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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)





Current Intelligence Bulletin 7: Polychlorinated (PCBs)						Print
																Related Pages
										November 3, 1975
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 78-127
R. J. William Lloyd, Sc.D.; Roscoe M. Moore, Jr., D.V.M.;
Barbara S. Woolf, M.S.; and Harvey P. Stein, Ph.D.
Reports of adverse health effects in humans and the demonstration of carcinogenic effects in certain animal species have led to the reexamination of the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment and the potential health effects of human exposure.
Because the industrial environment represents the major source of potentially high exposures to PCBs, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has gathered pertinent information on the manufacture, uses, and reported deleterious effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and is advising the occupational health community of these hazards.

Background
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) describe a group, of synthetic chlorinated organic compounds having the following structure:
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) describe a group, of synthetic chlorinated organic compounds having the following structure
where each of the ten Z’s can represent either a hydrogen or a chlorine atom. There are 209 different chlorinated biphenyls and they are collectively referred to as PCBs although many are not actually polychlorinated. Approximately half of these compounds have been synthesized and characterized.
Mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls are important industrial products. The most common tradenames for these mixtures are  Aroclor,* Inerteen,**  Kanechlor,*** and  Pyranol.† known tradenames for PCB-containing products are listed in Table 1. PCB-containing dielectrics (electrical insulators) are generally referred to as “askarels” in the electrical industry.
**Table 1.** — Tradenames for Known PCB Containing Products.
Tradenames for Known PCB Containing Products
Tradename
Tradename OwnerAroclor
Monsanto Company
St. Louis, MOChlorextol
Allis-Chalmers
Milwaukee, WIClophen
Farbenfabricken Bayer GmbH
GermanyDykanol
Federal Pacific Electric Co.
Newark, NJFenclor
Caffaro S.P.A.
ItalyInerteen
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
Pittsburgh, PAKanechlor
Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
JapanNoflamol
Wagner Electric Corporation
Newark, NJPhenoclor
Prodelec
FrancePyralene
Prodelec
FrancePyranol
General Electric Co.
Schenectady, NYSantotherm
Mitsubishi-Monsanto
JapanTherminol*
Monsanto Co.
St. Louis, MO**Table 1 Note:**
* Therminol products now formulated in the U.S. do not contain PCBs. [return to table]
Mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls are very resistant to degradation, are thermally stable, and resistant to oxidation, acids, bases, and other chemical agents. They are soluble in most of the common organic solvents and lipids, but only slightly soluble in water, glycerol, and glycols. PCBs are good electrical insulators. Although most individual polychlorinated bipheynyls are solids at room temperatures, the mixtures vary in consistency from mobile oils to viscous liquids or sticky resins.
PCBs are generally prepared industrially by the chlorination of biphenyl with anhydrous chlorine in the presence of iron filings or a ferric chloride catalyst. Trace quantities of chlorinated naphthalenes and chlorinated dibenzofurans have been reported in some commercial samples of PCBs and it has been suggested that the presence of these impurities may be of toxicological significance.1-3
Commercial PCBs are generally mixtures of many different chlorinated biphenyls, as shown in Table 2, manufactured to meet operational specifications (such as dielectric constant, flash point, fire point, density, percent chlorine, and color); these commercial mixtures may vary chemically from batch to batch.
**Table 2.** – Description of PCB Mixtures.
Description of PCB Mixtures
Aroclor®
1221*
Aroclor
1016*
Aroclor
1242*
Aroclor
1254*
Aroclor
1260†
Kanechlor®
300‡
Kanechlor
400‡
Kanechlor
500‡**Approximate Chlorine**21%
42%
42%
54%
60%
42%
48%
53**Components**11
<0.1
<0.1
<0.151
1
1
<0.132
20
16
0.5

17
34
57
49
1

60
33
52
21
25
21

23
44
27<0.5
1
8
48
12
0.6
16
55none
detected
<0.1
1
23
38

5
13none
detected
none
detected
<0.1
6
41none
detected
none
detected
none
detected
none
detected
81**Table 2 Notes:** It must be emphasized that these are approximate compositions of the PCB mixtures and that a particular product may vary in chemical composition from batch to batch.
* Weight-weight percent. None detected = less than 0.01%. Source of component compositions: Monsanto Company, quoted in Hutzinger, O., *et al., op. cit.*, p. 23 [return to table]
† Percent. Source of component compositions: , A., PCB Newsletter, No. 3, July 1971, quoted in Hutzinger, O., *et al., op. cit*., p. 23 [return to table]
‡ Percent. Source of component compositions: , N., *et al., op. cit.*, p. 1637 [return to table]
PCBs have found wide use in industry and have been manufactured in the United States since 1929. The major domestic manufacturer, Monsanto Company, produces PCBs at Sauget, Illinois and reports manufacturing 40 million pounds of PCBs in the United States during 1974 (down from 85 million pounds in 1970).4 Monsanto’s domestic production and sales of PCBs by grade and category from 1957 through the first quarter of 1975 are shown in Table 3.
**Table 3** — PCB Manufacture and Sales Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company
1965 Through 1975
(Thousands of Pounds)
PCB Manufacture and Sales Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company 1965 Through 1975
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
(1st quarter) 1975U.S. Production
60480
65849
75309
82854
76389
85054
34994
38600
42178
40466
8532Domestic Sales
51796
59078
62466
65116
67194
73061
34301
26408
37742
34406
7986U.S. Export Sales
4234
6852
8124
11231
10624
13651
—
6388
8346
5395
1538**Domestic Sales by Category**Heat Transfer
1237
1766
2262
2529
3050
3958
3060
752
—
—
—Hydraulics/Lubricants
4616
4258
4643
5765
8039
7403
1552
0
—
—
—Misc. Industrial
1841
1779
1426
1283
1079
1627
1155
0
—
—
—Transformer
8657
8910
11071
11585
12105
13828
11134
>25656
37742
34406
7986Capacitor
23749
28884
29703
29550
25022
26708
14141Plasticizer Applications
11696
13481
13361
14404
16460
19537
3259
0
—
—
—Petroleum Additives
—
—
—
—
1439
—
—
0
—
—
—**Domestic Sales by PCB Grade**Aroclor 1221
369
528
442
136
507
1476
2215
171
35
57
10Aroclor 1232
7
16
25
90
273
260
171
0
0
0
0Aroclor 1242
31533
39557
43055
44853
45491
48588
21981
728
6200
6207
2201Aroclor 1248
5565
5015
4704
4894
5650
4073
213
807
0
0
0Aroclor 1254
7737
7035
6696
8891
9822
12421
4661
3495
7979
6185
2115Aroclor 1260
5831
5875
6417
5252
4439
4890
1725
305
0
0
0Aroclor 1262
558
768
840
720
712
1023
1
0
0
0
0Aroclor 1268
196
284
287
280
300
330
0
0
0
0
0Aroclor 1016
0
0
0
0
0
0
3334
20902
23531
21955
3660
* Used Primarily in capacitors[return to table]
** Used Primarily in transformers[return to table]
1957 Through 1964
**1957 Through 1964**1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964U.S. Production
(1)
(1)
(1)
37919
36515
38353
44734
50833Domestic Sales
32299
26061
31310
35214
37538
38043
38132
44869U.S. Export Sales
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
3647
4096**Domestic Sales by Category**Heat Transfer
—
—
—
—
—
157
582
929Hydraulics/Lubricants
1612
1549
2685
2523
4110
3915
3945
4374Miscellaneous Industrial
704
755
1569
1559
2114
1681
1528
1692Transformer
12955
5719
5984
7921
6281
7984
7290
7997Capacitor
17028
14099
16499
16967
15935
15382
15606
19540Plasticizer Applications
(1)
3939
4573
6244
9098
8924
9181
10337Petroleum Aditives
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—**Domestic Sales by PCB Grade**Aroclor 1221
23
16
254
103
94
140
361
596Aroclor 1232
196
113
240
155
241
224
13
13Aroclor 1242
18222
10444
13598
18196
19827
20654
18510
23571Aroclor 1248
1779
2559
3384
2827
4023
3463
5013
5238Aroclor 1254
4461
6691
6754
6088
6294
6325
5911
6280Aroclor 1260
7587
5982
6619
7330
6540
6595
7626
8535Aroclor 1262
31
184
359
326
361
432
414
446Aroclor 1268
—
72
102
189
158
210
284
190Aroclor 1016
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—(1)  Production figures and Plasticizer Applications figures unavailable during year indicated.[return to table]
(2)  U.S. Export Sales figures unavailable during year indicated.[return to table] *Source: Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1975.*
Uses
PCBs are employed in capacitors and transformers because they combine: dielectric properties with chemical stability and fire resistance. Approximately twice as many pounds of PCBs are used in the manufacture of capacitors as in the manufacture of transformers.
Prior to the environmental concern surrounding the persistence and ubiquitousness of PCBs,5 they were more widely used in industry as fluids for heat transfer systems, hydraulic systems, gas turbines, and vacuum pumps, as fire retardants, and as plasticizers in adhesives, textiles, surface coatings, sealants, printing, and carbonless copy paper.
Beginning in 1971, Monsanto voluntarily restricted its domestic sales of PCBs to closed system dielectric applications in capacitors and transformers.6 current domestic applications of PCBs include use in investment casting processes, as heat exchange fluids, and as hydraulic fluids. Imports of PCBs have been estimated to exceed 375,000 pounds for 1974. Reclaimed PCBs also are reported to be available.7
More than 95% of all power capacitors contain PCBs. Among their applications are use on electric utility lines, in air conditioners, and in the ballast of fluorescent lamp fixtures. PCBs are employed for safety, reliability, and long life, as well as to achieve size compatibility with equipment and instalation requirements. However, non-PCB power capacitors are being manufactured (e.g., General Electric’s Econol line and Sprague’s Eccol line) which may serve as alternatives.8, ‡
PCBs are employed in transformers at locations where their proximity to people and/or property demand a fire resistant dielectric. Approximately 5% of transformers are PCB filled and each of the transformers so filled contains between 40 and 500 gallons of PCBs (about 235 gallons is average). Possible alternatives to PCB filled transformers may include dry transformers (which are larger) as well as transformers filled with silicone fluids or other materials under evaluation. 8,9
Chlorinated terphenyls, as well as PCBs, are used in some formulations of wax for investment casting processes.8 The chemical structure of chlorinated terphenyls resembles that of PCBs. Chlorinated terphenyls have been reported to have toxicological effects similar to those of PCBs.10
Approximately 330,000 pounds of chlorinated terphenyls were imported into the United States during 197411 and 125,532 pounds during 1973.12

Toxicity
PCBs are poorly metabolized and tend to accumulate in animal tissues, including humans.13-17 The accumulation particularly in tissues and organs rich in lipids, appears to be higher in the case of *penta* and more highly chlorinated biphenyls. 18
Studies have revealed PCBs in human fat tissue and blood plasma. PCBs, in amounts greater than 2 parts per million, were reported in 198 of 637 (31%) samples of human fat tissue taken from the general population of 18 states and the District of Columbia.14 residues ranging up to 29 parts per billion have also been found in 43% of 616 plasma samples collected from volunteers in a southeastern U.S. county.15

Human
The known toxic effects of PCBs in humans include an acnelike skin eruption (chloracne), pigmentation of the skin and nails, excessive eye discharge, swelling of eyelids, and distinctive hair follicles.19
For a number of years, chloracne of the face and neck has been reported among workers exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons. Workers exposed to PCBs in the process of insulating cables,20 in the production of condensers21 and in the manufacture of chlorobiphenyls22 have reported these skin lesions along with systemic effects such as digestive disturbances, edema of the face and hands, burning of the eyes, impotence, and hematuria. 16,22
The toxic effects of PCBs in humans are further illustrated by a 1968 outbreak of poisoning in Japan that involved over 1,000 people who ingested PCB contaminated rice bran oil for a period of several months. The contamination of the oil (estimated 1,500 to 2,000 ppm) occurred when heat transfer pipes immersed in the oil during processing developed pin-sized holes. The clinical aspects of the poisoning included chloracne, brown pigmentation of the skin and nails, distictive hair follicles, increased eye discharge, swelling of eyelids, transient visual disturbance, and systemic gastrointestinal symptoms with jaundice.19 In some patients, symptoms persisted three years after PCB exposure was discontinued. Infants born to poisoned mothers had decreased birth weights, and showed skin discoloration due to PCB placental passage. Two stillbirths to PCB exposed women were also reported. 23

Animal
The toxic effects of PCBs in animals have been studied extensively. Reports of malignant, nonmalignant, and reproductive effects are shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6
**Table 4.** – Malignant Pathologic Effects Induced by PCBs in Animals.
Malignant Pathologic Effects Induced by PCBs in Animals
PCB Mixture
Treatment
Animal
EffectsKanechlor 50024
Kanechlor 400
Kanechlor 300
500 ppm, 250 ppm
and 100 ppm in
diet for 32 weeks
Mice
Liver weight increased with percent
chlorine and dosage Kanechlor 400 and 500 produced liver cell hypertrophy. 500 ppm of Kanechlor 500 produced hyperplastic noduels in 7 of 12 mice and hepatocellular carcinomas in 5 of 12 mice No nodules or carcinomas in controlsAroclor 125425
300 ppm in diet
for 6 & 11 months
Mice
Increased liver weight. Adenofibrosis in all mice fed for 11 months. Nine of 22 mice fed for 11 months had hepatomas. One of 24 mice fed for 6 months had a hepatoma. No hepatomas in control mice.Aroclor 126026
100 ppm in diet
for 21 months
Rats
Hepatocellular alteration in 182 of 184 rats fed PCBs and in 28 of 173 control rats. Neoplastic nodules in 144 of 184 PCB fed rats and none in control rats. Hepatocellular carcinomas in 26 of 184 rats fed PCBs and in 1 of 173 control rats.**Table 5.** – Nonmalignant Pathologic Effects Induced by PCBs in Animals.
Nonmalignant Pathologic Effects Induced by PCBs in Animals
PCB Mixture
Animal
Route of
Administration
EffectsAcute EffectsUnspecified
Product
Containing
42% Chlorine27
Aroclor 124228
Aroclor 1254
Guinea pigs
Rats
Rabbits
Guinea pigs
Rats
Mice
Rabbits
Cat
Subcutaneous Skin application
Feeding
Inhalation
Fatty degeneration and central
atrophy of the liver. *Aroclor 1242* produced no ill effects on basis of mortality, growth, pathology, organ enlargement, liver function, or hematological changes. *Aroclor 1254* produced no harmful effects regarding growth or mortality, but did produce enlarged livers with microscopic evidence of hepatic cellular injury.Aroclor 124829
Monkeys
Feeding
Weight loss, hair loss, mouth and eyelid edema, acneform lesions, decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, severe gastric mucosal ulceration and extreme hypertrophy of the liver.Chronic EffectsAroclor 125430
Aroclor 1260
Rats
Feeding
Hypertrophy of the liver cells, a brown pigment in the Kupffer cells, lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and adenofibrosis.**Table 6.** – Reproductive Effects of PCBs in Animals.
Reproductive Effects of PCBs in Animals
PCB Mixture
Animal
Route of
Administration
EffectsAroclor 124231
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor1260
Chickens
Feeding
Aroclor 1242 and 1254 reduced egg production and hatchability and caused thin eggshells. Aroclor 1260 produced no harmful effects.Aroclor 125432
Mallards
Bobwhites
Feeding
No adverse effects.Aroclor 125433
Pheasant
Feeding
Reduced egg production and hatchability.Aroclor 125434
Mink
Feeding
Severely affected reproduction.Aroclor 124829
Female
monkeys
Feeding
Reduced ability to become pregnant. Pregnancies produced small infants with PCBs in tissues.
Occupational Exposure
It is estimated that 12,000 people are occupationally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. The majority of these exposures are in capacitor production and in investment casting processes.

Permissible Occupational Exposure
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Department of Labor standards for chlorinated biphenyls are 1 mg/cubic meter for 42% chlorine mixtures and .5 mg/cubic meter for 54% chlorine mixtures. These are based on the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.35

August 20, 1976
Dear Colleague:
In a June 24, 1976 letter, Mobil Oil Corporation advised the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of a possible association between occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cancer in humans. Mobil Oil reported preliminary results of an epidemiologic analysis based on medical records of employees exposed to PCBs at their Paulsboro, New Jersey plant. This study was conducted by Professor Anita K. Bahn (School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania) and is being reported by Dr. Bahn in a letter to the editor of the *New England Journal of Medicine*, August 19, 1976.
The study included two cohorts of Mobil employees who were reported to have had varying exposure to Aroclor 1254 (a mixture of PCBs). The cohort of research and development employees was exposed to PCBs between 1949 and 1957 and the cohort of refinery plant employees between 1953 and 1958. The extent of exposure of these workers to other chemicals is not known. The cancer incidence among these workers for the period 1957 through 1975 was determined using Mobil medical records. Because medical records for 37 employees were incomplete, these workers were excluded from this analysis.
Among the 92 workers in these two cohorts for whom adequate medical records were available, eight cancers (in seven workers) were observed between 1957 and 1975. Of these eight cancers, three were malignant melanoma and two were cancer of the pancreas. This is significantly more skin cancer (melanoma) and pancreatic cancer than would be expected in a population of this size (based on the Third National Cancer Survey). The remaining cancers were found at three other sites in two employees; sarcoma of the right thigh and multiple myeloma in one employee, and recto-sigmoid cancer in the other.
NIOSH is unaware of any other published animal or human data which suggest a correlation between exposure to PCBs and skin (melanoma) or pancreatic cancer. However, hepatomas (mice, Aroclor 1254) and hepatocellular carcinomas (mice, Kanechlor 500; rats, Aroclor 1260) have been reported in PCB feeding studies of laboratory animals.
Background information on PCBs has been summarized in the NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin on Polychlorinated Biphenyls issued to the occupational health community on November 3, 1975, and subsequently published in the Journal of Occupational Medicine, Volume 18, pages 109-113, February 1976. Since the NIOSH Bulletin was first issued, a number of large firms have introduced products (e.g., butylated monochlorodiphenyl oxide and dimethyl siloxane polymer) claimed to be fire resistant dielectrics which can serve as alternatives to PCBs. In addition, one of the large domestic transformer manufacturers announced that it will cease using PCBs as fire resistant transformer fluids at the end of this year. NIOSH would like to stress that alternatives for PCBs should be thoroughly studied to assess the consequences they may pose to human health.
To aid in evaluating PCBs as a potential occupational health problem, NIOSH would welcome receiving reports of studies regarding the possible association between exposure to PCBs and human cancer.
Your cooperation in this matter is appreciated.
Sincerely yours,*[signature]*
John F. Finklea, M.D.
Director

Notes
*  Aroclor is a registered trademark of the Monsanto Company. [return to text]
** Inerteen is a registered trademark of the Westinghouse electric Corporation for its brand of PCB containing dielectric fluids. [return to text]
*** Kanechlor is a registered trademark of the Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Company, Ltd. [return to text]
† Pyranol is a registered trademark of the General Electric Company for its brand of PCB containing dielectric fluids. [return to text]
‡ In December, 1975, The Dow Chemical Company and McGraw Edison Company announced the development of a substitute for PCBs in high voltage capacitors, butylated monochlorodiphenyl oxide. [return to text]

References
Hutzinger 0, Safe S, and Zitko V: Chemistry of PCB’s, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, p. 22, 1974.
Bowes GW, Mulvihill MJ, Simoneit BRT et al: of chlorinated dibenzofurans in American polychlorinated biphenyls, *Nature* 256:305, 1975.
Curley A, Burse VW, Jennings RW, et al: of Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) in Aroclor 1254 and the Urine of Rats Following Dietary Exposure to Aroclor 1254, *Bull Environ Contam and Toxicol* 14:153-58, 1975.
Communication from Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1975.
Interagency Task Force on PCBs: and the Environment, COM-72-10419, Washington, DC, March 20, 1972.
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Company’s Program of Restricted Sales and Controlled Manufacturing Practices, Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, St. Louis, Missouri, October, 1974.
Glenn Schweitzer, Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, testimony at an August, 1975, Wisconsin hearing, quoted in Toxic Materials News, p. 139, September 15, 1975.
Personal communications with representatives of the industry, October 1975.
Dow Corning Dielectric Liquids for Power Transformers, Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan, received September, 1975 (booklet not dated).
Allen JR, Abrahamson LJ, and Norback DH: effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and triphenyls on the subhuman primate, *Environ Research* 6:344-54, 1973.
Telephone conversation with a representative of the U.S. International Trade Commission, Washington, DC, September, 1975.
U.S. Tarriff Commission: of Benzoid Chemicals and Products, Washington, DC, p. 24, 1973.
Biros FJ, Walker AC, and Medbery A: Biphenyls in Human Adipose Tissue, *Bull Environ Contam and Toxkol* 5:317-23,1970.
Yobs AR: of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Adipose Tissue of the General Population of the Nation, *Environ Hlth Perspective* 1:79-80, 1972.
Finklea J, Priester LE, Creason JP, et al: biphenyl residues in human plasma expose a major urban pollution problem, *AJPH* 62:645-51, 1972.
Kimbrough RD: Toxicity of Polychlorinated Polycyclic Compounds and Related Chemicals, Critical Reviews Toxicology, CRC Press, Inc., 2(4):445-96, 1974.
International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, 7:261-89, 1974.
Hutzinger 0, et al., op. cit., p. 2
Kuratsune M, Yoshimura T, Matsuzaka J, and Yamasuchi A: Yusho, a poisoning caused by rice oil contaminated with polyclorinated biphenyls, *HSMHA Hith Reports* 36:1083-91, 1971.
Fulton WB and Matthews JL: Preliminary Report of the Dermatological and Systemic Effects of Exposure to Hexachloro-Naphthalene and Chloro-Diphenyl, Bureau of Industrial Standards, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1936.
Mayers MR and Silverberg MG: Conditions Resulting from Exposure to Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, *J Indust Hyg Toxicol* 20:244-58, 1938.
Schwartz L: from Synthetic Resins and Waxes, *Am J Pub Health* 26:586-92, 1936.
Miller RW: -colored Babies, Chlorobiphenyl Poisoning in Japan, *Teratology* 4:211-12, 1971.
Ito N, Nagasaki H, Arai M, et al: studies on liver tumorigenesis induced in mice by technical polychlorinated biphenyls and its promoting effect on liver tumors induced by benzene hexachloride, *JNCI* 51:1637-46, 1973.
Kimbrough RD and Linder RE: of adenofibrosis and hepatomas of the liver in BALB/cJ mice by polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254), *JNCI* 53:547-52, 1974.
Kimbrough RD, Squire RA, Linder RE et al: of Liver Tumors in Rats by Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclor 1260, *JNCI,* December, 1975.
Miller JW: Changes in Animals Exposed to a Commercial Chlorinated Diphenyl, Pub Health Reports, pp. 1085-93, August 18, 1944.
Treon JF, Cleveland FP, Cappell JW, and Atchley RW: toxicity of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 and Arodor 1254, *Am Ind Hyg Quart* 17:204-13, 1956.
Allen JR: of the nonhuman primate to polychlorinated byphenyl exposure, *Fed Proceed* 34:1675-79, 1956.
Kimbrough RD, Linder RE, and Gaines TB: changes in livers of rats fed polychlorinated biphenyls, *Arch Environ Hith* 25:354-64, 1972.
Keplinger ML, Fancher OE, and Calandra JC: Toxicologic studies with polychlorinated biphenyls, *Toxicol Appl Pharmacol* 19:402, 1971.
Heath RG, Spann JW, Kreitzer JR, and Vance C: Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Birds, Proc 15th Intern Ornithol Congr, Leiden, Holland, p. 476, 1972.
Dahlgren RB, Linder RL, and Carlson CW: biphenyls: effects on penned pheasants, *Environ Health Perspect* 1:89, 1972.
Ringer RK, Aulerich RI, and Zabik M: Effect of Dietary Polychlorinated Biphenyls on Growth and Reproduction of Mink, ACS Div Water Air and Waste Chemistry, Preprints of Papers 12:149, 1972.
Federal Register, Vol. 37, No. 202, p. 22140, Wednesday, October 18, 1972.
							
					
							Last Reviewed:  June 6, 2014						Source: 	National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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