J-A26035-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Appellant

v.

RYAN DEAN GARGES

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 479 MDA 2017

Appeal from the Order Entered March 8, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Columbia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-19-CR-0000713-2016

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and RANSOM, J.

MEMORANDUM BY RANSOM, J.: FILED JANUARY 11, 2018

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the March 8, 2017 

order granting Appellee’s motion to suppress physical evidence.1 After careful 

review, we are constrained to reverse.

We derive the following statement of facts and procedure underlying the 

charges against Appellee, Ryan Dean Garges, from the trial court opinion.2 

____________________________________________

1 We note that the instant appeal is properly before this Court as the 

Commonwealth may take an interlocutory appeal as of right from a pretrial 

suppression order when the Commonwealth certifies that the order will 

terminate or substantially handicap the prosecution. See Pa.R.A.P. 311(d); 

Commonwealth v. Knoeppel, 788 A.2d 404, (Pa. Super. 2001), reargument 

denied, appeal denied, 806 A.2d 859, 569.

2 Appellee was charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent 

to deliver, simple possession of a controlled substance, possession of drug 

paraphernalia, underage possession of alcohol, and possession of an open 

container of alcohol in violation of the Code of Ordinances of the Town of 
J-A26035-17

- 2 -

The incident occurred on September 16, 2016 when the arresting 

officer, David Bowman [(“Officer Bowman”)], on foot patrol, 

approached Michael Panas [(“Mr. Panas”)] and [] [Appellee], both 

of whom were standing with labeled cans of beer in the middle of 

the street in front of 144 East Ridge Ave., in the Town of 

Bloomsburg[. Notes of Testimony (N.T.), 2/21/2017, at 5]. 

Another officer took [] [Appellee] aside and Officer Bowman 

interviewed Mr. Panas. During that conversation, Mr. Panas 

dropped a cellophane wrapper to the ground. Initially, Mr. Panas 

denied knowing anything about the cellophane package[. Id. at

15]. Officer Bowman asked Mr. Panas if it contained cocaine and 

Mr. Panas stated that it did. Officer Bowman asked Mr. Panas 

from whom Mr. Panas acquired the cocaine, and Mr. Panes told 

Officer Bowman that Mr. Panas had just purchased the cocaine 

from [] [Appellee] and that [] [Appellee] had "a lot more ...in his 

pocket." [Id. at 6]. Officer Bowman then went over to []

[Appellee], who was being cited for underage possession of 

alcohol by another officer [Id. at 6], and Officer Bowman placed 

[] [Appellee’s] hands behind his back and "began to pat him down, 

search him to arrest." [Id. at 6]. Officer Bowman found $218.00 

in currency, some other currency rolled up in a manner which 

facilitated the snorting of cocaine[,] and a plastic bag which 

contained [thirteen] grams of cocaine. [Id. at 7-8].

On cross examination, Officer Bowman stated that he did 

not search [] [Appellee] because of his suspicion that [] [Appellee]

had consumed alcohol while underage and out of an open 

container in a public street, but "because Mr. Panas told me he 

had more cocaine in his [the [Appellee’s]] pockets." [Id. at 9]. 

Officer Bowman repeatedly acknowledged that he patted [] 

[Appellee] down "because of the information [he] got from Mr. 

Panas that [] [Appellee] had cocaine on him." [Id. at 13-14].

Officer Bowman acknowledged that he had never dealt with 

Mr. Panas previously[. Id. at 15] []. [] Officer Bowman 

confirmed that he only arrested [] [Appellee] after [] [Appellee]

____________________________________________

Bloomsburg. 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30), 780-113(a)(16), 780-113(a)(32); 

18 Pa.C.S. § 6308(a); and Town of Bloomsburg Ordinance § 6-502 (relating 

to the purpose of part 5 consumption of alcohol and open containers),

respectively.
J-A26035-17

- 3 -

was searched and after cocaine was found on [] [Appellee]

pursuant to the pat down search[. Id., at 17 ].

Trial Court Opinion, 5/1/2017, at 1-2. The Appellee and Mr. Panas were not 

tried as co-defendants. N.T., 2/21/2017, at 16-17. Following a hearing, in 

March 2017, the suppression court granted Appellee’s motion to suppress 

physical evidence, namely, the currency (including the rolled-up currency) and 

narcotics.

The Commonwealth timely filed a notice of appeal. In April 2017, the 

Commonwealth timely filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. The 

trial court issued a responsive opinion in May 2017.

On appeal, the Commonwealth raises the following issue for our review:

1. Whether the lower court erred as a matter of law in concluding 

that the cocaine seized from the [Appellee] was not the product 

of a valid search incident to arrest and was, therefore, subject 

to suppression?

Commonwealth’s Brief at 3.

“Once a motion to suppress evidence has been filed, it is the 

Commonwealth's burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that 

the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of the defendant's 

rights.” Commonwealth v. Evans, 153 A.3d 323, 327 (Pa.2016) (citing 

Commonwealth v. Wallace, 42 A.3d 1040, 1047–48 (Pa. 2012) (en banc)). 

Where the court grants a suppression motion, we consider only the 

defendant's evidence and the Commonwealth's evidence that “remains 

uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a whole.” 
J-A26035-17

- 4 -

Commonwealth v. Brown, 64 A.3d 1101, 1104 (Pa. Super. 2013). When 

reviewing the propriety of a suppression order, we are required to determine 

whether the record supports the suppression court's factual findings and 

whether the inferences and legal conclusions drawn by the suppression court 

from those findings are appropriate. Commonwealth v. Peterson, 17 A.3d 

935, 937 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Moyer, 954 A.2d 659, 

663 (Pa. Super. 2008)). Where the record supports the factual findings of the 

suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse only if the 

legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error. Id. Additionally, “[i]t is within 

the suppression court's sole province as factfinder to pass on the credibility of 

witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.” Commonwealth v. 

Gallagher, 896 A.2d 583, 585 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation omitted).

In its single claim of error, the Commonwealth contends that Appellee 

was validly searched incident to arrest. Commonwealth’s Brief at 8-16. This 

assertion is premised upon Appellee’s arrest being proper. We conclude that 

Appellee’s arrest was lawful, as the facts and circumstances known to Officer 

Bowman prior to his search of Appellee established probable cause to arrest 

Appellee for the sale of narcotics.

“[A] search conducted without a warrant is presumed to be 

unreasonable unless it can be justified under a recognized exception to the 

search warrant requirement.” Commonwealth v. Agnew, 600 A.2d 1265, 
J-A26035-17

- 5 -

1271 (Pa. Super. 1991). “One such exception is a search which is incident to 

a lawful arrest.” Id. As this Court has previously noted:

It is axiomatic that the validity of a warrantless arrest is 

determined by considering “whether, at the moment the arrest 

was made, the officer had probable cause to make it,” Beck v. 

Ohio, 85 S. Ct. 223, 225, (1964), and the person arrested is 

believed to be the guilty party.

Commonwealth v. Mallory, 614 A.2d 1174, 1176 (Pa. Super. 1992), appeal 

denied, 621 A.2d 578 (Pa. 1993). Probable cause to effectuate a warrantless 

arrest exists when: 

“the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the arresting 

officer are reasonably trustworthy and sufficient to justify a person 

of reasonable caution in believing that the arrestee has committed 

an offense.” Commonwealth v. Romero, 673 A.2d 374, 376 

(Pa. Super. 1996). In making this determination, this Court has 

held that “[p]robable cause for a warrantless arrest requires only 

the probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal 

activity.” Id. at 377 (emphasis in original) (citing 

Commonwealth v. Quiles, 619 A.2d 291, 298 (Pa. Super. 1993) 

(en banc)).

Commonwealth v. Rickabaugh, 706 A.2d 826, 835–36 (Pa. Super. 1997) 

(some formatting added).

In the instant case, the Commonwealth avers that Mr. Panas’ admission 

to participation in criminal activity established sufficient probable cause to 

justify the arrest of Appellee. Commonwealth’s Brief at 8-16. We agree.

“[T]he uncorroborated confession of an accomplice which implicates the 

suspect will supply the probable cause for a warrantless arrest.” 

Commonwealth v. Zook, 615 A.2d 1, 6 (Pa. 1992) (recognizing that 

sufficient probable cause existed to execute the warrantless arrest of 
J-A26035-17

- 6 -

defendant where declarant provided defendant with information to commit 

crime and implicated defendant; plus the declarant’s statement against penal 

interest to conspiracy established reliability); see also Commonwealth v. 

Johnson, 354 A.2d 886, 890 (Pa. 1976) (probable cause existed to arrest 

defendant without warrant for murder when a third party confessed that 

defendant had helped him kill the victim); Commonwealth v. Rush, 326 

A.2d 340, 341 (Pa. 1974) (police had probable cause to arrest defendant 

without warrant where co-conspirator implicated defendant); 

Commonwealth v. Kenney, 297 A.2d 794, 796 (Pa. 1972) (confession of 

co-defendant which implicated defendant established probable cause).

Further, a statement against the penal interest of a declarant suggests 

the reliability of the statement. Commonwealth v. Miller, 439 A.2d 1167, 

1169 (Pa. 1982) (noting, “[t]he personal involvement of the declarant assures 

direct knowledge of the source of the information and the self[-]implication 

tends to suggest the reliability of the statement”); see also Commonwealth 

v. Glover, 412 A.2d 855, 857 (1980). 

Here, the officers observed Appellee with a labeled can of beer in 

violation of a Town of Bloomsburg Ordinance and learned thereafter that 

Appellee possessed the alcohol while underage. N.T., 2/21/2017, at 5. Officer 

Bowman could not legally arrest Appellee solely for these summary offenses 
J-A26035-17

- 7 -

under the present facts.3 However, during Officer Bowman’s conversation 

with Mr. Panas, Mr. Panas implicated himself in criminal activity and likewise 

implicated Appellee.

While “standing face to face” in conversation with Mr. Panas, he 

observed Mr. Panas reach into his pocket and discard a cellophane package 

containing a white powdery substance. N.T., 2/21/2017, at 5-6. Mr. Panas 

admitted that the substance was cocaine. Id. This statement immediately 

exposed Mr. Panas to criminal liability for the possession of a controlled 

substance and was against his penal interest. At this juncture, Officer 

Bowman had reason to believe Mr. Panas’ statement as reliable, having seen 

the physical evidence of the discarded package containing white powdery 

substance, coupled with Mr. Panas’ corroborating admission of the illegal 

nature of its contents.

____________________________________________

3 These violations are graded as summary offenses. See Town of Bloomsburg 

Ordinance § 6-504 (possession of an open container); and 18 Pa.C.S. § 

6308(a), respectively. Officer Bowman was authorized by law to arrest 

Appellee and Mr. Panas without warrant for possession of alcohol if in addition 

to probable cause, there existed “ongoing conduct that imperils the personal 

security of any person or endangers public or private property.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 

8902(a)(1); Pa.R.Crim.P. 400. At the suppression hearing, Officer Bowman 

conceded that Appellee did nothing to indicate that he possessed a weapon 

and Officer Bowman noted that Appellee was cooperative. N.T., 2/21/2017, 

at 14. The record is otherwise devoid of any observations regarding Appellee’s 

conduct. Thus, as Appellee’s conduct did not imperil any person's security or 

endanger public or private property, a warrantless arrest for either summary 

offense would therefore, be illegal. 
J-A26035-17

- 8 -

Mr. Panas’ self-incriminating statement was directly followed by 

information that identified and incriminated Appellee in criminal activity

closely related to his own. Mr. Panas further stated that he had just 

participated in a drug transaction. Id. When asked who sold the cocaine to 

him, Mr. Panas said that he received the controlled substance from Appellee, 

pointing at him. Id. Mr. Panas then stated that Appellee had "a lot more 

[cocaine] with him” and indicated where the cocaine could be found, in 

Appellee’s pocket. Id. at 6. The information furnished against Appellee 

contained the source of the knowledge of Appellee’s criminal activity, the 

preceding purchase, and the location of narcotics on an identified individual, 

Appellee. 

Accordingly, under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial 

court’s legal conclusion was in error, as police had sufficient cause to arrest 

Appellee without a warrant. Peterson, 17 A.3d at 937; Rickabaugh, 706 

A.2d at 835–36. Mr. Panas’ confession rendered his statement implicating 

Appellee reliable to a degree that did not require corroboration by police to 

create sufficient probable cause to arrest Appellee for the sale of narcotics.

Zook, 615 A.2d at 6; Miller, 439 A.2d at 1169.4 

____________________________________________

4 Nevertheless, the only independent observation by Officer Bowman to 

corroborate potential wrongdoing by Appellee consists of Officer Bowman’s 

notation of a bulge in Appellee’s front pants pocket. The notes of testimony 

are devoid of any detail describing the appearance of the bulge in Appellee’s 

pocket; however, the Commonwealth supplants Officer Bowman’s 
J-A26035-17

- 9 -

Upon the information of Mr. Panas, Officer Bowman approached 

Appellee, placed Appellee’s hands behind his back, and patted him down. 

N.T., 2/21/2017, at 6. Officer Bowman found $218.00 in currency, some other 

currency rolled up in a manner that facilitated the snorting of cocaine, and a 

plastic bag containing thirteen grams of cocaine. Id. at 7-8. The trial court 

expressly found that Officer Bowman searched Appellee then arrested him in 

response to Mr. Panas’ statements. Trial Court Opinion, 5/1/2017, at 3. It is 

clear that a search conducted without a warrant is permissible when incident 

to a lawful arrest. Agnew, 600 A.2d at 1271. Additionally, although not wellsettled, this court has previously noted that:

[A] search conducted immediately prior to an arrest is as valid as 

a search conducted subsequent and incident to the arrest provided 

the officer had probable cause to arrest prior to the search [and] 

as long as the contraband discovered in the search is not used as 

justification or probable cause for the arrest. 

Commonwealth v. Trenge, 451 A.2d 701, 710 n.8 (Pa. Super. 1982) (citing 

Rawlings v. Kentucky, 100 S.Ct. 2556, 2564 (1980) (plurality opinion) 

____________________________________________

observations with elements that are unfounded in the record. See

Commonwealth’s Brief at 15 (“Upon approaching Garges, Bowman observed 

a pronounced bulge in his pocket consistent with the information just provided 

by Panas.”). Officer Bowman did not describe the shape or size of the bulge 

in his testimony, and described the bulge as “large” only in the Affidavit of 

Probable Cause. See Affidavit of Probable Cause 9/17/2016; compare

Bowman’s statements, “[i]nside his right pant pocket I could see [from] the 

way I was standing when I was initially looking at him[,] his right front pants 

pockets was bulging.” N.T., 2/21/2017, at 7; “I patted him down because I 

saw the bulge in his right pocket.” Id. at 11. We remind the Commonwealth 

of its duty of candor before this Court.
J-A26035-17

- 10 -

(upholding search as proper where police had probable cause to place 

defendant under arrest and the formal arrest followed quickly on the heels of 

the challenged search of defendant's person). Therefore, Officer Bowman’s

search of Appellee was permissible, as Officer Bowman had probable cause to 

arrest Appellee at the time of the search and arrested him forthwith. 

Moreover, none of the items found in the search was used as justification for 

Appellee’s arrest.

Accordingly, the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of Officer 

Bowman were reasonably trustworthy and sufficient to justify a person of 

reasonable caution in believing that Appellee sold narcotics. Rickabaugh, 

706 A.2d at 835–36. Therefore, the trial court improperly suppressed the 

evidence found during the search of Appellee’s person.

Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/11/2018