NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 20a0291n.06

No. 19-3695

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

EMILY WORCESTER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

STARK STATE COLLEGE,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE 

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF 

OHIO

Before: DAUGHTREY, KETHLEDGE, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Stark State College (the School) expelled Emily Worcester 

from its dental-hygiene program after she performed dental procedures off-campus. Worcester 

later sued the School, alleging that the expulsion came without due process. The district court 

dismissed Worcester’s suit for failure to state a claim. We affirm, albeit for reasons different than 

the district court.

We accept as true the facts alleged in Worcester’s complaint. See Anarion Invs. LLC v. 

Carrington Mortg. Servs., LLC, 794 F.3d 568, 569 (6th Cir. 2015). In 2014, Worcester enrolled 

in Stark State, an Ohio technical college that offers a variety of associate’s degrees and other 

career-oriented programs. After Worcester had completed two years of prerequisite coursework, 

she was accepted into the School’s dental-hygiene program. Two months before graduation,

however, Worcester told a professor that she had made mold impressions of two patients’ teeth at 

her home. The professor reported Worcester’s actions to the School. A few days later, the School
No. 19-3695, Worcester v. Stark State Coll.

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informed Worcester by letter that she had been expelled from the program and that her expulsion

was “final.” Worcester nonetheless took several steps to challenge her expulsion. The day she

received the letter, she met with a dean; and five days later, she met with the provost. She also

filed a formal complaint and an application for readmission. (Worcester’s federal complaint does 

not say how the School responded, but the parties agree that Worcester remained expelled.) 

Worcester thereafter brought this suit against the School under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging

that the School had failed to follow its own procedures when it expelled her. Specifically, she 

alleged, the School had expelled her without allowing her “to be heard or file any appeal or 

readmission application,” thereby “depriving [her] of her due process rights.” The district court 

dismissed her complaint for failure to state a claim. We review that decision de novo. See Doe v. 

Baum, 903 F.3d 575, 580 (6th Cir. 2018).

Worcester argues that the School violated her due-process rights by expelling her without 

following its procedures for doing so. To state a claim under § 1983, Worcester must show that a 

“person” acting under the color of state law violated her constitutional rights. Handy-Clay v. City 

of Memphis, 695 F.3d 531, 539 (6th Cir. 2012). 

Although a state and its instrumentalities are not “persons” under § 1983, its political 

subdivisions are. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 70 (1989); see also Mumford v. 

Basinski, 105 F.3d 264, 267 (6th Cir. 1997). Ohio’s political subdivisions “include municipal 

corporations,” like cities and counties. Ohio Rev. Code § 2743.01; Mumford, 105 F.3d at 267. 

But Ohio law also defines “other bodies politic and corporate”—like technical colleges—as 

political subdivisions as well. Ohio Rev. Code § 2743.01(B); see Miller v. Wash. State Comm. 

Coll., 698 N.E.2d 1058, 1060 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997) (citing Mihalcin v. Hocking Coll., No. 

95API06-760, 1995 WL 739686, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995)); see also Ohio Rev. Code 
No. 19-3695, Worcester v. Stark State Coll.

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§§ 3354.03, 3357.022, 3357.04; Hall v. Med. Coll. of Ohio at Toledo, 742 F.2d 299, 303 n.2, 305–

06 (6th Cir. 1984). Here, Worcester contends, and the School does not dispute, that the School is 

a political subdivision of Ohio and thus a person under § 1983. 

A political subdivision causes constitutional injury when the institution itself is the

“moving force” behind the violation. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). 

But the subdivision is not liable “simply because one of its employees has committed a 

constitutional violation.” Andrews v. Wayne Cty., 957 F.3d 714, 2020 WL 2111315, at *5 (6th 

Cir. May 4, 2020). Instead, the plaintiff must allege that the subdivision caused her injury through 

an institutional policy or custom. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. 

Here, as the School has argued in the district court and on appeal, Worcester has not alleged 

her injury was the result of any School policy or custom. Rather, Worcester pled only that the 

School instead failed to follow its own policies. Indeed, Worcester’s complaint repeatedly 

characterizes the School’s treatment of her case as unique, rather than “so permanent and well 

settled as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of law.” See Doe v. Claiborne Cty., 

103 F.3d 495, 507 (6th Cir. 1996). And Worcester has not pled or argued any other theory of 

institutional liability under Monell. She therefore failed to state a claim under § 1983. See Burgess 

v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462, 479 (6th Cir. 2013).

The district court’s judgment is affirmed.