## In the



# U n ited S ta tes Co urt o f Ap p ea ls

F o rth eS e v e n th C ir cu it
N o. 08

- 2592 T RE NT M A R I ON, P laint if f-A ppell ant, v. T HE C ITY OF C ORY DO N , I NDI ANA a nd J OHN D OE #1, Unkno wn Po l i ce Offi ce r s o fthe Ci tyo fCo r y do n, T HE C OUN TYOF H A R R I S ON, I NDI ANA an d J OHN D OE #2, Unkno wn Po l i ce Offi ce r s o fthe Co unty o fHar r i so n, R O Y W I S EMA N , B RUCE L AHU E , K EV I N T A Y L OR, J AMES S ADLER, T ODD S T I NS ON, T HE C ITY OF L OUIS VILL E , K EN TUC KY an d J OHN D OE #3, U nk now n P oli ce O fficers ofthe Louis vi l l e M etr opol i tan Po l i ce Depar tm ent, T HE C ITY OF N EW A LB ANY, I NDI ANA a nd J OHN D OE #4, U nknow n Pol i ce Offi cer s o fthe Cityo fN ew A lbany, J OHN D OE #5 , Unkn o wn Po l i ce Offi ce r s o fthe I nd i ana S tat e Po l i ce, D efend a nts-A pp ellees.

A pp eal from the United S t ates Di strictC our t fo r the S outhernDi stricto f Indian a, N ew Alb any D ivisi on. No . 4:0 7-cv-00 03 -DFH-WGH

—David F. H amil ton, Chief Judge.
A RGUED F EB RU AR Y 19, 2009

— D ECI DE D M AR CH 23, 20092 N o. 08

- 2592

Ofthe Northe rnDis t ri c tofI l l i noi s , s i t t i ng by des i gna t i on. 1 Befo re F LA UM a nd W I L LI AMS, C ircu it Judges , a nd K APALA, D i s t r i ctJudg e . 1 F LA UM, Ci r c u i tJu dge . Pl ai nt i ffTr en t M ar i o n b r o ug ht thi s a cti on under 4 2 U.S

. C. § 1 983 ag ainst the Ci ty of Louis vi l l e, the City of Cory don, the City of N ew A lba n y, the County ofH ar ri son, and sev er alo ffi cer s fro m tho se j u r i s d i c t i o n s a n d fr o m th e I n d i a n a S t a te Pol i c e . He al l eg ed th atthe l aw e nf o r cem ento ffi ce r s an d g o ve r nm ent enti ti es vi ol ate d hi s Four th A m endm ent ri ghts by us ing ex ce ss i ve f o r ce a g ai ns t hi m i n c o nne ct i o n wi tha p oli ce purs uitand subse quent shoo ti ng. A l l defendants, except the Ci ty ofL ou isvil l e a nd i ts unknow n offi cer s, f i l e d mo t i o n s f o r s u mma r y j u d g me n t
. D e f e n d a n t s s up ported th ei r mot i o ns wi tha ffi dav i ts a nd wi thv i deo a nd au d io re c or d in gs . M ar ion offe r ed n o c ou n te r-a ffid av it and poi nted t o no e vi dence thatwould cal l i nto questi on defe nd ants’ subm i ssi ons. Fi nd i ng no tr i abl e i ssue off act, th e d ist ric t c ou rtgra n te d su m m a r y jud gm en t fo r all na m ed de fen d an ts. M arion ap p ealed , and w e now affirm the di str i ct c ourt ’ s g ra nt o fsum m ar y j ud gm ent.

I . B a c kg r o und A . Facts The f acts p re sente d here ar e t ake n f ro m the affi davi ts o fl aw e nf o r ce m en t o ffi ce r s an d ot he r wi tn es se s to the po l i c e c ha s e , a s we l l a s fr o m v i de o a nd a ud i o e v i dence ofthe chase.N o. 08

- 2592 3 On Januar y 2 0, 20 06, pol ice offi cer s a pp ro ached M ar i on on suspi ci on of shopl i fti ng as he w as l eaving a K ro ger g r o c e r y i n Lo ui s v i l l e , Ke ntuc k y . Whe n a pp r o a c he d, M ar i o n a d m itt ed th at h e h ad h id d en gro c er y ite m s in and aro und a baby i n an i nfa nt s ea t that M ar i on had p laced i n th e grocery c a r t h e w as p us hin g. A s officers es co r te d M ar i o n t o th e s tor e’ s l o ss pr ev en ti o n o ffi ce , he g r ab be d the i nf an t se at, pus he d o ne o ffi ce r a si de, a nd bol ted o ut o fthe sto re . The pol i ce offi cer s and stor e perso nnel fol l owed M ar i on outsi de to the parking l ot, wh er e M ar ion r an to a re d 19 93 F o r d Expl o r er . Af te r t o ssi ng the b ab y s ea t, wi ththe baby i n i t, i nto the fro nt se at on the p ass engersi de, M ar i on att em pted to enterand sta rtthe vehi cl e. A s c u ffl e e nsued be twe enM ar i o n a nd the Lo ui sv i l l e po l i ce o ffi ce r s o n the scene. Duri ng the scuffl e, a K roger e m plo yee m anage d to g r ab th e baby se at an d r emov e th e baby from the vehi cl e. L oui svi l l e Po l i ce Offi cerM i chaelA l vey at tem pted to us e hi s ta se r t o s ubdu e M ar i o n, b utM ar i o n r ea ch ed o ut and tw ist ed t he ta sercar tr i dge so thati t would notfi re . H e ba ck ed hi s ve hi cl e ou t o fthe pa r k i ngs pac e wi tha d o o r o p e n, c o l l i d e d wi th a n o th e r v e h i c l e , a n d f l e d

. As M ar ion fled th e p a rk in g lot, A lve y p u rs u ed im m ed iat ely in h is p olic e c ar . M ar ion led A lve y a n d o t h e r L ou isv ille po lice u ni ts on a hi gh spee d chase thro ugh the str eet s ofLoui svi l l e t o I nter sta te 64. M ar i on co nti nued o n I

- 64 i nto I nd i ana. A s he enter ed I ndi an a, Lo ui sv i l l e di spa tc he r s al er te d l aw e nf o r cem ent ag en ci es i n I ndi an a to th e ch as e. N ew Alb an y , I nd i an a4 N o. 08

- 2592 Pol i ce Captai n Ri ck Denn y recei ved a ra dio di spatch aler t that Loui svi l l e pol i ce were pursui ng an ar m ed ro bber y s uspect westbo u n d on I

- 64. Denny pull ed i nto a turn- ar ound are a i n the m edi an n ea r m ile m ar ker12 0. A l m o st i m m edi at el y , he o bs er ve d M ar i o n i n hi s Ford E x p l o r e r t r a v e l i n gwe s ti n e x c e s s o f8 0 mi l e s p e r h o u r . He obs er ved se ver alLoui svi l l e pol i c e car s i n pursui t with eme r g e n c y l i g h t s a n d s i r e n s a c t i v a t e d

. De n n y j o i n e d t he ch ase. Bec au se he was the fi r stI ndi an a o ffi ce r t o j o i n, Den ny e ve nt ua l l y t o o ko ve r the l ea d c ar po si ti o n i n the pu rsuit
. Other o f fi cer s fro m Cor ydon and H ar ri son C ou nt y j oined i n th e pu rsu it, and the L o u is vil le offi cers dropped ba ck. The vi deo tak en w i th a cam er a m ou n ted o n th e d a s hb o a r d o fD e n n y ’ s p o l i c e c r u i se r s h o ws M ar i on’ s r eckl ess dri vi ng at hi gh spee d. A s the m i l es ti cked by, M ar i on’ s v ehi cl e s tar ted to em i t s m oke

. A t a pp ro xi m ate l y m i l e m ar ker11 3, a H ar ri son Cou n ty Sher i f f’ s deputy i n the hi ghw ay m edi an d ep loy ed “stop sticks” in a n e ff o rt to deflate the tir es on M arion’s Expl o r er . M ar i o n s wer ve d t o t r y t o a vo i d the m . The sto p sti cks dam age d and d efl ate d thre e t i re s, but M ar i on conti nued to dri ve. H e s l owed fr om approxi m ate l y 8 0 m i l e s p e r h o urt o ab o ut4 0 mi l e s p e r h o ura nd s werv ed fro m on e s id e o f th e h i gh w ay to th e o th er , eve n tu ally re turni ng to the l eft l an e. D eb ri s fro m the shre dd i ng ti re s an d fr o m the Expl o r erb eg anf al l i ngi n the pa tho fthe pur su i ngpo l i ce uni ts
. Di ff er en t poli ce c ar s pul l ed to the si de o fM ar iont o o bs er ve hi m a nd, i n a t l ea sto ne i ns ta nc e, to s i g na l hi m t o pul l o ve r . The po l i ce mane uv e r e d t o b l o c kMar i o n f r o m t a k i nga nye xi th e p a s s e d.N o. 08

- 2592 5 As the pur su i t appr o ac he d m i l e m ar ker 1 05 an d the Cory don exi t, offi cer s att em pted to defl ate the one re ar ti re thathad surv i ved the fi rs t s et ofst op st i cks. S eve ra l l aw enf or cem ent v ehi cl es w er e par ked i n the m edi an wi tho f fi ce r s o ut si de th ei r c ar s, wea po ns dr awn a nd sto p stic ks deplo yed. A s M ar i on a pp ro ached the sto p st icks, he s wer ve d a nd dr o ve t o war d s ev er alo fthe off icer s i n the medi ana r ea a nd the n b ac ki nt o the l eft lan e, av oid in g t h e s to p st ick s. So o n t h er ea fte r, L ou isv ille p o l i c e o f fi c e r s p u l l e d c o mpl e t e l y o u to fth e c h a s e a nd headed back to K entucky

. Denn y, wh o sti l l was the l ead pursuin g offi cer, then coo rdi nated o ver the r adio a ro l l i ng r oadbl ocko n M ar i o n. On e p o l i c e v e hi c l e p ul l e d a he a d o fMar i on ( dri ven by Offi cer J am es Sadl er ) and a notherp u lled alo n gs id e h im in th e o th er lan e (d riv en by C ap ta in Brad Sh ep ar d) i n an at tem pt to “bo x i n” the Ex plo re r and gra du al l y f or ce i t o ffthe ro ad. For a m i nute o r so, M ar i o n a tt empted num er o us mane uv er s to a vo i d the ro l l i ng r oadbl ock

. H e t ri ed to pass between the pol i ce vehi cl es and sw ung hi s Explo re r backto w ar d D enny, m ak i ng so m e co nt ac t. Eve nt ua l l y , he tr i ed to pul l around Sa d ler on th e s h ou ld er t o S ad ler ’s le ft. Sa d ler st u c k h is ri fl e o ut the dri ver ’ s window o fhi s v ehi cl e a nd fi re d f our shot s a t M ar i on’ s v ehi cl e i n a furthereff or t t o disabl e i t. Ne a r mi l e m ar ker1 0 3 , Mar i o n s l o we d a nd the n s ud

d en ly tu rned ha rd to th e left into the grass m ed ian tow ard the e astbound l anes ofthe i nter sta te, wh er e t ra ffic was sl o wi ngo r s to pped. T he hi g hway medi anwas weta nd6 N o. 08

- 2592

m ud d y, bu t M arion con tinu ed to drive his E xp lorer tow ard th e e a s tb o un d l a ne s . Th e Ex pl o r e r s l o we d a s he tr i ed to cross. Offi c e r s m oved on foot to surrou nd the E xp lorer, an d the y fi r ed th ei r i ni ti als hot s atM ar i o n. J us t as the m uddy medi ana nd i ni ti als ho ts s ee m ed to b e br i ng i ng M a r i o n’ s v e hi c l e t o a ha l t, he pu t the Ex pl or er i nto re ver se and rev ved t h e en gi ne, causi ng the ti re s t o spray m u d , an d t h e E x p lore r m ov ed ba c k s ev er al fe et . Th is m an eu ve r s ca tt er ed th e o ffi ce r s who wer e appr o ac hi ng th e E x p lore r f r o m th e re ar . Of fice r K ev in T ay lor, a H ar r i so n Co unty Sh er i ff’ s Deputy , was b eh i nd the Expl o r e r . H e a n d o t h e r o ffi c e r s y e l l e d f o r Ma r i o n t o s t o p. W he n Mar i o n di d nots to p, Ta y l o r fi r ed si x r o unds a t th e Ex pl o r e r a s i tb a c k e d t o wa r d h i m. As mo r e o ffi c e r s a pp ro ac h ed a n d d em an d ed th at M ar ion st op an d rais e h is ha nds , M ar i o n sh if ted ba cki nt o a f o r war d g ea r a nd co nt i nue d r ev vi ngthe eng i ne to m o ve f o r war d. Li eu te na nt Roy W i sem an o fthe H ar ri son Coun ty S h er i ff’ s Depart

m en t an d o th ero f fi ce r s wer e p osit i o ne d di r ec tl y i n fr o nt ofthe Ex plo re r. They b ega n fi ri ng ati t when it m ove d to war d the m a nd t ow ard the e as tb o und l an es o fthe i nter sta te. Alla f fi dav i ts fr o m o ffi ce r s who fi r ed th ei r wea po ns w hen M ar i on was i n the m edi an te sti fi ed that they did so in fea r of let h al d an ge r to th em se lve s o r to o t h e r s . A ll tes ti fi ed tha t at n o poi nt di d they see any si gn tha t M ar ion w as try in g t o s u rre n d er or w a s s to p p in g h is att em pts to fle e. A l l o fthe offi cerand ci vi l i an affi davi ts i nd i cate d that i t a pp ear ed that M ar i on i n tend ed to dri ve hi s v ehi cl e thro ugh the m edi an and i nto the e ast
bound l anes ofthe hi ghw ay.N o. 08

- 2592 7 A fterM ar i on s topped re vvi ng the e ngi ne and the shoo ti ng sto pp ed, he w as pu l l ed f ro m the vehi cl e an d gi ven m edi calat tenti on. H e had suff er ed si gni fi cant gunshot w ou n d s. A s a res u l t of h is w ou n d s, M ar ion lost h is r i g hte y eb al l, r es ul tingi n pe r m an en t vi si o n l oss o n the right side, and he su ffered seve r e d am age to his left hand

. The o f fi cer s di sco ve re d that M ar i on was not actual l y a rm ed. The l aw en for c em ent o ffi cer s who subm i tte d affi davits have al l st ate d that they b el i eve d M a r i o n wa s a rme d, b a s e d o n r a di o t r a ns mi s s i o ns a nd , i n so m e i nstance s, fr om the m anner i n w hi ch he was re achi ng ar ound in h is vehi cl e whil e dri vi ng, as tho ugh a t t e mp t i n gt o l o c a t e a fi r e a r m.

B. Dist r i ctCourtPro ceedi ngs Ma r i o n fi l e d s u i tu n d e r § 1 9 8 3 o n J a n u a r y 5 , 2 0 0 7
. He cl ai m ed th atde f en dan ts v i o l at ed hi s F o ur thAm en dm en t ri ghts and that the o fficia l s were not enti tl ed to qual i fi ed i m m u n ity
. H e s ued fo r $21. 5 m i l l i on i n to taldam age s, i n c l u d i n gr e q u e s t s f o r c o mpe n s a t o r y a n d p u n i t i v e d a mage s. On M ay 11, 20 07, the dist ri ct c ourtente re d a cas e m an ag ementpl anwhi chse t o utc er ta i n de adl i ne s, i nc l u d i n gd i s c o v e r y a n d d i s p o s i t i v e mo t i o n s . O n No v e mber14 , 20 07, t he Ci ty ofN ew A lbany fi l ed i ts m oti on f orsum m ar y j ud gm ent. The Ci ty ofCor yd on, the County of H arrison, R oy W is e m an , Bru ce L ah ue , K evin T aylor, J am es Sadl er, and Todd S ti nson f ol l owed with si m i l ar mot i o ns . Mar i o n o pp o s e d a l l mo t i o ns f o r s ummar y j ud gm ent, ye t he d id n ot fi l e o r othe rwis e r el y upon an affi da vit o r sw or n tes ti m ony ofhi s o w n to o pp ose any of the pendi ng m oti ons.8 N o. 08

- 2592 On M ar ch 20, 20 08, the dist ri ct c ourtgr anted defendants’ m oti ons f orsum m ar y j ud gm ent. The co urt concl ud ed that defe nd an ts’ ev i dence showed i t was r eas onabl e f or the o f fi cer s t o fi re thei r w eapons at M ar i on a fterhe ha d e n d a n g e r e d t h e o f fi c e r s a n d i n n o c e n t c i v i l i a n s o v ert he cou rs e o fa l ong hi gh- speed chase ; afterl ess dras ti c m easure s had r epeate dly f ai l ed to stop M ari on’ s a tte m pt to fl ee ; a nd as M ar i o n was r ev vi nghi s en g i ne , movingthe Ex plo re r, and tr yi ng to ga i n trac tio n in the m edi an to conti nue hi s fl i gh t. T h e co urt note d the ar gum ents of pl aint i f f’ s c ouns elc o ul d no t su bs ti tu te f o r e vi den ce , a nd w ith ou t c on tr ad ict or y e vid en c e, th er e w e r e n ot tria b le i ssues o f fa c t. The co urt or dered M ar i on t o show cause w hy i t s houl d not g ra nt sum m ar y j ud gm en t in f avo r of al l o therdefendants. On A pri l 16 , 2 008, M ar i on fi l ed a m oti on t o re consi der su m m ar y j udg m en t. He i nc l ude d ne w ev i den ce in the f or m o fhi s o w n bel ate d affi davi t. I n the affi davi t, M ar i on sta ted thathe turned hi s v ehi cl e i n to t h e m edi an i n an at te m p t t o s u rre n d er . A t t h e t im e, h e s aid , his ve h icle w as ov er h ea tin g, h a d t h r ee flattire s, an d w as st u c k in th e m ud

. H e claim ed that w hile he w as trying to su rre nd er, the pu rs uingo ffi cer s s hot at hi m witho ut warni ng. O n Jun e 3, 2008 , the d istri ct co urt de nied M arion’s m otion to recon side r su m m ary j ud gm en t. T he cou rt concl ud ed that M ar i on’ s be l ate d test i m ony w as not proper l y b efor e the c ou rt , and thus i t co uld notco nsi der th e te st i m o ny . The co ur t en te r ed su m m ar y j udg m en t i n f avo r ofany and al l nam ed defe nd ants.N o. 08

- 2592 9 II . A n alysis M ar i on app eal ed f ro m the dist ri ct c ourt ’ s g ra nt o f s u mma r y j u d g me n t
. O u r r e v i e w i s de n o v o , a n d we const rue al l f acts and re asonabl e i nfe re nces i n f avo r of the no nm ovi ng par ty. Tom ano vich v. C ity of In d ia napo li s , 457 F.3d 656, 662 (7th Cir. 2006). A s a p re lim in ar y m at te r, M ar i o n d oe s n ot p ro p er ly ar gu e o n ap p ea l th at w e s h ou ld co n sid er h is a ffid av it th athe s ubmi tt ed as pa r t o fhi s m o ti o n t o r ec o ns i derthe g r a n t s o fs u m m a r y j u d g me n t, a n d we c o n c l u d e th a twe c a nn o t c o ns i de r hi s a ffi da v i t
. I t i s we l l

- e s t a b l i s he d that w e ca n onl y c onsi der s uch an affi davi t i fi t c onsis ts of new l y di sco ver ed evi dence that the partyco uld not ha ve int rod uc ed du ring the p en d en cy of the su m m ary j udg m en t m o ti o n. Fe l i b e r ty v . Ke m pe rCorp. , 98 F. 3d 274, 27 9 n .1 (7t h C ir. 19 96 ); P ublishe rs Res. , Inc. v. Walker -D avis P ubl’ ns, Inc. , 762 F. 2 d 5 5 7, 561 (7t h C ir. 19 85 ). Th e e vidence thatM ar i on s ubm i tte d ca n n ot be c onst rued as n ew l y di sco ver ed evi dence; the affi davi t s i m plyco nsi sts ofhi s v er si on o fthe eve nts a t i ssue. M ar i on a rg ues tha t th e o ffi cer s that s hot hi m used p ot en tia lly d ea d ly ex c es siv e f o r c e in v iola tio n of h is Four th A m endm ent r i ghts. H e co nti nues thatuse ofsuch f o r ce was unr ea so nabl e a nd unc o ns ti tu ti o na l unde r the c i r c u ms t a n c e s , a n d th a td i s p u t e d f a c t u a l i s s u e s b a r s u mm ar y j u d gm ent in thi s m att er . Def endants r espond that, u n d er th e c irc u m st an c es , us e o f p ot en tia l l y d ea d ly force w as reason able as a m atter of la w ; the offi cers are enti tl ed to qua lifi ed i m m unity; and the m unici pal i ti es an d co unty c an no t be he l d l i ab l e ab se nta n un der l y i ng co ns ti tu ti o na l v i o l at i o n.10 N o. 08

- 2592 A n offi cerco nd ucti ng a sea rch is enti tl ed to qual i fi ed i mm un i tywher e cl ear l y e stabl i shed l aw does notsho w that th e s ea rc h vio lat e d co n st itu tio n al rig h ts
. Pears on v. Call ahan , 129 S. Ct. 808, 822 ( 2009 ) (ci ti ng Ande rs on v. Cre ight on , 48 3 U.S

. 63 5, 64 1 ( 1987 ) )

. W e use the Four th Am e nd men t, whi c h pr o hib i t s un r e a s o nab l e s e i z ur e s , to anal yze cl ai m s that l aw enf or cem ent o ffi cer s use d excessiv e fo rc e. Grah am v. Conno r, 490 U .S . 3 86, 394-95 (1989). Pre- sei zure pol i ce c onduct cannot ser ve as a basi s f or l i a b i l i t y u n d e r th e F o u r th Ame n d me n t ; we l i mi to ur anal ysi s t o f or ce use d w hen a sei zure o ccurs . “A Four th A m endm ent s ei zure [oc curs]
. . . wh en the re i s a go ver nm entalte rm i natio n offre edom o fm ove m ent thro ugh m ea n s int en tio n ally a p p lied .” Scottv. Harris , 12 7 S

. Ct. 1769 , 17 76 ( 2007 ) ( ci ti ng Browe r v . County of Inyo , 48 9 U
. S. 593, 596-97 (1989 ))

. W hetherthe f or ce use d to eff ect a s ei zure i s e xcessi ve depend s on the tot al i ty of ci rcum sta nces und er an o bj ecti ve re aso n ab leness st andard. “[ T]he questi on i s whether th e o f fi ce r s’ a ct i o ns a r e ‘ o bj ec ti ve l y r easonab l e’ i n l i g ht o fthe f ac ts a nd c i r cumst an ce s co nfr o nt i ngthe m , wi th o ut re gar d to thei r und er l yin g i ntent orm oti vati on. ” Grah am , 49 0 U. S

. a t 397. T he S upr eme Co ur t fur th erha s co uns e l e d tha ti ti s r e a s o nab l e f o r a l a w e nf o r c e men to ff i cer to u se d ead l y f or ce i fan o bj ecti vel y r eas onabl e o ffi cer i n the s ame c i r cumst an ce s woul d c o nc l ude thatthe suspect posed a thre at ofdeath o r ser i ous physi cal inj u ry to th e o ffice r or to ot h er s. Tenn essee v . G a rdn er, 47 1 U
. S. 1, 11-12 (1985). The Suprem e Cour t r ecent l y deci ded a § 1983 pol i ce pu rs uitcas e, Scottv. Harris , 550 U
. S. 372, 127 S. C t. 1769N o. 08

- 2592 11 ( 20 07 )

. I n Scott, a pol i ce o ffi cerat tem pted to pu l l Vi cto r H ar ri s overforspeedi ng. H ar ri s fl ed i n hi s v ehi cl e, i ni ti ati ng a hi gh- speed carcha se . D eputy Ti m othy S cot t a ttem pted to end the chas e byr am m i ng H ar ri s’ s v eh icle w i th hi s pol i ce c rui ser . H ar ri s cr ashed and w as re nd er ed a quad rip leg ic. 12 7 S

. Ct. at17 72- 73. H ar ri s s ued Sco tt, cl ai m i ng tha t S cot t ha d used excess i ve f or ce in vi ol ati on ofhi s F ourth A m endm ent r i ghts. The Courtr ule d that S co tt ’ s ac ti o ns were reaso nabl e an d di d no t vi o l at e th e F o ur t h Am e nd men t
. T he C our tr e l i e d o n a v i de o t a pe ofthe chase t o h old that“i t i s cl ear. . . that[ H ar ri s] po se d a n a ctua l a nd im m inent th r ea t to the l i ve s o fa ny pedestri ans who m ight have been prese nt, to o ther ci vil ian m o to r i st s, a nd t o the o ffi ce r s i nv o l ve d i n the chase. ” Id. at 1 778. The o pini on wei ghed the need to p reventthe ha r m Har r i s co ul d ha ve c au se d a g ai ns t th e p ro b ab i l i t y t h at Sc ot t’s u se of forc e w ou ld h ar m H ar ris hi mse l f

. T he Co ur t co nc l ud e d: “ A po l i c e o ffi c e r ’ s a t t e mpt to ter m i nate a dangero us hi gh spee d car chase that thre aten s th e l i ve s o fi nno ce ntb y st an der s do es no t viol ate the F o ur thAm en dm en t, e ve n w he n i t pl ac es the fl ee i ng m oto ri st at ri sk ofse ri ous inj ury ordeath. ” Id. at17 79. I n thi s ca se , the g o ve r nm en t se i zu r e o cc ur r ed i n the h igh w ay m ed ian , w h en law e n for c em en t o ffice rs fina lly te rm in at ed M ar ion ’s fre ed om of m ov em en t. W h ile ev idence dem onst ra tes thatthr oughout the c ha se M ar i on had ver y l i ttl e r ega rd f orthe safetyo fo ffi cer s o r i nnocent byst anders, we l i m i t o ur a nal ysi s t o w heth er M ar i on p osed a serious d an ger to officers or inn ocen t bysta nd ers o nc e he was i n the medi an .12 N o. 08

- 2592 The e vi den ce c l ea r l y de m ons trat es tha t, o nc e i n the m edi an, M ar i on att em pted to re gai n tr acti on an d dri ve tow ard the ea s tb ou nd l an es of the high w ay, w he re m an y i nno ce ntb ystande r s wer e pr es en t. The r e i s no q u es ti on that he w oul d have r un overo ffi cer s t o re ach th e e as tb ou n d lan es an d co n tin u e h is fligh t e as tb ou n d , i f he had the capabi l i ty to do so

. T h e k ey qu es tio n, th ou gh , i s w h et h er it w as ob je c t i ve ly re aso nabl e f oro f fi cer s t o concl ud e that M ar i on pos ed an ac tu althr ea t to offi ce r s o r i nno ce ntb y st an der s o nc e he re ached the m ed ian . M ar i on cl ai m s that hi s v ehi cl e was stuck i n the m ud , had thr ee fl at ti re s, was ove rh ea ti ng, a n d th a ta n o b j e c t i v e l y r e a s o n a b l e o ffi c e r i n th e s a me ci r cumst an ce s as de f en dan ts woul d c o nc l ude tha t he did notpose a danger to anyo ne atthatti m e. Despit e M ar i on’ s co ntenti ons, i t was r eas onabl e f or the o f fi cer s to deter m i ne thathe di d actual l y pos e a thre at to the s afetyo foffi cer s and of i nnocent byst anders. W h ile th re e o fM ar ion ’s t ire s w er e fla t, h e h ad be en ab le to travel on th ree fl at tires at fair ly high sp eed s for a si g ni fi ca nts tr et cho ft i m e. Ev ena fte r he e nt er ed th e m edi ana nd o f fi ce r s o n f o o t su r r ou nd ed hi s ve hi cl e, the vi deo e vi dence shows thatM ar i on’ s v ehi cl e co nti nued to m ov e fo rw ar d s i g n i fica n tly . L at er , afte r h e re vv ed h is engi ne, he was ab l e t o dri ve the v ehi cl e ba ckwa rd as w el l

. A rea sonab l e o ffi cerwould have concl ud ed that, abse nt pol i ce int er venti on, M ar i on had the capabi l i ty to r un o ve r o f fi ce r s an d/ o r to r ea chthe e as tb o und l an es o fthe hi ghw ay. M or eov er, a re aso nabl e o ffi cerw ou l d have d eterm ined that, i f he did reach the eas tbou nd l an es, th ereN o. 08

- 2592 13

w as a s i gni fi cant pos sibi l i ty that M ar i on would have ra mm e d o ne o r mor e b y s t a nd e r ’ s v e hi c l e s o r c a us ed an acci dent bet w een b ystan ders’ ve hi cl es, posi ng a substa nti alr i sk ofse ri ous inj ury orl oss o fl i f e. We c o n c l u d e th a t, u n d e r th e t o t a l i t y o fth e c i r c u msta nces, i t was r eas onabl e f orthe offi cer s t o thi nk tha t M ar i o n s e r i o us l y e nd a ng e r e d o ffi c e r s a nd i nn o c e ntb ysta nd er s, and i t was r eas onabl e f ort h e office rs to di sc h a r g e th e i r fi r e a r m s i n M a r i o n ’ s d i r e c t i o n t o s t o p h i m. Thu s, ther e was no Four th A m endm ent vi ol ati on. Because th er e w as n o d ep riv at ion of a c on st itu tio n al rig h t in thi s ca se, the pol i ce o ffi cer s ar e i m m une f ro m l i abi l i ty. P e ars on , 129 S. C t. at 81 6; Akandev. Gr oun ds , ___F
. 3 d _

__, 2009 W L 29 11 86 (7 th Ci r. Fe b. 9, 20 09) ( “I fi t i s cl earthat th er e h as be en n o co n st itu tio n al inj u ry , . . . th e o fficia ls a r e e nt i t l e d t o i mm un i t y ” ) ( ci ti ng Saucierv. Ka tz , 533 U
. S. 194, 20 1 ( 2001 ) )

. The di str i ct c ourtcorr ectl y g ra nted sum m ar y j ud gm ent in f avo r ofal l o ffi cer s. Furtherm or e, m unici pal i ti es orco unti es cannot be l i abl e u nd e r § 1 9 8 3 ab s e nta n un de r l y i ngc o ns t i tut i o na l vio lat ion by on e o r m o r e o fth eir offic er s. City of Lo s A ng eles v. Heller, 4 7 5 U. S

. 7 9 6 , 7 9 9 ( 1 9 8 6 ) )

. B e c a u se we fi nd no c o ns ti tu ti o na l v i o l at i o n b y the po l i ce o ffi ce r s, the dist ri ct c ourtco rr ectl y di sm i sse d M ar i on’ s cl ai m s a gain st the nam ed m unici pal i ti es and agains t th e County of H ar r i so n.

I I I . Concl usio n Because w e fi nd thatthe offi cer s’ act i ons w er e o bj ecti vel y r eas onable , we A FFIRM the di st r i ctc o ur t’ s g r an t14 N o. 08

- 2592 ofsum m ar y j ud gm ent in f avo r ofany and al l nam ed defe nd ants.

3- 23- 09