IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION ONE

In re Matter of Truancy of:

A.J.L., DOB: 12/31/01

EVERETT SCHOOL DISTRICT,

Respondent,

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DOB: 12/31/01 1 ) FILED: May 14, 2018

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VERELLEN, J. —A.J.L. appeals a superior court truancy order, contending

the superior court did not enter adequate findings to support the court's assertion

of jurisdiction over the truancy. The school district petition, supported by an

assistant principal's declaration under penalty of perjury, alleged that A.J.L. had 28

unexcused absences during the 2016-17 school year, that specific actions taken

by the district had not been successful, and that court intervention and supervision

were necessary. A superior court judge, on a motion to revise a commissioner's

ruling, found by a preponderance of the evidence that the school district had taken

appropriate steps to address the unexcused absences and that, based on the
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result of the interventions that were put in place, court supervision Is still

necessary. We conclude those findings are adequate to assert jurisdiction

consistent with RCW 28A.225.035.

A.J.L. also contends he was denied due process by virtue of his being at

risk of detention under the statute in effect at his initial truancy hearing. He

focuses on the lack of an evidentiary hearing. But A.J.L. and his parents received

adequate notice of the hearing, his attorney was present at all hearings, he did not

subpoena or call any witnesses to testify, and at the hearing on the motion to

revise, the attorney was allowed to make an offer of proof of any objections or

evidence he would have presented at the hearing before the court commissioner.

A.J.L. does not establish that the procedures followed by the superior court

presented a risk of erroneous deprivation of a liberty interest. And the district's

legitimate interests outweigh the potential burdens of a mandatory evidentiary

hearing for all initial truancy hearings. A.J.L. does not establish any due process

violation.

Therefore, we affirm.

FACTS

On February 1, 2017, the Everett School District filed a petition regarding

truancy in Snohomish County Superior Court. The petition asked the court to

assume jurisdiction over A.J.L. and issue an order compelling school attendance

and other relief under RCW 28A.225.090.

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The district filed the petition based on A.J.L.'s numerous absences within

the school year. The petition listed 28 unexcused absences and set forth actions

the district took to eliminate or reduce the absences, including contacting A.J.L.'s

mother multiple times, holding a conference with A.J.L., entering into a behavior

contract with A.J.L., conducting the Washington Assessment of the Risks and

Needs of Students (WARNS), providing interventions consistent with A.J.L.'s

WARNS profile, and referring A.J.L. to a community truancy board. The petition

alleged that court intervention was necessary to help the district reduce the

unexcused absences. The assistant principal, Doug Plucker, signed the petition

under penalty of perjury.

On February 3, 2017, A.J.L.'s mother was served with a notice and

summons to juvenile for truancy hearing. On February 7, the Snohomish County

Public Defender Association filed a notice of limited appearance for A.J.L. and a

request for discovery to the district. On February 27, Plucker delivered the petition

and the notice and summons to A.J.L. On that same day, A.J.L., his mother, and

Plucker signed a behavior contract to "clarify the school's attendance and behavior

expectations, and to help establish systems that will help the student be

successful at Everett High School." A.J.L. was also referred to the local truancy

board.

1 Clerk's Papers (CP) at 107.

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At the initial fact finding hearing on March 9, A.J.L., his mother, and his

attorney all appeared and agreed to continue the hearing to April 20. The parties

also agreed that A.J.L. would continue attending Everett High School while

completing the intake at Sequoia High School. The order granting the continuance

expressly directed A.J.L. and his parent to appear before the juvenile court on

April 20, 2017.

At the April 20 hearing, A.J.L. was represented by his attorney. Neither

A.J.L. nor a parent attended the hearing. The district was represented by nonattorney Erin Wilson.2 The superior court commissioner found by a

preponderance of the evidence there were facts sufficient to enter an order to

abate truancy and entered findings and an order. The commissioner also checked

a box indicating that A.J.L. was in default.

A.J.L.'s attorney moved to revise the commissioners ruling. On revision,

the Snohomish County Superior Court judge allowed A.J.L.'s attorney to make an

offer of proof. The attorney acknowledged the absences were unexcused and

listed a series of objections. The court denied the motion to revise.

A.J.L. appeals.

ANALYSIS 

Generally, we review a truancy order to determine whether substantial

evidence supports the superior court's findings of fact and if so, whether those

2 RCW 28A.225.035(10) provides the court shall permit a school district

representative who is not an attorney to represent the school district.

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findings support the superior court's conclusions of law.3 We review constitutional

challenges de novo.4

I. Statutory Findings

A court commissioner has "authority, and jurisdiction, concurrent with a

juvenile court judge, to hear all cases under RCW 28A.225.030, 28A.225.090, and

28A.225.035 and to enter judgment and make orders with the same power, force,

and effect as any judge of the juvenile courr° Any court commissioner decision is

subject to revision by a superior court judge if a motion or demand is made within

10 days of the entry of the order or judgment by the court commissioner.° "On

revision, the superior court [judge] reviews both the commissioner's findings of fact

and conclusions of law de novo based upon the evidence and issues presented to

the commissioner."7 The judge "may issue his or her own independent factual

findings and legal conclusions."° "Once the superior court [judge] makes a

decision on revision, 'the appeal is from the superior court [judge's] decision, not

the commissionersr°

3 State v. B.J.S., 140 Wn. App. 91, 97, 169 P.3d 34 (2007).

4 Bellevue Sch. Dist. v. ES.,171 Wn.2d 695, 702, 257 P.3d 570 (2011).

5 RCW 28A.225.095.

6 RCW 28A.225.095; RCW 2.24.050.

7 State v. Ramer,151 Wn.2d 106, 113,86 P.3d 132 (2004).

Marriage of Lyle, 199 Wn. App. 629, 632-33, 398 P.3d 1225 (2017)

9 Ramer,151 Wn.2d at 113 (quoting State v. Hoffman,115 Wn. App. 91,

101, 60 P.3d 1261 (2003)).

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Here, the superior court judge denied A.J.L.'s motion for revision. The

court's minute entry includes the judge's independent finding "by a preponderance

of the evidence that the school district has taken steps as appropriate and based

on those efforts, court supervision is still necessary."1° Therefore, we limit our

review to the superior court's order and findings.

A.J.L. argues the truancy order does not include the necessary statutory

findings but provides no compelling authority that detailed findings are required for

each of the underlying facts supporting the petition.

The petition for a civil truancy action under ROW 28A.225.030 shall consist

of written notification to the court alleging that

(a) The child has unexcused absences as described in

ROW 28A.225.030(1) during the current school year;

(b) Actions taken by the school district have not been successful in

substantially reducing the child's absences from school; and

(c) Court intervention and supervision are necessary to assist the

school district or parent to reduce the child's absences from

school.(111

Additionally, the petition "shall set forth facts that support the allegations in this

section" and provide information about the relief requested by the district.12

RCW 28A.225.035(12) provides:

If the allegations in the petition are established by a preponderance

of the evidence, the court shall grant the petition and enter an order

w CP at 33.

"ROW 28A.225.035(1).

12 ROW 28A.225.035(3).

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assuming jurisdiction to intervene for the period of time determined

by the court, after considering the facts alleged in the petition and the

circumstances of the juvenile, to most likely cause the juvenile to

return to and remain in school while the juvenile is subject to this

chapter. In no case may the order expire before the end of the

school year in which it is entered.

Though RCW 28A.225.035(12) does require the court to consider "the facts

alleged in the petition and the circumstances of the juvenile," the statute does not

expressly require the court to enter findings as to each of the facts underlying the

petition.

The petition alleged (1) A.J.L. had 28 unexcused absences, which

exceeded the statutory threshold of 10 unexcused absences within the school

year, (2) the district's actions had not been successful in substantially reducing

A.J.L.'s absences, and (3) court intervention and supervision were necessary to

assist the school district to reduce A.J.L.'s absences. The petition was signed

under penalty of perjury by an assistant principal for the district.

The minute entry for the revision hearing expressly states, "The court finds

by a preponderance of the evidence that the school district has taken steps as

appropriate andil based on those efforts, court supervision is still necessary."13

Additionally, near the conclusion of the revision hearing, A.J.L.'s counsel

expressly inquired:

13 CP at 27.

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[S]o is the court then finding by a preponderance of the

evidence that the school district has established that it has taken

steps ... based on a WARMS assessment and implemented those

steps, as appropriate, as the WARMS has recommended, and that

based on the efforts that were taken and the interventions that were

put in place, court supervision is still necessa1'0141

The court responded, "That is what I am finding at this time."15

The minute entry, combined with the court's verbal ruling, adequately

memorialized the judge's independent finding that, by a preponderance of

the evidence, the school district had taken appropriate steps to address the

unexcused absences, and that based on the result of the interventions put

In place, court supervision was still necessary. On the existing briefing,

those findings are adequate to establish the court had authority to assert

jurisdiction over the truancy of A.J.L. consistent with the requirements of

RCW 28A.225.035.

II. Due Process Concerns

A.J.L. argues that rather than allowing a default judgment, "basic notions of

due process" required an evidentiary hearing so, for example, his attorney could

cross-examine witnesses about the allegations in the petition. The provision in

RCW 28A.225.035(8)(b) permitting a default judgment is not at issue. Here, the

superior court judge conducted de novo review on revision and entered her own

14 RP (May 17, 2017) at 41.

15 Id.

16 Appellant's Br. at 6.

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findings, not based on a default. And, in any event, A.J.L. fails to establish that

due process compels a mandatory evidentiary hearing at every initial truancy

hearing.

A state may not deprive a person of "life, liberty, or property" without

providing them with due process of law.I7 At minimum, due process requires a

person be afforded notice and opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in

a meaningful way." "[D]ue process is flexible and calls for such procedural

protections as the particular situation demands." "The fundamental requirement

of due process is the right to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful

manner?"

For purposes of this analysis, we balance the three Matthews v. Eldridge 

factors:

First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action;

second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through

the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or

substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the [fflovernment's

interest, including the function involved and the fiscal and

administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural

requirement would entail5211

11 U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1.

18 Armstrong v. Manzo,380 U.S. 545, 552,85 S. Ct. 1187, 14 L. Ed. 2d 62

(1965).

18 Mathews v. Eldridge,424 U.S. 319, 334, 96 S. Ct. 693, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18

(1976) (alteration in original) (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer,408 U.S. 471, 481, 92

S. Ct. 2593, 33 L. Ed. 2d 484 (1972)).

28 In re Dependency of R.L., 123 Wn. App. 215, 222, 98 P.3d 75 (2004)

(citing id. at 333).

21 424 U.S. 319, 335, 965. Ct. 893,47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976).

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a. Private Interest

A.J.L. contends his physical liberty was at stake at the initial truancy

hearing because the statute in place at the time of the hearing included the

potential for physical confinement.

From 2016 to 2017, ROW 28A.225.090(1)(f) allowed the court, following the

initial truancy hearing, to order the child to reside at a crisis residential center.22 A

"crisis residential center" is "a secure or semi-secure facility established pursuant

to chapter 74.13 ROW?" The district does not dispute that placement in a crisis

residential center would constitute physical confinement. But A.J.L. was neither

placed in a crisis residential center nor at risk of being placed in one without a

hearing where he could subpoena or call witnesses. Even if the risk of

confinement in this context is viewed as a compelling privacy interest, the two

remaining due process factors do not mandate an evidentiary hearing.

b. Risk of Erroneous Deprivation

A.J.L. argues the entry of a truancy order by default creates a substantial

risk that children will be erroneously denied their physical liberty. His argument is

not compelling.

22 LAWS OF 2016, ch. 205, § 9 (effective June 9, 2016); see also LANs OF

2017 ch. 291, § 5 (effective July 23, 2017) (removed this provision from

RCW 28A.225.090(1), although .090(2)(b) continues to include the possible

remedy of detention, preferably at a secure crisis residential center close to home

rather than a juvenile detention facility at later stages of a truancy matter).

23 ROW 13.32A.030(7).

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Here, A.J.L. received notice and had the opportunity to appear at all

hearings. A.J.L. was represented by counsel at each hearing. He had the

opportunity to subpoena or call witnesses and present evidence contradicting the

statements in the petition. A.J.L. chose not to appear at the April 20 hearing

before the commissioner or the May 17 hearing before the judge. He did not

subpoena or call any witnesses. He did not offer evidence. A party's decision not

to avail themselves of the procedures available to them does not establish a due

process violation.24 Both the commissioner and the judge on revision reviewed the

petition and found the necessary elements had been established by a

preponderance of the evidence. The judge did not rely on a default. The judge

reviewed and discussed with A.J.L.'s attorney the contents of the petition,

Including the number of unexcused absences,25 the referral to the truancy board,

and other details.

Moreover, A.J.L.'s counsel was given an opportunity to make an offer of

proof as to any questions he would have asked or any objections he would have

made. He did not identify any specific questions he would have asked or specific

evidence he would have offered. His objections focused on the lack of an

24 See In re Dependency of A.G.,93 Wn. App. 268, 279, 968 P.2d 424

(1998), as amended on reconsideration, (Feb. 1, 1999) (holding no due process

violation in termination of parental rights when parent had notice but chose not to

appear); see also Alvin v. Suzuki,227 F.3d 107, 116 (3d Cir. 2000) ("In order to

state a claim for failure to provide due process, a plaintiff must have taken

advantage of the processes that are available to him or her, unless those

processes are unavailable or patently inadequate.")

25 The attorney admitted the absences were unexcused.

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opportunity to cross-examine witnesses for the district and the procedure used by

the commissioner.

Alternatively, A.J.L. argues that the right to counsel is meaningless in the

absence of an evidentiary hearing. But the statute does not require live testimony,

it requires a "hearing."26 Our legislature has used the term "evidentiary hearing"

when it so intends.22 Statutes are presumed constitutional, and the "challenger

has a heavy burden to overcome that presumption; the challenger must prove that

the statute is unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt."28

Here, A.J.L. does not establish that the procedure used placed A.J.L. at risk

of an erroneous deprivation of his private interest.29 The petition set forth the

Information required by statute under penalty of perjury. A.J.L.'s attorney could

have presented A.J.L.'s version of events at the hearing and subpoenaed

witnesses to testify, but he did not.

26 ROW 28A.225.035.

21 See. e.g., ROW 74.34.135 (providing for evidentiary hearings related to

protection of vulnerable adults); ROW 88.04.055 (allowing for evidentiary hearings

under certain circumstances under the Charter Boat Safety Act).

28 Sch. Dists.' All. for Adequate Funding of Special Educ. v. State, 170

Wn.2d 599, 605, 244 P.3d 1(2010).

28 See City of Bellevue v. Lee,166 Wn.2d 581, 587, 210 P.3d 1011 (2009).

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c. Governmental Interest

Under the third Mathewsfactor, we consider the government's interest,

including the fiscal and administrative burden of providing additional procedural

requirements."

Our legislature has recognized the importance of the State's interest in

ensuring regular school attendance.31 Generally, our courts have acknowledged

the State's Interest in keeping costs and administrative burdens associated with

additional procedures low.32 There is also a governmental interest in preventing

additional procedures from becoming unnecessarily costly and confusing.33

Here, adding a mandatory evidentiary hearing for every initial truancy

hearing would require school district employees to appear and repeat the same

information already provided in the truancy petition signed under penalty of

perjury. Producing these witnesses for each and every truancy hearing would take

school employees away from school even if there is no dispute over unexcused

absences or the steps taken by the school district contemplated by the statute.

Court resources would also be impacted. Limiting live testimony to those

occasions where the student or district subpoenas or calls witnesses is consistent

30 Mathews,424 U.S. at 348.

31 See aenerallv ch. 28A.225 RCW.

32 See State v. Derenoff, 182 Wn. App. 458, 467, 332 P.3d 1001 (2014)

("rpm governmental interest, including costs and administrative burdens of

additional procedures [ ] weighs heavily in favor of the State.").

" State v. Beaver,184 Wn. App. 235, 250, 336 P.3d 654 (2014).

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No. 77032-2-1114

with avoiding unnecessary and costly procedures.

We conclude the factors articulated by the United States Supreme Court in

Mathews v. Eldridge,together with the express language of chapter 28A.225

RCW, do not support a mandatory evidentiary hearing. A.J.L. has not established

a procedural due process violation.

Therefore, we affirm.

WE CONCUR:

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