trend 

after 1996. Nevertheless, the 2002 rate for construction was 

still more than double the all-industry rate. The mining industry 

rates had significant variation over the period, with a significant 

rise from 1997 to 2000, but no sustained trend. The nonfatal 

electrical burn injury rates for the transportation industry seem 

to be trending downward. 

Fig. 10 shows nonfatal electrical shock injury rates for the 

four industries that have been at or above the all-industry aggregate rates. Construction again has the highest rates. Although it 

reached a low for the study period in 2002, it was still more than 

three times the all-industry rate. 

B. Rates by Event

Fig. 11 shows nonfatal electrical injury rates for the construction industry (combined shocks and burns), including rates 

8Specific event rate data for mining do not meet publication criteria and were 

omitted. 
Fig. 2. Electrical fatality rates compared to the fatality rates from all causes, for all industries. 

Fig. 3. Electrical fatality rates presented by event for all industries. 

Fig. 4. Electrical fatality rates presented by industry classification. 
Fig. 5. Electrical fatality rates for the construction industry, presented by event. 

Fig. 6. Electrical fatality rates for agricultural industries, presented by event. 

Fig. 7. Electrical fatality rates for transportation industries, presented by event. 
Fig. 8. Rates of nonfatal electrical shock and burn injuries for all industries. 

Fig. 9. Nonfatal electrical burn injury rates, presented by industry. 

Fig. 10. Private industry nonfatal electrical shock injury rates, presented by industry. 
for specific events. The total nonfatal electrical injury rates for 

construction were several times the annual aggregate rates for 

all industries over most of the study period but had a significant 

overall decline during this time, from a high of 3.0 in 1993 to 

1.0 in 2002. The most common event was contact with wiring, 

transformers, or other electrical components. 

Fig. 12 shows nonfatal electrical injury rates for the transportation industry (combined shocks and burns). The total 

nonfatal electrical injury rates for transportation were generally 

only slightly higher than the aggregate rates for all industries 

over most of the study period, with the most common event 

being contact with wiring, transformers, or other electrical components. The transportation industry data show no sustained 

improvement, compared to the slight drop indicated for the allindustry aggregate. 

Fig. 11. Nonfatal electrical injury rates for the construction industry, presented by event. 

Fig. 12. Nonfatal electrical injury rates for the transportation industries. 

V. DISCUSSION 

The annual rate of occupational fatal injuries in the U.S. from 

all causes displayed a general decline between 1992 and 2002, 

and electrical injury rates likewise had an overall decline. The 

annual rate of nonfatal electrical injuries also declined over this 

period. Despite these improvements, however, electricity remained the sixth leading cause of fatal worker injuries in 2002. 

Closer inspection of data reveals that certain industries have 

electrical injury rates that are much higher than all-industry 

aggregate values and that several common work activities and 

circumstances can be linked to most injuries. This section 

suggests target areas that warrant increased electrical safety 

research and prevention efforts. These recommendations are 

based on injury numbers and rates for both fatal and nonfatal 

electrical injuries, as well as their classification by industry and 

event, as detailed earlier in this paper. 

A. Construction Industry

Although both fatal and nonfatal electrical injury rates 

for construction have declined overall in recent years, they 

were still approximately five-times and three-times all-industry 

levels, respectively, in 2002. Fatalities were most often tied 
to contact with overhead power lines. These contacts were 

usually through hand-held items such as ladders, tools, and 

materials, or by mobile equipment like cranes [1]. The next 

most common cause of electrical fatalities was contact with 

wiring, transformers, or other electrical components, and it 

often involved tasks normally associated with electricians. 

Nonfatal electrical injuries in construction had contact with 

wiring, transformers, or other electrical components and also 

contact with electric current of machine, tool, appliance, or light 

fixture, as the two most common causes. The latter is normally 

associated with wiring or grounding problems on tools or 

equipment. 

An initiative currently underway at the Pittsburgh Research 

Laboratory (PRL), National Institute for Occupational Safety 

and Health (NIOSH), is focusing on the problem of power line 

contacts by mobile equipment in the construction industry by 

examining the performance of commercially available power 

line proximity warning systems. Such systems are marketed 

as a means to warn mobile equipment operators of impending 

power line contact. They are cited as an acceptable safety 

precaution in currently proposed language that amends mobile 

crane regulations [4], but as yet no recognized standard exists against which to judge their performance. NIOSH PRL, 

coordinating with system manufacturers, large commercial 

mobile crane operators, OSHA, and organized labor, will conduct full-scale tests of available power line proximity warning 

systems to objectively assess and document their capabilities 

and limitations. This work could serve as the initial step 

for eventual development of a performance standard for such 

systems. 

B. Mining Industry

Due to the relatively small employment in the mining industry, injury rates can behave erratically. Even with wide 

fluctuations, however, the annual rate of electrical fatalities in 

mining was well above all-industry levels for much of the study 

period, ranging from 3 to 7 times greater. Although the data 

suggest some improvement through 1998, the 2002 rate rose to 

a level comparable to construction. 

C. Agricultural Industries

Electrical fatality rates for agriculture ranged from 3- to 

5-times all-industry levels between 1992 and 2002 and showed 

no sustained improvement. Contact with overhead power lines 

was the leading cause of these deaths, followed by lightning 

strikes. 

D. Transportation Industries

Transportation had fatal and nonfatal electrical injury rates 

higher than all-industry levels for most of the study period, 

although data for fatalities suggest a decline between 1996 

and 2001. As explained earlier in this paper, the transportation 

industry classification includes utility workers such as those 

that install and maintain electrical power lines, and this group 

likely sustained many of these injuries due to their greater 

exposure to electrical hazards. The most common cause of 

fatalities was contact of overhead power lines. Contact with 

wiring, transformers, or other electrical components was the 

leading cause for nonfatal injury. 

E. Shocks Versus Burns

All but 30 of the 3378 fatal electrical injuries in CFOI for 

1992–2002 were attributed to electrical shock. Of the 47 406 

nonfatal electrical injuries categorized by the nature of injury,9 

18 360 were electrical burns and 29 046 were electrical shocks. 

The ratio varied among different industries, but overall, the 

annual rate of nonfatal electrical burns decreased more over the 

study period than did the rate for nonfatal shocks. 

F. Occupations

Within the occupations most often involved in electrical 

fatalities, based on categories used in CFOI, some were not 

surprising, such as electricians and electrician apprentices, and 

electric power installers and repairers. Others were less likely to 

be recognized as jobs with a significant risk of electrical injury, 

such as construction laborers, groundskeepers and gardeners, 

truck drivers, and farmers. 

VI. SUMMARY 

This paper analyzed 1992–2002 U.S. occupational electrical 

injury data from the BLS CFOI and SOII databases. The study 

examined fatal and nonfatal electrical injuries with respect to 

the industries represented and the circumstances surrounding 

the incidents, as well as the occupations involved and prevalence of burn injuries. Both injury numbers and rates were 

used to compare and trend electrical injury experience for 

various groups and categories. This information was then used 

to identify populations that could most benefit from effective 

electrical safety interventions. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 

The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of 

the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 

REFERENCES 

[1] J. C. Cawley and G. T. Homce, “Occupational electrical injuries in the 

United States, 1992–1998, and recommendations for safety research,” 

J. Saf. Res., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 241–248, 2003. 

[2] NIOSH Alert, Request for Assistance in Preventing Falls and Electrocutions During Tree Trimming. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. 92-106, 1992. 

[3] NIOSH Alert, Preventing Electrocutions by Undetected Feedback Electrical Energy Present in Power Lines. DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. 88-104, 1987. 

[4] OSHA, Consensus Reached on Recommendation for OSHA Cranes and

Derricks Standard [Trade Release], Jul. 13, 2004. 

9While 47 406 nonfatal electrical injuries are categorized in SOII by the 

nature of injury, only 46 598 are categorized by electrical event.