Documentation for Immediately Dangerous 

To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs) 

Howard R. Ludwig 

Susan G. Cairelli 

John J. Whalen 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Public Health Service 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

May 1994 

DISCLAIMER 

Mention of the name of any company or product does not constitute endorsement 

by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. 

Copies of this document (NTIS Publication No. PB-94-195047) are available from the 

National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161 (703-487-4650). 

Copies of other NIOSH documents are available from the office listed below: 

Publications Dissemination, DSDTI 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

4676 Columbia Parkway 

Cincinnati, OH 45226 

Fax number: (513) 533-8573 

To receive information about other occupational safety and health problems, call 

1-80~35-NIOSH (1-80~356-4674) 

ii 

PREFACE 

This publication documents the criteria and information sources that have been used by 

the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to determine 

immediately dangerous to life or health concentrations (IDLHs). IDLHs were Originally 

determined for 387 substances in the mid-1970's as part of the Standards Completion 

Program (SCP), a joint project by NIOSH and the Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (OSHA), for use in assigning respiratory protection equipment. NIOSH is 

currently evaluating the scientific adequacy of the criteria and procedures used during the 

SCP for establishing IDLHs. In the interim, the IDLHs have been reviewed and, (if 

appropriate) revised. In this document, IDLHs are listed with the basis and references for 

the current values as well as with the original IDLHs and their documentation (as 

paraphrased from the SCP draft technical standards). 

iii 

CONTENTS 

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. iii 

Abbreviations .................................................. vi 

Abbreviations of Journal Titles .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii 

Acknowledgments ............................................... xii 

Introduction ................................................... 1 

Background ................................................ 1 

The Standards Completion Program ............................. 2 

Discussion of OriginallDLHs ................................... 3 

Current NIOSH Use of IDLHs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 

Revised Criteria for Determining IDLHs ........................... 5 

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 

IDLHs ........................................................ 9 

v 

Preceding page blank 

A1 

A2 

A3 

A4 

A5 

ACGIH 

AIHA 

CAS 

CF 

CFR 

EEGL 

ERPG 

IOLH 

i.p. 

i.v. 

kg 

LC 

LCso 

LClO 

LO 

LOso 

LOlo 

LEL 

mg/kg 

mg/m3 

mmHg 

mppcf 

NIOSH 

NRC 

OSHA 

PEL 

ppm 

ROso 

REL 

s.c. 

SCP 

SPEGL 

STEL 

TClo 

TOlo 

TLV 

TWA 

ABBREVIATIONS 

confirmed human carcinogen (ACGIH) 

suspected human carcinogen (ACGIH) 

animal carcinogen (ACGIH) 

not classifiable as a human carcinogen (ACGIH) 

not suspected as a human carcinogen (ACGIH) 

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 

American Industrial Hygiene Association 

Chemical Abstract Service 

correction factor for LC data 

Code of Federal Regulations 

emergency exposure guidance level (NRC) 

emergency response planning guideline (AIHA) 

immediately dangerous to life or health concentration value 

intraperitoneal 

intravenous 

kilogram 

lethal concentration 

concentration causing death in 50% 

lowest concentration causing death 

lethal dose 

dosage causing death in 50% 

lowest dosage causing death 

lower explosive limit 

milligrams per kilogram of body weight 

milligrams per cubic meter of air 

millimeters of mercury (pressure measurement) 

millions of particles per cubic foot of air 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 

National Research Council 

Occupational Safety and Health Administration 

permissible exposure limit (OSHA) 

parts per million parts of air 

concentration producing a 50% decrease in respiratory rate following a 

10-minute exposure 

recommended exposure limit (NIOSH) 

subcutaneous 

Standards Completion Program (NIOSH/OSHA) 

short-term public emergency guidance level (NRC) 

short-term exposure limit 

lowest concentration resulting in a toxic effect 

lowest dose resulting in a toxic effect 

threshold limit value (ACGIH) 

time-weighted average 

vi 

ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES 

Ader Hand BiolArbeitsmethod 

Acta Med Scand 

Acta Med Scand Suppl 

Acta Pharmaceut Jugo 

Acta Pharmacol T oxicol 

Acta Physiol Scand 

Agri Bioi Chern 

AMA Arch Ind Health 

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

Am J Clin Pathol 

Am J Ind Med 

Am J Med 

AmJ Med Sci 

Am J Pathol 

Am J Public Health 

Am J Public Health Nations Health 

Am J Vet Res 

Am Rev Pharmacol 

Anal Chern 

Ann Intern Med 

Arch Biochem 

Arch Environ Health 

Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 

Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 

Arch Hyg 

Arch Hyg Bakteriol 

Arch Int Pharmaco Ther 

Arch Mal Prof 

Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen 

Arbeitsmethoden 

Acta Medica Scandinavica (Stockholm) 

Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplementum 

(Stockholm) 

Acta Pharmaceutica Jugoslavica 

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 

(Copenhagen) 

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (Oxford) 

Agricultural and Biological Chemistry (Tokyo) 

American Medical Association Archives of 

Industrial Health 

American Medical Association Archives of 

Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 

American Industrial Hygiene Association 

Journal 

American Industrial Hygiene Association 

Quarterly 

American Journal of Clinical Pathology 

American Journal of Industrial Medicine 

American Journal of Medicine 

American Journal of the Medical Sciences 

American Journal of Pathology 

American Journal of Public Health 

American Journal of Public Health and the 

Nations Health 

American Journal of Veterinary Research 

American Review of Pharmacology 

Analytical Chemistry 

Annals of Internal Medicine 

Archives of Biochemistry 

Archives of Environmental Health 

Archiv fOr Experimentelle Pathologie und 

Pharmakologie 

Archiv fOr Gewerbepathogie und 

Gewerbehygiene 

Archiv fOr Hygiene 

Arch fOr Hygiene und Bakteriologie (Munich) 

Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie 

et de Therapie 

Archives des Maladies Professionnelles de 

Medecine du Travail et de Securite Sociale 

(Paris) 

vii 
ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES (Continued) 

Arch Pathol 

Arch Sci Med 

Arch Toxicol 

Arch Toxikol 

Biochem Pharmacol 

Biomed Biochim Acta 

BrJ Ind Med 

Br Med J 

Bulletin Environ Contam Toxicol 

Bulletin Exp BioI Med 

Can J Public Health 

Can Med Assoc J 

Chern Abstr 

Chern BioI Interact 

Chern Ind 

Chi J Prev Med 

Clin Res 

Clin Toxicol 

Comp Rend Hebdom 

CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 

Czech Med J 

Drug Chern Toxicol 

Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 

Environ Health Perspect 

Environ Res 

Exp Molec Pathol 

Farmakol Toxsikol 

Fed Proc 

FizAktVesh 

Fluor Chern Rev 

Food Cosmet Toxicol 

Food Res 

Fundam Appl Toxicol 

Gen Pharmacol 

Gig Nas Mest 

Gig Sanit 

Archives of Pathology 

Archivio per Ie Scienze Mediche (Turin) 

Archives of Toxicology 

Archiv fOr Toxikologie (Berlin) 

Biochemical Pharmacology (Oxford) 

Biomedica Biochimica Acta (Berlin) 

British Journal of Industrial Medicine (london) 

British Medical Journal (london) 

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 

Canadian Journal of Public Health (Ottawa) 

Canadian Medical Association Journal 

(Ottawa) 

Chemical Abstracts 

Chemico-Biologicallnteractions (Ireland) 

Chemistry and Industry (london) 

Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine 

Clinical Research 

Clinical Toxicology 

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des 

Seances, Academie des Sciences 

CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology 

Czechoslovakian Medical Journal 

Drug and Chemical Toxicology 

Ecotoxicological and Environmental Safety 

Environmental Health Perspectives 

Environmental Research 

Experimental and Molecular Pathology 

Farmakologiya i Toxsikologiya (Moscow) 

Federation Proceedings 

Fiziologicheski Aktivnye Veshchestva 

(Physiologically Active Substances) 

Fluorine Chemistry Reviews 

Food and Cosmetics Toxicology (Oxford) 

Food Research 

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 

General Pharmacology (Oxford) 

Gigiena Naselennykh Mest (Hygiene in 

Populated Places) 

Gigiena i Sanitariya (Moscow) 

viii 
ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES (Continued) 

Gig Tr Prof Zabol 

Hum Toxicol 

Ind Eng Chem 

Ind Hyg Newsletter 

Indian J Exp Bioi 

Ind Med 

Ind Med Surg 

Int Arch Arbeitsmed 

Int J Abnorm Develop 

Int J Air Pollut 

Int Polymer Sci Tech 

J Agri Food Chem 

J Air Pollut Control Assoc 

JAMA 

J Am Coli Toxicol 

J Am Pharm Assoc 

J Appl Physiol 

J Appl Toxicol 

J Combustion Toxicol 

J Econ Entomol 

J Environ Pathol Toxicol 

J Eur Toxicol 

J Fire Sci 

J Haz Mat 

J Hyg 

J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 

J Ind Hyg 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

J Lab Clin Med 

J Occup Med 

J Osaka Cty Med Cntr 

J Pathol Bacteriol 

Gigiena Truda i Professional'nye Zabolevaniya 

(Labor Hygiene andOccupational Diseases) 

(Moscow) 

Human Toxicology (England) 

Industrial Engineering Chemistry 

Industrial Hygiene Newsletter 

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (New 

Delhi) 

Industrial Medicine 

Industrial Medicine and Surgery 

Internationales Archiv fOr Arbeitsmedizin 

(Berlin) 

The International Journal of Abnormal 

Development 

International Journal of Air Pollution 

International Polymer Science and Technology 

Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 

Journal of the American Medical Association 

Journal of the American College of Toxicology 

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical 

Association 

Journal of Applied Physiology 

Journal of Applied Toxicology (England) 

Journal of Combustion Toxicology 

Journal of Economic Entomology 

Journal of Environmental Pathology and 

Toxicology 

Journal Europeen de Toxicologie (European 

Journal of Toxicology) 

Journal of Fire Sciences 

Journal of Hazardous Materials 

Journal of Hygiene (London) 

Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, 

Microbiology, and Immunology (Prague) 

Journal of Industrial Hygiene 

Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 

Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 

Journal of Occupational Medicine 

Journal of the Osaka City Medical Center 

Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 

(London) 

ix 
ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES (Continued) 

J Pharmacol 

J Pharmacol Exp Ther 

J Pharm Pharmacol 

J Pharm Sci 

J Royal Army Med Corps 

J Soc Occup Med 

J Toxicol Environ Health 

J Toxicol Sci 

Kosm Bioi Aviak Med 

Kuma Med J 

Med Lav 

Med Pr 

MilitMed 

Mutat Res 

N Engl J Med 

Neurotoxicol 

NIH Bulletin 

N Z Med J 

Pest Biochem Physiol 

PharmaceutJ 

Pharmacol Rev 

Pharmacol Res Commun 

Pharmacol Ther 

Pharm Chem J 

Proc Eur Soc St Drug Tox 

Proc Eur Soc Toxicol 

Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med 

Prog Exp Tumor Res 

Prom Toksikol Klin 

Public Health Rep 

QBulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 

Journal de Pharmacologie (Paris) 

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental 

Therapeutics 

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 

(London) 

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 

Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 

Journal of the Society of Occupational 

Medicine (Edinboro) 

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental 

Health 

Journal of Toxicological Sciences (Japan) 

Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakomicheskaya 

Meditsnia (Space Biology and Aerospace 

Medicine) (Moscow) 

Kumamoto Medical Journal (Japan) 

Medicina del Lavoro (Industrial Medicine) 

(Milan) 

Medycyna Pracy (Medical Practice) (Warsaw) 

Military Medicine 

Mutation Research (Amsterdam) 

New England Journal of Medicine 

Neurotoxicology 

National Institutes of Health Bulletin 

New Zealand Medical Journal (Dunedin) 

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 

Pharmaceutical Journal 

Pharmacological Review 

Pharmacological Research Communications 

Pharmacology and Therapeutics 

Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 

Proceedings of the European Society for the 

Study of Drug Toxicity 

Proceedings of the European Society of 

Toxicology 

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental 

Biology and Medicine 

Progress in Experimental Tumor Research 

Promyshlennaya Toksikologiya Klinika 

Public Health Reports 

Quarterly Bulletin of the Association of Food 

and Drug Officials of the U.S. 

x 
ABBREVIATIONS OF JOURNAL TITLES (Continued) 

Q J Stud Alcohol 

Rec Med Vet 

S Afr Med J 

Scand J Work Environ Health 

Tab Bioi Per 

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

Toxicol Lett 

Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 

Trans Am Soc Heat Vent Eng 

Vest Akad Med Nk 

Vet Hum Toxicol 

Vet Med 

Vet Med Small Anim Clin 

Vop Komm Gig 

Zeit Ges Exp Med 

Zeit Ges Med Gren 

Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz 

Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 

Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire 

South African Medical Journal (Capetown) 

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment 

and Health (Helsinki) 

Tabulae Biologicae Periodicae 

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 

Toxicology Letters (Amsterdam) 

Toksikologiya Novykh Promyshlennykh 

Khimicheskikh Veshchestva (Toxicology of 

New Industrial Chemical Substances) 

Transactions of the American Society of 

Heating and Ventilating Engineers 

Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nouk SSR 

(Journal of the Academy of Medical Sciences 

of the USSR) 

Veterinary and Human Toxicology 

Veterinary Medicine 

Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Clinician 

Voprosy Kommunal'noi Gigiena (Problems of 

Communal Hygiene) 

Zeitschrift fOr die Gesampte Experimentelle 

Medizin 

Zeitschrift fOr die Gesamte Innre Medizin und 

Ihre Grenzgebiete 

Zentralblatt fOr Arbeitsmedizin und 

Arbeitsschutz 

xi 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

Special appreciation is extended to the following individuals from the Division of Standards 

Development and Technology Transfer: Crystal L. Ellison for locating the references and 

verifying the information used during the Standards Completion Program to determine the 

original IDLHs; Rosmarie T. Hagedorn, Marsha A. Striley, and B. JoAnne Hamons for 

typing the numerous drafts of this document; Vanessa L. Becks for assistance in page 

design; and Laurence D. Reed, Ralph D. Zumwalde, Robert W. Mason, and 

G. Kent Hatfield for their technical reviews and comments. 

xii 

INTRODUCTION 

The "immediately dangerous to life or health air concentration values (IDLHs)" used by the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as respirator selection criteria were 

first developed in the mid-1970's. The Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or 

Health Concentrations (lDLHs) is a compilation of the rationale and sources of information used 

by NIOSH during the original determination of 387 IDLHs and their subsequent review and 

revision in 1994. 

Background 

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Conditions and Respirator Selection 

The concept of using respirators to protect workers in situations that are immediately dangerous 

to life or health was discussed at least as early as the 1940's. The following is from a U.S. 

Department of Labor bulletin: 

The situations for which respiratory protection is required may be designated as, (1) 

nonemergency and (2) emergency. Nonemergency situations are the more or less 

normal ones that involve exposure to atmospheres that are not immediately 

dangerous to health and life, but will produce marked discomfort, sickness, 

permanent harm, or death after a prolonged exposure or with repeated exposure. 

Emergency situations are those that involve actual or potential exposure to 

atmospheres that are immediately harmful and dangerous to health or life after 

comparatively short exposures. [Vant 1944] 

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines an immediately dangerous 

to life or health concentration in their hazardous waste operations and emergency response 

regulation as follows: 

An atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses 

an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed advarse health effects 

or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. 

[29 CFR-1910.120] 

In the OSHA regulation on permit-required confined spaces, an immediately dangerous to life or 

health condition is defined as follows: 

Any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause 

irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual's ability to 

escape unaided from a permit space. Note: Some materials-hydrogen fluoride gas and 

cadmium vapor, for example-may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, 

-Code of Federal Regulations 

1 
may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse 

12-72 hours after exposure. The victim ''feels normal" from recovery from transient effects 

until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be "immediately 

dangerous to life or health." [29 CFR 1910.146] 

As part of their current respiratory protection standard [29 CFR 1910.134~e)], OSHA requires that 

a standby person be present with suitable rescue equipment when self-contained breathing 

apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or 

health. Furthermore, persons using air-line respirators in atmospheres immediately hazardous 

to life or health must be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for lifting or removing 

workers from hazardous atmospheres. 

The Standards Completion Program 

In 1974, NIOSH and OSHA jointly initiated the development of occupational health standards 

consistent with Section 6(b) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 for substances 

with then-existing OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs). This joint effort was called the 

Standards Completion Program (SCP) and involved the cooperative efforts of personnel from 

various divisions within NIOSH and OSHA, and several contractors. The SCP developed 

387 substance-specific draft standards with supporting documentation that contained technical 

information and recommendations needed for the promulgation of new occupational health 

regulations. Although new standards were not promulgated at that time, these data became the 

original basis for the NIOSHIOSHA Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards 

[NIOSH/OSHA 1981]. 

As part of the respirator selection process for each draft technical standard, an IDLH was 

determined. The definition for an IDLH that was derived during the SCP was based on the 

definition stipulated in 30 CFR 11.3(t). The purpose for establishing this IDLH was to determine 

a concentration from which a worker could escape without injury or without irreversible health 

effects in the event of respiratory protection equipment failure (e.g., contaminant breakthrough 

in a cartridge respirator or stoppage of air flow in a supplied-air respirator) and a concentration 

above which only "highly reliable" respirators would be required. In determining IDLHs, the ability 

of a worker to escape without loss of life or irreversible health effects was considered along with 

severe eye or respiratory irritation and other deleterious effects (e.g., disorientation or 

incoordination) that could prevent escape. Although in most cases, egress from a particular 

worksite could occur in much less than 30 minutes, as a safety margin, IDLHs were based on the 

effects that might occur as a consequence of a 30-minute exposure. However, the 30-minute 

period was NOT meant to imply that workers should stay in the work environment any longer than 

necessary following the failure of respiratory protection equipment; in fact, EVERY EFFORT 

SHOULD BE MADE TO EXIT IMMEDIATELY! 

IDLHs were determined for each substance during the SCP on a case-by-case basis, taking into 

account the toxicity data available at the time. VVhenever possible, IDLHs were determined using 

health effects data from studies of humans exposed for short durations. However, in most 

instances, a lack of human data necessitated the use of animal toxicity data. When inhalation 

studies of animals exposed for short durations (i.e., 0.5 to 4 hours) were the only health effects 

2 
data available, IDLHs were based on the lowest exposure causing death or irreversible health 

effects in any species. When lethal dose (LD) data from animals were used, IDLHs were 

estimated on the basis of an equivalent exposure to a 70-kg worker breathing 10 cubic meters of 

air. 

Since chronic exposure data may have little relevance to acute effects, these types of data were 

used in determining IDLHs only when no acute toxicity data were available and only in conjunction 

with competent scientific judgment. In a number of instances when no relevant human or animal 

toxicity data were available, IDLHs were based on analogies with other substances with similar 

toxic effects. 

Discussion of OriginallDLHs 

The basis for each of the 387 IDLHs determined during the SCP were reviewed and paraphrased 

from the individual draft technical standards for this publication. Also included is a complete listing 

of references cited in the SCP; in many cases where only secondary references were cited, the 

original sources have also been added. Whenever available, the references (secondary and 

primary) were obtained to verify the information cited in the SCP. However, a few of the original 

references such as personal communications and foreign reports could not be located. 

Although 387 substances were originally included in the SCP, IDLHs were not specifically 

determined for all of them. The published data at that time for 40 of these substances (e.g., DDT 

and triphenyl phosphate) showed no evidence that an acute exposure to high concentrations 

would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects following a 30-minute exposure and 

the designation "NO EVIDENCE" was used in the listing of IDLHs. For all of these substances, 

respirators were selected on the basis of assigned protection factors. For some (e.g., copper 

fume and tetryl), an assigned protection factor of 2,000 times the PEL was arbitrarily used to 

determine the concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators were permitted. 

However, for most particulate substances for which evidence for establishing an IDLH did not exist 

(e.g., ferbam and oil mist), the use of an assigned protection factor of 2,000 would have resulted 

in the assignment of respirators at concentrations that were not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. In addition, exposure concentrations greater than 500 times the PEL 

for many airborne particulates could result in exposures that would hamper vision. Therefore, it 

was decided as part of the SCP (and during the review and revision of the IDLHs) that for such 

particulate substances, only the "most protective" respirators would be permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500 times the PEL. 

IDLHs could not be determined during the SCP for 22 substances (e.g., bromoform and calcium 

oxide) because of a lack of relevant toxicity data and therefore the designation "UNKNOWN" was 

used in the IDLH listing. For most of these substances, the concentrations above which only the 

"most protective" respirators were allowed were based arbitrarily on assigned protection factors 

that ranged from 10 to 2,000 times the PEL, depending on the substance. 

3 
There were also 10 substances (e.g., n-pentane and ethyl ether) for which it was determined only 

that the IDLHs were in excess of the lower explosive limits (LELs). Therefore, the LEL was 

selected as the IDLH with the designation "LEL" added in the IDLH listing. For these substances, 

only the "most protective" respirators were permitted above the LEL in the SCP draft technical 

standards. 

For 14 substances (e.g., beryllium and endrin), the IDLHs determined during the SCP were 

greater than the concentrations permitted based on assigned respiratory protection factors. In 

most instances the IDLHs for these substances were set at concentrations 2,000 times the PEL. 

Current NIOSH Use of IDLHs 

The current NIOSH definition for an immediately dangerous to life or health condition, as given 

in the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic [NIOSH 1987], is a situation ''that poses a threat of 

exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or 

delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." It is 

also stated that the purpose of establishing an IDLH is to "ensure that the worker can escape from 

a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection equipment." 

The NIOSH respirator decision logic uses an IDLH as one of several respirator selection criteria. 

Under the NIOSH respirator decision logic, "highly reliable" respirators (i.e., the most protective 

respirators) would be selected for emergency situations, fire fighting, exposure to carcinogens, 

entry into oxygen-deficient atmospheres, entry into atmospheres that contain a substance at a 

concentration greater than 2,000 times the NIOSH REL or OSHA PEL, and for entry into 

immediately dangerous to life or health conditions. These "highly reliable" respirators include 

either a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) that has a full facepiece and is operated in 

a pressure-clemand or other positive-pressure mode, or a supplied-air respirator that has a full 

facepiece and is operated in a pressure-clemand or other positive-pressure mode in combination 

with an auxiliary SCBA operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. 

\Nhen the IDLHs were developed in the mid-1970's, only limited toxicological data were available 

for many of the substances. NIOSH has recently requested information on the current uses of 

IDLHs in the workplace and on the scientific adequacy of the criteria and procedures originally 

used for establishing them [Federal Register, Volume 58, Number 229, p. 63379, Wednesday, 

December 1, 1993]. The information received in response to the Federal Register announcement 

is being evaluated and will be used to establish future actions concerning IDLHs. In the interim, 

however, NIOSH decided to review the existing IDLHs, and revise them as appropriate. 

This document includes IDLHs for 85 substances (e.g., benzene and methylene chloride) 

determined by NIOSH to meet the OSHA definition of "potential occupational carcinogen" as given 

in 29 CFR 1990.103. For all of these substances, except ethylene oxide and crystalline silica, 

NIOSH recommends that the "most protective" respirators be worn by workers exposed at 

concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or at any detectable concentration when there is no REL. 

For ethylene oxide and crystalline silica, NIOSH recommends that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn in concentrations exceeding 5 ppm and 25 mg/m3

, respectively [NIOSH 1989, 

1994]. 

4 
Revised Criteria for Determining IDLHs 

The criteria utilized to determine the adequacy of existing IDLHs were a combination of those 

used during the SCP and a newer methodology developed by NIOSH. These criteria form a tiered 

approach with acute human toxicity data being used preferentially, followed next by acute animal 

inhalation toxicity data, and then finally by acute animal oral toxicity data to determine an updated 

IDLH. When relevant acute toxicity data were insufficient or unavailable, then the use of chronic 

toxicity data or an analogy to a chemical with similar toxic effects was considered. In order to 

facilitate the revision process, secondary toxicological data were primarily used. Once a 

preliminary IDLH was developed, it was compared to the existing IDLH and to several other 

factors (e.g., existing short-term exposure guidelines and lower explosive limits). 

The following "hierarchy" was followed to develop a "preliminary" value for the revised IDLH: 

A. Human acute toxicity data were used if sufficient to determine a concentration that for 

up to 30 minutes does not cause death, serious or irreversible health effects, or does 

not impair or impede the ability to escape. 

B. Animal acute lethal concentration (LC) data were considered next. The only animal 

lethal concentration data used involved mammals; the vast majority of the data was 

from studies of rats, mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters. It was decided to generally use 

the lowest reliable LC data, with LCso data preferred. If acute LC data determined 

during a 30-minute period were not available, then the data, based on a study by 

ten Berge et al. [1986], were "adjusted" to an equivalent 30-minute value using the 

following relationship: 

Adjusted LC50 (30 minutes) = LC50(t) IC (_t_); 

0.5 

where: LC50(t) = LCso determined over t hours 

n = constant* 

*Note: ten Berge et al. [1986] determined the relationship shown above based on 

experimental data. The constant "n" was determined by ten Berge et al. to be less 

than 3.0 for 18 of the 20 substances studied. Although the individual"n" values 

determined by ten Berge et al. [1986] were utilized when applicable during the 

review and revision of the originallDLHs, as a conservative estimate, an "n" = 3.0 

was assumed when "adjusting" the LC data to 30 minutes for all other substances. 

5 
This equation with an "n" = 3.0 results in the following correction factors: 

t(hours) 

0.5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

correct jon factor 

1.0 

1.25 

1.6 

1.8 

2.0 

2.15 

2.3 

2.4 

2.5 

The LC values (after "adjusting" if necessary to 30 minutes) were divided by a safety 

factor of 10 to determine a "preliminary" IDLH for comparison purposes. 

C. Animal lethal dose (LD) data were considered next. As was the case with the lethal 

concentration data, the only animal lethal dose data used involved mammals; the vast 

majority of the data were from studies of rats, mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters. It was 

decided to generally use the lowest LD data with oral LDso data preferred. The LD 

data was used to determine the equivalent total dose to a 70-kg worker and, as was 

done during the SCP, the air concentration containing this dose was determined by 

dividing by 10 cubic meters. [Note: A worker breathing at a rate of 50 liters per 

minute for 30 minutes would inhale 1.5 cubic meters of air.] A "preliminary" IDLH for 

comparison purposes was determined by dividing these air concentrations by a safety 

factor of 10. 

D. Chronic toxicity data were considered if no relevant acute toxicity data existed. 

However, the fact that chronic exposures may have limited relevance to acute effects 

was taken into consideration. 

E. When relevant toxicity data applying specifically to the chemicals in question were 

lacking, and if it was determined to be justified, then analogies to substances with 

similar acute toxic effects were considered. 

F. All "preliminary" IDLHs derived during this update were checked against the following 

factors prior to establishing the final "revised" IDLH: 

1. Lower explosive limit (LEL): It was decided to restrict the "routine" entry into 

a possible explosive atmosphere to concentrations no greater than 10% of the 

LEL. [Note: SCP-derived IDLHs were set at 100% of the LELs if there were 

no known serious health hazards below these values. However, OSHA 

considers concentrations in excess of 10% of the LEL to be a hazardous 

atmosphere in confined spaces [29 CFR 1910.146(b)).] 

6 
2. RDso data: An RDso is defined as the 10-minute exposure concentration 

producing a 50% respiratory rate decrease in mice or rats and can be used to 

estimate severe respiratory irritation. Prolonged exposure to an RDsa 

concentration has been shown to produce respiratory tract lesions consistent 

with irritation [Alarie 1981; Buckley et al. 1984]. 

3. Other short-term exposure guidelines such as the American Industrial Hygiene 

Association's emergency response planning guidelines (ERPGs) and the 

National Research Council's emergency exposure guidance levels (EEGLs) 

and short-term public emergency guidance levels (SPEGLs), and occupational 

exposure standards or recommendations such as OSHA PELs, NIOSH RELs, 

or the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 

TLVs. 

4. Based on the NIOSH respirator decision logic, the revised IDLHs could not be 

greater than 2,000 times the NIOSH REL (or OSHA PEL). 

5. The revised IDLHs would not be greater than the originallDLHs derived during 

the SCPo 

Anyone who is aware of additional published data that may affect the IDLHs determined for 

particular substances is encouraged to make this information available to NIOSH. All data will be 

reviewed and consideration will be made regarding subsequent revision of the IDLHs. 

References 

Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. 

Environ Health Persp 42:9-13. 

Buckley LA, Jiang XZ, James RA, Morgan KT, Barrow CS [1984]. Respiratory tract lesions 

induced by sensory irritants at the RD50 concentration. Toxicol Appl Pharacol 74(3):417-429. 

NIOSH/OSHA [1981]. Occupational health guidelines for chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123 

(NTIS Publication No. PB-83-154609). 

NIOSH [1987]. NIOSH respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108 (NTIS Publication No. 

PB-88-149612). 

NIOSH [1989]. Current Intelligence Bulletin 52. Ethylene oxide sterilizers in health care facilities. 

Engineering controls and work practices. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational 

Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 89-115 (NTIS Publication No. PB-90-142571). 

7 
NIOSH [in preparation]. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to 

respirable coal mine dust. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health. 

ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appleman lM [1986]. Concentration-time mortality response relationship 

of irritant and systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

Yant WP [1944]. Protecting workers against temporary and emergency exposures. In: Protecting 

plant manpower through the control of air contaminants. Special Bulletin No. 14. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of labor, Division of labor Standards. 

8 
Acetaldehyde 

CAS number ._ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19941 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlption of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci" Reference 

75-07·0 

None established; NIOSH considers acetaldehyde to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

200 ppm (360 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (180 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (270 mglm3) STEL 

25 ppm (45 mglm3

) CEILING, A3 

Color1ess liquid or gas (above 69°F) with a pungent, fruity odor. 

4.0% (10% LEL, 4,000 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

and ACGIH [1971] that all rats survived a 4-hour exposure to 

8,000 ppm, but all rats died from a 16,000 ppm exposure 

[Smyth 1956). 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Appelman et al. 1982 13,000 ----- 4 hr 26,000 ppm (2.0) 2,600 ppm 

Hamster Feron 1979 17,000 ---.... 4hr 34,000 ppm (2.0) 3,400 ppm 

Rat Skog 1950 20,000 ----- 30 min 20,000 ppm (1.0) 2,000 ppm 

Rat Skog 1950 20,536 ... ---- 30 min 26,536 ppm (1.0) 2,054 ppm 

Other animal data. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 4,946 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

eaala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for acetaldehyde is 2,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Alarie 1981; Skog 1950]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for acetaldehyde at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Acetaldehyde. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1·2. 

2. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Persped 

42:9-13. 

3. Appelman LM, Wouteraen RA, Feron VJ [1982]. Inhalation toxicity of acetaldehyde in rats. I. Acute and subchronic 

studies. Toxicology 23(4):293-307. 

4. Feron VS [1979]. Effeds of exposure to acetaldehyde in Syrian hamsters simultaneously treated with benzo(a)pyrene or 

diethylnitrosamine. prog Exp Tumor Res 24:162·176. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1967. 

6. Skog E [1950]. A toxicological investigation of lower aliphatic aldehydes. I. Toxicity of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 

butryaldehyde; as well as acrolein and crotonaldehyde. Ada Pharmacol Toxicol6(4):299-318. 

7. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

9 
Acetic acid 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm exposu ... guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

64-19·7 

10 ppm (25 mg/ml) TWA, 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) STEL 

10 ppm (25 mg/m3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (25 mg/ml) TWA, 15 ppm (37 mg/m3) STEL 

Colorless liquid or crystals with a sour, vinegar·like odor. 

4.0% (10% LEL, 4,000 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

Ghiringhelli and DiFabio [1957) determined a 1·hour LC!O of 

about 5,000 ppm for guinea pigs and mice. AIHA [1972) 

reported that 1 of 6 rats died following a 4-hour exposure to 

16,000 ppm [Smyth et at 1951). However, the Standards 

Completion Program Respirator Committee felt that a worker 

might have difficulty escaping from 5,000 ppm due to the 

irritation effects, and reduced the IDLH to 1,000 ppm to allow 

escape without injury. According to AIHA [1972), workers have 

repeatedly sustained exposures up to about 200 ppm. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo AdJustad 0.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. R.fe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) TIm. LC (CF) value 

Mouse Ghiringhelli and DiFabio 1957 5,620 .... _-- 1hr 7,025 ppm (1.25) 703 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 16,000 -... --- 4hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD!O (mouse), 163 ppm [DeCeaurriz et at 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marked irritation of the eyes, nose, and upper respiratory tract 

which could not be tolerated for more than 3 minutes was noted 

at 816to 1,226 ppm (von Oettingen 1960). It has been reported 

that 50 ppm or more IS intolerable to most persons due to 

intense lacrimation and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat 

[AIHA). It has also been stated that repeated exposures to high 

concentrations may produce respirato'Y. tract irritation with 

pharyngeal edema and chronic bronchitis [AIHA 1972). 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

easis for ... vlsed IDLH: The revised IDLH for acetic acid i. 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[AIHA 1972). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1972). Acetic acid. In: Hygienic guide serie •. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33:624-627. 

2. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981}. Sensory irritation caused by varioua industrial airborne 

chemical •. Toxicol Lett 9(2):137·143. 3. Ghiringhelli L, DiFabio A [1957). Pathology due to acetic acid: obS8lVation. on experimental animal. and man. Med Lav 450):~561 (in Italian). 4. Pa FA, ed. [19631. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Pub ishers, Inc., p. H79. 

5. Smyth HF Jr (1956). Improved communication: hygienic standard. for dally inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17:i29-185. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS [1951}. Rang.finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:1i9-122. 

7. von Oettingen WF [1960}. The aliphatic acid. and their esters: toxicity and potential dangers. AMA Arch Ind Health 

21:40I28-nI65. 

10 
Acetic anhydride 

CAS number '~"""""""""""""""" 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldeUnes ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference 

Rat Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 

108-24-7 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) CEILING 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) CEILING 

5 ppm (21 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a strong, pungent, vinegar-like odor. 

2.7% (10% LEL, 2,700 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

According to AIHA (1971), all rats exposed for 4 hours to 

2,000 ppm were dead within 14 days while all rats exposed for 

4 hours to 1,000 ppm survived the 14-day observation period 

[Capellini and Sartorelli 1967]. Because 2,000 ppm is obviously 

too high to be selected as the IDLH, 1,000 ppm has been 

chosen. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

1,000 ... -_ ..... 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for acetic anhydride is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data 

for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1972). Acetic anhydride. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 32(1):64-67. 

2. Capellini A, Sartorelli [1967]. Episodio di intossicazione collettiva da anidride acetica ed acido acetico. Med Lav 

58:108-112 (in Italian). 

3. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Trifluoroacetic acid (3FA). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., p. 607. 

11 
Acetone 

CAS number .•................................. 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short·tenn exposure guideline ........... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

67-64-1 

250 ppm (590 mg/ml) TWA 

1,000 ppm (2,400 mg/ml) TWA 

750 ppm (1,800 mg/ml) TWA, 1,000 ppm (2,400 mg/ml) STEL 

750 ppm (1,780 mg/m3) TWA, 1,000 ppm (2,380 mg/m3) STEL 

Coloriess liquid with a fragrant, mint-like odor. 

2.5% (10% LEL, 2,500 ppm) 

20,000 ppm 

There is no evidence in the available toxicological data that 

acetone presents an IOLH hazard below the lower explosive limit 

(LEL) of 25,000 ppm. Because Patty [1963) reported that a 

1.5-hour exposure to 20,256 ppm is narcotic for mice, 

20,000 ppm has been chosen as the IOLH. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

LCsa 

1-hour EEGL: 8,500 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 1,000 ppm 

LCIA Adjusted O,5-I1r Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Flury and Wirth 1933 ...... -- 45,455 1hr 56,818 ppm 5,682 ppm 

Rat Pozzani et al. 1959 20,702 ........... 8hr (1.25) 5,176 ppm 

51.755 ppm (2.5) 

Lethal dose data: 

LOll LOlA 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Freeman and Hayea 1985 oral 5,800 -_ .. _- 16.777 ppm 1,678 ppm 

Mouse Molodykh et al. 1980 oral 3,000 -_ .. -- 8.678 ppm 868 ppm 

Rabbit WHO 1970 oral 5,340 .. --_ .. 15.446 ppm 1,545 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse), n,516 ppm [Alarie 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers experienced slight irritation at 300 ppm but 500 ppm 

was tolerated [Nelson et al. 1943]. Eye irritation, headache, 

lightheadedness, nasal irritation, and throat irritation were noted 

in workers exposed to concentrations considerably in excess of 

1,000 ppm and perhaps as high as 6,500 ppm [Raleigh and 

McGee 1972]. No indications of toxicity were reported following 

exposures to 2,100 ppm for 8 hours/day [Haggard et al. 1944]. 

Revised IDLH: 2,500 ppm [LEL] 

easi. for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Haggard et al. 

1944; Raleigh and McGee 1972) and animals [Flury and Wirth 1933; Pozzani et al. 1959], a value of about 5,000 ppm 

would have been appropriate for acetone. However, the revised IOLH for acetone is 2,500 ppm based strictly on safety 

considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 2.5%). 

12 
Acetone (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Flury F, Wirth W [1933]. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel (Verschieden ester, aceton, methylalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1-90 (in German). 

3. Freeman JJ, Hayes EP (1985). Acetone potentiation of acute acetonitrile toxicity in rats. J Toxicol Environ Health 

15:609-621. 

4. Haggard HW, Greenberg LA, Tumer Jmcc [1944]. The phYSiological principles goveming the action of acetone together 

with determination of toxicity. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI26(5):133-151. 

5. Molodykh z:.J, Buzykin BI, Kudrina MA, Sysoeva LP, Gazetdinova NG, Neklesova 10, Kitaev YP (1980). Antimicrobial 

activity of some acyl halide arylhydrazones and carboxylic acid arylhydrazides. Pharm Chem J 14:162-169. 

6. Nelson K, Ege JF Jr, Ross M, Woodman LE, Silverman L [1943]. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. 

J Ind Hyg ToxicoI2S(7):282-285. 

7. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 5-25. 

8. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1788. 

9. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1959]. The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inhalation and single dose oral 

data. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:364-369. 

10. Raleigh RL, McGee WA [1972]. Effects of short, high-concentration exposures to acetone as determined by observation 

in the work area. J Occup Med 14(8):607-610. 

11. WHO (1970). Acetone: biological data. In: Toxicological evaluation of some solvents and certain other substances. 

Food and Agriculture Organization Nutrition Meetings Report Series 48A. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, World 

Health Organization, pp. 86-90. 

13 
Acetonitrile 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

G. pig Pozzani et a1. 1959 5,655 

Dog Pozzani et a1. 1959 -_ ....... Rabbit Pozzani et a1. 1959 2,828 

Rat Pozzani et a1. 1959 53,000 

Rat Pozzani et a1. 1959 7,500 

Mouse Willhite 1981 2,693 

75-05-8 

20 ppm (34 mg/m3) T'NA 

40 ppm (70 mg/m3) T'NA 

40 ppm (70 mg/m3 T'NA), 60 ppm (105 mg/m3) STEL 

40 ppm (67 mg/m3) T'NA, 60 ppm (101 mg/m~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. 

3.0% (10% LEL, 3,000 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the UCC [1965] report that a 

4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm killed 3 of 30 rats, 8,000 ppm 

killed 10 of 30 rats, and 16,000 ppm killed 17 of 30 rats. It is 

also based on the statement by AIHA [1960] that some deaths 

occurred in rats, dogs, and guinea pigs at 4,000 ppm, but no 

deaths occurred at 1,000 ppm. Pezzani et al. [1959] reported 

that a 53,000 ppm exposure was lethal to 3 of 6 rats in 

30 minutes. 

None developed 

LCu. Adjusted 0.541r Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

...... -_ ... " hr 11,310 ppm (2.0) 1,131 ppm 

16,000 " hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm ..... -_ ... "hr 5,656 ppm (2.0) 566 ppm 

...... --- 30 min 53,000 ppm (1.0) 5,300 ppm 

...... --- 8 hr 18,750 ppm (2.5) 1,875 ppm 

..... --- 1hr 3,366 ppm (1.25) 337 ppm 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures to 160 ppm for 4 hours has caused flushing of the 

face and a feeling of constriction in the chest; exposures to 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

500 ppm for brief (undefined) time periods has resulted in only 

irritation to the nose and throat [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for acetonitrile is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 500 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AlHA [1960]. Acetonitrile. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 21:265-266. 

2. Oeichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide; ethanenitrile). In: Toxicology of drugs and 

chemicals. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 65. 

3. Pozzani UC, Carpenter CP, Palm PE, Weil CS, Nair JH III [1959]. An investigation of the mammalian toxicity of 

acetonitrile. J Occup Med 1:634-642. 

4. UCC [1965]. Toxicology studies: acetonitrile. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

5. Willhite CC [1981]. Inhalation toxicology of acute exposure to aliphatic nitriies. Clin Toxicol18(8):991·1003. 

14 
Acetylene tetra bromide 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.cription ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Ba.i. for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specie. Reference 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 

Lethal dose data: 

79-27-6 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

1 ppm (14 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (14 mglm3

) TWA 

Pale-yellow liquid with a pungent odor similar to camphor or 

iodoform. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

10 ppm 

Van Haaften (1969] reported that a chemist who had been 

exposed to 1 to 2 ppm for 7.5 hours, with only a single 1O-minute 

exposure at 16 ppm, almost died from liver damage. Because 

the TLV is 1 ppm [ACGIH 1976], it is assumed that exposure to 1 

to 2 ppm would be a safe concentration for the 7.5 hours the 

worker was exposed. Therefore, the injury must have been 

produced by the 1O-minute exposure to 16 ppm, and the IOLH 

would be expected to fall between 2 ppm and 15 ppm. For this 

draft technical standard, an IOLH of 10 ppm is assumed. This is 

an extremely toxic substance. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I\r Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

38 --_ ...... 4hr 76 ppm (2.0) 7.6 ppm 

LOso L~ 

Specie. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

G. pig Gray 1950 oral 400 -_ .. -- 195 ppm 20 ppm 

Rabbit Gray 1950 oral 400 ----- 195 ppm 20 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 269 ............... 131 ppm 13 ppm 

Rat pauatov.kaya et al. 1967 oral 1,200 -_ .. -- SIS ppm 59 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severe acute intoxication was reported in a chemist after 

exposure to 16 ppm for about 10 minutes and to 1 to 2 ppm for 

most of the day [Van Haaften 1969). 

Revised IOLH: 8 ppm 

Ba.I. for revIHc:lIOLH: The revised IOLH for acetylene tetrabromide is 8 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals (Izmerov et al. 1982]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1976]. TI. Vs, Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment 

with intended changes for 1976. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. p. 9. 

2. Gray MG (19501. Effed of exposure to the vapors of tetrabromoethane (acetylene tetrabromide). AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2:407-419. 

3. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of International Projects. GKNT. p. 107. 

4. Paustovskaya W. et al. (1967]. Effect oftetrabromomethane on the parenchymatous organs in experimental conditions. 

Med Pr 3:80-83 (in Polish). 5. Van Haaften AB [1969]. Acute tetrabromoethane (acetylene tetrabromide) intoxication in man. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

30:251-256. 

15 
Acrolein 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Description of su.,.tance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short·tenn exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC. 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Mouse Albin 1962 875 

Mouse Albin 1962 175 

Dog Albin 1962 150 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 8 

Rat Catilina et al. 1966 375 

Hamster Kruysse 1971 25.4 

Rabbit Pattle and Collumbine 1956 10.5 

G. pig Pattle and Collumbine 1956 10.5 

Mouse Pattle and Collumbine 1956 10.5 

Mouse Philippin et al. 1970 66 

Hamster Sangyo Igaku 1977 ----- Cat Skog 1950 ... --_ .. Rat Skog 1950 131 

107-02-8 

0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.8 mglm3) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.67 mglm~ STEL 

Colorless or yellow liquid with a piercing, disagreeable odor. 

2.8% (10% LEL, 2,800 ppm) 

5 ppm 

The chosan IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971) 

that 5.5 ppm results in intense irritation and 10 ppm or more is 

lethal in a short time [Henderson and Haggard 1943). According 

to MCA [1961), the irritation properties of acrolein are clearly 

evident at 1 ppm. ACGIH [1971) reported that 1 of 6 rats died 

after being exposed to 8 ppm for .. hours and all died from 

exposure to 16 ppm [Smyth 1956). 

1989 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG-1: 0.1 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-2: 0.5 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 3 ppm (60-minute) 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

10-minute EEGL: 0.1 ppm 

6O-minute EEGL: 0.05 ppm (tentative) 

24-hour EEGL: 0.01 ppm (tentative) 

LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) 

............. 1 min 280 ppm (0.32) ............ 10 min 121 ppm (0.69) ... _ .. _- 30 min 150 pplll (1.0) ..... _-- 4hr 16 pplll (2.0) 

...... -- 10 min 259 Pplll (0.69) 

... ---- 4hr 51 ppm (2.0) 

----- 6hr 24 ppm (2.3) 

----- 6hr 24 ppm (2.3) 

----- 6hr 24 pplll (2.3) 

----- 6hr 152 pplll (2.3) 

1,000 10 lIIin 690 pplll (0.69) 

674 2hr 1.078 pplll (1.6) 

-_ ... -- 30 lIIin 131 ppm (1.0) 

Derived 

value 

28 ppm 

12 ppm 

15 ppm 

1.6 ppm 

26 ppm 

5.1 ppm 

2.4 ppm 

2.4 ppm 

2.4 ppm 

15 ppm 

69 ppm 

108 ppm 

13 ppm 

Othennimal data. .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . ... . . . .... .. . RD. (mouse), 1.68 [Alarie 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 5.5 ppm results in intense irritation and 

marked lacrimation, after 60 seconds [Henderson and Haggard 

1943]. Exposures to 1.8 ppm result in slight eye irritation after 1 

minute and profuse lacrimation after .. minutes [NRC 1981]. In 

volunteers exposed for 5 minutes, concentrations of 2 to 2.3 ppm 

produced severe irritation [Darley at al. 1960]. A 10-minute 

exposure at 8 ppm and a 5-minute exposure at 1.2 ppm elicited 

extreme irritation described as "only just tolerable" [Sim and 

Pattie 1957]. 

16 
Acrolein (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 2 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for acrolein is 2 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Darley et al. 1960; Henderson and Haggard 1943; NRC 1981; Sim and Pattie 1957]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Acrolein. In: Documentation ofthe threshold limit values for substances in wori(room air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 5. 

2. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Albin TB [1962]. Handling and toxicology. In: Acrolein, Smith CW, ed. New Yori(, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 

pp. 234-239. 

4. Carpenter Cp, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31(6):343-346. 

5. Catilina P, Thieblot L, Champeix J [1966]. Experimental respiratory lesions by inhalation of acrolein in the rat. Arch Mal 

Prof 27:857·867 (in French). 

6. Darley EF, Middleton JT, Garber MJ [1960]. Plant damage and eye irritation from ozone-hydrocarbon reactions. J Agri 

Food Chem 8:483-485. 

7. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New Yori(, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 138. 

8. Kruysse A [1971]. Acute inhalation toxicity of acrolein in hamsters (Report R 3516). The Netherlands: Central Institute 

for Nutrition and Food Research; TNO. 

9. MCA [1961]. Chemical safety data sheet S0-85: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

acrolein. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association, pp. 1·15. 

10. NRC [1981]. Formaldehyde and other aldehydes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, National Research 

Council, pp. 234-241. 

11. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental HeaHh Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 27·34. 

12. Pattie R, Collumbine H [1956]. Toxicity of some atmospheric pollutants. Br Med J 2:913-916. 

13. Philippin C, Gilgen A, Grandjean E [1970]. Toxicological and physiological investigation on acrolein inhalation in the 

mouse. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 26:281·305 (translated). 

14. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Joumal of Industrial Health) [1977]; 19:367 (in Japanese). 

15. Sim VM, Pattie RE [1957]. Effect of possible smog irritants on human subjects. JAMA 165(15):1908·1913. 

16. Skog E [1950]. A toxicological investigation of lower aliphatic aldehydes. I. Toxicity of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 

propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde; as well as acrolein and crotonaldehyde. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 6(4):299-318. 

17. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

17 
Acrylamide 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH* ........................... . 

Baslefor Original (SCP)lOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

79-06-1 

0.03 mglm3 TWA [skin); NIOSH considers aerylamide to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.3 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.03 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.03 mglm3 TWA [skin), A2 

White erystalline, odortess solid. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IOLH = 600 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

Very little data are available on which to base an IOLH for 

aerylamide. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 x the OSHA PEL of 0.3 mglm3 (i.e., 600 mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 600 mglml). Calculations based on 

an oral LO~ of 150 to 180 mglkg for guinea pigs, rabbits, and 

rats [McCOllister et al. 1964] indicate that a worker should be 

able to escape within 30 minutes without injury or irreversible 

health effects from 600 mglm3

• 

None developed 

LO. LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Manonal Hashimoto 1979 oral 100-200 ----- 700-1,400 mg/m' 70-140 mg/m' 

Mouse Hashimoto et al. 1981 oral 107 .. ---- 749 mg/m' 75 mg/m' 

Rabbit McCollister et al. 1964 oral 150 --_ .. - 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

G. pig McCollister et al. 1964 oral 150 .. -_ .. - 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

Rat Paulet and Vidal 1975 oral 124 ----- 868 mg/m' 87 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 60 mglrnJ 

Basis for revised IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for acrylamide. Based on 

acute oral toxicity data in animals [Hashimoto 1979), a value of about 70 mglm3 would have been appropriate. However, 

the revised IOLH for acrylamide 's 60 mglrnJ based on being 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.03 mglm3 that was 

promulgated in 1989 (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators; only the most reliable respirators are 

recommended above 2,000 times the OSHA PEL). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the 

"most protective- respirators be wom for aaylamide at concentrations above 0.03 mglm3.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hashimoto K (1979). Safety of aaylamide monomer. Satisfactory understanding of the toxicity. Kagaku to Seibutsu 

17:495-498 (in Japanese). 

2. Hashimoto K, Sakamoto J, Tanii H [1981J. Neurotoxicity of aerylamide and related compounds and their effects on male 

gonads in mice. Arch ToxicoI47:179-189. 

3. McCollister DO, Oyen F, Rowe VK [1964J. Toxicology of aerylamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6(2):172·181. 

4. Paulet G, Vidal [1975]. De la toxicite de quelques esters acryliques et methaeryliques de I'aerylamide et des 

polyacrylamides. Arch Mal Prof 36:58-60 (in French). 

18 
Acrylonitrile 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

107-13-1 

1 ppm TWA, 10 ppm 15-minute CEILING [skin]; NIOSH 

considers acrylonitrile to be a potential occupational carcinogen 

as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

2 ppm TWA, 10 ppm 15-minute CEiliNG [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

2 ppm (4.3 mglm') TWA [skin], A2 

Coloriess to pale-yellow liquid with an unpleasant odor. 

3.0% (10% lEl, 3,000 ppm) 

500 ppm 

The chosen IDlH is based on the statement by Spector [1956] 

about a rat 4-hour lC5C) of 500 ppm [Carpenter et al. 1949). 

None developed 

LC5C) LCLo Adjusted 0.5""'r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (C!=") value 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 500 ........ -- 4hr 3,635 ppm (7.27) 364 ppm 

Rabbit Dudley and Neal 1942 ...... -_ ... 260 4 hr 1,890 ppm (7.27) 189 ppm 

G. pig Dudley and Neal 1942 ............ 575 4hr 4,180 ppm (7.27) 418 ppm 

Mouse Dudley and Neal 1942 313 ...... -_ .. 4hr 2,276 ppm (7.27) 228 ppm 

Rat Jaeger et al. 1974 425 -_ ......... 4hr 3,090 ppm (7.27) 309 ppm 

Rat Patty 1963 ..... --- 636 4hr 4,624 ppm (7.27) 462 ppm 

Human Schwanecke 1966 ...... -_ ... 452 1 hr 850 ppm (1.88) 85 ppm 

'Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" • 1.1 [ten Berge et at 1986]. 

Other human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDlH. 

Revised IDLH: 85 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDlH for acrylonitrile is 85 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Schwanecke 1966]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be 

worn for acrylonitrile at concentrations above 1 ppm. OSHA currently requires in 29 CFR 1919.1045 that woOters be 

provided with and required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in concentrations exceeding 4,000 ppm (i.e., 

2,000 II the PEL).] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr. Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results of 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31(6):344. 

2. Dudley HC, Neal PA [1942]. Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide). A study of the acute toxicity. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

24(2):27-36. 

3. Jaeger RJ. Conolly RB, Murphy SO [1974]. Toxicity and biochemical changes In rats after inhalation exposure to 

1,1-dichloroethylene. bromobenzene, styrene, acrylonitrile or 2-chlorobutadiene. (Abstract for Thirteenth Annual Meeting 

of the Society of Toxicology, Washington, DC, March 10-14,1974.) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol29:81. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yorit. NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc .• pp. 2009-2011. 

5. Schwanecke R [1966]. Safety hazards in the handling of acrylonitrile and methacryIonitrile. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed 

Arbeitsschutz 16(1):1-3 (in German). 

6. Spector WS. ed. (1956). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities of solids. liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia. PA: W.B. Saunders Company, pp. 322-323. 

7. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

19 
CAS number ., ............................... . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19114 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference 

Aldrin 

309-00-2 

0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin); NIOSH considers aldrin to be a potential 

occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen 

policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin) 

Colorless to darlt-brown aystalline solid with a mild chemical 

odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

100 mglm3 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for aldrin. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the statement by Baskin [1975] that severe 

symptoms follow swallowing or skin contamination with 15 to 

50 mglkg (average adult). According to Deichmann (1973), 

aldrin vapor gave no effect in man at 18 mglm3 during exposure 

for 1 day. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

LCIa l~ Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 ---...... 5.8 mg/m' 4hr 12 mg/m' (2.0) 1.2 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LOla L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted lD Derived value 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 oral 50 ...... -_ ... 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 oral 33 --_ ...... 231 mg/m' 23 mg/m' 

Rat Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 39 ----- 273 mg/m' 27 mg/m' 

MOU8e Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 44 .. ---- 30a mg/m' 31 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No effects were noted after exposure to 18 mglml for 1 day 

[Deichmann 1973). Ingestion of 25.6 mglkg caused convulsions 

within 20 minutes [Ottolenghl et al. 1974). (Note: An oral dose 

of 25.6 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worlter being exposed to 

about 1,200 mglml for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Revlaed IDLH: 25 mglml 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for aldrin is 25 mglm3 based on acute toxicity data in humans [Deichmann 

1973; Ottolenghi et al. 1974). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for aldrin at concentrations above 0.25 mglm3.) . 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO (1966). Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 7. 

20 
Aldrin (continued) 

2. Baskin AD, ed. [1975]. Handling guide for potentially hazardous materials. Oxford, IN: The Richard B. Cross Company, 

PC 0180. 

3. Deichmann INS [1973]. The chronic toxicity of organochlorine pesticides in man. In: Pesticides and the environment: a 

continuing controversy. Vol. II. New York, NY: Intercontinental Medical Book Corporation, pp. 347-420. 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, RUSSia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 73. 

5. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW [1978]. Commercial and experimental organiC insecticides (1978 revision). Entomological 

Society of America Special Publication 78-1:12. 

6. Ottolenghi AD, Haseman JK, Suggs F [1974]. Teratogenic effects of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin in hamsters and mice. 

Teratology 9: 11. 

21 
Allyl alcohol 

CAS number ." ................................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Desc:ription ohubstance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

easia for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

lCso Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Mammal Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 1,000 

Rat Dunlap et al. 1958 76 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 207 

Rabbit McCord 1932 1,000 

Monkey McCord 1932 1,000 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 1,060 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 165 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 76 

107-18-6 

2 ppm (S mglm3) TWA, 4 ppm (10 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

2 ppm (S mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

2 ppm (S mglm3) TWA, 4 ppm (10 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

2 ppm (4.8 mglm3) TWA, 4 ppm (9.S mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a pungent, mustard-like odor. 

2.S% (10% LEL, 2,500 ppm) 

1S0 ppm 

The c:hosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA (1963) that 

from animal experiments, a single 1-hour exposure to 1S0 ppm 

might be fatal, while the same exposure to 100 ppm would 

probably allow survival [Dunlap et al. 1958). 

None developed 

L~ Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

.......... 1 hr 1,250 ppm (1.25) 125 ppm ........ _- 8 hr 190 ppm (2.5) 19 ppm 

... ---- 2 hr 330 ppm (1.6) 33 ppm ..... -_ .. 3.5 hr 1,910 ppm (1.91) 191 ppm ............. 4 hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm ..... -_ .. 1 hr 1,325 ppm (1.25) 132 ppm 

--_ ..... 4 hr 330 ppm (2.0) 33 ppm 

-_ ........ 8 hr 190 ppm (2.5) 19 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severe eye irritation is reported to result from exposure at 

2S ppm [Dunlap et al. 1958). 

Revised IDlH: 20 ppm 

eaaia for revised IDlH: The revised IDLH for allyl alcohol is 20 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Dunlap et al. 1958) and animals [Dunlap et al. 1958; Smyth and Carpenter 1948). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1963). Allyl alcohol. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:636-638. 

2. Deic:hmann INS, Gerarde HW (1969). Allyl alcohol (propenol). In: Toxicology of drugs and c:hemicals. New York. NY: 

Academic Press, Inc .• p. 88. 

3. Dunlap MK. Kodama JK, Wellington JS. Anderson HH, Hine CH (1958). The toxicity of allyl alcohol. I. Acute and c:hronic 

toxicity. AMAArd'llnd Health 18:303-311. 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic c:hemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 17. 

5. McCord CP (1932). The toxicity of allyl alcohol. JAMA 98(26):2269-2270. 

6. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CP (1948). Further experience with the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30(1):63-68. 

22 
Allyl chloride 

CAS number . ~ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldelinea 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCIO 

Rat Boqin et a1. 1982 11,000 mg/m' 

Mouse Boqin et a1. 1982 11,500 mg/m' 

G. pig Boqin et a1. 1982 5,800 mg/m' 

Rabbit Boqin et a1. 1982 22,500 mg/m' 

Cat Boqin et a1. 1982 10,500 mg/m' 

107·05-1 

1 ppm (3 mg/m3) TWA, 2 ppm (6 mgtm3) STEL 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) TWA 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) TWA, 2 ppm (6 mgtm3) STEL 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) TWA, 2 ppm (6 mgtm3

) STEL 

Colorless, brown, yellow, or purple liquid with a pungent, 

unpleasant odor. 

2.9% (10% LEL, 2,900 ppm) 

300 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Deichmann and 

Gerarde (1969) that a 1~our exposure to 300 ppm might cause 

serious effects. 

None developed 

Adjuated O.5-hr Derived valua 

LCL,o Time LC (CF) 

2 hr 4,323 ppm (1.25) 434 ppm 

-_ .. -- 2hr 4,520 ppm (1.25) 452 ppm 

-_ .. _- 2hr 2,280 ppm (1.25) 228 ppm 

........ - 2hr 8,844 ppm (1.25) 884 ppm 

---_ .. 2hr 4,127 ppm (1.25) 413 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that a 1·hour exposure to 300 ppm might 

cause serious effects [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). 

Reviaed IDLH: 250 ppm 

Basia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for allyl chloride is 250 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969) and animals [Boqin et al. 1982). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Boqin L, Shuwei D, Airu Y, Yinlin X, Taibao G, Tao C (1982). Studies on the toxicity of ally! chloride. Ecotoxicol Environ 

Safety 6(1):19-27. 

2. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Allyl chloride. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New YorX, NY: Academic 

Press, Inc., pp. 86-87. 

23 
Allyl glycidyl ether 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

106-92-3 

5 ppm (22 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (44 mglm3) STEL [skin) 

10 ppm (45 mglm3

) CEILING 

5 ppm (22 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (44 mglm3

) STEL 

5 ppm (23 mglm~ TWA, 10 ppm (47 mgIm~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. 

Unknown 

270 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LC5Q of 270 ppm 

[Hine et al. 1956] cited in ACGIH [1971], AIHA [1965], and 

Patty [1963]. 

None developed 

LCso lCLo Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Hine et a1. 1956 270 .... _-- 4hr 540 ppm (2.0) 54 ppm 

Rat Hine et 81. 1956 670 ......... -- ahr 1,675 ppm (2.5) 168 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

a.si. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for allyl glycidyl ether is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Hine et at 1956). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Allyl glycidyl ether. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conferenee of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 9. 

2. AIHA (1965). Allyl glycidyl ether. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:89-91. 

3. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, AndersOn HH (1956). The toxicology of glyddol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Intersdenee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1599. 

24 
2-Aminopyridine 

CAS number ., ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

a..i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doae data: 

504-29-0 

0.5 ppm (2 mgtm3

) TWA 

0.5 ppm (2 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 ppm (1.9 mgtm3

) TWA 

White powder, leaflets, or crystals with a characteristic odor. 

Unknown 

5 ppm 

Very little quantitative data are available on which to base an 

IDLH for 2-aminopyridine. The chosen IDLH is based on the 

statement by ACGIH (1971) that a 5-hour exposure to about 

5 ppm produced headache, increased blood pressure, and 

nausea in a worker [Watrous and Schulz 1950). 

None developed 

LD50 LDLo 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Marhold 1986 oral 200 --. -- 385 ppm 39 ppm 

Mouse Verschueren 1983 oral SO .---- 90 ppm 9 ppm 

Human data . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 5-hour exposure to approximately 5 ppm caused severe 

headache, increased blood pressure, flushing of the extremities, 

and nausea [Watrous and Schulz 1950). 

Revi.ed IDLH: 5 ppm [Unchanged) 

a.aia for revlaed IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Watrous and Schulz 1950), the originallDLH 

for 2-aminopyridine (5 ppm) is not being revised at this time. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concantrations above 5 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). 2-Aminopyridine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 11. 

2. Marhold J (1986). Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 838 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

3. Verschueren K (1983). Handbook of environmental data of organic chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand 

Reinhold, Co., p. 192. 

4. Watrous RM, Schulz HN (1950). Cyclohexylamine, p-chlomitrobenzene, 2-aminopyridine: toxic effects in industrial use. 

Ind Med Surg 19(7):317-320. 

25 
Ammonia 

CAS number .•................................ 7664-41-7 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 25 ppm (18 mglm3) TWA, 35 ppm (27 mglm3

) STEL 

50 ppm (35 mglm3 Current OSHA PEL ............................ . ) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 35 ppm (27 mglm3

) STEL 

1993-19M ACGIHTLV ......................... . 25 ppm (17 mglm3) TWA, 35 ppm (24 mglml) STEL 

Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. 

15% (10% LEL, 15,000 ppm) 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 500 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1971] that 

300 to 500 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes have been reported as a 

maximum short exposure tolerance [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943]. AIHA [1971] also reported that 5,000 to 

10,000 ppm are reported to be fatal [Mulder and Van der 

Zahm 1967] and exposures for 30 minutes to 2,500 to 6,000 ppm 

are considered dangerous to life [Smyth 1956J. 

existing short-tarm exposure guidelin ............ . 1988 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs) 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference 

Rat Alarie 1981 

Rat Alarie 1981 

Rat Alarie 1981 

Rat Alarie 1981 

Rat Back et a1. 1972 

Mou.e Back et al. 1972 

Rabbit Boyd et a1. 1944 

Cat Boyd et a1. 1944 

Rat Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 

Mammal Flury 1928 

Mouse Kapegbian et a1. 1982 

HUlllan Tab Bio1 Per 1933 

ERPG-1: 25 ppm 

ERPG-2: 200 ppm 

ERPG-3: 1,000 ppm 

National Research Council [NRC 1987] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs) 

1-hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

U.S. Navy Standards [U.S. Bureau of Ships 1962] Maximum 

allowable concentrations (MACs): 

Continuous exposure (60 days): 25 ppm 

1 hour: 400 ppm 

LCsa LC ... Adjust.d O.5ohr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

40,300 ----- 10 min 23,374 ppm (0.58) 2,337 ppm 

28,595 ----- 20 min 23,448 ppm (0.82) 2,335 ppm 

20,300 _ ...... - 40 min 23,345 ppm (1.15) 2,335 ppm 

11,590 -_ ... -- lhr 16,342 ppm (1.41) 1,634 ppm 

7,338 ....... -- lhr 10,347 ppm (1.41) 1,035 ppm 

4,837 .. ---- lhr 6,820 ppm (1.41) 682 ppm 

9,859 ----.. lhr 13,901 ppm (l.41) 1,309 ppm 

9,859 --... -- lhr 13,901 ppm (1.41) 1,309 ppm 

2,000 ..... --- 4hr 5,660 ppm (2.83) 566 ppm 

----- 5,000 5 min 2,050 ppm (0.41) 205 ppm 

4,230 ----- lhr 5,964 ppm (1.41) 596 ppm .... -_ .. 5,000 5 min 2,050 ppm (0.41) 205 ppm 

*Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n". 2.0 [ten Berge et al. 1986J. 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROse (mouse), 303 ppm [Appelman et al. 1982]. 

26 
Ammonia (continued) 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The maximum short exposure tolerance has been reported as 

being 300 to 500 ppm for 0.5 to 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 

1943). A change in respiration rate and moderate to severe 

irritation has been reported in 7 subjects exposed to 500 ppm for 

30 minutes [Silverman et al. 1946). 

Revl.ed IDLH: 300 ppm 

Basi. for revl.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for ammonia is 300 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943; Siiverman et ai. 1946). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1971). Anhydrous ammonia. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg AssocJ 32:139-142. 

2. Alarie Y [1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Appelman LM, ten Barge 'NF, Reuzel PGJ [1982). Acute inhalation toxicity study of ammonia in rats with variable 

exposure periods. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 43:662-665. 

4. Back KC, Thomas AA, MacEwen JD [1972). Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

pp. A-172 to A-173. 

5. Boyd EM, Maclachlan ML, Perry 'NF [1944). Experimental ammonia gas poisoning in rabbits and cats. J Ind Hyg 

Toxicol 26:29-34. 

6. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969). Trifiuoroacetic acid (3FA). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New YorX, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., p. 607. 

7. Flury F [1928). Modeme gewerbliche vergiftungen in pharmakologisch-toxikologischer hinsicht 

(Pharmacological-toxicological aspects of intoxicants in modem industry). Arch Exp Pathol PharmakoI138:65-82 

(translated) . 

8. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New YorX, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 126. 

9. Kapeghian JC, Jones AB, Mincer HH, Venangieri AJ, Waters IW [1982). The toxicity of ammonia gas in the mouse. Fed 

Proc 41:1568 [Abstract '7586). 

10. Mulder JS, Van der Zahm HO [1967). Fatal case of ammonium poisoning. Tydschrift Voor Sociale Geneeskunde 

(Amsterdam) 45:458-460 (translated). 

11. NRC [1987). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 7. 

Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, lithium bromide, and toluene. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on 

Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research 

Council, pp. 7-15. 

12. Siiverman L, Whittenberger JL, Mulier J [1946). Physiological response of man to ammonia in low concentrations. J Ind 

Hyg ToxicoI31:74-78. 

13. Smyth HF Jr [1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc a 

17(2):129-185. 

14. Tab Bioi Per [1933): 3:231-296 (in German). 

15. ten Berge 'NF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

16. U.S. Bureau of Ships [1962). Submarine atmosphere habitabiiity data book. AVSHIPS 250-649-1. Rev. 1. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Department of the Navy, U.S. Bureau of Ships, p. 629. 

27 
Ammonium sulfamate 

CAS number ., ............................... . 7n3-06-0 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-199<4 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

15 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

10 mglm3TWA 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Colorless to white aystalline, odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

5,000 mglrnl 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the rat intraperitoneal LDLo of 

800 mglkg cited by NIOSH [1976] from Ambrose (1943]. This 

compound has a low toxicity. 

Short-tenn exposure guldeli.,.. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Ball 1956 oral 2,000 ----- 14,000 mg/m' 1,400 mg/m' 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1963 oral 3,100 --_ ... - 21,700 mg/m> 2,170 mg/m' 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 3,900 ----- 27,300 mg/m' 2,730 mg/m' 

Mouse Lehman 1951 oral 5,760 ----- 40,320 mg/m' 4,032 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None reievant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revluc:lIDLH: 1,500 mglm3 

Basis for revluc:lIDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are availabie on which to base an IDLH for ammonium sulfamate. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for ammonium sulfamate is 1,500 mglm3 based on the acute oral toxicity data in animals [Ball 

1956]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Ambrose AM [1943]. Studies of the physiological effects of sulfamic acid and ammonium sulfamate. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

25:26. 

2. Ball VVI.. [1956]. Threshold limits for pesticides. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:178-185. 

3. Gig Tr Prof Zabol (1963]; 7(5):56-57 (in Russian). 

4. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and Drug Of/Icials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-125. 

5. NIOSH [1976]. W061250. Sulfamic acid, rnonoammonium salt. In: Registry ofToxic Effects of Chemical Substances 

(RTECS) 1976 ed. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center 

for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, 

p.1111. 

28 
n-Amyl acetate 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ................................ '......... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

628-63-7 

100 ppm (525 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (525 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (532 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a persistent banana-like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL, 1,100 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Browning [1965] 

that exposure to 4,000 ppm of a mixture of n-amyl acetate and 

isoamyl acetate produced complete loss of reflexes in rabbits 

within an hour [Koelsch 1912), and on the statement by 

Sax [1975) that 5,000 ppm n-amyl acetate produced deep 

narcosis in cats in 30 minutes. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat NPIRI 1974 .............. 5,200 ? ? ? 

Lethal doee data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Marhold 1986 oral 7,400 ----- 9,575 ppm 958 ppm 

Rat NPIRI 1974 oral 6,500 ----- 8,410 ppm 841 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . RD!iO (mouse), 1,531 ppm [Alarie 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Somnolence has been reported after exposure to 952 ppm for 30 

minutes [Lehmann 1913). 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-amyl acetate is 1,000 ppm based on acute toxicity data in humans 

[Lehmann 1913) and animals [Alarie 1981; Marhold 1986). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Browning E [1965]. Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.539. 

3. Koelsch [1912). Damage to health by amyl acetate. Concordia No. 12. 

4. Lehmann KB [1913). Experimentelle studien uber den einflufs technisch wichtiger gase und dampfe auf den organimus 

(XXXIIIXXXIII). Amylazetat und cyclohexanolazetat. Arch Hyg 7B:2~273 (in German). 

5. Marhold J [1986). Prehled prumyslove toxikologie: organicke latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 357 (in 

Czechoslovakian). . 

6. NPIRI [1974). Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 3. 

7. Sax NI [1975). Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 4th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 

Inc., p. 398. 

29 
sec-Amyl acetate 

CAS number ., ............................... . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................... . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV .......... ; .............. . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ........................................ " 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY OATA 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

G. pig Patty et a1. 1936 ... --...... G. pig von Oettingen 1960 -_ ......... 

626-38-0 

125 ppm (650 mglm3

) TWA 

125 ppm (650 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

125 ppm (665 mglm3

) TWA 

Coloriess liquid with a mild odor. 

1% (10% LEL, 1,000 ppm) 

9,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that 9,200 ppm was lethal to guinea pigs in 7 hours [Patty 

et al. 1936]. This is the only data on acute inhalation toxicity 

available on which to base the IOLH. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJust8d O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

9,200 7hr 22,080 ppm (2.4) 2,208 ppm 

10,000 Shr 21,SOO ppm (2.1S) 2,lS0 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that exposure to 1,000 ppm for an hour may 

be expected to produce serious toxic effects [von Oettingen 

1960]. 

RevlHd IOLH: 1,000 ppm 

Baal. for revlHd IOLH: The revised IOLH for sec-amyl acetate is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [von Oettingen 1960] and the similarity of the toxic effects of sec-amyl acetate to those of n-amyl acetate (which 

also has a revised IOLH of 1,000 ppm). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). sec-Amyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in wo..xroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: Americen Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 13. 

2. Patty FA, Yant 'NP, Schrenk HH [1936]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic 

compounds. XI. Secondary amyl acetate. Public Health Rep 51(25):811-819. 

3. von Oettingen 'NF [1960]. The aliphatic acids and their esters: toxicity and potential dangers. AMA Arch Ind Health 

21:4OI28-n165. 

30 
Aniline 

CAS number ., ............................... . 62-53-3 

NIOSH REL .................................. . None established; NIOSH considers aniline to be a potential 

occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen 

policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 5 ppm (19 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 2 ppm (8 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 2 ppm (7.6 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 

Description of substance ....................... . Colortess to brown. oily Uquid with an aromatic amine-like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 1.3% (10% LEL. 1.300 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 100 ppm 

Basla for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Henderson and 

Haggard [1943] that 100 to 160 ppm is the maximum 

concentration that can be inhaled for 1 hour without serious 

disturbance. AIHA [1955] reported that 50 to 100 ppm can 

probably be tolerated for 60 minutes. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speciea Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 175 ......... -- 7hr 420 ppm (2.4) 42 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 ............. 250 4hr 500 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Cat von Oettingen 1941 .. --_ ... 180 8hr 450 ppm (2.5) 45 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO LDIA 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog Back et al. 1972 oral ..... _-- 195 353 ppm 35 ppm 

Rat Dieke et a1. 1947 oral ----- 250 452 ppm 4S ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1969 oral .............. 464 839 ppm 84 ppm 

Rat Jacobsen 1972 oral .............. 440 796 ppm 80 ppm 

G. pig Kodak 1984 oral ... ---... 400 724 ppm 72 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers tolerated 1-hour exposures ranging from 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

100-160 ppm with only moderate adverse health effects 

(undefined) [von Oettingen 1941]. It has also been reported that 

100 to 160 ppm is the maximum concentration that can be 

inhaled for 1 hour without serious consequence [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943] and that 50 to 100 ppm can probably be tolerated 

for 60 minutes [AIHA 1955]. 

Baaia for revIHCIIDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [AIHA 1955; Henderson and Haggard 1943; 

von Oettingen 1941]. the originallDLH for aniline of 100 ppm is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for aniline at any detectable 

concentration.] 

31 
Aniline (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1955]. Aniline. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assce Q 16:331-332. 

2. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

pp. A-8 to A-9. 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:343-346. 

4. Dieke SH, Allen GS, Richter CP [1947]. The acute toxicity of thioureas and related compounds to wild and domestic 

Norway rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 90:260-270. 

5. Gig Tr Prof Zabel [1969]; 13(5):29-32 (in Russian). 

6. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 22S. 

7. Jacobsen KH [1972]. Acute oral toxicity of mono- and di-alkyl ring-substituted derivatives of aniline. Toxicol Appl 

PharmacoI22:153-154. 

S. Kodak [1984]. Aniline. In: TSCA Sd submission to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (OTS 206512). Rochester, 

NY: Eastman Kodak Company. 

9. von Oettingen WF [1941]. The aromatic amines and nitro compounds, their toxicity and potential dangers. Washington, 

DC: Government Printing Office, U.S. Public Health Service. Public Health Bulletin 271:1-15. 

32 
o-Anisidine 

CAS number "' ............................... . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TlV ........................ .. 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

90-04-0 

0.5 mg/m3 TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers o-anisidine to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.5 mg/m3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm') TWA [skin] 

Red or yellow, oily liquid with an amine-like odor. 

Unknown 

50 mg/m3 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available for 

anisidine (0-, p-isomers), the chosen IDlH is based on chronic 

data. ACGIH [1971] reported that mice survived exposures to 10 

to 30 mg/m3 for 2 hours/day, 6 dayalweek for 1 month; a 

decrease in the excitability of nerves was noted [Zaeva and 

Fedorova 1962]. Because mice survived 30 mglm3, 2 hours/day, 

6 dayslweek for 1 month, a worker should be able to escape 

from 50 mg/m' without injury or irreversible health effects. 

None developed 

lOla LOlA 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuat.d LO Derived value 

Rat IARe 1982 oral 2,000 ----- 14,000 mg/m' 1,400 mg/m' 

Mouse IARe 1982 oral 1,400 ----- 9,800 mg/m' 980 mg/m' 

Rabbit IARe 1982 oral 870 --_ ... - 6,090 mg!m' 609 mg!m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mice have survived exposures to concentrations of 10 to 

30 mg/m' for 2 hours/day, 6 dayalweek for 1 month with only a 

decrease in the excitability of nerves noted [Zaeva and Fedorova 

1962]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 50 mglm' [Unchanged] 

a.aia for revised IDlH: Based on subchronic inhalation toxicity data in animals [Zaeva and Fedorova 1962], the original 

IDLH for o-anisidine (50 mglm') is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen 

policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for o-anisidine It concentrations above 0.5 mgtm'.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Anisidine (0-, p-isomers). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 14. 

2. IARC [1982]. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humana. VoI.27. Lyon, France: 

Wortd Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, p. 63. 

3. Zaeva GN, Fedorova VI [1962]. Toxaikol Nov Prom Khim Veah 4:91 (in Russian). 

33 
p-Anisidine 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tsrm exposurs guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal does data: 

104-94-9 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglml) TWA [skin] 

Yellow to brown, crystalline solid with an amine-like odor. 

Unknown 

50 mglml 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available for 

anisidine (0-, p-isomers), the chosen IDLH is based on chronic 

data. ACGIH [1971] reported that mice survived exposures to 10 

to 30 mglm3 for 2 hours/day, 6 dayslweek for 1 month; a 

decrease In the excitability of nerves was noted [Zaeva and 

Fedorova 1962]. Because mice survived 30 mglm3, 2 hours/day, 

6 dayslweek for 1 month, a worker should be able to escape 

from 50 mglm3 without injury or irreversible health effects. 

None developed 

LOll LDLo 

Speci .. Refersnce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuat.d LD Derived value 

Rabbit IARC 1982 oral 2,900 ----- 20,300 mg/m' 2,030 mg/m' 

Mouse IARC 1982 oral 1,300 ----- 9,100 mg/m' 910 mg/m' 

Mouse Nippon 1956 oral ----- 1,000 7,000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

Rat Sziza and podragyai 1957 oral 1,400 ----- 9,800 mg/m' 980 mg/m' 

Otheranlmal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mice have survived exposurss to concentretions of 10 to 

30 mgIml for 2 hours/day, 6 dayslweek for 1 month with a only 

decrease in the excitability of nerves noted [Zaeva and Fedorova 

1962]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlaecllDLH: 50 mglml [Unchanged] 

Baala for rsvlaecllDLH: Based on subchronic inhalation toxicity data in animals [Zaeva and Fedorova 1962], the original 

IDLH for p-anisidine of 50 mglml is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Aniaidine (0-, p.isomers). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemrnentallndustrial HygieniSts, p. 14. 

2. IARC [1982]. tARC monographa on the evaluation of cercinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol. 27. Lyon, Frence: 

World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, p. 63. 

3. Nippon Yakurigaku Zaaahi (Japanese Journal of Pharmacology) [1956]; 52:215-221 On Japanese). 

4. Sziza M, Podragyal L [1957]. Toxikologische untersuchung einiger in der ungarischen Industrie zur anwendung 

gelangenden aromatischen amidoverbindungen. Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 15:447-458 On German). 

5. Zaeva GN, Fedorova VI [1962). Toxsikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 4:91 On Russian). 

34 
Antimony compounds (as Sb) 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.cription of .ubstance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH .......................... .. 

Ba.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specie. Reference LCIO 

SbCl, 

7440-36-0 (Metal) 

0.5 mg Sb/m3 TWA 

0.5 mg Sblm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mg Sblm3 TWA 

Varies 

80mg Sblm3 

AIHA (1959) reported that the severity of hazard is moderate to 

high for both acute and chronic exposures to antimony and its 

compounds. Brieger et al. [1954] noted an apparent increase in 

heart abnormalities in workers chronically exposed to antimony 

trisulfide (0.6 to 5.5 mg/m') and demonstrated heart injury in 

experimental animals. The chosen IDLH is based on the report 

by Taylor [1966] that slightly delayed gastrointestinal disorders, 

including abdominal pain and persistent anorexia, were noted in 

workers briefly exposed to air containing up to 73 mglm3 of 

antimony. 

None developed 

AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

LCL,o Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Chekunova and Minkina 1987 720 mg/m' _ .... -- ? ? ? 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 720 mg/m' ........ - 2hr 469 1119 Sb/m' 47 1119 Sb/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDL,o 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Sb 

Rat Coulston and Korte 1975 oral 7,500 ----- n,ooo 1119 Sb/m' 4,900 1119 Sb/m' 

Sb,O, 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 oral >20,000 ----- >117,600 1119 Sb/m' >11,760 mg Sb/m' 

SbCl, 

Rat Arzam&stev 1964 oral 1,115 ----- 3,1791119 Sb/m> 318 mg Sb/m' 

G. pig Arzam&stev 1964 oral 900 ----- 2,566 1119 Sb/m> 257 1119 Sb/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Antimony pentafluoride (SbClJ Is considered to be the mosttoxic 

of the antimony chlorides [ACGIH 1993]. The American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists (ACGIH) TLV 

for antimony il based on an analogy to hydrogen chloride 

[ACGIH 1993]. 

Revi.ed IDLH: 50 mg Sblm' 

Ba.i. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for antimony compounds is 50 mg Sblm' based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals [Izmerov et al. 1982] and an analogy to hydrogen chloride [ACGIH 1993] which has a revised IDLH of 

50 ppm (75 mg/m'). 

35 
Antimony compounds (as Sb) (continued) 

REFERENCES: . 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Antimony and compounds. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure 

indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 73-75. 

2. AIHA [1959]. Antimony and its compounds (excepting stibine). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assae Q 

20:515-516. 

3. Arzamastsev EV [1964]. Experimental substantiation of the permissible concentrations of tri- and pentavalent antimony 

in water bodies. Gig Sanit 29(12):16-21 (translated). 

4. Brieger H, Semisch CW, Stasney J, Piatek DA [1954]. Industrial antimony poisoning. Ind Med Surg 23:521-523. 

5. Chekunova MP, Minkina MA [1987]. Toxicity of pentachlorinated antimony in a chronic experiment. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 

13(10):25-29 (in Russian). 

6. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. (1975). Heavy metal toxicity, safety and hormology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, 

Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1-120. 

7. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 22. 

8. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP [1948]. Further experience with the range finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30(1):63-68. 

9. Taylor PJ [1966]. Acute intoxication from antimony trichloride. Br J Ind Med 23(4):318-321. 

36 
ANTU 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

sasis for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lethal dose data: 

Speci .. Reference Route 

Dog AAPCO 1966 oral 

Rat Lehman 1952 oral 

Monkey Perkow 1971/76 oral 

Mouse Yakkyoku 1977 oral 

86-88-4 

0.3 mglm3 TWA 

0.3 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.3 mglm3 TWA 

Vllhite crystalline or gray, odortess powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

100 mglm3 

No useful acute inhalation toxicity data are available on which to 

base the IOLH for ANTU. The chosen IOLH, therefore, has been 

estimated from the fatal human oral dose of 1 gram given by 

Stolman [1969]. According to ACGIH [1971], McClosky and 

Smith [1945] reported that the acute oral toxicity varies greatly 

among different species, with rats and dogs being the most 

susceptible (LOse of 30 to 50 mglkg) and rabbits the least 

susceptible (LOse of 1,000 mglkg). 

None developed 

LDse LDL,o 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

0.38 ----- 2.7 mg/m' 0.3 mg/m' 

6 ----- 42 mg/m' 4.2 mg/m' 

4,250 ----- 29,750 mg/m' 2,975 mg/m' 

5 ----- 35 mg/m' 3.5 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the mean oral lethal dose is 

4,000 mglkg in monkeys and is presumably much the same in 

man [Gosselin et al. 1984]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The fatal oral dose has been reported to be 1,000 mg [Stolman 

1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 1,000 mg is equivalent to a worker 

being exposed to 650 mglm3 for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 100 mglm3 [Unchanged] 

sasls for revised IDlH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for ANTU. However, based 

on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Stolman 1969] and animals [Gosselin at al. 1984; Perkow 1971"6], the original 

IOLH for ANTU (100 mglm3

) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 57. 

2. ACGIH [1971]. ANTU (alph.naphthyl-thiouraa). In: Documentation of tile threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 15-16. 

3. Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC [1984]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Section III. Baltimore, 

MD: Williams and Wilkins Company, pp. 40-42. 

4. Lehman AJ [1952]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and Drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Section III. Subacute and chronic toxicity. Q Bulletin Aasoc: Food Drug Off U.S. 16:47-53. 

5. McClosky wr, Smith MI [1945]. Studies on the pharmacologic action and the pathology of alph.naphthylthiourea 

(ANTU). I. Pharmacology. Public Health Rep 60(38):1101-1113. 

6. Perkow W [1971"6]. Wirksubstanzen dar pflanzenschutz und schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Bertin, Germany: Vertag 

Paul Parey (in German). 

7. Stolman A, ed. [1969]. Progress in chemical toxicology. Vol. 4. New York, NY: Academic Press, p. 235. 

8. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28:329-335 (in Japanese). 

37 
Arsenic (inorganic compounds, as As) 

CAS number ., ............................... . 7440-38-2 (Metal) 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.002 mg Aslm3 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH considers inorganic 

arsenic compounds to be potential occupational carcinogens as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 0.010 mg Aslm3 TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . Same as current PEL 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 0.01 mg Aslm3 TWA. A1 

Description of substance ....................... . Varies 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 100mgAslml 

easis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the cat 1-hour LCLa of 

100 mglm3 for arsenic trichloride [Flury 1921 cited by 

NIOSH 1976]. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived value 

Specl .. Reference LCso LCLo nme LC (CF) 

AsCl, 

Cat Flury 1921 ----- 100 mg/m' lhr 52 mg As/m' (1.25) 5.2 mg As/m' 

Cat Spector 1955 ..... -_ ... 200 mg/m' 20 min 79 mg As/m' (0.96) 7.9 mg As/m' 

Mous. Spector 1955 ----... 338 ppm 10 min 726 mg As/m' (0.69) 73 mg As/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

As 

Rat Davydova .t al. 1987 oral 763 ... _--- 5,341 mg As/m' 534 mg As/m' 

Mous. Davydova et al. 1987 oral 145 .. ---- 1,015 mg As/m' 102 mg As/m' 

Ca,(AsO.), 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 20 ----- 53 mg As/m' 5.3 mg As/m' 

Mous. MacBwen and Vemot 1972 oral 794 ----- 2,090 mg As/m' 209 mg As/m' 

Rabbit Muehlberger 1930 oral 50 ... --_ .. 132 mg As/m' 13 mg As/m' 

Dog Perkow 1971/1976 oral 38 ----- 100 mg b/m' 10 mg As/m' 

Pb,(bO.), 

Rabbit Muehlberger 1930 oral 75 ----- 88 mg As/m' 8.8 mg As/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in detennining the revised IOLH. 

RevlHd IDLH: 10 mg Aslml 

easls for revlHd IDLH: The revised IOLH for inorganic arsenic compounds is 10 mg Aslml based on acute inhalation 

toxicity data in animals [Flury 1921; Spector 1955]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

toxicity data for wortters. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the Wmost protective" 

respirators be worn for inorganic arsenic compounds at concentrations above 0.002 mg Aslml. OSHA currently requires 

in 29 CFR 1919.1018 that wortters be provided with and required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in 

concentrations exceeding 20 mg Aslm3 (i.e., 2.000 lC the PEL).] 

38 
Arsenic (inorganic compounds, as As) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Davydova VE, Neizuestnova EM, et al. [1987]. Toxicity of metallic arsenic. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 31(12):58 (in Russian). 

2. Flury F [1921]. Arsentrichlorid. In: Uber kampfgasvergiftungen. IX. Lokel reizende arsenverbindungen. Zeit Ges Exp 

Med 13:527-528 (in German). 

3. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and Drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-125. 

4. MacEwen JD, Vemot EH [1972]. Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual technical report: 1972. Wright-Patterson Air 

Force Base, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report AMRL-TR-72-62. 

5. Muehlberger CW [1930]. Toxicity studies of flUOrine insecticides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 39:2~248. 

6. NIOSH [1976]. CG17500. Arsenic chloride. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances (RTECS) 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of HeaHh, Education, and Welfare, Public HeaHh Service, Center for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 126. 

7. Perkow W [1971/1976]. Wirksubstanzen der Pflanzenschytz and Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Bertin, Germany: 

Vertag Paul Parey (in German). 

8. Spector WS, ed. [1955]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. 1. Acute toxicities of solids, liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 324-325. 

39 
CAS number ._ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-tarm exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Arsine 

7784-42·1 

0.002 mglm3 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH considers arsine to be 

a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.05 ppm (0.2 mglm~ TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.05 ppm (0.16 mglm3

) TWA 

Colortess gas with a mild, gartic-like odor. 

5.1% (10% LEL, 5,100 ppm) 

6 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

6 to 30 ppm is the maximum concentration that can be inhaled in 

1 hour without serious consequences [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943]. The chosen IDLH falls within the range of 1 to 

10 ppm, which AIHA [1965] suggested might be dangerous for a 

1·hour exposure [Elkins 1959; Kipling and Fothergill 1964]. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1·hour EEGL: 1.0 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 0.1 ppm 

LCIO LCIA Adjustad 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Gates et a1. 1946 120 ......... -- 10 min 83 ppm (0.69) 8.3 ppm 

Mouse Gates et a1. 1946 77 ... --...... 10 min 53 ppm (0.69) 5.3 ppm 

Rabbit Gates et a1. 1946 201 ... ---- 10 min 138 ppm (0.69) 14 ppm 

Dog Gates et a1. 1946 108 ....... -- 10 min 75 ppm (0.69) 7.5 ppm 

Human Henderson and Haggard 1943 ............... 250 30 min 250 ppm (1.0) 25 ppm 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 ............... 300 5 min 165 ppm (0.55) 17 ppm 

Human Teitelbaum and Kier 1969 ............... 25 30 min 25 ppm (1.0) 2.5 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 13 ppm [Peterson and Bhattacharyya 1985]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . It has been reported that poisoning symptoms occur after a few 

hours exposure to 3 to 10 ppm [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. 

It has been suggested that 1 to 10 ppm might be dangerous for a 

1 hour exposure [AIHA 1965] and that 6 to 30 ppm is the 

maximum concentration that can be inhaled in 1 hour without 

serious consequences [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has 

been estimated that 1,543 ppm for 2 minutes and 62 ppm for 

30 minutes are minimal disabling exposures [Gates et al. 1946]. 

Revised IDLH: 3 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for arsine is 3 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [AIHA 

1965; Henderson and Haggard 1943; Teitelbaum and Kier 1969]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen 

policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for arsine at concentrations above 0.002 rng Aslm3.] 

40 
Arsine (continued) 

REFERENCES: . 

1. AIHA [1965). Arsine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:438-441. 

2. Elkins HB [1959]. Arsenic, As. In: The chemistry of industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 

Inc., pp. 62-65. 

3. Gates M, Williams J, Zapp JA [1946]. Arsenicals. In: Summary technical report of Division 9, NRDC. Vol. 1. Chemical 

warfare agents, and related chemical problems. Part 1. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and 

Development, National Defense Research Committee, pp. 83-114. 

4. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 242. 

5. Kipling MD, Fothergill R [1964]. Arsine poisoning in a slag-washing plant. Br J Ind Med 21:74-77. 

6. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 35-40. 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 880. 

8. Peterson DP, Bhattacharyya MH [1985]. Hematological responses to arsine exposure: quantitation of exposure 

response in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5:499-505. 

9. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

10. Teitelbaum DT, Kier LC [1969]. Arsine poisoning: report of five cases in the petroleum industry and a discussion of the 

indications for exchange transfusion and hemodialysis. Arch Environ Health 19:133-143. 

41 
Azinphos-methyl 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .. : ............................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

86-50-0 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Colorless crystals or a brown, waxy solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

20mglm3 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available 

conceming the toxic effects produced by azinphos-methvl, the 

chosen IDlH has been based on an analogy with parathion, which has an IDLH of 20 rngIm3• 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference LCIIO LCu. TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Newell and Dilley 1978 69 mg/m' ...... -- 1hr 86 mg/m' (1.25) 8.6 mg/m' 

Rat Sanderson 1961 79 mg/m' .... --- 1 hr 99 mg/m' (1.25) 9.9 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIIO LOu. 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat DuBois et al. 1957 oral 16 _ .. --- 115 mg/m' 12 mg/m' 

G. pig Dubois et al. 1957 oral 80 ----- 560 mg/m' 56 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 11 ----- 77 mg/m' 7.7 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 13 ----- 91 mg/m' 9.1 mg/m' 

Mouse Murphy et al. 1976 oral 8.6 .. -.. -- 60 mg/m' 6.0 mg/m' 

Rat Sanderson 1961 oral 7 ----- 49 mg/m' 4.9 mg/m' 

Mouse Sato 1959 oral 8 ----- 56 mg/m' 5.6 mg/m' 

Dog Worthing 1991 oral 10 ---_ .. 70 mg/m' 7.0 mg/m' 

.. Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eight workers exposed to concentrations as high as 9.6 mglm (no time period given) showed no signs or symptoms of illness 

[Jegler 1964). 

Revised IDLH: 10 rngIm3 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for azinphos-methyl is 10 rngIrnl based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Jegler 1964) and animals [Newell and Dilley 1978; Sanderson 1961). This may be a conservative value due to 

the lack of acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 10 rngIrnl. 

REFERENCES: 

1. DuBois KP, Thursh DR, Murphy SO (1957). Studies on the toxicitY and J)harrnacologic actions of the dimethoxyl ester of 

benzotriazine dithiophosphoric acid. J Pharmacal Exp Ther 119:208-218. 

2. Gaines TB (1960]. Acute toxicity of pesticides in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol2:88-99. 

3. Jegler Z [19641. Exposure to guthion during spraying and formulating. Arch Environ Health 8:565-569. 

4. Murphy SO, Cfieever KL, Chow AYK, Brewster M (1976). OrganophOsphate insecticide potentiation by carboxylesterase inhibitors. Proc Eur Soc ToxicoI17:292-300. 

5. Newell GW, Dilley JV (1978). Teratology and acute toxicology of selected chemical pttsticides administered by inhalation. Menlo PlI~ CA: Stanford Research Institute, p. 18. Prepared for Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. 

EPA, EPA-60011-7a-w3. 

6. Sanderson OM [1961). Treatment of poisoning by anticholinesterase insecticides in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 

13:435-442. 

7. Sato I (1959). Studies on organic phosphorus gusathion and phosdrin. I. The toxicity of gusathion and phosdrin. Kuma 

Med J 12(1):312·317. 8. Worthing CR, ed. (1991). Azinphos-methvt. In: The pesticide manual: a world compendium. 9th ed. Old Woking, Surrey, England: Unwin Brothers Umitea. p. 46. 

42 
Barium (soluble compounds, as Ba) 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH" ........................... . 

Basis for origlnal(SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lethal dose data: 

Specl" Reference Route 

BaCl, 

Rabbit Barnes and Eltherington oral 

1973 

Dog Barnes and Bltherington oral 

1973 

7440-39-3 (Metal) 

0.5 mg Balm3 TWA 

0.5 mg Balm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mg Balm3 TWA 

Varies 

1.100 mg Balm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 250 mg Balm3 -

see discussion below.] 

From the standpoint of deriving an appropriate IDLH. the soluble 

Ba compounds BaCI2 and Ba(NO~2 prove to be the most acutely 

toxic. Browning [1969] reported that the toxic dose of BaCI2 for 

man was 200 to 500 mg [Lydtin et al. 1965]; Patty [1963] cited 

800 to 900 mg of BaCI2 (550 to 600 mg as Ba) as the fatal dose 

for man [Sollman 1953]. Acute toxicity data in animals show 

Ba(NO~2 equally as toxic as BaCI2• As no data on the acute 

inhalation toxicity of either of these two barium compounds exist. 

the IDLH is based on a calculated dose for a 3O-minute exposure 

for man required to attain an intake of 200 mg BaCI2 (as Ba). 

assuming a minute volume of 7.5 liters/minute and an 

80% retention. Therefore. the IDLH is calculated to be about 

1.100 mg Balm3• However. respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 500 x the OSHA PEL of 0.5 mg Balm3 (i.e .• 

250 mg Balm~; only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 250 mg Balm3

• 

None developed 

lDIO LOLa AdJuat.d lD Derived value 

---_ ... 112 mg Ba/kg 785 mg Balm' 79 mg Balm' 

--_ .. - 59 mg Ba/kg 416 mg Balm' 42 mg Balm' 

Rat Calvery 1942 oral 78 mg Ba/kg ----- 545 mg Balm' 55 mg Balm' 

G. pig Calvery 1942 oral 50 mg Ba/kg ----- 350 mg Balm' 35 mg Balm' 

Mouse coulston and Korte 1975 oral --_ ..... 46 mg Ba/kg 323 mg Balm' 32 mg Balm' 

Ba(NO,l, 

Rat Marhold 1972 oral 187 mg Ba/kg --_ ...... 1,306 mg Balm' 131 mg Balm' 

Rabbit yakltyoku 1980 oral --_ ...... 79 mg Ba/kg 552 mg Balm' 55 mg Balm' 

Dog yakltyoku 1980 oral ----- 421 mg Ba/kg 2,944 mg Balm' 294 mg Balm' 

Human data . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the lethal oral dose is 43 to 

57 mg Balkg [Reeve 1979]. [Note: An oral dose of 43 to 

57 mg Balkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being exposed to 

2,007 to 2.660 mglm3 for 30 minutes. assuming a breathing rate 

of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

43 
Barium (soluble compounds, as Sa) (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 50 mg Balm' 

easis for revised IDLH: Basis for "Revised" IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH 

for soluble barium compounds. Therefore, the revised iDLH for soluble barium compounds is 50 mg Balm3 based on 

acute oral toxicity data in humans [Reeve 1979) and animals [Barnes and Eltherington 1973; Calvery 1942; Coulston and 

Korte 1975; Yakkyoku 1980). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 50 mglm'. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Barnes CD, Eltherington LG, eds. (1973). Drug dosages in laboratory animals: a handbook. Berkeley, CA: University of 

California Press, p. 53. 

2. Browning E (1969). Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, p. 64. 

3. Calvery HO (1942). Trace elements in foods. Food Res 7:313-331. 

4. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. (1975). Heavy metal toxicity, safety and hormology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, 

Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1-120. 

5. Lydtin H et al. (1965). Uber barium vergiftung. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 107:1045 (in German). 

6. Marhold JV (1972). Sbomik vysledku toxixologiekeho vysetreni latek a pripravku. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Institut 

Prumyciu, p. 10 (in Czechoslovakian). 

7. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1000. 

8. Reeve AL (1979). Barium. In: Friberg L, et at, eds. Handbook of toxicology of metals. New York, NY: ElsevierlNorth 

Holland, pp. 321-328. 

9. Sollman TA (1953). Manual of pharmacology and its applications to therapeutics and toxicology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, 

PA: W.B. Saunders Company, p. 479. 

10. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) (1980); 31(10):1247-1252 (in Japanese). 

44 
Benzene 

• 

CAS number . o' •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Exiating ahort·term exposure guidelinea .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

Rabbit Carpenter et al. 1944 ... --_ .. 

Dog Spector 1955 .... -..... Cat Spector 1955 ........... Human Tab Siol Per 1933 ............ 

71-43-2 

0.1 ppm TWA, 1 ppm STEL; NIOSH considers benzene to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

1 ppm TWA, 5 ppm STEL 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (32 mg/m3) TWA, A2 

Colorless to light·yellow liquid with an aromatic odor. 

1.2% (10% LEL, 1,200 ppm) 

3,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the report in Patty [1963] that for 

man, a single exposure to 3,000 ppm is endurable for 0.5 to 

1 hour [Flury 1928]. 

National Research Council [NRC 1986] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1·hour EEGL: 50 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 2 ppm 

LCLD Adjusted O.5-hr 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

45,000 30 min 45,000 ppm (1.0) 

44,923 ? ? 

52,308 ? ? 

20,000 5 min 11,000 ppm (0.55) 

Derived 

value 

4,500 ppm 

? 

? 

1,100 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 3,000 ppm is endurable for 0.5 to 1 hour 

[Flury 1928]. It has also been stated that exposure at 19,000 to 

20,000 ppm for 5 to 10 minutes is fatal; exposure at 7,500 ppm 

for 30 minutes is dangerous; exposure at 1,500 ppm for 

Revised IOLH: 500 ppm 

60 minutes induces serious symptoms; exposure at 500 ppm for 

60 minutes leads to symptoms of illness; exposure at 50 to 

150 ppm for 5 hours produces headache, lassitude, and 

weakness; and exposure at 25 ppm for 8 hours has no effect 

[Gerarde 1960]. 

ea.ia for revised IOLH: The revised IOLH for benzene is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Gerarde 1960]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be 

wom for benzene at concentration. above 0.1 ppm. OSHA currently require. in 29 CFR 1919.1028 that workers be 

provided with and required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in concentrations exceeding 1,000 ppm (Le., 

1,000 • the PEL).] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Shaffer ce, Weil CS, Smyth HF Jr [1944]. Studies on the inhalation of 1 :3-butadiene; with a comparison 

of its narcotic effect with benzol, toluol, and styrene, and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J Ind Hyg 

ToxicoI26(3):69-78. 

2. Flury F [1928]. Modeme gewerbliche vergiftungen in pharmakologisch-toxikologischer hinsicht 

(Pharmacological-toxicological aspects of intoxicants in modem industry). Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 138:65-82 

(translated) . 

45 
Benzene (continued) 

3. Gerarde HW [1960]. Toxicology and biochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing 

Company. 

4. NRC [1986]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 6. Benzene 

and ethylene oxide. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and 

Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Ufe Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 7-33. 

5. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1221. 

6. Spector WS, ed. [1955]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. 1. Acute toxicities of solids, liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., p. 324. 

7. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

46 
Benzoyl peroxide 

CAS number ._ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCIO 

94-36-0 

5mg/m3 TWA 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

Colorless to white crystals or a granular powder with a faint, 

benzaldehyde-like odor. 

Unknown 

7,000 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the estimated mouse 4-hour LC$O 

of 700 ppm (7,000 mglm3) for benzoyl peroxide cited by 

ACGIH [1971). However, this concentration is not an actual LC$O 

value for benzoyl peroxide; it was estimated by ACGIH [1971) by 

analogy from data concerning LC$O values for other related 

organic peroxides [Floyd and Stokinger 1958). 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCLo Time LC (CF) value (ppm) 

Mouse Floyd and Stokinger 1958 7,000 mg/m' ........... 4hr 14,00 mg/m' (2.0) 1,400 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJ .... ted LD Derived value 

Mouse AReo 1982 oral 7,710 ----- 53,970 mg/m' 5,397 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concentrations of 12 mglm3 and higher have resulted in 

pronounced irritation of the nose and throat [Moskowitz and 

Grabois 1950). 

Revised IDLH: 1,500 mglrn3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for benzoyl peroxide is 1,500 mg/rn3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Floyd and Stokinger 1958). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971). Acetaldehyde. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worttroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 23-24. 

2. ARCO [1982). Toxicology report. 700/0 aqueous tertiary butyl hydroperoxide: acute toxicity evaluation. Newtown 

Square, PA: Arco Chemical Company, June 1982. 

3. Floyd EP, Stokinger HE (1958). Toxicity studies of certain organic peroxides and hydroperoxides. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

19:205-212. 

4. Moskowitz S, Grabois B [1950). Unpublished report sent to ACGIH. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Labor, 

Division of Industrial Hygiene (November 1950). [From ACGIH (1991). Benzoyl peroxide. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental 

Industrial Hygienists, pp. 123-124.) 

47 
Benzyl chloride 

CAS number ., ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Origlnal(SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethel concentration data: 

100-44-7 

1 ppm (5 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

1 ppm (5 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (5.2 mglm3

) TWA 

Coloriess to slightly yellow liquid with a pungent, aromatic odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL, 1,100 ppm) 

10ppm 

Very little data are available on the acute effects of exposure to 

benzyl chloride. ACGIH [1971] reported that in 1 minute an 

exposure to 16 ppm is intolerable to man [Flury and 

Zemik 1931]. ILO [1972] reported that 20 ppm will render the 

atmosphere irrespirable in 1 minute. ILO [1971] reported that 50 

to 100 mglm3 (10 to 19 ppm) immediately causes weeping and 

twitching of the eyelids, while 160 mglm3 (30 ppm) causes 

effects that are intolerable to the eyes and nasal mucous 

membranes. Based on this data, an IDLH of 10 ppm is assumed 

in order to avoid difficulties in escape in the event of respirator 

failure. 

None developed 

LC50 LCIA Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat IARC 1976 150 ----- 2hr 240 ppm (1.6) 24 ppm 

Mouse IARC 1976 80 -_ ...... 2hr 128 ppm (1.6) 13 ppm 

Dog NIOSH 1978 .... --- 380 8hr 950 ppm (2.5) 95 ppm 

Otheranimal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD,. (mouse), 17 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that an exposure to 16 ppm for 1 minute is 

intolerable [Flury and Zemik 1931]. It has also been reported 

that 10 to 19 ppm immediately causes weeping and twitching of 

the eyelids [ILO 1971]. 

Revised IDLH: 10 ppm [Unchanged] 

a.sls for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury and Zemik 1931; ILO 1971], the 

originallDLH for benzyl chloride (10 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [19711. Benzyl chloride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OF!: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 24. 

2. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airbome 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(2):137-143. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F~1931]. SChldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Germany: Ver1ag von Julius SPrin~er,p. 339 In German). 4. IARC 1976]. IA C monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: benzyl chloride. 

Vol. 1 . Lyon, Franca: Worid Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, p. 217. 

5. ILO [1971J. Benzyl chloride. In: EncyclOpaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-K). Geneva, Switzeriand: International Labour Office, Pll. 169-170. 

6. ILO [19721. Toluene and derivatives. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and sefety. Vol. II (L-Z). 2nd ed. 

Geneva, Switzeriand: International Labour Office, pp. 1414-1415. 

7. NIOSH [1978]. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to benzyl chloride. Cincinnati,OH: 

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute 

for OccUpational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-182. 

48 
Beryllium compounds (as Be) 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH- .......................... .. 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

7440-41-7 (Metal) 

Not to exceed 0.0005 mglm3; NIOSH considers beryllium 

compounds to be potential occupational carcinogens as defined 

by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.002 mglm3 TWA, 0.005 mglm3 CEILING, 

0.025 mglm3 3O-minute MAXIMUM PEAK 

Same as current PEL 

0.002 mglm3 TWA, A2 

Varies 

10 mg Be/m3 rNote: "Effective" IOLH = " mg Belm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

This IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

10 mglm3 of beryllium fluoride was lethal to several species in 

15 days. However, respirators have been assigned on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each deviee up to 

2,000 )( the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mglm3 (i.e., " mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding" mg Belm3. 

None developed 

LOll LOLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

BeF,: 

Rat Blair 1951 oral 90 ----- 158 mg Be/m' 16 mg Be/m' 

Mouse Tabershaw 1972 oral 100 .. --_ .. 161 mg Be/m' 16 mg Be/m' 

BeSo,: 

Rat Sazhina 1965 oral 82 -_ ...... 49 mg Be/m' 4.9 mg Be/m' 

Mouse Sazhina 1965 oral 80 .. ---- 48 mg Be/m' 4.8 mg Be/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 10 mglm3 of beryllium fluoride (i.e., 

2.3 mg Belm3

) was lethal to several species in 15 days [patty 

1963]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IOLH: "mg Belm3 

Baals for revised IOLH: Based on acute toxicity data in animals [patty 1963; Sazhina 1965], a value of about 

5 mg Belm3 would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for beryllium compounda Is " mg Belm3 based on 

being 2,000 times the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Belm3 (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators; only the "most 

reliable" respirators are recommended for exposures greater than 2,000 times the OSHA PEL). [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of Its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for beryllium compounds at 

concentrations above 0.0005 mg Belm3

.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Blair HA [1951]. Quarterly technical report (January 1, 1951 through March 31, 1951). Rochester, NY: University of 

Rochester, Research and Development Report UR-154, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract W-7401-eng-49. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yori(, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1006. 

3. Sazhina LA [1965]. Experimental data to substantiate the maximum permissible concentration of beryllium in the water 

of reservoirs. Gig Sanit 30(1-3):169-176 (translated). 

". Tabershaw IR, ed. [1972]. The toxicology of beryllium. U.S. Public Health Service Publication 2173:23. 

"9 
Boron oxide 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Specl .. Reference Route 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 

1303-86-2 

10 mg/m3 TWA 

15 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Colorless, semitransparent lumps or hard, white, odorless 

crystals. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH. 7,500 mglm' - see 

discussion below.) 

No evidence exists in the available toxicological data that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of boron oxide would 

impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basiS of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 " the OSHA PEL; in the case of boron oxide, 

500 "the OSHA PEL of 15 mglm3 is 7,500 mglm3• 

None developed 

LDIO LOlA 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

3,163 .. _._- 22,141 mg/m' . 2,214 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed for 6 hours/day, 5 dayslweek for 10 weeks to a 

concentration of 470 mglm3 showed no signs of intoxication 

other than mild nasal irritation [Wilding et al. 1959]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 mglrnl 

Baa .. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for boron oxide is 2,000 mglrnl based on acute toxicity data in animals 

[Izmerov et al. 1982; Wilding et al. 1959]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, RUSSia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 27. 

2. Wilding JL, Smith WJ, Yevich P, Sicks ME, Ryan sa, Punte CL [1959]. The toxicity of boron oxide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

20:284-289. 

50 
Boron trifluoride 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Cu""nt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7637-07-2 

1 ppm (3 mglm3

) CEILING 

1 ppm (3 mglm3

) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (2.8 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

100 ppm 

Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available 

on which to base the IDLH, the chosen IDLH is based on chronic 

toxicity data (i.e., repeated exposure to 100 ppm resulted in a 

uniformly high mortality rate in six laboratory species [Stokinger 

et al. 1953 cited by ACGIH 1971D. The only acute inhalation 

toxicity data available was not used to establish the IDLH 

because in 5.5 hours 10 of 10 guinea pigs succumbed to an 

exposure of 750 ppm [Livinskas 1964). 

None developed 

leso lCIA Adjust8d O.5-hr Derived 

Speclea Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Farmako1 Toksiko1 1972 1,227 ----- 2hr 1,963 ppm (1.6) 196 ppm 

G. pig Farmako1 Toksiko1 1972 39 -_ ......... 4hr 77 ppm (2.0) 8 ppm 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 418 ----- 4hr 837 ppm (2.0) 84 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to a concentration of 100 ppm resulted in a uniformly 

high mortality rate in six laboratory species, and 15 ppm was 

occasionally fatal in 3O-day studies [Stokinger et al. 1953). Rats 

exposed 6 hours/day to 2 .. ppm or 2 weeks to 9 ppm showed 

signs of respiratory irritation, depression of body weight, 

increased lung weights, and depressed liver weights [Rusch et 

aI.1986]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 25 ppm 

eaaia for reviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for boron trifluoride is 25 ppm based on subchronic inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Rusch et al. 1986]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Boron trifluoride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in woritroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 26-27. 

2. Farrnakol Toksikol [1972J; 35:369-372 (in Russian). 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 27. 

... Livinskas GJ [1964]. In: Adams RM, ad. Boron metallo-boron compounds and boranes, New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc .. 

5. Rusch GM, Hoffman GM, McConnell RF, Rinehart WE (1986). Inhalation toxicity studies with boron triflUOride. Toxicol 

Appl PharrnacoI83:69-78. 

6. Stokinger HE, Spiegl CJ, et al. (1953). Chapter 28. Special materials. In: VoegtIin C, Hodge He, ads. Pharmacology 

and toxicology of uranium compounds, chronic inhalation and other studies. Vol.... New Yorit, NY: McGraw-Hili Book 

Company, Inc., p. 2302. 

51 
Bromine 

CAS number . _ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ..........•.................... 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Delcriptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ealll for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tann exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lethal concentration data: 

LCso Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Mouse Bitron and Aharonson 1978 750 

Mouse Bitron and Aharonson 1978 240 

Rat Ivanov et a1. 1976 407 

Rabbit Spector 1955 ..... -_ .. 

7726·95-6 

0.1 ppm (0.7 mglm3

) TWA, 0.3 ppm (2 mglm3) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.7 mglm3

) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.7 mglm3

) TWA, 0.3 ppm (2 mglm3

) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.66 mglm3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (2.0 mglm3

) STEl 

Dark reddish·brown, fuming liquid with suffocating, irritating 

fumes. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

10 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1958] that 

concentrations of 10 ppm or above cause such severe upper 

respiratory irritation that such concentrations will not be 

voluntarily bome [MCA 1968]. AIHA [1958] also reported that 

even brief exposures of 40 to 60 ppm are dangerous for humans 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943). 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF*) value 

--_ .... 9 min 435 ppm (0.58) 44 ppm .......... 2 hr 451 ppm (1.88) 45 ppm .... _ ... - ? ? ? 

180 6.5 hr 578 ppm (3.21) 58 ppm 

'Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" = 2.2 [ten Berge et al. 1986). 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mgJkg) (mgJkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Gig Sanit 1970 oral 2,600 ... --_ .. 2,741 ppm 274 ppm 

Mouse Gig Sanit 1970 oral 3,100 ----- 3,268 ppm 327 ppm 

Rabbit Gig Sanit 1970 oral 4,160 ----- 4,386 ppm 439 ppm 

G. pig Gig Sanit 1970 oral 5,500 .. -_ .... 5,798 ppm 580 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .. ... . . .. . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 10 ppm and above cause such severe 

upper respiratory irritation that exposures will not be voluntarily 

bome [MCA 1968). Also, it hal been reported that 0.75 ppm 

caused no symptoms in 6 hours [Flury and Zemik 1931). 

Further, 4 ppm has been recommended as the maximum 

concentration allowable for 0.5 to 1 hour, with 40 to 60 ppm 

dangerous for brief exposu .... [Henderson and Haggard 1943). 

It has also been stated that respiratory damage occurs at 

10 ppm [NFPA 1978). It has been reported that 1.7 to 3.5 ppm 

produces severe choking, 4.5 to 9 ppm is extremely dangerous, 

and 30 ppm would prove fatal in a short time [ilO 1971). 

52 
Bromine (continued) 

RevlsecllDLH: 3 ppm 

Basis for revlsecllDLH: The revised IDLH for bromine is 3 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury 

and Zemik 1931; Henderson and Haggard 1943; ILO 1971; MCA 1968; NFPA 1978). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1958). Bromine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:349-350. 

2. Bitron MD, Aharonson EF [1978). Delayed mortality of mice following inhalation of acute doses of CH20, S02' C12, and 

Br2. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 39:129-138. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1931). Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 538 (in German). 

4. Gig Sanit [1970); 35(11):11 (in Russian). 

5. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 133. 

6. ILO [1971). Bromine. In: Encyciopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva, Switzerland: 

Intemational Labour Office, p. 211. 

7. Ivanov NG, Klyachkina AM, Germanova AL [1976). Experimental materials on hygienic regulation of bromine and 

hydrogen bromide in the air of the working zone. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 20(3):36-39 (in Russian). 

8. MCA [1968). Chemical safety data sheet S0-49: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

bromine. Washington, DC: Manufaduring Chemists Association, pp. 1-18. 

9. NFPA [1978). Fire protection guide on hazardous materials. 7th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 

p.49-65. 

10. Spector WS, ed. [1955). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. 1. Acute toxicities of solids, liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., p. 324. 

11. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

53 
Bromoform 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-25-2 

O.S ppm (S mglnr) TWA [skinJ 

O.S ppm (S mglm3) TWA [skinJ 

Same as current PEL 

O.S ppm (S.2 mglm3

) TWA [skinJ 

Colorless to yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

Unknown [*Note: "Effective" IDLH .. 1,000 ppm - see 

discussion below.J 

Grant [1974J reported that bromoform is a heavy liquid which 

resembles chloroform physically, chemically, and 

pharmacologically but is more toxic to the liver and more irritant 

on inhalation, causing tearing and salivation (FairhaIl19S7]. 

AIHA [196SJ reported that a concentration of chloroform 

immediately dangerous to life or health has not been 

established, but that a concentration of 14,000 to 16,000 ppm 

will cause rapid loss of consciousness in man [Patty 1963J. 

Lower concentrations of chloroform (4,100 ppm or less) may 

cause disorientation serious enough to result in falls or other 

mechanical accidents !patty 1963]. However, for this draft 

technical standard, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of O.S ppm (i.e., 1,000 ppm); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 1,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLa Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 ............. 4,282 4hr 8,564 ppm (2.0) 856 ppm 

Mammal Lublinov and Rabolnikova 1974 1,151 ----- ? ? ? 

Dog Patty 1963 ............ 7,000 1hr 8,750 ppm (1.25) 875 ppm 

Lethal don data: 

LDIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Bowman et al. 1978 oral .. ---- 1,400 932 ppm 93 ppm 

Rat Chu et al. 1980 oral ----- 1,147 764 ppm 76 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 14,000 to 16,000 ppm will cause rapid 

loss of consciousness !patty 1963]. The reported lethal oral 

dose i1143 mglkg [Oeichmann and Gerards 1969]. (Note: An 

oral dose of 143 mglkg il equivalent to a 700kg worker being 

exposed to about 635 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing 

rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

RevlHd IDLH: 850 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for bromoform is 850 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

(Izrnerov et al. 1982]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations between 850 and 14,000 ppm. 

54 
Bromoform (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. Bromoform. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:637. 

2. Bowman FJ, Borzellica JF, Munson AE [1978]. Short communication: the toxicity of some halomethanes in mice. 

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol44:213-215. 

3. Chu I, Secours V, Marino I, Villeneuve DC [1980]. The acute toxicity offourtrihalomethanes in male and female rats. 

Toxicol Appl PharmacoI52:351-353. 

4. Deichmann 'NB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Bromoform. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yortt, NY: Academy 

Press, Inc., pp. 141-142. 

5 Fairhall LT [1957]. Industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company. pp. 170-171. 

6 Grant WM [1974]. Toxicology of the eye. 2nd ed. Springfield,IL: C.C. Thomas, p. 203. 

7. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 28. 

8. Lublinov ET. Rabolnikova LB [1974]. Acute toxicity data of some bromohydrocarbons. Gig Tr ProfZaboI18(4):55-57 (in 

Russian). 

9. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1261. 

55 
1,3-Butadiene 

CAS number 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

CUlTent OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

106-99-0 

None established; NIOSH considers 1,3-butadiene to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

1,000 ppm (2,200 mglm~ TWA 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (22 mgJm~ TWA, A2 

Colorless gas with a mild aromatic or gasoline-like odor. 

2.0% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

20,000 ppm [LEL] 

AIHA [1963] reported that narcosis did not occur in 2 humans 

inhaling 8,000 ppm during an 8-hour period [Carpenter 

et al. 1944]. AIHA [1963] also reported that inhalation of 

6,700 ppm for 7.5 hours/day, 6 dayslweek for 8 months resulted 

in no significant chronic effects in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and 

dogs; some growth retardation and light cloudy swelling of livers 

did occur [Carpenter et al. 1944]. From the data given above, 

acutely toxic concentrations are obviously well above the lower 

explosive limit (LEL) of 20,000 ppm. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, the LEL is used as the IDLH (i.e., the 

concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted). 

1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG·1: 10 ppm (6O-minute) 

ERPG·2: 50 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG·3: 5,000 ppm (60-minute) 

LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I1r 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) 

Derived 

value 

Rabbit carpenter et al. 1944 --....... 250,000 30 min 250,000 ppm (1.0) 25,000 ppm 

Mouse Dow 1941 ll5,lll ----.. ? ? ? 

Rat Dow 1941 LC .. : 200,000 .............. 30 min 200,000 ppm (1.0) 20,000 ppm 

Mouse Dow 1941 122,000 .. _ .. _- 2hr 195,200 ppm (1.6) 19,500 ppm 

Rat Shugaev 1968 126,667 ----- 4hr 253,334 ppm (2.0) 25,334 ppm 

Rat von Oettingen 1940 130,000 ............. 4hr 260,000 ppm (2.0) 26,000 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures to 6,700 ppm for 7.5 hours/day, 6 dayslweek for 

8 months caused no progressive injury in rats, guinea pigs, 

rabbits, or 1 dog [Carpenter et aI. 1944]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narcosis did not occur in volunteers exposed to 8,000 ppm for 

8 hours [Carpenter et at 1944]. Exposure to 10,000 ppm for 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm [LEL] 

5 minutes has resuHed in slight irritation and dryness of the nose 

and mouth with some increase in pulse rate but no effect on 

blood pressure or respiration [Shugaev 1968]. 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Carpenter et al. 

1944; Von Oettingen 1940] and animals [Carpenteret al. 1944; Dow 1941; Shugaev 1968; von Oettingen 1940], a value 

between 10,000 and 20,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for 1,3-butadiene is 

2,000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 2%). [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for 1,3-butadiene at any 

detectable concentration.] 

56 
1,3-Butadiene (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1963]. 1.3-Butadiene. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:91·92. 

2. Carpenter CPo Shaffer CB. Weil CS. Smyth HF Jr [1944]. Studies on the inhalation of 1.3-butadiene; with a comparison 

of its narcotic effect with benzol. toluol. and styrene. and a note on the elimination of styrene by the human. J Ind Hyg 

ToxicoI26(3):69-78. 

3. Dow [1941]. Research report of inhalation toxicity of 1.3-butadiene. [Unpublished research). Midland. MI: Dow 

Chemical Company. [From American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 1991 Emergency Response Planning 

Guidelines for 1.3-Butadiene.] 

4. Shugaev BB [1968]. Distribution in the organism and toxicity of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Farmakol Toxsikol 31:162·165 

(translated). 

5. von Oettingen WR [1940]. Toxicity and potential dangers of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. A altical review of the 

literature. Public Health Bulletin 255:25. 

57 
2-Butanone 

CAS number .~ ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@200"F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.si. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethel concentration data: 

LC. 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Mammal Esin and Vigdergauz 1986 12,667 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 13,333 

Rat Pozzani et a1. 1959 7,833 

Rat Smyth 1956 Len: 4,000 

Lethal dOH deta: 

78·93-3 

200 ppm (590 mglm3) TWA, 300 ppm (885 mglm3

) STEL 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA, 300 ppm (885 mglm3) STEL 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA, 300 ppm (885 mglm3) STEL 

Colortess liquid with a moderately sharp, fragrant, mint· or 

acetone-like odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL(@2oo"F), 1,400 ppm) 

3,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

a 2·hour exposure of rats to 2,000 ppm caused no deaths, but 4 

of 6 rats exposed to 4,000 ppm for a 2·hour period died 

[Smyth 1956]. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJustact O.5~r Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

....... -- ? ? ? 

....... -- 2hr 21,333 ppm (1.6) 2,133 ppm 

........ - 8hr 19,583 ppm (2.5) 1,958 ppm 

.. ---- 2hr 6,400 ppm (1.6) 640 ppm 

LD. LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mgJkg) (mglkg) AdJuatact LD Derived value 

Rat Kimura et al. 1971 oral 2,737 ----- 6,386 ppm 639 ppm 

Mouse Tanii et al. 1986 oral 4,050 .. --_ .. 9,450 ppm 945 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 3,000 ppm is irritating to the eyes and 

nose [Patty et al. 1935]. 

Revised IDLH: 3,000 ppm [Unchanged] 

a..is for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Patty at al. 1935], the originallDLH for 

2·butanone (3,000 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Esin MS, Vlgclergauz MS [1986]. Correlation between toxicity indexes and chromatographic characteristics of chemical 

substances. Gig Sanit 51(5):61-62 (in Russian). 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 83. 

3. Kimura ET, Ebert OM, Dodge P"N [1971J. Acute toxicity and limits of solvent residue for sixteen organic solvents. 

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol19:699-704. . 4. Patty FA, ed. [1963J. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. TOXicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1733. 

5. Patty FA, Schrenk HH, Yant WP [1935]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic 

compounds. VIII. Butanone. Public Health Rep 50:1217·1228. 

6. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1959]. The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inhalation and single dose oral 

data. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:364-369. 

7. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2): 129-185. 

8. Tanii H, Tsuji H, Hashimoto K [1986]. Structure-toxicity relationship of monoketones. Toxicol Lett 30:13-17. 

58 
2-Butoxyethanol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@2oo°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

111-76-2 

5 ppm (24 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (120 mglm~ TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (121 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Colortess liquid with a mild, ether-like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL(G200" F), 1,100 ppm) 

700 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 7-hour LCsa of 700 ppm 

[Werner et al. 1943 cited by Patty 1963, Browning 1965, and 

ACGIH 1971). No other useful data are available on which to 

base the IDLH. The chosen IDLH is probably conservative, 

because Patty (1963) reported that exposure of workers for 

several hours to 300 to 600 ppm would probably cause 

respiratory and eye irritation, narcosis, and damage to the kidney 

and liver. Both Patty (1963) and ACGIH (1971) noted that 

humans appear to be more resistant to the toxic effects of 

2-butoxyethanol (Carpenter et al. 1956), which further indicates 

that the chosen IDLH might be conservative. 

None developed 

LCsa LCu Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Dodd et al. 1983 450 ----- 4hr 900 ppm (2.0) 90 ppm 

Mouse Werner et al. 1943 700 --.. -- 7hr 1,680 ppm (2.4) 168 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LOll LOu 

Specl .. Reference Route (mgJkg) (mgJkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Carpenter et al. 1956 oral 1,230 ----- 1,754 ppm 175 ppm 

Rat Dow 1986 oral 470 ... --... - 670 ppm 67 ppm 

Rabbit Dow 1986 oral 300 ----- 428 ppm 43 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral 1,200 .. ---- 1,711 ppm 171 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1941 oral 1,480 ----- 2,110 ppm 211 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse), 2,824 ppm [Alarie 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that human. would be able to tolerate 

saturated concentrations (I.e., about 1,000 ppm) for 1 hour 

without experiencing any significant nonreversible effects 

[Carpenter et al. 1956). 

Revised IDLH: 700 ppm (Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Carpenter et al. 1956), a value of about 

1,000 ppm would have been appropriate for 2-butoxyethanol. However, the originallDLH for 2-butoxyethanol (700 ppm) 

is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). 2-Butoxy ethanol (butyl cellosolve). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 29-30. 

59 
2-Butoxyethanol (continued) 

2. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Browning E (1965). Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.611. 

4. Carpenter CP, Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Nair JH III, Keck GA, Smyth HF Jr (1956). The toxicity of butyl cellosolve solvent. 

AMA Arch Ind Health 14:129-131. 

5. Dodd DE, Snellings WM, Maronpot RR, Ballantyne B (1983). Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether: acute, 9-day, and 9O-day 

vapor inhalation studies in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 68:405-414. 

6. Dow (1986). Material safety data sheet: Dowanote EB (ethylene glycol butyl ether). Midland, MI: Dow Chemical USA, 

pp.1-4. 

7. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1555. 

8. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L (1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

9. Wemer HW, Mitchel JL, Miller JW, von Oettingen WF (1943). The acute toxicity of vapors of several monoalkyl ethers of 

ethylene glycol. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI25(19):157-163. 

60 
n-Butyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .. ' ................................ . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat EPA 1987 160 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 ----- G. pig Food Coamet Toxicol 1979 .... -_ .. Rat NPIRI 1974 2,000 

Rat Smyth 1956 LC. oo : 10,000 

Rat UCC 1987 391 

Mouae Yakkyoku 1981 1,242 

Other animal data ............................. . 

Human data .................................. . 

Revised IDLH: 1,700 ppm [LEL] 

123-86-4 

150 ppm (710 mglm3

) TWA, 200 ppm (950 mglm3) STEL 

150 ppm (710 mglm3

) TWA 

150 ppm (710 mglm3

) TWA, 200 ppm (950 mglm3) STEL 

150 ppm (713 mglm3

) TWA, 200 ppm (950 mglm3

) STEL 

Colortess liquid with a fruity odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that a "-hour exposure to 10,000 ppm killed no rats, but an 

8-hour exposure to 10,000 ppm killed all 6 rats [Smyth 1956]. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJuated 0.5-11r Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

.. -_ .... 4hr 320 ppm (2.0) 32 ppm 

14,079 72 min 18,866 ppm (1.34) 1,887 ppm 

13,872 4hr 27,744 ppm (2.0) 2,774 ppm 

----- 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

.... --.. 8hr 25,000 ppm (2.5) 2,500 ppm 

.... --- 4hr 782 ppm (2.0) 78 ppm 

----.. 2hr 1,987 ppm (1.6) 199 ppm 

A 4-hour exposure to 10,000 ppm was not lethal to rats [Smyth 

1956]. 

Severe irritation of the throat has been reported in volunteers 

exposed to 300 ppm for 3 to 5 minutes [Nelson et al. 1943]. 

However, it has also been reported that irritation of the eyes and 

nose is first objectionable at 3,300 ppm and that higher 

concentrations cause tearing and hyperemia of the conjunctiva [Grant 1974]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Grant 1974], a 

value of about 3,300 ppm would have been appropriate for n-butyl acetate. However, the revisedlDLH for n-butyl acetate 

is 1,700 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.7%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. n-Butyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 30. 

2. EPA [1987]. TSCA section Be submission and status report on n-btitY1 acetate. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental 

Protection ~genc:y, Office of Toxic Substances, Report No. 8EHQ-0387-0659, April 6, 1987. [From ACGIH 11991]. n·Butyl acetate. rn: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1~165.] 

3. Flury F. Wirth W [1933]. Zur toxikologie dar IosungsmitteJ (verschiedene ester, aceton. methyJalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath GeWerbehyg 5:1-90 (in German). 4. Food Cosmet Toxicol [1979]; 17:515-519. 

5. Grant WM 11974]. ToxicoloQy of the eye. 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, pp. 21~211. 

6. Nelson KW, Ese JF, Ross U;Woodman LE. Silverman L [1943]. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J Ind Hyg ToxlcoI25(7):282-285. 

7. NPIR111974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 7. 

8. Smyth HF Jr 11956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 9. UCC 11987]. n-Butyl acetate: acute vapor inhalation toxicity test in rats. Export, PA: Union Carbide Corporation, Bushy Run Research Center, Project Report No. 50-135, November 17, 1987. [From ACGIH [1991]. n-Butyl acetate. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 164-165.] 10. Yakkyoku (Phannacy) [1981]; 32(10):1241·1247 (in Japanese). 

61 
sec-Butyl acetate 

CAS number .•................................ 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19MACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

10~ 

200 ppm (950 mglnr) TWA 

200 ppm (950 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

200 ppm (950 mglml) TWA 

Coloriess liquid with a pleasant. fruity odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL. 1.700 ppm) 

10.000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with n-butyl acetate 

which has an IDLH of 10.000 ppm. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevantfor use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The vapor of sec-butyl acetate is reportedly less irritating than 

that of n-butyl acetate [Richmond and Pagnotto 1965]. 

ReviHd IDLH: 1.700 ppm [LEL] 

easis for revlHd IDLH: Based on health consideretions and an analogy to n-butyl acetate [Richmond and Pagnotta 

1965]. a value of about 2.500 ppm would have been appropriate for sec-butyl acetate. However. the revised IDLH for 

sec-Butyl acetate is 1.700 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e .• being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 

1.7%). 

REFERENCE: 

1. Richmond M. Pagnotto LD [1965]. Comparative toxicity of selective acetate esters. Unpublished data. [From: ACGIH 

(1991]. sec-Butyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. p. 166.] 

62 
tert-Butyl acetate 

CAS number ., ............................... . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Subetanc:e ...................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

540-88-5 

200 ppm (950 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (950 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

200 ppm (950 mglm') TWA 

Colorless liquid with a fruity odor. 

1.5% (10% LEL, 1,500 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with n-butyl acetate for 

which an IDLH of 10,000 ppm was chosen. No other data on 

acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH 

for tert-butyl acetate. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures of 200 to 300 ppm cause slightirritation of the eyes 

and nose, and short exposures to 3,300 ppm cause extreme 

irritation of the eyes and nose (ILO 1983]. 

RevlHd IDlH: 1,500 ppm (LEL] 

a.ala for revlHd IDlH: Based on health considerations, acute inhalation toxicity data in humans (ILO 1983], and an 

analogy to n-butyl acetate, a value of about 2,500 ppm would have been appropriate for tel1-buty1 acetate. However, the 

revised IDLH for tert-butyl acetate is 1,500 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower 

explosive limit of 1.5%). 

REFERENCE: 

1. ILO (1983]. Butyl acetate. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. Third (revised) edition. Vol. I (A-K). 

Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, pp. 782-783. 

63 
n-Butyl alcohol 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldellnee ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Mammal Bain and vigdergauz 1986 9,221 

Rat NPIRI 1974 8,000 

Lethal doH data: 

71·36-3 

50 ppm (150 mglm3

) CEILING [skinJ 

100 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (150 mglm~ CEILING [skinJ 

50 ppm (152 mglm~ CEILING [skinJ 

Coloriess liquid with a strong, characteristic, mildly alcoholic 

odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL, 1,400 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is conservative, but the only data available on 

which to base the IDLH is the statement by Patty [1963J that 

Smyth [1956J found rats survived when exposed for 4 hours to 

8,000 ppm. The IDLH for isobutyl alcohol is also 8,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LCt.., Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

--_ .. - ? ? ? 

----- 4hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

LDIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral ----- 3,484 7,918 ppm 792 ppm 

Rat Purchaae 1969 oral ----- 790 1,795 ppm 180 ppm 

Dog WUrtz 1975 oral ----- 1,700 4,000 ppm 400 ppm 

Otheranlmal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDIO (mouse), 4,784 ppm [Alarie 1981J. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that comeal irritation was occasionally 

observed in workers exposed to 200 ppm [Sterner et al. 1949J. 

Revised IDLH: 1,400 ppm [LELJ 

Baa .. for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute Inhalation toxicity data in animals [NPIRI1974J, a 

value of about 1,600 ppm would have been appropriate for n-butyI alcohol. However, the revised IDLH for n-butyl alcohol 

is 1,400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% if the lower explosive limit of 1.4%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981}. eos.response aMIysia in animal studies: prediction of human respon.... Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Esin MS, VIgdergauz MS [1986]. ConeIation between toxicity indexes and chromatographic characteristics of chemical 

substances. Gig Sanit 51(5):81-62 (in Russian). 

3. Munch JC [1972J. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31·33. 

4. NPIRI [1974J. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemicIIl properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 10. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963J. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1443. 

8. Purchase IFH [1969J. Studies in kaffircom malting and brewing. XXII. The acute toxicity of some fusel oils found in 

Bantu beer. S Afr Med J 43:795-798. 

64 
n-Butyl alcohol (continued) 

7. Smyth HF jr [1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

8. Sterner JH, Crouch HC, Brockmyre HF, Cusack M [1949). A ten-year study of butyl alcohol exposure. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc Q 10:53-59. 

9. Wurtz M [1975). Sur les proprietes toxiques des alcools par fermentation. Comp Rend Hebdom 81:192·194 (in French). 

65 
sec-Butyl alcohol 

CASnumbar ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Delcrlption of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL(@212°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Sallator original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm expoaure guldellnel ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat Shell 1985 ----- Mouse Weese 1928 -_ .... - Mouse Weese 1928 .. ----

78-92-2 

100 ppm (305 mglm3) TWA, 150 ppm (455 mglm3) STEL 

150 ppm (450 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (305 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (303 mglm") TWA 

Coloriess liquid with a strong, pleasant odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL(@212°F), 1,700 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that 10,670 ppm for 225 minutes and 16,000 ppm for 

160 minutes were fatal for mice [Weese 1928]. According to 

Patty [1963], at 20,000 ppm it took 12 to 20 minutes to produce 

prostration in mice and 40 minutes to produce narcosis; no 

deaths occurred [Starrek 1938]. The chosen IDLH is probably 

conservative. 

None developed 

L~ Adju.ted O,Sohr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

16,000 4 hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

10,670 3.75 hr 20,913 ppm (1.96) 2,091 ppm 

16,000 2.67 hr 28,000 ppm (1.75) 2,800 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The limited acute toxicity data indicate that sec-butyl alcohol is 

less toxic than n-butyl alcohol [ACGIH 1991]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevIHCIIDLH: 2,000 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for sec-butyl alcohol is 2,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Weese 1928]. This value also approximates 10% of the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 1.7% (which was 

determined at 212°F) and the revised IDLH for n-butyl alcohol. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of 

relevant acute toxicity data for worlters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. sec-Butyl alcohol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 172-173. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yom, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1447. 

3. Shell [1985]. Material safety data sheet S280-4: secondary butyl alcohol. Houston, TX: Shell Chemical Company, 

pp.1-4. 

4. Starrek E [1938]. The effect of some alcoholl, glycols, and esters. Doctoral dissertation (translated). Wurzburg, 

Germany: Julius Maximillian University. 

5. Weese H [1928]. Comparative studies of the effect and toxicity of the vapors of lower aliphatic alcohols. Arch Exp 

Pathol Pharrnakol 135:118-130 (trenlleted). 

66 
tert-Butyl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

a.,I, for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline, ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

75-65-0 

100 ppm (300 mglm3) TWA, 150 ppm (450 mglm3

) STEL 

100 ppm (300 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (450 mglm~ STEL 

100 ppm (303 mglm3

) TWA 

Coloness solid or liquid (above 77·F) with a camphor-like odor. 

2.4% (10% LEL, 2,400 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for tert-butyl alcohol, but Patty (1963) reported 

that the signs of intoxication on the part of animals exposed to its 

vapors are similar to those induced by the other butyl alcohols 

(Weese 1928). For this draft technical standard, therefore, the 

IDLH is based on an analogy with isobutyl alcohol and n-butyl 

alcohol, which have IDLHs of 8,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 3,559 ..... _-- 8,089 ppm 809 ppm 

Rat Schaffarzick and Brown 1952 oral 3,500 ----- 7,955 ppm 796 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that inhalation toxicity for tert-butyl alcohol 

is similar to that induced by the other butyl alcohols (Weese 

1928). 

Human data . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,600 ppm 

a.sl, for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for tert-butyl alcohol is 1,600 ppm based on analogies (Weese 1928) to 

isobutyl alcohol and n-butyl alcohol. 

REFeRENCES: 

1. Munch JC (1972). Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31-33. 

2. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ad. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers,lnc., p. 1447. 

3. Schaffarzick RW, Brown BJ [1952]. The anticonvulsant activity and toxicity of methylparafynol (Oormison-, and some 

other alcohols. Science 116:663-665. 

4. Weese H [1928]. Comparative studies of the effect of toxicity of lower aliphatic alcohol vapors (translated). Arch Exp 

Pathol Pharmakol135:121-123. 

67 
n-Butylamine 

CASnumbsr ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

109-73-9 

5 ppm (15 mgtm3

) CEILING [skin) 

5 ppm (15 mgtm3) CEILING [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (15 mgtm3) CEILING [skin) 

Colortess liquid with a fishy, ammonia-like odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA (1960) that 

no rats died after a 4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm [Smyth 1956), 

but 3 of 3 rats died after a 5O-minute exposure to 3,100 ppm 

rr emaar). No other data on acute inhalation toxicity are 

available on which to base the IDLH. 

Short-term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LC .... Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat AlHA 1960 LC100 : 3,100 ...... -...... 50 min 3,658 ppm (1.18) 366 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et al.1949 .. -_ .... 4,000 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 .... --- 263 2 hr 410 ppm (1.6) 41 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 LC100 : 4,000 ...... -- 2-5 min 1,600-2,200 ppm (0.4/055) 160-220 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Cheever et al. 1982 oral 366 ... ---- 843 ppm 84 ppm 

Mouse Trubko 1975 oral 430 -_ .. _- 990 ppm 99 ppm 

G. pig Trubko 1975 oral 430 ----- 990 ppm 99 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats have survived a 4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm [Cheever et 

al. 1982). It has been stated that butylamine is more than twice 

as toxic as ethylamine by the respiratory route [ACGIH 1991). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 300 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-butylamine is 300 ppm based on acute Inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [AIHA 1960; Smyth 1956) and an analogy [ACGIH 1991) to ethylamine which has a revised IDLH of 600 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1991). n-Butylamine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 176-1n. 

2. AIHA (1960). n-Butylamine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 21:532-533. 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31(6):343-346. 

... Cheever KL, Richards DE, Plotnick HB (1982). The acute oral toxicity of isomeric monobutylamines in the adult male 

and female rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 63:150-152. 

5. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 28. 

68 
n-Butylamine (continued) 

6. Smyth HF Jr (1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc a 

17:129-185. 

7. Terhaar CJ [7]. Personal communication to AIHA from the Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Company, 

Rochester, NY. [From AIHA (1960). n-Butylamine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 21:532-533.) 

8. Trubko EI (1975). Investigations on hygienic standardization of n-butylamines in water bodies. Gig Sanit 40(11):21-23 

(in Russian). 

69 
tert-Butyl chromate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1189-85-1 

0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3 TWA; NIOSH considers tert-butyl chromate 

to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the 

OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.1 mg CrO,im3 CEILING [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mg CrO,im3 CEILING [skin) 

Liquid. 

Unknown 

30 mg CrO,im3 

Very little toxicological data are available concerning the effects 

produced by exposure to tert-butyl chromate. Because 

AIHA (1965) reported that the severity of the health hazard is low 

for acute exposure to chromic acid, by analogy it is assumed that 

the hazard is also low for acute exposure to tert-butyl chromate. 

Therefore, the chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with chromic 

acid and chromates, which has an IDLH of 30 mglm3 (as crO,). 

None developed 

Animal or human datil .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 [Unchanged) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Due to the lack of toxicity data specifically for tert-butyl chromate, the revised IDLH for tert-butyl 

chromate is 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 (which is roughly equivalent to the originallDLH of 30 mg CrO,im3) based on an analogy to 

chromic acid and other chromates which have a revised IDLH of 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3• [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of 

its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for tert-butyl chromate at concentrations above 

0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3.) 

REFERENCE 

1. AIHA (1965). Chromic acid. In: Hygienic guide series. Reprinted in 1965 by the American Industrial Hygiene 

Association. 

70 
n-Butyl glycidyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

2426-08-6 

5.6 ppm (30 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

50 ppm (270 mglm3) TWA 

25 ppm (135 mglm~ TWA 

25 ppm (133 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with an irritating odor. 

Unknown 

3,500 ppm 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1971) 

that the mouse 4-hour LCse was greater than 3,500 ppm [Hine 

et al. 1956). 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Hine et a1. 1956 >3,500 ...... -_ ... 4hr >7,000 ppm (2.0) >700 ppm 

Rat Hine et a1. 1956 1,030 --......... 8hr 2,575 ppm (2.5) 258 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Hine et a1. 1956 oral 1,530 ...... --... 1,980 ppm 198 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1962 oral 2,050 ... --_ ... 2,652 ppm 265 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 250 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n·butyl glycidyl ether is 250 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Hine et al. 1956). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). n·Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 33. 

2. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, Anderson HH (1956). The toxicology of glycidol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA (1962). Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Alsoc J 23:95-107. 

71 
n-Butyl mercaptan 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm exposure guidelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

109-79-5 

0.5 ppm (1.8 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

10 ppm (35 mglm3) TWA 

0.5 ppm (1.5 mglm", TWA 

0.5 ppm (1.8 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a strong, garlic-, cabbage-, or skunk-like 

odor. 

Unknown 

2,500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LC5Q of 

2,500 ppm [Fairchild and Stokinger 1958] cited by ACGIH [1971]. 

It was also chosen to make the IDLH for butyl mercaptan 

consistent with the IDLH of 2,500 ppm for ethyl mercaptan, a 

compound with similar acute toxicity. 

None developed 

LC5Q LCLo Adjusted 0.5-1\r Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 4,020 ....... -- 4 hr 8,040 ppm (2.0) 804 ppm 

House Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 2,500 ...... --- 4 hr 5,000 ppm (2.0) 500 ppm 

Dog Harhold 1986 770 .. ---- 30 min 770 ppm (1.0) 77 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accidental exposure for 1 hour to an estimated concentration of 

50 to 500 ppm has been reported to cause muscular weakness, 

malaise, sweating, nausea, vomiting, headache, and confusion 

[Gobbato and Terribile 1968]. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-butyl mercaptan is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

wor\(ers [Gobbato and Terribile 1968] and animals [Fairchild and Stokinger 1958], and to be consistent with ethyl 

mercaptan which has a revised IDLH of 500 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. n-Butyl mercaptan (n-butanethiol). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

wor\(room air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 34. 

2. Fairchild EJ II, Stokinger HE [1958]. Toxicologic studies on organic sulfur compounds. I. Acute toxicity of some aliphatic 

and aromatic thiols (mercaptans). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:171-189. 

3. Gobbato F, Terribile PM [1968]. Toxicological properties of mercaptans. Folia Medica 51:329-341. [From ACGIH 

(1991). n-Butyl mercaptan. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 183-164.] 

4. Marhold J (1986). Prehled prumyslove toxikologie: organicke latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 982 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

72 
p-tert-Butyltoluene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

98-51-1 

10 ppm (60 mg/m~ TWA, 20 ppm (120 mglm~ STEL 

10 ppm (60 mglm3) TWA 

10 ppm (60 mg/m3) TWA, 20 ppm (120 mglm3) STEL 

1 ppm (6.1 mg/m3) TWA 

Description of Substanc. . ..................... . Colorless liquid with a distinct aromatic odor, somewhat like 

gaSOline. 

LEL ......................................... . Unknown 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 1,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the female rat 1·hour LC50 of 

934 ppm reported by Hine et al. (1954). 

Short-term exposu ... guid.lines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

L.thal conc.ntratlon data: 

LC50 LCu Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl •• R.f .... nce (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Hine et a1. 1954 934 ....... -- 1hr 1,168 ppm (1.25) 117 ppm 

Rat Hine et a1. 1954 734 ............ 2hr 1,174 ppm (1.6) 117 ppm 

Rat Hine et a1. 1954 248 ........ -- 4hr 496 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Rat Hine et a1. 1954 165 ..... --- 8hr 413 ppm (2.5) 41 ppm 

Mouse Hine et a1. 1954 248 ..... -_ .. 4 hr 496 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Oth.r animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R050 (mouse), 360 ppm [Nielsen and Alarie 1982). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Giddiness and altered respiration have been reported in 

volunteers exposed to 160 ppm for 15 minutes [Hine et al. 1954]. 

R.vised IDLH: 100 ppm 

a.si. for ... vi.ed IDLH: Th. revised IOLH for p-tert-butyltoluen. is 100 ppm based on acut. inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Hine et al. 1954). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hine CH, Ungar H, And.rson HH, Kodama JK, Critchlow JK, Jacobsen NW (1954). Toxicological studies on 

p-tertiary-butyltoluene. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 9:227-244. 

2. Nielsen GO, Alarie Y (1982). Sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, and respiratory stimulation by airbome benzene and 

alkylbenzenes: prediction of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation of their thermodynamic properties. Toxicol 

Appl PharmacoI65:459-<4n. 

73 
Cadmium compounds (as Cd) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993-19114 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH for cadmium duat ............ . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH for Cadmium fume ........... . 

eaals for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoeure guideline. ................. . 

7440-43-9 (Metal) 

None established; NIOSH considers cadmium compounds to be 

potential occupational carcinogens as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.005 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.01 mglm3 (total dust) TWA. 

0.002 mgIm3 (respirable dust) TWA. A2 

Varies 

50mg Cdlm3 

Data on the dose-response relationship for cadmium are scarce 

and uncertain. Friberg at al. (1974) reported a rabbit 3O-minute 

LC50 of about 8.000 mg-minlm3 (mg-minlm3 is the product of the 

concentration in mgIm3 and the exposure time in minutes); this 

represents a concentration of about 266 mglm3 for 30 minutes. 

As serious irreversible renal cortical changes can precede death 

when renal cortical concentrations exceed 0.4 mgIg (tissue 

wet-weight). an IDLH of 50 mglm3 is appropriate. This 

concentration would result in a human lung cadmium burden in 

30 minutes of no more than 8 or 9 mg. This concentration is 

approximately that at which incipient morphologic changes occur 

in the kidneys of cadmium-8xposed workers. 

9mgCdlm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1971) 

that an exposure to 9 mgIm3 cadmium fume for 5 hours is a 

lethal dose [Beton et al. 1966). AIHA (1962) reported that the 

lethal dose (single exposure) for man of thermally-generated 

cadmium oxide fume is not over 2.900 mg-minlm3 [Barrett and 

Card 1947] (mg-minlm3 is the product of the concentration 

in mglm3 and the exposure time in minutes); this represents a 

concentration of about 50 mgIm3 for 1 hour. The concentration 

of 50 mgIm3 has not been chosen as the IDLH. however. 

because AIHA (1962) also reported that the doses which caused 

incapacitation must have been considerably lower [Barrett and 

Card 1947]. 

None developed 

74 
Cadmium compounds (as Cd) (continued) 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived value 

Speci .. Reference LCIO LCLO Time LC (CF) 

Cd: 

Rat Yoshikawa and Homma 1974 25 mg/m' _ ...... - 30 min 25 mg Cd/m' (1.0) 2.5 mg Cd/m' 

CdO: 

Rat Barrett et al. 1947 500 mg/m' ---- 10 min 304 mg Cd/m' (0.69) 30 mg Cd/m' 

Rabbit Barrett et al. 1947 2,500 mg/m' --...... 10 min 1,518 mg Cd/m' (0.69) 152 mg Cd/m' 

G. pig Barrett et al. 1947 3,500 mg/m' ......... 10lllin 2,125 mg Cd/III' (0.69) 213 mg Cd/III' 

Dog Barrett et al. 1947 4,000 IIIg/III' ---... 10lllin 2,429 mg Cd/III' (0.69) 243 IIIg Cd/m' 

Rat Gates et al. 1946 780 IIIg/m' _ ..... - 10 min 473 mg Cd/III' (0.69) 47 mg Cd/III' 

Mouse Gates et al. 1946 340 mg/m' ............ 10 min 206 IIIg Cd/III' (0.69) 21 mg Cd/III' 

Rabbit Gates et al. 1946 3,000 IIIg/III' ............ 15 lIIin 2,086 mg Cd/III' (0.79) 209 mg Cd/III' 

G. pig Gates et al. 1946 3,000 IIIg/m' ... -_ ... 15111in 2,086 mg Cd/III' (0.79) 209 IIIg Cd/III' 

Dog Gekkan Yakuji 1980 400 IIIg/m' ... --- 10 lIIin 243 mg Cd/III' (0.69) 24 mg Cd/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LOLlI 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Cd: 

Rat Kotsonis and Klaasen 1977 oral 225 ... ---- 1,575 mg/III' 158 mg Cd/In' 

Mouse Tarasenko 1978 oral 890 ... _--- 6,230 mg/III' 623 IIIg Cd/m' 

CdO: 

Rat Gekkan 1980 oral 72 ----- 444 mg/III' 44 mg Cd/III' 

Mouse Tarasenko 1978 oral 72 ----- 444 mg/III' 44 IIIg Cd/m' 

CdCl,: 

Mouse Engstrolll 1981 oral 60 ... -_ ...... 689 IIIg/III' 69 IIIg Cd/III' 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 88 ----- 376 IIIg/III' 38 IIIg Cd/III' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A rabbit 3O-minute LCIO of about 8,000 mg-minlm3 for cadmium 

dust has been reported [Friberg et al. 1974]. which is equivalent 

to about 250 mg Cdlm3 for 30 minutes. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure to 9 mg/m3 of cadmium fume 

for 5 hours is a lethal dose [Beton et al. 1966]. Fatalities have 

resuHed from exposures to concentrations estimated to be 40 to 

50 mg/m3 for 1 hour [Barrett and Card 1947; Bulmer et al. 1938; 

ReinI1961]. The lethal dose of thermally generated cadmium 

oxide fume of not more then 2.900 mg-minlml has been reported 

[Barrett and Card 1947]. which is equivalent to about 

Revised IDLH: 9 mg Cdlm3 

85 mg Cdlm' for 30 minutes. It has been reported that 

39 mg Cdlm3 was a fatal exposure after 20 minutes (Zavon and 

Meadows 1970]. 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in workers [Barrett and Card 1947; Beton et al. 1966; 

Bulmer et al. 1938; ReinI1961; lavon and Meadows 1970]. the revised IDLH for cadmium compounds is 9 mg Cdlm' 

which was the original IDLH for cadmium fume. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the 

"most protective" respirators be worn for cadmium compounds at any detectable concentration.) 

75 
Cadmium compounds (as Cd) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Cadmium and compounds (as Cd). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 35-36. 

2. AIHA [1962]. Cadmium (revised 1962). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:518-521. 

3. Barrett HM, Card BY [1947]. Studies on the toxicity of inhaled cadmium. II. The acute lethal dose of cadmium oxide for 

man. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI29(5):286-293. 

4. Barrett HM, Irwin DA, Semmons E [1947]. Studies on the toxicity of inhaled cadmium. I. The acute toxicity of cadmium 

oxide by inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 29(5):279-285. 

5. Beton DC, Andrews GS, Davies HJ, Howells L, Smith GF (1966). Acute cadmium fume poisoning: five cases with one 

death from renal necrosis. Br J Ind Med 23:292-301. 

6. Bulmer FMR, Rothwell NF, Frankish ER [1938]. Industrial cadmium poisoning, a report of fifteen cases, induding two 

deaths. Can J Public Health 29:19. 

7. Engstrom B [1981]. Influence of chelating agents on toxicity and distribution of cadmium among proteins of mouse liver 

and kidney following oral or subcutaneous exposure. Acta Pharrnacol Toxicol 48: 1 08-117. . 

8. Friberg L, Piscator M, Nordberg GF, Kjellstrom T [1974]. Cadmium in the environment. 2nd ed. Cleveland, OH: CRC 

Press, p. 94. 

9. Gates M, Williams J, lapp JA [1946]. Arsenicals. In: Summary technical report of Division 9, NRDC. Vol. 1. Chemical 

warfare agents, and related chemical problems. Part 1. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and 

Development, National Defense Research Committee, pp. 173-178. 

10. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22:455-457 (in Japanese). 

11. Kotsonis FN, Klaassen CD [1977]. Toxicity and distribution of cadmium administered to rats at sublethal doses. Toxicol 

Appl Pharmacol 41:667-680. 

12. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and Drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. a Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-125. 

13. Reinl W [1961]. Arch Toxicol19:1952. [From ACGIH [1991]. Cadmium and compounds. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values and biologicel exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental 

Industrial Hygienists, pp. 190-194. Cited by Teisinger et al. [1969] from Documentation of MAC in Czechoslovakia, 

Prague (1969).] 

14. Tarasenko NY, ed. [1978]. Aktual'nye Problemy Gigieny Truda (Current Problems of Labor Hygiene) Moscow: Pervyi 

Moskovski Meditsinskii Institute, p. 14 (in Russian). 

15. Yoshikawa H, Homma K [1974]. Toxicity of inhaled metallic cadmium fumes in rats. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Joumal of 

Industrial Health) 16:212-215 (in Japanese). 

16. lavon MR, Meadows CD [1970]. Vascular sequelae to cadmium fume exposure. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 31(2):180-182. 

76 
Calcium arsenate (as As) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Speci .. Reference Route 

Rat Back et al. 1972 oral 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 

Mouse MacEwen and Vernot 1972 oral 

Rabbit Muehlberger 1930 oral 

Dog Perkow 1971/1976 oral 

7n8-44-1 

0.002 mglm315-minute CEILING: NIOSH considers calcium 

arsenate to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by 

the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. . 

0.010 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.01 mglm3 TWA. A1 

Colorless to white. odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

100 mgAslm3 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are avaiiable for 

calcium arsenate. the chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with 

arsenic and compounds (as As) which has an IDLH of 100 mg 

Aslm3. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

812 ----- 2.103 mg As/m' 210 mg As/m' 

20 ----- 52 mg As/m' 5.2 mg As/m' 

794 .. _ .. -- 2.056 mg As/m' 206 mg As/m' 

50 ----- 132 mg As/m' 13 mg As/m' 

38 ----- 98 mg As/m' 9.8 mg As/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevantfor use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlHd IDLH: 5 rng As/m' 

Basis for revlHd IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for calcium arsenate. 

Therefore. the revised IDLH for calcium arsenate is 5 mg As/m' based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Lehman 

1951] and to be consistent with the revised IDLH for other inorganiC arsenic compounds which have a revised IDLH of 

5 rng As/ml. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for 

calcium arsenate at concentrations above 0.002 mg Aslml . OSHA currently requires in 29 CFR 1919.1018 that workers 

be provided with and required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in concentrations exceeding 20 mg As/ml 

(i.e .• 2.000 II th:,;.;e;;.;P;..;E;,;L~).;:.] _____________________________ --' 

REFERENCES: 

1. Back KC. Thomas AA. Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson ~r Force Base. OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report No. TSA-2Q-72-3. 

pp. A-3O to A-31. 

2. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and Drug OfficIals on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-125. 

3. Macewen JD. Vemot EH [1972]. Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual technical report: 1972. Wright-patterson Air 

Force Base. OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report AMRL-TR-72-62. 

4. Muehlberger CW [1930]. Toxicity studies offtuorine insecticides. J Phannacol Exp Ther 39:246-248. 

5. Perkow W [197111976]. Wirksubstanzen der Pftanzenschytz and Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Berlin. Germany: 

Verlag Paul Parey (in German). 

n 
Calcium oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

aasl. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1305-78-8 

2mglm3 TWA 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

2mglm3 TWA 

White or gray, odorless lumps or granular powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH .. 250 mg/m3 - see 

discussion below.] 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for calcium oxide. Because Patty [1963] reported 

that inhalation of the dust can cause chemical pneumonia and 

severe respiratory tract irritation, respirators have been selected 

on the basis of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 50 )( the OSHA PEL of 5 mglm3 (i.e., 250 mglm3); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 250 mg/m3. The available 

toxicological data indicate that severe respiratory irritation could 

inhibit escape. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strong nasal irritation has been reported to result from 

exposures to about 25 mglm3, but exposures to 9 to 10 mg/m3 

resulted in no observable irritation [ACGIH 1991]. 

Revl.ed IDLH: 25 mg/m3 

easl. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for calcium oxide is 25 mg/m3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [ACGIH 1991). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 25 mglm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Calcium oxide. In: Documentation ofthe threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 200-201. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 863. 

78 
Camphor (synthetic) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guldelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCIO 

76-22-2 

2 mglm3 TWA 

2mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

12 mglm3 (2 ppm) TWA, 19 mglm3 (3 ppm) STEL 

Colorless or white crystals with a penetrating, aromatic odor. 

0.6% (10% LEL, 3,600 mglm3) 

200 mglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for camphor. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, the chosen IDLH is based on a report by Gronka 

et al. (1969) conceming the camphor processing and packaging 

area of a plant. Concentrations of camphor ranging from 3 to 

194 mglm3 produced nose and sinus irritation among workers in 

this plant (Gronka et al. 1969). 

None developed 

AdJuat8d O.5-hr Derived 

LCIJo Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Nikolaeva 1957 ...... __ .. 400 mg/m' 3hr 720 mg/m' (1.8) 72 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDIJo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuat8d LD Derived value 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ..... --- 800 5.600 mg/m' 560 mg/m' 

Mouse Horikawa and Okada 1975 oral 1,310 ----- 9,170 mg/m' 917 mg/m' 

Rabbit Smith and Margolis 1954 oral ----.. 2,000 14,000 mg/m' 1,400 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that concentrations during,camphor 

processing and packaging ranged from 33 to 194 mglml; 

workers had no complaints other than slight eye irritation and 

aftemoon drowsiness (Gronka et al. 1969]. 

Revised IDLH: 200 mglm3 (Unchanged) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on chronic inhalation toxicity data in workers (Gronka et al. 1969], the originallDLH for 

synthetic camphor (200 mglml) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Zemik F (1935]. Zuaammenstellung dar toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

verauchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

2. Gronka PA, Bobkoski RL, Tomchick GJ, Rakow AS (1969). Camphor exposures in a packaging plant. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 30:276-279. 

3. Horikawa E, Okada T (1975]. Experimental study on acute toxicity of phenol camphor. Shika Gakuho (Joumal of 

Dentistry) 75:934-939 (in Japanese). 

4. Nikolaeva (1957]. Toxicological evaluation of camphor vapors. Gig Sanit 22(11):83-86 (in Russian). 

5. Smith AG, Margolis G (1954]. Camphor poisoning: anatomical and pharmacologic study; report of a fatal case; 

experimental investigation of protective action of barbiturate. Am J Pathol 30(5):857-868. 

79 
Carbaryl 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subsb!nce ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lOLH ........................... . 

63-25-2 

5mglm3 TWA 

5 mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

White or gray, odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

600 mglm3 

ealll for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available 

for carbaryl, the chosen IOLH is based on the rat oral LDso of 

89 mglkg [Boyd and Taylor 1971 cited by NIOSH 1974]. In 

addition, ACGIH [1971) reported that female rats may 

occasionally be killed by a single oral dose of 100 mglkg 

[Gaines 1969). 

Short-term exposure guidellnel ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH dab!: 

LOso LOLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJulted LO Derived value 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 oral 710 .......... - 4,970 mg/m' 497 mg/m' 

G. pig Benson and Dorough 1984 oral 250 ----- 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' 

Dog Buck 1979 oral 759 ........ -- 5,313 mg/m' 531 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 850 -_ ......... 5,950 mg/m' 595 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 500 ----- 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Cat Gig Sanit 1967 oral 150 .............. 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

Mouse Stevens et al. 1972 oral 128 --_ ...... 896 mg/m' 90 mg/m' 

Rat Weiss and Orzel 1967 oral 230 ----- 1,610 mg/m' 161 mg/m' 

Other animal dab! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A concentration of about 75 mglm3 produced typical poisoning in 

dogs within 5 hours [Carpenter et al. 1961). 

Human dab! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IOLH: 100 mglml 

BallI for revised IOLH: The revised IDLH for carbaryl is 100 mglm3 based on acute toxicity data in animals [Carpenter 

et al. 1961; Gig Sanit 1967; Stevens at aI. 1972). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966). Pesticide chemicals ofIicial compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 192. 

2. ACGIH [1971). Carbaryl (Sevin). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 37-38. 

3. Benson WH, Dorough HW [1984]. Comparative ester hydrolysis of carbaryl and ethiofencarb in four mammalian 

species. Pest Biochem Physiol 21:199-206. 

4. Boyd EM, Taylor FI (1971). Toxaphene toxicity in protein-deficient rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol18:158-167. 

5. Buck we [1979]. Clinicaltoxicosis induced by insecticides. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 74: 1119. 

6. Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Palm PE, Woodside MW, Nair JH III, Smyth HF Jr [1961]. Mammalian toxicity of 

1-naphthyI-N-methylcarbamate (Sevin insecticide). J Agri Food Chem 9(1):30-39. 

7. Gaines TB [1960). The acute toxicity of pesticides to rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2:88-99. 

8. Gaines TB [1969). Acute toxicity of pesticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol14:515-534. 

9. Gig Sanit [1967]; 32(4):29-33 (in Russian). 

10. NIOSH [1974]. FC59500. Carbamic acid, methyl-, 1-naphthyl ester. In: The toxic substances list, 1974 ed. Rockville, 

MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National 

Institute for Occupational Safe~ and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134, p. 182. 

11. Stevens JT, Stitzel RE, McPhillips JJ [1972). Effects of anticholinesterase insecticides on hepatic microsomal 

metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 181:576-583. 

12. Weiss LH, Orzel RA [1967]. Some comparative toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide as a 

pesticide solvent. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI11:546-557. 

80 
Carbon black 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1333·8~ 

3.5 mglm3 TWA; 0.1 mg PAHslm3 TWA 

Note: NIOSH considers carbon black in the presence of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to be a potential 

occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen 

policy [29 CFR 1990). 

3.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

3.5 mglm3 TWA 

Black, odorless solid. 

Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 1,750 mglm3 • see 

discussion belOW.] 

The available toxicological data show no evidence that an acute 

exposure to a high concentration of carbon black would impede 

escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 II the OSHA PEL; in the case of carbon black, 

500 II the OSHA PEL of 3.5 mglm3 is 1,750 mglm3• 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None indicating that high concentrations of carbon black would 

have significant health effects to workers within 30 minutes. 

Revised IDLH: 1,750 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of carbon black would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However, 

the revised IDLH for carbon black is 1,750 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA pEL of 3.5 mglm3 

(500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for 

deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

81 
Carbon dioxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Human Tab 8iol Per 1933 ...... --

124-38-9 

5,000 ppm (9,000 mglm3

) TINA, 

30,000 ppm (54,000 mglm3

) STEL 

5,000 ppm (9,000 mglm3

) TINA 

10,000 ppm (18,000 mglm3

) TINA, 

30,000 ppm (54,000 mglm3

) STEL 

5,000 ppm (9,000 mglm3

) TINA, 

30,000 ppm (54,000 mglml) STEL 

Colorless, odorless gas. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by ACGIH (1971) 

that a 3D-minute exposure at 50,000 ppm produces signs of 

intoxication, and a few minutes of exposure at 70,000 ppm and 

100,000 ppm produces unconsciousness [Flury and 

Zemik 1931). AIHA (1971) reported that 100,000 ppm is the 

atmospheric concentration immediately dangerous to life. In 

addition, Hunter (1975) noted that exposure to 100,000 ppm for 

only a few minutes can cause loss of consciousness. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJuated O.S-hr Derived 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

90,000 5 min 49,500 ppm (0.55) 4,950 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signs of intoxication have been produced by a 3O-minute 

exposure at 50,000 ppm [Aero 1953), and a few minutes 

exposure at 70,000 to 100,000 ppm produces unconsciousness 

[Flury and Zemik 1931). It has been reported that submarine 

personnel exposed continuously at 30,000 ppm were only 

slightly affected, provided the oxygen content of the air was 

maintained at normal concentrations [Schaefer 1951). It has 

been reported that 100,000 ppm is the atmospheric 

concentration immediately dangerous to life [AIHA 1971) and 

that exposure to 100,000 ppm for only a few minutes can cause 

loss of consciousness [Hunter 1975]. 

Revised IDLH: 40,000 ppm 

Baal. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for carbon dioxide is 40,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Aero 1953; Flury and Zemik 1931; Schaefer 1951). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Carbon dioxide. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 39. 

2. Aero Medical ASsociation (1953). Committee on Aviation Toxicology, Blakiston, New York. 

3. AIHA (1964). Carbon dioxide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:519-521. 

4. Flury r:, Zemik F (1931). Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, pp. 218-219 (in German). 

5. Hunter D [1975]. The diseases of occupations. 5th ed. London, England: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 618. 

6. Schaefer KE (1951). Studies of carbon dioxide toxicity. New London, CT: Navy Department, Bureau of Medicine and 

Surgery, Medical Research Laboratory, U.S. Naval Submarine Base, Vol. 10, Report No. 181, pp. 156-189. 

7. Tab Bioi Per (1933); 3:231 (in German). 

82 
Carbon disulfide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

CUlT'ent OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Ducriptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines: ......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

Rat AIHA 1992 >1,670 

Rat AlHA 1992 15,500 

Rat AIHA 1992 3,000 

Rat AIHA 1992 3,500 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 7,911 

Mou8e Izmerov et a1. 1982 3,165 

Human Lef.ux 1968 ..... -_ .. 

75-15-0 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (30 mglmlj SrEL [skin] 

20 ppm TWA, 30 ppm CEILING, 

100 ppm 30-minute MAXIMUM PEAK 

4 ppm (12 mgtm3

) TWA, 12 ppm (36 mgtmlj STEL [skin] 

10 ppm (31 mgtm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless to faint-yellow liquid with a sweet ether-like odor. 

1.3% (10% LEL, 1,300 ppm) 

500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement in Patty [1963] that 

symptoms occur after 30 minutes of exposure to 420 to 510 ppm 

[Flury and Zemik 1931]. AIHA [1956] reported that severe 

symptoms and unconsciousness may occur within 30 minutes at 

1,100 ppm [Patty 1963]. Patty [1963] also reported that 

exposure of humans to 4,800 ppm for 30 minutes causes coma 

and may be fatal [Flury and Zemik 1931]. 

1992 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG-1: 1 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-2: 50 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 500 ppm (60-minute) 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1O-minute EEGL: 200 ppm 

3O-minute EEGL: 100 ppm 

6O-minute EEGL: 50 ppm 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

----- 1hr >2,088 ppm (1.25) 

.... --- 1hr 19,375 ppm (1.25) 

.. ---- 4hr 6,000 ppm (2.0) 

----- 4hr 7,000 ppm (2.0) 

-_ ...... 2hr 12,658 ppm (1.6) 

-_ .. -- 2hr 5,063 ppm (1.6) 

4,000 30 min 4,000 ppm (1.0) 

Derived 

value 

>208 ppm 

1,938 ppm 

600 ppm 

700 ppm 

1,266 ppm 

506 ppm 

400 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), >81,000 ppm (AIHA 1992]. 

83 
Carbon disulfide (continued) 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symptoms have occurred after 30 minutes of exposure to 

concentrations ranging from 420 to 510 ppm while exposure to 

4,800 ppm for 30 minutes causes coma and may be fatal [Flury 

and Zemik 1931). Severe symptoms and unconsciousness may 

occur within 30 minutes at 1.100 ppm [Patty 1963). It has been 

reported that 760 ppm causes an immediate headache that lasts 

for hours [Browning 1953). It has also been reported that minor 

symptoms are induced after several hours of exposure to 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm [Unchanged] 

300 ppm, distind signs of poisoning at 400 ppm, severe 

poisoning after 30 minutes at 1,150 ppm, and life-threatening 

health effadS at 3,200 to 3,800 ppm [Bittersohl et al. 1972). It 

has been reported that exposure at 2.000 to 3,300 ppm leads to 

narcosis in 30 minutes, and death occurs after 30 to 60 minutes 

of exposure at 5,000 ppm [Paluch 1954). 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Bittersohl et al. 1972; Browning 1953; Flury 

and Zemik 1931; Lefaux 1968). the originallDLH for carbon disulfide (500 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1956). Carbon disulfide (carbon bisulfide). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Alsce a 17:446-447. 

2. AIHA (1992). Emergency response planning guidelines: carbon disulfide. Akron.OH: American Industrial Hygiene 

Association. 

3. Bittersohl G, Ehrhardt W, Grund W, Grunewald A (1972). Schwefelkohlenstoff. In: E. Kersten, ed., Franz Koelsch 

Handbuch der Berufserkrankungen. Jean, Germany: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 271-273 (in German). 

4. Browning E (1953). Toxicity of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Chemical Publishing Company, pp. 381-391. 

5. Flury F. Zemik F (1931). Schadliche gase dampfe. nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 299 (in German). 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicornetric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 32. 

7. Lefaux R (1968). Practical toxicology of plastics. Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Company, p. 118. 

8. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 41-56. 

9. Paluch R (1954). Toksykologia przemyslowa. PWT, Warszava, p. 351 (in Polish). 

10. Patty FA, ed. [1963J. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 902. 

84 
Carbon monoxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ : 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

630-08-0 

35 ppm (40 mglm3) TWA, 200 ppm (229 mgtm3) CEILING 

50 ppm (55 mglm3

) TWA 

35 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA, 200 ppm (229 mgtm3

) CEILING 

25 ppm (29 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless, odorless gas. 

12.5% (10% LEL, 12,500 ppm) 

1,500 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

a i-hour exposure to 1,000 to 1,200 ppm would cause 

unpleasant, but no dangerous symptoms [Henderson 

et al. 1921). Patty (1963) also reported that 1,500 to 2,000 ppm 

might be a dangerous concentration for an exposure of 1 hour 

[Henderson et al. 1921). 

National Research Council [NRC 1987) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1O-minute EEGL: 1,500 ppm 

3O-minute EEGL: 800 ppm 

6O-minute EEGL: 400 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 50 ppm 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Hartzell et al. 1985 8,636 ... -_ ...... 15 min 6,822 ppm (0.79) 682 ppm 

Rat Hartzell et al. 1985 5,207 ... ---- 3D min 5,207 ppm (1.0) 521 ppm 

Human Lefaux 1968 ... _ ......... 4,000 30 min 4,000 ppm (l.0) 400 ppm 

Rat Rose et al. 1970 1,784 ...... --- 4hr 3,568 ppm (2.0) 357 ppm 

Mouse Rose et al. 1970 2,414 ...... --- 4hr 4,828 ppm (2.0) 482 ppm 

G. pig Rose et al. 1970 5,647 ...... -_ ... 4hr 11,294 ppm (2.0) 1,129 ppm 

Human Tab 8iol Per 1933 ---...... 5,000 5 min 2,750 ppm (O.55) 275 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The median effective concentrations to produce incapacitation 

(ECsos) in rats have been determined to be 2,667 ppm and 

1,450 ppm in 15 and 30 minutes, respectively [Hartzell et al. 

1985). 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that a i-hour exposure to 1,000 to 1,200 ppm 

would cause unpleasant but no dangerous symptoms, but that 

1,500 to 2,000 ppm might be a dangerous concentration after 1 

hour [Henderson et al. 1921a, 1921b). In general, a 

carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level of 10-20% will only cause 

slight headaches [NIOSH 1972) and a COHb of 11-13% will have 

no effect on hand and foot reaction time, hand steadiness, or 

coordination [Stewart and Peterson 1970). At a COHb of 35%, 

manual dexterity is impaired [Stewart 1975). At 40% COHb, 

mental confusion, added to increasing incoordination, precludes 

driving an automobile [Stewart 1975). A 3O-minute exposure to 

1,200 ppm will produce a COHb of 10-13% [NIOSH 1972). 

85 
Carbon monoxide (continued) 

Reviled IDLH: 1,200 ppm 

Balli for reviled IDLH: The revised IDLH for carbon monoxide is 1,200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Henderson et al. 1921a, 1921b; NIOSH 1972; Stewart and Peterson 1970]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hartzell GE, Priest ON, Switzer WG [1985]. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases. II. Mathematical modeling of 

intoxication of rats by combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. J Fire Sci 3:115-128. 

2. Henderson Y, Haggard HW, Teague MC, Prince AL, Wunderlich RM [1921]. Physiological effects of automobile exhaust 

gas and standards of ventilation for brief exposures. J Ind Hyg 111(3):79-92. 

3. Henderson Y, Haggard HW, Teague MC, Prince AL, Wunderlich RM [1921]. Physiological effects of automobile exhaust 

gas and standards of ventilation for brief exposures. IV. Concordance of the standard here proposed with the 

observations of other investigators. J Ind Hyg 111(4):137-146. 

4. Lefaux R [1968]. Practical toxicology of plastics. Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co. 

5. NIOSH (1972). NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to carbon monoxide. Cincinnati, 

OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. HSM 73-11000. 

6. NRC [1987]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 7. 

Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, lithium bromide, and toluene. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on 

Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research 

Council, pp. 17-38. 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 930. 

8. Rose CS, Jones RA, Jenkins W Jr, Siegel J [1970]. The acute hyperbaric toxicity of carbon monoxide. Toxicol Appl 

PharmacoI17:752-760. 

9. Stewart RL [1975]. The effect of carbon monoxide on humans. Am Rev PharmacoI15:409-423. 

10. Stewart RL, Peterson MR [1970]. Experimental human exposure to carbon monoxide. Arch Environ Health 12:154-164. 

11. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

86 
Carbon tetrachloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Ba.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

Human AAPCO 1966 ----- G. pig Clayton 1967 --_ .... Cat Flury and Zernik 1935 --_ .... Mammal Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1980 5,400 

Rat NPIRI 1974 8,000 

Mouse Svirbely et al. 1947 9,526 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 --_ .... Dog von Oettingen 1949 ........... 

56-23-5 

2 ppm (12.6 mgtm3

) 6O-minute STEl; NIOSH considers carbon 

tetrachloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

10 ppm TWA, 25 ppm CEiliNG, 

200 ppm 5-min MAXIMUM PEAK in any'" hours 

2 ppm (12.6 mgtm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (31 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (63 mglm') STEl [skin), A3 

Colorless liquid with a charaderistic ether-like odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

300 ppm 

ACGIH (1971) reported that a severe case of human poisoning 

has been observed after a 3-hour exposure to concentrations 

ranging from 75 to 600 ppm and averaging about 210 ppm 

[Barnes and Jones 1967]. AIHA (1961) reported that exposures 

for 0.5 to 1 hour to 1,000 to 2,000 ppm have caused human 

fatalities from acute kidney damage [Fassett). 

Kirk-Othmer (1964) reported that a 3O-minute exposure to about 

300 ppm causes symptoms of intoxication. Based on these 

data, an IDlH of 300 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJust.d O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Tim. LC (CF*) value 

1,000 ? ? ? 

20,000 2 hr 32,807 ppm (1.64) 3,281 ppm 

38,110 2 hr 62,500 ppm (1.64) 6,250 ppm 

--_ .... ? ? ? 

.. ---- 4hr 16,800 ppm (2.10) 1,680 ppm 

--_ .... 8 hr 25,625 ppm (2.69) 2,563 ppm 

50,000 5 min 26,374 ppm (0.53) 2,637 ppm 

14,620 8hr 39,328 ppm (2.69) 3,933 ppm 

*Note: Conversion fador (CF) was determined with "n" = 2.8 [ten Berge et al. 1986). 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A severe case of poisoning was observed after a 3-hour 

exposure to concentrations ranging from 75 to 600 ppm and 

averaging about 210 ppm [Barnes and Jones 1967]. It has been 

reported that exposures to 1,000 to 2,000 ppm for 0.5 to 1 hour 

have caused human fatalities from acute kidney damage [AIHA 

1961). It has also been reported that a 3O-minute exposure to 

about 300 ppm causes symptoms of intoxication [Kirk-Othmer 

1964). 

Rev~IDLH: 200ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDlH for carbon tetrachloride is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [AIHA 1961; Barnes and Jones 1967; Kirk-Othmer 1964). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen 

policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for carbon tetrachloride at concentrations above 2 ppm.) 

87 
Carbon tetrachloride (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 198. 

2. ACGIH [1971). Carbon tetrachloride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 43-44. 

3. AIHA [1961). Carbon tetrachloride (revised 1961). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 22:507-509. 

4. Barnes R, Jones RC [1967]. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Am Ind Hyg Assce J 29:557-560. 

5. Clayton JW Jr [1967]. Fluorocarbon toxicity and biological action. Fluor Chem Rev 1(2):197-252. 

6. Fassett OW [?]. Personal communication to AIHA from the Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY. [From: AIHA 

[1961]. Carbon tetrachlOride (revised 1961). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assce J 22:507-509.] 

7. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

8. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1980]; 24(3):17-20 (in Russian). 

9. Kirk-Othmer [1964]. Carbon tetrachloride. In: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John 

Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5:128-139. 

10. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 16. 

11. Svirbely JL, Highman B, Alford we, von Oettingen WF [1947]. The toxicity and narcotic action of 

mono-chloro-mono-bromo-methane with special reference to inorganic and volatile bromide in blood, urine and brain. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 29:382-389. 

12. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

13. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986]. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

14. von Oettingen WF [1949]. Studies on the relationship between the toxic action of chlorinated methanes and their 

chemical and physicohemical properties. NIH Bulletin 191:1-85. 

88 
Chlordane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

57-74-9 

0.5 mg/m3 TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers chlordane to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Amber-colored, viscous liquid with a pungent, chlorine-like odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

500 mglm3 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for chlordane. For this draft technical standard, therefore, the chosen IDLH has been estimated from the fatal 

oral dose to an adult of 6 to 60 grams reported by the 

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources [1969]. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 oral 100 ----- 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Rat Ambrose et al. 1953 oral 590 -_ ...... - 4,130 mg/m' 413 mg/m' 

Mouse Ambrose et al. 1953 oral 430 ..... --- 3,010 mg/m' 301 mg/m' 

Rabbit Ambrose et al. 1953 oral 300 .... -_ .. 2,100 mg/m' 210 mg/m' 

Mouse PCRB 1966 oral 145 ----- 1,015 mg/m' 102 mg/m' 

Hamster Truhaut et al. 1974 oral 1,720 ---_ .. 12,040 mg/m' 1,204 mg/m' 

Rat von Schwabe and Wendling 1967 oral 200 --_ .... 1,400 mg/ml 140 mg/ml 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The fatal oral dose has been estimated to be about 6 grams [Derbes et al. 19551 or to range from 6 to 60 grams [Pennsylvania 1969]. [Note: An oral dose or6 grams is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 4,000 mQlm3 for 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 100 mglm3 

easis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for chlordane. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for chlordane is 100 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Derbes et al. 1955; Pennsylvania 

1969] and animals [AAPCO 1966; PCRB 1966; von Schwabe and Wendling 1967]. (Note: NIOSH recommends as part 

of its carcinogen policy that the wmost protectivew respirators be wom for chlordane at concentrations above 0.5 mglm3.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 226. 

2. Ambrose AM, Christensen HE, Robbins OJ, Rather W [1953J. Toxicological and pharmacological studies on chlordane. 

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 7:197-210. 

3. Derbes VJ, Dent JH, Forrest WH, Johnson MF [19551. Fatal chlordane poisoninq. JAMA 158:1367-1369. 

4. PCRB [19661. Informative memo no. 20. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agnculture, Agricultural Research Service, 

Entomology ~esearch Division, Pesticide Chemicals Research Branch, p. 19. 

5. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources [1969]. Hygienic information guide no. 70: chlordane. 

Harrisburg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Occupational Health H722.115P Rev. 1-69. 

6. Truhaut R, Gak J-C, Graillot C [1974]. Recherches sur les modalites et les mecanismes d'action toxique des insecticides 

organochlores. I. i!tude comparative des effets de toxicite aiguA chez Ie hamster et chez Ie rat. J Eur Toxicol Hyg 7:159-166 (in French). 

7. von Schwabe U, Wendling I [1967]. Beschleunigung des arzneimittel-abbaus durch kleine dosen von DDT und anderen 

chlorkoblenwasserstoff-insekticiden. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 17:614-618 (in German). 

89 
Chlorinated camphene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCso 

Mouse Wermer 1952 -_ ......... 

Lethal dOH data: 

8001-35-2 

None established; NIOSH considers chlorinated camphene to be 

a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.5 mglm3 TWA, 1 mglm3 STEL [skin) 

0.5 mglm3 TWA, 1 mglm3 STEL [skin) 

Amber, waxy solid with a mild, piney, chlorine- and camphor-like 

odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

2oomglm3 

The chosen IDLH has been estimated from the statement by 

Patty [1963] from the Council on Pharmacy and 

Chemistry [1952], Deichmann and Gerarde [1969], 

Stolman [1969], Thienes and Haley [1972], and Sax [1968] that 

the human oral lethal dose is about 2 to 7 grams. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

2, 000 mg/m' 2hr 3,200 mg/m' (1.6) 320 mg/m' 

LDso LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Hartley and Kidd 1983-86 oral 75 ----- 525 mg/m' 53 mg/m' 

Mouse Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 112 ...... --- 784 mg/m' 78 mg/m' 

G. pig Perkow 1971/76 oral 250 ----- 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' 

Rat von Schwabe and Wendling 1967 oral 50 ..... --- 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No toxic responses were noted in 25 volunteers exposed to 

Revised IDLH: 200 mglm3 [Unchanged] 

500 mglml for 30 minuteslday for 10 consecutive days 

[Shelansky 1947). The crallethal dose has been reported to be 

about 2 to 7 grams [Thienes and Haley 1972]. [Note: An oral 

dose of 2 to 7 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to 

about 1,300 to 4,700 mglml for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Shelansky 1947), a value of about 

500 mglml would have been appropriate. However, the originallDLH of 200 mglml is not being revised at this time. 

[Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for chlorinated 

camphene at any detectable concentration.] 

90 
Chlorinated camphene (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Toxaphene (synthetic 3956; chlorinated camphene). In: Toxicology of drugs and 

chemicals. New Yortt, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 598. 

2. Hartley 0, Kidd H [1983-86]. The agrochemicals handbook. Nottingham, England: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. A054. 

3. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW [1978]. Commercial and experimental organic insecticides (1978 revision). Entomological 

Society of America, Special Publication 78-1:13. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1360. 

5. Perttow W [1971176]. Wirttsubstanzen der pflanzenschutz und schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Berlin, Germany: Verlag 

Paul Parey (in German). 

6. Sax NI [1968]. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 3rd ed. New Yortt, NY: Van Nostrend Reinhold Company, 

p.1172. 

7. Shelansky H [1947]. Unpublished report to Hercules, Inc. In: ACGIH [1971]. Chlorinated camphene (60%). In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worttroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 115. 

8. Stolman A, ed. [1969]. Progress in chemical toxicology. Vol. 4. New Yortt, NY: Academic Press, p. 195. 

9. Stormont RT, Conley BE [1952]. Report to the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry: pharmacologic properties of 

toxaphene, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. JAMA 149(12): 1135-1137. 

10. Thienes CH, Haley T J [1972]. Clinical toxicology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, pp. 26-27. 

11. von Schwabe V, Wendling I [1967]. Beschleunigung des arzneimittel·abbaus durch kleine dosen von DDT und anderen 

chlorttoblenwasserstoff·insekticiden. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 17:614-618 (in German). 

12. Wermer PL [1952]. Pharmacological properties of toxaphene, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. JAMA 

149:1135-1137. 

91 
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.crlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

31242-93-0 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm'TWA 

Light-yellow, very viscous, waxy liquid. 

Unknown 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH ,. 5 mglm' - see discussion 

below.) 

Ba.l. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No quantitative data are available concerning the toxic effects 

produced by the inhalation of chlorinated diphenyl oxide. 

Therefore, for this draft technical standard, using an analogy with 

the chloronaphthalenes, the respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 10 IC the OSHA PEL of 0.5 mglm' (i.e., 5 mglm'); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 5 mglm3. 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LOLo 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

CuH,C1O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral ..... --- 600 4,200 mg/m' 420 mg/m' 

CuH,Cl,O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral ............... 1,000 7, 000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

CuH,Cl,O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral ............. 1,200 8,400 mg/m' 840 mg/m' 

C"IIcCl.O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral .... --- 50 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

CuH,Cl,O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral ...... -- lOa 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Rabbit Hofmann 1957 oral ----- 0.3 2.1 mg/m' 0.2 mg/m' 

CullcCl,O 

G. pig Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral ----- 50 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

CuH,Cl,O 

Rat HAS 1953 oral ----- sao 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

C"H,Cl,O 

Rat HAS 1953 oral ........ _- 500 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

C"HC1,O 

Rat HAS 1953 oral ...... -- sao 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

92 
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 5 mg/m3 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for chlorinated diphenyl 

oxide. Based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. a value of about 35 mglm3 would have 

been appropriate for chlorinated diphenyl oxide. However. the revised IOLH for chlorinated diphenyl oxide is 5 mglm3 

based on being 10 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 0.5 mg/m3 (10 is an assigned protection fador for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be 

used for chlorinated diphenyl oxide). . 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO. Clayton FE. eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

YorX. NY: John Wiley & Sons. Inc .• p. 2550. 

2. Hofmann HT [1957]. Neuere erfahrungen mit hochtoxischen chlorXohlenwasserstoffen. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 

243:228 (in German). 

3. NAS [1953]. Relationship between chemical strudure and toxic adion on rats. National Academy of Sciences. National 

Research Council. Chemical-Biological Coordination Center. Review 5:16. 

93 
Chlorine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7782-50-5 

0.5 ppm (1.45 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

1 ppm (3 mglm3

) CEILING 

0.5 ppm (1.5 mglm3

) TWA, 1 ppm (3 mgIm~ STEL 

0.5 ppm (1.5 mglm3

) TWA, 1 ppm (2.9 mgIm~ STEL 

Greenish-yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

30 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ILO [1971] that 

exposure to 30 ppm will cause intense coughing fits, and 

exposure to 40 to 60 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes or more may 

cause serious damage. 

Existing short·tenn exposure guidelines .......... . National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration dew: 

lC50 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat Back et al. 1972 293 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 137 

G. pig Lehmann 1887 .......... 

Human Prentiss 1937 ........... Human Tab B101 Per 1933 .. --_ .. 

1-hour EEGL: 3 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 0.5 ppm 

lC ... AdJu.ted O.S-hr 

(ppm) TIme lC (CP) 

.... -_ ... lhr 357 ppm (1.22) 

--_ ...... lhr 167 ppm (1.22) 

3.200 3hr 5.342 ppm (1.67) 

858 30 min 858 ppm (1.0) 

550 5 min 330 ppm (0 .60) 

*Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" = 3.5 [ten Berge et ai. 1986]. 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 9.34 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Derived 

value 

36 ppm 

17 ppm 

534 ppm 

86 ppm 

33 ppm 

Other human deta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures to 30 ppm have been reported to cause intense 

coughing fits and exposure to 40 to 60 ppm for 30 to 60 minutes 

or more may cause serious damage [ilO 1971]. A concentration 

of 34 to 51 ppm has been reported to be lethal in 1 to 1.5 hours 

[Freitag 1941] while 14 to 21 ppm has been suggested as being 

dangerous within 0.5 to 1 hour [NPIRI1983]. 

Revised IDLH: 10 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for chlorine is 10 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Freitag 1941; ILO 1971; NPIRI1983]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981]. Oose-respon .. analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ HeaHh Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation heaHh hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Ba .. , OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report no. TSA-20-72-3. 

pp. A·182 to A·183. 

3. Freitag [1941]. Danger of chlorine gas. Z. GeS8mte Schiess Sprengstoffwes. 

4. IlO [1971]. Chlorine and compounds. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational heaHh and S8fety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-K). 

Geneva, Switzertand: International Labour Office, pp. 287-288. 
Chlorine (continued) 

5. Lehmann KB [1887]. Experimentelle studien uber den einfluss technisch und hygienisch wlchtiger gase und dampfe auf 

den organismus. Thiel III und IV: Chlor und bromo Arch Hyg 7:231-285 (in German). 

6. NPIRI [1983]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. II. 2nd ed. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute; pp. 831-857. . 

7. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on ute Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 5-11. 

8. Prentiss AM [1937]. Chemicals in war. A treatise on chemical warfare. New York, NY: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 

Inc., p. 150. 

9. Tab Bioi Per [1933): 3:231 (in German). 

10. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

95 
Chlorine dioxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ........ ~ ........ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

10049-04-4 

0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m3) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.3 mglm3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.9 mglm3) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.28 mg/m3) TWA, 0.3 ppm (0.83 mg/m3) STEL 

Yellow to red gas or a red-brown liquid (below 52°F) with an 

unpleasant odor similar to chlorine and nitric acid. 

Unknown 

10 ppm 

AIHA [1958] reported that rats exposed repeatedly to about 

10 ppm for 4 hours daily died, whereas those exposed to about 

0.1 ppm, 5 hours daily for 10 weeks, showed no detectable 

effects [Dalhamn 1957]. AIHA [1958] also reported that animals 

survived 2·hour exposures to 20 ppm, though some species 

exhibited symptoms [Gloemme and Lundgren 1957]. 

Elkins (1950) stated that 5 ppm is definitely irritating and 2 cases 

of illness (1 fatal) resulted from exposure to less than 19 ppm. 

AIHA [1958] reported that delayed deaths occur in animals after 

single exposures to 150 to 200 ppm for less than 1 hour 

[Gloemme and Lundgren 1957]. Based on the data cited above, 

an IDLH of 10 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjuated 0.5-11r Derived 

Speclea Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Dalhamn 1957 ... -_ ..... 260 2hr 416 ppm (1.6) 42 ppm 

Lethal doee data: 

LDIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Routs (mg/kg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Rat Abdel-Rahman et al. 1982 oral 292 ----- 729 ppm 73 ppm 

Human data .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . It has been reported that 5 ppm is definitely irritating and that 

19 ppm caused the death of one worker inside a tank (time of 

exposure was not specified) [Elkins 1950]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 5 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH is 5 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Elkins 1950]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Abdel-Rahman MS, Gerges SE, Alliger H [1982]. Toxicity of alcide. J Appl Toxicol2(3):160-164. 

2. AIHA [1958]. Chlorine dioxide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:261-262. 

3. Dalhamn T [1957]. Chlorine dioxide: toxicity in animal experiments and industrial risks. AMA Arch Ind Health 

15(2):101-107. 

4. Elkins HB [1950]. Chlorine dioxide, CI02• In: The chemistry of industrial toxicology. New York, NY: John Wiley 

& Sons, Inc., pp. 87-88. 

5. Gloemme J, Lundgren KD [1957]. Health hazards from chlorine dioxide. AMA Arch Ind Health 16:169-176. 

96 
Chlorine trifluoride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short·term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7790-91·2 

0.1 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) CEILING 

0.1 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.38 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless gas or a greenish-yellow liquid (below 53° F) with a 

somewhat sweet, suffocating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

20 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the following data presented by 

Hom and Weir [1955] concerning the inhalation toxicology of 

chlorine trifluoride. "Two dogs and 20 rats were exposed 

6 hours/day for 2 days to 21 ppm. No mortality occurred among 

the animals, but during the first day's exposure, the dogs 

became nauseated, coughed up a small quantity of mucous 

material, and had rapid respiration and salivation. Both the rats 

and the dogs had a singed feel to their fur.· This is probably a 

conservative IDLH because Deichmann and Gerarde [1969] 

made the statement that 50 ppm or more may be fatal in 0.5 to 

2 hours. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1Q.min EEGL: 7 ppm 

3Q.min EEGL: 3 ppm 

6Q.min EEGL: 1 ppm 

LCIa LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat DeBt et a1. 1974 LC100 : 800 ----- 15 min 632 ppm (0.79) 63 ppm 

Rat DeBt et a1. 1974 LC100 : 400 --_ ...... 35 min 420 ppm (1.05) 42 ppm 

Rat Horn and Weir 1955 95 ----- 4hr 190 ppm (2.0) 19 ppm 

MOUBe MaeBwen and Vemot 1970 178 ----- 1hr 223 ppm (1.25) 22 ppm 

Monkey MaeBwen and Vemot 1970 230 ......... -- 1hr 288 ppm (1.25) 29 ppm 

Rat Vemot et a1. 1977 299 ----- 1hr 374 ppm (1.25) 37 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No mortality occurred among 2 dogs and rats exposed to 21 ppm 

for 6 hours but the dogs became nauseated, coughed up a small 

amount of mucous material, and had rapid respiration and 

salivation (Hom and Weir 1955]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 50 ppm or more may be fatal in 

30 minutes to 2 hours [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). 

RevlHd IDLH: 20 ppm [Unchanged] 

a.sis for revlHd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969] and animals 

(Hom and Weir 1955; Macewen and Vemot 1970], the Original IDLH for chlorine trifluoride (20 ppm) is not being revised 

at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Chlorine trifluoride. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New YOnt, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., p. 651. 

2. Dost FN, Reed OJ, Smith VN, Wang CH [1974]. Toxic properties of chlorine trifluoride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

27:527·536. 

97 
Chlorine trifluoride (continued) 

3. Hom HJ, Weir RJ [1955]. Inhalation toxicology of chlorine trifluoride. AMA Arch Ind Health 12:515-517. 

4. MacEwen JD, Vernot CH [1970). Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual technical report: 1970. Wright-Patterson Air 

Force Base, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report AMRL-TR-70-n. 

5. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 12-16. 

6. Vernot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC, Kinkead ER [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI42:417-423. 

98 
Chloroacetaldehyde 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a..is for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

107-20-0 

1 ppm (3 mglm3) CEILING 

1 ppm (3 mglm3

) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (3.2 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless liquid with an acrid, penetrating odor. 

Unknown 

100 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with crotonaldehyde. 

Rinehart [1967] found 100 ppm crotonaldehyde to be a lethal 

concentration for rats for a 4-hour exposure; the LC50 for 

30 minutes was 600 ppm. Human subjects found 45 ppm 

crotonaldehyde very disagreeable and conjundival initation was 

observed [Dow 1962 as cited by ACGIH 1971). Based on the 

data cited above for crotonaldehyde, an IDLH of 100 ppm is 

chosen for chloroacetaldehyde. 

None developed 

Species Reference LC50 LCLA> Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat EPA 1987 200 ......... -- 1 hr 250 ppm (1.25) 25 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLA> 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Lawrence et al. 1972 oral 89 ... ---- 191 ppm 19 ppm 

Mouae Lawrence et al. 1972 oral 82 -_ ........ 176 ppm 18 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers found 45 ppm to be very disagreeable and 

conjunctival irritation was observed [Dow 1962). 

Revised IDLH: 45 ppm 

a.sls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for chloroacetaldehyde is 45 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Dow 1962). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 45 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Crotonaldehyde. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 62-63. 

2. Dow [1962]. Personal communication to a ACGIH TLV Committee member from the Dow Chemical Company, 

Biochemical Research Department. 

3. EPA [1987]. TSCA section 8e submission and status report on chloroacetone and chloroacetaldehyde. Washington, 

DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office ofToxic Substances, Report No. 8EHQ-0387-0660, April 22, 1987. 

4. Lawrence WH, Dillingham EO, Turner JE (1972). Toxicity profile of chloracetaldehyde. J Pharm Sci 61:19-25. 

5. Rinehart WE [1967]. The effect on rats of single exposures to crotonaldehyde vapor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 28:561-566. 

99 
a-Chloroacetophenone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cun-.nt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t.rm expoaure guideli".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCIO 

Rat Ballantyne and Swanston 197a ......... -- Mouse Ballantyne and Swanston 197a ..... _--

Rabbit Ballantyne and Swanston 197a --_ .... G. pig Ballantyne and Swanston 197a --_ ...... 

Human Deichmann and Gerards 1969 ----- Human Prentiss 1937 ......... --

532·27-4 

0.3 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TWA 

0.3 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.32 mglml (0.05 ppm) TWA 

Colorless to gray crystalline solid with a sharp. irritating odor. 

Unknown 

100 mglm3 

ACGIH (1971) reported that the effective concentration to 

produce casualties as estimated from volunteer exposure is 

greater than 100 mglml. Deichmann and Gerarde (1969) 

reported that a fatality followed an exposure of less than 

20 minutes to high concentrations of vapor (5.4 grams in a 34 m3 

room. which is roughly equivalent to 160 mglm3). Based on the 

data cited above. an IOLH of 100 mglm3 is chosen. 

None developed 

Adjuat.cl 0.5-I\r Derived 

LCL,o TIme LC (CF) value 

417 mg/m' 15 min 329 mg/m' (0.79) 33 mg/m' 

600 mg/m> 15 min 47. mg/m> (0.79) .7 mg/m' 

t6S mg/m' 20 min .05 mg/m' (0.a7 .1 mg/m' 

no mg/m> 30 min no mg/m' (1.0) .9 mg/m' 

159 mg/m> 20 min 13a mg/ml (0.a7) 14 mg/m' 

eso mg/m> 10 min Sa7 mg/m' (0.69) 59 mg/m' 

Other animal dati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse). 6.2 mglml [Alarie 1981). 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 31 mglm3 is intolerable after 3 minutes 

[punte et at 1962). 

RevlHd IDLH: 15 mglml 

Baal. for revlHd IDLH: The revised IOLH for a-chloroacetophenone is 15 mg/ml based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Punte et at 1962). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). alphe-Chloroacetophenon. In: Documentation of threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemrnentallndustrial Hygieniats. pp. 48-49. 

2. Alarie Y (1981). Doae-reapon .. anaIylia in animal studies: prediction of human reaponaea. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Ballantyne B. Swanston OW (1978). The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 

2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Arch Toxicol40:75-95. 

4. Oeichmann WB. Gerarde HW (1969). Chloroacetophenone. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemical.. New York. NY: 

Academic PreM. Inc •• p. 163. 

5. Prentiu AM [1937]. Chemicala in war. A treatise on chemical warfare. New York, NY: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 

Inc .• pp. 142·144. 

6. Punte CL. Ballard TA. Weimer JT [1962]. Inhalation stucliea with chloroacetophenone. diphenylamlnochloroarsine a.nd 

pelargonic morphoIide. I. Animal expoaurea. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc J 23:194-198. 

100 
Chlorobenzene 

CAS number ................................. . 108-90-7 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to worXers. 

75 ppm (350 mg/m3) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original(SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (46 mglm3) TWA 

Color1ess liquid with an almond-like odor. 

1.3% (10% LEL, 1,300 ppm) 

2,400 ppm 

a.aia for original (SCP) IDLH .................. .. AIHA [1964] reported that 8,000 ppm was fatal to cats in 30 minutes [Patty 1963; Flury and Zemik 1931]. patty [1963] reported 

that the exposure of cats for 1 hour to 2,400 to 2,900 ppm 

causes unsteadiness. tremor, and twitching [Flury and 

Zemik 1931]. Based on the data cited above, an IOLH of 

2.400 ppm is chosen for this draft technical standard. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LC .... AdJuat8d O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Eastman 1978 LCn : 22,000 ... _--- 2.3 hr 36,520 ppm (1.66) 3.652 ppm 

Rat Eutman 1978 Len: 9,000 ----- 3 hr 16.200 ppm (1.8) 1.620 ppm 

Cat Flury and Zernik 1931 8,000 3 hr 8.000 ppm (1.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LO .... Speci .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mglkg) AdJuat8d LD Derived value 

Rat Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral 2,290 ----- 3,425 ppm 343 ppm 

Rabbit Clayton and Clayton 1981 oral 2,250 ----- 3,365 ppm 337 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 2,300 ..... --- 3 ..... 0 ppm 3.... ppm 

G. pig Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 2,250 ----- 3.365 ppm 337 ppm 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RO!lO (mouse), 1,054 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revlaed IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

a.aia for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for chlorobenzene is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [DeCeaurriz at a!. 1981; Flury and Zemik 1931]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1964]. Chlorobenzene. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:97-99. 

2. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eels. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. New 

YorX, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 3603. 

3. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airbome 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett e:137-143. 

4. Eastman Kodak Company [1978]. Toxicity and health hazard summary. Rochester, NY. [From ACGIH (1971). 

Chlorobenzene. In: Documentation of threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 48-49.] 

5. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dimple, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Gennany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 337 (in German). 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicornetric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under lingle 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 34. 

7. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. ToxiCOlogy. New Yor1t, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1334. 

101 
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Sul»tance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Bul. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data· 

LCIO 

Spec'" Reference (ppm) 

Rat Ballantyne and Swanston 1978 ............... 

Mouse Bsllantyne and Swanston 1978 ...... -_ ... 

Rabbit Ballantyne and Swanston 1978 ... --_ ... 

G. pig Ballantyne and Swanston 1978 -----

Other animal data ............................. . 

Human data .................................. . 

RevlHd IDLH: 2 mgIm3 [Unchanged) 

2698-41·1 

0.05 ppm (0.4 mglml") CEILING [skin] 

0.05 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) TWA 

0.05 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) CEILING [skin] 

0.05 ppm (0.39 mglml") CEILING [skin] 

White crystalline solid with a pepper-like odor. 

Unknown 

2 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the Army [1961} report that a 

2-minute exposure to concentrations between 2 and 10 mglm3 

was considered ·intolerable· by 6 of 15 persons. Grant [1974] 

reported that human volunteers have found concentrations 

greater than 10 mglml to be extremely irritating. intolerable for 

more than 30 seconds because of burning and pain in the eyes 

and chest [Punte et al. 1963}. 

None developed 

LCIA AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC(CF) value 

1,806 mg/m' 45 min 2,059 'mg/m' (1.14) 206 mg/m' 

2,753 mg/m' 20 min 2,643 mg/m' (0.96) 264 mg/m' 

1,802 mg/m' 10 min 1,243 mg/m' (0.69) 124 mg/m' 

2,326 mg/m' 10 min 1,605 mg/m' (0.69) 161 mg/III' 

RDIO(mouse). 4.08 mglml [Alarie 1981]. 

It has been reported that median incapacitating concentrations 

range from 12 to 20 mglml after about 20 seconds of exposure [U.S. Depts of Army arid Air Force 1963] and that a 2·mlnute 

exposure to concentrations between 2 and 10 mglm3 was 

considered "intolerable" by 6 of 15 persons [Anny 1961]. In 

another study. 3 of 4 volunteers exposed to 1.5 mglrn3 (or 90 minutes developed headaches and 1 volunteer developed slight eye and nose irritation; human volunteers have found 

concentrations greater than 10 mglm3 to be extremely irritating and intolerable for more than 30 seconds because of burning 

and pain in the eyes and che~t unte et al. 1963]. Exposures above 14 mglm3 for 1 hour Uced extreme initation. 

erythema. aOd vesication the skin of volunteers [Weigand 1969). 

Bula for reviMd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in human volunteers [Army 1961; Punta et at 1963; 

U.S. Depts of Army and fijr Force 1963; Weigand 1969]. the originallDLH for o-chIorobenzylidene malononitrile (2 mglm3) 

is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981}. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 42:9-13. 

2. Army (1961]. U.S.~. Chemical Corps Safety Directive No. 385-12. Safety guide for processing. filling. handling and 

deconlamination of CS and CS1. EdaeWood Arsenal. MD: CML C S[)'385-12. p. 4. 

3. Ballantyne B. Swanston OW (1978). The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 

2-chlorobenzvtidene malonoriitrile (CS). Arch Toxicol 40:75-95. 

4. Grant WM (1974). Toxicology of the eye. 2nd ed. Springfield. IL: C.C. Thomas. pp. 263-264. 

5. Punte CL. Owens EJ. Gutentaa PJ [1963]. Exposures to ortho-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile: controlled human 

exposures. Arch Environ Heaffh 6:366-374. 

6. U.S. Departments of the Army and Air Force (19631. Military chemistry and chemical agents. Washington. DC: Army Technical Manual TM3-215; Air Force Manual AFM 355-7. December 1963. 

7. Weigand DA [1969]. Cutaneous reaction to the riot control agent CS. Milit Med 134:437. 

102 
Chlorobromomethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm expoaura guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Referance (ppm) 

74-97-5 

200 ppm (1,050 mgtm3) TWA 

200 ppm (1,050 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

200 ppm (1,060 mgtm3

) TWA 

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

5,000 ppm 

Patty (1963) reported that light narcosis could be produced In 

animals at 3,000 ppm, and pulmonary edema and deaths during 

exposure at 27,000 ppm; delayed deaths occurred after 

exposure to 20,000 ppm (Comstock at a\. 1953). Patty (1963) 

also reported that guinea pigs survived 1-hour exposures but 

1 of 3 guinea pigs died after 2-hour exposures to 8,000 to 

10,000 ppm (Matson and Dufour 1948). NIOSH (1974) cited 

1,550 ppm as the mouse LCLO (Svirbely et a\. 1947]. Scheel 

(member of the Standards Completion Program Respirator 

Committee), in an evaluation of the work of Van Stee (1974), 

determined a cardiac toxicity concentration for 

chlorobromomethane of 7,000 ppm. Based on an evaluation of 

the toxicological data cited above, an IDLH of 5,000 ppm was 

chosen. 

None developed 

LCLa AdJuatad O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) nme LC(CF) value 

Rat Comstock et al. 1952 .......... 28,800 15 min 18,720 ppm (0.65) 1,872 ppm 

Rat Comstock and Oberst 1953 .......... 29,000 15 min 18,850 ppm (0.65) 1,885 ppm 

Mouse Comstock and Oberst 1953 .... --- 27,000 15 min 17,550 ppm (0.65) 1,755 ppm 

G. pig Matson and Dufour 1948 LC,,: 27,000 ...... -- 2hr 47,600 ppm (2.38) 4,760 ppm 

G. pig Matson and Dufour 1948 LC,,: 27,000 ----- 2hr 19,040 ppm (2.38) 1,904 ppm 

Mouse Svirbely et al. 1947 3, 000 ----- 7hr 15,600 ppm (5.2) 1,560 ppm 

"Note: Conversion fador (CF) was determined with "n" = 1.6 (ten Berge et a\. 1966). 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD .. ~ Specl .. Reference Routs (mg/kg) (mg/kg) AdJuatad LD Derived value 

Rat Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 oral 5,000 ----- 6,506 ppm 651 ppm 

Mouse SVirbely et al. 1947 oral 4,300 ----- 5.595 ppm 560 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

easls for ravlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for chlorobromomethane is 2.000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in animals (Comstock et a\. 1952; Comstock and Oberst 1953; Matson and Dufour 1948). This may be a conservative 

value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

103 
Chlorobromomethane (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Comstock C. Fogleman RW. Oberst FW (1953). Acute narcotic effects of monochloro-rnonobromomethane vapor in rats. 

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 7:526-528. 

2. Comstock CC. MacNamee JK. Ozbum EE. Fogelman RW. Oberst FW [1952]. Monochloro-monobrornomethane: 

inhalation toxicity. pathology. and symptomatology in rats and mice. Army Chemical Center. MD: Chemical Corps 

Medical Laboratories. Research Report '113. 

3. Comstock CC. Oberst FW [1953]. Comparative inhalation toxicities of four halogenated hydrocarbons to rats and mice in 

the presence of gasoline fires. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 7: 157-167. 

4. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW [1969]. Methylene chlorobromide (bromochloromethane). In: Toxicology of drugs and 

chemicals. New York. NY: Academic Press. Inc .• pp. 390-391. 

5. Matson AF. Dufour RE [1948]. The life hazards and nature of the produds formed when chlorobromomethane 

extingUisher liquid is applied to fires. Chicago. II: Underwriter's Laboratories Inc .• Bulletin of Research No. 42. p. 19. 

6. NIOSH (1974). PA52500. Bromochloromethane. In: The toxic substances list. 1974 ed. Rockville. MD: U.S. 

Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134. p. 476. 

7. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• pp. 1271-1272. 

8. Svirbely JL. Highman B. Alford we. von Oettingen WF [1947]. The toxicity and narcotic action of 

mono-c:hloro-mono-bromo-methane with special reference to inorganic and volatile bromide in blood. urine and brain. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 29:382-389. 

9. ten Berge WF. Zwart A. Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

10. Van Stee EW [1974]. A review of the toxicology of halogenated fire extinguishing agents. Wright-Patterson Air Force 

Base. Ohio: Aerospace Medical Division. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Air Force Systems Command. 

AMRL-TR-74-143. 

104 
Chlorodiphenyl 

CAS numbers ................................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH for chlorodlphenyl (42% CI) ... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH for chlorodiphenyl (54% CI) ... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Specl .. R.ference 

Chlorodiphenyl 

Mouse Tanaka et al. 1969 

Chlorodiphenyl (42' Cll 

Rat Bruckner et al. 1973 

Chlorodiphenyl (5tt Cll 

Rat Garihoff et al. 1981 

53469-21-9 (42% CI); 11097-69-1 (54% el) 

0.001 mglm3 TWA; NIOSH considers chlorodiphenyl to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 eFR 1990). 

42% CI: 1 mglm3 TWA [skin); 

54% CI: 0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

1 mg/m3 TWA [skin); 0.5 mg/m'TWA [skin) (54% CI) 

Colorless to light-colored. viscous liquid with a mild. hydrocarbon 

odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

10 mg/m3 

In the absence of any other toxicological data. the chosen IOLH 

is based on the human TCLO (resulting in an irritant effect) of 

10 mg/m3 [Elkins 1959 cited by NIOSH 1976). 

5mg/m3 

In the absence of human exposure data or data on acute animal 

exposure. data on chronic animal exposures were used to 

determine the IOLH. The chosen IOLH is based on inhalation 

exposure data reported by AIHA (1965) that indicated liver 

damage occurs in rats chronically exposed (7 hours/day for 

83 exposures during 121 days) to 5.4 mg/m3 chlorodiphenyl 

(54% chlorine) [Treon et al. 1956). 

None developed 

LDIO LOLo 

Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

oral l,900 ... _--- l3,300 IIIg/m' l,330 mg/m' 

oral 4,250 ----- 29,750 mg/m' 2,975 mg/m' 

oral l,OlO ----- 7,070 mg/m' 707 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ehlorodiphenyl (42% CI) had no discemable effects in cats. 

rabbits. guinea pigs. rats. and mice after 150 seven-hour 

exposures to 1.9 mg/m' over 7 months [Treon et al. 1956); 

17 seven-hour exposures over 24 days at 8.6 mg/m3 also 

appeared to be noninjurious [Treon et al. 1956). Slight, 

reversible. nonspecific liver injury was noted in cats. rabbits. 

guinea pigs. rats. and mice exposed to 1.5 mg/m3 of 

chlorodiphenyl (54% el) for 7 hours/day for 150 days; 5.4 mglm3 

resulted in more extensive but reversible liver damage [Treon et 

al.1956). 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that concentrations above 10 mg/m3 were 

unbearably irritating [Elkins 1959). Several deaths due to 

atrophy of the liver have occurred among workers chronically 

exposed to the fumes of chlorodiphenyls and 

chloronaphthalenes [von Wedel et al. 1943). 

105 
Chlorodiphenyl (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 5 mg/m3 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for chlorodiphenyl is 5 mg/m3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Elkins 1959] and animals [Treon et al. 1956). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that 

the "most protective" respirators be wom for chlorodiphenyl at concentrations above 0.001 mg/m3.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. Chlorodiphenyls (containing 42% and 54% chlorine). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assce J 

26:92-94. 

2. Bruckner JV, Khanna KL, Comish HH [1973]. Biological responses of the rat to polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 24:434-448. 

3. Elkins HB [1959]. Chemistry of industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 153. 

4. Garihoff LH, Cerra FE, Marks EM [1981]. Blood chemistry alterations in rats after single and multiple gavage 

administration of polychlorinated biphenyl. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 60:3~. 

5. NIOSH [1976J. TO 13560. Polychlorinated biphenyl (Arodor 1242). In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 

1976 ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public HeaHh Service, Center for Disease 

Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 944. 

6. Tanaka K, Fujita 5, Komatsu F, Tamura N [1969]. Experimental subacute poisoning of chlorobiphenyls, particularly the 

influence on the serum lipids in rats. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 60(6):544-547 (in Japanese). 

7. Treon JF, Cleveland FP, Cappel J, Atchley RW [1956]. The toxicity of the vapors of Aroelor 1242® and Arodor 1254®. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc 017:204-213. 

8. von Wedel, Holla WA, Denton J [1943]. Observations on the toxic effects resulting from exposure to chlorinated 

naphthalene and chlorinated phenyls with suggestions for prevention. Rubber Age 53:419-426. 

106 
Chloroform 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-tenn exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

G. pig Clayton 1967 .... _ ..... 

Rat Lehmann and Flury 1943 9,617 

Cat Lehmann et al. 1936 -_ ...... - Human Tab Biol Per 1933 ............. 

67·66-3 

2 ppm (9.78 mglm3

) 60-minute STEL; NIOSH considers 

chloroform to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined 

by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) CEILING 

2 ppm (9.78 mglm3

) TINA 

10 ppm (49 mglm3

) TINA, A2 

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963) that 

1,024 ppm produced dizziness, intracranial pressure, and 

nausea after 7 minutes with definite after-effects [Lehmann and 

Flury 1943). Also, Lehmann et al. (1936) reported that a 

2·minute exposure to 1,107 ppm caused dizziness and vertigo. 

Because a person may become disoriented at concentrations 

greater than 1,000 ppm and be unable to escape, 1,000 ppm is 

chosen as the IDLH. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1·hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 30 ppm 

LCLa Adjusted O.5-hr 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

20,000 2hr 32,000 ppm (1.6) 

---_ .. 4hr 19,235 ppm (2.0) 

7,056 4hr 14,113 ppm (2.0) 

25,000 5 min 13,750 ppm (0.55) 

Derived 

value 

3,200 ppm 

1,924 ppm 

1,411 ppm 

1,375 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that inhalation of 10,000 ppm has produced 

clinical anesthesia [NIOSH 1974) and that exposure for 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

2 minutes to 1,107 ppm has caused dizziness and vertigo 

[Lehmann et al. 1936). Worlters exposed 4 hours/day to 

concentrations of 57 to 71 ppm complained of lassitude, loss of 

appetite, and nausea [Challen et al. 1958). Exposures to 

390 ppm were tolerated for 30 minutes without complaint, 

whereas 1,030 ppm resulted in dizziness, intracranial pressure, 

and nausea in 7 minutes, with headache for several hours 

[Lehmann and Flury 1943]. 

Basis for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for chloroform is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Lehmann and Flury 1943). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for chloroform at concentrations above 2 ppm.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Challen PJR, Hickish DE, Bedford J [1958). Chronic chloroform intoxication. Br J Ind Med 15:243-249. 

2. Clayton JW Jr [1967]. Fluorocarbon toxicity and biological action. Fluor Chem Rev 1(2):197·252. 

3. Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. [1943). Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. Translated by E. King and 

H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, p. 141. 

107 
Chloroform (continued) 

4. Lehmann KB, Schmidt-Kehl L, Ruf H, Crescitelli, Dahl, Eppinghausen, Eshe, Falker, Grotefendt, Junkenita, Maier, 

Mergner, Pantehtsch, Schlitzer, Sheenes, Spettmann, Wirges, Bamsreiter, Benninger, Lazarus, Manasse, Kummeth, 

Reuss, Schwarzweller [1936]. The 13 most important chlorinated hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series from the 

standpoint of occupational hygiene. Arch Hyg BakterioI116:132-200 (translated). 

5. Lundberg I, Ekdahl M, Kronevi T, Udums V, Lundberg S [1986]. Relative hepatotoxicity of some industrial solvents after 

intraperitoneal injection or inhalation exposure in rats. Environ Res 40:411-420. 

6. NIOSH [1974]. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to chloroform. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. 

Department of Heahh, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Heahh, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 75-114. 

7. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 57-76. 

8. Patty FA, ed. [1963}. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1261. 

9. Tab Bioi Per (1933); 3:231 (in German). 

108 
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substanc. . ..................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

600-25-9 

2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA 

20 ppm (1oo mg/m3) TWA 

2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA 

2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. 

Unknown 

2,000 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement in Patty [1963] that 

1 of 2 guinea pigs died following a i-hour exposure to 

Short-term .x~ure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal conc.ntratlon data: 

Specl.s R.f .... nc. 

G. pig Machle et al. 1945 

Rabbit Machle et al. 1945 

Rabbit Machle et al. 1945 

G. pig Machle et al. 1945 

Mouse Neklesova and Kudrina 1969 

L.thal dos. data: 

Specl .. R.ference 

Rabbit Machle et al. 1945 

Rat Marhold 1986 

Mouse Neklesova and Kudrina 1969 

2,178 ppm; no rabbits died from this exposure, and no rabbits or 

guinea pigs died from a 1-hour exposure to 1,069 ppm [Machle 

et al. 1945]. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) value 

2,178 .. -.. -.. 1hr 2,723 ppm (1.25) 272 ppm 

----- 389 6hr 895 ppm (2.3) 90 ppm 

LC1OO : 2,574 .. ---- 6hr 5.920 ppm (2.3) 592 ppm 

----.. 3.502 2hr 5.603 ppm (1.6) 560 ppm 

12,840 ----- 3hr 23.112 ppm (1.8) 2.311 ppm 

LDso LDLo 

Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

oral ...... -- so 6B ppm 6.8 ppm 

oral ----- 50 6B ppm 6.8 ppm 

oral 510 ----- 695 ppm 70 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

R.vlsed IDLH: 100 ppm 

easls for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1-chloro-1-nitropropane is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals [Machle et al. 1945]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Machle W. Scott rNI. Treon JF. Heyroth FF, Kitzmiller KV [1945]. The physiological response of animals to eertain 

chlorinated mononitroparaffins. J Ind Hyg Toxicol27(4):95-102. 

2. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslov. Toxikologie. Organicke Latky. Pragu., Czechoalovakia: Avicenum. p. 596 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

3. Neklesova 10, Kudrina MA [1969]. Comparativ. toxicological charact.ristics of certain chloronitroparaffins. Gig Sanit 

34(1O-12):42~32 (translated). 

4. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2082. 

109 
Chloropicrin 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baals for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

76-06-2 

0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/ml) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/ml) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.67 mg/ml) TWA 

Colorless to faint-yellow. oily liquid with an intensely irritating 

odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

4 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Flury and 

Zemik (1931) cited in ACGIH (1971) and Patty (1963). and by 

Prentiss (1937] cited in ILO (1971) that a few seconds exposure 

to 4 ppm renders a man unfit for action. According to 

Patty (1963). a 1O-minute exposure to 7.5 ppm is intolerable 

(Flury and Zemik 1931; Prentiss 1937]; therefore. a 

concentration this high might impede escape within 30 minutes. 

None developed 

LCso LC ... Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Human Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 -_ ....... 293 10 min 202 ppm (0.69) 20 ppm 

Mouse Okada et a1. 1970 ..... -.... 340 1 min 109 ppm (0.32) 11 ppm 

Cat Rit10p 1939 .... --.. 117 20 min 102 ppm (0.87) 10 ppm 

Mouse sangyo Igaku 1973 9.7 -_ ...... 4 hr 19 ppm (2.0) 2 ppm 

Rat Sine 1993 117 ....... -- 20 min 102 ppm (0.87) 10 ppm 

Rat Yoshida et a1. 1991 14.4 ----- 4hr 29 ppm (2.0) 3 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse). 7.98 ppm (Alarie 1981). 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 4 ppm for a few seconds renders a 

worker unfit for activity and that a 1O-minute exposure to 7.5 ppm 

is intolerable (Flury and Zemik 1931). 

Revised IDLH: 2 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for chloropicrin is 2 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in workers 

(Flury and Zemik 1931) and animals (Sangyo Igaku 1973). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971]. Chloropicrin. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. p. 54. 

2. Alarie Y (1981]. Doae-response analysiS in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane: nitrochloroform; pidume). In: Toxicology of 

drugs and chemicals. New Yori(, NY: Acadernic Press. Inc .• pp. 169-170. 

4. Flury F. Zemik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dlmpfe. nebel. rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von JUlius 

Springer. pp. 418-419 (in German). 

5. ILO [1971]. Chloropicrin. In: Encydopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva. 

Switzerland: International Labour Office. p. 294. 

6. Okada E. et al. (1970). A study of chloropicrin intoxication. Nippon Naika Gakkai ZaBShi (Joumal of the Japanese 

Society of Internal Medicine) 59(11):1214 (in Japanese). (From ACGIH [1971]. Chloropicrin. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Governmental 

Industrial Hygienists. p. 54.) 

110 
Chloropicrin (continued) 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 2082-2083. 

8. Prentiss AM [1937]. Chemicals in war. A treatise on chemical warfare. New York, NY: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 

Inc., p. 140. 

9. Ritlop B [1939]. Das todlicehkeitsprodukt des chlorpikrins. Zeit Ges Exp Med 106:296-302 (in German). 

10. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Journal of Industrial Health) [1973]. Inhalation toxicity of phosgene and trichloronitromethane 

(chloropicrin). 15:406-407 (in Japanese). 

11. Sine C, ed. [1993]. Chloropicrin. In: Farm chemicals handbook '93, p. C78. 

12. Yoshida M, Murao N, Tsuda S, Shirasu Y [1991]. Effects of mode of exposure on acute inhalation toxicity of chloropicrin 

vapor in rats. Nippon Noyaku Gakkaishi (Journal of the Pesticide Science Society of Japan) 16:63-69. 

111 
B-Chloroprene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEl .......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

126-99-8 

1 ppm (3.6 mglm3

) 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH considers 

B-chloroprene to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

25 ppm (90 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

10 ppm (35 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

10 ppm (36 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Coloness liquid with a pungent, ether-like odor. 

4.0% (10% LEL, 4,000 ppm) 

400 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

no mice died from a 1-hour exposure to 277 ppm, but all mice 

died from a 1-hour exposure to 829.2 ppm [von Oettingen 

et al. 1936]. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 3,207 ..... --- 4 hr 6,414 ppm (2.0) 641 ppm 

Mouse von Oettingen et a1. 1936 LC1oo : 829 .......... 1hr 1,036 ppm (1.25) 104 ppm 

Rabbit von Oett1ngen et a1. 1936 ........... 1,052 8hr 2,629 ppm (2.5) 263 ppm 

Cat von Oett1ngen et a1. 1936 --.. -.. 350 8 hr 876 ppm (2.5) 88 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to 973 ppm has resulted in nausea and giddiness in 

volunteers in 10 to 15 minutes [Nystrom 1948]. Extreme fatigue 

and unbearable chest pain has occurred following a month of 

exposure to concentrations ranging from 56 to 334 ppm 

[Nystrom 1948]. 

Revised IDlH: 300 ppm 

easis for revised IDlH: The revised IOLH for B-chloroprene is 300 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Nystrom 1948]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for B-chloroprene at concentrations above 1 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 38. 

2. Nystrom AE [1948]. Health hazards in the chloroprene rubber industry and their prevention. A clinical and experimental 

study, with special reference to chloroprene and its oxidation and polymerization products. Acta Med Scand 123(Suppl 

219):5-125. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1320. 

4. von Oettingen WF, Hueper we, Oeichmann-Grubler W, Wiley FH [1936]. 2-Chlorobutadiene (chloroprene): its toxicity 

and pathology and the mechanism of its action. J Ind Hyg Toxicol18(4):247-249. 

112 
Chromic acid and chromates 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

1338·82·0 (crOJ 

0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3 TWA; NIOSH considers chromic acid and 

chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens as defined 

by the OSHA carcinogen policy (29 CFR 1990). 

0.1 mg CrOJm' CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

Water soluble: 0.05 mg CrOJm3 TWA; 

Certain water insoluble: 0.05 rna CrOJm' TWA, A 1 

Varies 

30 mglm3 (as crOJ 

Very little quantitative data are available conceming the acute 

toxicity produced by the inhalation of chromic acid and 

chromates. AIHA (1956) reported that both the short exposure 

tolerance to chromic acid and the atmospheric concentration 

immediately dangerous to life are unknown. The chosen IDLH is 

based on the statements by ILO (1971) that wa man exposed for 

several days to concentrations of chromic acid mist of about 20 

to 30 mglm3 experienced cough, headache, dyspnea. and 

substernal pain; the signs persisted for 2 weeks. Another man 

working on the same process was similarly but less severely 

affected. W No other useful data are available on which to base 

the IDLH. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

H,CrO,'2Na 

Rat Gad et al. 1986 oral 51.9 ......... _- 113 mg Cr (VI) 1m3 11 mg Cr (VI) 1m3 

CrO, 

Mouse Chi J Prev Med 1980 oral 127 ......... -- 462 mg Cr(VI) 1m3 46 mg Cr(VI) 1m3 

Rat Kobayashi et al. 1976 oral 80 ----- 291 mg Cr (VI) 1m3 29 mg Cr (VI) 1m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A worker exposed for several days to concentrations of chromic 

acid mist of about 20 to 30 mglrn' (equivalent to about 10 to 15 

mg Cr(VI)/m,) experienced cough, headache. dyspnea. and 

substernal pain; the signs persisted for 2 weeks (ILO 1971). 

Another man working on the same process was similarly but less 

severely affected (ILO 1971). The fatal oral dose of chromium 

has been reported to be 1 to 3 grams (Seiler et al. 1988). (Note: 

Revised IDLH: 15 rna Cr(VI)/m3 (Unchanged] 

An oral dose of 1 to 3 grams is equivalent to a 70-kg worker 

being exposed to 667 to 2.000 rna Cr(VI)/m' for 30 minutes. 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.) 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on toxicity data in humans (ILO 1971; Seiler et al. 1988). the originallDLH for chromic 

acid and chromates is not being revised at this time. However. insteed of 30 mglm3 (as crOJ. the IDLH is being 

expressed as its equivalent. 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3

• (Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for chromic acid and chromates at concentrations above 0.001 mg Cr(IV}/m3.) 

113 
Chromic acid and chromates (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1956]. Chromic acid. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 17:233-234. 

2. Chi J Prev Med [1980]; 14:aeHl8 (in Chinese). 

3. Gad SC, et al. [1986]. Acute toxicity of four chromate salts, Proceedings of the Chromium Symposium, pp. 43-58. In: 

DHHS/ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft). p. 51. 

4. ILO [1971]. Chromium, alloys, compounds. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). 

Geneva, Switzeriand: Intemational Labour Office, pp. 295-297. 

5. Kobayashi H, Kamiya N, Hiraga K [1976]. Toxicological studies on chromium: acute toxicities of chromium trioxide. 

Annual Report ofTokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health 27:119-123 (in Japanese). 

6. Seiler HG, Sigel H, Sigel A, ads. [1988]. Handbook on the toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York, NY: Marcel 

Dekker, Inc., p. 247. 

114 
Chromium(lI) compounds [as Cr(II)] 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IOlH* ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelinee ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Specie. Reference Route 

CrC1, 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1969 eral 

Varies 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IOLH = 250 mg Cr(II)/m3 - see 

discussion below.] 

ACGIH [1971] noted that early studies indicated trivalent 

chromium to be essentially nontoxic [Akatsuka and 

FaimaIl1934). The available toxicological data show no 

evidence that an acute exposure to a high concentration of 

soluble chromous salts would impede escape or cause any 

irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For this draft 

technical standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each 

device. However, for some particulate substances for which no 

evidence of an IOLH exists, the determination of allowable 

respiratory protection based on protection factors may result in 

the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not 

likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 )( the OSHA PEL; in the case of chromium(lI) compounds, 

500 )( the OSHA PEL of 0.5 mg Cr(II)/m3 is 250 mg Cr(II)/m3• 

None developed 

LOIO LOLa 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

1,870 ----- 5,528 mg Cr(II) 1m' 553 mg Cr (II) 1m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that divalent chromium compounds (i.e., 

chromous salts) have a low order of toxicity and provide little 

industrial hazard [ACGIH 1971; Akatsuka and FairhaIl1934; 

Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

Revised IDLH: 250 mg Cr(II)lm3 

Basi. for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of chromium(lI) compounds would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. However, the revised IOLH for chromium(lI) compounds is 250 mg Cr(II)/rnl based on being 500 times the 

NIOSH REL of 0.5 mg Cr(II)/m3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the 

Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be uaecl for particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971). Chromium (as Cr). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 56. 

2. Akatsuka K, Faimall LT [1934). The toxicology of chromium. J Ind Hyg 16:1-28 

3. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons,lnc., pp. 159'3-1596. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS [1969]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30:47a-.76. 

115 
Chromium(lII) compounds [as Cr(III)] 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH" ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short·tann exposure guideli".. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Speeies Reference Route 

CrCl, 

Rat Gekltan yaltuji 1980 oral 

CrF, 

G. pig Gekltan yaltuji 1980 oral 

Cr(MO,). 

Rat Gekltan yaltuj i 1980 oral 

Mou.e Sangyo Igaltu 1978 oral 

Varies 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence ["Note: "Effective" IDLH • 250 rna Cr(III)/m3 - see 

discussion below.) 

ACGIH (1971) noted that early studies indicated trivalent 

chromium to be essentially nontoxic [Akatsuka and 

Fairhall1934). The available toxicological data show no 

evidence that an acute exposure to a high concentration of 

soluble chromic salts would impede escape or cause any 

irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For this draft 

technical standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each 

device. However, for some particulate substances for which no 

evidence of an IDLH exists, the determination of allowable 

respiratory protection based on protection factors may result in 

the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not 

likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 II the OSHA PEL; in the case of chromium(lII) compounds, 

500 II the OSHA PEL of 0.5 mg Cr(III)/m3 is 250 mg Cr(III)/m3

• 

None developed 

LO. LOL,o 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

1,870 ----- .,320 mg Cr(III)/m' .32 mg cr(III)/m' 

150 ... -... -- 500 mg Cr(III)/~ SO mg Cr(III)/m' 

3,250 ... ---- .,961 mg Cr(III)/~ U6 mg Cr(III) /m' 

110 ----- 168 mg Cr(III)/~ 17 mg Cr(III) /m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that trivalent chromium compounds (i.e., 

chromic salts) have a low order of toxicity and provide little 

industrial hazard [ACGIH 1971; Akatsuka and Fairhall1934; 

Clayton and Clayton 1981) 

Revised IOLH: 25 rna Cr(III)/m' 

a.sls for revised IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for chromium(lII) 

compounds. Therefore, the revised IDLH for chromium(lII) compounds is 25 mg Cr(III)/rn3 based on acute oral toxicity 

data in animals [Gekkan Yakuji 1980; Sangyo Igaku 1978). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 25 mg Cr(III)/m3. 

116 
Chromium(lII) compounds [as Cr(lII)] (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Chromium (as Cr). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 56. 

2. Akatsuka K, Fairhall LT [1934]. The toxicology of chromium. J Ind Hyg 16:1-28. 

3. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1593-1596. 

4. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22(2):291-298 (in Japanese). 

5. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Journal of Industrial Health) [1978]; 20:590-591 (in Japanese). 

117 
Chromium metal (as Cr) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

7440-47-3 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Blue-white to steel-gray, lustrous, brittle, hard, odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence [*Note: "Effective" IDLH = 500 mg Cr/m3 - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicologicel data show no evidence that an acute 

exposure to a high concentration of chromium metal would 

impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore. for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 " the OSHA PEL of 1 mg Cr/m3, or 500 mg Cr/m3

• 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 250 mg Cr/m3 

easis for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of chromium metal would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However. the revised IDLH for chromium metal is 250 mg Cr/m3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 

0.5 mg Cr/m3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards. 

Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

118 
Coal tar pitch volatiles 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term e~ure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

65996-93-2 

0.1 mglm3 (cyclohexane-extradable fraction) TWA; NIOSH 

considers coal tar pitch volatiles to be potential occupational 

carcinogens as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy 

[29 CFR 1990). 

0.2 mglm3 (benzene-soluble fraction) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 (benzene-soluble fraction) TWA, A 1 

Black or dark-brown amorphous residue. 

Unknown 

700 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 400 mglm'3 - see 

discussion below.) 

Redmond et al. (1972) have shown that the major health effects 

resulting from long-term repeated exposure to coal tar pitch 

volatiles (CTPV) are cancer of the lung, kidney, and skin; 

however, no studies have been made on carcinogenic effects by 

any route from single short-term exposure to CTPV that could 

relate to a 3O-minute IDLH. Therefore, reliance must be placed 

on comparative data of single versus repeated carcinogenic 

doses of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P), a known component of CTPV. 

Bingham (1971) reported that B(a)P applied in a single dose of 

2 mg to the skin of mice yielded tumors in 10% to 20% of the 

animals whereas 0.01 mg B(a)P applied in a noncarcinogenic 

solvent applied to the skin 3 timeslweek for 50 weeks yielded 

tumors in 50% of the animals. Thus, a single dose producing 

about 113 the number of tumors was 200 times the repeated 

3 timeslweek dose. Using this factor and the value of 0.6 mglm3 

CTPV reported by Mazumclar et al. [1975) as safe for coke oven 

workers, a total dose IDLH of 120 mg CTPV (as benzene 

solubles) is calculated; by using 7.5 liters as the minute volume 

of coke oven workers and a 75% lung retention of CTPV a 

30-minute IDLH is calculated to be about 700 mglm3 (as 

benzene soIubles). However, because of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device, 400 mglm3 (I.e., 

2,000 ,. the PEL) is the concentration above which only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJuat.d O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC(CF) value 

Pyrene 

Rat Potapova et a1. 1971 170 mg/m' ----- ? ? ? 

119 
Coal tar pitch volatiles (continued) 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Pyrene 

Rat Potapova et al. 1971 oral 2,700 _ .. -_ .. 18,900 mg/m' 1,890 mg/m' 

Mouse Potapova et al. 1971 oral 800 ----- 5,600 mg/m' 560 mg/m' 

Anthracene 

Mouse Nogochy 1969 oral .. --_ .. >17,00 >119,000 mg/m' >11,900 mg/m' 

0 

Phenanthrene 

Mouse Rakhmanina 1964 oral 700 .. -_ .... 4,900 mg/m' 490 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The major health effects resulting from long-term repeated 

exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) are cancer of the 

lung, kidney, and skin [Redmond et al. 1972); however, no 

studies have been made on carcinogenic effects by any route 

from single short-term exposure to CTPV that could relate to a 

30-minute IDLH. Therefore, reliance must be placed on 

comparative data of Single versus repeated carcinogenic doses 

of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P), a known component of CTPV. It has 

been reported that B(a)P applied in a single dose of 2 mg to the 

skin of mice yielded tumors in 10% to 20% of the animals 

whereas 0.01 mg B(a)P applied in a noncarcinogenic solvent 

applied to the skin 3 timeslweek for 50 weeks yielded tumors in 

50% of the animals [Bingham 1971]. Thus, a Single dose 

producing about 113 the number of tumors was 200 times the 

repeated 3 timeslweek dose. Using this factor and the value of 

0.6 mglm' CTPV reported as safe for coke oven workers 

[Mazumc:tar et al. 1975), a total dose IDLH of 120 mg CTPV (as 

benzene solubles) is calculated; by using 50 liters as the minute 

volume of workers and 100% lung retention of CTPV, a 

3O-minute IDLH is calculated to be about 80 mglm3 (as benzene 

solubles). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 80 mglm3 (as the benzene-soluble fraction) 

BaSis for ... vlsed IDLH: The revised IDLH for coal tar pitch volatiles is 80 mglm' (as the benzene-soluble fraction) 

based on toxicity data in animals [Bingham 1971; Mazumdar et al. 1975; Redmond et al. 1972) (see discussion above). 

[Note: NIOSH recommends al part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for coal tar pitch 

volatiles at concentrations above 0.1 mg/m3 (cyclohexane-extractable fraction).J 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bingham E [1971J. Thresholdl in cancer inductions. If they do exist, do they shift? Arch Environ Health 22:692-695. 

2. Mazumdar S, Redmond C, SoIlecito W, Sussman N (1975). An epidemiological study of exposure to coal tar pitch 

volatiles among coke oven workers. J Air PoIlut Control Assoc 25(4):382-389. 

3. Nagochy PA [1969J. Comparative ltudy of the toxicity of pure and technical anthracene. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 13(5):59 (in 

Russian). 

4. Potapova AN, Kapitulsky VB, et al. (1971). Toxicological evaluation of pyrene. Gig Tr Prof ZaboI15(2):59 (in Russian). 

5. Rakhmanina NL [1964J. Establishing standards for the phenanthrene and pyrene contents in water bodies. Gig Sanit 

29(6):19-23 (translated). 

6. Redmond CK, Ciocca A, Lloyd JW, Rush HW [1972J. Long-term mortality study of steel workers. VI. Mortality from 

malignant neoplalms among coke oven workers. J Occup Med 14(8):621-629. 

120 
Cobalt metal dust and fume (as Co) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ................•........... 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guldeUnes ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

744Q..48-4 (Metal) 

0.05 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.05 mglm3 TWA 

0.05 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

20mg CoIm3 

Browning [1969] made the statement that -metallic cobalt by 

inhalation and soluble salts by intratracheal injection act as acute 

lung irritants, producing oedema, and hemorrhage with a 

considerable outpouring of fluid from the capillaries in the 

peritoneal cavity. Many of the animals subjected to intratracheal 

injection of a suspension of cobalt metal dust developed acute 

pneumonia, often rapidly fatal as an initial reaction.- Because no 

data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base 

an IDLH for cobalt metal fume and dust, the chosen IDLH is 

based on the statement by Patty [1963] that animals chronically 

exposed to a cobalt-metal blend at a coneentration of 20 mg 

Co/m3 developed lesions in the lungs. 

None developed 

LON LOLA 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat FDRL 1984 oral 6,170 ----... 43,190 mg Co/m' ",319 mg Co/m' 

Rabbit Simesen 1939 oral _ ... --- 750 5,250 mg Co/m' 525 mg Co/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that animals chronically exposed for 3 years 

to a cobalt-metal blend at a concentration of 20 mg Co/m3 

developed fibrotic lesions in the lungs [Patty 1963). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for usa in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 20 mg CoIm3 [Unchanged] 

Balli for revised IDLH: Based on chronic toxicity data in animals [Patty 1963], the originallDLH for cobalt metal dust 

and fume (20 mg CoIm3

) is not being revised at this tima. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Browning E (1969). Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, p. 136. 

2. FDRL [19&4]. Acute oral LDSO study of cobalt powder-325 mesh t3N in Sprague Dawley rats. Waverly, NY: Food & 

Drugs Research Leboratories, Inc., FDRL Study No. 8oo5B. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1032. 

4. Simesen M [1939]. The fate of cobalt after oral administration of metallic cobalt and subcutaneous injection of 

carbonatotetraminecobalt chloride, with remarks on the quantitative estimation of cobalt in organic materials. Arch Int 

Pharmaco Ther 62(3):347-356. 

121 
Copper (dusts and mists, as Cu) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidennes 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference LCIO 

CU(OH), 

7440-50-8 (Metal) 

1 mglm3 T'NA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 T'NA 

1 mglm3 T'NA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 2,000 mg Culm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

There is no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of copper dusts and mists could impede escape 

within 30 minutes. Browning (1969) noted that there is little 

evidence that copper presents a serious industrial hazard, either 

from acute or chronic poisoning. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection fador afforded by each device up to 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of 1 mg Culm3 (i.e., 2,000 mg Culm3); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 2,000 rna Culm3

• 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5ohr Derived 

LCLo nme LC (CF) value 

Mammal Worthing 1991 >2, 000 mg/m' ............... ? ? ? 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

CU(OH) , 

Rat Sine 1991 oral 1,000 ---_ ... 4,559 mg CUlm' 456 mg CUlm' 

CUCl 

Rat Coulston and Korte 1975 oral 140 ... --_ ... 629 mg culm' 63 mg CUlm' 

CUC.H.O. 

Rat Marhold 1977 oral 595 ... -....... 1,457 mg culm' 146 mg CUlm' 

CUSO. 

Rat Siegle and Sisler 1977 oral 300 ... _--- 836 mg culm' 84 mg CUlm' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that there is little evidence that copper 

presents a serious industrial hazard, either from acute or chronic 

poisoning [Browning 1969). Inha.lation of copper salts can result 

in irritation of the nasal mucous membran.s [Clayton and 

Clayton 1981). A lethal oral dose of 857 rna of CuSOJkg 

(equivalentto 341 rna Cu/kg) has been reported [Csiky 1958). 

[Note: An oral dose of 341 rna Cu/kg is equivalent to a 70-kg 

worker being exposecl to 227 mg Culm3 for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.) 

122 
Copper (dusts and mists, as Cu) (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 100 mg Culm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for copper dusts and mists is 100 rng Culm3 based on acute oral toxicity data 

in humans [Csiky 1958) and animals [Coulston and Korte 1975; Marhold 1977; Siegel and Sisler 1977]. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data in workers. . 

REFERENCES: 

1. Browning E [1969). Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts, p. 148. 

2. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981). Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1620-1630. 

3. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. [1975). Heavy metal toxicity, safety and honnology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, 

Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1-120. 

4. Csiky P (1958). Uber die akuten kupfersulfat-vergiftungen. Arch Toxiko117:20-26 (in German). 

5. Marhold JV [1977). Personal communication. VUOS, 539-18, Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, March 29,1977. 

6. Siegel MR, Sisler HO [1977). Antifungal compounds. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, p. 507. 

7. Sine C, ed. [1991). Copper hydroxide. In: Farm chemicals handbook '91, p. C89. 

8. Worthing CR, ed. [1991). Copper hydroxide. In: The pesticide manual. A world compendium. 9th ed. Famham, 

Surrey, United Kingdom: The British Crop Protection Council, p. 184. 

123 
Copper fume (as Cu) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1317·38·0 (CuO) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

Finely divided black particulate dispersed in air. 

Noncombustible Solids 

No Evidence [·Note: "Effedive"IDLH = 200 mg Culm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

There is no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of copper fume could impede escape within 

30 minutes. Browning [1969] noted that there is little evidence 

that copper presents a serious industrial hazard, either from 

acute or chronic poisoning. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 II the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mg Culm' (i.e., 200 mg Culm3); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 200 mg Culm3. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to copper fume causes upper respiratory tract irritation, 

metallic taste, nausea, and metal fume fever. It has been 

reported that no ill effects resulted from exposures to copper 

fumes at concentrations up to 0.4 mg Culm3 [Luxon 1972] and 

that there is little evidence that copper presents a serious 

industrial hazard, either from acute of chronic poisoning 

[Browning 1969]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 mg Culm' 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for copper fume is 100 mg Culm3 based on an analogy to copper dusts and 

mists which have a revised IDLH of 100 mg Culm3. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 100 mg Culm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Browning E [1969]. Toxicity ofindusbial metals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Appleton-Cenlury·Crofls, p. 148. 

2. Luxon SG [1972]. Letter to ACGIH TLV Committee. London, England: H.M. Factory Inspectorate, Industrial Hygiene 

Unit, August 1, 1972. 

124 
Cotton dust (raw) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .•............................. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH* ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term expoaure guidelinea 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

none 

<0.200 mglm3 TWA 

1 mg/m3TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

Colorless, odorless solid. 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 500 mglm3 - see 

discussion belOW.] 

The available toxicological data do not indicate that an acute 

exposure to a high concentration of cotton dust would cause 

death or any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For 

this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device. However, for some particulate substances for 

which no evidence of an IDLH exists, the determination of 

allowable respiratory protection based on protection factors may 

result in the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are 

not likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances, it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 Ie the OSHA PEL; in the case of cotton dust (raw), 

500 Ie the OSHA PEL of 1 mglm' is 500 mglm3. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 mglm3 

Baaia for revlaed IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of cotton dust (raw) would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for cotton dust (raw) is 100 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 0.2 mglm3 

(500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for 

deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). [Note: The 1 mglm' OSHA PEL for 

cotton dust applies to the cotton waste processing operations of waste recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning, and 

willowing) and gametting. In other sectors involving cotton, OSHA currently requires in 29 CFR 1919.1043 that workers 

be provided with and required to wear and use a powered, air·purifying respirator equipped with high-efliciency particulate 

filters in concentrations exceeding 100 Ie the applicable OSHA PEL of either 0.2,0.5, or 0.75 mglm3.] 

125 
Crag® herbicide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lOLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

136-78-7 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

15 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Colorless to white crystalline, odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

5,000 mglm3 

According to many sources, crage herbicide is not very toxic to 

mammals. Because no acute inhalation toxicity data are 

available, the chosen IOLH has been estimated from the rat oral 

L050 of 730 mglkg [Gunther 1962 cited by NIOSH 1976]. 

None developed 

L050 LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1961 oral 480 .. --... - 3,360 mg/m' 336 mg/m' 

Rat Gunther 1962 oral 730 ----- 5,110 mg/m' 511 mg/m' 

Mammal Sine 1991 oral 1,230 .............. 8,610 mg/m' 861 mg/m' 

Human data . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 500 mgJrn3 

easls for revised IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for CragGD herbicide. 

Therefore, the revised IOLH for CragGD herbicide is 500 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Carpenter et 

al. 1961; Gunther 1962; Sine 1991]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of acute toxicity data for wortters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Smyth HF Jr. [1961J. Mammalian toxicity of sesone herbicide. J Agri Food Chem 9:382·385 

2. Gunther FA, ed. [1962]. Residues of pesticides and other foreign chemicals in food and feeds. Vol. I. Secaucus, NJ: 

Springer Verlag New Yortt, Inc., p. 18. 

3. NIOSH [1976]. KK49000. Ethanol, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-. hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt. In: Registry of toxic effects 

of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health 

Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, OHEW (NIOSH) Publication 

No. 76-191, p. 503. 

4. Sine C, ed. [1991J. Sesone. In: Farm chemicals handbook '91, p. C273. 

126 
Cresol (0-, m-, p-isomers) 

CAS numbers ................................ . 95-48-7 (o-isomer), 108-39-4 (m-isomer), 106-44-5 (p-isomer) 

2.3 ppm (10 mglm3 NIOSH REL .................................. . ) TWA 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 5 ppm (22 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . Same as current PEL 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 5 ppm (22 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Description of Substance ...................... . lNhite crystals with a sweet, tarry odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL(@300"F), 1,400 ppm) 

250 ppm 

LEL(@300"F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The only quantitative acute inhalation toxicity data available are 

those cited by Patty [1963]. Patty [1963] reported that rats 

exposed for 8 hours to a saturated concentration of cresol 

vapors survived the exposure [Smyth 1956]. The chosen IDLH 

is based on the isomer with the highest vapor pressure, that of 

o-cresol, which yields a saturated concentration of 323 ppm at 

25"C. The chosen IDLH appears to be conservative because no 

rats died as a resuH of this exposure which was for 8 hours. 

Based on the rat oral LDso of 207 mglkg for p-cresol [Biofax 1969 

cited by NIOSH 1976], an IDLH of 250 ppm is reasonable. 

Short-tarm ex~ure guidelines None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

LOll LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Cresols 

Rat Back et al. 1972 oral 1,454 ----- 2,262 ppm 226 ppm 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 oral 861 ----- 1,339 ppm 134 ppm 

Mouse Kuroki et al. 1982 oral 760 ----... 1,182 ppm 118 ppm 

o-Cresol 

Rat Biofax 1969b oral 121 --_ ...... 188 ppm 19 ppm 

Rat Deichmann and Witherup 1944 oral 1,350 ---.... 2,100 ppm 210 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1974 oral 344 -_ ........ 535 ppm 54 ppm 

m-Cresol 

Rat Biofax 1969a oral 242 .. ---- 376 ppm 38 ppm 

Rat Deichmann and Witherup 1944 oral 2,020 .. ---- 3,142 ppm 314 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1974 oral 828 ----- 1,288 ppm 129 ppm 

p-Cresol 

Rat Biofax 1969c oral 207 --_ ... - 322 ppm 32 ppm 

Rat Deichmann and Witherup 1944 oral 1,800 ----- 2,800 ppm 280 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1974 oral 344 --_ ... - 535 ppm 54 ppm 

Other animal data ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed to a saturated concentration of cresol vapors 

(about 150 to 380 ppm) survived the exposure for 8 hours 

(Smyth 1956]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 250 ppm [Unchanged] 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Smyth 1956], the originallDLH for cresol 

(250 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation heaHh hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-2o-72-3, 

pp. A-330 to A-331. 

127 
Cresol (0-, m-, p-isomers) (continued) 

2. Biofax [1969a]. Data sheet 3-5169. Northbrook, IL: Biofax Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 

3. Biofax [1969b]. Data sheet 4-5169. Northbrook,IL: Biofax Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 

4. Biofax [1969c]. Data sheet 5-5169. Northbrook,IL: Biofax Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc. 

5. Deichmann WB, Wrtherup S [1944]. Phenol Studies. VI. The acute and comparative toxicity of phenol and 0-, rn-, and 

p-cresols for experimental animals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 80:233-240. 

6. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1974]; 18(2):58-59 (in RUSSian). 

7. Kuroki K, Murakami Y, Osumi T, Kimura T [1982]. A study on acute toxicity offormalin-guaiacol. Kyushu Shika Gakkai 

Zasshi (Journal of the Kyushu Dental Society) 36(6):932-939 (in Japanese). 

8. NIOSH [1976]. G064750. p-Cresol. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute 

for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 353. 

9. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yort, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1390. 

10. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am 100 Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2): 129-185. 

128 
Crotonaldehyde 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat R~nehart 1967 600 

Rat Rinehart 1967 ............. Rat Skog 1950 1,375 

Mouse ten Berge et al. 1986 519 

Rat Trofimov 1962 1,500 

123-73-9 (trans-isomer) 

2 ppm (6 mglm~ TWA 

2 ppm (6 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

2 ppm (5.7 mglm3

) TWA 

Water-white liquid with a suffocating odor. 

2.1% (10% LEL, 2,100 ppm) 

400 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the report by Rinehart [1967] that 

a 1-hour exposure of 400 ppm is a lethal concentration for rats. 

None developed 

LCIA Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

(ppm) nme LC (CF1 value 

... _-_ ... 30 min 600 ppm (1.0) 60 ppm 

tOO 1 hr 712 ppm (1.78) 71 ppm ............... 30 min 1,375 ppm (1.0) 138 ppm 

... ---- 2 hr 1,647 ppm (3.17) 165 ppm 

---...... 30 min 1,500 ppm (1.0) 150 ppm 

*Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" • 1.2 [ten Berge et al. 1986]. 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROso (mouse), 3.53 - ".88 ppm [Steinhagen and Barrow 198-4J. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to ".1 ppm for 15 minutes was highly irritating to the 

nose and upper respiratory tract and produced lacrimation in 30 

seconds [Sim and Pattie 1957]. In another study, exposures to 

"5 ppm proved very disagreeable after a few seconds, with 

conjunctival irritation evident [Rinehart 1967]. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for crotonaldehyde is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Rinehart 1967] and animals [Rinehart 1967]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Rinehart WE [1967]. The effect on rats of single exposures to crotonaldehyde vapor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 28:561-566. 

2. Sim VM, Pattie RE [1957]. Effect of possible smog irritants in human subjects. JAMA 165:1908-1957. 

3. Skog E (1950). A toxicological investigation of lower aliphatic aldehydes. I. Toxicity of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 

propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde: as well as of acrolein and crotonaldehyde. Acta Pharmacol ToxicoI6:299-318. 

... Steinhagen WH, Barrow CS [198-4). Sensory irritation structure-ac:tlvity .tudy of inhaled aldehyde. in B6C3F1 and 

Swiss-Webster mice. Toxicol AppI Pharmacal 72:495-503. 

5. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality respon .. relationship of irritant and 

sy.tematically acting vapours and ga .... J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

6. Trofimov LV [1962). Comparative toxic action of crotonaldehyde and butyraldehyde. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 6(9):34-40 (in 

Russian). 

129 
Cumene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

98-82-8 

50 ppm (245 mg/m~ TWA [skin) 

50 ppm (245 mg/m3) TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (246 mglm3) TWA [skin) 

Description of Substance ...................... . Colorless liquid with a sharp. penetrating. aromatic odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 0.9% (10% LEL. 900 ppm) . 

OriglNlI (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 8.000 ppm 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the rat 4-hour LC5Q of 8.000 ppm 

[Smyth et at 1951 cited by AIHA 1961). 

Short-term .xp08u ... guld.llnn ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LC ... Adjusted 0.5""r Derived 

Specl .. Refe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1951 ----- 8.000 4hr 16.000 ppm (2.0) 1.600 ppm 

Mouse Werner et a1. 1944 2,000 ----- 7 hr 4,800 ppm (2.4) 480 ppm 

Lethal do.. data: 

LDso LD... 

Species Re'er.nce Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Sologob 1971 oral 12,750 ----- 17,850 ppm 1,785 ppm 

Rat Wolf et al. 1956 oral 1,400 ----- 1,960 ppm 196 ppm 

- Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Daily exposures of rats to 500 ppm for 5 months resulted in no 

significant blood changes. although hyperemia and congestion 

were noted in the lungs, liver. and kidneys [Clayton and Clayton 

1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 900 ppm [lEL) 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Clayton and 

Clayton 1981; Smyth at al. 1951). a value of about 1.500 ppm would have been appropriate. However. the revised IDLH 

for cumene is 900 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e .• being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 0.9%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1961). Cumene. In:. Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 22:522-524. 

2. Clayton GO. Clayton FE. ed •. [1981). Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. New 

York. NY: John V\liley & Son •• Inc .• pp. 3308-3310. 

3 Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CPo Well CS [1951). Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

4. Sologob AM [1971). Experimental study on substantiation of the hygienic standard value. of metadiisopropylbenzol and 

paradiisopropylbenzol in water bodies. Gig Sanit 36(9):18-21 (in Russian). 

5. Werner HW. Dunn RC. von Oettingen WF [1944) The acute effects of cumene vapors in mice. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

26:264-268. 

6. Wolf MA. Rowe VK. McCollister DO. Hollingsworth RL. Oyen F [1956). Toxicological studies of certain alkylated 

benzenes and benzene. Experiments on laboratory animals. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:387-398. 

130 
Cyanides (as CN) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Varies 

5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) 10-minute CEILING 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Varies 

50 mglm3 (as CN) 

No useful acute inhalation toxicity data are available on which to 

base the IDLH for cyanides. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, the chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with 

hydrogen cyanide. According to ACGIH [1971], Patty [1963] 

raported that hydrogen cyanide at 110 to 135 ppm (120 to 

150 mglm3

) might be fatal to man after 0.5 to 1 hour or later, or 

dangerous to life; 45 to 54 ppm (50 to 60 mglm3) could be 

tolerated for 0.5 to 1 hour without immediate or late effects [Flury 

and Zemik 1931; Dudley et aI. 1942]. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo Adjustscl LD Derived value 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) (as CN) (asCN) 

NaCN 

Sheep Burrows et al. 1978 oral 4 ... ---.. 15 rag/III' 1.5 rag/m' 

Rat Marhold 1972 oral 6.44 ........ -- 22 rag/m' 2.2 1II9/m' 

Mammal Smyth et al. 1969 oral 15 --_ ...... 56 rag/III' 5.6 mg/m' 

Rat Sterner 1979 oral 8 ----- 30 rag/m' 3.0 rag/m' 

KCN 

Rabbit Barnes and Bltherington 1973 oral 5 ----- 14 rag/m' 1.4 1II9/m' 

Rat Gaines 1969 oral 10 ----- 28 rag/III' 2.8 rag/m' 

Rat Lorke 1983 oral 5 -_ ........ 14 rag/III' 1.4 rag/III' 

Mouse Sheehy and Way 1968 oral 8.5 ----- 24 rag/m' 2.4 rag/III' 

Pb(CN), 

Rat NRC 1953 Lp. ..... _ ..... 100 141 rag/III' 14 1119/111' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absorption of the alkali cyanides in amounts a. low a. 50 to 

Revised IDLH: 25 mglr03 (as CN) 

100 mg from a lingle, instantaneous dose may be followed by 

immediate collapse and cessation of respiration [Clayton and 

Clayton 1982]. It has been stated that although the fatal oral 

dose will vary considenably, depending on whether or not food is 

present in the stomach, It i. probably in the order of 1 to 2 mg/kg 

(Clayton and Clayton]. (Note: An oral dose of 50 to 100 rng or 1 

to 2 mglkg is equivalent to a 7O-kg wortter being exposed to 

about 50 mglm3 (as CN) for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing 

rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

a .. ls for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data ana available on which to base an IDLH for hydrogen cyanide. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for cyanides is 25 mglm3 (as CN) based on acute onal toxicity data in humans [Clayton and 

Clayton 1982]. 

131 
Cyanides (as CN) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Hydrogen cyanide. In: Documentation of the Threshold Umit Values for Substances in Woritroom Air, 

3rd edition. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 130-131. 

2. Bames CD, Eltherington LG [1973J. Drug dosages in laboratory animals: a handbook. Beriteley, CA: University of 

Califomia Press, p. 209. 

3. Burrows GE, Williams CE, Way JL [1978J. Antagonism of cyanide toxicity in sheep. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 45:359-360 

(Abstract of paper for Seventeenth Annual Meeting ofthe Society ofToxicology, San Francisco, Califomia, March 12-16, 

1978). 

4. Clayton GO, Clayton, FE eds. [1982J. Cyanides and nitriles. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. 

Vol. 2C. Toxicology. New Yorit, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 4845-4856. 

5. Dudley HC, Sweeney TR, Miller JW [1942J. Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide). II. Studies of effects of daily 

inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 24:255-258. 

6. Flury F, Zemik F (1931). Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Germany: Vertag von JUlius 

Springer, p. 404 (in German). 

7. Gaines TB (1969). Acute toxicity of pesticides. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI14(3):515-534. 

8. Lorite 0 [1983J. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol 54:275-287. 

9. Marhold JV [1972J. Sbomik vysledku toxixologiekeho vysetreni latek a pripravku. Prague, Czechoslovakia: InstiM 

Prumyc\u, p. 13 (in Czechoslovakian). 

10. NRC (1953). Chemical-Biological Coordination Center: review. Vol. 5. Washington, DC: National Academy of 

Sciences, National Research Council, p. 27. 

11. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yorit, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1998. 

12. Sheehy M, Way JL (1968). Effect of oxygen on cyanide intoxication. III. Mithridate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 

161(1):163-168. 

13. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS [1969J. Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30:470-476. 

14. Stemer RT (1979). Effects of sodium cyanide and diphacinone in coyotes (canis latrans): applications as predacides in 

livestock toxic collars. Bulletin Environ Contam ToxicoI23:211-217. 

132 
Cyclohexane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldell".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specie. Reterenee (ppm) 

Mouse Lazarew 1929 ......... _-

Rabbit Treon et al. 1943 ... -... --

Lethal dOH data: 

110-82-7 

300 ppm (1,050 mg/m~ TWA 

300 ppm (1,050 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

300 ppm (1,030 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. 

1.3% (10% LEL, 1,300 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on a statement by Patty (1963) that 

12,600 ppm produced evidence of lethargy, narCOSiS, increased 

respiration rate, and convulsions in animals [Treon et al. 1943). 

Also, AIHA (1963) reported that 9,300 ppm for 30 minutes 

resulted in restlessness, impaired coordination, and exhaustion, 

but no narcosis or deaths in cats, rabbits, and pigs [Flury and 

Zemik 1931). 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

17,142 2 hr 27,429 ppm (1.6) 2,743 ppm 

26,600 lhr 33,250 ppm (1.25) 3,325 ppm 

LDIO LDLo 

Specie. Referenee Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Kimura et al. 1971 oral 12,705 ----- 25,410 ppm 2,541 ppm 

Mouse NPIRI 1974 oral 813 ----- 1,626 ppm 163 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revlaed IDLH: 1,300 ppm [LEL] 

Baal. for revlaed IDLH: eased on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Lazarew 1929; 

Treon at al. 1943], a value of about 3,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IOLH for eyclohexana 

is 1,300 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.3%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1963]. Cyclohexane. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Asaoc: J 24:529-531. 

2. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. SchIdliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 275 (in German). 

3. Kimura ET, Ebert OM, Dodge PW (1971). Acute toxicity and limits of solvent residue for sixteen organic solvents. 

Toxicol Appl PharrnacoI19:699-704. 

... Lazarew NW [1929]. On the toxicity of various hydrocarbon vapors. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol143:223-233 (in 

German). [From Treon JF. Crutchfield WE Jr, Kitzmiller KV [1943]. The physiological response of animals to 

eyclohexane, methyleyclohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. II. Inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

25(8):323-347.] 

5. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 17. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1210. 

7. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE Jr, Kitzmiller KV [1943]. The physiological response of animals to eyclohexane, 

methyleyclohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. II. Inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25(8):323-347. 

133 
Cyclohexanol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Bula for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaura guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doee data: 

Specl .. Reference Rout. 

Rat Bar and Griepentrog 1967 oral 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1943 oral 

108-93-0 

50 ppm (200 mglml) TWA [skin] 

50 ppm (200 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (200 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

50 ppm (206 mglml) TWA [skin] 

Sticky solid or colorless to light-yellow liquid (above 77"F) with a 

camphor-like odor. 

Unknown 

3,500 ppm 

No acute inhalation toxicity data are avaiiable on which to base 

an IDLH for cyclohexanoi. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the rabbit oral LDso of 2.2 to 2.6 glkg [Treon 

et ai. 1943 cited in Browning 1965]. The chosen IDLH of 

3,500 ppm (14.3 glml) is probably conservative, because the 

lower end of the range of the LDso values (i.e., 2.2 glkg) has 

been used to estimate the IDLH. 

None developed 

LDso ~ (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJust.d LD Derived value 

2,060 --_ ... - 3,458 ppm 346 ppm 

2,200-2,600 ----- 3,693-4,365 ppm 369-437 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The estimated acceptable concentration for 8 hours was 

reported in volunteers to be less than 100 ppm [Nelson et ai. 

1943]. 

Revised IDLH: 400 ppm 

a.ala for ravlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for cyclohexanol is 400 ppm based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Bar 

and Griepentrog 1967; Treon et ai. 1943]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bar F, Griepentrog F [1967]. Die situation in der gesundheitlichen beurteiiung der aromaliscerungsmittel fOr lebensmittel. 

Mad Ernahr 8:282-251. [From ACGIH [1991]. Cyclohexanol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and 

biological exposure indicea. 6th ad. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 

pp.357-358.J 

2. Browning E [1965]. Toxicity and metaboIiam of Industrial solvents. New yortt, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.387. 

3. Nelson KW, Ege JF, Roaa M, Woodman LE, Silverman L [1943]. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. 

J Ind Hyg Toxico! 25(7):282-285. 

4. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE Jr, Kitzmiller KV [1943]. The physiological response of rabbits to cyclohexane, methyl 

cyclohexane, and certain derivativ .. of these compounds. I. Oral administration and cutaneous application. J Ind Hyg 

ToxIcol25(6):199-214. 

134 
Cyclohexanone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

108-94-1 

25 ppm (100 mglm~ TWA [skin] 

50 ppm (200 mglm~ TWA 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

25 ppm (100 mgIm~ TWA [skin] 

Description of Substance ...................... . Water-white to pale-yellow liquid with a peppennint- or 

acetone-like odor. 

LEL(@212°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

1.1% (10% LEL(@212°F), 1,100 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1965) that 

a 4-hour exposure of rats to 4,000 ppm did not produce death 

but 8,000 ppm caused anesthesia and death [Smyth 1956). In 

addition, Patty [1963] reported that typical narcotic symptoms 

have been Observed in guinea pigs exposed for 6 hours to 

4,000 ppm [Specht et al. 1940]. 

Short-tarm expoaura guidelines ................. . None deveioped 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCu. Adjusted 0.5-I\r Derived 

Species Reterance (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Gupta et a1. 1979 .. -_ .... 4,706 1.5 hr 6,776 ppm (1.44) 678 ppm 

Rat NPIRI 1974 8,000 ..... -.. - 4 hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 LClOO : 4,000 .. ---- 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 756 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported thatexposure to 75 ppm for 3 to 5 minutes 

has resulted in pronounced irritation of the eyes, nose, and 

throat [Nelson et al. 1943]. 

Revised IDLH: 700 ppm 

easls for raviHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for cyclohexanone is 700 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Gupta et al. 1979; Smyth 1956). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. CycJohexanone. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc J 26:830-633. 

2. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxico! Lett g:137-143. 

3. Gupta PI<, l..8wrence WH, Tumer JE, Autian J [1979]. Toxicological aspects of cycIohexanone. Toxico! Appl Pharmacol 

49:525-533. 

4. Nelson KW, Ega JF Jr, Roaa M, Woodman LE, Silverman L [1943]. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent 

vapors. J Ind Hyg Toxico! 25(7):282-285. 

5. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 18. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1767. . 

7. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

8. Specht H, Miller JW, Valser PJ, Sayers RR [1940]. Acute response of guinea pigs to the inhalation of ketone vapors. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, NiH Bulletin 

176:1-66. 

135 
Cyclohexene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Buia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t.nn ex~ure guldellnn ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

110-83-8 

300 ppm (1,015 mglm3) TWA 

300 ppm (1,015 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

300 ppm (1,010 mg/m3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a sweet odor. 

Unknown 

10,000 ppm 

Because very little data are available concerning the effects 

produced by acute inhalation exposure to cyclohexene, the 

chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with cyclohexane which 

has an IDLH of 10,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo AdJueted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Moua. Lazarev 1929 -_ ....... 13,196 2hr 21,114 ppm 2,111 ppm 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A chronic inhalation study (6 hours/day, 5 dayslweek for 

6 months) in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits at concentrations of 

150, 300, and 600 ppm showed that although significant 

increases in alkaline phosphatase occurred in all three groups, 

most of the hematologic parameters measured were within 

nonnallimits [Laham 1976]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Reviled IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

eaal. for reviled IDLH: The revised IDLH for cyclohexene is 2,000 ppm based on acute toxicity data in animals 

£Lazarew 1929]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for wor1\ers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Laham S [1976]. Inhalation toxicity of cyclohexene (Abstract'152). Toxico! Appl Pharmacol37(1):155. 

2. Lazarew NW [1929]. On the toxicity of various hydrocarbon vapors. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 143:223-233 

(translated). 

136 
Cyclopentadiene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subelance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

542-92-7 

75 ppm (200 mglm') TWA 

75 ppm (200 mglm') TWA 

Same as current PEL 

75 ppm (203 mglm') TWA 

Colorless liquid with an irritating, terpene-like odor. 

Unknown 

2,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Deichmann and 

Gerarde (1969) that" of 6 rats died from a 4-hour exposure to 

2,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1954J. 

Short-tsrm exposure guldellnn .................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LC"" AdJust.ci O.5-hr Derived 

Specl" Re"rence (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Shashkina 1965 14,182 .. ---- 2hr 22,691 PP1II (1.6) 2,269 ppm 

Mouse Shaahkina 1965 5,091 _ ..... _- 2hr 8,146 ppm (1.6) 815 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1954 Len: 2,000 ----- 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in detenninlng the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 750 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for cyclopentadiene is 750 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Shashkina 1965J. [Note: It was decided to use the 2-hour lethal concentration data in mice rather than the 

4-hour lethal concentration data in rats so as not to magnify the conservatism alreedy present in the correction factors.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969). Table 48. Acute toxicity of hydrocarbons. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. 

New York, NY: Academic Prell, Inc., p. 734. 

2. Shashkina LF [1965]. Materials for substantiation of maximum permissible concentration of cyclopentadiene and of its 

dimer - dicyclopentadiene - in the atmosphere of industrial premises. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 9(12):13-19 (in Russian). 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, pozzani UC [1954J. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

137 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-199<4 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

2,4-0 

94-75-7 

10 mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

10mglm3 TWA 

White to yellow, crystalline, odorless powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

500 mglm3 

a.sls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . The chosen IDLH has been estimated from oral data, because 

no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available. NIOSH 

[19761 cited a dog oral LDso of 100 mglkg [Seabury 19631. 

Dudley and Thapar [1972] estimated that the LDso for humans 

was between 80 and 800 mglkg. 

Short-term exposure guldelinee ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Letha' dose data: 

LOIO LOu 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Hamster Cabral et al. 1979 oral 500 _ .... _- 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Dog Seabury 1963 oral 100 ..... -_ ... 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Mouse Senczuk and Pogorzelska 1980 oral 347 --_ ...... 2,429 mg/m' 243 mg/m' 

Rat Sine 1993 oral 699 ........ -- 4,893 mg/m' 489 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the lethal oral dose ranges from 80 to 

800 mglkg [Dalgaard-Mikkelsen and Poulsen 1962; Dudley and 

Thapar 1972). [Note: Oral doses of 80 to 800 mglkg are 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 3,1bO to 

37,000 mglm3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

RevlHd IOLH: 100 mg/m3 

a..I. for revlHd IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for 2,4-0. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for 2,4-0 is 100 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Dalgaard-Mikkelsen and Poulsen 1962; 

Dudley and Thapar 1972] and animals [Seabury 1963]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Cabral JRP, Raitano F, Mollner T, 8ronczyk S, Shubik P [1979). Acute toxicity of pesticides in hamsters. Toxicol Appl 

Pharmacol 48:A 192 [Abstrad]. 

2. Dalgaard-Mikkelsen SV, Poulsen E [1962]. Toxicology ofherbicidea. Phannacol Rev 14:225-250. 

3. Dudley AW Jr, Thapar NT [1972]. Fatal human ingestion of 2,4-0, a common herbicide. Arch Pathol 94:270-275. 

4. NIOSH [1976]. AG6825O. Acetic acid, (2,4-dlchlorophenoxy)-. In: Registry of toxic effeds of chemical substances, 

1976 ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of HeaHh, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for 

Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 21. 

5. Seabury JH [1963). Toxicity of 2,4-dlchlorophenoxyacetic acid for man and dog. Arch Environ HeaHh 7:202-209. 

6. Senczuk W, Pogorzelska H [1980]. Budowa chemiczna a toksykodynamiczne wlasciwosci pochodnych kwasow 

fenoksykarboksylowych. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 31:373-377 (in Polish). 

7. Sine C, ed. [1993]. 2,4-0. In: Fann chemicals handbook '93, p. C102. 

138 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ........................... .. 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

DDT 

50-29-3 

0.5 mglm3 TWA; NIOSH considers DDT to be a potential 

occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen 

policy [29 CFR 1990). 

TWA 1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

TWA 1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Colorless crystals or off-white powder with a Slight, aromatic 

odor. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data show no evidence that an acute 

exposure to a high concentration of DDT would impede escape 

or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

AIHA [1959] reported that the concentration immediately 

hazardous to life is "probably unobtainable." and that DDT has a 

low order of acute toxicity by inhalation. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each device. 

However, for some particulate substances for which no evidence 

of an IDLH exists, the determination of allowable respiratory 

protection based on protection factors may result in the 

assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not likely to 

be encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore, for 

all such particulate substances it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500 Ie the OSHA PEL; in the case of 

DDT,5OO Ie the OSHA PEL of 1 mglm3 is 500 mglm3. 

None developed 

LD .. LDLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 oral 250 ----- 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' Rat Kenaga 1979 oral 87 ---.. - 609 mg/m' 61 mg/m' Rat Lehman 1951 oral 250 .. ---- 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' Moulle Spencer 1953 oral 135 ----.. 945 mg/m' 95 mg/m' 

G. pig Truhaut et al. 1974 oral 150 ----- 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure ofvolunteers to 423 mglml for periods of 1 hour/day 

for 6 days has been reported to only cause eye irritation [Neal et 

at 1994]. It has been reported that 500 mg/kg is the lethal oral 

dose [Windholz 1983]. [Note: An oral dose of 500 mglkg is 

equivalent to a 7O-kg worker being exposed to about 

23,000 rng/m1 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 500 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for DDT is 500 mglml based on acute toxicity data in humans [Neal et al. 

1944; Windholz 1983]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data in humans 

exposed to concentrations above 423 mglml. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for DDT at concentrations above 0.5 mg/m31 

139 
DDT (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 

p.347. 

2. AIHA [1959]. DDT (2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

20:433-434. 

3. Kenaga EE [1979]. Acute and chronic toxicity of 75 pesticides to various animal species. Down to Earth 35:25-31. 

4. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemicals in food: a report to the Association of Food and Drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Section III. Subacute and chronic toxicity. a Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15:122-133. 

5. Neal PA, von Oettingen INF, Smith WVV, et al. [1944]. Toxicity and potential dangers of aerosols, mists, and dusting 

powders containing DDT. Public Health Rep, Suppl. No. 177. 

6. Spencer IN [1953]. Dilan- toxicity. Fed Proc 12:368. 

7. Truhaut R, Gak JC, Graillot C [1974]. Recherches sur les modalite et les mecanismes d'action toxique des insecticides 

organochlores. I. I:tude comparative des effets de toxicite aigue chez Ie hamster et chez Ie rat. J Eur Toxicol 

7(3):159-166 (in French). 

8. Windholz M, ed. [1983]. 2823. DDT. In: The merck index. 10th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., pp. 409-410. 

140 
Decaborane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

17702-41-9 

0.3 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TINA, 0.9 mglm3 (0.15 ppm) STEL [skin) 

0.3 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm) TINA [skin) 

0.3 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TINA, 0.9 mglm3 (0.15 ppm) STEL [skin) 

0.25 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TINA, 

0.75 mglm3 (0.15 ppm) STEL [skin] 

Colorless to white crystalline solid with an intense, bitter, 

chocolate-like odor. 

Unknown 

100 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ILO [1971] that 

the 4-hour LCso was 122 to 230 mglm3 for small animals. 

None developed 

Adjusted 0.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference LCso LCu nm. LC (CF) value 

Rat Schechter 1958 276 mg/m' .. ---- 4hr 552 mg/m' (2.0) 55 mg/m' 

Mouse Schechter 1958 72 mg/m' ---... - 4hr 144 mg/m' (2.0) 14 mg/m' 

Mouse Svirbely 1954 144 mg/m' ...... --- 4 hr 288 mg/m' (2.0) 29 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 15 mglm3 

Basis for revis.d IDLH: The reVised IDLH for decaborane is 15 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Schechter 1958). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ILO [1971]. Boron hydrides. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and sefety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva, 

Switzerland: International Labour Office, p. 206. 

2. Schechter WH [1958]. Toxicity of high energy fuels. AMA Arch Ind Health 17:362-366. 

3. Svirbely JL (1954). Acute toxicity studies of decaborane and pentaborane by inhalation. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

10:298-304. 

141 
Demeton 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

8065-48·3 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.11 mglm3 (0.01 ppm) TWA [skin] 

Amber, oily liquid with a sulfur-like odor. 

Unknown 

20 mglm3 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for demeton. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been based on an analogy with parathion which has an IDLH of 

20mglm3. 

Short-term exposure guldelln.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. Reference LCIO LCLo TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 ..... --... 15 mg/m' 4hr 30 mg/m' (2.0) 3.0 mg/m' 

Cat Izmerov et al. 1982 .. -_ .... 15 mg/m' 4hr 30 mg/m' (2.0) 3.0 mg/m' 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Gurevich et al. 1962 oral --_ ...... '5 35 mg/m' 3.5 mg/m' 

Mouse Rosival et al. 1958 oral ----.. 7.85 55 mg/m' 5.5 mg/m' 

Rat Schafer 1972 oral ...... --- 1.7 . 12 mg/m' 1.2 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In a subchronic inhalation study, no signs of illness resuHed from 

the first day of exposure to 3 mglm3 for 2 hours, tremors were 

noted on tI1e second day, lacrimation and more severe tremors 

on the third day, and 10 of the 17 rats died during the fourth day {Deichmann and Rakoczy 19551. It has been reported that the 

acute oral and dermal toxicitY of demeton in mammals is 

approximately the same as that of parathion; the American 

Conference Of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists TL V for 

demeton is based on an analogy to parathion [ACGIH 1991]' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in ~etermining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 10 mglms 

easl. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for demeton is 10 mglm3 based on an analogy with parathion [ACGIH 1991] 

which has a revised IDLH of 10 mglm3• 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Demeton. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 385-386. 

2. Deichmann WB, Rakoczy R r955]. Toxicity and mechanism ofaction ofsystox. AMAArch Ind HeaHh 11:324-331. 

3. Gurevich BA, Smetevin NE, ubetsky KZ [1'962]. On the question of toxicity of a new defoliant folex. Gig Sanit 

27(8):97-99 (in Russian). 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK 11982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 52. 

5. Rosival L, Selecky FV, Vrbovs~ L 11958]. Akutna experimentalna otrava organofosforovymi insekticidmi. Bratislavske 

Lekarske Usty 38:151-160 (in Czechoslovakian). 6. Schafer EW [19721. The acute oral toxicity of 389 pesticidal, pharmaceutical and other chemicals to wild birds. Toxicol 

Appl Pharmacal 21:315-330. . 

142 
Diacetone alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetanc:e ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a..I. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short .... rm .x~ure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dos. data: 

123-42-2 

50 ppm (240 mglm3) TWA 

50 ppm (240 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (238 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a faint, minty odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL, 1,800 ppm) 

2,100 ppm 

The only acute inhalation toxicity data available on which to base 

an IDLH for diacetone alcohol is the statement by Patty [1963] 

that animals exposed for 1 to 3 hours to 2,100 ppm exhibited 

restlessness, irritation of the membranes, excitement, and later 

somnolence [Gross as cited by Lehmann and Flury 1943]. The 

chosen IDLH is obviously conservative. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl •• Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 oral 4,000 ----- 5,797 ppm 580 ppm 

Rabbit Walton et al. 1928 oral 4,653 ----- 6,743 ppm 674 ppm 

Mouse Wenzel and Keff 1956 oral 3,950 ----- 5,725 ppm 573 ppm 

Oth.r animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animals exposed for 1 to 3 hours to 2,100 ppm exhibited 

restlessness, irritation of the membranes, excitement, and later, 

somnolence [Lehmann and Flury 1943]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that eye irritation appeared in volunteers 

exposed for 15 minutes at 100 ppm [Silverman et al. 1946). 

Revised IDLH: 1,800 ppm (LEL) 

a.,I. for rwvlaed IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Lehmann and 

Flury 1943], a value of about 2,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for diacetone alcohol 

is 1,800 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.8%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gross E [7]. Unpublished. [From Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. [1943]. Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. 

Translated by E. King and H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 245-246.] 

2. Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. [1943}. Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. Translated by E. King and 

H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 2~246. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963}. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1752. 

4. Silverman L, Schulte HF, First WN[1946]. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol28:262-288. 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP [1948}. Further experience with the range-finding test in the inc:\ustrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30(1):63-88. 

6. Walton DC, Kehr EF, Louvenhart AS [1928]. A comparison of the phIIrmacoIogical action of dIac:etone alcohol and 

acetone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 33:175-183. 

7. Wenzel DG, Koff GY [1956]. Anticonvulsant properties of some alkyldiols, alkyldiones and related compounds. JAm 

Pharm Assoc, Scientific Edition 45(10):669-672. 

143 
Diazomethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetanee ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Ba.lslor original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaura guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal coneentratlon data: 

334-88·3 

0.2 ppm (0.4 mglm3) TWA 

0.2 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 ppm (0.34 mglm3

) TWA 

Yellow gas with a musty odor. 

Unknown 

2 ppm 

The only avaiiable acute inhalation toxicity data concerning 

diazomethane is the statement by Patty [1963] that a 10-minute 

exposure to 175 ppm was lethal for cats [Flury and Zernik 1931]. 

This concentration is obviously too high for an IDLH. 

ACGIH [1971] reported that the toxicity of diazomethane seems 

comparable to that of phosgene. Therefore, the chosen IDLH is 

based on an analogy with phosgene, which has an IDLH of 

2 ppm. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLD Adjustad O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Referanee (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valus 

Cat Marhold 1986 175 .. -_ .... 10 min 121 ppm (0.69) 12 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been suggested that the toxicity of diazornethane is 

comparable to that of phosgene, possibly because 

diazomethane is a strong methylating agent [Potts et al. 1949]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2 ppm [Unchanged] 

Baala for ravlsed IDLH: Based on an analogy to phosgene [Potts et al. 1949] which has an IDLH of 2 ppm, the original 

IDLH for diazomethane of 2 ppm is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Diazomethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 7.1·72. 

2. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. SchIdliche ga .. dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 420 On German). 

3. Marhold J [1986]. Prahled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 496 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 940, 2214. 

5. Potts AM, Simon FP, Gerard RW (1949). The mechanism of action of phoagene and diphoagene. Arch Biochem 

24:329-337. 

144 
Diborane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

19287-45-7 

0.1 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.11 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless gas with a repulsive, sweet odor. 

0.8% (10% LEL, 800 ppm) 

40 ppm 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that Jacobson and Lawson [1962] found the rat 4-hour LC50 to be 

40 or 80 ppm, depending on the age or strain of rats used. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentrlltion data: 

LC50 LCLJI AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

Speciea Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Adams 1964 40 ............... 4hr 80 ppm (2.0) 8.0 ppm 

Mouse Jacobson and Lawson 1962 29 ...... --- 4hr 58 ppm (2.0) 5.B ppm 

Rat Jacobson and Lawson 1962 40- BO ... --..... 4 hr 80-160 ppm (2.0) B.O ppm 

Rat Krackow 1953 l59-l8l ......... -- l5 min l26-143 ppm (0.79) l3-l4 

Dog Kunkel et al. 1956 ............... l25 2hr 200 ppm (l.6) 20 

Hamster Stumpe 1960 ............... 50 Bhr l25 ppm (2.5) l3 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Reviaed IDLH: 15 ppm 

Baaia for reviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for diborane is 15 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Krackow 1953]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Diborane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in wortaoom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 72. 

ppm 

ppm 

ppm 

2. Adams RM, ed. [1964]. Boron, metallo-boron compounds and boranes. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 693. 

3. Jacobson KH, Lawson LH [1962]. The effect of age or weight on the toxicity of diborane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

4:215-219. 

4. Krackow EH [1953]. Toxicity and health hazards of boron hydrides. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 8:335-339. 

5. Kunkel AM, Murtha EF, Oikemus AH, Stabile DE, Saunders JP, Wills JH [1956]. Some pharmacologic effects of 

diborane. AMA Arch Ind Health 13:M6-351. 

6. Stumpe AR [1960]. Toxicity of diborane in high concentrations. AMA Arch Ind Health 21:519-524. 

145 
Dibutyl phosphate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Ba.I. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm expoaure guidell".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

107-66-4 

1 ppm (5 mglm3) TWA. 2 ppm (10 mglm3

) STEL 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA. 2 ppm (10 mglm3

) STEL 

1 ppm (8.6 mglm3

) TWA. 2 ppm (17 mglm3

) STEL 

Pale-amber. odortess liquid. 

Unknown 

125 ppm 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for dibutyl phosphate. Therefore. the chosen 

IDLH is based on an analogy with tributyl phosphate which has 

an IDLH of 125 ppm. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revl.ect IDLH: 30 ppm 

Ba.I. for revlaed IDLH: Due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data. the revised IDLH for dibutyl phosphate is 30 ppm 

based on an analooy to tributvl phosphate which has a revised IDLH of 30 ppm. 

146 
Dibutyl phthalate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

84-74-2 

5mg/m3 TWA 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@456°F) .. ; .............................. . 

Colorless to faint·yellow, oily liquid with a slight, aromatic odor. 

0.5% (10% LEL(@456°F), 32,700 mglm~ 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 9,300 mglm3 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . Because dibutylphthalate has a very low toxicity, the available 

toxicological data contains no evidence of an IDLH for it. 

Therefore, the chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with 

dimethylphthalate, which has an IDLH of 9,300 mglm3• 

Short·term exposure guidelines None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived value 

Species Reference LCIO LCLa Time LC (CF) 

Rat Antonyuk and Aldyreva 1973 4,250 mg/m' -_ ....... ? ? ? 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 25,000 mg/m' ....... -- 2hr 40,000 mg/m' (1.6) 4,000 mg/m' 

Lethal doae data: 

LDIO LOla 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Antonyuk 1963 oral 5,289 .. ---- 37,023 mg/m' 3,702 mg/m' 

Rat Sine 1993 oral 8,000 ----- 56,000 mg/m' 5,600 mg/m' 

G. pig Timofeevskaia et al. 1980 oral 10,000 -_ ... _- 70,000 mg/m' 7,000 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revl.ed IDLH: 4,000 mglm3 

Ba.l. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dibutyl phthalate is 4,000 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Izmerov et al. 1982]. [Note: Due to its low volatility, this concentration could only be reached at elevated 

temperatures or if the liquid droplets become airbome as in a mist.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Antonyuk OK [1963J. About the toxicity of didodecylphthalate. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 17(11):51·52 (in Russian). 

2. Antonyuk OK, Aldyreva MV [1973]. Substantiation of maximum permissible concentration of dibutyl phthalate in the air 

of industrial premises. Gig Tr Prof Zabol17(8):26-30 (in Russian). 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 44. 

4. Sine C, ed. [1993]. Dibutyl phthalate. In: Farm chemicals handbook '93, p. C112. 

5. Timofeevskaia LA, Ivanova NI, Baliniva ES [1980]. Toxicology of o-phthalic acid and esters and hygienic regimentation. 

Gig Tr Prof Zabol 24(3):25-27 (in Russian). 

147 
o-Dichlorobenzene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of Sut.tance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

95-50-1 

50 ppm (300 mglm3

) CEiliNG 

50 ppm (300 mglm3

) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

25 ppm (150 mglml) TWA, 50 ppm (301 mglm3

) STEl 

Colortess to pale-yellow liquid with a pleasant, aromatic odor. 

2.2% (10% lEl, 2,200 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1971) 

that 1,000 ppm was fatal to guinea pigs after 20 hours 

[Browning 1953). ACGIH (1971) also reported that Cameron 

et al. [1937] found liver damage in animals after exposure for a 

few hours at 50 to 800 ppm. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo AdJuated O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

G. pig Browning 1953 -.... _- 1,000 20 hr 3,450 ppm (3.45) 345 ppm 

G. pig Cameron et al. 1937 --_ ...... 800 24 hr 2,880 ppm (3.6) 288 ppm 

Rat Hollingsworth et al. 1958 ............. 821 7hr 1,970 ppm (2.4) 197 ppm 

Lethal don data: 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Rat Ben-Dyke et al. 1970 oral 500 .. --_ ... 573 ppm 57 ppm 

G. pig Patty 1963 oral 2,000 ----- 2,291 ppm 229 ppm 

Rabbit Thomson 1976/77 oral 500 ... _--- 573 ppm 57 ppm 

Mouse Yakkyoku 1981 oral 4,386 .. --_ .. 5,025 ppm 503 ppm 

Other animal data ............................. . RDso (mouse), 182 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981). 

Human data .................................. . 

RevlHd IDLH: 200 ppm 

Concentrations up to 100 ppm have been reported to have 

caused sporadic irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract [Elkins 

1959). 

Baala for revlHd IDLH: The revised IOLH for o-dichlorobenzene is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals (Hollingsworth et al. 1958). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 100 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). o-Oichlorobenzene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances In workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygieniSts, p. 76. 

2. Ben-Dyke R, Sanderson OM, Noakes ON (1970). Acute toxicity data for pesticides (1970). World Review of Pesticide 

Controf 9:119-127. 

3. Browning E (1953). Toxicity of industrial organic solvents. New York, NY: Chemical Publishing Company, p. 190. 

4. Cameron GR, Thomas JC, Ashmore SA, Buchan Jl, Warren EH, Hughes AWM [1937]. The toxicity of certain chlorine 

derivatives of benzene, with special reference to o-dichlorobenzene. J Pathol Bacteriol44(2):281-296. 

5. OeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet p, Guenier JP (1981). Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol lett 9(2):137-143. 

6. Elkins HB (1959). The chemistry of industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 150. 

148 
o-Dichlorobenzene (continued) 

7. Hollingsworth RL. Rowe VK. Oyen F. Torkelson TR. Adams EM [1958]. Toxicity of o-dichlorobenzene. AMA Arch Ind 

Health 17:180-187. 

8. Patty FA. ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1336. 

9. Thomson WT [1976n7]. Agricultural chemicals. Fresno. CA: Thomas Publications. 3:32. 

10. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1981); 32:471-474 (in Japanese). 

149 
p-Dichlorobenzene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldeUn.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doee data: 

106-46-7 

None established; NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

75 ppm (450 mglm3

) TWA 

75 ppm (450 mglm3

) TWA. 110 ppm (675 mglm3) STEL 

10 ppm (60 mglm3

) TWA. A3 

Colorless or white crystalline solid with a mothball-like odor. 

2.5% (10% LEL. 2.500 ppm) 

1.000 ppm 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for p-dichlorobenzene. The chosen IDLH. 

therefore. is based on an analogy with o-dichlorobenzene. which 

has an IDLH of 1.000 ppm. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Ben-Dyke et al. 1970 oral 500 ..... __ ... 573 ppm 57 ppm 

Human Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 oral ............. 857 982 ppm 98 ppm 

Mouse Domenjos 1946 oral 2,950 ----- 3,380 ppm 338 ppm 

Rat Hollingsworth et al. 1956 oral ............. 4,000 4,583 ppm 458 ppm 

G. pig Hollingsworth et al. 1956 oral ..... --- 2,800 3,208 ppm 321 ppm 

Rat Varsbevskaya 1967 oral 2,512 ........ -- 2,878 ppm 288 ppm 

Rabbit Yakkyoku 1978 oral 2,830 ... __ ..... 3,242 ppm 324 ppm 

Other animal data ............................. . 

Other human data ............................. . 

Revised IDLH: 150 ppm 

No adverse effects were noted in a workplace averaging 

105 ppm (range 50 to 170 ppm), but painful irritation of the eyes 

and nose was found at 80 to 160 ppm, and breathing was 

difficult at concentrations greater than 160 ppm [Hollingsworth et 

al. 1956]. In another workplace, workers exposed to 17 to 

500 ppm reported severe eye irritation [Dow 1978]. 

None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for p-dichlorobenzene is 150 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

workers [Dow 1978; Hollingsworth et al. 1956]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be wom for p-diehlorobenzene at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Ben-Dyke R. Sanderson OM. Noakes ON [1970]. Acute toxicity data for pesticides (1970). World Review of Pesticide 

Control 9:119-127. 

2. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW [1969]. Dichlorobenzene, ortho and para (PDB. diehlorocide). In: Toxicology of drugs 

and chemicals. New York. NY: Academic Press. Inc .• pp. 210-211. 

3. Spencer EY [1973]. Guide to the chemicals used in crop protection. London. Ontario. Canada: Research Institute. 

University ofWestem Ontario Sub Post Office, p. 183. 

4. Dow Chemical Company [1978]. Preliminary study into the environmental fate of PARADOW blocks, May 17, 1973. 

TSCA 8(d) submission 8DHQ-0978-0299. EPA, Washington, D.C. [From ACGIH [1991]. p-Dichlorobenzene. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. CinCInnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 410-416.] 

5. Hollingsworth RL, Rowe VK, Oyen F. Hoyle HR, Spencer HC [1956]. Toxicity of paradiehlorobenzene. AMA Arch Ind 

Health 14:138-147. 

6. Varshavskaya SP [1967}. The hygienic standardization of mono- and dichlorobenzenes in reservoir waters. Nauch Tr 

Aspir Ordinatorov Pervyl Mosk Med Inst, pp. 175-177 (in Russian). [From ACGIH [1991]. p-Dichlorobenzene. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 410-416.] 

7. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1978]; 29:453-457 (in Japanese). 

150 
Dichlorodifluoromethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-71-8 

1,000 ppm (4,950 mgtm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (4,950 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (4,950 mgtm~ TWA 

Colorless gas with an ether-like odor at extremely high 

concentrations. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50,000 ppm 

Based on the statement by ILO [1971J that 50,000 ppm induces 

dizziness in humans, an IDLH of 50,000 ppm is chosen for this 

draft technical standard. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984J Emergency Exposure 

Guidance LevelS (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 10,000 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 1,000 ppm 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm)· Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Paulet 1976 760,000 ---.... 30 min 760,000 ppm (1.0) 76,000 ppm 

Rabbit Paulet 1976 800,000 ...... -- 30 min 800,000 ppm (1.0) 80,000 ppm 

G. pig Paulet 1976 800,000 .... --- 3D min 800,000 ppm (1.0) 80,000 ppm 

Rat Scholz 1962 600,000 ........... 2hr 960,000 ppm (1.6) 96,000 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Serious cardiac: armythmia was found in 5 of 12 dogs exposed to 

50,000 ppm for 5 minutes and injected with epinephrine 

[Reinhardt et al. 1971J. In another study, respiratory-c:irculatory 

effects that included bronc:hoc:onstridion and tachycardia were 

found at 50,000 to 100,000 ppm [Aviado and Smith 1975J. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure up to 60,000 ppm was tolerated for 80 minutes by 

Revlaed IDLH: 15,000 ppm 

1 volunteer [NRC 1984J; when exposed at 40,000 ppm for 

14 minutes and then at 20,000 ppm for 66 minutes, another 

volunteer developed EEG changes and had slurred speech and 

decreased psychologic test scores [NRC 1984J. It has been 

stated that 50,000 ppm induces dizziness [ILO 1971J. 

Volunteers exposed for 2.5 hours to 10,000 ppm showed a 

7% reduction in a standardized psychomotor test [Azar et al. 

1972J. 

aaaia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dichlorodifluoromethane is 15,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in humans lAzar et al. 1972; ILO 1971J and animals [Aviado and Smith 1975; Reinhardt et al. 1971]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Aviado OM, Smith DG [1975J. Toxicity of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. Toxicology 

3:241-252. 

2. Azar A, Reinhardt CF. Maxfield ME. et al. [1972J. Experimental human exposure to fluorocarbon 12 

(dichlorodifluoromethane). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 3:207-216. 

3. ILO [1971J. Fluorocarbons. In: Encyclopaedia of oc:c:upational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva, 

Switzerland: International Labour Office, pp. 560-562. 

151 
Dichlorodifluoromethane (continued) 

4. NRC [1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 34-40. 

5. Paulet G [1976). Les fluorocarbones en question. J Eur Toxicol (Supplement) 9:385-407 (in French). 

6. Reinhardt CF, Azar A. Maxfield ME. Smith PE Jr. Mullin LS [1971). Cardiac arrhythmias and aerosol "sniffing." 

Arch Environ Health 22:265-279. 

7. Scholz J [1962). New toxicological investigations on certain types of freon used as propellants. Fortschr Bioi Aerosol· 

forsch 1957-61 (in German). Ber Aerosol Kongr 4:420-429. [From ACGIH [1991). Dichlorodifluoromethane. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 420-422.) 

152 
1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ........................ .. 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCBO 

Rat Glyco 1981 .......... 

Lethal dOH data: 

118-52-5 

0.2 mglml TWA, 0.4 mglml STEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

0.2 mglm3 TWA, 0.4 mglm3 STEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA, 0.4 mglm3 STEL 

White powder with a chlorine-like odor. 

Unknown 

Unknown [*Note: "Effective" IDLH • 5 mg/m3 - see discussion 

below.] 

Very little data are available on which to base an IDLH for 

1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, the respirators have been selected on the 

basis of the assigned protection fador afforded by each device 

up to 25 • the OSHA PEL of 0.2 mg/m3 (i.e., 5 mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 5 mglm3

• 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

LCLa Time LC (CF) 

20,000 mg/m' 1hr 25,000 mg/m' (1.25) 2,500 mg/m' 

LOBO LOLa 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Kay 1961/1962 oral 542 ----- 3,794 mg/m' 379 mg/m' 

Rabbit Korolev et al. 1982 oral 1,520 ----- 10,640 mg/m' 1,064 mg/m' 

G. pig Korolev et al. 1982 oral 1,350 .... --- 9,450 mg/m' 945 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 5 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health conSiderations and acute oral toxicity data in animals [Kay 1961162; Korolevet 

al. 1982], a value of about 500 mglm3 would have been appropriate for 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. However, the 

revised IDLH for 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin is 5 mglm3 based on being 25 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL 

of 0.2 mglm3 (25 is an assigned protection fador for respirators and was used during the Standards Completion Program 

for deciding when the "most protedive" respirators should be used for 1,3-dlchloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Chrostek WJ, Cromer JW [1975]. Health hazard evaluation report HHE 73-160-206, Glyco Chemicals, Inc., Williamsport, 

PA. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, 

and Field Studies. 

2. Glyco Chemicals [1981]. 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione. In: TSCA 8(e) Submission to the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (8EHQ-0281-0382). Wiliiamsport,PA: Glyc:o® Chemicals, Inc. 

3. Kay JH [196111962]. Unpublished technical reports. Northbrook, IL: Industrial Bic-Test laboratOrieS. (August 28, 1961; 

May 1, 1962). 

4. Korolev AA, Vasilenko VE, et al. [1982]. Hygienic standard of dichloantine and the produd of its transforation with 

dimethylhydantoin in water. Gig Sanit 47(6):7~78 (in Russian). 

153 
1,1-Dichloroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-34-3 

100 ppm (400 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (400 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (400 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless, oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

5.4% (10% LEL, 5,400 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Patty (1963] reported that rats survived 8-hour exposures to 

4,000 ppm, but died at 16,000 ppm [Smyth 1956]. However, 

16,000 ppm has not been chosen as the IDLH because 

Kirk·Othmer (1964) indicated that 1,1-dichloroethane causes 

narcosis. For this draft technical standard, 4,000 ppm is chosen 

as the IDLH. 

None developed 

LC50 LCI.o Adjusted 0.5-1'1r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 ........ - 16,000 4hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Mouse Mueller 1925 .......... 17,300 2hr 27,680 ppm (1.6) 2,768 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 .......... 16,000 8 hr 40,000 ppm (2.5) 4,000 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevantfor use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlHd IDLH: 3,000 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,1-dichloroethane is 3,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals (Carpenter et al. 1949; Mueller 1925]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:343-346. 

2. Kirk-Othmer [1964]. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5:92·98. 

3. Mueller J [1925]. Comparative investigations on the anesthetic and toxic effects of some halogenated hydrocarbons. 

Arch Exp Pathol Pharrnakol109:276-294 (in German). [From ACGIH [1991}. 1,1·Dichloroethane. In: Documentation of 

the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of 

Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 425-428.] 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and tOxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 1279-1280. 

5. Smyth HF Jr [1956}. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

154 
1,2-Dichloroethylene 

CASnumb8r ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term expoaure guidenn.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

540-59-0 

200 ppm (790 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (790 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

200 ppm (790 mglm') TWA 

Colorless liquid (usually a mixture of the cis & trans isomers) with 

a slightly acrid, chloroform-like odor. 

5.6% (10% LEL, 5,600 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Patty [1963) reported that rats exposed to the cis·isomer of 

dichloroethylene for 4 hours at 8,000 ppm were neither killed nor 

anesthetized, but at 16,000 ppm, anesthesia occurred in 

8 minutes and death occurred in 4 hours [Smyth 1956). Because 

Patty [1963) also reported that the trans-isomer was twice as 

toxic and anesthetic as the cis-isomer, an IDLH of 4,000 ppm is 

chosen. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

trans-isomer 

Mouse ATSDR 1990 21,723 ......... -- 6hr 130,338 ppm (2.3) 13,034 ppm 

cis-isomer 

Rat Smyth 1956 ............... 16,000 6hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reterence Route (rnglkg) (rnglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat USDA 1966 oral 770 ----- 1.337 ppm 134 ppm 

trans-isomer 

Rat Freudt et al. 1977 oral 1,275 ... -_ ...... 8.925 ppm 893 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure to the trans-isomer at 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

2,200 ppm caused burning of the eyes, vertigo, and nausea [von 

Oettingen 1955). An exposure to the trans-isomer at 819 ppm 

for 30 minutes has been reported to cause no untoward effects, 

while inhalation of either 1,687 to 2,184 ppm for 5 minutes or 

1,191 ppm for 10 minutes has resuHed in vertigo, pressure in the 

head, and somnolence [von Oettingen 1937). 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,2-dichloroethylene is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [von Oettingen 1937, 1955]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ATSDR [1990). Toxicological profile for 1,2-dichloroethene. AUanta, GA: U.S. Department of HeaHh and Human 

Services, Public HeaHh Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ATSDRlTP-90-13, pp. 9-52. 

2. Freudt KJ, Uebaldt GP, Ueberwirth E [1977). Toxicity studies on trans-1,2-dichloroethylene. Toxicology 7:141-153. 

155 
1,2-Dichloroethylene (continued) 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1308. 

4. Smyth HF Jr [1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc a 

17(2):129-185. 

5. USDA [1966). Informative memo no. 20. Beltsville, MD: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 

Entomology Research Division, Pesticide Chemicals Research Branch, p. 10. 

6. von Oettingen'NF [1937]. The halogenated hydrocarbons: their toxicity and potential dangers. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

19(8):409-411. 

7. von Oettingen 'NF [1955). The halogenated hydrocarbons, toxicity and potential dangers. Washington, DC: U.S. Public 

Health Service Publication No. 414, p. 199. [From ACGIH [1991). 1,2-Dichloroethylene. In: Documentation ofthe 

threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental 

Industrial Hygienists, pp. 429-431.} 

156 
Dichloroethyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

111-444 

5 ppm (30 mglm3

) TWA. 10 ppm (60 mglm3) STEL [skin]; NIOSH 

considers dichloroethyl ether to be a potential occupational 

carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy 

[29 CFR 1990]. 

15 ppm (90 mglm3

) CEILING [skin] 

5 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA. 10 ppm (60 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

5 ppm (29 mglm3

) TWA. 10 ppm (58 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a chlorinated solvent-like odor. 

2.7% (10% LEL. 2.700 ppm) 

250 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that 250 ppm caused death in rats from a 4-hour exposure 

[Carpenter et al. 1949] and that 500 to 1000 ppm might cause 

death in guinea pigs from an exposure of only 30 to 60 minutes 

duration [Schrenk et ai. 1933]. 

None developed 

LCIO LCL,o AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reterence (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 ............... 250 4hr 500 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 77 ............... 4hr 154 ppm (2.0) 15 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et ai. 1982 152 ----- 2hr 243 ppm (1.6) 24 ppm 

G. pig Marhold 1986 500 --... -- 1 hr 625 ppm (1.25) 63 ppm 

G. pig Schrenk et al. 1933 ...... --... 500 5hr 1.075 ppm (2.15) 108 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers found brief (undefined) exposures to 100 to 260 ppm 

to be tolerable. although irritating [Schrenk et al. 1933]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Basis for reviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for dichloroethyl ether is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Schrenk et ai. 1933]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 100 ppm. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of ita carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for dichloroethyl ether at concentrations above 5 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CPo Smyth HF Jr. pozzani C [1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity. and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:343-346. 

2. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of International Projects. GKNT. p. "5. 

3. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie. Organicke Latky. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Avicenum. p. 541 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

". Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1675. 

5. Schrenk HH. Patty FA. Yant WP [1933]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic 

compounds. VII. Dichloroethyl ether. Public Health Rep 48(<46):1389-1398. 

157 
Dichloromonofluoromethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference lC50 

Mouse Kozbakova 1976 >800,000 mg/m' 

Rat Tappan and Waritz 196. 49,900 ppm 

G. pig von Weigand 1971 -_ .. -- Mouse von weigand 1971 -_ .. --

75-43-4 

10 ppm (40 mg/m3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (4,200 mg/m3) TWA 

10 ppm (40 mg/m3) TWA 

10 ppm (42 mg/m3) TWA 

Colorless gas with a slight, ether-like odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50,000 ppm 

ACGIH [1971] reported that 52,000 ppm produced 

incoordination, irregular breathing, and tremors in guinea pigs 

[Underwriters' Laboratory 1935]. Scheel (member of the 

Standards Completion Program Respirator Committee), in 

evaluating the work of Aviado and Belej [1974], indicated cardiac 

toxicity at 100,000 ppm. Based on the above data, an IDLH of 

50,000 ppm has been chosen. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 3 ppm 

Adjuated O.5-hr 

lC ... Time lC (CF) 

-_ ....... 2hr >373,832 ppm (2.0) 

--_ ..... 4hr 99,800 ppm (2.0) 

100,000 ppm el hr e125,OOO ppm (1.25) 

100,000 ppm el hr e125,000 ppm (1.25) 

Derived 

value 

>37,383 ppm 

9,980 ppm 

e12,500 ppm 

e12,500 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 5-minute cardiac sensitization screening tests, 2 of 

12 unanesthetized dogs exposed to 10,000 ppm of 

dichloromonofluoromethane plus intravenous epinephrine 

showed evidence of serious arrhythmia; no response was noted 

at 5,000 ppm [Mullin 1975]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in detennining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDlH: 5,000 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dichloromonofluoromethane is 5,000 ppm based on acute inhalation 

toxicity data in animals [Mullin 1975; Tappan and Wantz 1964; von Weigand 1971]. This may be a conservative value due 

to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Dichloromonofluoromethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 81-82. 

2. Aviado OM, Belej MA (1974). Toxicity of aerosol propellants on the respiratory and circulatory systems. I. Cardiac 

arrythmia in the mouse. Toxicology 2:31-42. 

3. Kozbakova AE [1976]. Comparative toxicity of chlorinated and flUOrinated methane and ethane derivatives. Gig Tr Prof 

ZaboI20(11):38-41 (in Russian). 

4. Mullin LS (1975). Unpublished data. Newark, DE: Haskell Laboratory, E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, 

November 1975. [From ACGIH [1991]. Dichlorofluoromethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and 

biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, 

pp. 434-435.] 

158 
Dichloromonofluoromethane (continued) 

5. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 41-45. 

6. Tappan CH, Wantz RS [1964]. Unpublished data: acute inhalation toxicity of Freon-21· (fluorodichloromethane). 

Report No. 128-64. Newark, DE: E.1. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and 

Industrial Medicine, November 1964. 

7. Underwriters' Laboratory [1935]. The comparative life, fire, and explosion hazards of dichloromonofluoromethane (F21). 

Miscellaneous Hazard Report No. 2630. [From ACGIH [1971]. Dichloromonofluoromethane. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental 

Industrial Hygienists, pp. 81-82.] 

8. von Weigand W [1971]. Investigations on the inhalation toxicity of fluorine derivatives of methane, ethane, and 

cyclobutane. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz 21:149-156 (in German). 

159 
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentrlltlon data: 

LCso Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Rabbit Maehle et al. 1945 170 

G. pig Maehle et al. 1945 170 

Rabbit Maehle et al. 1945 97 

G. pig Maehle et al. 1945 97 

Rabbit Maehle et al. 1945 52 

G. pig Maehle et al. 1945 52 

594-72-9 

2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA 

10 ppm (60 mglm3) CEILING 

2 ppm (10 mg/ml) TWA 

2 ppm (12 mg/ml) TWA 

Coloriess liquid with an unpleasant odor. 

Unknown 

150 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the study by Machle et al. [1945] 

in which autopsies on animals exposed to over 170 ppm for over 

30 minutes revealed pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, with 

damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys. 

None developed 

LCa.. Adjusted a.5ohr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

............. 30 min 170 ppm (1.0) 17 ppm 

........ -- 30 min 170 ppm (1.0) 17 ppm ........ _- 6 hr 223 ppm (2.3) 22 ppm ............ 6 hr 223 ppm (2.3) 22 ppm ............ 18.75 hr 172 ppm (3.33) 17 ppm 

.. ---- lB.75 hr 172 ppm (3.33) 17 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animals have tolerated 25 ppm for 204 hours [ Machle et al. 

1945]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 25 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane is 25 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals [Machle et al. 1945]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers. 

REFERENCE: 

1. Machle W, Scott E)N, Treon JF, Heyroth FF, Kitzmiller KV [1945]. The physiological response of animals to certain 

chlorinated mononitroparaflins. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 27(4):95-102. 

160 
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-tenn exposure guldellnea .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

76-14-2 

1,000 ppm (7,000 mglm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (7,000 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (6,990 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless gas with a faint, ether-like odor at high concentrations. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50,000 ppm 

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane is known to be a narcotic in high 

concentrations, but no human exposure data are available 

conceming its narcotic effects. eased on an analogy with 

dichlorodifluoromethane, a related compound that prodlJces 

dizziness in humans at 50,000 ppm [ILO 1971], an IDLH of 

50,000 ppm is assumed for this draft technical standard. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hr EEGL: 10,000 ppm 

24-hr EEGL: 1,000 ppm 

LCIO LCLa AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Paulet 1976 720,000 ----... 30 min 720,000 ppm (1.0) 72,000 ppm 

Mouse Paulet 1976 700,000 --......... 30 min 700,000 ppm (1.0) 70,000 ppm 

Rabbit Paulet 1976 750,000 ...... --- 30 min 750,000 ppm (1.0) 75,000 ppm 

Other animal data ...................... ; ...... . Evidence of serious arrhythmia was noted in 1 of 12 dogs 

exposed for 5 minutes to 25,000 prm plus intravenous 

epinephrine [Reinhardt et al. 1971 . Cardiac sensitization has 

been Induced with endogenous epinephrine at 50,000 to 

800,000 ppm [Mullin et 81. 1972; Reinhardt et al. 1971]. Significant reduction in ventilatory lung capacity, bradycardia, 

ana increased variability in heart rate have been reported following exp(!sures to 2,300 to 21,400 ppm for 15, 45, or 

Human data .................................. . 

60 seconds [IPCS 1990]. 

RevlsedlDLH: 15,000 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dichlorotetrafluoroethane is 15,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals [Reinhardt et al. 1971] and an analogy to dichlorodifluoroethane, another closely related halogenated 

hydrocarbon, which has a revised IDLH of 15,000 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ILO (1971). Fluorocarbons. In: Encydopaec:lia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva, 

Switzerland: Intemational Labour Office, pp. 560-562. 

2. IPCSl199O]. Environmental criteria 13. Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health 

Organization, Intemational Pn:>gramme on Chemical Safe!y'. 3. Mullin LS, Azar A, Reinhardt CF, Smith PE Jr, Fabryka EF [1972]. Halogenated hydrocarbon-induced cardiac 

arrhythmias with release of endogenous epinephrine. Am rnd Hyg Assoc J 33:389-396. 

4. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy' Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research-Council, pp. 51-55. 

5. Paulet G [19761. Les fluorocarbones en question. J Eur Toxicol (Supplement) 9(7):385-407 (in French). 6. Reinhardt CF, Azar A, Maxfield ME, et al. [1971]. Cardiac arrhythmias and aerosol sniffing. Arch Environ Health 

22:265-279. 

161 
Dichlorvos 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldellnn ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

62-73-7 

1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.90 mglm3 (0.1 ppm) TWA [skin) 

Color1ess to amber liquid with a mild, chemical odor. 

Unknown 

200 mglm3 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for dichlorvos. If the IDLH were estimated from 

the female rat oral LD5CI of 55 mg/kg [Mattson et al. 1955 cited by 

Patty 1963), an IDLH of 400 mglm3 would be chosen. On the 

basis of an analogy with parathion, however, which has an 

OSHA PEL of 0.1 mglm3 and an IDLH of 20 mglm3, an IDLH of 

200 mglm3 has been chosen for dichlorvos which has an OSHA 

PEL of 1 mglm3• 

None developed 

AdJu.ted 0.5-1\r Derived 

Specie. Reference LC5CI LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Gig Sanit 1968 lS mg/m' --_ .. - 4hr 30 mg/m' (2.0) 3.0 mg/m' 

Mouse Gig Sanit 1968 13 mg/m' ..... _ .. - 4hr 16 mg/m' (2.0) 2.6 mg/m' 

Lethal dOH data: 

LOll LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Routa (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog Hartley and Kidd 1984 oral 100 ----- 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Mouse Ikuzawa et al. 1966 oral 51 ----- 427 mg/m' 43 mg/m' 

Rabbit Kokshareva et al. 1977 oral 10 ----- 70 mg/m' 7.0 mg/m' 

Rat Technical News 1972 oral 17 ----- 119 mg/m' 12 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to a concentration of 1 mglm3 for 7.5 to 8.5 hours 

resulted in a plasma cholinesterase depression of 20 to 25% 

[Hunter 1964). 

Revised IDLH: 100 mg/mI 

Ba.I. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dichlorvos is 100 mgIm1 based on an analogy to parathion. Since the 

toxicity of dichlorvos is about 10 times lower than parathion (based on acute oral toxicity data in animals), the revised 

IDLH for dichlorvos is 10 times the revised IDLH for parathion (10 mgIml). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gig Sanlt [1968); 33(10):35 (in Russian). 

2. Hartley 0, Kidd H, eds. [1984). Agrochemical handbook. Nottingham, England: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1983-86. 

p. A141. 

3. Hunter C [1964). Communication to TLV Committee from Tunstall Laboratory, Sittingbourne, Kent, England. [From 

ACGIH [1991). Dichlorvos. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. ~.) 

162 
Dichlorvos (continued) 

4. Ikuzawa M, Yonemoto S, Aoki H, Sumimoto S, Matsumoto K, Ohara K [1966). Studies on the toxicity of various 

insecticides for mice (I) on the oral acute toxicity of single and mixed insecticides. J Osaka Cty Med Cntr 15:553-563. 

5. Kokshareva NV, Kovtun SO, Kagan YS, Mizyukova IG, Medvedev BM [1977]. Action of diethixime, a new cholinesterase 

reactivator, on the central nervous system. Bulletin Exp Bioi Med 83:32-35. 

6. Mattson AM, Spillane JT, Pearce GW [1955). Organophosphorus insecticides: dimethyl2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate 

(OOVP), an organic phosphorus compound highly toxic to insects. J Agri Food Chem 3(4):319-321. 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1942. 

8. Technical news: ortran. (1972). Japan Pesticide Information No. 13, pp. 36-38. 

163 
Dieldrin 

CAS number ................................. . 60-57·1 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin); NIOSH considers dieldrin to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin) 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . Same as current PEL 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 0.25 mglm3 TINA [skin) 

Description of Substance ...................... . Colorless to light-tan crystals with a mild, chemical odor. 

LEL ......................................... . Noncombustible Solid 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 450mglm3 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for dieldrin. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the statement by Deichmann and 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference 

Cat Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1964 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 

Lethal dose data: 

Speci .. Reference 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 

Mouse Kenaga and Morgan 1978 

Dog Spencer 1973 

Rat Treon and Cleveland 1955 

Gerarde (1969) that an oral dose of 65 mglkg is believed to be a 

reasonable estimate of the lethal dose in man. Thienes and 

Haley (1972) and Gleason et al. (1969) reported similar estimates 

of the lethal dose for man [Hodge et al. 1967; Kalushner 1960). 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCIO LCLo nme LC (CF) value 

80 mg/m' ......... -- 4 hr 160 mg/m' (2.0) 16 mg/m' 

13 mg/m' ...... --- 4hr 26 mg/m' (2.0) 2.6 mg/m' 

LDIO LDLo 

Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

oral 45 ----- 315 mg/m' 32 mg/m' 

oral 49 ----- 343 mg/m' 34 mg/m' 

oral 38 --_ ...... 266 mg/m' 27 mg/m' 

oral 65 ----- 455 mg/m' 46 mg/m' 

oral 38 ... --_ ... 266 mg/m' 27 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The lethal oral dose has been estimated to be about 5 grams 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Hodge et al. 1967]. [Note: An 

oral dose of 5 grams is equivalent to a wor1ter being exposed to 

3,300 mglm3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Revised IDLH: 50 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dieldrin is 50 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Hodge et al. 1967]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the 

"most protective" respirators be wom for dieldrin at concentrations above 0.25 mglm3.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO (1966). Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 3n. 

2. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Dieldrin. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yor1t, NY: Academic 

Press, Inc., pp. 215-216. 

164 
Dieldrin (continued) 

3. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1964]; 8(4):30-34 (in Russian). 

4. Gleason MN, Gosselin RE, Hodge HC, Smith RP [1969]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 3rd ed. Baltimore, 

MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 85-87. 

5. Hodge HC, Boyce AM, Deichmann WB, Kraybill HF [1967]. Toxicology and no-effect levels of aldrin and dieldrin. 

Toxicol Appl PharmacoI10:613-675. 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 73. 

7. Kalushner A [1960]. Occupational dieldrin poisoning. JAMA 172(18):148-151. 

8. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW [1978]. Commercial and experimental organiC insecticides. Entomological Society of America 

Special Publication 78-1:13. 

9. Spencer EY [1973]. Guide to the chemicals used in crop protection. 6th ed. London, Ontario, Canada: Research 

Institute, University of Western Ontario Sub Post Office, p. 13. 

10. Thienes CH, Haley T J [1972]. Clinical toxicology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, p. 26. 

11. Treon JF, Cleveland FP [1955]. Toxicity of certain chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides for laboratory animals. J Agri 

Food Chem 3:402-403. 

165 
Diethylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoau ... guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

109-89-7 

10 ppm (30 mgtm3) TWA, 25 ppm (75 mgtm3

) STEL 

25 ppm (75 mgtm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (30 mgtm3

) TWA, 25 ppm (75 mgtm3

) STEL 

5 ppm (15 mgtm3) TWA, 15 ppm (45 mgtm3

) STEL [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a fishy, ammonia·like odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL, 1,800 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

Patty [1963] made the statement that a 4-hour exposure to 

4,000 ppm killed 3 of 6 rats. However, because of the severe 

eye and lung irritation that occurs as a result of exposure to high 

concentrations of diethylamine, an IOLH of 2,000 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLD Adjuated O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Refe ... nc. (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valu. 

Rat Kine et al. 1960 4,000 .. _ ....... 4hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal dON data: 

LD50 LDLD 

Speci .. R.f .... nce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derlv.d value 

Rat Kine et al. 1960 oral 540 .. ---- 1,243 ppm 124 ppm 

Mouse Patel et al. 1985 oral 500 ---_ ... 1,151 ppm 115 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R050 (mouse), 184 ppm [Nielsen and Yamagiwa 1989]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that the simple alkyl amines are generally 

more toxic than ammonia [ACGIH 1991]. The American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists TL V for 

diethylamine (10 ppm TWA, 25 ppm STEL) was based on an 

analogy to ammonia (25 ppm TWA, 35 ppm STEL) [ACGIH 

1991]. 

R.vised IDLH: 200 ppm 

Baala for ... vised IDLH: The revised IDLH for diethylamine is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Nielsen and Yamagiwa 1989] and an analogy to ammonia [ACGIH 1991]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Di.thylamine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 460-461. 

2. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Guzman RJ, Loquvam GS [1960]. The toxicity of allylamines. Arch Environ Health 1:343-352. 

3. Nielsen GO, Yamagiwa M [1989]. Structure-activity relationships of airway irritating aliphatic amines, receptor activation 

mechanisms and predicted industrial exposure limits. Chem Bioi Interact 71(213):228-244. 

4. Patel VK, Venkatakrishna·Bhatt H, Patel NB, Jindal MN [1985]. Pharmacology of new glutarimide compounds. Biomed 

Biochim Acta 44(5):795-803. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yor\(, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2044. 

166 
2-Diethylaminoethanol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

100-37-8 

10 ppm (50 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

10 ppm (50 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (48 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a nauseating, ammonia-like odor. 

Unknown 

500 ppm 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for diethylaminoethanol. The chosen IDLH is 

based on the following statements by Comish [1965]: "exposure 

of rats to 500 ppm, 6 hours daily for 5 days, resulted in severe 

weight loss and high mortality. Daily exposure at 200 ppm 

resulted in the death of 7 of 50 rats during the first month. A 

single human exposure for a few seconds to a level well below 

200 ppm resulted in nausea and vomiting." 

None developed 

LCso LCu Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Lomonova 1970 924 .. ---- 4 hr 1.848 ppm (2.0) 185 ppm 

Mouse Lomonova 1970 1,027 --.. -- ? ? ? 

Lethal dose data: 

LOla LOu 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1944 oral 1,300 ----- 1,869 ppm 187 ppm 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . A very short exposure (<30 seconds) to a concentration 

estimated to be less than 100 ppm has resulted in nausea and 

vomiting within 5 minutes; other persons in the same room also 

complained of the nauseating odor but did not become ill 

[Comish 1965]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 2-dlethylaminoethanol ia 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Comish 1965]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Comish HH (1965). Oral and inhalation toxicity of 2-diethylaminoethanol. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:479-484. 

2. Lomonova GV [1970]. Toxicology data on dimethylethanolamine and diethylethanolamine. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 

14(11):52-53 (translated). 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP [1944]. The place of the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. J Ind Hyg 

ToxicoI26:269-273. 

167 
Difluorodibromomethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoau ... guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-61-6 

100 ppm (860 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (860 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (858 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless, heavy liquid or gas (above 76°F) with a characteristic 

odor. 

Noncombustible Liquid/Nonflammable Gas 

2,500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the rat LCLO of 2,300 ppm 

[Comstock et al. 1953 cited by NIOSH 1974] and on the 

statement by Patty [1963] that 4,000 ppm for 15 minutes caused 

significant pulmonary damage in rats [Chambers et al. 1950]. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adju.ted O.5ohr Derived 

Specie. Refe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Chambers et a1. 1950 ~ ......... 54,630 15 min 43,158 ppm (0.79) 4,316 ppm 

Rat Comstock and Oberst 1952 -_ ....... 55,000 15 min 43,450 ppm (0.79) 4,345 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 4,000 ppm for 15 minutes caused 

significant pulmonary damage in rats [Chambers et al. 1950]. 

Fatalities were noted in rats after exposures of to 2,300 ppm for 

6 hours/day, 5 dayslweek for 7 weeks [Comstock et al. 1953]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

ea.l. for ... vlsed IDLH: The revised IDLH for difluorodibromomethane is 2,000 ppm based on inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Chambers et al. 1950; Comstock et al. 1953]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Chambers WH, Krachow EH, McGroth FP, Goldberg SB, Lawson LH, McNamee K [1950]. An investigation of the toxicity 

of proposed fire extinguishing fluids. Part III. The pathology in rats produced by inhalation of vapors of proposed fire 

extinguishing compounds. Army Chemical Center, MD: U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Medical Division Research Report 

No. 23, p. 33. 

2. Comstock CC, Oberst FW [1952]. Comparative inhalation toxicities of carbon tetrachloride, 

monochloromonobromomethane, difluorodibromomethane and triftuoromonobromomethane to rats and mice in the 

presence of gasoline fires. Army Chemical Center, MD: U.S. Army Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories, Research 

Report No. 107. p. 52. 

3. Comstock CC, Kerschner J, Oberst FW [1953]. Toxicology of inhaled triftuoromonobromomethane and 

difluorodibromomethane vapors from subacute and chronic exposures of rats and dogs. Army Chemical Center, MD: 

U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Medical Laboratory Research Report No. 180, p. 6. 

4. NIOSH [1974]. PA75250. Methane, dibromodifluofO-. In: The toxic substance. list, 1974 ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Serviee, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134, p. 4n. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Intersaenee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1328. 

168 
Diglycidyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.cription of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH .................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

2238-07-5 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3) TWA; NIOSH considers diglycidyl ether to 

be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.5 ppm (2.8 mglm3) CEILING 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.53 mglm~ TWA 

Coloriess liquid with a strong, irritating odor. 

Unknown 

25 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the male mouse 4-hour LC50 of 

30 ppm [Hine et al. 1956). 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted 0.5-hr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Kine et a1. 1956 30 _ ..... _- 4hr 60 ppm (2.0) 6.0 ppm 

Mouse Kine et al. 1961 86 ----- 4hr 192 ppm (2.0) 19 ppm 

Mouse Kine et a1. 1961 30 ......... -- 8hr 75 ppm (2.5) 7.5 ppm 

Rat Kine et al. 1961 200 ..... -_ ... 4hr 400 ppm (2.0) 40 ppm 

Rat Kine et a1. 1961 68 --.. -- 8hr 170 ppm (2.5) 17 ppm 

Rat Marhold 1986 200 ... -_ ..... 4hr 400 ppm (2.0) 40 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevIsed IDLH: 10 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for diglycidyl ether is 10 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Hine et al. 1956; Hine et al. 1961). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be wom for diglycidyl ether at concentrations above 0.1 ppm.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, Anderson HH (1956). The toxicology of glycidol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

2. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Guzman RJ, Dunlap MK, Uma R, Loquvam GS (1961). Effects of diglycidyt ether on blood of 

animals. Arch Environ Health 2(1):37131-50'<44. 

3. Marhold J (1986). Prehled Prurnyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 773 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

169 
Diisobutyl ketone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994ACGIHTLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@200°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

108-83-8 

25 ppm (150 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (290 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (150 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (145 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a mild, sweet odor. 

0.8% (10% LEL(@200°F), 800 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

aasia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC (1971) report that 

"breathing saturated vapors in air killed 1 of 6 animals in 8 hours; 

breathing 2,000 ppm for 8 hours killed 5 of 6 animals. Breathing 

1,000 ppm for 8 hours produced illness but no deaths.· This is 

the only useful data available on which to base the IDLH for this 

substance. 

Short-term exposure guidelinea ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIIO LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valu. 

Rat Smyth et al. 1949 ............... 2,000 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1949 2,000 .............. 8 hr 5,000 ppm (2.5) 500 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD .. LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat NPIRI 1974 oral 5,750 -_ ......... 6,799 ppm 680 ppm 

Mouse Shell 1961 oral 1,416 ----- 1,674 ppm 167 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1949 oral 5,800 .. -_ ...... 6,858 ppm 686 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that a 3-hour exposure at 50 or 100 ppm 

caused slight irritation to the eyes, nose, and throat [Smyth et al. 

1949). 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

eaala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for diisobutyl ketone is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Smyth et al. 1949). . 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, pezzani UC, Weil CS [1953]. Toxicity and hazard of diisobutyl ketone vapors. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 8:3n-381. 

2. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. Vol. 

1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 23. 

3. Shell [1961]. Unpublished report. Shell Chemical Company, p. 4. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS [1949]. Range-finding toxicity data: list III. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:60-62. 

5. UCC [1971]. Toxicology studies: diisobutyl ketone. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

170 
Diisopropylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ....................... : .... . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subatance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Species Reference (ppm) 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 1,140 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 1,000 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1954 LC,,: 1,000 

Rabbit Treon et a1. 1949 ............... 

G. pig Treon et a1. 1949 ----... Cat Treon et a1. 1949 -_ ........ 

108·18·9 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (21 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colortess liquid with an ammonia· or fish·like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL, 1,100 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the ucc [1971] report that a 

4-hour exposure to 1,000 ppm killed 2 of 6 rats. Patty [1963] 

reported the same information [Smyth et al. 1954]. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

......... -- 2 hr 1,824 ppm (1.6) 182 ppm 

.. -_ ..... 2 hr 1,596 ppm (1.6) 160 ppm _ ........... 4 hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200·ppm 

2,207 2.5 hr 3,752 ppm (1.7) 375 ppm 

2,207 80 min 3,090 ppm (1.4) 309 ppm 

2,207 72 min 2,869 ppm (1.3) 287 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complaints of nausea, headache, and temporary dimness in 

vision were reported in workers 2 to 3 hours following several 5-

to 1 D-minute exposures to about 176 ppm; concentrations 

otherwise during the workshift averaged about 24 to 48 ppm 

[Treon et al. 1949] 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

Basis for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for diisopropylamine is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

workers [Treon et al. 1949] and animals [Izmerov et al. 1982; Smyth et al. 1954]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 54. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Intersdenee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2044. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

4. Treon JF, Sigmon H, Kitzmiller KV, Heyroth FF [1949]. The physiological response of animals to respiratory exposure to 

the vapors of dli80propylamine. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:142·145. 

5. UCC [1971]. Toxicology studies: diisopropyl amine. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

171 
Dimethyl acetamide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@212°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

127-19-5 

10 ppm (35 mg/m3) TVVA [skin) 

10 ppm (35 mg/m3) TVVA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (36 mg/m3) TVVA [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a weak, ammonia· or fish-like odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL(@212°F), 1,800 ppm) 

400 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Oeichmann and 

Gerarde [1969) that acute inhalation at 406 and 575 ppm causes 

some deaths and degeneration of the liver in several species of 

laboratory animals. Although no time period is specified for that 

exposure, the chosen IOLH is probably reasonable, and perhaps 

even conservative, because Patty [1963) reported that liver injury 

was noted only in some rats and dogs exposed to repeated 

inhalation at 100 to 200 ppm [Hom). 

None developed 

LCso LCLI> Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Kennedy and Sherman 1986 2,475 ----- 1hr 2,970 ppm (1.2) 297 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LDLI> 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Bartsch et al. 1976 oral 4,620 ----- 8,934 ppm 893 ppm 

Rat Monsanto 1990 oral 4,800 ----- 9,282 ppm 928 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 300 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethyl acetamide is 300 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Kennedy and Sherman 19861. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bartsch W, Sponer G, Dietmann K, Fuchs G [1976]. Acute toxicity of various solvents in the mouse and rat. 

Arzneimittel-Fcnchung (Drug Research) 26(8):1581-1583 (in German). 

2. Deichrnann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Dimethylacetamide (DMA). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, 

NY: Acedemic Press, Inc., p. 655. . 

3. Hom HJ [1). Personal communication. [From Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and tOxicology. 2nd rev. ed. 

Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience Publishers, Inc., p. 1834.) 

4. Kennedy GL. Sherman H (1986). Acute and subchronic toxicity of dimethylforrnamide and dimethylacetamide following 

various routes of administration. Drug Chem Toxicol 9(2):147-170. 

5. Monsanto (1990). 8EHQ-0590-0981 submission on DMFIOMAC to U.S. EPA. St. Louis, MO: Monsanto Chemical 

Company. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. 

6. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1834. 

172 
Dimethylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

124-40-3 

10 ppm (18 mgtm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (18 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (9.2 mgtm3j TWA, 15 ppm (27.6 mglm3j STEL 

Colorless gas with an ammonia- or fish-like odor. 

2.8% (10% LEL, 2,800 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available for 

dimethylamine. Therefore, the chosen IDLH is based on an 

analogy with diethylamine which has an IDLH of 2,000 ppm. 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLa Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Koch et al. 1980 4,700 ...... --- 4hr 9.40C ppm (2.0) 940 ppm 

Rat Steinhagen et al. 1982 4,540 ............... 6hr 10.442 ppm (2.3) 1.044 ppm 

Mouse Steinhagen et al. 1982 7,650 ... --_ .. 2hr 12.240 ppm (1.6) 1.224 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LOla LOLa 

Specie. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Dzhanashvili 1967 oral 698 ----- 2.613 ppm 

Mouse Dzhanashvili 1967 oral 316 ----- 1.183 ppm 

Rabbit Dzhanashvili 1967 oral 240 -_ ....... 898 ppm 

G. pig Dzhanashvili 1967 oral 240 ----- 898 ppm 

Other animal data.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 511 ppm [Steinhagen et al. 1982]; 

ROsa (rat), 573 ppm [Steinhagen et al. 1982]. 

261 ppm 

118 ppm 

90 ppm 

90 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

ea.l. for revl.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethylamine is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Steinhagen et al. 1982]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Dzhanashvlli GO [1967]. Maximum permissible concentration of dimethylamine in water bodies. Gig Sanit 

32(6):329-335 (translated). 

2. Koch F, Guenter M, K1iche R, Lang R [1980]. StudieS on the aerogenic intoxication of rats by means of methylamines. 

Wiss Z: Karl Marx University, Leipzig, Math-Naturwiss. Reihe 29:463-474. [From ACGIH [1991]. Dimethylamine. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 479-481.] 

3. Steinhagen WH, Swenberg JA, Barrow CS [1982]. Acute inhalation toxicity and sensory irritation of dimethylamine. Am 

Ind Hyg Assoc J 43(6):411-417. 

173 
N,N-Dimethylaniline 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofSubetance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

121-69-7 

5 ppm (25 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (50 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

5 ppm (25 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

5 ppm (25 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm {50 mglm~ STEL [skin] 

5 ppm (25 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (50 mglm3

) STEL [skin] 

Pale yellow, oily liquid with an amine-like odor. 

Unknown 

100 ppm 

No quantitative data on acute inhalation toxicity are available for 

dimethylaniline. Because the TL V for dimethyl aniline is based 

on an analogy with aniline [ACGIH 1971], the chosen IDLH is 

also based on an analogy with aniline, which has an IDLH of 

100 ppm. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjuated O.5ohr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Slu.ar et al. 1972 .... -..... SO 4 hr 100 ppm (2.0) 10 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO L~ 

Speci .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1962 oral 1,410 ............ 1,958 ppm 196 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N,N-Dimethylaniline has been reported to be quantitatively less 

toxic than aniline but produces a very similar effect - notably, 

methemoglobinemia [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. It has been 

reported that 50 mglkg is the lethal oral dose [Hall 1969]. [Note: 

ReviHCIIDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

An oral dose of 50 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being 

exposed to 2,333 mglm3 (463 ppm) for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Basis for reviHCIIDLH: Based on an analogy with aniline [Clayton and Clayton 1981] which has an IDLH of 100 ppm 

and to acute oral toxicity data in humans [Hall 1969], the originallDLH for N,N-dimethylaniline (100 ppm) is not being 

revised for at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Dimethylaniline (n-dimethylaniline). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallnduatrial Hygienists, p. 89. 

2. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York: John Wiley & Sons, loc., pp. 241~2454. 

3. Hall R [1969]. Adhesives. Washington DC: National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers Bulletin, p. 5. Jan/Feb, 

1969. 

4. Slusar MP, Zvezday VI, Kolodub FA [1972]. Hygienic standardization of N,N-dimethylaniline in the air of industrial 

premises. Gig Sanit 37(4):35-37 (in RUSSian). 

5. Smyth HF, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA (1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

174 
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate (Naled) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Specl .. Reference Route 

300-76-5 

3 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

3mg/m3 TWA 

3 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

3 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Colorless to white solid or straw-colored liquid (above 80"F) with 

a slightly pungent odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

1,8oomglm3 

Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available, 

the chosen IDLH has been estimated from the male rat oral LD50 

of 250 mg/kg [Gaines 1969 cited by ACGIH 1971). 

ACGIH (1971) also reported that the acute toxicity data, 

inhalation data, and experience to date indicate that this is not a 

highly dangerous material. 

None developed 

LDIO L~ 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Berteau and Deen 1978 inhalation' 156 ----- 1,092 mg/m' 109 mg/m' 

Mouse Berteau and Deen 1978 oral 222 --.. -- 1,554 mg/m' 155 mg/m' 

Rat Berteau and Deen 1978 oral 160 _ ..... _- 1,120 mg/m' 112 mg/m' 

Mammal Debska et al. 1975 oral 430 ..... --- 3,010 mg/m' 301 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1969 oral 250 ----- 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' 

Mouse Haley et al. 1975 oral 330 ---.... 2,310 mg/m' 231 mg/m' 

·Note: An inhalation exposure that was presented as "mg/kg." 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 200 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethyI-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl phosphate is 200 mglm3 based on 

acute toxicity data in animals [Berteau and Deen 1978, Debska et al. 1975; Gaines 1969: Haley et al. 1975]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Dibrom (naled). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 73. 

2. Berteau P, Dean W (1978). A comparison of oral and inhalation toxicities of four insecticides to mice and rats. 

Bulletin Environ Contam Toxicol19:113-120. 

3. Debska W. Jaruzelski M, 'Mtkowski W, Zdziechowski J [1975]. Dynamika zanikania pestycyctow w roslinach 

leczniczych. Herba Poionioa 21:53-60 (in Polish). 

4. Gaines TB [1969). Acute toxicity of pesticides. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol14:515-534. 

5. Haley TJ, Farmer JH, Hal'l7:Oll JR. Dooley KL [1975]. Estimation of the LD, and extrapolation of the LDo., for five 

organophcaphate pesticides. Arch Toxicol34:103-109. 

175 
Dimethylformamide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

68·12-2 

10 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

10 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@212°F) ................................. . 

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a faint. amine-like odor. 

2.2% (10% LEL(@212°F). 2.200 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 3,500 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Clayton 

et al. [1963] that rats survived a 4-hour exposure to air saturated 

with dimethylformamide vapor [Smyth and Carpenter 1948] and 

inhalation of seturated vapors for 6 hours was lethal [Haskell 

Laboratory]. A.D. UttIe reports that the saturated concentration 

at 20°C is 3.550 ppm. Because exposures to rats for 4 hours 

were at saturated concentrations. 3.500 ppm is chosen as the 

IDLH. 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIIO LC ... AdJusWd 0.5-11r Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Haskell .... --- 5,000 5hr 11,500 ppm (2.3) 1,150 ppm 

Mouse Stasenkeva 1951 3,092 ----- 2hr 4,947 ppm (1.5) 496 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIIO LD ... 

Specl .. Reference Rout. (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJusWd LD Derived value 

Rat Druckrey et al. 1957 oral 2,800 .. --_ ... 5.447 ppm 645 ppm 

Meuse Lobanova 1958 eral 3,700 ----- 8,520 ppm 852 ppm 

Rat Massmann 1956 eral 3,500 --_ ...... 8,059 ppm 806 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethylformamide is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals~Stasenkov 1961]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. A.D. Little (1). A.D. Little. Inc. Information supplied to NIOSH during Standards Completion Project. 

2. Clayton JW Jr. Barnes JR. Hood DB. Schepers GWH [1963]. The inhalation toxicity of dimethylfon'namide (DMF). Am 

Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:144-154. 

3. Druckrey H. Preullmann R. Ivankovic S. Schmahl D [1967]. Organotrope carcinogene wirkungen bei 65 vershiedenen 

N-nitroso-verbindungen and BD-ratten. Zeitschrift fOr Krebsforschung 69:103-201 (in German). 

4. Haskell Laboratory (1). Unpublished report. [From Clayton JW Jr. Barnes JR. Hood DB. Schepers GWH [1963]. The 

inhalation toxicity of dimethylformamide (DMF). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:144-154.] 

5. Lobanova KP (1958). Concerning the toxicity of dimethylformamide. Gig Tr Prof Zabol23(5):31-37 (in Russian). 

6. Massmann W [1956]. Toxicological investigations on dimethylformamide. Br J Ind Med 13:51-54. 

7. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP [1948]. Further experience with the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg ToxicoI30(1):63-68. 

8. Stasenkova KP [1961]. Toxicity of dimethylformamide. Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 1:54-69 (in Russian). 

176 
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subatance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelinn .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

57-14-7 

0.06 ppm (0.15 mglm3

) 2-hour CEiLING; NIOSH considers 

1,1-dimethylhydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen 

as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.5 ppm (1 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 ppm (1.2 mglm3

) TWA [skin), A2 

Coloness liquid with an ammoni. or fish-like odor. 

2% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

50 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

1 of 3 dogs died following a 4-hour exposure to 52 ppm 

[Jacobson et al. 1955). Concentrations above 50 ppm may 

cause permanent eye damage. 

American industrial Hygiene Association [AIHA 1964) 

Emergency Exposure Umits (EELs): 

~minute EEL: 600 ppm 

10-minute EEL: 200 ppm 

3O-minute EEL: 100 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 50 ppm 

National Research Council [NRC 1985) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 0.2" ppm 

2-hour EEGL: 0.12 ppm 

4-hour EEGL: 0.06 ppm 

8-hour EEGL: 0.03 ppm 

16-hour EEGL: 0.015 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 0.01 ppm 

LCBO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Jacobaon et al. 1955 252 _ ............ 4hr 504 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Mouse Jacobaon et al. 1955 172 --_ ...... 4hr 344 ppm (2.0) 34 ppm 

Hamster. Jacobaon et al. 1955 392 ----- 4hr 784 ppm (2.0) 78 ppm 

Dog Jacobaon et al. 1955 LC100 : 111 ...... --- 4hr 222 ppm (2.0) 22 ppm 

Dog Jacobaon et al. 1955 Le,,: 52 ----- 4hr 104 ppm (2.0) 10 ppm 

Dog Weeka .t 81. 1963 3,580 ----- 15 min 2,828 ppm (0.79) 283 ppm 

Rat W.aka at 81. 1963 1,410 ----- lhr 1,763 ppm (1.25) 176 ppm 

Dog Weeka et al. 1963 981 ----- 1hr 1,226 ppm (1.25) 123 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No adverse effects were noted in dogs exposed at 50, 200, and 

600 ppm for 50, 15, and 5 minutes, respectively; only mild toxic 

responses were noted at 100,.00, and 1,200 ppm for 60,15, 

and 5 minutes, respectively (Weeks et al. 1963). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 
1, 1-Dimethylhydrazine (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 15 ppm 

B.sls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1, 1-dimethylhydrazine is 15 ppm based on acute toxicity data in animals 

[Jacobson et al. 1955]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators 

be wom for 1, 1-dimethylhydrazine at concentrations above 0.06 ppm.l 

REFERENCES: 

1. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Toxicology Committee [1964]. Emergency exposure limits. Am Ind Hyg Assoc 

J 25:578-586. 

2. Jacobson KH, Clem JH, VVheelwright HJ, RinehartWF, Mayer N [1955]. The acute toxicity of the vapors of some 

methylated hydrazine derivatives. AMA Arch Ind Health 12:609-619. 

3. NRC [1985]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 5. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health 

Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 37-46. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2226. 

5. Weeks MH, Maxey GC, Sicks ME, Greene EA [1963). Vapor toxicity of UDMH in rats and dogs from short exposures. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:137-143. 

178 
Dimethylphthalate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.crlptlon of Sub.tance ...................... . 

LEL(@3SS·F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

131-11-3 

5 mglm3 T'NA 

5 mglm3 T'NA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 T'NA 

Colorless, oily liquid with a slight, aromatic odor. 

0.9% (10% LEL(@358·F), 11,300 mglm3) 

9,300 mglm3 

a..I. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Spector [1956] 

that 9,300 mglm3 was a lethal concentration for the cat 

[Eller 1937]. 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.S-I1r Derived value 

Specie. Reference LCIO Leu. TIme LC (CF) 

Cat Eller 1937 ............... 9,630 mg/m' 6 hr 22,149 mg/m' (2.3) 2,215 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDu. 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Lehman 1955 oral 6,900 "''''' -- 48,300 mg/m' 4,830 mg/m' 

Rabbit Lehman 1955 oral 1,000 ... __ ... - 7,000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

G. pig Lehman 1955 oral 2,400 ......... -- 16,800 mg/m' 1,680 mg/m' 

Rat Timofeevskaia et al. 1963 oral 6,800 ----- 47,600 mg/m' 4,760 mg/m' 

Mouse Timofeevakaia et al. 1963 oral 6,800 -_ ... -- 47,600 mg/m' 4,760 mg/m' 

Rabbit Woodard and Hagan 1948 oral 4,400 ----- 30,800 mg/m' 3,080 mg/m' 

G. pig Woodard and Hagan 1948 oral 2,400 ----- 16, 800 mg/m' 1,680 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 mglm3 

a..I. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethylphthalate is 2,000 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Eller 1937]. [Note: Due to its low volatility. this concentration could only be reached at elevated temperatures or 

if the liquid droplets become airborne as in a mist.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Eller [1937]. Doctoral dissertation. Wurzburg, Germany: Julius Maximillian University (in German). [From SpectorWS. 

ed. [1956]. Handbook oftoxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. pp. 334-335.] 

2. Lehman AJ [1955]. Insect repellents. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 19:87-90. 

3. Spector WS, ed. [1956]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

pp. 334-335. 

4. Timofeevskaia LA. Ivanova NI. Balinina ES [1963]. Toxicology of o-phthaiic acid esters and hygienic reglamentation. 

Gig Tr Prof Zabol 24(3):25-27 (in Russian). 

5. Woodard G, Hagan EC [1948]. Toxicological investigations of compounds proposed for use as insect repellents. 

B. Acute oral toxicity. J Pharmacoi Exp Ther 93:26-39. 

179 
Dimethyl sulfate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

77·'78-1 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3

) TWA [skin); NIOSH considers dimethyl 

sulfate to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by 

the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

0.1 ppm (0.52 mglm~ TWA [skin). A2 

Colorless. oily liquid with a faint. onion·like odor. 

Unknown 

10 ppm 

The chosen IDlH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

a 20-minute exposure to 13 ppm caused severe symptoms in 

monkeys and a 20-minute exposure to 75 ppm resulted in the 

lC50 for guinea pigs [Ghiringhelli et al. 1957; Ghiringhelli and 

Sironi 1958). No other useful data are available on which to 

base the IDlH. 

None developed 

lCso LCLo Adjuated O.S-I\r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Batzura et al. 1980 8.6 ...... _ ..... "hr 17 ppm (2.0) 1.7 ppm 

Human Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 ..... --... 97 10 min 67 ppm (0.69) 6.7 ppm 

G. pig Ghiringhelli et al. 1957 75 ---...... 20 min 65 ppm (0.87) 6.5 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1979 53 ...... --- ? ? ? 

G. pig Harbold 1986 32 ---... - lhr 40 ppm (1.25) 4.0 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised iDlH. 

Revised IDLH: 7 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dimethyl sulfate is 7 ppm besed on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be wom for dimethyl sulfate at concentrations above 0.1 ppm--1 

REFERENCES: 

1. 8atzura FD. Kasparov AA. et aI. [1980). Pathogenesis of acute dimethyl sulfate intoxication (experimental study). Gig Tr 

Prof Zabol 24(11):55-57 On Russian). 

2. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW [1969). Dimethylsulfate (DMS). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yorlt. NY: 

Academic Press. Inc .• p. 228. 

3. Ghiringhelli l, Colombo W. Monteverde A [1957]. Observations on the toxicity of dimethylsulphate in animal 

experiments. Med Lev 48:634-&41 (in Italian). 

4. Ghiringhelli l. Sironi G [1958). Dimethylsulphate and cetalysis. Med lav 49:690-693 (in Italian). 

5. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1979); 23(3):28-32 On Russian). 

6. Marhold J [1986). Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie. Organickelatky. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Avicenum. p. 1079 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

7. Patty FA. ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yorit. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1929. 

180 
Dinitrobenzene (0-, me, p-isomers) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

528-29-0 (a-isomer), 99-65-0 (m-isomer), 100-25-4 (p-isomer) 

1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 (0.15 ppm) TWA [skin] 

Pale-white or yellow solid. 

Unknown 

200 mglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for dinitrobenzene. The chosen IDLH, therefore, 

has been estimated from the statement by Deichmann and 

Gerarde [1969] that the probable lethal oral dose for an adult is 

2 grams. 

None developed 

LDIO LDu 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

p-isomer 

Cat Spector 1955 oral ----- 29 203 mg/m' 20 mg/m' 

m-isomer 

Rat Kitchens et al. 1978 oral 83 ......... -- 581 mg/m' 58 mg/m' 

Rabbit Kitchens et al. 1978 oral .............. 400 2,800 mg/m' 280 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The probable lethal oral dose has been reported to be 2 grams 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 2 grams 

is equivalent to a wori(er being exposed to about 1,300 mglm3 for 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 50 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for dinitrobenzene. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for dinitrobenzene is 50 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and 

Gerarde 1969). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Dinitrobenzenes. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yori(, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., pp. 226-227. 

2. Kitchens JF, Harward WE III, Lauter DM, Wentsel RS, Valentine RS [1978]. Preliminary problem definition of 

48 munitions-related chemicals. Vol. 1. Explosives related chemicals. Alexandria, VA: Atlentic Research Corporation, 

U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command Contract No. DAMD17-77-C-7057. 

3. Spector WS, ed. [1955]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. 1. Acute toxicities of solids, liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., pp.116-117. 

181 
Di n itro-o-cresol 

CASnumbsr ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCso 

534-52-1 

0.2 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

0.2 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

Yellow. odorless solid. 

Unknown 

5mg/m3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Hunter (1969) 

that 4.7 mglm3 per day caused the following symptoms in a 

factory worker: fever. weight loss. a 400% rise in the basal rate 

of metabolism. rapid pulse. rapid respiration. profuse sweating. 

shortness of breath. and cough [McDonald 1943]. It is obvious 

that the chosen IDLH has been set conservatively. but no other 

quantitative data are available on which to base an IDLH. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

Cat Burkatskaya 1965 LCu : 40 mg/m' ---_ ... 4hr 80 mg/m' (2.0) 8.0 mg/m' 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso L~ 

Species Reference Route (mg/kg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Colliot 1972 oral 7 ... -_ ..... 49 mg/m' 4.9 mg/m' 

Cat DeCeaurriz et al. 1981 oral 50 ----- 350 mq/m' 35 mg/m' 

Mouse MacEwen and Vemot 1972 oral 21 ----... 147 mg/m' 15 mg/m' 

Rabbit Popov and Vrochinsky 1976 oral 24.6 ........ -- 172 mq/m' 17 mg/m' 

G. pig Popov and Vrochinsky 1976 oral 24.6 ... ", ... -- 172 mq/m' 17 mg/m' 

Rat Spencer et al. 1948 oral 31 ... _--- 217 mq/m' 22 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An exposure of 4.7 mglm3 per day resulted in fever. a basal 

metabolic rate of 400. rapid pulse and respiration. profuse 

sweating. shortness of breath. and cough (FairhaIl1957). A 

single oral dose 75 mg produced no toxic effects in five 

volunteers (Harvey et al. 1951). (Note: An oral dose of 75 mg is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to 50 mglm3 for 

RevlHCIIDLH: 5 mglms [Unchanged) 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.) 

Baals for revIHCIIDLH: Based on acute toxicity data in humans (FairhaIl1957; Harvey et al. 1951) and animals (Colliot 

1972). the originallDLH for dinitro-o-cresoli5_ mglm') is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Burkatskaya EN (1965). Maximum permissible concentration of dinitro-o-cresol in air. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 30:34-37 (in 

Russian). 

2. Colliot F (1972]. Inter6t presente par I'acetate de dinoterbe pour Ie traitement d'hiver des arbres fruitiers et de la vigne. 

Defensi des Vegetaux 26:69-84 (in French). 

182 
Dinitro-o-cresol (continued) 

3. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(4):137-143. 

4. Fairhall LT [1957]. Industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, p. 230. 

5. Harvey DG, Bidstrup PL, Bonnell JAL [1951]. Poisoning by dinitro-orth~esol. Some observations on the effects of 

dinitro-ortho-cresol administered by mouth to human volunteers. Br J Med 2:13-15. 

6. Hunter 0 [1969]. Dinitro-orth~esol. In: The diseases of occupations. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and 

Company, pp. 559-567. 

7. MacEwen JD, Vemot EH [1972]. Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual report: 1972. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report, 

AMRL-TR-72-62. 

8. McDonald JM [1943]. Industrial hygiene in wartime Baltimore. Baltimore Health News 20(9):169-170. 

9. Popov TA, Vrochinsky KK [1976]. Materials on substantiation of the threshold of DNOC in water bodies. Gig Sanit 

41(6):12-15 (in Russian). 

10. Spencer HC, Rowe VK, Adams EM, Irish DO [1948]. Toxicological studies on laboratory animals of certain 

alkyldinitrophenols used in agriculture. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30:10-28. 

183 
Dinitrotoluene (mixed isomers) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doae data: 

25321·14-6 

1.5 mglm3 TWA [skin): NIOSH considers dinitrotoluene to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

1.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

1.5 mglm3 TWA [skinJ 

Orange-yellow crystalline solid with a charaderistic odor. 

Unknown 

200mglm3 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available 

concerning the physiological response to dinitrotoluene, the 

chosen IDLH has been estimated from the oral cat minimal lethal 

dose of 27 mglkg [White and Hay 1901 and Kuhls 1905 cited by 

Spedor 1956). 

None developed 

LDso LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

3,S·isomer 

Rat Rickert et al. 1984 oral 216 .............. 1,512 mg/m1 151 mg/m1 

2,4-isomer 

Mouse Rickert et al. 1984 oral 1,954 ......... -- 13,678 mg/m1 1,368 mg/ml 

Cat Rickert et al. 1984 oral ----- 27 189 mg/ml 19 mg/ml 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the toxic effeds of dinitrotoluene are 

similar in charader to those of other aromatic nitro compounds, 

such as dinitrobenzene [ACGIH 1991J. 

ReviHd IDLH: 50 mglm3 

easis for reviHd IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for dinitrotoluene. Therefore, 

the revised IDLH for dinitrotoluene is 50 mglm3 based on an analogy with dinitrobenzene [ACGIH 1991). [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for dinitrotoluene at 

concentrations above 1.5 mglm3.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991J. Dinitrotoluene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 506-510. 

2. Kuhls [1905]. Quantitative experiments on the intake of toxins through the skin (paranitrochlorobenzene, drop oil, 

dinitrotoluene). Doctoral dissertation (translated). Wurzburg, Germany: Julius Maximillian University, pp. 19-22. 

3. Rickert DE, Butterworth BE, Popp JA [19&4J. Dinitrotoluene: acute toXicity, oncogenicity, genotoxicity, and metabolism. 

CRC Crit Rev Toxicol13(3):217-234. 

4. Spedor WS, ed. [1956]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

pp.118·119. 

5. White RP, Hay J [1901J. Some recent inquiries and researches into the poisonous properties of naphthalene and the 

aromatic compounds. Lancet 2:582-584. 

184 
Di-sec octyl phthalate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@474°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tenn expotJure guldell".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

117-81-7 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL; NIOSH considers di-sec cetyl 

phthalate to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined 

by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

5mglm3 TWA 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

Colorless, oily liquid with a slight odor. 

0.3% (10% LEL(@474°F), 8,600 mglm3) 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 5,000 mglm3 - see 

discussion belOW.] 

Patty [1963] made the statement that inhalation of the vapor-mist 

mixture produced by bubbling air through a Column of plasticizer 

maintained at 170·C could be tolerated for 2 hours without 

producing fatalities. In a 4-hour period, however, all rats had 

succumbed. On the basis of these experiments, the hazard to 

exposed workers should be very low under ordinary 

circumstances. Because di-sec octyl phthalate has such a low 

toxicity, respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

aSSigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

1,000 x the OSHA PEL of 5 mglm3 (i.e., 5,000 mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 5,000 mglm3

• 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl" Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Autian 1973 oral 34,000 ----- 238,000 mg/m' 23, 800 mg/m' 

G. pig Autian 1973 oral 26, ODD .. -_ .... 182,000 mg/m' 18,200 mg/m' 

Rat Shibko and Blumenthal 1973 oral 30,600 ----- 214,200 mg/m' 21,420 mg/m' 

Mouse Yagi et al. 1976 oral 30,000 --_ .... 210,000 mg/m' 21,000 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 5,000 mglm3 

a.sls for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for di-sec octyI phthalate. 

Since the acute oral toxicity data in animals [Autian 1973; Shibko and Blumenthal 1973; Yagi et al. 1976] indicates that 

di-sec octyl phthalate hallow acute toxicity, the revised IDLH for di-sec octyI phthalate il 5,000 mglm3 based on being 

1,000 times the OSHA PEL of 5 mglm3 (1,000 il an aSligned protection factor for respirators and was used during the 

Standardl Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" relpirators should be used for di-sec octyl 

phthalate). [Note: NIOSH recommendl al part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for 

di-sec octyl phthalate at concentrations above 5 malm3

,] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Autian J [1973]. Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: review of the literature. Environ Health Perspect 4:3-26. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1909. 

3. Shibko SI, Blumenthal H[1973]. Toxicology of phthalic acid esters used in food·packaging material. Environ Health 

Perspect 3:131-137. 

4. Yagi Y, Tutikawa K, Shimoi N [1976]. Teratogenicity and mutagenicity of a phthalate elter. Int J Abnorm Develop 

14(2):259 [Abstract]. 

185 
Dioxane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1984 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentnltion datil: 

LCIO 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

123-91-1 

1 ppm (3.6 mglm3

) 3O-minute CEILING; NIOSH considers 

dioxane to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by 

the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

100 ppm (360 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (90 mglml) TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (90 mglml) TWA [skin) 

Colortess liquid or solid (below 53·F) with a mild, ether-like odor. 

2.0% (10% LEL. 2,000 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the acute inhalation toxicity data 

cited by AIHA (1960) in which a lethal concentration of 1,000 to 

3,000 ppm for 3 hours is reported for guinea pigs, and on the 

lethal concentration of 2,085 ppm (8 hours) for mice 

[Klimmer 1937] reported by Spector (1956). ACGIH (1971) 

reported that guinea pigs could tolerate 2,000 ppm for several 

hours without serious symptoms [Yant et al. 1930). Therefore, 

exposure of workers to 2,000 ppm for 30 minutes probably would 

not impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.Sohr Derived value 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

G. pig AlKA 1960 ----- 1,000-3,000 3hr 1,800-5,400 ppm (1.8) 180-540 ppm 

Mouse lzmerov et al. 1982 10,109 ----- 2hr 16,174 ppm (1.6) 1,617 ppm 

Cat Klilllller 1937 ----- 12,022 7hr 28,853 ppm (2.4) 2,885 ppm 

Mouse Klilllller 1937 .... --- 2,085 8hr 5,213 ppm (2.5) 521 ppm 

Rat Koam 8iol Aviak Med 1977 12,568 ----- 2hr 20,109 ppm (1.6) 2,011 ppm 

Other animal datil ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea pigs can tolerate 2,000 ppm by inhalation for several 

hours without serious symptoms; higher concentrations 

produced eye, nose, and lung irritation [Yant et al. 1930). 

Human datil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Baa .. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for dioxane is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[AIHA 1960; Klimmer 1937]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of ita carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for dioxane at concentrations above 1 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Dioxane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for IUbatllncea in workroom air. 3rd ad. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 84. 

2. AIHA [1960J. Dioxane. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Asaoc J 21:533-534. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotaky IV, Sidorov KK [1982J. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chernicala under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 63. 

4. Klimmer 0 [1937]. Dissertation: Beitrag zur toxikologischen wirkung technischer IolUngamittai (in German). Germany: 

Pharmakologischen InstiM der Universitat Wurzburg. 

5. Kosm Bioi Aviak Mad [1977]; 11(6):53-57 (in Russian). 

6. Spector WS, ed. [1956J. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities of solids, liquids and gases to laboratory 

animals. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., pp. 334-335. 

7. Vant wp, Schrenk HH, Patty FA, Waite CP [193OJ. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial 

organic compounds. VI. Dioxan. Public Health Rep 45(2):2023-2032. 

186 
Diphenyl 

CAS number ........................•......... 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substanee ...................... . 

LEL(@232°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for origlnal(SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

92-52-4 

1 mglm3 (0.2 ppm) TWA 

1 mglm3 (0.2 ppm) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1.3 mglm3 (0.2 ppm) TWA 

Colorless to pale-yellow solid with a pleasant. charaderistic 

odor. 

0.6% (10% LEL(@232°F). 5.000 mglm') 

300 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the following statements by 

Hakkinen et al. [1973]: "one fatal case of liver necrosis with 

some areas of cint10sis occurred in a worlter who had been 

regularly exposed to concentrations of vapor of approximately 

100 mglm3. Other workers with repeated exposure to 

concentrations greater than 5 mglm3 had gastrointestinal 

symptoms as well as polyneuritic complaints. with abnormalities 

of both the eledroencephalogram and electromyogram. Some 

showed hepatic damage deteded by liver function tests and 

biopsy." 

None developed 

LD. LDIA 

Specie. Referenee Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Deichmann et al. 1947 oral 2,400 --._- 16,800 mg/m' 1,680 mg/m' 

Rat Deichmann et al. 1947 oral 3,280 ----- 22,960 mg/m' 2,296 mg/m' 

Mouse Isshiki et al. 1983 oral 1,900 ----- 13,300 mg/m' 1,330 mg/m' 

Rat Monsanto 1986 oral 2,400 ----- 16,800 mg/m' 1,680 mg/m' 

Human data .................................. . it has been reported that one fatal case of liver necrosis with 

some areas of cirrhosiS occurred in a worlter who had been 

regularly exposed to vapor concentrations of approximately 

RevIHCIIDLH: 100 mglm3 

100 mgIrn3 [Hakkinen et 81. 1973]. Other worlters with repeated 

exposure to concentrations greater than 5 mglm3 had . gastrointestinal symptoms as well as polyneuritic complaints. 

with abnormalities of both the electroencephalogram and 

electromyogram [Hakkinen at al. 1973]. Some worlters showed 

hepatic damage (jeteded by liver function tests and biopsy [Hakkinen et iiI. 1973]. WorIters exposed to concentrations 

ranging from 4.4 to 128 mglm3 complained of the strong odor 

ancfirritation of the throat ind eyes [Hakkinen at al. 1973]. 

eaala for revIHCIIDLH: The revised IDLH for diphenyl is 100 mgIm' based on acute and chronic Inhalation toxicity data 

in worlters [Hakkinen et al. 1973). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann WB. KitzmIller KV. Dierlter M. Witherup S [1947]. Observations on the etrec:ts of diphenyl. c> and 

p-aminodiphenyl. c> and p-nitrodiphenyl. and dehydroxyoct8chJorodiphenyi upon experimental animals. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 29: 1·3. 

2. Hakkinen I. Siitanen E. Hemberg S. Seppalainen AM. Karli p. Vikkula E [1973J. DiphenyI poisoning in fruit paper production. Arch Environ Health 26:70;74. 

3. Isshiki K. Miyata K. Matsui S, Tsutsumi M. Watanabe T [1983]. Effects of post-harveat fungicides and piperonyl butoxide 

on the acute toxicity of pesticides in mice. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi (FoOd Hygiene Joumal) 24(3):268-274 (in Japanese). 4. Monsanto [1986]. Material safety data sheet: biphenyl (MSDS No. 000092524). St. Louis. MO: Monsanto Company. 

p.3. 

187 
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of Subatance ...................... . 

LEL(@392-F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

eaal. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doH data: 

34590-94-8 

100 ppm (600 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (900 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

100 ppm (600 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

100 ppm (600 mglm~ TWA, 150 ppm (900 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

100 ppm (606 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (909 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a mild, ether-like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL(@392°F), 1,100 ppm) 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 5,000 ppm - see 

discussion below.] 

No acute toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for 

dipropylene glycol methyl ether. According to Patty [1963) this 

substance is low in toxicity by inhalation. Therefore, for this draft 

technical standard, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection fador afforded by each device up to a 

concentration of 50 • the OSHA PEL of 100 ppm (I.e., 

5,000 ppm); only the "most protective" respirators are permitted 

for use in concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm. Concentrations 

above 5,000 ppm are unlikely to be encountered in the 

workplace because of the high boiling point and low vapor 

pressure of this substance. 

None developed 

LD. L~ 

Specl .. Reference Rout. (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjuat.d LD Derived value 

Rat Rowe et al. 1954 oral 5,135 .......... 5,835 ppm 584 ppm 

Dog Shideman and Procita 1951 oral 7,500 .... --- 8,523 ppm 852 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1962 oral 5,350 .... -_ .. 6,080 ppm 608 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concentrations between 300 and 400 ppm have been reported 

to be very disagreeable [Rowe at al. 1954). Central nervous 

system impairment (undefined) occurred at 1 ,000 ppm in one of 

two subjeds [Stewart at al. 1970]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 600 ppm 

Baal. for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for dipropylene glycol methyl ether is 600 ppm based on acute toxicity data in 

humans [Rowe at at 1954; Stewart at aI. 1970) and animals [Rowe et at 1954; Smyth et at 1962). This may be a 

conservative value due to the leek of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations between 400 and 

1,000 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Patty FA, ad. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ad. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1573. 

2. Rowe VK, McCollister DO, Spencer HC, Cyen F, Hollingsworth RL, Drill VA [1954]. Toxicology of mono-, di-, and 

tripropylene glycol methyl ethers. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Mad 9:509-525. 

3. Shideman FE, Procita L [1951]. The pharmacology of the monomethyl ethers of mono-, dl-, and tripropylene glycol in the 

dog with observations on the auricular fibrillation produced by these cotnpounds. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 102:79-87. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Wail CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

5. Stewart RO, Baretta EO, Dodd HC, Torkelson TR [1970). Experimental human exposure to vapor of propylene glycol 

monomethyl ether. Arch Environ Health 20:218-223. 

188 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lAthal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference 

Rat ACGIH 1971 LC,,: 

Lethal dOH data: 

Endrin 

72·20-8 

0.1 mg/m3 [skin] TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mg/m3 TWA [skin] 

Colorless to tan, crystalline solid with a mild, chemical odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

2,000 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH .. 200 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.} 

Based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] that 3 of 10 rats were 

reported to have died following a 1·hour exposure at about 

2,000 mglm3 [Anderson et at 1953; Hine et at 1954], an IDLH of 

2,000 mglm3 was chosen. Because of the assigned protection 

fador afforded by each device, however, 2,000 x the OSHA PEL 

of 0.1 mglm3 (i.e., 200 mglm~ is the concentration above which 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCIO LCLA> nme LC (CF) value 

2.000 mg/m' --_ .... 1hr 2,500 mg/II1' (1.25) 250 mg/m' 

LOll ~ Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Monkey AAPCO 1966 oral 3 ----- 21 mg/II1' 2.11119/111' 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 oral 16 ----- 112 119/111' 11 mg/II1' 

Hamster Ottolenghi et al. 1974 oral 10 ----- 70 119/111' 7.0 mg/II1' 

Rat Sanderson and Noakes 1970 oral 3 ----- 21 "'9/111' 2.1 "'9/m' 

Cat Treon et al. 1955 oral ----- 5 35 mg/m' 3.5mg/m' 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1955 oral 7 ----- 49 mg/m' 4.9 "'9/111' 

Mouse Webb et al. 1973 oral 1.4 ----- 10 mg/m' 1.0 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . An oral dose of 171 mglkg has been reported to be lethal 

[Runhaar et aI. 1985). "haa also been reported that the 

approximate en! dose producing convulsions is about 0.2 mglkg 

[Hayes 1982J. [Note: Oral doses of 171 mglkg or 0.2 mgJkg are 

equivalent to a 7O-kg worker being exposed to about 

Revised IDLH: 2 mgInf 

8,000 mglm' or9 mglm3, respectively, for 30 minutes. assuming 

a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.J 

a..i. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for endrin is 2 mglm' based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Hayes 

1982J and animals [AAPCO 1966; Sanderson and Noakes 1970; Treon et at 1955; Webb et aI. 1973}. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

189 
Endrin (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO (1966). Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 

p.475. 

2. ACGIH (1971). Endrin. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 98. 

3. Anderson HH, et al. (1953). Berkeley, CA: University of Califomia, Report No. 213. [From ACGIH (1971). Endrin. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 98.) 

4. Hayes WH Jr (1982). Pesticides studied in man. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp: 247-251. 

5. Hine CH, et al. (1954). Berkeley, CA: University of Califomia, Report No. 233. [From ACGIH (1971). Endrin. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 98.) 

6. Ottolenghi AD, Haseman JK, Suggs F (1974). Teratogenic effects of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin in hamsters and mice. 

Teratology 9:11-16. 

7. Runhaar EA, Sangster B, Greve PA, Voortman M (1985). A case of fatal endrin poisoning. Hum ToxicoI4:241-247. 

8. Sanderson OM, Noakes ON (1970). Acute toxicity data for pesticides (1970). World Review of Pesticide Control 

9:119-127. 

9. Treon JF, Cleveland FP, Cappel J (1955). Toxicity of endrin for laboratory animals. J Agri Food Chem 3:842-848. 

10. Webb RE, Hartgrove RW, Randolph we, Petrella VJ, Horsfall F Jr (1973). Toxicity studies in endrin-susceptible and 

resistant strains of pine mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 25:42-47. 

190 
Epichlorohydrin 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-tenn exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

106-89-8 

None established; NIOSH considers epichlorohydrin to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

5 ppm (19 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

2 ppm (8 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

2 ppm (7.6 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a slightly irritating, chlorofonn-like odor: 

3.8% (10% LEL, 3,800 ppm) 

250 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the rat 4-hour LClO of 250 ppm 

[Carpenter et al. 1949 cited by NIOSH 1976a). 

1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG·1: 2 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG·2: 20 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 100 ppm (60-minute) 

LCIO LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat carpenter et a1. 1949 

Rat Dow 

Rat Dow 

Mouse Freuder and Leake 1941 LClO,: 

Rat NPIRI 1974 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 

Mouse Smyth and pozzani 1986 LC1OO ! 

Rat Weil et a1. 1963 

Rat Wei1 et a1. 1963 LCu : 

Other animal data ............................. . Human data .................................. . 

Revised IDLH: 75 ppm 

--....... 250 4hr 500 ppm (2.0) SO ppm 

3,617 ... --_ .. 1hr 4,521 ppm (1.25) 452 ppm 

2,165 _ ........... 1hr 2,706 ppm (1.25) 271 ppm 

8,300 --.. _- 30 min B,300 ppm (1.0) 830 ppm 

250 ----- Bhr 600 ppm (2.4) 60 ppm 

244 --... -- 8hr 53B ppm (2.4) 54 ppm 

7,414 ...... -_ ... 30 min 7,414 ppm (1.0) 741 ppm 

360 --_ ...... 6hr B28 ppm (2.3) 83 ppm 

250 -..... _- Bhr 600 ppm (2.4) 60 ppm 

RD50 (mouse), 687 ppm [Alarie 1981). 

Workers engaged in the production of epichlorohydrin from 

dichlorohydrin glycerin, with isolated exposures to 

epichlorohydrin ranging from 4.9 to 54.~ ppm, showed no 

apparent adverse effects [perko et al. 1966). Concentrations of 

20 ppm produced transient buming of the eyes and nasal 

mucosa, 40 ppm produced eye and throat irritation that persisted 

for 48 hours, and concentrations in excess of 100 ppm were 

considered intolerable with 8 potential for lung edema and 

kidney lesions [NIOSH 1976b). 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for epichlorohydrin is 75 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [NIOSH 1976b; Perko et al. 1966) and animals [Carpenter et al. 1949; NPIRI1974; Smyth and Carpenter 1948; 

Well et al. 1963). [Note: NIOSH recommends 8S part of its carcinogen policy that the "moat protective" respirators be 

worn for epichlorohydrin at any detectable concentration.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani VC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:343-344. 

191 
Epichlorohydrin (continued) 

3. Dow Chemical Company [?]. Material safety data sheet: epichlorohydrin [unpublished data]. Midland. MI: Dow 

Chemical Company. Health and Environmental Sciences USA. [From 1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association 

(AIHA) Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs).] 

4. Freuder E. Leake CO [1941]. The toxicity of epichlorohydrin. University of California Berkeley Publication. 

Pharmacology 2:69-78. 

5. NIOSH [1976a]. TX49000. Propane.1-chloro-2.3-epoxy-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191. p. 955. 

6. NIOSH [1976b]. NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to epichlorohydrin. Cincinnati. 

OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institute for Occupational Safety 

and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-206. pp. 102-107. 

7. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook. physical and chemical properties. fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem. PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute. p. 41. 

8. Perko LI. Gronsberg ESh. et al. [1966]. Work condition and health status of plant personnel engaged in the production 

ofepichlorohydrin. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 10(11):52-54 (in Russian). [From ACGIH [1991]. Epichlorohydrin. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati. OH: American 

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 550-555.] 

9. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CP [1948]. Further experience with the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30(1):63-68. 

10. Smyth HF Jr. Pozzani UC [1986]. Technical Bulletin SC:57. Shell Chemical Corporation. 

11. Weil CS. Condra N. Hann C. Streigel JA [1963]. Experimental carcinogenicity and acute toxicity of representative 

epoxides. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:305-325. 

192 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

EPN 

2104-64-5 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Yeilow solid with an aromatic odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

50mglm3 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for EPN. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has been 

estimated from the female rat oral LDso of 8 mglkg [Gaines 1969 

cited by NIOSH 1976]. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

LDso LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog AAPCO 1966 oral 20 ... ---- 140 mg/m' 14 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1969 oral 8 ----- 56 mg/m' 5.6 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1969 oral 36 --_ ... - 252 mg/m' 25 mg/m' 

Rat Hodge et al. 1954 oral 7 _ ... _-- 49 mg/m' 4.9 mg/m' 

Mouse Nishizawa et al. 1962 oral 12.2 --_ ..... 85 mg/m' 8.5 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ingestion of 3 mg EPN per day for 32 days did not depress 

plasma or red blood ceil (RBC) cholinesterase; 6 mg EPN per 

day for 88 days did not cause a significant depression of RBC or 

plasma cholinesterase [Rider et al. 1959). It has been reported 

that the threshold of incipient toxicity appears to be 9 mg 

[Moeiler and Rider 1962]. 

Revised IDLH: 5 mglm' 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for EPN. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for EPN is 5 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Rider et al. 1959] and animals [Gaines 

1969; Hodge et al. 1954]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for 

workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of the American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., pp. 47~79. 

2. Gaines TB [1969]. Acute toxicity of pesticides. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI14:515-534. 

3. Hodge HC, Maynard EA, Hurwitz L, DiStefano V, Downs WL, Jones CK, Blanchet HJ Jr [1954]. Studies of the toxicity 

and of the enzyme kinetics of ethyl p-nitrophenyl thionobenzene phosphonate (EPN). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 112:29-39. 

4. Moeller HC, Rider JA [1962J. Plasma and red blood ceil cholinesterase activity as indications of the threshold of incipient 

toxicity of ethyl-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate (EPN) and malathion in human beings. Toxicol Appl 

PharmacoI4:123-13O. 

5. NIOSH [1976). TB19250. Phosphonothioic acid, phenyl-, ().ethyl Q.(p-nitrophenyl)ester. In: Registry of toxic effects of 

chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health 

Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication 

No. 76-191, p. 8n. 

6. Nishizawa Y, Kuramoto S, Kadota T, Miyamoto J, Fujimoto K, Sakamoto H [1962]. Studies on organophosphorus 

insecticides. Part X. Chemical and biological properties of O,O-dimethyl-Q.{4-cyanophenyl) phosphorothioate and 

().ethyl-Q.(4-cyanophenyl) phenyl phosphonothioate. Agri Bioi Chem 26(4):257-264. 

7. Rider JA, Moeiler HC, Swader J, Devereaux RC [1959]. A study of the anticholinesterase properties of EPN and 

malathion in human volunteers. Clin Res 7:81-82. 

193 
Ethanolamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@2S4°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

141-43-5 

3 ppm (8 mglm3

) TWA, 6 ppm (15 mglm3

) STEL 

3 ppm (6 mglm3

) TWA 

3 ppm (8 mglm3

) TWA, 6 ppm (15 mglm3

) STEL 

3 ppm (7.5 mglm3) TWA, 6 ppm (15 mglm3

) STEL 

Colortess, viscous liquid or solid (below 51°F) with an 

unpleasant, ammoni.like odor. 

3.0% (10% LEL(@2S4°F), 3,000 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1968] that 

the saturated concentration (less than 1,316 ppm) at room 

temperature should not be immediately hazardous to life. 

However, AIHA [1968] also reported that sprays and mists 

evolving from these compounds at elevated temperatures may 

be dangerous. 

National Research Council [NRC 19841 Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 50 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 3 ppm 

LCN LCu. Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

G. pig Treon et al. 1957 LCn : 233 -_ ........ 1hr 291 ppm (1.25) 29 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LON LOu. 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Rat Hartung and Cornish 1968 oral 3,320 .. ---- 9,150 ppm 915 ppm 

G. pig Sidorov et al. 1968 oral 620 ----- 1,709 ppm 171 ppm 

Rat Sidorovet al. 1968 oral 2,050 ... --_ .. 5,650 ppm 565 ppm 

Mouse Sidorov et al. 1968 oral 1,475 ----- 4,065 ppm 407 ppm 

Rabbit Sidorov et al. 1968 oral 1,000 .. ---- 2,776 ppm 278 ppm 

Rabbit Sidorov and Timofievakaya 1979 oral 1,000 ... --_ ... 2,756 ppm 276 ppm 

Mouae Timofievakaya 1962 oral 700 ----- 1,920 ppm 192 ppm 

Rat vernot et al. 1977 oral 1,720-1,970 ----- 4,740-5,429 ppm 474-543 ppm 

Other anima' data ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cats exposed for 2 hours to vapors of ethanolamine at 

concentrations reaching 970 ppm displayed vomiting tendencies; 

mice had no adverse effects from the same exposures [Sidorov 

et al. 1968]. A single &-hour exposure to "concentrated vapors" 

did not kill any of six rats [UCC 1970). Guinea pigs survived a 

15-minute exposure to ethanolamine at 193 ppm [Treon et al. 

1957). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 30 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethanolamine is 30 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Treon et al. 1957]. 

194 
Ethanolamine (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1968). Ethanolamines. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:312-315. 

2. Hartung R, Comish HH [1968). Cholinesterase inhibition in the acute toxicity of alkyl-substituted 2-aminoethanol. 

Toxicol Appl PharmacoI12:486-494. 

3. NRC [1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 17-25. 

4. Sidorov KK, Gorban GM, Tikhonova GP [1968). Comparative toxicological characteristics of some regenerable 

absorbers of carbon dioxide. Kosm Bioi Aviak Med 2:289-292 (in Russian). 

5. Sidorov KK, Timofievskaya LA [1979). Data for use in setting the MAC for monoethanolamine in the working 

environment. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 23(9):55 (in Russian). 

6. Timofievskaya LA [1962). Toxicological characteristics of monoethanolamine. Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 4:81-91 

(in Russian). 

7. Treon JF, Cleveland FP, Stemmer KL, Cappel J, Larson EE, Shaffer F [1957]. Toxicity of monoethanolamine in air. 

Cincinnati,OH: Kettering Laboratory. 

8. UCC [1970). Ethanolamines. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation, Chemicals and Plastics, p. 30. 

9. Vemot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC, Kinkead ER [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organiC and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI42:417-423. 

195 
2-Ethoxyethanol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

110-80-5 

0.5 ppm (1.8 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

200 ppm (740 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (18 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@2oo°F) ................................. . 

Colorless liquid with a sweet, pleasant, ether·like odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL(@2oo°F), 1,700 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 6.000 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1963) that 

investigators concluded from animal experiments that 

substantially saturated atmospheres (6,000 ppm) at ordinary 

room temperatures will not produce serious injury in 1 hour 

[Waite et al. 1930). 

Short·term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat NPIRI 1974 2,000 ............. 7hr 4,800 ppm (2.4) 480 ppm 

G. pig Waite et al. 1930 .............. 3,000 24 hr 10,950 ppm (3.65) 1,095 ppm 

Mouse Werner et al. 1943 1,820 ... ---- 7hr 4,368 ppm (2.4) 437 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Eastman 1982 oral 2,451 ----- 4,575 ppm 458 ppm 

Rat Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1963 oral 2,125 ....... -- 3,967 ppm 397 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some investigators have stated that at ordinary room 

temperatures substantially saturated atmospheres (i.e., about 

6.000 ppm) will not produce serious injury in 1 hour [Waite et al. 

1930]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers with some work experience reported that odor levels 

of 125 ppm were noticeable and that the odor level that would be 

intolerable was greater than 255 ppm [Clayton and Clayton 

1982). 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

aasl. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 2-ethoxyethanol is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [NPIRI 1974; Wemer et al. 1943]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data 

for workers exposed to concentrations above 255 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1963]. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (2-ethoxyethanol). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

24:288-289. 

2. Clayton GO. Clayton FE, eds. [1982]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2C. Toxicology. New 

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 3926. 

3. Eastman Chemical Products [1982]. Material safety data sheet: EKTASOLVE4D EE solvent. Kingsport, TN: Eastman 

Chemical Products, Inc., MSOS·10, 170A·1 (10-82), pp. 1·7. 

4. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1963]; 32(3):48-54 (in Russian). 

196 
2-Ethoxyethanol (continued) 

5. NPIRI (1974). Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 54. 

6. Waite CP, Patty FA, Vant VVP (1930). Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic 

compounds. III. ·Cellosolve" (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol). Public Health Rep 45:1459-1466. 

7. Wemer HW, Mitchell JL, Miller JW, von Oettingen WF [1943). Acute toxicity ofvapors of several monoalkyl ethers of 

ethylene glycol. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI25:157-163. 

197 
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH .... : ...................... . 

111-15-9 

0.5 ppm (2.7 mgtm~ TWA [skin] 

100 ppm (540 mgtm3) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (27 mgtm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a mild odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

2,500 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . Patty (1963) reported that guinea pigs survived a 1-hour 

exposure to an atmosphere essentially saturated with vapor 

(estimated to be less than 4,000 ppm) [Lehmann and 

Short-tenn exposure guldellnea ................. . 

Flury 1943). Because the data conceming the concentration is 

not very specific, the IDLH is based on the concentration of 

2-ethoxyethylacetate in saturated air at 20·C (i.e., 2,600 ppm). 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo AdJu.ted O.Sohr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Pozzani et al. 1959 2,204 ............ 8hr 5,510 ppm (2.5) 551 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1941 Len: 1,500 ............. 8hr 3,750 ppm (2.5) 375 ppm 

Rabbit Truhaut et al. 1979 >2,000 --..... - 4hr >4,000 ppm (2.0) >400 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Eastman 1982 oral 1,950 --... _- 2,486 ppm 249 ppm 

Rat lsin et al. 1988 oral 2,700 ..... -_ ... 3,443 ppm 344 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral 1,910 .. -....... 2,435 ppm 243 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revi.ed IDLH: 500 ppm 

easl. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 2-ethoxyethyl acetate is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Pozzani et al. 1959; Smyth at al. 1941; Truhaut et al. 1979). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of 

relevant inhalation acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Eastman Company [1982}. 8(e) submission to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Kingsport, TN: Tennessee 

Eastman Company, Status Report 8EHQ-0682-0450. 

2. Isin OV, Plaksienko NF, et al. [1988]. Hygienic reglamentation of cellosoIve content in water bodies. Gig Sanit 

53(10):78-79 (in Russian). 

3. Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. [1943}. Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. Translated by E. King and 

H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, MO: Williams & Wilkins Company, p. 290. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963}. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1589. 

5. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1959]. The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inl:1alation and single dose oral 

data. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:364-369. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L (1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

7. Truhaut R, Outertra-Catella H, Phu-Lich N, Huyen VN (1979). Comparative toxicological study of ethylglycol acetate and 

butylglycol acetate. Toxicol Appl PharrnacoI51:117-127. 

198 
Ethyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substanc. . ..................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term .xposure guidelines 

-ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC!!O 

Specl .. R.f.rence (ppm) 

141-78-6 

400 ppm (1,400 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1,400 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

400 ppm (1,440 mglm~ TWA 

Colorless liquid with an ether-like, fruity odor. 

2.0% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

Spector [1956] cited a mouse 3-hour LC!!O of 12,330 ppm 

[Spealman et a\. 1945]. UCC [1968] reported that none of 6 rats 

died after a 4-hour exposure at 8,000 ppm, but 6 of 6 rats died 

after a 4-hour exposure at 16,000 ppm. AIHA [1964] reported ':1 

concentration in the range of 8,600 to 20,000 ppm has been 

considered dangerous to man for short exposures [Henderson 

and Haggard 1943]. Based on the data cited above, an IOLH of 

10,000 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived valu. 

(ppm) Tim. LC (CF) 

G. pig Blina 1933 _ ........ 2l lhr 26 ppm (l.25) 2.6 ppm 

Rat Clayton and Clayton 1981 l6,OOO .... -_ .. 6 hr 36,800 ppm (2.3) 3,680 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 l2,295 --...... 2 hr 19,6'2 ppm (l.6) l,96' ppm 

Rat Patty 1963 l,600 ..... _-- 8hr 4,000 ppm (2.5) 400 ppm 

Mouse Spealman et al. 1945 .. --_ .. l2,330 3hr 22,l94 ppm (l.8) 2,2l9 ppm 

Rat UCC 1968 LC1OO : l6,000 ............ 4 hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Oth.r animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RO!!O(mouse), 614 ppm [Alari. 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worlters regularly exposed to concentrations from 375 to 

1.500 ppm for several months showed no unusual signs or 

symptoms [Patty 1963]. Concentrations in the range of 8.000 to 

20,000 ppm have been considered dangerous for short 

exposures [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. 

R.vlsed IOLH: 2.000 ppm [LEL] 

Basis for revised IOLH: Based on health considerations and acut. inhalation toxicity data in worlters [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943; Patty 1963]. a value between 2.000 and 8.000 ppm would have been appropriate for ethyl acetate. 

However. the revised IOLH for ethyl acetate is 2,000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i. •.• being 10% of the 

lower explosive limit of 2.0%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1964]. Ethyl acetat.. In: Hygienic guide seri.s. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:201-203. 

2. Alarie Y [1981J. Dose-r.sponse analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Blina LV [1933J. Ricerche sperimentali suU'azione tossica degli esteri delracide acetico. Acetato d'amile. Med Lav 

24:166-179 (in Italian). 

4. Clayton GO. Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

Yorlt, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc .• pp. 2270-2276. 

5. Henderson Y, Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New Yorlt. NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 222. 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of International Projects. GKNT, p. 65. 

199 
Ethyl acetate (continued) 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yom, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1967. 

8. Spealman CR, Main RJ, Haag HB, Larson PS [1945). Monomeric methyl methacrylate. Am J Ind Med 14(4):292-296. 

9. Spector WS, ed. [1956). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

pp.336-337. 

10. UCC [1968). Toxicology studies: ethyl acetate. New Yom, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

200 
Ethyl acrylate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

140-88·5 

None established; NIOSH considers ethyl acrylate to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA, 25 ppm (100 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (61 mglm3) STEL, A2 

Colorless liquid with an acrid odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL, 1,400 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Pozzani 

et al. 1949 cited by Patty [1963), and UCC [1971) that 5 of 6 rats 

died following a 4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm, and that 

1,000 ppm for 4 hours killed 0 of 6 rats. 

None developed 

LCso LCLa Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Oberly and Tansy 1985 2,180 .......... 4hr 4,360 ppm (2.0) 436 ppm 

Rabbit Pozzani et al. 1949 ...... -- 1,204 7hr 2,890 ppm (2.4) 289 ppm 

G. pig Pozzani et al. 1949 ........... 1,204 7hr 2,890 ppm (2.4) 289 ppm 

Rat Pozzani et al. 1949 Le,,: 2,000 ........... 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Mouse Sidorov and Timofievskaya 1979 3,894 ........... ? ? ? 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 315 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981). Thirty-day 

exposures of rats to 300 or 540 ppm resulted in mortality; while 

rats survived 3O-day exposures to 70 ppm [Treon et al. 1949]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prolonged inhalation exposures at 50 to 75 ppm produced 

drowsiness, headache, and nausea [Nemec and Bauer 1978]. 

Revised IDLH: 300 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl acrylate is 300 ppm based on toxicity data in humans [Nemec and 

Bauer 19781 and animals [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981; Oberly and Tansy 1985; Pozzani et al. 1949; Treon et al. 1949). [Note: 

NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for ethyl acrylate at any 

detectable concentration.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981). Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(4):137·143. 

2. Nemec JW, Bauer W Jr (1978). Acrylic acid and deviations. In: Encyclopedia of Chemical Toxicology. Vol. I. 3rd ed. 

New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 330-354. 

3. Oberly R, Tansy MF (1985). LC50 values for rats acutely exposed to vapors of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. J 

Toxicol Environ Health 16:811-822. 

4. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1880. 

5. Pozzani U, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1949]. Subacute vapor toxicity and range-finding data for ethyl acrylate. J Ind Hyg 

Toxicol 31:311·316. 

6. Sidorov KK, Timofievskaya LA (1979). Data for use in salting the UAC for monoethanolamine in the working 

environment. Gig Tr Prof ZaOOI 23(9):55 (in Russian). 

7. Treon JF, Sigmon H, Wright H, Kitzmiller KV (1949). The toxicity of methyl and ethyl acrylate. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

31:317·326. 

8. UCC (1971). Toxicology studies: ethyl acrylate. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

201 
Ethyl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ........ " .......................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

64-17-5 

1000 ppm (1,900 mg/m3) TWA 

1000 ppm (1,900 mg/m3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1000 ppm (1,880 mglm~ TWA 

Clear, colortess liquid with a weak, ethereal, vinous odor. 

3.3% (10% LEL: 3,300 ppm) 

15,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH (15,000 ppm) is based on human inhalation 

data and is conservative. At 15,000 ppm "there was continuous 

lachrymation and coughing" in the exposed individuals [Lester 

and Greenberg 1951). Further evidence of the IOLH '>Aing 

conservative is the report in Patty (1963) that a 2-hour exposure 

to 19,260 ppm only produced light narcosis in the rat; a 

255-minute exposure to 19,260 ppm produced no signs of 

intoxication in the guinea pig; a 75-minute exposure to 

23,940 ppm produced narcosis in the mouse; and a 80-minute 

exposure to 13,300 ppm caused ataxia in the mouse. 

None developed 

LCIO LCIA Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat NPIRI 1974 20,000 ... _--- 10 hr 54,200 ppm (2.71) 5,420 ppm 

Mouse Tiunov et a1. 1982 20,363 ..... _-- 4hr 40,727 ppm (2.0) 4,073 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LOlA 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Savchenltov 1967 oral 3,450 ----- 12,611 ppm 1,261 ppm 

Rat Wiberg et al. 1970 oral 7,060 ----- 25,807 ppm 2,581 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse), 27,314 ppm (Alarte 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It was reported in a dinical study that concentrations greater 

than 20,900 ppm were intolerably irritating and 15,000 ppm 

caused continuous lacrimation and coughing while 

concentrations between 5,200 and 10,400 ppm allowed work to 

be cerried on, but with a certain amount of discomfort [Lester 

and Greenberg 1951). In this same study, it was determined that 

62% of the ethyl alcohol inhaled was absorbed [Lester and 

Greenberg 1951). 

Revised IDLH: 3,300 ppm [LEL) 

eaala for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Lester and 

Greenberg 1951), a value of about 10,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IOLH for ethyl alcohol 

is 3,300 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 3.3%). 

202 
Ethyl alcohol (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Lester D. Greenberg LA (1951). The inhalation of ethyl alcohol by man. I. Industrial hygiene and medicolegal aspects. II. 

Individuals treated with tetraethylthiuram disulfide. Q J Stud Alcohol 12:167·178. 

3. Nielsen GO. Alarie Y (1982). Sensory irritation. pulmonary irritation. and respiratory stimulation by airbome benzene and 

alkylbenzenes: prediction of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation of their thermodynamic properties. Toxicol 

Appl Pharmacol 26(8):53. 

4. NPIRI (1974). Raw materials data handbook. physical and chemical properties. fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem. PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute. p. 44. 

5. Patty FA. ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1426. 

6. Savchenkov MF (1967). Reaction of different age-groups to intragastric introduction of various poisons. Gig Sanit 

32(3):31·35 (in Russian). 

7. Tiunov YA. Zhunov VG. et al. (1982). Information from the Soviet Toxicological Center. Gig Tr Prof ZaboI26(8):53-56 (in 

Russian). 

8. Wiberg GS. Trenhold HL. Coldwell BB (1970). Increased ethanol toxicity in old rats: changes in LD50. in vivo and in vitro 

metabolism. and liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Toxicol Appl PharrnacoI16:718-727. 

203 
Ethylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

75·04-7 

10 ppm (18 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (18 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

5 ppm (9.2 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (27.6 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless gas or water·white liquid (below 62' F) with an 

ammonia·like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

3.5% (10% LEL, 3,500 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC [1958] report that a 

4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm killed 1 of 6 rats. 

Short·term exposure guidelln.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.~r Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Mine et al. 1960 .... --- 3,000 4hr 6,000 ppm (2.0) 600 ppm 

Mammal Kulagina 1975 1,230 -_ ...... ? ? ? 

Rat UCC 1958 ----- 4,000 " hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat ucc 1958 oral 400 .... --- 1,497 ppm 150 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 600 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylamine is 600 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Hine et al. 1960; UCC 1958]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Guzman RJ, Loquvam GS [1960]. The toxicity of allylamines. Arch Environ Health 1:343-352. 

2. Kulagina NK [1975]. Dependence of biological activity of aliphatic hydrocarbons on their chemical structure and 

physical-chemical properties. Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 14:80-90 (in Russian). 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Wei! CS, Pozzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

4 UCC [1958J. Toxicology studies: ethyl amine. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

204 
Ethyl benzene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Su~tance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

100-41-4 

100 ppm (435 mglm~ TWA, 125 ppm (545 mglm~ STEL 

100 ppm (435 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (435 mglm3

) TWA, 125 ppm (545 mglm~ STEL 

100 ppm (434 mglm3

) TWA, 125 ppm (543 mglm~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. 

0.8% (10% LEL, 800 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) and 

ACGIH (1971) that in an experimental study 2,000 ppm caused 

dizziness in one man after a brief exposure of 5 minutes [Vant et 

al.1930). 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Rat Smyth et al. 1962 ........... - 4,000 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ROsa (mouse): 1,430 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981; 

ROsa (mouse): 4,060 ppm [Nielsen and Alarie 1982). 

value 

800 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dizziness was caused in one volunteer after a 5-minute 

exposure to 2,000 ppm [Vant et al. 1930]. 

Revised IDLH: 800 ppm [LEL] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on heaHh considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Vant et al. 1930] 

and animals [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981; Smyth et al. 1962], a value between 800 and 2,000 ppm would have been 

appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for ethyl benzene is 800 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 

10% of the lower explosive limit of 0.8%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Ethylbenzene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 104. 

2. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP (1981). Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airbome 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(4):137·143. 

3. Nielsen GDF, Alarie Y [1982]. Sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, and respiratory stimulation by airbome benzene 

and alkylbenzenes, prediction of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation with their thermodynamic properties. 

Toxicol Appl Pharmacol65:459-477. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1232. 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, pozzani UC, Striegel JA (1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

6. Yant wp, Schrenk HH, Waite CP, Patty FA (1930]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial 

organic compounds. II. Ethyl benzene. Public HeaHh Rep 45:1241·1250. 

205 
Ethyl bromide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subemnce ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·mrm exposure guidelin .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCsa Species Reference (ppm) 

74-96-4 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

200 ppm (890 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (890 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (1100 mglm3) STEL 

5 ppm (22 mglm3

) TWA, A2 

Colorless to yellow liquid with an ether·like odor. 

6.8% (10% LEL, 6,800 ppm) 

3,500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the minimal lethal concentration 

for mice of 3,500 ppm [Bachem 1927 as cited by von 

Oettingen 1937] cited by ACGIH [1971]. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Bachem 1927 -_ ...... 3.500 ? ? ? 

Rat Back et a1. 1972 26,980 .............. 1 hr 33,725 ppm (1.25) 3,373 ppm 

Mouse Back at a1. 1972 16,230 ...... -- 1 hr 20,288 ppm (1.25) 2,029 ppm 

Rat NTP 1988 4,681 ..... --- ? ? ? 

Mouse NTP 1988 2,723 ............ ? ? ? 

G. pig Sayer. and Yant 1929 LC1OO : 100,000 .. .......... 1.5 hr 145,000 ppm (1.45) 14,500 ppm 

G. pig Sayers and Yant 1929 LC1OO : 140,000 .. ........ - 10 min 96,600 ppm (0.69) 9,660 ppm 

G. pig Sayers and Yant 1929 .. ......... 24,000 30 min 24,000 ppm (1.0) 2,400 ppm 

G. pig Sayers and Yant 1929 ........... 7,000 >4.5 hr >14,560 ppm (2.8) >1,456 ppm 

Other animal dam ............................. . Exposure at 1,700 ppm for 9 hours caused no anesthesia or 

apparent adverse effects [Sayers and Yant 1929]. 

Concentrations of 12,000 ppm caused immediate eye irritation in 

volunteers and 5 minutes at 6,500 ppm resulted in eye irritation, 

headache, and vertigo [Sayers and Yant 1929). Workers 

exposed intermittently to concentrations up to 1,500 ppm 

complained of no systematic symptoms over a period of several 

years [Watrous 1947]. 

Human dam .................................. . 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl bromide is 2,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Sayers and Yant 1929; Watrous 1947] and animals [Back et al. 1972; Sayers and Yant 1937]. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations between 1,500 

and 6,500 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Ethyl bromide. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 105. 

2. Bachem C [1927]. Contribution to the toxicology of the alkyl halides. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol122:73-76 (translated). 

3. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD [1972]. Rec:lassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright·Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA·20-72·3, 

pp. A·340 to A·341. 

4. NTP [1988). Technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of bromoethane. Research Triangle Park, 

NC: National Toxicology Program, NTPINIH Publication No. 89-2818. 

5. Sayers R, Yant WP (1929). Physiological response attending exposure to vapors of methyl bromide, methyl chloride, 

ethyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. Washington, DC: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, Treasury Department, US Public 

Health Service, Public Health Bulletin 185:1·56. 

6. von Oettingen WF [1937]. The halogenated hydrocarbons: their toxicity and potential dangers. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

19(8):349-+48. 

7. Watrous R [1947]. Health hazards of the pharmaceutical industry. Br J Ind Med 4:111·125. 

206 
Ethyl butyl ketone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.crlption of Subatance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

106-35-4 

50 ppm (230 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (230 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (234 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a powerful, fruity odor. 

Unknown 

3,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

and Deichmann and Gerarde [1969] that 0 rats died following a 

4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm, but 6 of 6 rats died following a 

4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1949]. 

None developed 

LCu Adjuated O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) TIm. LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1949 Le,,,: 4, 000 ... -_ ...... 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal doe. data: 

LDso LOu 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1949 oral 2,760 ... --_ ... 4,067 ppm 408 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a 4-hour exposure to 

2,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1949]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

easis for revl.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl butyl ketone is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Smyth et al. 19491. 

REFERENCE: 

1. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Table 50. Toxicity of ketones. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, 

NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 736. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1741. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS [1949]. Range-finding toxicity data: list III. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:60-62. 

207 
Ethyl chloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln" ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-00-3 

Handle with caution in the workplace. 

1 ,000 ppm (2,600 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (2,640 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless gas or liquid (below 54°F) with a pungent, ether·like 

odor. 

3.8% (10% LEL, 3,800 ppm) 

20,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on human exposure data reported by 

Davidson [1926] in which 13,000 ppm caused no difficulty in 

walking or balancing after 21 minutes, but 19,000 ppm caused 

weak analgesia and Slight dizziness after 12 minutes. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLa Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specie. Rererenc. (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et a1. 1982 59,701 ---_ ... 2hr 95,522 ppm (1.6) 9,550 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 54,478 ---_ ... 2 hr 87,164 ppm (1.6) 8,716 ppm 

G. pig Sayers and Yant 1929 ............... 40,000 45 min 45,600 ppm (1.14) 4,560 ppm 

Human data. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 13,000 ppm for 21 minutes caused no 

difficulty in walking or balancing but 19,000 ppm caused weak 

analgesia and slight dizziness after 12 minutes [Davidson 1926]. 

Revi.ed IDLH: 3,800 ppm [LEL] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Davidson 1926], a 

value of about 13,000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for ethyl chloride is 3,800 ppm 

based strictly on safety considerations (Le., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 3.8%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Davidson BM [1926]. Studies of intoxication. V. The action of ethyl chloride. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 26:37-42. 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, RUSSia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 66. 

3. Sayers RR, Yant VP [1929]. Physiological response attending exposure to vapors of methyl bromide, methyl chloride, 

ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Treasury Department, U.S. Public 

Health Service, Public Health Bulletin 18.5:1·56. 

208 
Ethylene chlorohydrin 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

107-07-3 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) CEILING [skin) 

5 ppm (16 mgtm3

) TWA [skin) 

1 ppm (3 mgtm3

) CEILING [skin) 

1 ppm (3.3 mgtm3

) CEILING [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a faint, ether-like odor. 

4.9% (10% LEL, 4,900 ppm) 

10 ppm 

Browning [1965] stated that the lethal dose differs somewhat in 

the hands of different observers. An LC50 of 290 mglm3 (88 ppm) 

for rats [Semenova et al. 1971) was cited by NIOSH [1973]. 

However, an IDLH of 10 ppm is chosen based on other data (i.e., 

a rat 4-hour LC50 of 32 ppm [Browning 1965]; a rat 4-hour LC50 of 

33 ppm [Patty 1963); exposure to 7.5 ppm for 1 hour, which was 

lethal to rats, and 4 ppm, which was lethal to rats following 

2 exposures of 1 hour each [Browning 1965]; and a ceiling TL V 

of 1 ppm [ACGIH 1976]). 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo Adjuated O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Ambrose 1950 7.5 ... _--- 1hr 9 ppm (1.2) 0.9 ppm 

Rat Browning 1965 32 -_ ...... 4hr 64 ppm (2.0) 6.4 ppm 

G. pig Kovyzin 1971 260 ----- ? ? ? 

Rat Patty 1963 33 ....... -- 4hr 66 ppm (2.0) 6.6 ppm 

Rat Semenova et al. 1971 87 ----- ? ? ? 

Mouse Semenova et al. 1971 ll5 .... -_ ... ? ? ? 

Lethal dose data: 

LDao LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Rat Goldblatt and Chiesman 1944 oral 72 .. ---- 150 ppm 15 ppm 

Mouse Lawrence et 81. 1971 oral 81 ----- 169 ppm 17 ppm 

Rat Semenova et 81. 1971 oral 71 ---.. - 148 ppm 15 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et 81. 1941 oral 110 ----- 230 ppm 23 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed for 15 minutes a day at concentrations of 900 to 

1,000 ppm died within a few days [Goldblatt and Chiesman 

1944]. Repeated 1-hour exposures (not defined) to 2 ppm can 

be fatal to rats [Ambrose 1950]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Death has resuHed from a 2-hour exposure at an estimated 

concentration of 300 ppm [Dierker and Brown 1944). 

Revised IDLH: 7 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylene chlorohydrin is 7 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Browning 1965; Patty 19631. 

209 
Ethylene chlorohydrin (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1976). TLVs, Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents in the workroom environment 

with intended changes for 1976. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 18. 

2. Ambrose AM [1950). Toxicological studies of compounds investigated for use as inhibitors of biological processes. II. 

Toxicity of ethylene chlorohydrin. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 21:591-597. 

3. Browning E [1965). Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.399. 

4. Dierker H, Brown PG [1944). Study of a fatal case of ethylene chlorohydrin poisoning. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 26:277-279. 

5. Goldblatt MW, Chiesman WE [1944). Toxic effects of ethylene chlorohydrin. Part I. Clinical. Br J Ind Med 1:207-223. 

6. Kovyzin VG [1971). Experimental data on the substantiation of the threshold of ethylene chlorohydrin in the air of the 

working zone. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 15(2):54-64 (in Russian). 

7. Lawrence WH, Turner JE, Autian JJ [1971). Toxicity of ethylene chlorohydrin. I. Acute Toxicity Studies. J Pharm Sci 

60:568-571. 

8. NIOSH [1973). 10274. Ethanol, 2-chloro-. In: The toxic substances list, 1973 ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication 

No. HSM 73-11020, p. 413. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1495. 

10. Semenova VN, Kazanina 55, Ekshtat BY [1971). On the toxic properties of ethylene chlorohydrin in the air of working 

premises. Gig Sanit 36:376 (translated). 

11. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L [1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

210 
Ethylenediamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(@12°F) .................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Species Reference (ppm) 

107-15-3 

10 ppm (25 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (25 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (25 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Coloriess, viscous liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

2.5% (10% LEL(@12°F), 2,500 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1970] that 

an 8-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm killed 6 of 6 rats, but that an 

8-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm killed 0 of 6 rats [Smyth 

et ai. 1951]. Further support for the chosen IDLH is gained from 

the statement by UCC [1971] that humans will not stay in 

concentrations of 2,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LC ... Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et a. 1951 LC,DO: 4,000 ----- 8hr 10,000 ppm (2.5) 1,000 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD50 LD ... 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mgikg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 500 ----- 1,400 ppm 140 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral 470 ----- 1,316 ppm 132 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1951 oral 1,160 ............ 3,248 ppm 325 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats have survived an 8-hour exposure 

to 2.000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1951]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it has been reported that workers will not stay in concentrations 

of 2.000 ppm [UCC 1971]. 

Revised IDLH: 1.000 ppm 

BaSis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylenediamine is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Smyth et ai. 1951]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations between 1.000 and 2.000 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1970]. Ethylene diamine. In: HygieniC guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 31:113-115. 

2. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK [1982}. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of International Projects. GKNT. p. 66. 

3. Smyth HF. Seaton J. Fischer L [1941}. The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23(6):259-268. 

4. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CPo Weil CS [1951}. Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

5. UCC [1971]. Toxicology studies: ethylene diamine. New York. NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

211 
Ethylene dibromide 

CAS number ................................. . 106-93-4 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.045 ppm TWA, 0.13 ppm 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH 

considers ethylene dibromide to be a potential occupational 

carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

[29 CFR 1990]. 

20 ppm TWA, 30 ppm CEILING, 

SO ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK 

Same as current PEL 

A2 [skin] 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Colortess liquid or solid (below SO°F) with a sweet odor. 

Noncombustible Liquid 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 400 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the maximum survival exposure 

for rats of 400 ppm for 36 minutes [Rowe et al. 1952] cited by 

Patty [1963]. 

Short·tenn exposure guidelln.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl.s R.f.renc. (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF*) value 

Rat Bakhishev 1973 1,831 ............... 30 min 1,831 ppm (1.0) 183 ppm 

Rat McCollister et a1. 1956 ............... 200 8hr 2,020 ppm (10.1) 202 ppm 

G. pig Rowe et al. 1952 _ ... _-- 400 3hr 1,780 ppm (4.45) 178 ppm 

Rat Rowe et a1. 1952 691 ... -_ ..... lhr 1,230 ppm (1.78) 123 ppm 

*Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" • 1.2 [ten Berge et al. 1986]. 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mgJkg) (mgJkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 108 ... _--- 97 ppm 9.7 ppm 

Rabbit Rowe et a1. 1952 oral 55 -_ ... -- 49 ppm 4.9 ppm 

G. pig Rowe et a1. 1952 oral 110 .............. 99 ppm 9.9 ppm 

Rat Rowe et a1. 1952 oral 146 --_ ... - 131 ppm 13 ppm 

Mouse Rowe et a1. 1952 oral 420 ............... 376 ppm 38 ppm 

Rat Rowe et a1. 1952 oral 117 ...... --- lOS ppm 11 ppm 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that ethylene dibromide is more toxic than 

carbon tetrachloride in inhalation exposures less than 7 hours 

[McCollister et al. 1956]. It has been reported that rats have 

survived a 36-minute exposure to 400 ppm [Rowe et al. 1952]. 

Human data . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that a concentration of 50 ppm (for an 

unstated time period) could be dangerous to exposed humans 

[Kochmann 1928]. Exposures above 100 ppm for an hour or 

less or by longer exposures at lower concentrations (e.g., 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

75 ppm) have resulted in gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting, 

and respiratory involvement [Ott et al. 1980]. 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylene dibromide is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Ott et al. 1980] and animals [Rowe et al. 1952]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that 

the "most protective" respirators be wom for ethylene dibromide at concentrations above 0.045 ppm.] 

212 
Ethylene dibromide (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bakhishev GN [1973]. Relative toxicity of aliphatic halohydrocarbons to rats. Farmakol Toksikol 8:140-143 (in Russian). 

2. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW [1978]. Commercial and experimental organic insecticides. Entomological Society of America 

Special Publication 78-1:17. 

3. Kochmann M [1928]. Possible industrial poisonings with ethylene dibromide. Muench Med Wochschr 75:1334-1336. 

[From ACGIH [1991]. Ethylene dibromide. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure 

indices. 6th ed' Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 606-608.] 

4. McCollister 00, Hollingsworth RL, Oyen F, Rowe VK [1956). Comparative inhalation toxicity of fumigant mixtures. AMA 

Arch Ind Health 13:1-7. 

5. Ott MG, Schamweber HC, Langer RR [1980]. Mortality experience of 161 employees exposed to ethylene dibromide in 

two production units. Br J Ind Med 37:163-168. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1285. 

7. Rowe VK, Spencer HC, McCollister DO, Hollingsworth RL, Adams EM [1952]. Toxicity of ethylene dibromide determined 

on experimental animals. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 6:158-173. 

8. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

213 
Ethylene dichloride 

CAS number ................................. . 107-06-2 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 1 ppm (4 mglm3) TWA. 2 ppm (8 mglm3) STEl; NIOSH considers 

ethylene dichloride to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

50 ppm TWA. 100 ppm CEiliNG. 

200 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK in any 3 hours 

1 ppm (4 mglm3) TWA. 2 ppm (8 mglml) STEl 

10 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA 

Coloriess liquid with a pleasant, chloroform-like odor. 

6.2% (10% lEl, 6,200 ppm) 

1.000 ppm 

a.sis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the maximum time-concentration 

in air of 1.000 ppm which was survived by female rats for 

1.5 hours [Spencer et al. 1951 cited by Patty 1963]. The chosen 

IDlH is further supported by the rat 4-hour lCLO of 1.000 ppm 

[Carpenter et al. 1949 cited by NIOSH 1976]. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 1929 --......... 1,217 2hr 1.947 ppm (1.6) 195 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 .. __ ..... 1,000 4 hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Rabbit Heppel et al. 1945 ---_ ... 3,000 7hr 7,200 ppm (2.4) 720 ppm 

G. pig Heppel et al. 1945 3,000 1,500 7hr 3,600 ppm (2.4) 360 ppm 

Monkey Marhold 1986 .. ---- ............ 7hr 7,200 ppm (2.4) 720 ppm 

Rat spencer et al. 1951 1,000 ... ---- 7hr 2,400 ppm (2.4) 240 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that female rats survived a 1.5-hour 

exposure to 1,000 ppm [Spencer et al. 1951]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In one study. 1 of 6 workers reported symptoms such as nausea, 

vomiting. and dizziness from exposures between 10 and 37 ppm 

[Brzozowski et al. 1954]. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

a.sis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylene dichloride is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

workers [Brzozowski et al. 1954]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for ethylene dichloride at concentrations above 1 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol [1929]; 141:19. 

2. Brzozowski J, Czajka J, Dutkiewicz T, et al. [1954]. Work hygiene and the health condition of workers occupied in 

combating the letinotarsa decemlineata with HCH and dichloroethane. Med Pr 5:89-98 (in Polish). [From ACGIH [1991]. 

Ethylene dichloride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 609-611.J 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity. and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31(6):343-346. 

4. Heppel LA. Neal PA, PerTin Tl, Endicott KM. Porterfield VT [1945]. The toxicity of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene 

dichloride). III. Its acute toxicity and the effect of protective agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 84(1):53-63. 

5. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prurnyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum. p. 93 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

214 
Ethylene dichloride (continued) 

6. NIOSH [1976]. KI05250. Ethane, 1,2-dichloro-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 489. 

7. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New YOnt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1281. 

8. Spencer HC, Rowe VK, Adams EM, McCollister DO, Irish DO (1951). Vapor toxicity of ethylene dichloride determined by 

experiments on laboratory animals. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 4:482~93. 

215 
Ethylene glycol dinitrate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDlH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

628-96-6 

0.1 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

0.2 ppm (1 mglm3) CEILING [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

0.05 ppm (0.31 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Colorless to yellow, oily, odorless liquid. 

Unknown 

500 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDlH = 200 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and/or 

nitroglycerin. The chosen IDLH, therefore, is based on chronic 

toxicity data conceming the physiological response of animals to 

EGDN. According to Patty [1963], rats and guinea pigs survived 

6 months of exposure to 500 mglm3 (80 ppm) EGDN with the 

only effect being slight drowsiness and some Heinz body 

formation [Stein 1956]. Although Patty [1963] stated that EGDN 

is more toxic for cats and rabbits, the chosen IDLH is still 

probably conservative because cats given 2-hour daily 

exposures to 21 ppm EGDN for 1,000 days exhibited only 

marked blood changes [von Oettingen 1946]. However, because 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device, 

2,000 lC the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mglm3 (i.e., 200 mglm3) is the 

concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats and guinea pigs have survived 6 months ofexposure to 

500 mglm3 with the only effect being slight drowsiness and some 

Heinz body formation [NIOSH 1978]. Cats given 2-hour daily 

exposures for 1,000 days to 133 mglm3 exhibited only marked 

blood changes [von Oettingen 1946]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Headaches have developed in workers exposed to 0.4 to 

Revised IDlH: 75 mglm3 

0.67 mglm3 for 25 minutes; all workers had decreases in blood 

pressure [Trainor and Jones 1966]. Ethylene glycol dinitrate and 

nitroglycerine are vasodilators end initial exposures result in 

headache, dizziness, nausea, or decreases in blood pressure; 

however, workers became tolerant of the vasodilatory activity 

after 2 to 4 days of exposure [NIOSH 1978]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethylene glycol dinitrate is 75 mglml based on an analogy to nitroglycerine 

[NIOSH 1978) which has a revised IDLH of 75 mglm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. NIOSH [1978]. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to nitroglycerine and ethylene glycol dinitrate. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public 'Health Service, Center fOr Disease 

Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-167. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2094. 

3. Stein W [1956]. Mechanism of action of chronic inhalation of nitroglycol. Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 15:23-26 

(translated). 4. Trainor DC, Jones RC [1966]. Heedaches in explosive magazine workers. Arch Environ Health 12:231-234. 

5. von Oettingen WF 11946]. II. The nitric acid esters of monovalent and polyvalent aliphatic alcohols. Nitric acid esters of 

bivalent alcohols. fn: Tile effects of aliphatic nitrous and nitric acid esters on the physiological functions with special reference to their chemical constitution. NIH Bulletin 186:27-32. 

216 
Ethyleneimine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original(SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

151-56-4 

None established; NIOSH considers ethyleneimine to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

Carcinogen 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 ppm (0.88 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

3.3% (10% LEL, 3,300 ppm) 

100 ppm 

According to Patty (1963), 1 of 6 guinea pigs and 1 of 6 rats died 

from a 2·hour exposure to 100 ppm; a 2·hour exposure to 

50 ppm killed 0 of 6 guinea pigs and 0 of 6 rats [Carpenter 

et al. 1948). 

None developed 

LCIO LCLa AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF*) value 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 .. --.... 25 8hr 310 ppm (12.43) 31 ppm 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 LC.,: 100 ..... -_ .. 2hr 353 ppm (3.53) 35 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1948 LC.,: 100 --_ ...... 2hr 353 ppm (3.53) 35 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1948 250 ----- 1 hr 470 ppm (1.88) 47 ppm 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 250 .... --- lhr 470 ppm (1.88) 47 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 62 ----- 4hr 219 ppm (7.27) 22 ppm 

Rabbit Izmerov et a1. 1982 ........... 56 2hr 197 ppm (3.53) 20 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 223 ----- 2hr 786 ppm (3.53) 79 ppm 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 56 .. -_ ..... 2hr 197 ppm (3.53) 20 ppm 

Mouse Silver and McGrath 1948 2,236 ...... _-- 10 min 824 ppm (0.368) 82 ppm 

·Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" = 1.1 [ten Berge et al. 1966). 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats and guinea pigs survived 2·hour 

exposures to 50 ppm [Carpenter et al. 1949). 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to concentrations greater than 100 ppm has caused 

respiratory tract irritation and inflammation, but symptoms may 

be delayed several hours [Gosselin et al. 1976). Also, it has 

been presumed that severe exposures might result in an 

overwhelming pulmonary edema since ethyleneimine is a 

powerful lacrimator and emetic [Gosselin et al. 1976). 

Revised IOLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged) 

Basis for revlMd IOLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et aI. 1976), the originallOLH for 

ethyleneimine (100 ppm) is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that 

the "most protective" respirators be wom fQr ethyleneimine at any detectable concentration. OSHA currently requires in 

29 CFR 1919.1012 that workers engaged in handling ethyleneimine be provided with and required to wear and use a 

supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Shaffer CB (1948). The acute toxicity of ethylene imine to small animals. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

30(1):2-6. 

2. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:343-346. 

217 
Ethyleneimine (continued) 

3. Gosselin RE, Hodge HC, Smith RP, Gleason MN [1976]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 4th ed. Baltimore, 

MO: Williams and Wilkins Company, p. 11-139. 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 67. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience . 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2174. 

6. Silver SO, McGrath FP [1948]. A comparison of acute toxicities of ethylene imine and ammonia to mice. J Ind Hyg 

ToxicoI30(1):7-9. 

7. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986]. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

218 
Ethylene oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH.REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP)lDLH .' .................. . 

existing short·term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

75-21-8 

<0.1 ppm «0.18 mglm3

) TWA, 5 ppm (9 mglm3

) CEILING, 

10-minuteslday; NIOSH considers ethylene oxide to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

1 ppm TWA, 5 ppm 15-minute "EXCURSION" 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (1.8 mglm') TWA, A2 

Colorless gas or liquid (below 51°F) with an ether·like odor. 

3.0% (10% LEL, 3,000 ppm) 

800 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA (1958) that 

the estimated LC5C) for a 4-hour exposure is approximately 800 to 

1,500 ppm depending on the species [Jacobson et al. 1956). In 

addition, Patty (1963) stated that for humans 500 ppm is 

probably safe for single exposures (no more than once per 

week) of 1·hour duration. 

National Research Council [NRC 1986) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1·hour EEGL: 20 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 1 ppm 

LCIO LCLa Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Back et a1. 1972 836 ...... _-- 4 hr 1,672 ppm (2.0) 167 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 4,000 ... _--- 4hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Rat Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 800 ----- 4hr 1,600 ppm (2.0) 160 ppm 

G. pig Izmerov et a1. 1982 819 ......... -- 4hr 1,638 ppm (2.0) 164 ppm 

Rat Jacobson et a1. 1956 1,460 ... --_ ... 4 hr 2,920 ppm (2.0) 292 ppm 

Mouse Jacobson et a1. 1956 835 ____ 00 4hr 1,670 ppm (2.0) 167 ppm 

OOg Jacobson et a1. 1956 960 ----- 4hr 1,920 ppm (2.0) 192 ppm 

Human datil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other than temporary, slight irritation, no after-effects were 

reported in .. men after intentional exposure to 2,500 ppm for a 

brief period; definite nasal irritation was reported after 

Revl.ed IDLH: 800 ppm [Unchanged] 

10 seconds of exposure to 12,500 ppm [Walker and Greeson 

1932]. Exposures to concentrations above 2,000 ppm have 

resulted in headache, nausea, vomiting, dyspnea, hematological 

abnormalities, and respiratory irritation [NRC 1986). Based on 

acute toxicity data in animals, it has been suggested that injury 

or death would be associated with exposure to 8,000 ppm for 

10 minutes, ",000 ppm for 30 minutes, or 2,000 ppm for 

60 minutes; a 1-hour exposure to 500 ppm was considered as 

not likely to produce injury [Clayton and Clayton 1981). 

Ba.I. for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Clayton and Clayton 1981; NRC 1986; 

Walker and Greeson 1932) the originallDLH for ethylene oxide (800 ppm) is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for ethylene oxide at 

concentrations above 5 ppm. OSHA currently requires in 29 CFR 1919.1047 that workers be provided with and required 

to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in concentrations exceeding 2,000 ppm (2,000 IC the PEL).) 

219 
Ethylene oxide (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1958]. Ethylene oxide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:528-529. 

2. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JO [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

pp. A-204 to A-205. 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:34~346. 

4. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

YorX, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2166-2186. 

5. Oeichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Ethylene oxide (epoxyethane; oxirane; dimethylene oxide). In: Toxicology of 

drugs and chemicals. New YorX, NY: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 258-259. 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 67. 

7. Jacobson KH, Hackley EB, Feinsilver L [1956]. The toxicity of inhaled ethylene oxide and propylene oxide vapors. 

Acute and chronic toxicity of ethylene oxide and acute toxicity of propylene oxide. AMA Arch Ind Health 13(3):237-244. 

8. NRC [1986]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 6. Benzene and 

ethylene oxide. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and 

Environmental Kealth Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 35-71. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New YorX, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1633. 

10. WalkerWJG, Greeson CE (1932). The toxicity of ethylene oxide. J Hyg 32:409-416. 

220 
Ethyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

60-29-7 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

400 ppm (1,200 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1,200 mglm3

) TWA, 500 ppm (1,500 mglm3) STEL 

400 ppm (1,210 mglm3

) TWA, 500 ppm (1,520 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a pungent, sweetish odor. 

1.9% (10% LEL, 1,900 ppm) 

19,000 ppm [LEL) 

The chosen IDLH is based on the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 

19,000 ppm [NFPA 1975). The toxicological data do not indicate 

that exposure to this concentration for 30 minutes would impede 

escape or cause irreversible health effects. According to the 

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources [1973), 

the inhalation of 3.5% by volume (35,000 ppm) causes loss of 

consciousness within 30 to 40 minutes, and concentrations 

above 7.5% (75,000 ppm) are dangerous to life. 

None developed 

LCu. Adjusted O.~r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rabbit Flury and Zernik 1935 ...... -_ ... 106,000 ? ? ? 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 ----- 76,000 ? ? ? 

Rat Schwetz and Becker 1970 73,000 ....... -- 2 hr 116,800 ppm (1.6) 11,680 ppm 

Mouse Schwetz and Becker 1970 6,500 -... --... 1.65 hr 9,685 ppm (1.409) 969 ppm 

Human data .................................. . The lowest anesthetic limit is 19,000 ppm [Clayton and Claxton 

1981). It has been stated that the inhalation of 2,000 ppm if 

continued to equilibrium in the blood would cause dizziness in 

some persons [Henderson and Haggard 19431. Concentrations 

in the WOrkplace of 500 to 1,000 !)pm or more have not resulted 

in demonstrable injury to health [Cook 1945). It has been 

reported that the inhalation of 35,000 ppm causes loss of 

consciousness within 30 to 40 minutes, and concentrations 

above 75,000 ppm are dangerous to life [Pennsylvania 1973). 

Revised IDLH: 1,900 ppm [LEL) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Clayton and 

Clayton 1981; cook 1945; Henderson and Haggard 1943), a value between 2,000 and 19,000 ppm would have been 

appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for ethyl ether is 1,900 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (I.e., being 

10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.9%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2491·2!i11. 

2. Cook WA [19451. Maximum allowable concentrations of industrial atmospheric contaminants. Ind Med 14:936-949. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [19351. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Aflder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmetflod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 4. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 195. 

5. NFPA (1975). Fire protection gUide on hazardous materials. 6th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire -Protection Association, 

p. 325~·79. 6. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources [1973). Hygienic information guide no. 44: ethyl ether. 

HarrisDurg, PA: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Occupational Health ER7220.88P REV. 8-73. 

7. Schwetz BA, Becker BA [19701' Embryotoxicity and fetal malformations of rats and mice due to maternally administered 

ether. Toxicol Appl Pharrnaco 17:275 [Abstract). 

221 
Ethyl formate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofSubetance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

109-94-4 

100 ppm (300 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (300 mglm~ TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (303 mglm3

) TWA 

Colortess liquid with a fruity odor. 

2.8% (10% LEL. 2,800 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Smyth [1956] 

cited in Patty [1963] and by UCC [1968) that 5 of 6 rats died 

following a .... hour exposure to 8,000 ppm and no rats died from 

a .... hour exposure to .,000 ppm. 

Short-tarm expGSu ... gulden,," ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentnltion data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

Specl .. Refe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Cat Flury and Zernik 1931 ........... 10,000 1.5 hr 14,500 Pplll (1.45) 1,450 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 LCn , 8,000 ----- 4 hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 .... -_ .. 8,000 4 hr 16,000 PPIII (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO ~ Specl .. Refe ... nce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Jenner et a1. 1964 oral 1,850 ----- 4,205 PPIII 421 ppm 

G. pig Jenner et al. 1964 oral 1,110 ----- 2,523 pPIll 252 ppm 

Rabbit Mwlch 1972 oral 2,075 ----- 4,716 ppm 472 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that rats have survived a .... hour exposure to 

.,000 ppm [UCC 1968). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 330 ppm produced slight eye irritation 

and rapidly increasing nasal irritation [Flury and Zemik 1931). 

Revised IDLH: 1,500 ppm 

a.s .. for ... vlsed IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl formate is 1,500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Flury and Zemik 1931; Smyth 1956; Smyth at al. 19M). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of 

relevant acute toxicity data for wortters at concentrations above 330 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. SchIdIiche gaae dampfe, nebel, rauch- und ataubarten. Bertin, Germany: Vertag von Julius 

Springer, p. 375 (m Gennan). 

2. Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL. Fitzhugh OG [1*]. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. 

I. Acute oral toxicity. Food Cosmet Toxicol2:327·M3. 

3. Munch JC [1972]. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potenc:lea to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31·33. •. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers,lnc., p. 1855. 

5. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved corrvnunication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC [19M). Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

7. UCC [1968). Toxicology studies: ethyl formate. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

222 
Ethyl mercaptan 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

75-08·1 

0.5 ppm (1.3 mglm~ is-minute CEILING 

10 ppm (25 mglm~ CEILING 

0.5 ppm (1 mglm3) TWA 

0.5 ppm (1.3 mglm~ TWA 

Colorless liquid with a strong, skunk·like odor. 

2.8% (10% LEL, 2,800 ppm) 

2,500 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LC50 of 

Short-term exposure guic:lelinee ................. . 

2,770 ppm [Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 cited by ACGIH 1971]. 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIa LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 4,420 ----- 4hr 8,840 ppm (2.0) 884 ppm 

Mouse Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 2,770 ----- 4hr 5,540 ppm (2.0) 554 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIa ~ Speci .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Fairchild and Stokinger 1958 oral 682 ----- 1,849 ppm 185 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl mercaptan is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Fairchild and Stokinger 1958]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data 

for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Ethyl mercaptan (ethllnethiol). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3n:1 ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 107. 

2. Fairchild EJ II, Stokinger HE [1958]. Toxicologic studies on organic sulfur compounds. I. Acute toxicity of some aliphatic 

and aromatic thiols (mercaptans). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:171·189. 

223 
N-Ethylmorpholine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Dncrlption of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

100-74-3 

5 ppm (23 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

20 ppm (94 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

5 ppm (23 mglm3) TWA [skin) 

5 ppm (24 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

Unknown 

2,000 ppm 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDlH is based on the statement that 1 of 6 rats died 

following a 4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1954 

cited by ACGIH 1971). 

Short-term exposure guideli".. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCN LCLa AdJust.d 0.5-I1r Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 Le,,: 2,000 ... _--- 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Lethal doee data: 

LD. LDLa 

Speci .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) AdJust.d LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 oral 1,780 ----- 2,601 ppm 260 ppm 

Mous. Timofievskaya 1979 oral 1,200 ... ---- 1,754 ppm 175 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures to 100 ppm for 2.5 minutes have resulted in olfactory 

fatigue and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; irritation was 

slight after 25 minutes at 50 ppm and absent at 25 ppm [Smyth 

1964). Comeal edema has been noted in workers exposed to 

concentrations greater than 40 ppm for several hours [Demehl 

1966). In another study, workers exposed to concentrations as 

high as 11 ppm but averaging about 3 to 4 ppm complained of 

drowsiness, optical halos, and foggy vision [Woewicki 1968). 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

easia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for N-ethylmorpholine is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Demehl1966; Smyth 1964]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 100 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. N-Ethylmorpholine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 113. 

2. Demehl CU [1966). Health hazards associated with polyurethane foams. J Occup Mad 8:59-62. 

3. Smyth JF Jr [1964]. Personal communication to ACGIH TlV Committee (November 24,1964). (From ACGIH [1991]. 

N-Ethy! morpholine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indiceS. 6th ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 638-639.] 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Wei! CS, Pozzani UC [1954). Range-finding toxicitY data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

5. Timofievskaya LA [1979]. Comparative evaluation of the toxicity of piperazine and N-methyl piperazine. Toksikol Nov 

Prom Khim Vesh 15:116-123 (in Russian). 

6. Woewicki A [1968]. Personal communication to ACGIH TlV Committee. [From ACGIH [1991]. N-Ethyl morpholine. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 638-639.] 

224 
Ethyl silicate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

78·10-4 

10 ppm (85 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (850 mglm~ TWA 

10 ppm (85 mg/m~ TWA 

10 ppm (85 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a sharp, alcohol-like odor. 

Unknown 

1,000 ppm 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH .................. .. The chosen IDLH is based on the following statements by 

AIHA (1968): ·Smyth and Seaton (1940) reported that 1,740 ppm 

in dry air caused the first guinea pig death in 15 minutes, while at 

1,170 ppm the first death was in 2 hours. In the presence of 

70% humidity, effects were less pronounced, presumably 

because part of the ethyl silicate was hydrolyzed.· 

Short-term expoeure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LC ... Adjuat8d O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC(CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 ...... -- 1,000 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

G. pig Smyth and Seaton 1940 -........ 700 6hr 1,610 ppm (2.3) 161 ppm 

G. pig Smyth and Seaton 1940 ... __ ... - 1,740 15 min 1,375 ppm (0.79) 138 ppm 

G. pig Smyth and Seaton 1940 ............ 1,170 2hr 1,872 ppm (1.6) 187 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LD ... 

Specl .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjuat8d LD Derived value 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 oral 6,270 ----.. 5,068 ppm 507 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It hes been stated that 2,000 ppm is about the maximum 

exposure for 60 minutes without the production of serious 

disturbances in guinea pigs and rats; 500 ppm is the maximum 

exposure for several hours without causing serious effects 

(Smyth and Seaton 1940). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to a concentration of 1,200 ppm caused laaimation 

and 250 ppm caused irritation of the eyes and nose (Smyth and 

Seaton 1940). It has been stated that 700 ppm is probably 

intolerable for more than 30 minutes [Smyth and Seaton 1940). 

Revised IDLH: 700 ppm 

a.ala for reviMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for ethyl silicate il 700 ppm based on acute Inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Smyth and Seaton 19401. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1968). Ethyl silicate. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:624-626. 

2. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading andlnterpretalion of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:343-346. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J (1940). Acute response of guinea pigs and rats to inhalation of the vapors oftetraethyl 

orthosilicate (ethyl silicate). J Ind Hyg Toxicol 22(7):288-296. 

225 
Ferbam 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH- ........................... . 

aaslsfor original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-tarm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

14484-64-1 

10 mglm3 T'NA 

15 mglm3 T'NA 

10 mglm3 T'NA 

10 mglm3 T'NA 

Dark brown to black, odor1ess solid. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH. 7,500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

There is no evidence in the available toxicological data of an 

IDLH for ferbam. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances, it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 II the OSHA PEL (500 1115 mg/m3 is 

7,500 mglm3). 

None developed 

LOso LO .... 

Specl .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Hodge et al. 1952 oral 3,000 --_ ..... 21,000 mg/m' 2,100 mg/m' 

G. pig Hodge et al. 1952 oral 2,000 ----- 14,000 mg/m' 1,400 mg/m' 

Rat Korablev 1969 oral 1,130 --_ ... - 7,910 mg/m' 791 mg/m' 

Mouse Lee et al. 1978 oral 3,400 ....... _- 23,800 mg/m' 2,380 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . large oral doses cause gastrointestinal disturbances [proctor et 

al. 1988). The dust is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract; 

severe exposures are expected to cause depression of the 

central nervous system [Proctor et at 1988). 

RevlMd IOLH: 800 mg/ml 

Basis for revlMd IOLH: The revised IOLH for ferbam is 800 mglml based on acute oral toxicity data in animals 

[Korablev 1969]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hodge HC, Maynard EA, Downs W, Blanchet HJ Jr, Jones CK (1952). Acute and short-term oral toxicity tests of ferric 

dimethyldithiocarbamate (ferbam) and zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram). JAm Pharm Assoc 61(12):662-665. 

2. Korablev MV [1969). Toxicological characteristics of derivatives of dithiocarbamino acid used in industry and medicine. 

Farrnakol Toksikol 32:356-362 (in Russian). 

3. Lee C-C, Russell JQ, Minor JL [1978). Oral toxicity of ferric dimethyl-dithiocarbarnate (ferbam) and tetramethylthiuram 

disulfide (thiram) in rodents. J Toxicol Environ Health 4(1):93-106. 

<t. Proctor NH, Hughes, JP, Fischman ML [1988). Chemical hazards of the workplace. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: 

J.B. Lippincott Company, p. 257. 

226 
Ferrovanadium dust 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Su~tance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

12604·58·9 

1 mg/m3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mg/m3TWA 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

Dark, odorless particulate dispersed in air. 

Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IOLH = 500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence of an IOLH 

for ferrovanadium dust. ACGIH [1971] reported that no acute 

intoxication occurred in animals exposed at concentrations as 

high as 10,000 mglm3 [Roshchin 1952]. Therefore, for this draft 

technical standard, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

500 x the OSHA PEL of 1 mglm3 (i.e., 500 mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for concentrations 

exceeding 500 mglm3. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No acute intoxication occurred in animals exposed to 

concentrations as high as 10,000 mglm3; serious pathologic 

changes occurred only at concentrations ranging from 1,000 to 

2,000 mglm3 in 1·hour exposures on alternate days for 2 months 

[Roshchin 1952]. It was also reported that exposure of rats to 40 

to 80 mglm3 for 2 months caused bronchitis, interstitial sclerosis, 

and perivascular edema [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SystemiC effects have not been reported from industrial 

exposure [Proctor et al. 1988]. 

Revised IDLH: 500 mglm3 

easis for revlaed IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of ferrovanadium dust would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IOLH for ferrovanadium dust is 500 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 1 mglm3 

(500 is an aSSigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for 

deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Ferrovanadium. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 114. 

2. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rt! rev. eel. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 2020. 

3. Proctor NH, Hughes, JP, Fischman ML [1988]. Chemical hazards of the workplace. 2nd eel. Philadelphia, PA: 

J.B. Uppincott Company, pp. 257·258. 

4. Roshchin IV [1952]. Hygienic description of production vanadium aerosol. Gig Sanit 11:49-53 (translated). 

227 
Fluorides (as F) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tenn exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCso 

SiF, 

Varies 

2.5 mglm3 TWA 

2.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

2.5 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

500 mg F/m3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for fluorides. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the human acute lethal dose of 5 grams of 

sodium fluoride [Largent 1961 cited by AIHA 1965). AIHA [1965] 

stated that the atmospheric concentration immediately 

hazardous to life is unknown, but ·particulate fluorides are not 

likely to cause acute hea"h problems among workmen unless 

large quantities are swallowed, or unless the more toxic 

decomposition produds are involved. Exad concentrations 

producing immediate illness are unknown, but most likely are 

very high.· 

None developed 

Adjusted O.S-hr Derived value 

LCLo Time LC (CF) 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 _ ... _-- 69,220 mg/m' 4 hr 101,071 mg F/m' 10,107 mg F/m' 

Lethal doee data: 

LDso LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

CaF, 

G. pig Budavari 1989 oral _ ...... _- >5,000 >17,051 mg F/m' >1,705 mg F/m' 

Rat Vest Akad Med Nk 1977 oral ... ---- 4,250 14,488 mg F/m' 1,449 mg F/m' 

AlF,·3Na 

Rabbit Largent 1948 oral ......... _- 9,000 34,208 mg F/m' 3,421 mg F/m' 

F,Si'2Na 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1988 oral ... ---- 70 297 mg F/m' 30 mg F/m' 

Rabbit Sine 1993 oral .. ---- 125 530 mg F/m' 53 mg F/m' 

F,Si·Mg·6H,O 

G. pig Frear 1969 oral 200 581 mg F/m' 58 mg F/m' 

228 
Fluorides (as F) (continued) 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Skin rashes and complaints ofthe gastric, intestinal, circulatory, 

respiratory, and nervous systems have been reported in workers 

exposed chronically to concentrations ranging from 11 to 24 mg 

F/m3 [Roholm 1937]. Chronic exposures at concentrations 

greater than 24 mg F/m3 have been considered to be "elevated" 

and a concentration of 10 mg F/m3 was considered "excessive" 

[Collings et al. 1952]. It has also been stated that the 

atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous to life is 

unknown, and particulate fluorides are not likely to cause acute 

health problems among workers unless large quantities are 

ingested; concentrations producing immediate illness are 

unknown, but most likely are very high [AIHA 1965]. It has been 

stated that 5 grams of sodium flUOride is the probable lethal oral 

dose (Largent 1961]. (Note: An oral dose of 5 grams is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 1,500 mg F/m3 for 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 250 mg F/m3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for fluorides is 250 mg F/m3 based on toxicity data in humans (AIHA 1965; 

Largent 1961; Roholm 1937]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 250 mg F/m3• 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. Fluoride-bearing dusts and fumes (inorganic). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assce J 26:426-430. 

2. Budavari S, ed. (1989]. 1669. Calcium fluoride. In: The merck index. 11th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 

p.253. 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31:343-346. 

4. Collings GH, Fleming RBL, May R, Bianconi WO [1952]. Absorption and excretion of inhaled fluorides. AMA Arch Ind 

Hyg Occup Med 6:368-373. 

5. Frear EH, ed. [1969]. Pesticide index. 4th ed. State College, PA: College Science Publishers, p. 265. 

6. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1988]; 53(11 ):80 (in Russian). 

7. Largent EJ (1948]. The comparative toxicity of cryolite for rats and for rabbits. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30:92-97. 

8. Largent EJ (1961]. Fluorosis, the health aspects of fluorine compounds. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press. 

9. Roholm K [1937]. Fluorine intoxication. A clinical hygiene study with a review of the literature and some experimental 

investigations. London, England: H.K. Lewis & Co: 

10. Sine C, ed. [1993]. Safsan®. In: Farm chemicals handbook '93, p. C302. 

11. Vest Akad Med Nk (1977]; 2:28-33 (in Russian). 

229 
Fluorine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7782-41-4 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (1.6 mglm3) TWA, 2 ppm (3.1 mglm3

) STEL 

Pale-yellow to greenish gas with a pungent, irritating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

25 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1965] that 

"2 men were able to tolerate 25 ppm very briefly but both 

developed sore throats and chest pains lasting 6 hours; 50 ppm 

could not be tolerated [Rickey 1959).· 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

10-minute EEGL: 15 ppm 

3O-minute EEGL: 10 ppm 

6O-minute EEGL: 7.5 ppm 

LCso LCLD Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Keplinger and Suissa 1968 185 ... ---- 1hr 231 ppm (1.25) 23 ppm 

Mouse Keplinger and Suissa 1968 150 .. ---- 1hr 188 ppm (1.25) 19 ppm 

Rabbit Keplinger and Suissa 1968 270 ---.... 30 min 270 ppm (1.0) 27 ppm 

G. pig Keplinger and Suissa 1968 170 ..... --- 1hr 213 ppm (1.25) 21 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that2 men were able to tolerate 25 ppm 

very briefly but both developed sore throats and chest pains that 

lasted 6 hours; 50 ppm could not be tolerated [Rickey 1959]. 

Volunteers tolerated 10 ppm for 15 minutes with a minimum of 

irritation [Ricca 1970]. Intermittent exposures to 10 ppm were 

repeated every 3 to 5 minutes for 15 minutes over 2 to 3 hours 

with only slight irritation of the eyes and skin noted [Ricca 1970]. 

Much irritation of the eyes have been noted at 100 ppm, but with 

no aftereffects after only 30 seconds [Grant 1974]. It has been 

observed that exposures up to 30 ppm for 5 to 30 minutes had 

no ill effects [Lyon 1962]. 

RevIHCIIDLH: 25 ppm [Unchanged) 

Bas .. for revlHClIDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Grant 1974; Lyon 1962; Ricca 1970; Rickey 

1959], the original IDLH for ftuorine (25 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. Fluorine (revised 1965). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:62~27. 

2. Grant'WM 11974]. ToxicoloQv of the eye. 2nCfed. Springfield,IL: C.C. Thomas, p. 499. 

3. Keplinger ~L, Suissa LW (1'9'68]. TOXicity of fluorine short·term inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:10-18. 

4. L~on JS 11962]. Observations on personnel working with fluorine at a Qaseous diffuSIOn plant. J Occup Med 4:199-201. 

5. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy, Press. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Ufe Sciences. National Research Council. pp. 77·88. 

6. Ricca PM [1970]. A survey of the acute toxicity of elemental ftuorine. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 3:22·29. 

7. Rickey RP [1959]. Decontamination of large liquid fluorine spills. Arlington, VA: Edwards Air Force Base. ASTIA 

Document Service Center, Air Force Flight Test Center Technical Report 59-31. 

230 
Fluorotrichloromethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

75-69-4 

1,000 ppm (5,600 mglm3

) CEILING 

1,000 ppm (5,600 mglm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (5,600 mglm3

) CEILING 

1,000 ppm (5,620 mglm3

) CEILING 

Description of Substance ...................... . Coloriess to water-white, nearly odorless liquid or gas (above 

75·F). 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Noncombustible UquidINonfiammable Gas 

10,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . Scheel (member of the Standards Completion Program 

Respirator Committee), in evaluating the work of Reinhardt 

et al. [1971], indicated cardiac toxicity occurred at 12,000 ppm. 

The chosen IDLH is based on that data. 

Existing short·term exposure guidelines .......... . National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat Barras 1974 .. --..... Rat Lester and Greenberg 1950 -_ ...... 

1-hour EEGL: 1,500 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 500 ppm 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

26,200 4hr 52,400 ppm (2.0) 

100,000 20 min 96,000 ppm (0.96) 

Derived 

value 

5,240 ppm 

9,600 ppm 

Rat Scholz 1962 .... -_ .. 100,000 2hr 160,000 ppm (1.6) 16,000 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evidence of serious arrhythmia was noted in 1 of 12 conscious 

dogs exposed for 5 minutes to 5,000 ppm plus intravenous 

epinephrine [Reinhardt et al. 1971]. However, in another study, 

endogenous epinephrin was not sufficient to precipitate 

arrythmia in dogs exposed to 5,000 to 10,000 ppm [Reinhardt et 

al.1971]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ftuorotrichlorornethane is 2,000 ppm based on acute toxicity data in 

animals [Reinhardt et al. 1971] and to be consistent with a closely-related chlorofluorocarbon, 

1, 1 ,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane which has a revised IDLH of 2,000 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Barras CE [197<4]. Unpublished data. Wilmington, DE: DuPont Company, Haskell Laboratory (October 1974). [From 

ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshofd limit values for substances in workroom air. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 598.] 

2. Lester D, Greenberg LA [1950]. Acute and chronic toxicity of some halogenated derivatives of methane and ethane. 

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Mad 2:335-344. 

3. Mullin LS, Azar A, Reinhardt CF, Smith PE, Fabryka EF [1972]. Halogenated hydrocarbon-lnduced cardiac arrhythmias 

associated with release of endogenous epinephnne. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33(6):389-396. 

<4. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 26-33. 

5. Reinhardt CF, Azar A, Maxfield ME, Smith PE, Mullin LS [1971]. Cardiac arrhythmias and eerosol ·sniffing.· 

Arch Environ Health 22:265-279. 

6. Scholz J [1962]. New toxicological investigations on certain types of freon used as propellants. Fortschr Bioi 

Aerosol-forsch Jahren 1957-1961. Ber Aerosol Kongr 4:420-<429. [From ACGIH [1991]. Trichlorofluoromethane. 

In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 619-623.] 

231 
Formaldehyde 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .......................•........... 

Current OSHA PEL ......•...................... 

1989 OSHA PEL .•.•...............•........... 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ....•.................. 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................•... 

easis for original (SCP) IDlH .....•.............. 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lethal concentration data: 

50-00-0 

0.016 ppm TWA, 0.1 ppm 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH conSiders 

formaldehyde to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.75 ppm TWA, 2 ppm SrEL 

Same as current PEL 

0.3 ppm (0.37 mglml) CEILING, A2 

Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. 

7.0% (10% LEL, 7,000 ppm) 

30 ppm 

Patty [1963] reported that "exposure to 10 to 20 ppm produces 

almost immediate eye irritation and a sharp burning sensation of 

the nose and throat which may be associated with sneezing, 

difficulty in taking a deep breath, and coughing; recovery is 

prompt from these transient effects [Kodak 1936-1960]." 

Because Patty [1963] also reported that "it has been estimated 

that exposure for 5 to 10 minutes to 50 to 100 ppm might cause 

serious injury to the lower respiratory passages in man 

[Kodak 1936-1960]." 30 ppm seems reasonable as the IDLH. 

None developed 

lC50 LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 333 -_ ......... 2hr 533 ppm (1.6) 53 ppm 

Cat Izmerov et a1. 1982 -_ ......... 333 2hr 533 ppm (1.6) 53 ppm 

Rat Skog 1950 Bl5 ... ---- 30 min Bl5 ppm (1.0) 81 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 3.13 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure to 10 to 20 ppm produces 

almost immediate eye irritation and a sharp burning sensation of 

the nose and throat which may be associated with sneezing, 

difficulty in taking a deep breath, and coughing; recovery is 

prompt from these transient effects [Kodak 1936-1960]. It has 

been estimated that exposure for 5 to 10 minutes to 50 to 

100 ppm might cause serious injury to the lower respiratory 

passages [Kodak 1936-1960]. The following exposure-effect 

data has also been reported: most subjects experience irritation 

of the eyes, nose, and throat at 1 to 3 ppm; many subjects 

cannot tolerate prolonged exposures to " to 5 ppm; and difficulty 

in breathing was experienced at 10 to 20 ppm [IARC 1982]. In a 

summary of health effects data, upper airway irritation and 

increased nasal airway resistance were reported at 0.1 to 

25 ppm and lower airway and chronic pulmonary obstrudion at 5 

to 30 ppm [NRC 1981]. 

232 
Formaldehyde (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 20 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for formaldehyde is 20 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[IARC 1982; Kodak 1936-1960; NRC 1981). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be wom for formaldehyde at concentrations above 0.016 ppm. OSHA currently requires in 

29 CFR 1910.1048 that workers be provided with and required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in 

concentrations exceeding 75 ppm (I.e., 100 II the OSHA PEL of 0.75 ppm).) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. IARC [1982). IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Vol. 29. Some 

industrial chemicals and dyestuffs. Lyon, France: Intemational Agency for Research on Cancer, pp. 345-389. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 69. 

4. Kodak [1936-1960). Personal observations. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, Laboratory of Industrial 

Medicine. [From Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, 

NY: Interscience Publishers, Inc., p. 1971.) 

5. NRC (1981). Health effects of formaldehyde. In: Formaldehyde and other aldehydes. Chapter 7. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Aldehydes, Board 

on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1971. 

7. Skog E (1950). A toxicological investigation of lower aliphatic aldehydes. I. Toxicity of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 

propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde; as well as acrolein and crotonaldehyde. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 6(4):299-318. 

233 
Formic acid 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL(90% solution) ............................ . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

64-18-6 

5 ppm (9 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (9 mg/m3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (9.4 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (19 mglm~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with a pungent, penetrating odor. 

18% (10% LEL (90% solution), 18,000 ppm) 

30 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·ann exposure guiden.,.. ................. . 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base an IDLH for formic acid, the chosen IDLH is based 

on an analogy with formaldehyde, which has an IDLH of 30 ppm. 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LC .... Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1963 7,853 _ ... _-- 15 min 6,204 ppm (0.79) 620 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1963 3,246 ......... -- 15 min 2,564 ppm (0.79) 256 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LD .... 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1963 oral 1,100 ... --_ ... 4,031 ppm 403 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabol 1963 oral 700 .............. 2,565 ppm 256 ppm 

Dog von Oettingen 1959 oral 4,000 -_ ......... 14,659 ppm 1,466 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to about 15 ppm have complained of nausea 

[Fahy and Elkins 1954). 

Revised IDLH: 30 ppm [Unchanged) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Gig Tr Prof Zabol1963), a value of about 

250 ppm would have been appropriate for formic acid. However, the original IDLH for formic acid (30 ppm) is not being 

revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Fahy JP, Elkins HB (1954). Unpublished data. [From: ACGIH (1986). Formic acid. In: Documentation of the threshold 

limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial 

Hygienists, p. 279.). 

2. Gig Tr Prof Zabol (1963); 23(12):49 (in Russian). 

3. von Oettingen WF (1959). The aliphatic acids and their ester&-toxicity and potential dangers. AMA Arch Ind Health 

20:517-531. 

234 
Furfural 

CAS number ................................. . 98·01·1 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

2 ppm (8 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

2 ppm (7.9 mglm~ TWA [skin] 

ColOrless to amber liquid with an almond·like odor. 

2.1% (10% LEL. 2.100 ppm) 

250 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement that 260 ppm was 

the lethal concentration for rats. but caused no deaths in mice or 

rabbits [Quaker Oats cited by AIHA 1965]. 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLD Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Dog Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 370 ....... -- 6 hr 851 ppm (2.3) 85 ppm 

Mouse Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 ---.... 370 6hr 851 ppm (2.3) 85 ppm 

Rat Quaker Oats ...... -- 260 ? ? ? 

Rat Terrill et al. 1989 175 ----... 6hr 403 ppm (2.3) 40 ppm 

Rat Terrill et al. 1989 1,037 ........ -- 1hr 1.296 ppm (1.25) 130 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 260 ppm (duration of exposure undefined) 

caused no deaths in mice or rabbits [Quaker]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Widespread eye and respiratory tract irritation has been noted in 

workers exposed to concentrations ranging from 5 to 16 ppm 

[Apol and Lucas 1975]. Headaches. itching of the throat. and 

red and weeping eyes have occurred at concentrations ranging 

from 1.9 to 14 ppm [Korenman and Resnik 1930]. 

ReVised IDLH: 100 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for furfural is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Apol 

and Lucas 1975; Korenman and Resnik 1930] and animals [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Terrill et al. 1989]. This may 

be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 

16 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1965]. Furfural. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg AssocJ 26:196-199. 

2. Apol AG. Lucas JB [1975]. Health hazard evaluation, Pacific Grinding VVheeI Co .• Maysville. WA. Cincinnati.OH: U.S. 

Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Report No. HHE 73-18-171. NTIS No. 2~. 

3. Deichmann WB. Gararde HW [1969]. Furfural (2.furaldehyde; pyromucic aldehyde; artificial oil of ants). In: Toxicology 

of drugs and chemicals. New York. NY: Academic Press. Inc.. pp. 279-280. 

4. Korenman 1M. Resnik IB [1930]. Furfural as an industrial poison and its determination in the air. Arch Hyg 104:344-357 

(in German). [From ACGIH [1991]. Furfural. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure 

indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemrnentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 694-695.] 

5. Quaker Oats [7]. Physiological data on QO furfural. Chicago,IL: Quaker Oats Company. Chemicals Division. [From 

AIHA [1965]. Furfural. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 26:196-199.] 

6. Terrill JB. Van Hom INE. Robinson 0, Thomas DL [1989]. Acute inhalation toxicity of furan. 2-methyl furan, furfuryl 

alcohol. and furfural in the rat. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 5O:A359-A361. 

• 235 
Furfuryl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-.rm exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

98-00-0 

10 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA. 15 ppm (60 mglm3) STEL [skin) 

50 ppm (200 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA. 15 ppm (60 mglm3) STEL [skin) 

10 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA. 15 ppm (60 mglm3) STEL [skin) 

Colorless to amber liquid with a faint. buming odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL. 1.800 ppm) 

250 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the rat .... hour LCso of 233 ppm of 

a furfuryl alcohol. hydrazine. and aniline mixture [Jacobson 

et al. 1958]. Also. Deichmann and Gerarde [1969] stated that 

8% mortality resulted from a 6-hour exposure of rats to 47 ppm 

furfuryl alcohol and 100% mortality resulted at 243 ppm. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5ohr Derlv.d 

Specl .. R.f.renc. (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) valu. 

Rat Comstock and Oberst 1952 LCu : 700 .. -_ .... 4hr 1.400 ppm (2.0) 140 ppm 

Rat Comstock and Oberst 1952 LCn : 700 -_ ...... 8hr 1,750 ppm (2.5) 175 ppm 

Rat Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 LC, : 47 ........... - 6 hr 108 ppm (2.3) 11 ppm 

Rat Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 LClOO : 243 ........ -- 6hr 559 ppm (2.3) 56 ppm 

Mouse Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 .......... 597 6hr 1.373 ppm (2.3) 137 ppm 

Mouse NIOSH 1979 397 ......... - 6hr 913 ppm (2.3) 91 ppm 

Rat NIOSH 1979 85 --_ ... - 6hr 196 ppm (2.3) 20 ppm 

Rat Terrill et al. 1989 592 -_ .. _- 1hr 740 ppm (1.25) 74 ppm 

Qtheranlmal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposur. of rats to 100 ppm for 6 hours per day. 5 days per 

week for 16 weeks resulted in decreased weight gain and 

bioch.mical changes in the brain (i .•.• increased cerebral glial 

acid-proteinase and phosphohydrase activity) [Savolainen and 

Pfaffli 1983]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No discomfort was reported from concentrations up to 10.8 ppm 

for 15 minutes. but severe lacrimation occurred at 15.8 ppm 

[ApoI1973]. It has also been reported that there is no hazard 

from exposures up to 16 ppm [Burton and Rivera 1972]. 

Revised IDLH: 75 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH is 75 ppm based on acut. inhalation toxicity data in animals [Terrill et al. 

1989J. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Apol AG (1973]. Health hazard evaluation. Western Foundry Co .• Tigard. OR. Cincinnati.OH: U.S. Department of 

Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. C.nter for Disease Control. National Institute for Occupational 

Safety and Health. NIOSH Report No. HHE 72-116-85. 

2. Burton OJ. Rivera RO (1972]. Health hazard .valuation. May Foundry. Sait Lake City. UT: Cincinnati.OH: U.S. 

Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Report No. HHE 2-10-15. 

3. Comstock ce. Oberst FW (1952]. Inhalation toxicity of anilin •• furfural alcohol. and their mixtures in rats and mice. U.S. 

Army Chemical C.nter. MD: Chemical Corps. Medical Laboratories. Research Report No. 139. 

4. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW (1969]. Furfuryl alcohol. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York. NY: 

Academic Press. Inc .• pp. 280-281. 

236 
Furfuryl alcohol (continued) 

5. Jacobson KH, Rinehart WE, 'Mleelwright HJ Jr, Ross MA, Papin JL, Daly RC, Greene EA, GroffWA [1958). The 

toxicology of an aniline-furfuryl alcohol-hydrazine vapor mixture. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:91-100. 

6. NIOSH [1979]. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to furfuryl alcohol. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 79-133. 

7. Savolainen H, Pfaffli P [1983]. Neurotoxicity of furfuryl alcohol vapor in prolonged inhalation exposure. Environ Res 

31 (2}:420-427. 

8. Terrill JB, Van Hom WE, Robinson D, Thomas DL [1989]. Acute toxicity of furan, 2-methyl furan, furfuryl alcohol, and 

furfural in the rat. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 5O:A359-A361. 

237 
Glycidol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

556-52·5 

25 ppm (75 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (150 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (75 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (76 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid. 

Unknown 

500 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LCso of 450 ppm 

and the rat a·hour LCso of 580 ppm (Hine et al. 1956 cited by 

ACGIH 1971, and Patty 1963]. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCLA Adjusted O.5ohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Hine et al. 1956 450 ----- " hr 900 ppm (2.0) 90 ppm 

Rat Hine et al. 1956 580 ---...... 8hr 1,450 ppm (2.5) 145 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats exposed repeatedly to 400 ppm for 

7 hours per day, 5 days a week for 10 weeks showed no 

evidence of cumulative toxicity, only very slight irritation of the 

eyes, and slight lacrimation and respiratory distress following the 

first few exposures (Hine et al. 1956]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 150 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for glycidol is 150 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Hine et al. 1956]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971]. Glycidol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 121·122. 

2. Hine CH, Kodama JS, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, Anderson HH (1956). The toxicology of glycidol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

3. Patty FA, ed. (1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1635. 

238 
Graphite (natural) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

7782-42-5 

2.5 mg/m3 (respirable dust) TWA 

15 mppcfTWA 

2.5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

2 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

Steel gray to black. greasy feeling. odorless solid. 

Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effectlve"IDLH = 7.500 mppcf - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of graphite would impede 

escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard. therefore. 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However. for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists. 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore. for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 x the OSHA PEL (500 x 15 mppcf is 

7.500 mppcf). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1.250 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of graphite would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However. the 

revised IDLH for graphite (natural) is 1.250 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 2.5 mglm3 (500 is an 

assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding 

when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

239 
Hafnium compounds (as Hf) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.crlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Specie. Reference Route 

KfCl 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 

KfCl,O 

Mouae Kaley et al. 1962 oral 

7440-58-6 (Metal) 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

Unknown [ONote: "Effective" IDLH = 250 mg Hf/m3 - see 

discussion below.) 

MCA (1966) stated that hafnium metal has a low order oftoxicity. 

ILO (1972) reported that hafnium compounds appear to have an 

acute toxicity slightly greater than those of corresponding 

zirconium salts {ZrCl., ZrOCIz} [Haley et al. 1962). However, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection fador afforded by each device up to 500 )( the OSHA 

PEL of 0.5 mglm3 (i.e., 250 mglm3); only the "most protedive" 

respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

250 mglm3• 

None developed 

LDIO LD ... 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

2,362 ...... --- 13,791 mg Kf/m> 1,379 mg Kf/m> 

76 .... -_ ... 359 mg Kf/m> 36 mg Kf/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 50 mg Hf/rnl 

ea.l. for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for hafnium compounds. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for hafnium compounds is 50 mg Hf/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Haley et 

al. 1962). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Haley T J, Raymond K, Komesu N, Upham HC (1962). The toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of hafnium salts. 

Toxicol Appl Pharrnaco! 4:238-246. 

2. ILO [1972]. Zirconium, hafnium. In: Encydopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. II (L-Z). Geneva, 

Switzerland: International Labour Office, pp. 1528-1529. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projeds, GKNT, p. 71. 

4. MCA (1966). Chemical safety data sheet SD-92: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

zirconium and hafnium powder. Washington, DC: Manufaduring Chemists Association, Inc., pp. 1-10. 

240 
Heptachlor 

CAS number ................................. . 7~8 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin); NIOSH considers heptachlor to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . Same as current PEL 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Vllhite to light-tan crystals with a camphor-like odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 7oomglm3 

Ba.is for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for heptachlor. The chosen IDLH. therefore. has 

been estimated from the male rat oral LDso of 100 mglkg 

[Gaines 1960 cited by ACGIH 1971). 

Short-term exposure guideline. None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Cat Izmerov et al. 1982 .. -...... 150 mg/m' 4 hr 300 mg/m' (2.0) 30 mg/m' 

Mammal Osetrov 1958 .......... 200 mg/m' 4hr 400 mg/m' (2.0) 40 mg/m' 

Lethal do.e data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 oral 116 ----- 812 mg/m' 81 mg/m' 

Rat Edson 1960 oral 40 ----- 280 mg/m' 28 mg/m' 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 100 ...... -- 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Mouse Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 68 ............. 476 mg/m' 48 mg/m' 

Cat Osetrov 1958 oral .. ---- SO 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

Hamster Truhaut et al. 1974 oral 100 .. --_ .. 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revl.ed IDLH: 35 mglm3 

Ba.i. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for heptachlor is 35 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Izmerov et al. 1982; Osetrov 1958). [Note: NIOSH recommends a. part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for heptachlor at concentrations above 0.5 mgIm:l.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO (1966). Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka. KS: Auociation of the American Pesticide Control 

Officials. Inc. f.' 576. 2. ACGIH [1971 . Heptachlor. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OR: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 123-124. 

3. Edson EF [19601. Applied toxicol~y of pesticides. Pharmaceut J f85:361-367. 

4. Gaines T8-(1960). The acute toxicitY of pesticides to rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2:88-99. 

5. IZiTIerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under Single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of Intemational Protects. GKNT. p. 71. 

6. Kena9a EE. Morgan RW (1978). Commercial and expenmental organic insecticides. Entomological Society of America 

Special Publication 78-1:12. 

7. Osetrov VE (1958). Experimental data on toxicology of the insecticide heptachlor. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 2(5): 15 (in Russian). . 8. Truhaut R. Gak JC,4 Graillot C (1974). Recherches sur les modalites et les mecanismes (faction toxique des insectiCides 

organochlores. I. t:tude comparative des eftets de toxicite aigue chez Ie hamster et chez Ie rat. J Eur Toxicol 

7(3):159-166 (in French). 

241 
n-Heptane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

142·82·5 

85 ppm (350 mglm3) TWA. 

440 ppm (1.800 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

500 ppm (2.000 mglm3) TWA 

400 ppm (1600 mglm3) TWA. 500 ppm (2.000 mglm3) STEL 

400 ppm (1.640 mglm3) TWA. 500 ppm (2.050 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. 

1.05% (10% LEL. 1.050 ppm) 

5.000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963} that 

a 15-minute exposure to 5.000 ppm produced a state of 

intoxication characterized by uncontrolled hilarity in some 

individuals and in others a stupor lasting for 30 minutes after the 

exposure [Patty and Yant 1929}. According to Patty [1963}. a 

4-minute exposure to this same concentration produces vertigo 

and incoordination [Patty and Yant 1929}. These symptoms 

described by Patty [1963} could perhaps impede escape. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Human Flury and Zernik 1931 _ ......... - 16,000 ? ? ? 

Mouse Marhold 1986 17,986 -_ ... -- 2 hr 28,778 ppm (1.6) 2,878 ppm 

Mouse Swann et a1. 1974 ...... -_ ... 15,000 30 min 15,000 ppm (1.0) 1,500 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inhalation of 1,000 ppm for 6 minutes was associated with slight 

dizziness [Patty and Yant 1929). Exposure to 5,000 ppm for 

Revised IDLH: 750 ppm 

4 minutes produced complaints of nausea. a loss of appetite, 

vertigo, and incoordination [Patty and Yant 1929}. A 15-minute 

exposure to 5,000 ppm produced a state of intoxication 

characterized by uncontrolled hilarity in some individuals and in 

others a stupor lasting for 30 minutes after the exposure [Patty 

and Yant 1929}. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-heptane is 750 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Patty and Yant 1929}. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Zemik F [1931}. Schadliche gase dampfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von JuliUS 

Springer, pp. 257·264 (in German). 

2. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 9 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963J. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 1198-1199. 

4. Patty FA, Yant WP [1929}. Odor intensity and symptoms produced by commercial propane, butane, pentane, hexane. 

and heptane vapor. Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations. No. 

2979, pp. 1·10. 

5. Swann HE Jr, Kwon BK, Hogan GK, Snellings WM [1974). Acute inhalation toxicity of volatile hydrocarbons. Am Ind 

Hyg Assoc J 35:511·518. 

242 
Hexachloroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................... . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH .................. .. 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

67·72·1 

1 ppm (10 mglm3

) TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers 

hexachloroethane to be a potential occupational carc:inogen as 

defined by the OSHA carc:inogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

1 ppm (10 mglm~ TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (9.7 mglm~ TWA [skin]. A2 

Colorless crystals with a camphor·like odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

300 ppm 

Based on the toxicological data relating to potential liver injury 

[Gleason et al. 1969; Elkins 1959]. 300 ppm. the saturated vapor 

pressure at 20·C [Kirk·Othmer 1964] has been chosen as the 

IDLH. 

None developed 

LDIO LD ... 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Weeks et al. 1979 oral 4.460 ........... 3,173 ppm 317 ppm 

G. pig Weeks et al. 1979 oral 4,970 -_ ....... 3,536 ppm 354 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 300 ppm [Unchanged] 

easls for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxic:ity data are available on which to base an IDLH for hexachloroethane. 

Therefore. based on acute oral toxic:ity data in animals [Weeks et al. 1979]. the originallDLH for hexachloroethane 

(300 ppm) is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carc:inogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for hexachloroethane at concentrations above 1 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Elkins HB [1959]. Hexachloroethane, C2CIe. In: The chemistry of Industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. New York. NY: John B. 

Wiley & Sons, Inc .• pp. 142·143. 

2. Gleason MN, Gosselin RE, Hodge HC, Smith RP (1969). Clinical toxicology of commerc:ial products. 3rd ed. Baltimore, 

MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 11·76, 111-65 to 111-67. 

3. Kirk·Othmer [1964]. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 2nd ed. New York. NY: John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 5:166. 

4. Weeks MH. Angemoter KA. Bishop R. et al. [1979]. The toxic:ity of hexachloroethane in laboratory animals. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 40:187·199. 

243 
Hexachloronaphthalene 

CAS number .. ' ............................... . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basi. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1335-87-1 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

White to light-yellow solid with an aromatic odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

2 mglm3 

Although AIHA [1966) stated that "IDLHs for the chloronaphthalenes are probably unattainable," an IDLH of 2 mglm3 for 

hexachloronaphthalene has been chosen for this draft technical 

standard. The chosen IDLH is based on the industrial exposure 

cited by ACGIH [1971] in which fatal cases of hepatic injury 

occurred in a plant where air concentrations of mixed 

pentachloronaphthalenes and hexachloronaphthalenes ranged 

from 1 to 2 mglm3 [Elkins 1959). 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repeated exposure of rats to 8.9 mglm3 of a mixture of 

hexachloronaphthalene and pentachloronaphthalene for up to 

4.5 months produced jaundice and was fatal; minor liver injury 

still occurred at 1.16 mglm3 [Drinker et ai. 1937]. 

Hexachloronaphthalene has been shown to be more toxic than 

pentachloronaphthalene in ingestion studies with calves [Bell 

1958). Total doses of hexachloronaphthalene ranging from 5 to 

23 mglkg were given orally in mineral oil over 10 days and 

lacrimation. salivation, nasal discharge, depression, and 

anorexia occurred by the 5th day [Bell 1958]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that fatal cases of hepatic injury have 

occurred from chronic exposures in a plant where air 

concentrations of mixed pentachloronaphthalenes and 

hexachloronaphthalenes ranged from 1 to 2 mglm3 [Elkins 1959). 

Revised IDLH: 2 mg/m3 [Unchanged] 

8a.l. for revised IDLH: Based on chronic inhalation toxicity data in humans [Elkins 1959] and animals [Bell 1958, 

Drinker 1937], the originallDLH for hexachloronaphthalene (2 mglm~ is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Hexachloronaphthalene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 125. 

2. AIHA [1966J. Chloronaphthalenes. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27:89. 

3. Bell we [1958J. The relative toxicity of the chlorinated naphthalenes in experimentally produced bovine hyperkeratosis 

(x-disease). Vet Mad 48:135-140. 

4. Drinker CK, Warren MF, Bennett GA [1937]. The problem of possible systemic effects from certain chlorinated 

hydrocarbons. J lnet Hyg Toxicol19(7):283-299. 

5. Elkins HB [1959]. The chemistry of industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John B. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 

pp.151-152. 

244 
n-Hexane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA P.EL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

110-54-3 

50 ppm (180 mg/m3) TWA 

500 ppm (1,800 mg/m3) TWA 

50 ppm (180 mg/m3) TWA 

50 ppm (176 mg/m3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL, 1,100 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963) that 

a 10-minute exposure to 5,000 ppm caused dizziness and a 

sensation of giddiness [Patty and Yant 1929). Because these 

symptoms could impede escape, 5,000 ppm is judged to be the 

IDLH. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Kimura et al. 1971 oral :za,710 56,137 5,6U ppm ---_ .. 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that a 10-minute exposure to 5,000 ppm 

caused dizziness and a sensation of giddiness [Patty and Yant 

1929). 

Revised IDLH: 1,100 ppm [LEL) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute toxicity data in humans [patty and Yant 1929), a 

value of about 2,500 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for n-hexane is 1,100 ppm based 

strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower exposure limit of 1.1%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Kimura ET, Ebert OM, Dodge PW [1971). Acute toxicity and limits of soivent residue for sixteen organic soivents. 

Toxicol Appl PharmacoI19:699-704. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1198. 

3. Patty FA. Yant WP [1929). Odor intensity and symptoms produced by commercial propane. butane, pentane. hexane. 

and heptane vapor. Pittsburgh. PA: Department of Commerce. U.S. Bureau of Mines. Report of Investigations. No. 

2979, pp. 1-10. 

245 
2-Hexanone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofSubstance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lOLH ........................... . 

591-78-6 

1 ppm (4 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (410 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA 

Colortess liquid with an acetone-like odor. 

Unknown 

5,000 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the statements by AIHA [1968] 

that guinea pigs exposed to 6,000 ppm showed signs of 

beginning narcosis at 30 minutes and deep anesthesia at the 

end of 1 hour; death did not occur for 6.5 hours at this 

concentration [Specht et al. 1940]. Also, AIHA [1968] reported 

that 8,000 ppm killed aU rats during a 4-hour exposure [Smyth 

et al. 1954]. [Note: For "convenience", an IOLH of 5,000 ppm 

(50 " the OSHA PEL) was originally chosen rather than 

6,000 ppm.] 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LC .... Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat NPIRI 1974 8,000 .. ---- 4hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

G. pig Schrenk et al. 1936 .......... 20,000 70 min 26,600 ppm (1.33) 2,600 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 LC1QO : 8,000 .. ---- 4hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

L050 LO .... 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

G. pig Schrenk et al. 1936 oral 2,590 .. --_ .. 4,358 ppm 436 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 oral .. -_ .... 914 1,538 ppm 154 ppm 

Mouse Tanii et al. 1936 oral 2,430 .... --- 4,089 ppm 409 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narcosis occurs in guinea pigs after 30 minutes of exposure to 

20,000 ppm [Schrenk et al. 1936]. 

Human data . . . . • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers exposed to 1,000 ppm reported a strong odor and 

transient. moderate eye and nasal irritation [OiVencenzo et al. 

1978]. 

Revised IOLH: 1,600 ppm 

a.eie for revised IOLH: The revised IOLH for 2-hexanone is 1,600 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [DNencenzo et al. 1978] and animals [NPIR11974; Smyth et al. 1954]. This may be a conservative value due to 

the lack of relevant acute toxi~ data for workers exposed to concentrations above 1,000 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1968]. 2-Hexanone. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:618-620. 

2. OiVencenzo GO, Hamilton ML, Kaplan CJ, et al. [1978]. Studies on the respiratory uptake and excretion and the skin 

absorption of methyl n-butyl ketone in humans and dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 44:593-604. 

3. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties. fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 78. 

246 
2-Hexanone (continued) 

4. Schrenk HH, Vant WP, Patty FA (1936). Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some noncommercial organic 

compounds. X. Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone). Public Health Rep 51:624-631. 

S. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC (1954). Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

6. Specht H, Miller JW, Valaer PJ, Sayers RR (1940). Acute response of guinea pigs to the inhalation of ketone vapors. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service, National 

Institute of Health Bulletin No, 176, pp. 1-66. 

7. Tanii H, Tsuji H, Hashimoto K (1936). Structure-toxicity relationship of monoketones. Toxicol Lett 30:13-17. 

247 
Hexane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL(@2oo°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso Speciea Reference (ppm) 

108-10-1 

50 ppm (205 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (300 mglm3) STEL 

100 ppm (410 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (205 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (300 mglm3

) STEL 

50 ppm (205 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (307 mglm3) STEL 

Coloriess liquid with a pleasant odor. 

1.2% (10% LEL(@200"F), 1,200 ppm) 

3,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] from 

Smyth [1956] that rats survived a 4-hour exposure to 2,000 ppm; 

death occurred as a result of a 4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm. 

Also, AIHA [1966] reported that exposure of rats to 4,000 ppm 

for 4 hours killed 6 of 6 and exposure at 2,000 ppm for 4 hours 

killed 0 of 6 [Smyth et al. 1951]. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjuated 0.5-11r Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Rat Smyth et al. 1951 LC,OO : 4, 000 ............... 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived exposures to 2,000 ppm 

for 4 hours [Smyth et al. 1951]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 200 ppm has an objectionable odor and 

is irritating to the eyes [Silverman et al. 1946]. Among a group of 

workers exposed to concentrations of 500 ppm for 20 to 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

30 minutes and about 80 ppm for the rest of the shift, most 

experienced irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, weakness, 

loss of appetite, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a sore throat 

[Linari et al. 1964]. 

eaala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for hexone is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Linan et al. 1964; Silverman et al. 1946]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data 

for workers exposed to concentrations above 500 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1966]. Methyl isobutyl ketone. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27:209-211. 

2. Unan F, Pernell G, Varese D [1964]. Clinical observations and blood chemistry tests among workers exposed to the 

effect of a complex ketone - methyl-isobutyl-ketone. Arch Sci Med, pp. 226-237 (in Italian). [From ACGIH [1991]. 

Methyl isobutyl ketone. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1019-1021.] 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1738. 

4. Silverman L, Schulte HF, First t8N [1946]. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:262-266. 

5. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assae Q 

17(2): 129-185. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS [1951]. Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

248 
sec-Hexyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

108-84-9 

50 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (295 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a mild, pleasant, fruity odor. 

Unknown 

4,000 ppm 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that 2 of 6 rats died from a 4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm [Smyth 

et al. 1954]. 

Short-term exposure guldelinea ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCLo Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 LC,,: 4,000 ----- 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Rat OCC 1966 .............. 2,000 4 hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat OCC 1966 oral 6,160 ---_ .. 7,187 ppm 719 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers noted an unpleasant odor and irritation of the eyes 

and upper respiratory tract at 100 ppm [Silverman et al. 1946]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 500 ppm 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for sec-hexyl acetate is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Silverman et al. 1946] and animals [Smyth et al. 1954; UCC 1966]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. sec-Hexyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 127. 

2. Silverman L, Schulte HF, First MW [1946]. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:262-266. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pezzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

4. UCC (1966]. Toxicology studies: methyl amyl acetate. New York, NY: Union carbide Corporation, Industrial Medicine 

and Toxicology Department (7/28166). 

249 
Hydrazine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

302-01-2 

0.03 ppm (0.04 mglm3) 2-hour CEILING; NIOSH considers 

hydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined 

by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

1 ppm (1.3 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

0.1 ppm (0.1 mglml) TWA [skin] 

0.1 ppm (0.13 mglm3) TWA [skin]. A2 

Colorless. fuming. oily liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

2.9% (10% LEL. 2.900 ppm) 

80 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

a 4-hour exposure to 80 to 300 ppm killed 14 of 30 rats 

[Comstock et al. 1954]. 

National Research Council [NRC 1985] Short-term Public 

Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (SPEGLs): 

1-hour SPEGL: 0.12 ppm 

2-hour SPEGL: 0.16 ppm 

4-hour SPEGL: 0.03 ppm 

8-hour SPEGL: 0.015 ppm 

16-hour SPEGL: 0.008 ppm 

24-hour SPEGL: 0.005 ppm 

LC50 LC ... Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Comstock et al. 1954 LC,,: 190 ----- 4hr 380 ppm (2.0) 38 ppm 

Rat Comstock et al. 1954 260 --_ .... 4 hr 520 ppm (2.0) 52 ppm 

Rat Comstock et al. 1954 LCn : 270 ... _ ....... 4hr 540 ppm (2.0) 54 ppm 

Rat Comstock et al. 1954 LCu : 300 .......... 4hr 600 ppm (2.0) 60 ppm 

Rat Comstock et al. 1954 630 ... -_ ...... lhr 788 ppm (1.25) 79 ppm 

Rat Jacobson et al. 1955 570 .. ---- 4hr 1.140 ppm (2.0) 114 ppm 

Mouse Jacobson et al. 1955 252 .. ---- 4hr 504 ppm (2.0) 50 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD50 LD ... 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Swiecicki 1973 oral 60 .. _--- 316 ppm 32 ppm 

Mou.e Swiecicki 1973 oral 59 ----- 311 ppm 31 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for hydrazine is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Comstock et al. 1954; Jacobson et al. 1955]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for hydrazine at concentrations above 0.03 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Comstock CC. Lawson LH. Greene EA. Oberst FW [1954]. Inhalation toxicity of hydrazine vapor. Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:476-490. 

2. Jacobson KH. Clem JH. \Nheelwright HJ Jr. Rinehart WE. Mayes N [1955). The acute toxicity of the vapors of some 

methylated hydrazine derivatives. AMA Arch Ind Health 12:609-616. 

250 
Hydrazine (continued) 

3. NRC (1985). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 5. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health 

Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 5-21. 

4. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2224. 

5. Swiecicki W (1973). Toksykologia zwiazkow hydrazyny. Med Pr 24:71-79 (in Polish). 

251 
Hydrogen bromide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ..................... .. 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelinn ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

10035-10-6 

3 ppm (10 mglm3

) CEILING 

3 ppm (10 mglm3

) T'NA 

3 ppm (10 mglm3

) CEILING 

3 ppm (9.9 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless gas with a sharp. irritating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50 ppm 

Hydrogen bromide is an extremely irritating and corrosive gas. 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with bromine. 

According to ILO [1971], however. bromine produces a more 

marked toxic action. AIHA [1958] reported that for humans, 40 

to 60 ppm bromine is dangerous for short exposure [Henderson 

and Haggard 1943]. Because hydrogen bromide is considered 

less irritating than bromine. an IDLH of 50 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O,5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Back et a1. 1972 2,858 ---_ .. 1hr 3,573 ppm (1.25) 357 ppm 

Mouse Back et a1. 1972 814 .. --_ .. 1 hr 1,018 ppm (1.25) 102 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrogen bromide (with a rat 1-hour LC!5Q of 2,858 ppm [Back et 

al. 1972]) is about as acutely toxic as hydrogen chloride (with a 

rat 1-hour LC!5Q of 3.124 ppm [Macewen and Vemot 1974]). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers noted nose and throat irritation at 2 to 6 ppm after 

several minutes [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. It has been 

reported that 1.300 to 2,000 ppm are lethal in exposures lasting 

a few minutes [NRC 1981]. 

Revised IDLH: 30 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on an analogy to hydrogen chloride [Back et al. 1972; Macewen and Vemot 1974] which 

has a revised IDLH of 50 ppm (which is 10 times the NIOSH REL). the revised IDLH for hydrogen bromide is 30 ppm 

(which is also 10 times the NIOSH REL). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data 

for workers exposed to concentrations of hydrogen bromide between 6 and 1.300 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA[19581. Bromine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am IndHygAsaocJ 19:349-350. 

2. Back f<C, Thomas A.A. Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transpgrtation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson A'Jr Force Base. OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

IlP. A-216 to .41.-217. 

3. Clayton GO, Clayton FE. ada. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.lnc .• p. 2970. 

4. Henderson Y, HaQgal'd HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 133. 

5. ILO [1971]. Chlonne and compounds. In: En~clo~ia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-K). Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, pp. 211-213. . 6. MacEwen JD, Vemot EH [1974]. Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual report: 1974. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: A'Jr Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report. AMRL-TR-7 4-78. 

7. NRC [1981]. Prudent practices for handling hazardous chemicals in laboratories. Washington. DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, p. 98. 

252 
Hydrogen chloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Subetance ...................... . 

LEL .......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7647-01-0 

5 ppm (7 mg/m3) CEILING 

5 ppm (7 mg/m~ CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (7.5 mg/m3) CEILING 

Colorless to slightly yellow gas with a pungent. irritating odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

100 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that according to Matt [1889] as cited in Flury and Zemik [1931]. 

work is impossible when one inhales air containing hydrogen 

chloride in concentrations of 75 to 150 rngIm3 (50 to 100 p!,m); 

work is difficult but possible when the air contains concentrations 

of 15 to 75 mglm3 (10 to 50 ppm); and work is undisturbed at the 

concentration of 15 mg/m3 (10 ppm). 

National Research Council [NRC 1987] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs) and Short-term PubliC Emergency 

Guidance Levels (SPEGLs): 

10-minute EEGL: 100 ppm 

1-hour EEGL: 20 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 20 ppm 

1-hour SPEGL: 1 ppm 

24-hour SPEGL: 1 ppm 

LC50 LCLa Adjusted 0.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF*) value 

Human Lefaux 1968 .. -_ ..... 1.300 30 min 1,300 ppm (1.0) 130 ppm 

Rat MaCEwen and Vernot 1974 3,124 ----.. 1 hr 6,248 ppm (2.0) 625 ppm 

Rabbit Machle et al. 1942 ......... - 4,416 30 min 4,416 ppm (1.0) 442 ppm 

G. pig Machle et al. 1942 .. ---- 4,416 30 min 4,416 ppm (1.0) 442 ppm 

Human Tab 8iol Per 1933 -_ ..... - 3,000 5 min 500 ppm (0.17) SO ppm 

Mouse Wohlslagel et al. 1976 1,108 ...... -- lhr 2,216 ppm (2.0) 222 ppm 

*Note: Conversion fador (CF) was determined with "n" = 1.0 [ten Berge et a!. 1986]. 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse). 309 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 50 to 100 ppm for 1 hour is barely 

tolerable and that 35 ppm causes irritation of the throat 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has also been reported that 

work is impossible at 50 to 100 ppm but is difficult but possible at 

10 to 50 ppm [Flury and Zemik 1931]. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for hydrogen chloride is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Flury and Zemik 1931; Henderson and Haggard 1943; Tab Bioi Per 1933]. 

253 
Hydrogen chloride (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Flury F, Zernik F [1931]. SchAdliche gase dAmpfe, nebel, rauch· und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 128 (in German). 

3. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Co., p. 126. 

4. Lefaux R [1968]. Practical toxicology of plastics. Cleveland,OH: Chemical Rubber Co., p. 207. 

5. MacEwen JD, Vernot EH [1974]. Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual report: 1974. Wright· Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report, 

AMRL· TR· 7 4-78. 

6. Machle W, Kitzmiller KV, Scott EW, Treon JF [1942]. The effect of the inhalation of hydrogen chloride. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

24:222·225. 

7. Matt L [1889]. Doctoral dissertation. Wurzburg, Germany: JuliUS Maximillian University (in German). [From Patty FA, 

ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience Publishers, 

Inc., p. 851.] 

8. NRC [1987]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 7. 

Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, lithium bromide, and toluene. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on 

Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Ute Sciences, National Research 

Council, pp. 17·30. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 851. 

10. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

11. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986]. Concentration·time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301·309. 

12. Wohlslagel J, Dipasquale LC, Vernot EH [1976]. Toxicity of solid rocket motor exhaust: effects of He!, HF, and alumina 

on rodents. J Combustion ToxicoI3:61·70. 

254 
Hydrogen cyanide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

74-90-8 

4.7 ppm (5 mglm3

) STEL [skin) 

10 ppm (11 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

4.7 ppm (5 mglm~ STEL [skin) 

10 ppm (11 mglm3

) CEILING [skin) 

Description of Substance ...................... . ColOrless or pale-blue liquid or gas (above 78°F) with a bitter, 

almond·like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 5.6% (10% LEL, 5,600 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 50 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963) 

that 45 to 54 ppm is "tolerated by man for 0.5 to 1 hour without 

immediate or late effects; 110 to 135 ppm, however, may be fatal 

after 0.5 to 1 hour or later, or dangerous to life [Flury and 

Zemik 1931; Dudley et al. 1942)." 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF*) value 

Mammal AAPCO 1966 ............... 200 5 min 103 ppm (0.52) 10 ppm 

Mammal Arena 1970 ............... 36 2hr 60 ppm (1.67) 6.0 ppm 

Human Dudley et al. 1942 .............. 107 10 min 71 ppm (0.67) 7.1 ppm 

Rat Dudley et al. 1942 503 .... _ ...... 5 min 259 ppm (0.52) 26 ppm 

Mouse Dudley et al. 1942 323 ... ---- 5 min 166 ppm (0.52) 17 ppm 

Rabbit Gates et al. 1946 .............. 759 1 min 216 ppm (0.28) 22 ppm 

Cat Gates et al. 1946 ....... -- 759 1 min 216 ppm (0.28) 22 ppm 

Rat Hartzell et al. 1985 275 ........ -- 15 min 213 ppm (0.77) 21 ppm 

Rat Hartzell et al. 1985 170 .............. 30 min 170 ppm (1.0) 17 ppm 

Human Izmerov et al. 1982 -_ ......... 357 2 min 131 ppm (0.37) 13 ppm 

Rat Levin et al. 1987 160 ... ---- 30 min 160 ppm (1.0) 16 ppm 

Rat Vernot et al. 1977 323 ----- 5 min 166 ppm (0.52) 17 ppm 

Human WHO 1970 ............... 179 lhr 231 ppm (0.69) 23 ppm 

*Note: Conversion fador (CF) was determined with "n" = 2.7 [ten Berge et al. 1986). 

Other animal data ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The median effective concentrations to produce incapacitation 

(ECsoS) in rats have been determined to be 139 ppm and 

115 ppm in 15 and 30 minutes, respectively [Hartzell et al. 1985]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 45 to 54 ppm can be tolerated for 0.5 to 

1 hour without immediate or delayed effects while 110 to 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm [Unchanged) 

135 ppm may be fatal after 0.5 to 1 hour or later, or dangerous to 

life [Flury and Zemik 1931). 

Basi. for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury and Zemik 1931), the IDLH for 

hydrogen cyanide (50 ppml is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of the American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 596. 

2. Arena JM [1970). Poisoning; toxicology, symptoms, treatments. 2nd ed. Springfield,IL: C.C. Thomas, 2:73. 

3. Dudley HC, Sweeney TR, Miller JW [1942). Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide). II. Studies of effects of daily 

inhalation. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI23:255-258. 

4. Flury F, Zemik F [1931). Schadliche gase dampfe, nebel, rauch· und staubarten. Berlin, Germany; Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 404 (in German). 

255 
Hydrogen cyanide (continued) 

5. Gates M, Williams J, Zapp JA [1946]. Arsenicals. In: Summary technical report of Division 9, NRDC. Vol. 1. Chemical 

warfare agents, and related chemical problems. Part I. Washington, DC: Office of Scientific Research and 

Development, National Defense Research Committee, pp. 83-114. 

6. Hartzell GE, Priest ON, SwitzerWG [1985]. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases. II. Mathematical modeling of 

intoxication of rats by combined carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. J Fire Sci 3: 115-128. 

7. Izmerov NF, 5anotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 75. 

8. Levin BC, Paabo M, Gurman JL, Harris SE [1987]. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the 

predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires. Fundam Appl Toxicol 9:236-250. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1998. 

10. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986]. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

11. Vemot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC, Kinkead ER [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI42:417-423. 

12. WHO [1970]. Technical report series 30. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 

256 
Hydrogen fluoride (as F) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ....................... : .. 

Deacrlptlon of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Exiating ahort·term exposure guldellnea .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7664-39-3 

3 ppm (2.5 mglm3

) TWA, 6 ppm (5 mglm3

) 15-minute CEILING 

3 ppm TWA 

3 ppm TWA, 6 ppm STEL 

3 ppm (2.6 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless gas or fuming liquid (below 67°F) with a strong, 

irritating odor. 

Nonflammable GasINoncombustible Liquid 

30 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

24 mglm3 (30 ppm) was tolerated by animals for a total of 

41 hours without a fatality [Machle et al. 1934]. A concentration 

of 50 ppm is obviously too high to be selected as the IDLH, 

because Deichmann and Gerarde [1969] stated that 50 ppm may 

be fatal when inhaled for 30 to 60 minutes. 

National Research Council (NRC) Emergency Exposure Limits 

(EELs) recommended to military and space agencies [Smyth 

1966] 

1()..minute EEL: 20 ppm 

3()..minute EEL: 10 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 8 ppm 

LC50 LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speclea Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF*) value 

Rat Darmer et a1. 1972 1,276 ----- lhr 1,799 ppm (1.41) 180 ppm 

Monkey MacBwen and Vernot 1970 1,774 ----- lhr 2,501 ppm (1.41) 250 ppm 

Rabbit Treon et a1. 1950 ----... 313 7hr 1,171 ppm (3.74) 117 ppm 

G. pig woh1s1age1 et a1. 1976 4,327 -_ ... -- 15 min 3,072 ppm (0.71) 307 ppm 

·Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" = 2.0 [ten Berge et al. 1986). 

Othar animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea pigs and rabbits survived exposures to 30 ppm for 

41 hours, but exposures to 300 ppm for 2 hours or more were 

fatal [Machle et al. 1934). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 50 ppm may be fatal when inhaled for 30 

to 60 minutes [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). Volunteers 

tolerated concentrations as high as 4.7 ppm for 6 hours per day 

for 10 to 50 days without severe adverse effects [Largent 1961). 

Revlaed IDLH: 30 ppm [Unchanged] 

Baaia for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Largent 

1961] and animals [Machle at al. 1934], the originallDLH for hydrogen fluoride (30 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Darmer KI Jr, Haun CC, Macewen JD (1972). The acute inhalation toxicology of chlorine pentafluoride. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 33:661-668. 

2. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Hydrofluoric acid {hydrogen fluoride, HF}. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. 

New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 317·318. 

257 
Hydrogen fluoride (as F) (continued) 

3. Largent EJ [1961}. Fluorosis. The health aspects of fluorine compounds. Columbus,OH: Ohio State University Press, 

pp. 34-39, 43-48. 

4. MacEwen JD, Vemot EH (1970). Toxic hazards research unit annual report: 1970. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-70-n. 

5. Machle W, Thamann F, Kitzmiller K, Cholak J [1934}. The effects of the inhalation of hydrogen fluoride. I. The response 

following exposure to high concentrations. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI16(2):129-145. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963}. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yorl!;, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 842. 

7. Smyth HF Jr [1966}. Military and space short-term inhalation standards. Arch Environ Health 12:488-490. 

8. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

9. Treon JF, Dutra FR, Cappel J, Sigmon H, Younker W [1950}. Toxicity of sulfuric acid mist. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 2:716-734. 

10. Wohlslagel J, Dipasquale LC, Vemot EH [1976}. Toxicity of solid rocket motor exhaust: effects of Hd, HF, and alumina 

on rodents. J Combustion ToxicoI3:61-70. 

258 
Hydrogen peroxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7722-84-1 

1 ppm (1.4 mglm3

) TWA 

1 ppm (1.4 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (1.4 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a slightly sharp odor. 

Noncombustible Liquid 

75 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1957] that 

the short exposure tolerance is unknown for man, but is probably 

75 ppm. AIHA [1957] also reported that a single 4-hour 

exposure to 75 ppm was tolerated by mice but higher concentrations produced delayed deaths [Svirbely]. According to 

AIHA [1957], concentrations in excess of 1,000 ppm would 

probably be lethal after a few minutes [Svirbely]. 

Short-tenn expoau,. guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo AdjusWd O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1977 1,418 ....... _- 4hr 2,836 ppm (2.0) 284 ppm 

Mouse Stokinger and Scheel 1962 .............. 227 ? ? ? 

lethal dose data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Speci .. Refe,.nce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Lyazsky et al. 1983 oral 2,000 ......... -- 9.929 ppm 993 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that mice tolerated a single 4-hour exposure 

to 75 ppm [Svirbely]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that although the short-term exposure 

tolerance is unknown, it is probably about 75 ppm [AIHA 1957]. 

Death has resulted in a man who drank 100 ml [Raukhverger 

and Solodko 1974]. 

Revised IDLH: 75 ppm [Unchanged] 

easis for ,.viHd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation data in humans [AIHA 1957] and animals [Svirbely], the originallDLH 

for hycjrogen ~roxide JI5 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1957]. Hydrogen peroxide (90%). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 18:275-276. 

2. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1977]; 21(10):22-25 (in Russian). 

3. Lyazsky PP, Gleiberman SE, et al. (1983). Toxicological and hygienic charaderization of decontaminating preparations 

based on hydrogen peroxide and its derivatives. Gig Sanit 48(6):28-31 (in Russian). 

4. Raukhverger AB, Solodko ON [1974]. Intoxication with concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Sudebno-Meditsinkaya 

Ekspertiza (Forensic Medical Examination) 17(1):53-54 (in Russian). 

5. Stokinger HE, Scheel LD (1962). Ozone toxicity: immunochemical and tolerance-producing aspects. Arch Environ 

Health 4:327-334. 

6. Svirbely JL [?]. Unpublished results. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. Public Health Service. [From AIHA [1957]. Hydrogen 

peroxide (90%). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 18:275-276.) 

259 
Hydrogen selenide (as Se) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of SUbetanee ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tann exposure guldelinee ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Letha' concentration data: 

7783-07-5 

0.05 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA 

0.05 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.05 ppm (0.16 mglm~ TWA 

Colorless gas with an odor resembling decayed horse radish. 

Unknown 

2 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the report by Dudley and 

Miller (1941) that "12.5% of the guinea pigs which had been 

exposed for 2 hours at 1.8 ppm (0.006 mgll) died within 30 days 

of the exposure. A 4-hour exposure to 1.8 ppm was lethal to 

18.8%' of the guinea pigs exposed, and a 4-hour exposure to 

2.1 ppm was lethal to 25% of the animals exposed." 

None developed 

LC50 LCa.. Adjusted O.5ohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

o. pig Dudley and Miller 1941 -_ ..... - 0.3 8hr 0.75 ppm (2.5) 0.08 ppm 

O. pig Dudley and Miller 1941 LCu : 1.8 --....... 4 hr 3.6 ppm (2.0) 0.36 ppm 

O. pig Dudley and Miller 1941 LC,.: 2.1 .. -_ .... 4hr 4.2 ppm (2.0) 0.42 ppm 

G. pig Dudley and Miller 1941 LCu : 1.8 ---_ .. 2hr 2.9 ppm (1.6) 0.29 ppm 

Rat Wilber 1980 ..... -_ .. 5.9 1hr 7.4 ppm (1.25) 0.74 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Although very toxic, no fatalities have been reported, possibly 

because hydrogen selenide is easily oxidized to red selenium on 

the surface of mucous membranes of the nose and throat 

[Friberg et al. 1979). Concentrations of 1.5 ppm have been 

found to be intolerable due to eye and nasal irritation [Dudley 

and Miller 1941). 

Revised IDLH: 1 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for hydrogen selenide is 1 ppm based on acute inhalation data in humans 

[Dudley and Miller 1941: Friberg et al. 1979). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Dudley HC, Miller JW [1941 J. Toxicology of selenium. VI. Effects of subacute exposure to hydrogen selenide. J Ind Hyg 

Toxicol 23(10):"7~77. 

2. Friberg L, Nordberg GR, Vouk VB [1979J. Handbook on the toxicology of metals. New York, NY: Elsevier North 

Holland, p. 568. 

3. VVilber CG [1980]. Toxicology of selenium: a review. Clin Toxicoi 17(2):171-230. 

260 
Hydrogen sulfide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19MACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of Substance ...................... . 

LEL ......................................... : 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guldeUnes .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7783-06-4 

10 ppm (15 mglm3

) 1O-minute CEILING 

20 ppm CEILING. 50 ppm 1O-minute MAXIMUM PEAK 

10 ppm (14mgJm3

) TWA. 15 ppm (21 mglm3) STEL 

10 ppm (14 mglm3

) TWA. 15 ppm (21 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs. 

4.0% (10% LEL, 4,000 ppm) 

300 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that 170 to 300 ppm is the maximum concentration that can be 

endured for 1 hour without serious consequences; 400 to 

700 ppm is dangerous after exposure of 0.5 to 1 hour 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943]. AIHA [1963] reported that 400 

to 700 ppm caused loss of consciousness and possible death in 

0.5 to 1 hour [MCA 1950]. 

1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG-1: 0.1 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-2: 30 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 100 ppm (60-minute) 

National Research Council [NRC 1985] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1O-minute EEGL: 50 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 10 ppm 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

Specie. Reterence (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CP) value 

Rat Back et al. 1972 713 --_ ..... 1 hr 977 ppm (1.37) 98 ppm 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 673 --.. -- 1hr 922 ppm (1.37) 92 ppm 

Human Lefaux 1968 ............ 600 30 min 600 ppm (1.0) 60 ppm 

Mouse MacEwen and Vernot 1972 634 ----- 1hr 869 ppm (1.37) 87 ppm 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 ..... --- 800 5 min 354 ppm (0 .... ) 35 ppm 

Rat Tansey et al. 1981 444 --.... - 4hr 1,141 ppm (2.57) 114 ppm 

"Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n". 2.2 [ten Berge et aI. 1986J. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 170 to 300 ppm is the maximum 

concentration that can be endured for 1 hour without serious 

consequences [Henderson and Haggard 1943J and that olfactory 

fatigue OCCUr8 at 100 ppm [poda 1966]. It has also been 

reported that 50 to 100 ppm causes mild conjunctivitis and 

respiratory irritation after 1 hour; 500 to 700 ppm may be 

dangerous in 0.5 to 1 hour; 700 to 1,000 ppm results in rapid 

unconsciousness, cessation of respiration, and death; and 

RevIHCIIDLH: 100 ppm 

1,000 to 2,000 ppm results in unconsciousness, cessation of 

respiration, and death in a few minutes [Vant 1930]. 

Ba.I. for revIHCIIDLH: The revised IDLH for hydrogen sulfide is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Henderson and Haggard 1943; Poda 1966; Vant 1930] and animals [Back et al. 1972; Macewen and Vemot 

1972; Tansey et al. 1981]. 

261 
Hydrogen sulfide (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1963). Hydrogen sulfide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 24:92-94. 

2. Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD (1972). Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Ajr Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

pp. A-220 to A-221. . 

3. Henderson Y, Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 245. 

4. Lefaux R (1968). Practical toxicology of plastics. Cleveland,OH: Chemical Rubber Co., p. 207. 

5. Macewen JD, Vemot EH (1972). Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual report: 1972. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report, 

AMRL-TR-72-a2. 

6. MCA (1968). Chemical safety data sheet SO-36: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

hydrogen sulfide. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association, pp. 1-13. 

7. NRC [1985]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 4. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health 

Hazards, Commission on Ufe Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 55-a8. 

8. Patty FA, ed' (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 899. 

9. Poda GA (1966). Hydrogen sulfide can be handled safety. Arch Environ Health 12:795-800. 

10. Tab Bioi Per (1933); 3:231 (in German). 

11. Tansey MF, Kendall FM, Fantasia J, Landin WE, Oberly R (1981). Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of rats exposed 

to vapors of methyl mercaptan and other reduced sulfur compounds. J Toxicol Environ Health 8:71-88. 

12. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

13. Yant WP (1930). Hydrogen sulfide in industry: occurrence, effects and treatment. Am J Public Health 20:598-608. 

262 
Hydroquinone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Deacription of Subetance ...................... . 

lEl ......................................... : 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH date: 

123-31-9 

2 mglm3 is-minute CEILING 

2mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

2mglm3 TWA 

Wght-tan, light-gray, or colorless crystals. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 200 mg/m3 - see 

discussion below.) 

No acute inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base 

an IDLH for hydroquinone. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, the respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

100 II the OSHA PEL of2 mg/m3 (i.e., 200 mg/m~; only the 

"most highly reliable" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 200 mg/m3. This concentration is not 

likely to be attained in industry. 

None developed 

LD .. LD ... Specie. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted lD Derived value 

Mammal Kazpuchina 1979 oral 490 ----- 3,.30 mg/m' H3 mg/m' 

Mouse Korolev et al. 1973 oral 2.5 ... --_ ... 1,715 mg/m' 172 mg/m' 

Rabbit Takahashi 1975 oral 200 ----- 1, .00 mg/m' ltO mg/m' 

Rat Woodward et al. 1949 oral 320 ----- 2,2.0 mg/m' 22. mg/m' 

G. pig Woodward et al. 1949 oral 550 _ ... _-- 3,850 mg/m' 385 mg/m' 

Dog Woodward et al. 1949 oral 200 ----- 1,.00 mg/m' ltO mg/m' 

Cat Woodward et al. 1949 oral 70 ----- 490 mg/m' 49 mg/m' 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 5 to 12 grams is the lethal oral dose 

[Zeidman and Deutel1945). [Note: An oral dose of 5 to 

Revised IDlH: 50 mg/rn3 

12 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to 3,333 to 

8,000 mg/rn3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

a..i. for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for hydroquinone. Therefore, 

the revised IDLH for hydroquinone is 50 mg/rn3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Zeidman and Deutel1945) 

and animals [Woodward et al. 1949]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Kazpuchina EA [1979). Estimation of the acute limit of the effect of benzene and its metabolites. Toksikol Nov Prom 

Khim Vesh 15:136-139 (in Russian). 

2. Korolev AA, Abinder AA, et al. [1973J. Hygienic and toxicologic features of products of phenol destruction in ozone 

treatment of water. Gig Sanit 38(8):6-10 (in Russian). 

3. Takahashi A [1975). Problems of hygiene maintenance for food coming into contact with rubber and plastics produds. 

Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 48(9):537 rrranslated by Inglis EA [1976). Int Polymer Sci Tech 3(1):TI93-T/105.) 

4. Woodward G, Hagan EC, Radomski Jl (1949). Toxicity of hydroquinone for laboratory animals. Fed Proc 8:348. 

5. Zeidman I, Deutel R (1945). Poisoning by hydroquinone and monomethyl-paraaminophenol sulfate: report of 2 cases 

with autopsy findings. Am J Med Sci 210:328-333. 

263 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... : 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Iodine 

7553-56-2 

0.1 ppm (1 mglm3) CEILING 

0.1 ppm (1 mglm3) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (1 mglm3) CEILING 

Violet solid with a sharp, characteristic odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

10 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with bromine which 

has an IDLH of 10 ppm. 

Short-term exposure guldeli... . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentrlltlon data: 

LCso LC .... Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 ............... 76 1hr 95 ppm (1.25) 9.5 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LD .... 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Angeli. 1979 oral 14,000 ----- 9,289 ppm 929 ppm 

Mouse Angelis 1979 oral 22,000 ----- 14,597 ppm 1,460 ppm 

Rabbit Angelis 1979 oral 10,000 ----- 6,635 ppm 664 ppm 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral -_ ......... 800 531 ppm S3 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that WOft( was diflicult but possible at 0.15 

to 0.2 ppm and that WOft( was impossible at 0.3 ppm [Flury and 

Zemik 1931]. Exposures to 1 ppm have been reported to be 

highly irritating [Casarett 1975]. Eye irritation was experienced 

at 1.63 ppm after 2 minutes [ACGIH 1980]. It has been stated 

that iodine-containing materials appear to be more toxic than 

analogous bromine or chlorine-containing materials [ILO 1971]. 

The lethal oral dose has been reported to be 2 to 3 grams 

[Moore 1938]. [Note: An oral dose of 2 to 3 grams is equivalent 

to a wortter being exposed to 126 to 190 ppm for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.] 

RevlMd IDLH: 2 ppm 

Buls for rwIMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for iodine is 2 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data In humans [ACGIH 

1980]. This "lIlY be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for WOft(era exposed to 

concentrations above 2 ppm. However, since it haa been reported that iodine-containing materials are more toxic than 

bromine-containing materials, a revised IDLH of 2 ppm for iodine is appropriate since the revised IDLH for bromine is 

3 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1980]. Iodine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values. 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference 

of Govemmental Industrial Hygienist, p. 230. 

2. Angelis L [1979]. lopamidol. Drugs of the Future 4:876-881. 

264 
Iodine (continued) 

3. Casarett W [1975]. Toxicology of the respiratory system. In: Toxicology. The basic science of poisons. Casarett W, 

Doull J, eds. New York, NY: Macmillan, pp. 201-224. 

4. Flury F, Zernik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 309 (in German). 

5. Flury F, Zernik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

6. ILO [1971]. Iodine. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational heaHh and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). Geneva, Switzerland: 

International Labour Office, pp. 739-740. 

7. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 76. 

8. Moore M [1938]. The ingestion of iodine as a method ofattempted suicide. N Eng J Med 219:383-388. 

265 
Iron oxide dust and fume (as Fe) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1309-37-1 

5mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 mglm3 TWA (fume) 

Reddish·brown solid. 

Noncombustible Solids 

No Evidence ["Note: "Effective" IDLH = 5,000 mg Felm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to iron oxide fume would impede escape or 

produce any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For 

this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device. However, for some particulate substances for 

which no evidence of an IDLH exists, the determination of 

allowable respiratory protection based on protection factors may 

result in the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are 

not likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 )C the OSHA PEL (500 IC 10 mg Felm3 is 5,000 mg Fe/m~. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2,500 mg Fe/m3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of iron oxide dust and fume would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for iron oxide dust and fume is 2,500 mg Felm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 

5 mg Felm3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion 

Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

266 
Isoamyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL(@212°F} ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

123-92-2 

100 ppm (525 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (525 mglm') TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (532 mglm') TWA 

Colorless liquid with a banana-like odor. 

1.0% (10% LEL(@212°F), 1,000 ppm) 

3,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that slight narcotic effects were noted in cats exposed for 

6 hours at 2800 ppm [Flury and Wirth 1933]. This is the only 

useful data avaiiable on which to base the IDLH. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LC ... Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 . ---- 6,470 ? ? ? 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LD ... 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 7,422 ....... -- 9,603 ppm 960 ppm 

Rat Yakkyoku 1981 oral 16,600 ...... -- 21,479 ppm 2,148 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slight narcotic effects were noted in cats exposed to 2,800 ppm 

for 6 hours [Flury and Wirth 1933]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isoamyl acetate is considered more irritating than butyl acetate. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

Exposure to 1,000 ppm for 30 minutes resulted in irritation, 

dyspnea, fatigue, and increased pulse [Arnor 1950]. It is 

considered dangerous to life after 5 hours of exposure to 

10,000 ppm [Browning 1965]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for isoamyl acetate is 1,000 ppm based on acute toxicity data in humans 

[Amor 1950] and animals [Munch 1972J. This value is also equal to 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1 % (which was 

determined at 212°F). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Isoamyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 138-139. 

2. Arnor AJ [1950). The toxicity of solvents. Paint Manufacture 20:53-58. 

3. Browning E [1965]. Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.539. 

". Flury F, Wirth W [1933J. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel (Verschieden ester, aceton, methylalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1-90 (in German). 

5. Munch JC [1972J. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41("):31-33. 

6. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1981J; 32:1241-1247 (in Japanese). 

267 
Isoamyl alcohol (primary & secondary) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

19890SHAPEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of su~tance ....................... . 

LEL(primary) ................................. . 

LEL (secondary) .............................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guidellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

123-51-3 (primary), 528-75-4 (secondary) 

100 ppm (360 mglm3

) TWA, 125 ppm (450 mglm3

) STEL 

100 ppm (360 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (360 mglm3

) TWA, 125 ppm (450 mglm~ STEL 

100 ppm (361 mglm3

) TWA, 125 ppm (452 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless liquids with a disagreeable odor. 

1.2% (10% LEL, 1,200 ppm) 

Unknown 

10,000 ppm [LEL) 

The chosen IDLH is based on the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 

12,000 ppm and the statement in Patty (1963) attributed to 

Smyth (1956) that rats survived 8,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 3,438 ----- 6,557 ppm 656 ppm 

Rat Purchase 1969 oral 1,300 ... --..... 2,480 ppm 248 ppm 

Otheranimal data. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 4,452 ppm [Alarie 1981). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An oral dose of 24.3 grams has been lethal for adults [Gosselin 

et al. 1984). [Note: An oral dose of 24.3 grams is equivalent to a 

worker being exposed to 4,000 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

easis for reviaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for isoamyl alcohol. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for isoamyl alcohol (primary & secondary) is 500 ppm based on acute oral toxicity data in 

humans [Gosselin et al. 1984) and animals [Munch 1972). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute inhalation toxic:ity. data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Gosselin RE. Smith RP, Hodge HC [1984]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Section II. Ingredients 

Index. Baltimore. MD: Williams & Wilkins Company. p. 175. 

3. Munch JC [1972]. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31-33. 

4. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1454. 

5. Purchase IFH [1969]. Studies in kaffircom malting and brewing. XXII. The acute toxicity of some fusel oils found in 

Bantu beer. S Afr Med J 43:795-798. 

6. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2): 129-185. 

268 
Isobutyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

110-19-0 

150 ppm (700 mg/m3) TWA 

150 ppm (700 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

150 ppm (713 mg/m3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a fruity, floral odor. 

1.3% (10% LEL, 1,300 ppm) 

7,500 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the following statements: a 4-hour 

exposure to 8,000 ppm killed 4 of 6 rats [UCC 1971; Smyth 

et al. 1962 as cited by ACGIH 1971] and no deaths resulted from 

a 4-hour exposure of 6 rats to 4,000 ppm [UCC 1971; 

Smyth 1964 as cited by ACGIH 1971]. [Note: For "convenience" 

an IDLH of 7,500 ppm (SO IC the OSHA PEL of 1SO ppm) was 

chosen rather than 8,000 ppm.] 

Short-term exposura guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

Specl .. Referance (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mammal Clayton and Clayton 1981 LC1OO : 21,000 .. -_ .. - 2.5 hr 35,700 ppm (1.7) 3,570 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1962 LC,,: 8,000 ---_ .. 4 hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Referance Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 4,673 ----- 6,772 ppm 677 ppm 

Rat NPIRI 1974 oral 13,400 ----- 19,420 ppm 1.942 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It was reported that no rats dies following a 4-hour exposure to 

4,000 ppm [UCC 1971]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,300 ppm [LEL] 

Basis for ravised IOLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Smyth et al. 1962], 

a value of about 1,600 ppm would have been appropriate for isobutyl acetate. However, the revised IDLH for isobutyl 

acetate is 1,300 ppm ~sed strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.3%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [19711. l..,butyI acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OFt: Amencan Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 139. 

2. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. (1981). PattYs industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, loc., p. 2273. 

3. Munch JC (1972). Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

41:31-33. 

4. NPIRI (1974). Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. OrganiC solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 8. 

5. Smyth Hr Jr (1964). Private communication. [From ACGIA [1971). Isobutyl acetate. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental 

Industrial Hygienists, p. 139.1 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA (1962). Rang.finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:95-107.6 

7. UCC (1971). Toxicology studies: isobutyl acetate. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

269 
Isobutyl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL(@123°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

78-83-1 

50 ppm (150 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (150 mglm3) TWA 

50 ppm (152 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless, oily liquid with a sweet, musty odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL(@123°F), 1,700 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

BaSis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

2 of 6 rats died when exposed for 4 hours to 8,000 ppm [Smyth 

et al. 1954]. 

Short-arm exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCu. Adjuatad O.5ohr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 Len: 8,000 ----- 4 hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso LOu. 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch and Schwartze 1925 oral --_ .. - 3,750 8,522 ppm 852 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 oral .. ---- 2,460 5,591 ppm 559 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROso (mouse), 1,818 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevantfor use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,600 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for isobutyl alcohol is 1,600 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Smyth et al. 1954]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(2):137-143. 

2. Munch JC, Schwartze eN [1925]. Narcotic and toxic potency of aliphatic alcohols upon rabbits. J Lab Clin Med 

10:985-995. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1448. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:81-68. 

270 
Isophorone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

78-59-1 

4 ppm (23 mg/m3) TWA 

25 ppm (140 mglm3

) TWA 

4 ppm (23 mg/m3

) TWA 

5 ppm (28 mg/m3

) CEILING 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ........................................ . 

Colorless to white liquid with a peppermint-like odor. 

0.8% (10% LEL, 800 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 800 ppm 

Ba.ls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC [1971] report that 

exposure of animals for 1 hour to 880 ppm caused serious organ 

damage; only 1 of 6 animals died from an 8-hour exposure to air 

saturated with isophorone (approximately 525 ppm at n-F). 

Short-term exposure guldell"" ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC. LCLa Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat ATSDR 1989 .............. 885 6hr 2,036 ppm (2.3) 204 ppm 

G. pig Marhold 1986 4,600 ... --..... 8hr 11,500 ppm (2.5) 1,150 ppm 

Rat Smyth and Seaton 1940 -......... - 1,840 4hr 3,680 ppm (2.0) 368 ppm 

Mammal tJCC 1971 LC,,: 525 ... ---- 8hr 1,316 ppm (2.5) 132 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LO. LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1970 oral 2,330 ----- 2,841 ppm 284 ppm 

Mouse Smyth et al. 1970 oral 2,690 ... -_ .... 3,280 ppm 328 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 27.8 ppm [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. It has been 

reported that exposure of animals for 1 hour to 880 ppm caused 

serious organ damage [UCC 1971]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A few of the 11 or 12 volunt ..... exposed for a few minutes to 

200 or 400 ppm complained of nausea, headache, dizziness, 

faintness, Inebriation, and a feeling of suffocation [Smyth and 

Seaton 1940]. 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

Basis for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for lsophorone is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Smyth and Seaton 1940] and animals [ATSDR 1989]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ATSDR [1989]. Toxicological profile for isophorone. AUanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 

ATSDRlTP-89/15. 

2. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9:137-147. 

3. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 290 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J [1940]. Acute response of guinea pigs and rats to Inhalation of the vapors of isophorone. J Ind 

Hyg Toxico! 22(10):477~3. 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Weil CS, West JS, Carpenter CP [1970]. An exploration of joint toxic action. II. Equitoxic versus 

equivolurne mixtures. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI17:498-503. 

6. UCC [1971]. Toxicology studies: isophorone. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

271 
Isopropyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL(@1oo"F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposu ... guid.lln.s ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Speci .. R.f .... nc. (ppm) 

108-21-4 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

250 ppm (950 mgtm3

) T'NA 

250 ppm (950 mgtm3

) T'NA, 310 ppm (1,185 mgtm3) STEL 

250 ppm (1,040 mgtm3

) T'NA, 310 ppm (1,290 mgtm3) STEL 

Coloriess liquid with a fruity odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL(@1oo"F), 1,800 ppm) 

16,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the UCC [1970] report that a 

4-hour exposure to 16,000 ppm killed 1 of 6 rats. 

None developed 

LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derlv.d 

(ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valu. 

Rat Pozzani et a1. 1959 11,918 ............ 8 hr 29,795 ppm (2.5) 2,980 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1954 LC,,: 32,000 ............... 4hr 64,000 ppm (2.0) 6,400 ppm 

Rat Smyth et d. 1954 LC.,: 16,000 ......... -- 4 hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that isopropyl acetate is comparable in toxicity 

to ethyl acetate and n-propyl acetate [ACGIH 1991]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,800 ppm 

easis for ... vlsed IDLH: The revised IOLH for isopropyl acetate is 1,800 ppm based on analogies to ethyl acetate and 

n-propyl acetate [ACGIH 1991]. This value is also 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.8% (which was determined at 

1 00" F). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Isopropyl acetat •. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 826-827. 

2. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1959]. The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inhalation and single dose oral 

data. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:364-369. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpent.r CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

4. UCC [1970]. Toxicology studies: isopropyl acetate. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

272 
Isopropyl alcohol 

CAS number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-63-0 

NIOSH REL ................................... 400 ppm (980 mglm3

) lWA, 500 ppm (1,225 mglm3) STEL 

Current OSHA PEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 ppm (980 mglm3

) lWA 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................... 400 ppm (980 mglm3) lWA, 500 ppm (1,225 mglm3) STEL 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV .......................... 400 ppm (983 mglm3) lWA, 500 ppm (1,230 mglm3) STEL 

Description of aubstance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorless liquid with the odor of rubbing alcohol. 

LEL. . ...................................... 2.0% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ............................ 12,000 ppm 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH .................... The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

rats survived when exposed for 4 hours to 12,000 ppm but 

exposure for 8 hours to 12,000 ppm resulted in death among one 

half of the group [Smyth 1956). 

Exiating ahort-term exposure guidelinea . . .. . . . . . . . National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 .. -_ .. - Mouse NCI 1974 --.. _-

Rat Smyth 1956 12,000 

Lethal dose data: 

Speciea Reference Route 

Rat Antonova and Salmina 1978 oral 

Mouse Antonova and Salmina 1978 oral 

Rabbit WHO 1970 oral 

1·hour EEGL: 400 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 200 ppm 

LCLo Adjusted O,5-hr 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

16,000 4hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 

12,800 3hr 23,040 ppm (1.8) 

-_ ...... 8hr 24,000 ppm (2.0) 

LDso LDLo 

(mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD 

5,045 .. --_ .. 14,126 ppm 

3,600 ----- 10,080 ppm 

6,410 ----- 17,948 ppm 

Derived 

value 

3,200 ppm 

2,304 ppm 

2,400 ppm 

Derived value 

1,413 ppm 

1,008 ppm 

1,795 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse), 17,693 ppm [Alarie 1981). It has been reported 

that rats survived when exposed to 12,000 ppm for 4 hours 

[Smyth 1956). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten volunteers exposed for 3 to 5 minutes to 200, 400, or 

Revlaed IDLH: 2,000 ppm [LEL] 

800 ppm reported mild to moderate irritation of the eyes, nose, 

and throat at the two higher concentrations [Nelson et al. 1943). 

The probable lethal oral dose has been reported to be 

190 grams [Gosselin et al. 1984). [Note: An oral dose of 

190 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 

50,700 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Baaia for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et al. 1984; Nelson 

et al. 1943) and animals [NCI1974; Smyth 1956), a value of about 2,400 ppm would have been appropriate for isopropyl 

alcohol. However, the revisedlOLH for isopropyl alcohol is 2,000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 

10% of the lower explosive limit of 2%). 

273 
Isopropyl alcohol (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y (1981). Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Antonova VI, Salmina ZA (1978). The maximal permissible concentration of isopropyl alcohol in water bodies with due 

regard for its action on the gonads and the progeny. Gig Sanit 43(1):8-11 (in Russian). 

3. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

31:343-346. 

4. Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC (1984). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams 

& Wilkins Company, pp. 111·217 to 11·219. 

5. NCI (1974). Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute Memorandum, 

June 17, 1974. 

6. Nelson KW, Ege JF Jr, Ross M, Woodman LE, Silverman L (1943). Sensory response to certain industrial solvent 

vapors. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI25(7):282-285. 

7. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 56-68. 

8. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1438. 

9. Smyth HF Jr (1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17:129-185. 

10. WHO (1970). Propan-2-o1: biological data. In: Toxicological evaluation of some extraction solvents and certain other 

substances. Food and Agriculture Organization Nutrition Meetings Report Series 48A. Geneva, Switzerland: United 

Nations, World Health Organization, pp. 114-120. 

274 
Isopropylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Species Reference (ppm) 

75-31-0 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to woriters. 

5 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (24 mglm3

) STEL 

5 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (24 mgJ~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

Unknown 

4,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that 0 of 6 rats died from a 4-hour exposure to 4,000 ppm and 6 

of 6 rats died after a 4-hour exposure to 8,000 ppm [Smyth 

et al. 1951]. No other quantitative data are available on which to 

base the IDLH. 

None developed 

LCLD Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat NCI 1974 4,000 -....... - 4hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Mouse Shell 1961 ...... -- 7,000 40 min 7,630 ppm (1.09) 763 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1951 LC,,.: 8,000 ....... _- 4hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats have survived an exposure to 

4,000 ppm for 4 hours [Smyth et al. 1951]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers have complained of nose and throat irritation after 

brief exposures to concentrations ranging from 10 to 20 ppm 

[Amoore and Hautala 1983]. 

Revised IDLH: 750 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for isopropylamine is 750 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in . 

animals [NC11974; Shell 1961]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

woriters exposed to concentrations above 20 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Isopropylamine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in woritroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 141-142. 

2. Amoore JE, Hautala E [1983]. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: odor threshold compared with threshold limit values 

and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J Appl Toxicol 3(6):272-290. 

3. NCI [1974]. Memorandum (June 17, 1974). Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogenesis, 

National Cancer Institute. 

4. Shell [1961]. Unpublished report. New Yorit, NY: Shell Chemical Corporation, p. 7. 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, wen CS [1951]. Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

275 
Isopropyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

108·20-3 

500 ppm (2,100 mgtm3

) TWA 

500 ppm (2,100 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

250 ppm (1,040 mgtm3

) TWA, 310 ppm (1,300 mgtm3) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a sharp, sweet, ether·like odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL, 1,400 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC [1968] report that 

breathing the vapors in a state approaching saturation in room 

air killed all rats in a 10-minute exposure. [Note: Based on a 

vapor pressure of 119 mmHg [Patty 1963], the saturated 

coneentration of isopropyl ether in air at 20·C is about 

157,000 ppm.) Breathing 8,000 ppm was not fatal after a 4-hour 

exposure, but 16,000 ppm killed 6 of6 animals exposed for the 

same period of time [UCC 1968]. 

None developed 

LCLA> AdJuated O.5~r Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Pavlova et al. 1963 38,138 ........... ? ? ? 

Rabbit Pavlova et al. 1963 30,840 -_ ...... ? ? ? 

Rabbit Pavlova at al. 1963 28,486 --.... - ? ? ? 

Rat OCC 1968 LCt •• : 157,000 .. -_ .. - 10 min 105,190 ppm (0.67) 10,519 ppm 

Mammal OCC 1968 LClO.: 16,000 ..... --- 4 hr 32,000 ppm (2.0) 3,200 ppm 

Lethal doee data: 

LDso LOLA> 

Specl .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Rabbit Maehle et a1. 1939 oral -......... 5,000-6,500 8,235-10,706 ppm 824-1,071 ppm 

Rat OCC 1968 oral 8,470 .... -_ .. 13,951 ppm 1,395 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that animala survived a 4-hour exposure to 

8,000 ppm [UCC 1968]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers exposed to 800 ppm for 5 minutes reported irritation 

of the eyes and nose [Silverman et al. 1946]. 

RevlHd IDLH: 1,400 ppm [LEL] 

Baaia for revIHd IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [UCC 1968], a 

value of about 3,200 ppm would have been appropriate for isopropyl ether. However, the revised IDLH for isopropyl ether 

is 1,400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.4%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Machle W, Scott EW, Treon J [1939]. The physiological response to isopropyl ether and to a mixture of isopropyl ether 

and gasoline. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21:72-96. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1662. 

3. Pavlova LP, Lagunova W, Imanov RM [1963]. Determination of the maximal permissible concentration of diisopropyl 

ether in the air of working zone. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 19(10):55-57 (in Russian). 

4. Silverman L, Schulte HF, First MW [1946]. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:262-266. 

5. UCC [1968]. Toxicology studies: isopropyl ether. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

276 
Isopropyl glycidyl ether 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term expoaure guldeli".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

4016-14-2 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) 15-minule CEILING 

SO ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (360 mglm~ STEL 

SO/ppm (238 mglm~ TWA, 75 ppm (356 mglm3) STEL 

Coloness liquid. 

Unknown 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LC50 of 

1,500 ppm and the rat 8-hour LC50 of 1,100 ppm [Hine et al. 

1956 cited by Patty 1963]. 

None developed 

LCso LC .... Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Hine et al. 1956 1,500 _ .... -- 4hr 3,000 ppm (2.0) 300 ppm 

Rat Hine et a1. 1956 1,100 ...... -- Bhr 2,750 ppm (2.5) 275 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to 400 ppm have suffered irritation of the eyes 

and respiratory tract [Hine et al. 1956]. 

Revised IDLH: 400 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for isopropyl glycidyl ether is 400 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in workers [Hine et al. 1956]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 400 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, Anderson HH [1956]. The toxicology of glycidol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1638. 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................ , .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanc •........................ 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term .xposu ... guidell"" 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal conc.ntratlon data: 

Ketene 

463-51-4 

0,5 ppm (0,9 mglm3

) TWA, 1.5 ppm (3 mglm3) STEL 

0.5 ppm (0.9 mglm3

) TWA 

0.5 ppm (0.9 mglm3

) TWA, 1.5 ppm (3 mglm3

) STEL 

0.5 ppm (0.86 mglml) TWA, 1.5 ppm (2.6 mgIml) STEL 

Colorless gas with a penetrating odor. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 25 ppm - see discussion 

belOW.] 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for ketene. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, the respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection fador afforded by each device up to 

50 II the OSHA PEL of 0.5 ppm (i.e., 25 ppm); only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations ' 

exceeding 25 ppm. 

None developed 

LCso LCL,o Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. R.f .... nce (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) value 

Mouse Mendenhall and Stokinger 1959 17 -_ ........ 10 min 12 ppm (0 . 6 iii 1.2 ppm 

Mouse Treon et al. 1949 -_ ....... 23 30 min 23 ppm (1.0) 2.3 ppm 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1949 ........... 53 2 hr 85 ppm (1.6) 8.5 ppm 

G. pig Treon et al. 1949 ---... - 53 2hr 85 ppm (1.6) 8.5 ppm 

Cat Treon et al. 1949 --... _- 750 10 min 518 ppm (0.69) 52 ppm 

Monkey Treon et al. 1949 ... --_ .. 200 10 min 138 ppm (0.69) 14 ppm 

Mouse Treon et al. 1949 -_ ....... 50 10 min 35 ppm (0.69) 3.5 ppm 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1949 ........... 1,000 10 min 690 ppm (0.69) 69 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 5 ppm is the lowest concentration 

productive of a clinically relevant physiologic response 

[Stokinger 1960]. 

Revised IDLH: 5 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for ketene is 5 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Stokinger 1960] and animals [Treon et al. 1949]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 5 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Mendenhall RM, Stokinger HE [1959]. Tolerance and cross-tolerance development to atmospheric pollutants ketene and 

ozone. J Appl Physiol14:923-926. 

2. Stokinger HE (1960). Toxicologic interactions of mixtures of air pollutants. Review of recent developments. Int J Air 

Pollut 2:313-326. 

3. Treon JF, Sigmon H, Kitzmiller KY, Heyroth FF, YounkerWJ, Cholak J [1949]. Physiologic response of animals exposed 

to airborne ketene. J Ind Hyg Toxico! 31:209-219. 

278 
Lead compounds (as Pb) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTe TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

7439-92·1 (Metal) 

0.100mglm3TWA 

0.050 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.15 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

700 mg Pblm3 rNote: "Effective" IOLH = 400 mg Pblm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

No data on acute toxicity are available conceming the 

physiological effects caused by the inhalation of lead and its 

inorganic compounds. AIHA [1958], however, reported that the 

severity of the health hazard for a brief exposure is only 

moderate [Fairhall1957; APHA 1M3]. If the IOLH were 

estimated from the rat intraperitoneal LOLo of 100 mglkg for lead 

cyanide [NRC 1953] that was cited by NIOSH [1976], a value of 

700 mglm3 would be chosen as the IOLH. Using these data for 

lead cyanide rather than other deta cited by NIOSH yields the 

most conservative estimate of the IDLH. Because of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device, however, 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of 0.2 mg Pblm3 (i.e., 400 mg Pblm3

) is 

the concentration above which only the "most protective" 

respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

PbO 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ----- 1,400 9.114 mg Pb/m' 911 mg Pb/m' 

PbC,H,O, 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ----.. 300 1.344 mg Pb/m' 134 mg Pb/m' 

PbCl, 

G. pig Budavair 1989 oral ----- 1.500 7.770 mg Pb/m' 770 mg Pb/m' 

Pb (NO,), 

G. pig Tartler 1941 oral ........ - 500 2.205 mg Pb/m' 221 mg Pb/m' 

Pb(CN), 

Rat NRC 1953 i.p. --_ .. - 100 560 mg Pb/m' 56 mg Pb/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 714 mglkg of lead acetate (i.e .• about 

450 mglkg of lead) is the lethal oral dose [Takahashi 1975). 

[Note: An oral dose of 450 mg Pblkg is equivalent to a 70-kg 

worker being exposed to 21,000 mg Pblm3 for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 100 mg Pblm3 

a.sls for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for lead compounds. The 

revised IDLH for lead compounds is 100 mg Pblm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Takahashi 1975] and 

animals [Flury and Zemik 1935). [Note: OSHA currently requires in 29 CFR 1919.1025 that workers be provided with and 

required to wear and use the "most protective" respirators in concentrations exceeding 100 mg Pblm3 (i.e .• 2,000 " the 

current OSHA PEL of 0.05 mg Pb/m3).] 

279 
Lead compounds (as Pb) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1958]. Lead and its inorganic compounds. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:154-155. 

2. APHA [1943]. Occupational lead exposure and lead poisoning. New Yorit, NY: American Public Health Association, 

pp.17-20. 

3. Budavari S, ed. [1989]. 5278. Lead chloride. In: The merck index. 11th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc., 

p.5275. 

4. Fairhall LT [1957]. Industrial toxicology. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 68-71. 

5. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

6. NIOSH [1976]. OG01750. Lead(lI) cyanide. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 660. 

7. NRC [1953]. Chemical-Biological Coordination Center: review. Vol. 5. Washington, DC: National Academy of 

Sciences, National Research Council, p. 27. 

8. Takahashi A [1975]. Problems of hygiene maintenance for food coming into contact with rubber and plastics products. 

Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 48(9):537 [Translated by Inglis EA [1976]. Int Polymer Sci Tech 3(1):TI93-T/105.] 

9. Tartler G [1941]. Die akute bleivergiftung. Ein experimenteller beitrag zur kllrung der frage der giftigkeit von 

bleiverbindungen in quantitativen versuchen. Arch Hyg Bakteriol 125:273-292 (in German). 

280 
Lindane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ........................ .. 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

58·89-9 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

'MIite to yellow, crystalline powder with a Slight, musty odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

1,ooomglm3 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for lindane. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been based on the child oral TDLO of 180 mglkg [CDC 1956 cited 

by NIOSH 1976) and the statement by Negherbon (1959) that the 

dangerous acute dose for man has been reported as 7 to 

15 grams [CDC 1956). 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Speeles Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJu.t8d LD Derived value 

Rabbit Desi et al. 1978 oral 60 ---_ .. 420 mg/m' 42 mg/m' 

Rat Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral 76 --_ .. - 532 mg/m' 53 mg/m' 

Mouse Sun 1972 oral 44 -_ ..... - 308 mg/m' 31 mg/m' 

Hamster Truhaut et al. 1974 oral 360 --_ .. - 2,520 mg/m' 252 mg/m' 

G. pig Woodard and Hagan 1947 oral 127 ----- 889 mg/m' 89 mg/m' 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An oral dose of 150 mglkg has been associated with grandmal 

seizures [Starr and Clifford 1972). [Note: An oral dose of 

Revised IDLH: 50 mglm3 

150 mglkg is equivalent to a 7D-kg worker being exposed to 

7,000 mglm3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) It has also been 

stated that 7 to 15 grams is the dangerous acute dose [CDC 

1956). [Note: An oral dose of 7 to 15 grams is equivalent to a 

worker being exposed to 4,667 to 10,000 mglm3 for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.) 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for lindane. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for lindane is 50 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Starr and Clifford 1972) and animals 

[Desi et al. 1978; Kenaga and Morgan 1978; Sun 1972; Woodard and Hagan 1947]. This may be a conservative value 

due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. CDC (1956). Clinical memoranda on economic poisons. AUanta, GA: Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State 

Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication 

No. 476, pp. 29-33. 

2. Desi I, Varga L, Farkas I (1978). Studies on the immunosuppressive effect of organochlorine and organophosphoric 

pesticides in subacute experiments. J Hyg Epi Microb Immunol 22(1):115-122. 

3. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW (1978). Commercial and experimental organic insecticides (1978 revision). Entomological 

Society of America Special Publication 78-1: 1·11. 

4. Negherbon WO (1959). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. III. Insecticides, a compendium. Wright·Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: U.S. Air Force, Air Research and Development Command, Wright Air Development Center, Aero Medical 

Laboratory, WADC Technical Report 55-16, p. 437. 

281 
Lindane (continued) 

5. NIOSH [1976]. GV49000. Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, gamma-isomer. In: Registry of toxic effects of 

chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati,OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare, Public Health 

SelVice, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication 

No. 76-191, p. 369. 

6. Starr HG Jr, Clifford NJ [1972]. Acute lindane intoxication. Arch Environ Health 25:374-375 

7. Sun Y-P [1972]. Correlation of toxicity of insecticides to the house fly and to the mouse. J Econ EntomoI65:632-635. 

8. Truhaut R, Gak J-C, Graillot C [1974]. Recherches sur les modalites et les mecanismes d'action toxique des insecticides 

organochlores. I. Etude comparative des effets de toxicite aigut chez Ie hamster et chez Ie rat. J Eur Toxicol 

7(3):159-166 (in French). 

9. Woodard G, Hagan EC [1947]. Toxicological studies on the isomers and mixtures of isomers of benzene hexachloride. 

Fed Proc 6:386-388. 

282 
Lithium hydride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7580-67-8 

0.025 mglm3 TWA 

0.025 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.025 mglm3 TWA 

Odorless, off-white to gray, translucent, crystalline mass or white 

powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

55 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 50 mglm3 - see discussion 

below.] 

The chosen IDLH of 55 mglm3 is besed on the statement by 

Patty [1963] that "animals exposed to 5 to 55 mglm3 for periods 

up to 4 hours experienced intense irritation, coughing and 

sneezing, inflammation of the conjunctiva, partial sloughing of 

mucosal epithelium of.trachea, and some pulmonary 

emphysema. No mortality occurred (however) as a result of any 

level of exposure [Spiegl et al. 1956]." Spiegl et al. [1956], 

however, found that 2 of 10 animals died from a 4-tlour exposure 

at 22 mglm3

; Spiegl et al. [1956] stated, though, that the mortality 

among rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice exposed to levels of 

from 5 to 55 mglm3 for 1 day was low and probebly unrelated to 

the exposure. A statement by ACGIH [1971] (i.e., that industrial 

experience has shown that a reduction in atmospheric 

concentration to 25 iJ9Im3 is required to attain just a sneezing 

level), indicates that 22 mglm3 is too low to be the IDLH. 

Respirators have been selected on the besis of tha assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 2,000 II OSHA 

PEL of 0.025 mglm3 (i.e., 50 mglm3); only the "most protective" 

respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

5Omglm3

• 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference LCIO LCL,o Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Spieg1 et a1. 1956 LC, •• 22 mg/m' ............... 4hr U mg/m' (2.0) 4.4 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been recommended that 0.5 mg/m' is the maximum 

tolerable concentration for brief period of exposure [AIHA 1964]. 

Revised IDLH: 0.5 mglm3 

Basis for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for lithium hydride is 0.5 mglm' besed on acute Inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [AlHA 1964]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Lithium hydride. In: Documentation of the Threshold Umit Values for Substances in Worttroom Air, 3rd 

edition. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 147. 

2. AIHA [1964). Lithium hydride. In: Hygienic guide series. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1070. 

4. Spiegl CJ, Scott JK, Steinhardt H, Leach W, Hodge HC [1956]. Acute inhalation toxicity of lithium hydride. AMA Arch 

Ind Health 14:468-470. 

283 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL(propane) ................................ . 

LEL(butane) .................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm expoaure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

L.P.G. 

68476-85-7 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mglm3) TWA 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless, noncorrosive, odorless gas when pure. 

2.1% (10% LEL, 2,100 ppm) 

1.9% (10% LEL, 1,900 ppm) 

19,000 ppm [LELJ 

Because propane is a simple asphyxiant, L.P.G. is also 

considered to be a simple asphyxiant. L.P.G., therefore, does 

not present an IDLH hazard at concentrations below its lower 

explosive limit (LEL). The chosen IDLH, based on the 

"estimated" LEL for L.P.G. (19,000 ppm), is the concentration 

above which only the "most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . At extremely high concentrations, L.P.G. may cause asphyxia by 

oxygen displacement [Proctor et al. 1988J. Propane 

concentrations of 100,000 ppm may cause dizziness within a few 

minutes [Proctor et al. 1988J. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm [LELJ 

Basis for revised IDLH: Because L.P.G. may cause asphyxia [Proctor et al. 1988J at concentrations well above the 

lower explosive limit (LEL), the revised IDLH for L.P.G. is 2,000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 

about 10% of the LELs of 1.9% for butane and 2.1% for propane). 

REFERENCE: 

1. Proctor NH, Hughes JP, Fischman ML [1988]. Liquified petroleum gas. In: Chemical hazards of the workplace. 2nd ed. 

Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company, pp. 301,420-421. 

284 
Magnesium oxide fume 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1309-48-4 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

15 mglm3 (total dust) TWA 

10 mg/m3 (total dust) TWA 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA 

Finely divided white particulate dispersed in air. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 7,500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence of an IDLH 

for magnesium oxide fume, because the symptoms of metal 

fume fever would not impede escape or cause any irreversible 

health effects within 30 minutes. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device. 

However, for some particulate substances for which no evidence 

of an IDLH exists, the determination of allowable respiratory 

protection based on protection factors may result in the 

assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not likely to 

be encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore, for 

all such particulate substances it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500)( the OSHA PEL (500)( 15 mglm3 

is 7,500 mglm3). 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers exposed to freshly generated fume at concentrations 

ranging from 410 to 580 mglm' experienced only slight 

(unspecified) reactions [Drinker et al. 1927]. 

Revised IDLH: 750 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for magnesium oxide fume is 750 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in humans [Drinker et al. 1927]. 

REFERENCE: 

1. Drinker P, Thomson RN, Finn JL [1927]. Metal fume fever. III. The effects of inhaling magnesium oxide fume. J Ind Hyg 

9:187-192. 

285 
Malathion 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................. . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofau~tance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference LC50 

Cat Izmerov et a1. 1982 -............. 

121-75-5 

10 mglm3 TVVA [skin] 

15 mglm3 TVVA [skin] 

10 mglm3 TVVA [skin] 

10 mglm3 TVVA [skin] 

Deep-brown to yellow liquid with a garlic-like odor. 

Unknown 

5,000 mglm3 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for malathion. The chosen IDLH, therefore, 

has been estimated from the statement by Stolman [1969] that 

the acute oral LD50 values for mice and rats range from 480 to 

5.800 mglkg. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

10 mg/m' 4 hr 20 mg/m' (2.0) 2.0 mg/m' 

Rat Sapegin and Mikhai10v 1986 84.6 mg/m' ............... 4 hr 169 mg/m' (2.0) 17 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 290 ............... 2,030 mg/m' 203 mg/m' 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 190 .............. 1,330 mg/m' 133 mg/m' 

G. pig von Dozent et a1. 1955 oral 570 ... -_ ...... 3,990 mg/m' 399 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to initial concentrations up to 85 mglm3 for 

ReviMd IDLH: 250 mgI~ 

1 hour (that may have deciined rapidly) over 42 consecutive 

days suffered no adverse effects [Golz 1959]. Workers exposed 

to concentrations that peaked at 56 mglm3 and averaged 

3.3 mglm3 for 5 hours had normal cholinesterase levels [Culver 

et al. 1956]. A lethal oral dose of 246 to 471 mglkg has been 

reported [Farago 1967; Jusie and Milie 1978]. [Note: An oral 

dose of 246 to 471 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being 

exposed to about 11,500 to 22,100 mglm3 for 30 minutes, 

assuming a braathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.] 

Basis for reviMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for malathion is 250 mglm3 based on acute toxicity data in humans [Farago 

1967; Golz 1959; Jusie and Milic 19781. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Culver D, Caplan P, Batchelor GS [1956]. Study of human exposure during aerosol application of malathion and 

chlorthion. AMA Arch Ind Health 13:37-50. 

2. Farago A [1967]. Fatal, suicidal malathion poisonings. Arch Toxikol 23:11-16 (in German). 

3. Golz HH [1959]. Controlled human exposures to malathion aerosols. AMA Arch Ind Health 19:516-523. 

286 
Malathion (continued) 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 56. 

5. Jusic A, Milic S [1978]. Neuromuscular synapse testing in two cases of suicidal organophosphorous pesticide poisoning. 

Arch Environ Health 33:240-243. 

6. Sapegin DE, Mikhailov W [1986]. Combined effect of carbophos, high temperature and an excess of ultraviolet 

radiation. Gig Sanit 51(3):73-75 (in Russian) 

7. Stolman A, ed. [1969]. Progress in chemical toxicology. Vol. 4. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 213. 

8. von Dozent J, KUmmer OR, Pfaff W [1955]. Vergleichende untersuchungen Ober die toxicitlt organischer 

thiophosphorslureester. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 5:626-630 (in German). 

287 
Maleic anhydride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

108-31-6 

1 mglm3 (0.25 ppm) TWA 

1 mglm3 (0.25 ppm) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 (0.25 ppm) TWA 

Colorless needles. white lumps. or pellets with an irritating. 

choking odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL. 1.400 ppm) 

Unknown [·Note: "Effective" IDLH = 2.000 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity data are available on which 

to base an IDLH for maleic anhydride. MCA [1974] reported that 

it possesses little acute systemic toxic properties. For this draft 

technical standard. therefore. the respirators have been selected 

on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 2.000 " the OSHA PEL of 1 mglm3 (i.e .• 

2.000 mglm3); only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 2.000 mglm3. 

None developed 

LOIO LOLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Berz1n 1969 oral 465 _ ...... _- 3,255 mg/m' 326 mg/m' 

Rat Berz1n 1969 oral 850 .... _-- 5,950 mg/m' 595 mg/m' 

Rabbit Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 875 _ ... _-- 6,125 mg/m' 613 mg/m' 

G. pig Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 390 ----- 2,730 mg/m' 273 mg/m' 

Rat NeI 1974 oral 400 --_ .. - 2,800 mg/m' 280 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In volunteers, 6 to 8 mglm3 caused nasal irritation within 

Revised IDLH: 10 mglm3 

1 minute and ocular irritation after 15 to 20 minutes [Gervais 

1967]. In another study. concentrations of 10 mglm3 and higher 

were found to be extremely irritating [IHFA 1969]. 

Baaia for reviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for maleic anhydride is 10 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

volunteers [IHFA 1969]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Berzin VI (1969). Combined action ofdinil and maleic anhydride on the organism. Gig Tr ProfZabol13(4):42-44 (in 

Russian). 

2. Gervais P [1967]. L'asthme dans rindustries des matieres plastiques. Connaissance des Plastiques 7:21 (in French). 

[Abstract in Chern Abstr [1967]; 66(4):9043]. [From ACGIH [1991]. Maleic anhydride. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental 

Industrial Hygienists. pp. 874-875.] 

3. IHFA [1969]. Central data repository project. Pittsburgh. PA: Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America. Inc. [From 

ACGIH [1991]. Maleic anhydride. In: DocUmentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 874-875.] 

4. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of International Projects. GKNT. p. 79. 

5. MCA [1974]. Chemical safety data sheet sd-88: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of maleic 

anhydride. Washington. DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association. p. 1-13. 

6. NCI [1974]. Memorandum. Interagency Collaborative Group on Environmental Carcinogens. National Cancer Institute. 

June 17. 1974. 

288 
Manganese compounds (as Mn) 

CASnumbar ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubetance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH- ........................... . 

Basis for Original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

7439-96-5 (Metal) 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

5 mglm3 CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 10,000 mg Mnlm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicological data do not indicate that exposure to 

a high concentration of manganese could impede escape within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been assigned on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 II the OSHA PEL (2,000 II 5 mg Mnlm3 is 

10,000 mg Mnlm3; only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

10,000 mg Mnlm3). 

None developed 

LOIO LOLe 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Mn 

Rat Marhold 1972 oral 9,000 ----- 63,000 mg Mn/m' 6,300 mg Mn/m' 

MnC,H,O, 

Rat Marhold 1977 oral 2,940 ----- 6,586 mg Mn/m' 659 mg Mn/m' 

MnCl, 

Mouse Gupta et al. 1981 oral 1,715 ----- 5,282 mg Mn/m' 528 mg Mn/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronic exposures to workers averaging 47 mglm3 caused 

manganese poisoning, while no cases occurred at exposures 

less than 30 mglm3 [Flinn et al. 1940). Chronic exposure to 

concentrations averaging 210 mglm' have been associated with 

pneumonia [Lloyd-Davies 1946). Workers chronically exposed 

to concentrations of manganese dust averaging 20 mglm' 

showed signs of manganism [Smyth et al. 1973). 

Revised IOLH: 500 mg Mnlm3 

a.sl. for revised IOLH: The revised IOLH for manganese is 500 mg Mnlm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Gupta et al. 1981). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flinn RH, Neal PA, Reinhart WH, Oallavalle JM, FuHon WB, Dooley AE [1940). Chronic manganese poisoning in an 

ore-c:rushing mill. Public HeaHh Bulletin 247:1-77. 

2. Gupta PK, Murthy RC, Chandra SV [1981). Toxicity of endosuifan and manganese chloride: cumulative toxicity rating. 

Toxicol Lett 7:221-227. 

3. Lloyd·Davies TA [1946). Manganese pneumonitis. Br J Ind Mad 3:111·135. 

4. Marhold JV [1972). Sbomik vysledku toxixologickeho vyaetreni latek a pripravku. Czechoslovakia: Institut Pro Vychovu 

Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, p. 21 (in Czechoslovakian). 

5. Marhold JV [1977]. Personal communication. Pardubice, Czechoslovakia: VUOS, 539-18, 3/29n7. 

6. Smyth LT, Ruhf RC, Whitman NE, Dugan T [1973). Clinical manganism and exposure to manganese in the production 

and processing of ferromanganese alloy. J Occup Med 15:101·109. 

289 
Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls] (as Hg) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelin ............ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference LCso 

Hg 

Rabbit Ashe et al. 1953 _ .......... 

Lethal dose data: 

7439-97-6 (Metai) 

Hg Vapor: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA [skin]; 

Other: 0.1 mg/m3 CEILiNG [skin) 

0.1 mg/m3 CEILING 

Hg Vapor: 0.05 mg/m3 CEILING [skin); 

Other non-alkyl compounds: 0.1 mg/m3 CEILING [skin) 

Hg Vapor: 0.05 mglm3 TWA [skin); 

Aryl & inorganic compounds: 0.1 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

Varies 

28 mg Hg/m3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] and 

AIHA (1966) that "severe damage has been produced in the 

kidneys, liver, brain, heart, lungs, and colon of rabbits exposed 

for a single 4-hour period to mercury vapor at an average 

concentration of 28.8 mg/m3; mild damage to most of these 

organs occurred from 1 hour of exposure [Ashe et al. 1953)." 

National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

24-hour EEGL: 0.2 mg/m3 

Adjusted O.5~r Derived 

LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

29 mg/m' 30 hr 113 mg Hg/m' (3.91) 11 mg Hg/m' 

LDso LOLa 

Speci .. Referenee Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Hg,Cl, 

Rat Worthing 1991 oral 210 -_ .. _- 1,250 mg Hg/m' 125 mg Hg/m' 

HgCl,H,N 

Rat Trakhtenberg et al. 1981 oral 86 ----- 482 mg Hg/m' 48 mg Hg/m' 

Mouse Trakhtenberg et al. 1981 oral 68 .. ---- 381 mg Hg/m' 38 mg Hg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Severe damage has been produced in tha kidneys, lungs, and 

colon of rabbits exposed for a single 4-hour period to mercury 

vapor at an average of 28.8 mglml; mild damage to most of the 

organs occurred after 1 hour of exposure [Ashe et at. 1953). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 10 rng Hg/ml 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for mercury compounds [except mercury (organo) alkyls) is 10 mg Hg/m3 

based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Ashe et al. 1953]. 

290 
Mercury compounds [except (organo) alkyls] (as Hg) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1966). Mercury and its inorganic compounds (revised 1966). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

27:310-313. 

2. Ashe WF, Largent EJ, Dutra FR, Hubbard OM, Blackstone M (1953). Behavior of mercury in the animal organism 

following inhalation. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 7:23-24. 

3. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 89-94. 

4. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1094. 

5. Trakhtenberg EM, Kozshun NN, et al. [1981]. New data on toxicity of inorganic compounds of mercury. Gig Tr Prof 

Zabol 25(7):27-30 (in Russian). 

6. Worthing CR, ed. [1991]. Mercurous chloride. In: The pesticide manual. A wol1d compendium. 9th ed. Farnham, 

Surrey, United Kingdom: The British Crop Protection Council, p. 552. 

291 
Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specie. Reference LC" 

HgC,HlO 

Varies 

0.01 mg/m3 TWA, 0.03 mg/m3 STEL [skin] 

0.01 mg/m3 TWA, 0.04 mg/m3 CEILING 

0.01 mg/m3 TWA, 0.03 mg/m3 STEL [skin] 

0.01 mg/m3 TWA, 0.03 mg/m3 STEL [skin] 

Varies 

10 mg Hg/m3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that mice died within 3 to 5 hours at 10 to 30 mg/m3 organic 

mercury [Trakhtenberg 1950]. The chosen IDLH seems 

reasonable because NIOSH [1976] cited a mouse intraperitoneal 

LDLo for dipropylmercury of 2 mg/kg [NRC 1952]. If the IDLH 

were estimated from this information, a value of 14 mg/m3 would 

be obtained. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.S-hr Derived value 

LClJ> Time LC (CF) 

Rat Russkykh and 258 mg/m' .... -_ .. ? ? ? 

Frolova 1973 

Mouse Russkykh and 91 mg/m' ... -_ .... ? ? ? 

Frolova 1973 

Hg (organo) 

alkyl 

Mouse Trakhtenberg 1950 --_ ..... 10-30 mg/m' 3 hr 18-54 mg Hg/m' (1.8) 1.8-5.4 mg Hg/m' 

Mouse Trakhtenberg 1950 -_ ....... 10-30 mg/m' 5 hr 22-26 mg Hg/m' (2.2) 2.2-2.6 mg Hg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LD" LDlJ> 

Specl .. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

HgC,H,. 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 51 ----- 278 mg Hg/m' 28 mg Hg/m' 

Mouae Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 44 --...... 240 mg Hg/m' 24 mg Hg/m' 

HgC,H.O, 

Rat Grin et al. 1973 oral 40.9 .... --- 180 mg Hg/m' 18 mg Hg/m' 

Mouae Grin et al. 1973 oral 23.9 ---..... 105 mg Hg/m' 11 mg Hg/m' 

HgC,H"O. 

Rat Frear 1969 oral 200 ----- 742 mg Hg/m' 74 mg Hg/m' 

HgC,H" 

Mouae NRC 1952 i.p. ----- 1.9 9.3 mg Hg/m' 0.9 mg Hg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deaths have resulted from 3 months exposure to diethyl mercury 

at an estimated concentration of 1 mg/ml [Hili 1943]. The lethal 

dose of methyl mercury is estimated to be 200 mg, with 

paresthesia of the hands, feet, and mouth occurring at a total 

body burden of 40 mg [Bakir et ai. 1973]. [Note: An oral dose of 

200 mg of methyl mercury is equivalent to a wor1ter being 

exposed to about 125 mg Hg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

292 
Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 2 mg Hglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for mercury (organo) alkyl compounds is 2 mg Hglm3 based on acute toxicity 

data in humans [Bakir et al. 1973; Hill 1943] and animals [Trakhtenberg 1950]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Mercury (alkyl compounds). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in wor1troom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 151-152. 

2. Bakir F. Damluji SF. Amin-Zaki L. Murtadha M. Khalidi A. AI-Rawi NY. Tikriti S. Dhahir HI. Clar1tson TW. Smith JC. 

Doherty RA [1973]. Methyl mercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181:230-241. 

3. Frear EH. ed. (1969). Pesticide index. 4th ed. State College. PA: College Science Publishers. p. 269. 

4. Grin NV. Ezmachenko AB. Govozunova NN. Tepukina LA [1973]. Prognosis of the safe concentrations of some soluble 

compounds of mercury. Gig Sanit 46(8):12-14 (in Russian). 

5. Hill WH (1943). A report of two deaths from exposure to the fumes of a di-ethyl mercury. Can J Public Health 

34:158-160. 

6. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 52. 

7. NIOSH [1976]. 0W3225000. Mercury. dipropyl-. In: Registry oftoxic effects of chemical substances. 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191. p. 683. 

8. NRC (1952). Summary tables of biological tests. Washington. DC: National Research Council. Biological Coordination 

Center. National Academy of Science Library. p. 320. 

9. Russkykh VA. Frolova EN [1973]. Materials on substantiation of the maximal permissible concentration of diethylmercury 

in the air of the working zone. Gig Sanit 38(1):100-102 (in Russian). 

10. Trakhtenberg 1M (1950). The toxicity of vapors of organic mercury compounds (ethylmercuric phosphate and 

ethylmercuric chloride) in acute and chronic intoxication (experimental data). Gig Sanit 6:13-17 (translated). 

293 
Mesityl oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

141·79-7 

10 ppm (40 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 15 ppm (60 mglm3

) TWA, 25 ppm (100 mglm3

) STEL 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanee ....................... . 

15 ppm (60 mglm3) TWA, 25 ppm (100 mglm3

) STEL 

Oily, coloriess to light·yellow liquid with a peppermint· or 

honey·like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

1.4% (10% LEL, 1,400 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

5,000 ppm might be dangerous to life in 30 to 60 minutes [Smyth 

et al. 1942]. 

Short·term .xposu ... guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal conc.ntration data: 

Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. R.ferenc. LC50 LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 1,000 mg/m' ..... --- 4 hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 9,000 mg/m' ... ---- 4hr lB,OOO ppm (2.0) 1,800 ppm 

Mou •• Izmerov et a1. 1982 10,000 mg/m' ... .. --- 2hr 16,000 ppm (1.6) 1,600 ppm 

G. pig specht et al. 1940 2, 000 mg/m' ---_ ... 7hr 4,800 ppm (2.4) 480 ppm 

Lethal dos. data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Specl .. Ref .... nee Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derlv.d value 

Rat Hann and Jansen 1974 oral 1,120 ... --_ ... 1,922 ppm 192 ppm 

Rabbit Hann and Jansen 1974 oral 1,000 ----- 1,716 ppm 172 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 oral 710 ----- 1,218 ppm 122 ppm 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The probable response to 100 ppm was predicted to be eye and 

mucous membrane irritation, difficulty breathing, headache, and 

vertigo [Shell 1957]. It has been stated that 5,000 ppm might be 

dangerous to life in 30 to 60 minutes [Smyth et al. 1942]. 

R.vlsed IDLH: 1,400 ppm [LEL] 

Baals for ... vlsed IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Smyth et al. 1942], 

a value of about 4,000 ppm would have been appropriate for mesityl oxide. However, the revised IDLH for mesityl oxide is 

1,400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations {i.e., being 10% of the lower eXJ)losive limit of 1.4·/~. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [19491. The assay of acute vapor toxicity, and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J InaHyg ioxicoI31(6}:343-346. 2. Hann W, Jansen PA (1974]. Water quality characteristics of hazardous materials. Vols. 1-4. College Station, TX: 

Texas A & M University, Civil Engineering De~rtment, Environmental Engineering Division. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 80. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1758. 

5. Shell [1957]. Mesityl oxide: safety data sheet SC:57·105. New York, NY: Shell Chemical Corporation, pp. 1·3. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L [1942]. Res[ise of guinea pigs and rats to repeated inhalation of vapors of mesityl oxide and isophorone. J Ind HY!l Toxicol 24(3 :46-50. 

7. Specht H, Miller JW, Valaer PJ, Sayers RR [1 ). Acute response of guinea pigs to the inhalation of ketone vapors. NIH Bulletin 176:1-66. 

294 
Methoxychlor 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ...... ; .................. . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

aasls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

72-43-5 

None established; NIOSH considers methoxychlor to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

15 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

Colorless to light·yellow crystals with a slight, fruity odor. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 7,500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

ACGIH [1971) stated that methoxychlor has a very low toxicity. 

The available toxicological data indicate that an acute exposure 

to a high concentration of methoxychlor would not result in death 

or in any irreversible health effects. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each device. 

However, for some particulate substances for which no evidence 

of an IDlH exists, the determination of allowable respiratory 

protection based on protection factors may result in the 

assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not likely to 

be encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore, for 

all such particulate substances, it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500" the OSHA PEL (500" 15 mglm3 

is 7,500 mglm3). 

None developed 

LOla LOlA 

Species Reterence Route (mgikg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat CDC 1956 oral 5,000 -_ ... _- 35,000 mg/m' 3,500 mg/m' 

Mouse Coats et al. 1977 oral 1,000 ---_ ... 7,000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

Rabbit Kenaga and Morgan 1978 oral >6,000 ... -_ ...... >42,000 mg/m' >4,200 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 6,430 mglkg is the estimated fatal oral 

dose [AAPCO 1966). [Note: An oral dose of 6,430 mgikg is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 300,000 mglm3 

for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.) 

Revised IDLH: 5,000 mg/m3 

Basis for revlMd IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of methoxychlor would impede escape or cauSe any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However, 

the revised IDlH for methoxychlor Is 5,000 mg/m3 based on being 500 times the OSHA PEL of 10 mg/m3 (500 is an 

assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding 

when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its 

carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for methoxychlor at any detectable concentration.) 

295 
Methoxychlor (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of the American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 750. 

2. ACGIH [1971]. Methoxychlor (2,2-bis-p-methoxy phenyl-1,1 ,1-trichloroethane). In: Documentation of the threshold limit 

values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial 

Hygienists, pp. 152-153. 

3. CDC (1956). Clinical memoranda on economic poisons. Atlanta, GA: Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State 

Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication 

No. 476, pp. 33-38. 

4. Coats JR, Metcalf RL, Kapoor IP [1977]. Effective DDT analogues with altered aliphatic moieties. Isobutanes and 

chloropropanes. J Agri Food Chem 25:859-868. 

5. Kenaga EE, Morgan RW (1978). Commercial and experimental organiC insecticides (1978 revision). Entomological 

Society of America Special Publication 78-1:16. 

296 
Methyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

79-20-9 

200 ppm (610 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (760 mglm~ STEL 

200 ppm (610 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (610 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (760 mglm~ STEL 

200 ppm (606 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (757 mg/m~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with a fragrant, fruity odor. 

3.1% (10% LEL, 3,100 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with butyl acetate and 

ethyl acetate which have IDLHs of 10,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Flury and Wirth 1933 ...... -...... ll,039 4 hr 22,078 ppm (2.0) 2,208 ppm 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 ......... -- 2l,753 1 hr 27,l9l ppm (l.25) 2,7l9 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1962 ............... 32,000 4hr 64,000 ppm (2.0) 6,400 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 3,700 ... --...... 8,409 ppm 84l ppm 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that concentrations of 10,000 ppm for a 

short time caused irritation which persisted after exposure 

stopped [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

Revised IDLH: 3,100 ppm [LEL] 

easis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Clayton and 

Clayton 1981], the original value of about 10,000 ppm would have been appropriate for methyl acetate. However, the 

revised IDLH for methyl acetate is 3,100 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower 

explosive limit of 3.1%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, ads. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ad. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 2272. 

2. Flury F, Wirth W [1933]. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel (Verschieclen ester, aceton, methylalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1-90 (in German). 

3. Munch JC [1972]. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31-33. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, pozzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assce J 23:95-107. 

297 
Methyl acetylene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Saala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

74-99-7 

1,000 ppm (1,650 mglm3) T'NA 

1,000 ppm (1,650 mglm3

) T'NA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (1,640 mglm3) T'NA 

Colortess gas with a sweet odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

15,000 ppm [LEL] 

The chosen IDLH is based on the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 

17,000 ppm rounded down to 15,000 ppm. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that methyl acetylene appears to be a general 

anesthetic with comparatively low toxicity [ACGIH 1991]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 1,700 ppm [LEL] 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: Since methyl acetylene appears to have relatively low toxicity [ACGIH 1991], the revised IDLH 

is 1,700 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.7%). 

REFERENCE: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Methyl acetylene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 929. 

298 
Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture (MAPP) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

59355-75-8 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mg/m3) TWA, 

1,250 ppm (2,250 mglm3

) STEL 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mglm~ TWA 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mglm3

) TWA, 

1,250 ppm (2,250 mglm3

) STEL 

1,000 ppm (1,640 mglm3

) TWA, 

1,250 ppm (2,050 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless gas with a strong, characteristic, foul odor. 

3.4% (10% LEL, 3,400 ppm) 

15,000 ppm 

Because the TLV for a methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture has 

been set by analogy to methyl acetylene [ACGIH 1971], the 

chosen IDLH is also set by analogy with methyl acetylene which 

has an IDLH of 15,000 ppm. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Other data .................................... The American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists 

TL V for a methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture (MAPP) is based 

on an analogy to methyl acetylene [ACGIH 1991]. 

Revised IDLH: 3,400 ppm [LEL] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Since a methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture appears to have relatively low toxicity, and based 

on an analogy to methyl acetylene [ACGIH 1991], the revised IDLH is 3,400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations 

(i.e., bei,!g 10% of the lower explosive limit of 3.4%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture (MAPP). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for 

substances in worltroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, 

p.154. 

2. ACGIH [1991]. Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological 

exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 930. 

299 
Methyl acrylate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

96·33·3 

10 ppm (35 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

10 ppm (35 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (35 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with an acrid odor. 

2.8% (10% LEL. 2.800 ppm) 

1.000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the rat 4-hour LC!iO of 1.000 ppm 

in which 3 of 6 rats died [Smyth and Carpenter 1948 cited by 

Patty 1963]. 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Lomonova and Klimova 1979 3,575 ............... ? ? ? 

Rat Oberly and Tansey 1985 1,350 ............... 4 hr 2,700 ppm (2.0) 270 ppm 

Rat Smyth· and Carpenter 1948 1,000 ... --_ .. 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1949 2,522 ........ -- 1hr 3,153 ppm (1.25) 315 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed 4 hours per day, 5 days per week at 110 ppm for a 

total of 32 exposures had eye discomfort at the start of the 

investigation. but no overt signs of respiratory distress or other 

manifestations of toxicity were recorded [Oberly and Tansey 

1985]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 250 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl acrylate is 250 ppm based on acute inhalation data in animals 

[Oberly and Tansey 1985; Smyth and Carpenter 1948; Treon et al. 1949]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Lomonova GV. K1imova EI [1979]. On the toxicity methyl and ethyl acrylates. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 23(9):55-56 (in 

Russian). 

2. Oberly R. Tansey MF [1985]. LC!iO values for rats acutely exposed to vapors of aaylic and methaaylic acid esters. J 

Toxicol Environ Health 16:811-822. 

3. Patty FA. ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc., p. 1880. 

4. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CP [1948]. Further experience with the range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 30:63-68. 

5. Treon JF. Sigmon H. Wright H. Kitzmiller KV [1949). The toxicity of methyl and ethyl acrylate. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

31:317·328. 

300 
Methylal 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

109-87-5 

1,000 ppm (3,100 mglm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (3,100 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (3,110 mglm') TWA 

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

2.2% (10% LEL, 2,200 ppm) 

15,000 ppm [LEL] 

Patty [1963] reported that Weaver et al. [1951] noted only minor 

irritation in 50 mice that received fifteen 7-hour exposures to 

11,000 ppm and that 6 of 50 mice died after fifteen 7-hour 

exposures to 18,000 ppm. Because the data indicate that 

acutely toxic effects occur only above the lower explosive limit 

(LEL) of 16,000 ppm, the IDLH is based on the LEL rounded 

down to 15,000 ppm. This is the concentration above which only 

the "most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Marhold 1986 18,000 ...... --- 7hr 43,291 ppm (2.4) 4,329 ppm 

Rat NPIRI 1974 15,000 ----- ? ? ? 

Mouse Weaver et al. 1951 18,354 ...... __ ... 7 hr 44,050 ppm (2.4) 4,405 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Knoefel et al. 1932 oral 5,708 -_ ... -- 12,644 ppm 1,264 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In one study, the "no effect" levels were determined to be 2,810 

and 8,450 ppm in rats and guinea pigs, respectively [Price et al. 

1978]. Fifteen 7-hour exposures to 11,000 ppm caused only 

minor irritation in 50 mice [Weaver et al. 1951]. 

Human deta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methylal has been u~ as an anesthetic in surgery [ACGIH 

1991]. 

ReviHCIIDLH: 2.200 ppm [LEL] 

Baaia for reviMd IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [ACGIH 1991] and 

animals [Price et al. 1978; Weaver at al. 1951]. a value of about 10,000 ppm would have been appropriate for methylal. 

However. the revised IDLH for methylal is 2.200 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e .• being 10% of the lower 

explosive limit of 2.2%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Methylal. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 937-938. 

2. Knoefel PK, Lonergan L. Leake CD [1932]. Biochemorphic aspects of paraldehyde and certain acetals. Proc Soc Exp 

Bioi Med 29:730-732. 

3. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie. Organicke Latky. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Avicenum. p. 259 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

301 
Methylal (continued) 

4. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook. physical and chemical properties. fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem. PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute. p. 73. 

5. Patty FA. ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• pp. 1984-1987. 

6. Price NH. Allen SO. Daniels AU. Yates WG [1978]. Toxicity data for establishing "immediately dangerous to life or 

health" (IDLH) values. Salt Lake City. UT: University of Utah Research Institute. UBTL Division. Report No. 

TR 1510-005. Contract No. CDC-210-76-0143. 

7. Weaver FL. Hough AR. Highman B. Fairhall LT (1951). The toxicity ofmethylal. Br J Ind Med 8:279-283. 

302 
Methyl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 67·56-1 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 200 ppm (260 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (325 mglm~ STEL [skin] 

200 ppm (260 mglm3 Current OSHA PEL ............................ . ) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 200 ppm (260 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (325 mglm~ STEL [skin] 

200 ppm (262 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (328 mglm3

) STEL [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a characteristic pungent odor. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 6.0% (10% LEL, 6,000 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 25,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

it probably would be dangerous for men to be exposed to the 

vapors of methyl alcohol in concentrations of the order of 30,000 

to 50,000 ppm for as much as 30 to 60 minutes. 

Existing .hort-term expo.ure guideline •........... National Research Council [NRC 1985] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 .............. 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 --_ ..... Rat NPIRI 1974 64,000 

Lethal do.e data: 

Specie. Reference Route 

Rat Larionov and Broitman 1975 oral 

Mouse Smith and Taylor 1982 oral 

Rat Smyth et al. 1941 oral 

Rabbit WHO 1970 oral 

10-min EEGL: 800 ppm 

30-min EEGL: 400 ppm 

1·hour EEGL: 200 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 10 ppm 

LCu Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

33,082 6hr 76,090 ppm (2.3) 7,609 ppm 

37,594 2hr 60,150 ppm (1.6) 6,015 ppm ..... -_ ... 4hr 128,000 ppm (2.0) 12,800 ppm 

LD50 LOu 

(mglkg) (mglkg) AdJu.ted LD Derived value 

5,628 -.. --- 29,621 ppm 2,962 ppm 

7,300 ----- 38,421 ppm 3,842 ppm 

12,880 --_ ...... 67,789 ppm 6,779 ppm 

14,200 ......... -- 74,737 ppm 7,474 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 41,514 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Two human studies showed no effects at vapor concentrations 

ranging from 160 to 1,000 ppm [McAllister 1954; MDOH 1937]. It 

has been stated that it probably would be dangerous to be 

exposed to concentrations of the order of 30,000 to 50,000 ppm 

for as much as 30 to 60 minutes [patty 1963]. It has been 

reported that the lethal oral dose is between 143 and 

Revi.ed IDLH: 6,000 ppm 

6,422 mglkg [Arena 1970; Deichmann and Gerarde1969; Handa 

1983]. [Note: An oral dose of 143 to 6,422 mglkg is equivalent 

to a 70-kg worker being exposed to about 7,000 to 225,000 ppm 

for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Ba.i. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl alcohol is 6,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Izmerov et al. 1982]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations between 1,000 and 30,000 ppm. However, this value is also 10% of the lower explosive limit of 

6%. 

303 
Methyl alcohol (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Arena JM [1970]. Poisoning; toxicology, symptoms, treatments. 2nd ed. Springfield,IL: C.C. Thomas, p. 73. 

3. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Methyl alcohol (methanol; methyl hydroxide; methyl hydrate; Columbian spirits; 

wood naphtha; wood spirits; wood alcohol; sterno; carbinols; colonial spirits). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. 

New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., pp. 383-385. 

4. Flury F, Wirth W [1933]. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel (Verschieden ester, aceton, methylalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1-90 (in German). 

5. Handa SP [1983]. Methanol intoxication. [Letter to editor.] Can Med Assoc J 128:14-15. 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 80. 

7. Larionov AG, Broitman AJ [1975]. On the combined action of 2,6-dimethylphenol and methanol. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 

19(11):27-30 (in Russian). 

8. McAllister RG [1954]. Exposure to methanol from spirit duplicating machines. Am Ind Hyg Assce Q 15:26-28. 

9. MDOH [1937]. Health hazards of wood heel covering. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Division of Occupational Hygiene. 

10. NPIRI [1974]. Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 74. 

11. NRC [1985]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 4. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health 

Hazards, Commission on Ufe Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 69-81. 

12. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1414. 

13. Smith EN, Taylor RT [1982]. Acute toxicity of methanol in the folate-deficient Acatalasemic mouse. Toxicology 

25:271-287. 

14. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L [1941]. The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

15. WHO [1970]. Methyl alcohol: biological data. In: Toxicological evaluation of some extraction solvents and certain other 

substances. Food and Agriculture Organization Nutrition Meetings Report Series 48A. Geneva, Switzertand: United 

Nations, Wortd Health Organization, p. 105. 

304 
Methylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

74-89-5 

10 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (6.4 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (19 mglml) STEL 

Colorless gas with a fish- or ammoni.like odor. 

4.9% (10% LEL, 4,900 ppm) 

100 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the severe respiratory tract 

irritation produced by methylamine. Deichmann and 

Gerarde [1969] stated that inhalation of methylamine vapors 

(greater than 100 ppm) causes irritation of the nose and throat, 

followed by violent sneezing, buming sensation of the throat, 

coughing, constriction of the larynx and difficulty in breathing, 

pulmonary congestion, and edema of the lungs. 

None developed 

LCIO LC"" Adjusted O.5ohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 l,860 ----- 2hr 2,977 ppm (l.6) 298 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that transient irritation of the eyes, nose, 

and throat has resulted from brief exposures to concentrations of 

20 to 100 ppm; the odor was intolerable at 100 to 500 ppm 

[Clayton and Clayton 1981]. Inhalation of methylamine vapors 

(at concantrations greater than 100 ppm) has caused irritation of 

the nose and throat, followed by violent sneezing, buming 

sensation of the throat, coughing, constriction of the larynx and 

difficulty in braathing, pulmonary congestion, and edema of the 

lungs [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Clayton and Clayton 1981; Oeichmann and 

Gerarde 1969], the original IOLH for methylamine (100 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FC, eds. (1981). patty's industrial and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. New YOr\(, NY: 

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 3135-3173. 

2. Oeichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Methytamines (monomethylamine; dimethytamine; trimethylamine). In: 

Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yor\(, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 385. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 81. 

305 
Methyl (n-amyl) ketone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubatance ....................... . 

LEL(@151°F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldeli,," ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

lethal concentration data: 

110-43-0 

100 ppm (465 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (465 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (233 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless to white liquid with a banana-like, fruity odor. 

1.1% (10% lEl(@151°F), 1,100 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

The chosen IOlH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

2,000 ppm was strongly narcotic and 4,800 ppm caused narcosis 

and death in guinea pigs in 4 to 8 hours [Specht et ai. 1940). 

None developed 

lC50 LCL,o Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Clayton and Clayton 1981 ----... 4,000 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

G. pig Specht et al. 1940 ........... 2,000 14.8 hr 6,180 ppm (3.09) 618 ppm 

lethal doee data: 

LOIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1962 oral 1,670 .............. 2,461 ppm 246 ppm 

Moua. Srepel and Akacic 1962 oral 730 ......... -- 1,076 ppm 108 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures to guinea pigs lasting 4-8 hours were irritating to the 

mucous membranes at 1,500 ppm, strongly narcotic at 

2,000 ppm, and caused narcosis and death at 4,800 ppm 

[Specht et ai. 1940]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 800 ppm 

a.sis for revised IOLH: The revised IOLH for methyl (n-amyl) ketone is 800 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in animals [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2C. Toxicology. New 

Yortc, NY: John 'Mley & Sons, Inc., p. 4757. 

2. Patty FA, ed. [1063]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortc, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1740. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Well CS, Pezzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

4. Specht H, Miller JW, Valaer PJ, Sayers RR [1940]. Acute response of guinea pigs to the inhalation of ketone vapors. 

NIH Bulletin 176:1-66. 

5. Srepel B, Akacic B (1962). Ispitivanje anthelminti6kog djelovanja eterienih ulja roda Ruts. Acta Pharmaceut Jugo 

12:79-86 (in Serbo-Croatian). 

306 
Methyl bromide 

CAS number ................................. . 74-83-9 

NIOSH REL .................................. . None established; NIOSH considers methyl bromide to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 20 ppm (80 mg/m3) CEILING [skin] 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 5 ppm (20 mg/ml) TWA [skin] 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 5 ppm (19 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Description ofsubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Colorless gas with a chloroform-like odor at high concentrations. 

10% (10% LEL, 10,000 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 2,000 ppm 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

rats survived 2,600 ppm for 24 minutes [Irish et al. 1940). 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIIO LCIA Adjuat.d O.S-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Alexeeff et a1. 1985 1,200 ...... -- lhr 1,500 ppm (1.25) 150 ppm 

Rabbit Balthiahev 1973 7,316 ---.. - 30 min 7,316 ppm (1.0) 732 ppm 

Rat Bakhishev 1975 2,833 -_ .... - 30 min 2,833 ppm (1.0) 283 ppm 

Rat Honma et a1. 1985 302 .... --- 8hr 755 ppm (2.5) 76 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 390 ... ---- 2hr 624 ppm (1.6) 62 ppm 

G. pig Sayers et al. 1929 .......... 300 !lhr 780 ppm (2.6) 78 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats have survived an exposure to 

2,600 ppm for 24 minutes [Irish et al. 1940]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 220 ppm can be endured for several 

hours without serious effects [Clarke et at 1945]. 

Revised IDLH: 250 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for methyl bromide is 250 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Clarke et at 1945]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 220 ppm. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for methyl bromide at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alexeeff GV, Kilgore WN, Munoz P, Watt 0 [1985]. Determination of acute toxic effects in mice following exposure to 

methyl bromide. J Toxicol Environ Health 15:109-123. 

2. Bakhishev GN [1973]. Relative toxicity of aliphatic halohydrocarbons to rats. Farmakol Toksikol 8:140-143 (in Russian). 

3. Bakhishev GN [1975]. Relationship between chemical structure and toxicity for some halogenated aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. Fiz Akt Veah 7:35-36 (in Russian). 

4. Clarke CA, Roworth CG, Holling HE [1945]. Methyl bromide poisoning. An account of four recent cases met with in one 

of H.M. Ships. Brit J Ind Mad 2:17·23. 

5. Honrna T, Miyagawa M, Sato M. Hasegawa H [1985]. Neurotoxicity and metabolism of methyl bromide in rats. Toxicol 

Appl Pharmacol 81:183-191. 

6. Irish DO, Adams EM. Spencer HC. Rowe VI< (1940). The response attending exposure of laboratory animals to vapors 

of methyl bromide. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 22(6):218-230. 

7. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre oflntemational Projects, GKNT, p. 81. 

8. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1252. 

9. Sayers RR. Yant wP, Thomas BGH, Berger LB [1929]. PhYSiological response attending exposure to vapors of methyl 

bromide, methyl chloride, ethyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. Public Health Bulletin 185:1·56. 

307 
Methyl Cellosolve® 

CAS number ........ ; ........................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumnt OSHA PEL ........................... .. 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.sls for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-wnn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC .. 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

109-86-4 

0.1 ppm (0.3 mglm~ TWA [skin] 

25 ppm (80 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (16 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a mild, ether-like odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL, 1,800 ppm) 

2,000 ppm rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 1,250 ppm - see 

discussion below.] 

Based on a UCC [1969] report that 0 of 6 rats died after a 2-hour 

exposure to 2,000 ppm, " of 6 rats died after a 4-hour exposure 

to 2,000 ppm, and 6 of 6 rats died after an 8-hour exposure to 

2,000 ppm, an IDLH of 2,000 ppm was chosen. However, 

respirators have been assigned on the basis of the aSSigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to a concentration 

of 50 .. the OSHA PEL of 25 ppm (i.e., 1,250 ppm); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 1,250 ppm. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Rat UCC 1969 LC,,: 2,000 ----- 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Rat UCC 1969 Leu.: 2,000 ----- 8hr 5,000 ppm (2.5) 500 ppm 

Mouse Werner et .al. 1943 l,480 ----- 7hr 3,552 ppm (2.4) 355 ppm 

Lethal doH data: 

LO .. LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Ballantyne 1987 oral ... --_ .. 2,370 5,250 ppm 525 ppm 

Rabbit Carpenter et al. 195' oral --_ .. - 890 l,972 ppm 197 ppm 

Mouse Gig Tr Prof Zabol 19'3 oral ----- l,480 3,278 ppm 328 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral ----- 950 2,l04 ppm 210 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a 2-hour exposure to 

2,000 ppm [UCC 1969]. 

Human data • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . Chronic exposure to 50 to 100 ppm has been associated with 

headache, dizzinesa, lethargy, weakne .. , hyperreflexia, 

disorientation, unequal pupil size, and visual and/or auditory 

disturbances [ACGIH 1991]. It has been reported that 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

3,380 mglkg is the lethal oral dose [Young and Wooiner 1946]. 

[Note: An oral dose of 3,380 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg 

worker being exposed to about 50,000 ppm for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.] 

a.sls for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [UCC 1969], a 

value of about 400 ppm would have been appropriate for methyl Cellosolvee. However, the revised IDLH for methyl 

Cellosolvd is 200 ppm based on being 2,000 times the current NIOSH REL of 0.1 ppm (2,000 is an assigned protection 

factor for respirators; only the "most reliable" respirators are recommended above 2,000 times the NIOSH REL). 

308 
Methyl Cellosolve® (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1991). 2-Methoxyethanol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 918. 

2. Ballantyne (1987). The comparative acute toxicity and primary irritancy of the monohexyl ethers of ethylene and 

diethylene glycol. Vet Hum ToxicoI29(5):361-366. 

3. Carpenter CP, Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Nair JH III, Keck GA, Smyth HF Jr (1956). The toxicity of butyl ce"osolve solvent. 

AMA Arch Ind Health 14:114-131. 

4. Gig Tr Prof Zabol (1963); 32(3):48-54 (in Russian). 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L (1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

6. UCC (1969). Toxicology studies: methyl ca"osolve. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

7. Werner HW, Mitchell JL, Miller JW, von Oettingen WF (1943). The acute toxicity of vapors of several monoalkyl ethers of 

ethylene glycol. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25(4):157-163. 

8. Young EG, Woolner LB (1946). A case offatal poisoning from 2-methoxy-ethanol. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI28(6):267-268. 

309 
Methyl Cellosolve® acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

110-49-6 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (120 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Sam. as current PEL 

5 ppm (24 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a mild, ether-like odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with methyl 

methaaylate which has an IDLH of 4,000 ppm. 

Short-term .xposu ... guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Speci .. R.f .... nc. (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valu. 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 ............ 1,222 7 hr 2,933 ppm (2.4) 293 ppm 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 ........... 7,000 4 hr 14,000 ppm (2.0) 1,400 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LOla LDLo 

Speci .. R.fe ... nce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Smyth and Carpenter 1948 oral 3,390 ....... -- 4,833 ppm 483 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral 1,250 ----- 1,782 ppm 178 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that methyl Cellosolvee aeetate is slightly less 

toxic than methyl Cellosolvee [Gosselin et al. 1984). 

R.vlsed IDLH: 200 ppm 

easis for ... vlHd IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Flury and Wirth 

1933; Smyth and Carpenter 1948), a valu. of about 1,000 ppm would have been appropriate for methyl Cellosolve® 

acetat.. However, the revised IDLH for methyl Cellosolve® aeetate is 200 ppm based on being 2,000 times the current 

NIOSH REL of 0.1 ppm (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators; only the most reliable respirators are 

recommended above 2,000 times the NIOSH REL). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Wirth W (1933]. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel (Verschieden ester, aeeton, methylalkohol). Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1-90 (in G.rman). 

2. Gosselin RF, Smith RP, Hodge HC (1984). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams 

& Wilkins Company, p. 11-183. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP (1948). Further experienee with the rang. finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. 

J Ind Hyg Toxico! 30:~. 

4. Smyth HF Jr, Seaton J, Fischer L (1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicoi 

23:259-268. 

310 
Methyl chloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

Species Reference (ppm) 

Rat Bakhishev 1975 72,000 

Mouse Chellman et al. 1986 2,200 

Mammal Clayton and Clayton 1981 2,760 

G. pig Clayton 1967 ---..... Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 2.524 

Dog von Oettingen 1949 -_ ........ 

74-87·3 

None established; NIOSH considers methyl chloride to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

100 ppm TWA, 200 ppm CEILING, 

300 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 3 HOURS 

50 ppm (105 mglm3

) TWA, 100 ppm (210 mglm3) STEL 

50 ppm (103 mglm~ TWA, 100 ppm (207 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

Colorless gas with a faint, sweet odor which is not noticeable at 

dangerous concentrations. 

8.1% (10% LEL, 8,100 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

20,000 to 40,000 ppm is dangerous to animals in 30 to 

60 minutes [Flury and Zemik 1931] and the report by 

MacDonald [1964] that a worker repeatedly walked in and out of 

an area in which concentrations greater than 10,000 ppm were 

measured. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

----- 30 min 72,000 ppm (1.0) 7,200 ppm 

-_ ... -.. 6 hr 5,060 ppm (2.3) 506 ppm 

---.. - 4hr 5.520 ppm (2.0) 552 ppm 

20,000 2 hr 32.000 ppm (1.6) 3.200 ppm 

....... -- 4hr 5,048 ppm (2.0) 505 ppm 

14.661 6hr 33.720 ppm (2.3) 3,372 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 20,000 to 40,000 ppm is dangerous in 

30 to 60 minutes [Flury and Zemik 1931). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that a worker repeatedly walked in and out 

of an area in which concentrations greater than 10.000 ppm 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

were measured; symptoms included blurring of vision, dizziness, 

and a slight headache [MacDonald 1964]. A worker exposed to 

concentrations of 2,000 to 4,000 ppm for 13 days stated that 

during the first week he was very sleepy and became quite 

dizzy; during the second week headache, blurring of vision, 

slurring of speech, dizziness, mental confusion. and a staggering 

gait occurred [MacDonald 1964]. Another worker exposed to 

concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm during the workshift 

experienced dizziness, blurring of vision, headache, nausea, and 

vomiting [MacDonald 1964]. It has been stated that exposures 

to 20,000 ppm for 2 hours may be fatal [Deichmann and Gerarde 

1969]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl chloride is 2,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [MacDonald 1964]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for methyl chloride at any detectable concentration.] 

311 
Methyl chloride (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bakhishev GN [1975]. Relationship between chemical structure and toxicity for some halogenated aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. Fiz Akt Vesh 7:35-36 (in Russian). 

2. Chellman GJ, White RD, Norton RM, Bus JS (1986). Inhibition of the acute toxicity of methyl chloride in male B6C3F1 

mice by glutathione depletion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 86:93-104. 

3. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. New 

YorX, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 3436-3442. 

4. Clayton JW Jr [1967]. Fluorocarbon toxicity and biological action. Fluor Chem Rev 1(2):197-252. 

5. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Methyl chloride. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New YorX, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., pp. 386-387. 

6. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 309 (in German). 

7. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 86. 

8. MacDonald JDC (1964). Methyl chloride intoxication: report of 8 cases. J Occup Med 6:82-83. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New YorX, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1249. 

10. von Oettingen WF [1949]. Studies on the relation between the toxic action of chlorinated methanes and their chemical 

and physicohemical properties. NIH Bulletin 191:1-85. 

312 
Methyl chloroform 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·199<& ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

71·55-6 

350 ppm (1,900 mglm3

) 1S-minute CEILING 

350 ppm (1,9OO mglm3

) TWA 

350 ppm (1,9OO mglm3

) TWA, 450 ppm (2,450 mglm3

) STEL 

350 ppm (1,910 mgIm3

) TWA, 450 ppm (2,460 mglm3

) STEL 

Coloriess liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor. 

7.5% (10% LEL, 7,500 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by MCA [1965] that 

"humans exposed to 900 to 1,000 ppm experience prompt, 

though minimal impairment of coordination. Above 1,700 ppm, 

obvious disturbances of equilibrium in humans have been 

observed." Deichmann and Gerarde [1969] stated that"the 

eariiest symptoms of a single vapor exposure are 

lightheadedness and lassitude. The eariiest sign of intoxication 

is an impaired Romberg test. In humans an abnormal Romberg 

test is usually observed shortly after exposures to 900 to 

1,700 ppm." Because data are not available to indicate at what 

concentrations above 1,000 ppm a person's equilibrium would be 

affected enough to impede escape, 1,000 ppm is used as the 

IDLH. AIHA (1961) reported that humans exposed to 800 to 

1,000 ppm exhibit early anesthetic effects including 

incoordination [Stewart et al. 1961; Torkelson et al. 1958J. 

Browning [1965] reported that several human subjects exposed 

to 920 ppm for periods ranging from 5 to 45 minutes showed a 

slight loss of coordination and equilibrium [Stewart et al. 1961 J. 

American Industrial Hygiene Association [AIHA 1964] 

Emergency Exposure Umits (EELs): 

S-minute EEL: 2,500 ppm 

is-minute EEL: 2,000 ppm 

3Q.minute EEL: 2,000 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 1,000 ppm 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reterence (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse AIHA 1964 3,911 _ ...... -- 2hr 6,258 ppm (1.6) 626 ppm 

Rat SAngyo Igaku 1971 18,000 ...... --- 4hr 36,000 ppm (2.0) 3,600 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

lOlO ~ 

Species Reference Route (mg/kg) (mglkg) Adjusted lO Derived value 

Rat Pal'gov et al. 1990 oral 9,600 ----- 12,108 ppm 1,211 ppm 

Mouse Pal'gov et al. 1990 oral 6,000 ----- 7,568 ppm 757 ppm 

Rabbit Torkelson et al. 1958 oral 5,660 ----- 7,139 ppm 714 ppm 

313 
Methyl chloroform (continued) 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No significant signs of intoxication were seen in rats inhaling 

500 ppm, 6 hours per day for 4 days [Savolainen et al. 1977]; in 

mice inhaling up to 1,300 ppm for 1 hour [Kjeilstrand et al. 1985); 

in rats inhaling up to 3,000 ppm for 0.5 to 4 hours [Muilin and 

Krivanek 1982); or in baboons inhaling up to 1,400 ppm for 

4 hours [Geiler et al. 1982). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The onset of central anesthesia has occurred in individuals 

exposed for up to 7 hours to concentrations approaching 

Revised IDLH: 700 ppm 

500 ppm [Stewart et al. 1969). It has been stated that exposure 

to 900 to 1,000 ppm causes prompt, though minimal impairment 

of coordination; obvious disturbances in equilibrium have been 

noted above 1,700 ppm [MCA 1965). Those exposed to 800 to 

1,000 ppm have exhibited earty anesthetic effects including 

incoordination [Stewart et al. 1961]. Volunteers exposed to 

920 ppm for 5 to 45 minutes showed a slight loss of coordination 

and equilibrium [Stewart et al. 1961]. 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl chloroform is 700 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [MCA 1965; Stewart et al. 1961, 19691. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1961]. 1, 1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) (revised 1961). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 

22:509-511. 

2. AIHA, Toxicology Committee [1964]. Emergency exposure limits. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:578-586. 

3. Browning E [1965). Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.257. 

4. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Methylchloroform. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., pp. 387-388. 

5. Geiler I, Mendez V, Rippstein W Jr [1982]. Effects of 1,1, 1-trichloroethane on a match-to-sample discrimination task in 

the baboon. J Toxicol Environ Health 9:783-795. 

6. Kjeilstrand P, Holmquist B, Jonsson I, Ramare S, Mansson L [1985). Effects of organic solvents on motor activity in 

mice. Toxicology 35:35-46. 

7. Marhold JV [1972]. Sbornik Vysiedku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku. Czechoslovakia: Institut Pro 

Vyshovu Vedoucien Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, p. 28 (in Czechoslovakian). 

8. MCA [1965). Chemical safety data sheet SO-90: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

1,1,1-trichloroethane. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association, pp. 1-14. 

9. Mullin LS, Krivanek NO [1982]. Comparison of unconditioned reflex and conditioned avoidance tests in rats exposed by 

inhalation to carbon monoxide, 1,1, 1-trichloroethane, toluene, or ethanol. Neurotoxicol 3: 126-137. 

10. Pargov VI, Khananaev LI, Goinatskii MG, Gavrilyuk VM, et al. [1990]. Hygienic substantiation of content of 

methylchloroform in water bodies. Gig Nas Mest 29:45-49 (in Russian). 

11. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Journal of Industrial Health) [1971]. An experiment of 1,1,1-trichloroethane vapor exposure to 

mice (supplementary report on the toxicity of 1,1, 1-trichloroethane). 13:226-227 (in Japanese). 

12. Savolainen H, Pfaffti P, Tengen M, Vainio H [1977]. Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane effects on the brain and 

liver after 5 days intermittent inhaletion. Arch ToxicoI38:229-237. 

13. Stewart RD. Gay HH. Erley OS. Hake CL. Schaffer AW [1961]. Human exposure to 1.1.1-trichloroethane vapor: 

relationship of expired air and blood concentrations to exposure and toxicity. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 22:252-262. 

14. Stewart RD. Gay HH, Schaffer AW. Duncan SE. Rowe VK [1969]. Experimental human exposure to methyl chloroform 

vapor. Arch Environ Health 19:476-4n. 

15. Torkelson TR, Oyen F, McCollister DO, Rowe VK [1958]. Toxicity of 1.1.1-trichloroethane as determined on laboratory 

animals and human subjects. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:353-362. 

314 
Methylcyclohexane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Species Reference (ppm) 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 10,172 

Mouse Lazarew 1929 10,000-12,500 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1943 15,227 

Lethal dose data: 

108-87-2 

400 ppm (1,600 mglm3

) TWA 

500 ppm (2,000 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1,600 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1,610 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a faint, benzene-like odor. 

1.2% (10% LEL, 1,200 ppm) 

10,000 ppm 

With no reported human toxicological data, the chosen IDLH is 

based on the statement by Browning [1965] that Treon 

et al. [1943] were able to produca light narcosis in mice at 

10,054 ppm. Browning [1965] also reported that Lazarew [1929] 

found the narcotic dose for mice to be 7,500 to 10,000 ppm. 

ACGIH [1971] noted that this narcotic dose (7,500 to 

10,000 ppm) was for a 2-hour exposure [Lazarew 1929; Treon 

et al. 1943]. 

None developed 

LCLA Adjusted O.~r Derived value 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) 

............ - 2hr 16,275 ppm (1.6) 1,268 ppm 

--_ ... - 2 hr 16,000-20,000 ppm (1.6) 1,600-2,000 ppm ............... 1hr 19,034 ppm (1.25) 1,903 ppm 

LDIO LOLA 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 2,250 ----- 3,860 ppm 386 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,200 ppm [LEL] 

easis for revIsed IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Izmerov et al. 

1982; Lazarew 1929; Treon et al. 1943], a value of about 1,600 ppm would have been appropriate for methylcyclohexane. 

However, the revised IDLH for methylcyclohexane is 1,200 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of 

the lower explosive limit of 1.2%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Methylcyclohexane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 162-163. 

2. Browning E [1965]. Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

pp. 136-137. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 82. 

4. Lazarew NW [1929]. Uber die giftigkeit verschiedener kohlenwasserstoffdampfe. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 

143:223-233 (in German). 

5. Lazarew NW (1929). Zur toxikologie des benzins (The toxicology of gasoline). Arch Hyg, pp. 228-239 (translated). 

6. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE, Kitzmiller KV [1943]. The physiological response of animals to cyclohexane, methyl 

cyclohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. II. Inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25(8):323-347. 

315 
Methylcyclohexanol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Specl .. Reference Routs 

Rat Deichmann and LeBlanc 1943 oral 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1943. oral 

25639-42-3 

50 ppm (235 mg/m3) TWA 

100 ppm (470 mg/m3) TWA 

50 ppm (235 mg/m3) TWA 

50 ppm (234 mglm3) TWA 

Straw-colored liquid with a weak odor like coconut oil. 

Unknown 

10,000 ppm 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for methylcyclohexanol. The chosen IDLH, 

therefore, has been estimated from the rabbit oral lethal dose of 

1.75 to 2.0 glkg [Treon et al. 1943 cited by Browning 1965). 

Because this compound has such a low vapor pressure, a 

concentration this great can only be achieved if the substance is 

heated. 

None developed 

LD50 LOlA 

(mg/kg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

1,660 ----- 2,446 ppm 245 ppm 

----- 1,750-2,000 2,579-2,947 ppm 258-295 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rabbits exposed for 6 hours/day, 5 dayslweek for 10 weeks at 

503 ppm had increased salivation, conjunctival irritation, and 

slight lethargy, while 232 ppm caused no such signs of 

intoxication [Treon et al. 1943b). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methylcyclohexanol is 500 ppm based on subchronic inhalation data in 

animals [Treon et al. 1943bJ. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data 

for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Browning E [1965]. Toxicity and metabolism of indUstrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.372. 

2. Deichmann WB, LeBlanc T J (1943). Determination of the approximate lethal dose with about six animals. J Ind Hyg 

Toxicol25(9):415-417. 

3. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE Jr, Kitzmiller KV (19438). The physiological response of rabbits to cydohexane, 

methylcyc:lohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. I. Oral administration and cutaneous application. J Ind 

Hyg Toxicol25(6):199-214. 

4. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE, KItzmiller KV [1943bJ. The physiological response of animals to cyclohexane, methyl 

cydohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. II. Inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol25(8):323-347. 

316 
o-Methylcyclohexanone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

583-80-8 

50 ppm (230 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm 345 mgIm~ STEL [skin] 

100 ppm (460 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

50 ppm (230 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (345 mglm3) STEL [skin] 

50 ppm (229 mglm3

) TWA, 75 ppm (344 mglm3

) STEL [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a weak, peppermint-like odor. 

Unknown 

2,500 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

rabbits and cats exhibited sleepiness, respiratory irregularities, 

and poor coordination after a 1-hour exposure to 2,500 ppm; a 

30-minute exposure to 3,500 ppm caused prostration in mice, 

guinea pigs, and rats [Gross as cited by Lehmann and 

Flury 1943]. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

SpeCies Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 2,800 ........... 4 hr 5,600 ppm (2.0) 560 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LOso LOLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 oral 2,140 _ .. _-- 3,215 ppm 322 ppm 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1943 oral -......... 1,000-1,250 1,502-1,878 ppm 150-188 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mice, guinea pigs, and rats exposed at 3,500 ppm for 30 minutes 

suffered irritation of the mucous membranes and exhibited signs 

of central nervous system depression [Clayton and Clayton 

1981]. Rabbits and cats exhibited sleepiness, respiratory 

irregularities, and poor coordination after a 1-hour exposure to 

2,500 ppm [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 600 ppm 

Basis for reviHd IOLH: The revised IOLH for o-methylcyclohexanone is 600 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in animals [Smyth et aI. 1969]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data 

for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2C. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, lnc., pp. 4722-4723, 4782-4784. 

2. Gross E [?]. Unpublished. [From Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds.\1943]. Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. 

Translated by E. King and H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, MD: Wi Iiams & Wilkins Company, p. 247.] 3. Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. (1943). Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. Translated by E. King and 

H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, f.4D: Williams & Wilkins Company, p. 247. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [19631. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. ~770. . 5. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS [1969]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30(5):470-476. 6. Treon JF, Crutchfield WE Jr, Kitzmiller KV [1943]. The physiological response of rabbits to cyclohexane, methylC)'ciohexane, and certain derivatives of these compounds. I. Oral administration and cutaneous application. J 

Ind Hyg ToxicoI25(6):199-214. 

317 
Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MOl) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

101-68-8 

0.05 mglm3 (0.005 ppm) TWA, 

0.2 mglm3 (0.020 ppm) 1O-minute CEILING 

0.2 mglm3 (0.02 ppm) CEILING 

Same as current PEL 

0.051 mglm3 (0.005 ppm) TWA 

White to light-yellow, odorless flakes. 

Unknown 

100 mglm3 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on an analogy with toluene 

diisocyanate, which has an IOLH of 10 ppm. [Note: A 

concentration of 10 ppm methylene bisphenyl isocyanate is 

equivalent to about 100 mglm3.] 

Short-tenn exposure guidelin.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference LC50 LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Bunge et a1. 1977 369 mg/m' .. --.. - 4 hr 738 mg/m' (2.0) 74 mg/m' 

Rat Bunge et a1. 1977 380 mg/m' ............ 4hr 760 mg/m' (2.0) 76 mg/m' 

Rat Woolrich 1982 178 mg/m' ...... -_ ... ? ? ? 

Lethal dose data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived valus 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 2,200 -_ ...... 15,400 mg/m' 1,540 mg/m' 

Rat Woolrich 1982 oral ... ---... 31,690 221,830 mg/m' 22,183 mg/m' 

Human date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 75 mglml 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for methylene bisphenyl isocyanate is 75 mglm3 based on acute inhalation 

toxicity data in animals IBunge et al. 1971]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bunge W, Ehr1icher H, Kimmerle G [1977]. Medical aspects of work with surface coating systems using the spraying 

technique. Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsschutz Prophylaxe 4(spec. ed.):1-46 (in German). [From ACGIH [1991]. 

Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 978-980.] 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 63. 

3. Woolrich PF [1982]. Industrial hygiene and medical control of TOI, MOland PMPPI. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 43(2):89-97. 

318 
Methylene chloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ............................ . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 

Species Reference (ppm) 

G. pig Clayton 1967 -_ ...... Rat Fiz Akt Vesh 1975 24,929 

Rabbit Heppel et al. 1944 .............. 

Cat Lehmann et al. 1936 .... --- Mouse von Oettingen 1949 14,400 

Dog von Oettingen 1949 ............ 

75-09-2 

None established; NIOSH considers methylene chloride to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

500 ppm TWA, 1,000 ppm CEiliNG, 

2,000 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 2 HOURS 

Same as current PEL 

50 ppm (174 mg/m!) TWA, A2 

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

13% (10% lEl, 13,000 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

Negherbon [1959] reported that a 10-minute exposure to 

2,330 ppm produces vertigo in man [Lehmann et at 1936]. 

However, Sax [1975] stated that at 2,300 ppm there was no 

feeling of dizziness during 1·hour exposures. Thienes and Haley 

stated that no dizziness, but slight nausea, is caused by 

exposure to 2,300 ppm for 1 hour and that methylene chloride is 

not lethal at 25,000 ppm. Considering the data cited above, an 

IDlH of 5,000 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJueted O,5-hr Derived 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

5,000 2 hr 8,000 ppm (1.6) 800 ppm 

-_ ....... 30 min 24,929 ppm (1.0) 2,493 ppm 

10,000 7 hr 24,000 ppm (2.4) 2,400 ppm 

12,295 4.5 hr 25,820 ppm (2.1) 2,582 ppm 

.......... 7 hr 34,560 ppm (2.4) 3,456 ppm 

14 ,108 7 hr 33,859 ppm (2 .• ) 3,386 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers exposed at 1,000 ppm for 2 hours had 

carboxyhemoglobin levels in excess of those permitted in 

industry from exposure to carbon monoxide alone [Stewart et at 

1972]. A 10-minute exposure at 2,330 ppm has produced 

vertigo [Lehmann et at 1936]. However, it has also been 

reported that no feeling of dizziness was noted after 1 hour of 

exposure to 2,300 ppm [Sax 1975]. It has been stated that no 

dizziness, but slight nausea, is caused by exposure to 

Revised IDLH: 2,300 ppm 

2,300 ppm for 1 hour and that methylene chloride is not lethal at 

25,000 ppm [Thienes and Haley]. 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IDlH for methylene chloride is 2,300 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Sax 1975]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the -most protective- respirators be 

worn for methylene chloride at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton JW [1967]. Fluorocarbon toxicity and biological action. Fluor Chem Rev 1:197·252. 

2. Fiz Akt Vesh [1975]; 7:35-36 (in Russian). 

3. Heppel LA, Neal PA, Perrin Tl, Orr Ml, Porterfield VT [1944]. The toxicology of dichloromethane (methylene chloride). 

I. Studies on effects of daily inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 26(1):8-16. 

319 
Methylene chloride (continued) 

4. lehmann KB, Schmidt-Kehll, Ruf H, Crescitelli, Dahl, Eppinghausen, Eshe, Falker, Grotefendt, Junkenita, Maier, 

Mergner, Pantehtsch, Schlitzer, Shoenes, Spettmann, Wirges, Bamsreiter, Benninger, Lazarus, Manasse, Kummeth, 

Reuss, Schwarzweller [1936]. Die 13 wichtisgsten chlorkohlenwasserstoffe der fettreihe vom standpunkt der 

gewerbehygiene (The 13 most important chlorinated hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series from the standpoint of 

occupational medicine). Arch Hyg BakterioI116:131-200 (translated). 

5. Negherbon we [1959]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. III. Insecticides, A compendium. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: U.S. Air Force, Air Research and Development Command, Wright Air Development Center, Aero Medical 

laboratory, WADC Technical Report 55-16, p. 485. 

6. Sax NI [1975]. Methylene chloride. In: Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 4th ed. New York, NY: Van 

Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 921. 

7. Stewart RD, Fisher TN, Hosko JJ, Peterson JE, Baretta ED, Dodd HC [1972]. Carboxyhemoglobin elevation after 

exposure to dichloromethane. Science 176:295-296. 

8. Thienes CH, Haley T J [7]. 

9. von Oettingen VtIF [1949]. Studies on the relation between the toxic action of chlorinated methanes and their 

physicohemical properties. NIH Bulletin 191:1-85. 

320 
Methyl formate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

107-31-3 

100 ppm (250 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (375 mglm3

) STEL 

100 ppm (250 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (250 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (375 mglm3) STEL 

100 ppm (246 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (368 mglm3) STEL 

Coloriess liquid with a pleasant odor. 

4.5% (10% LEL, 4,500 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that 5,000 ppm was considered the maximum concentration 

guinea pigs could tolerate for 60 minutes without serious 

disturbances [Schrenk et al. 1936]. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

G. pig Schrenk et al. 1936 -_ ...... 50,000 20 min 43,500 ppm (0.87) 4,350 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 1,622 -_ ...... 4,542 ppm 454 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 5,000 ppm was conSidered the maximum 

concentration that guinea pigs could toierate for 60 minutes 

without serious disturbances [Schrenk et al. 1936]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No adverse effects were found in humans after exposure to 

1,500 ppm for 1 minute [Schrenk et a\. 1936]. 

Revised IDLH: 4,500 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for methyl formate is 4,500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Schrenk et al. 19361. Also, this value is 10% of the lower explosive limit of 4.5%. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971]. Methyl formate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances In workroom air. 3rd ed' 

Cincinnati, OH: Americen Conference of Goveminentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 165-166. 

2. Munch JC [1972]. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31-33. 

3. Schrenk HH, Yant wP, Chornyak J, Patty FA [1936]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial 

organic compounds. XIII. Methytformate. Pubiic Health Rep 51:1329-1335. 

321 
5-Methyl-3-heptanone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

541-85-5 

25 ppm (130 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (130 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

25 ppm (131 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a pungent odor. 

Unknown 

3,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

o of 6 rats died, but 3 of 6 mice died when exposed for 4 hours to 

about 3,000 ppm [Shell 1958]. 

Short-term exposure guidelin.. . ................ . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCLa Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Shell 1958 3,000 --_ .... 4hr 6,000 ppm (2.0) 600 ppm 

Rat Shell 1958 Len: 6,000 .... --- 8hr l5,OOO ppm (2.5) l,500 ppm 

Rat Shell 1961 .... --- 3,484 8 hr 8,7l0 ppm (2.5) 871 ppm 

Mouse Shell 1961 ..... -_ .. 3,484 4hr 6,968 ppm (2.0) 697 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a 4-hour exposure to 

3,000 ppm [Shell 1958]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Humans exposed to 25 ppm experienced irritation ofthe eyes 

and respiratory trad and detected a strong odor, while 100 ppm 

caused irritation of the mucous membranes, headache, and 

nausea which was too severe to tolerate for more than a few 

minutes [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Basi. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 5-methyl-3-heptanone is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2C. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 4767-4768. 

2. Patty FA, eel. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1744. 

3. Shell [1958]. Toxicity data sheet: SC 57-99. Houston, TX: Shell Chemical Corporation, Industrial Hygiene Bulletin 

Toxicity Data Sheet. 

4. Shell [1961]. Unpublished report. Houston, TX: Shell Chemical Corporation, p. 6. 

322 
Methyl hydrazine 

CAS number ................................. . 60-34-4 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.04 ppm (0.08 mglm3

) 2-hour CEILING; NIOSH considers 

methyl hydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

0.2 ppm (0.35 mglm3

) CEILING [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 ppm (0.38 mglm3) CEILING [skin]. A2 

Fuming. colorless liquid with an ammoni.like odor. 

2.5% (10% LEL. 2.500 ppm) 

50 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the report by Jacobson 

et al. [1955] of a mouse LC50 of 56 ppm. 

National Research Council [NRC 1985] Short·term Public 

Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs): 

1·hour SPEGL: 0.24 ppm 

2-hour SPEGL: 0.12 ppm 

4-hour SPEGL: 0.06 ppm 

8-hour SPEGL: 0.03 ppm 

16-hour SPEGL: 0.015 ppm 

24-hour SPEGL: 0.01 ppm 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Fairchild 1967 34 _ ..... -- 4hr 68 ppm (2.0) 6.8 ppm 

Rat Haun et a1. 1969 74 "''''''''' - 4hr 148 ppm (2.0) 15 ppm 

Monkey Haun et a1. 1969 162 --....... 1 hr 203 ppm (1.25) 20 ppm 

Dog Haun et a1. 1970 195 ...... --- 30 min 195 ppm (1.0) 20 ppm 

Monkey Haun et a1. 1970 145 ...... -_ .. 30 min 145 ppm (1.0) 15 ppm 

Mouse Haun et a1. 1970 272 --......... 30 min 272 ppm (1.0) 27 ppm 

Rat Haun et a1. 1970 427 ----- 30 min 427 PP1ll (1.0) 43 ppm 

Mouse Jacobson et a1. 1955 56 "'''''''''' - 4hr 112 ppm (2.0) 11 ppm 

Hamster Jacobson et a1. 1955 143 ............... 4hr 286 ppm (2.0) 29 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revisecllDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 20 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl hydrazine is 20 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Haun et al. 1969. 1970]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for methyl hydrazine at concentrations above 0.04 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Fairchild EJ II [1967]. Toxic Hazards Re-~arch Unit annual technical report: 1967. Wright·Patterson Air Force Base. 

OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report No. AMRL·TR~7-137. pp. 1·58. 

2. Haun CC. MacEwen JD. Vermont EH. Egan GF [1969]. The acute inhalation toxicity of monomethyl hydrazine vapor. 

Wright·Patterson Air Force Base. OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Report No. AMRL·TR~169. 

3. Haun CC. Macewen JD. Vemot EH. Egan GF [1970]. Acute inhalation toxicity of monomethylhydrazine vapor. Am Ind 

Hyg Assce J 31:667~77. 

4. Jacobson KH. Clem JH. Wheelwright HJ. Rinehart WE. Mayes N [1955]. The acute toxicity of the vapors of some 

methylated hydrazine derivatives. AMA Arch Ind Health 12:~16. 

5. NRC (1985). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 5. 

Washington. DC: National Academy Press. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health 

Hazards. Commission on Life Sciences. National Research Council. pp. 23-35. 

323 
Methyl iodide 

CAS number ................................. . 74-88-4 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 2 ppm (10 mg/m3) TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers methyl iodide to 

be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen poliey [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubatance ........ : .............. . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

5 ppm (28 mg/m3) TWA [skin] 

2 ppm (10 mg/ml) TWA [skin] 

2 ppm (12 mglm3) TWA [skin], A2 

Coloriess liquid with a pungent, ether-like odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

800 ppm 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 57-minute LC5Q of 

860 ppm [Buckell1950 cited by Patty 1963]. 

Exlatlng ahort-term expoaure guldelln ............ . 1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC5Q 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Rat 8akhishev 1975 1,550 

Mouse 8uckell 1950 860 

Rat Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 220 

Rat von Oettingen 1955 -_ .... -

ERPG-1: 25 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-2: 50 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 125 ppm (60-minute) 

LC .... AdJuated 0.5-11r 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) 

... -.. _- 30 min 1,550 ppm (l.0) 

--.. -- 57 min 1,065 ppm (1.24) 

--_ ...... 4hr 440 ppm (2.0) 

3,800 15 min 3,017 ppm (0.79) 

Derived 

value 

155 ppm 

107 ppm 

44 ppm 

302 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In a subchronic study, no rats died following exposures to 

150 ppm for 6 hours/day for 3 days [Monsanto 1986). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Baals for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl iodide is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Bakhishev 1975; BuckeIl1950; Monsanto 1966]. [Note: The 3O-minute and 57-minute LC5Q data were used 

rather than the 4-hour LC5Q data so as not to magnify the conservatism already present in the correction fadors. NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for methyl iodide at 

concentrations above 2 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bakhishev GN [1975]. Relationship between chemical strudure and toxicity for some halogenated aliphatic 

hydrocarbons. Fiz AId Vesh 7:35-36 (in Russian). 

2. Buckell M [1950]. The toxicity of methyl iodide: I. Preliminary survey. Br J rnd Med 7:122-124. 

3. Delchmann WB, Garards HW [1969]. Table 67. Acute inhalation toxicity of alkyl iodides. In: Toxicology of drugs and 

chemicals. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc., p. 756. 

4. Monsento (1988). Methyl iodide: pilot, 4-week, and 13-week inhalation toxicity studies in rats (ML-81-015, ML-81-084, 

ML-81-274). 1982-1986. [Unpublished report]. Sl Louis, MO: Monsanto Company, Department of Medicine and 

Environmental Health. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1256. 

6. von Oettingen WF [1955]. The halogenated aliphatic, olefinic, eydie, aromatic, and halogenated insecticides, their 

toxicity and potential dangers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. Public Health Service 

Publication No. 414, pp. 30-32. 

324 
Methyl isobutyl carbinol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tann ex~u ... guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal coneentration data: 

108·11·2 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA. 40 ppm (165 mglm~ STEL [skin) 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

25 ppm (100 mglm3) TWA. 40 ppm (165 mglm~ STEL [skin) 

25 ppm (104 mglm3) TWA. 40 ppm (167 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a miid odor. 

1.0% (10% LEL. 1.000 ppm) 

2.000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by 

Browning [1965) and Patty (1963) that exposures for 8 hours to 

2.000 ppm killed 5 of 6 rats. but no rats died from a 2·hour 

exposure to the saturated vapor [Smyth et al. 1951). 

None developed 

LC50 LCa.. Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Browning 1965 LC,,: 2,000 ----- 8hr 5,000 ppm (2.5) 500 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 2,000 ----- 4hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Mouse MCQmie and Anderson 1949 LC,,: 4,600 --.... - 10 hr 12,420 ppm (2.7) 1,242 ppm 

Lethal do.e data: 

LDIO LOa.. 

Specie. Referenee Route (mglkg) (rnglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse McQmie and Anderson 1949 oral ... --_ ... 1.000 1,647 ppm 165 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1951 oral 2.590 .. ---- 4.266 ppm 427 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a 2·hour exposure to the 

saturated vapor (about 4.000 ppm at sa°F) [Smyth et al. 1951). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eye irritation has occurred after exposures to 50 ppm for 

15 minutes [Silverman et al. 1946). 

Revi.ed IDLH: 400 ppm 

Ba.I. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl isobutyl carbinol is 400 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in animals [Browning 1965; Carpenter et al. 1949). This may be a consarvative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 50 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Browning E (1965). Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York. NY: Elsevier Publishing Company. 

p.369. 

2. Carpenter CPo Smyth HF Jr. pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity. and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:343-346. 

3. McOmie WA. Anderson HH (1949). Comparative toxicologic effects of some isobutyl carbinols and ketones. University 

of Califomia Publication. Pharmacology 2:217·230. 

4. Patty FA. ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 1460. 

5. Silverman L. Schulte HF. First MW [1946). Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:262·266. 

6. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CPo Weii CS (1951). Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

325 
Methyl isocyanate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

624-83-9 

0.02 ppm (0.05 mglm3) TWA [skinJ 

0.02 ppm (0.05 mglm3) TWA [skinJ 

Same as current PEL 

0.02 ppm (0.047 mglm3) TWA [skinJ 

Colorless liquid with a sharp, pungent odor. 

5.3% (10% LEL, 5,300 ppm) 

20 ppm 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971J 

that the rat 2-hour LC!IO is 21 ppm [Kimmerle and Eben 1964J. 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCIA Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Dodd et al. 1986 6.1 ......... _- 6hr 14 ppm (2.3) 1.4 ppm 

Mouse Dodd et al. 1986 12.2 .............. 6 hr 28 ppm (2.3) 2.8 ppm 

G. pig Dood et al. 1986 5.4 -_ ......... 6hr 12 ppm (2.3) 1.2 ppm 

Rat Kimmerle and Eben 1964 21 ............ - 2hr 34 ppm (1.6) 3.4 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDso LOlA 

Speci .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Mouse Vernot et al. 1977 oral 120 ... ---- 354 ppm 35 ppm 

Rat Vijayarachavan and Kaushik 1987 oral 51.5 ... ---- 152 ppm 15 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteer1l experienced eye irritation and lacrimation after 1 to 5 

minutes at 2 ppm, with more marked irritation at 4 ppm; 

exposures were unbearable at 21 ppm [Kimmerle and Eben 

1964J. In another study, volunteers noted eye irritation and 

lacrimation at 5 ppm in less than 50 seconds [Mellon 1963J. 

Revised IDLH: 3 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl isocyanate is 3 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humansJl<immerie and Eben 1964; Mellon 19631 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Methyl isocyanate. In: Documentation of the threshokllirnit values. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American 

Conference of Govemment8llndustrial Hygienists, p. 167. 

2. Dodd DE, Fowler EH, Snellings WM, Pritts 1M, Baron RL [1986]. Acute inhalation studies with methyl isocyanate vapor. 

I. Methodology and LC50 determinations in guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Fundam AppI Toxicol 6:747-755. 

3. Kimmerle G, Eben A [1964J. Zur toxicitat von methylisocyanat und dessen quantitativer bestimmung in der luft (Toxicity 

of methyl isocyanate and its quantitative determination in the air). Arch Toxikol2O:235-241 (in German). 

4. Mellon [1963J. Special report 26-23. Pittsburgh, PA: Mellon Institute (March 13, 1963). 

5. Vemot EH, Macewen JD, Haun CC, Kinkead FR (1977). Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 42:417-423. 

6. Vijayarachavan R, Kaushik MP (1987). Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate and ineffectiveness of sodium thiosulphate in 

preventing its toxicity. Indian J Exp Bioi 25:531-534. 

326 
Methyl mercaptan 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ...............•........ 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original(SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

74-93·1 

0.5 ppm (1 rngIm3

) 15-minute CEILING 

10 ppm (20 rngIm3

) CEILING 

0.5 ppm (1 mgtm3

) TWA 

0.5 ppm (0.98 mgtm3

) TWA 

Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like garlic or rotten 

cabbage. 

3.9% (10% LEL, 3,900 ppm) 

400 ppm 

Because no useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available 

on which to base the IDLH for methyl mercaptan, the chosen 

IDLH is based on an analogy with hydrogen sulfide. 

ACGIH (1971) reported that some investigators show toxicities of 

the same magnitude for hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan 

[Ljunggren and Norberg 1943); others Indicate that the toxicity of 

methyl mercaptan is somewhat less than that of hydrogen sulfide 

[DeRekowski 1893; Frankel 1921). Patty (1963) reported that 

400 to 700 ppm hydrogen sulfide is dangerous after exposure of 

0.5 to 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 1943). AIHA (1971) 

reported that concentrations of 400 to 700 ppm hydrogen sulfide 

caused loss of consciousness and possible death in 0.5 to 

1 hour [MCA 1950). Based on the data cited above, an IDLH of 

400 ppm is chosen. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo AdJU8ted O.Sohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Seluzhitsky 1972 3.3 ----- 2hr 4 ppm (1.25) 0.4 ppm 

Rat Tansy et al. 1981 675 --_ .. - 4hr 1,350 ppm (2.0) 135 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDso L~ 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdjU8ted LD Derived value 

Mammal Seluzhitaky 1972 ? 60.67 -_ .... - 212 ppm 21 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Students accidentally exposed to about 4 ppm for several hours 

experienced headaches and nausea [Clayton and Clayton 1981). 

Some investigators have reported that the toxicity of methyl 

mercaptan is similar to hydrogen sulfide while others report the 

toxicity to be somewhat less than hydrogen sulfide (DeRekowski 

1893; Frankel 1921). 

Revised IDLH: 150 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl mercaptan is 150 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Tansy et al. 1981) and an analogy to hydrogen sulfide [DeRekowskl1893; Frankel 1921) which has a revised 

IDLH of 150 ppm. 

327 
Methyl mercaptan (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Methyl mercaptan (methanethiol). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 167-168. 

2. AIHA [1955). Hydrogen sulfide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc a 16:335. 

3. Clayton GO, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2063-2070. 

4. DeRekowski L [1893]. Arch de Sc Biologie (St. PetersOOurg) 2:305. [From ACGIH [1971]. Methyl mercaptan 

(methanethiol). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 167-168.] 

5. Frankel J [1921]. Die Arzenermittel-Synthese. Berlin, Germany: Julius Springer, p. 108 (in German). 

6. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 245. 

7. Ljunggren G, Norberg B [1943]. On the effect and toxicity of dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan. 

Acta Physiol Scand 5:248-255. 

8. MCA [1950]. Chemical safety data sheet SO-36: hydrogen sulfide. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists 

Association, p. 12. 

9. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 899. 

10. Seluzhitsky GV [1972). Experimental data for substantiation of the threshold of methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and 

dimethyldisulfide in the air of the working zone of paper industries. Gig Tr Prof ZaOOI 16(6):46-47 (in Russian). 

11. Tansy MF, Kendall FM, Fantasia J, Landin WE, Oberly R [1981]. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies of rats exposed 

to vapors of methyl mercaptan and other reduced-sulfur compound. J Toxicol Environ Health 8:71-88. 

328 
Methyl methacrylate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubsunce ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

80-62-6 

100 ppm (410 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (410 mglm') TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (410 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with an acrid, fruity odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL, 1,700 ppm) 

4,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that 4,400 ppm was fatal to rats and rabbits in 8 hours 

[Deichmann 1941]. Also, Patty [1963] cited an approximate rat 

LCso of 3,750 ppm [Deichmann 1941; Spealman et al. 1945). 

None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Referenee (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat B1agodatin et a1. 1976 18,750 ...... --- 4 hr 37,500 ppm (2.0) 3,750 ppm 

Mouse B1agodatin et a1. 1976 4,447 --_ ...... 2 hr 7,115 ppm (1.6) 712 ppm 

Rat Deichmann 1941 ---_ ... 4,400 8 hr 11,000 ppm (2.5) 1,100 ppm 

Rabbit Deichmann 1941 ----- 4,400 8 hr 11,000 ppm (2.5) 1,100 ppm 

Rabbit Deichmann 1941 ............... 4,207 4.5 hr 8,751 ppm (2.08) 875 ppm 

G. pig Deichmann 1941 ... _--- 4,567 5 hr 9,819 ppm (2.15) 982 ppm 

Rat Deichmann 1941 3,750 "''''''''' ... ? ? ? 

Manuna1 Gig Sanit 1986 4,808 ........ _- ? ? ? 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Worlters have experienced irritation, but tolerated 200 ppm 

without complaint [Spealman et al. 1945]. It has also been 

reported that 2,300 ppm was intolerable [Coleman 1963]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for methyl methacrylate is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Coleman 1963] and animalsjBlagodatin et al. 1976; Deichmann 19411 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Methyl methacrylate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 168. 

2. Blagodatin VM, Smiznova ES, et al. [1976]. Substantiation of the maximum permiSSible concentration of methacrylic 

acid methyl ether in the air of the worIting zone. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 20(6):5-8 (in Russian). 

3. Coleman AL [1963J. Letter to the TLV Committee from State of Connecticut, Labor Department, Occupational Health 

Section (March 15, 1963). 

4. Deichmann W [1941]. Toxicity of methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylate. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 23:343-351. 

5. Gig Sanit [1986]; .51(5):81 (in Russian). 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963J. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New YorIt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1880. 

7. Spealman CR, Main RJ, Haag HB, Larson PS [1945]. Monomeric methyl methacrylate. Am J Ind Med 14(4):292-298. 

329 
a-Methyl styrene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Description ohubstanc:e ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

aa.l. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

98-83-9 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA, 100 ppm (485 mglm3

) STEL 

1:00 ppm (480 mglm3

) CEILING 

50 ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA, 100 ppm (485 mglm3) STEL 

50 ppm (242 mglm3

) TWA, 100 ppm (483 mglm~ STEL 

Colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. 

1.9% (10% LEL, 1,900 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base the IDLH for a-methyl styrene, the chosen IDLH is 

based on an analogy with styrene which has an IDLH of 

5,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Wolf et al. 1956 oral 4,900 _ .. _ ... - 6,982 ppm 698 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A considerable number of rats and guinea pigs exposed to 

3,000 ppm for 7 to 8 hours/day, 5 dayslweek for up to 6 months 

died [Gerarde 1960; Woif et al. 1956). Rats and guinea pigs had 

slight changes in liver and kidney weights and some reduction in 

body weight following exposure to 800 ppm for 7 hours/day, 

5 days/week for 27 days [Woif et ai. 1956). No adverse effects 

were noted in rats, rabbits, mice, monkeys, and guinea pigs 

exposed 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 5 months to 200 ppm 

[Woif et al. 1956]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Four volunteers reported a definite unpleasant odor and slight 

eye irritation after about 2 minutes of exposure to 200 ppm [Woif 

et al. 1956). Strong eye and nasal irritation has been noted at 

concentrations above 600 ppm [Gerarde 1960; Woif et ai. 1956). 

Revl.ed IDLH: 700 ppm 

ea.l. for revl.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for a-methyl styrene is 700 ppm based on acute toxicity data in humans [Woif 

et al. 1956) and animals [Gerarde 1960; Woif et al. 1956) and an analogy to styrene which has a revised IDLH of 700 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gerarde HW (1960). Toxicology and bioc:hemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. Princeton. NJ: Elsevier Publishing 

Company, pp. 131·133. 

2. Woif MA, Rowe VK. McCollister DO, at al. (1956]. Toxic:ological studies of certain alkylated benzenes and benzene. 

AMA Arch Ind Health 14:387·398. 

330 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term expoaure guldelinn ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Mica 

12001·26-2 

3 mg/m3 (respirable dust) TWA 

20 mppcfTWA 

3 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

3 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

Colorless, odorless flakes or sheets of hydrous silicates. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 10,000 mppcf - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicological data show no evidence that an acute 

exposure to a high concentration of mica would impede escape 

or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For 

this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device. However, for some particulate substances for 

which no evidence of an IDLH exists, the determination of 

allowable respiratory protection based on protection factors may 

result in the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are 

not likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 II the OSHA PEL (500 II 20 mppcf is 10,000 mppcf). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,500 mglm3 

a.sls for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of mica would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However, the 

revised IDLH for mica is 1,500 mg/m3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 3 mg/m' (500 is an assigned 

protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the 

"most protective" respirators should be used forparticulates). 

331 
Molybdenum (insoluble compounds, as Mo) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19MACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDlH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

7439-98·7 (Metal) 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to woriters. 

15 mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 7.500 mg MoIm3 - see 

discussion below.J 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of insoluble molybdenum 

compounds would impede escape or cause any irreversible 

health effects within 30 minutes. For this draft technical 

standard. therefore. respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device. 

However. for some particulate substances for which no evidence 

of an IDLH exists. the determination of allowable respiratory 

protection based on protection factors may result in the 

aSSignment of respirators for concentrations that are not likely to 

be encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore. for 

all such particulate substances it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500 x the OSHA PEL 

(500 x 15 mg MoIm3 is 7.500 mg MoIm3). 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No fatalities were reported among animals that ingested 

amounts of molybdenum disulfide in doses as great as 

6.000 mg MoIkg [Fairhall et al. 1945J. No changes were 

observed in rats over a 4-week period following inhalation 

exposures to metallic molybdenum at 25.000 to 30.000 mglm3 or 

to molybdenum dioxide at 10.000 to 12.000 mglm3 for 1 hour 

[FDA 1975J. 

Human deta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and metallurgy woriters chronically exposed to 60 to 600 

mg MoIm3 reported an increased incidence of nonspecific 

symptoms that included weakness. fatigue. headache. anorexia. 

and jOint and muscle pain [Lener and Bibr 19&4). 

Revised IDlH: 5.000 mg MoIm! 

easis for revised IDlH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of insoluble molybdenum compounds would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. However. the revised IDLH for insoluble molybdenum compounds is 5.000 mg MoIm3 based on being 

500 times the OSHA PEL of 10 mg Maim! (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily 

during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for 

particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Fairhall LT. Dunn RC. Sharpless NE. Pritchard EA [1945]. The toxicity of molybdenum. Public Health Bulletin 

293:1·36.40-41. 

2. FDA [1975J. Toxicity of essential minerals. Information pertinent to establishing appropriate levels of single-mineral 

dietary supplements. Washington. DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 

3. Lener J. Bibr B (1984). Effects of molybdenum on the organism: a review. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiollmmunol 

29:40~19. 

332 
Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo) 

CAS number 0000000000000000000000000000000000 

NIOSH REL 00000000000000000000000000000000000 

Current OSHA PEL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1989 OSHA PEL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV 00000000000000000000000000 

Description of .ubetance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Original (SCP) IDLH* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Ba.I. for original (SCP) IDLH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Short-term exposure guldeUne. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specie. Reference LCIO 

Na,MoO, 

Varies 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to wor1<erso 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 2,500 mg MoIm3 - see 

discussion belowo] 

The available toxicological data contain no data that an acute 

exposure to the soluble compounds of molybdenum could 

impede escape or cause irreversible health effects in 

30 minuteso For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 500 IC the OSHA 

PEL of 5 mg MoIm3 (ioeo, 2,500 mg MoIm3

); only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 2,500 mg Mo/m30 

None developed 

AdJu.t.ct 0.5-I1r Derived value 

LCLo nme LC (CF) 

Rat Barltrop 1991 >2,080 mg/m' .. --_ .. 4hr >1,939 mg Mo/m' >194 mg Mo/m' 

MoO, 

Rat Barltrop 1991 >5,840 mg/m' --_ ..... 4hr >7,784 mg Mo/m' >778 mg Mo/m' 

Lethal doee data: 

LDIO L~ 

Specie. Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) AdJu.t.ct LD Derived value 

Na,MoO, 

Rat Barltrop 1991 oral 4,000 ----- 13,048 mg Mo/m' 1,305 mg Mo/m' 

MoO, 

Rat Barltrop 1991 oral 2,689 ----- 12,541 mg Mo/m' 1,254 mg Mo/m' 

MoO" CaMoO" 

(NH,) ,MoO, 

Rat Fairhall et alo 1945 oral --...... 120 mg Mo/kg 840 DIg Mo/m' 84 mg Mo/m' 

MoO" CaMoO" 

(NH,),MoO, 

G pig Fairhall et al 0 1945 oral .. ---- 120 DIg Mo/kg 840 mg Mo/m' 84 mg Mo/m' 

CaMoO, 

Rat Browning 1961 oral 101 ----- 339 mg Mo/m' 34 mg Mo/m' 

(NH,),MoO, 

Rabbit Coulston , Korte 1975 oral 1,870 -_ .. -- 6,371 mg Mo/m' 637 mg Mo/m' 

Go pig Coulston , Korte 1975 oral 2,200 .... --- 7,546 mg Mo/m' 755 mg Mo/m' 

Cat Coulston , Korte 1975 oral 1,600 .... -_ .. 5,488 mg Mo/m' 549 mg Mo/m' 

333 
Molybdenum (soluble compounds, as Mo) (continued) 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No changes were observed in rats over a 4-week period 

following inhalation exposures to molybdenum trioxide at 12,000 

to 15,000 mglm3 or to ammonium paramolybdate at 3,000 to 

5,000 mglm3 for 1 hour [Fairhall et al. 1945]; however, irritation of 

the upper respiratory passages occurred after exposure to the 

ammonium paramolybdate dust [FDA 1975]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and metallurgy workers chronically exposed to 60 to 600 

mg MoIm3 reported an increased incidence of nonspecific 

symptoms that included weakness, fatigue, headache, anorexia, 

and jOint and muscle pain [Lener and Bibr 1984]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 mg Mo/m3 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for soluble molybdenum compounds is 1,000 mg MoIm3 based on toxicity 

data in workers [Lener and Bibr 1984] and animals [Barltrop 1991]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Barltrop D [1991]. The acute toxicity of certain compounds of molybdenum. Report to the Intemational Molybdenum 

Association, London, April 1991. London, England: Department of Child Health, Charing Cross and Westminster 

Medical School. 

2. Browning E [1961]. Toxicity of industrial metals. London, England: Butterworths, p. 214. 

3. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. [1975]. Heavy metal tOXicity, safety and horrnology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, 

Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1-120. 

4. Fairhall L T, Dunn RC, Sharpless NE, Pritchard EA [1945]. The toxicity of molybdenum. Public Health Bulletin 293:1-36, 

40-41. 

5 FDA [1975]. Toxicity of essential minerals. Information pertinent to establishing appropriate levels of single-mineral 

dietary supplements. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 

6. Lener J, Bibr B [1984]. Effects of molybdenum on the organism: a review. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiollmmunol 

29:405-419. 

334 
Monomethyl aniline 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL .......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

100-61·8 

0.5 ppm (2 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

2 ppm (9 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

0.5 ppm (2 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

0.5 ppm (2.2 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Yellow to light-brown liquid with a weak, ammonia-like odor. 

Unknown 

100 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with aniline which has 

an IDLH of 100 ppm. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Treon et al. 1949 oral .... --- 280 439 ppm U ppm 

G. pig von Oettingen 1941 oral .. ---.. 1,200 1,883 ppm 188 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that a dog survived 50 seven-hour 

exposures to 86 ppm [Treon et al. 1949]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on animal subchronic inhalation toxicity data [Treon et al. 1949] and an analogy to aniiine 

which has a revised IDLH of 100 ppm, the original IDLH for monomethyt aniiine (100 j)J)m) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Treon JF, Deichmann WB, Sigmon HE, Wright H, Wltherup SO, Heyroth FF, Kitzmiller KV, Keenan-C [1949]. The toxic 

properties of xylidine and monomethylaniiine. I. The comparative toxicity of xylidine and monomethylaniline when 

administered orally or intravenously to animals or applied on their skin. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:1·20. 

2. von Oettingen WF [1941]. The aromatic amino and nitro compounds, their toxicity and potential dangers. Public Health 

Bulletin 271:16. 

335 
Morpholine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guld.""" ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference 

110-91-8 

20 ppm (70 mglm3) TWA, 30 ppm (105 mglm3

) STEL [skin] 

20 ppm (70 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

20 ppm (70 mglm3

) TWA, 30 ppm (105 mglm3

) STEL [skin] 

20 ppm (71 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Coloriess liquid with a weak, ammonia- or fish-like odor. 

1.4% (10% LEL, 1,400 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ILO [1972] that 1 

of 6 rats died following an 8-hour exposure to 8,497 ppm. The 

chosen IDLH is also supported by Patty [1963] who reported that 

1 hour was the maximum survival time for rats exposed to the 

saturated vapor (9,200 ppm); exposure of 6 rats to 8,000 ppm 

(calculated) for 8 hours resulted in no deaths [Smyth et al. 1954). 

None developed 

LCso LCIA Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat ILO 1972 Le.,: 8,497 ...... -- 8hr :Zl,24l ppm (2.5) 2,124 ppm 

Mouse Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 1966 365 ......... - 2 hr 584 ppm (1.6) 58 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LOso LOlA 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Mammal Bazarova and Miguekina 1975 oral 1,220 .... --- 2,359 ppm 236 ppm 

Mouse Patel et al. 1985 oral 525 -.. --- 1,015 ppm 102 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 oral 1,050 .... --- 2,030 ppm 203 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No deaths resulted from exposures of 6 rats to 8,000 ppm for 

8 hours [Smyth at al. 1954J. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irritation of the nose has been reported after a 1·minute 

exposure to 12,000 ppm and coughing started after 1.5 minutes; 

it was suggested that this concentration would probable be 

intolerable for long periods [Shea 1939J. 

RevlHd IOLH: 1,400 ppm [LELJ 

Basis for revlHd IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Shea 1939J and 

animals PLO 1972; Smyth at aI. 1954J, a value of 2,000 ppm would have been appropriate for rnorpholine. However, the 

revised IOLH for morphoIine is 1,400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive 

limit of 1.4%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bazarova LA, Miguekina NV [1975]. Comparative evaluation of the toxicity, hazard and effect of piperidine and 

rnorpholine. Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 14:90-95 (in Russian). 

2. ILO [1972J. Morpholine. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol." (L-Z). Geneva, 

Switzeriand: International Labour Office, pp. 915-916. 

3. Patel VK, Venkatakrishna-Bhatt H, Patel NB, Jindal MN [1985]. Pharmacology of new glutarimide compounds. Biomed 

Biochim Acta 44(5):795-803. 

336 
Morpholine (continued) 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 2203-2204. 

5. Shea TE Jr (1939). The acute and sub-acute toxicity of morpholine. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21(7):238-245. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC (1954). Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

7. Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh [1966]; 8:60-70 (in Russian). 

337 
Naphtha (coal tar) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tsrm exposu,. guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

8030-30-6 

100 ppm (400 mg/ml) TWA 

100 ppm (400 mg/ml) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

400 ppm (1,590 mg/ml) TWA 

Reddish·brown, mobile liquid with an aromatic odor. 

1.0-1.3% (10% LEL, 1,000-1,300 ppm) 

10,000 ppm [LEL) 

According to AIHA (1970), 7,500 ppm benzene is judged 

dangerous to human life for exposures of 30 minu1es or more 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943]. Because benzene is the most 

hazardous constituent of coal tar naphtha which is present in any 

appreciable amount, an IDLH of 7,500 ppm could be assumed. 

However, because the amount of benzene contained in naphtha 

is usually small, the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 10,000 ppm 

been used as the IDLH for this draft technical standard. [Note: 

The draft technical standard noted that the range of the LELs for 

each of the constituents of coal tar naphtha were between 

10,000 and 13,000 ppm.] 

None developed 

LCso LC ... Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

Specl .. Refe,.nce (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) valus 

Rat carpenter et al. 1975 15,000 ...... --- 4hr 30,000 ppm (2.0) 3,000 ppm 

Mouse Stubblefield et al. 1989 2,319 ...... --- 6hr 5,335 ppm (2.3) 534 ppm 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 ......... -- 30,000 5 min 16,500 ppm (0.55) 1,650 ppm 

Rat Taylor 1939 1,600 ....... _- 6hr 3,680 ppm (2.3) 368 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LD... 

Specl .. Refe,.nce Routs (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Stubblefield et al. 1989 oral >5,000 ----- >7,659 ppm >766 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acute exposure to 430 ppm has been reported to cause only 

slight eye and throat irritation [Carpenter et al. 1975]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm [LEL) 

easls for ,.vIsed IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data In humans [Carpenter et al. 

1975; Tab Bioi Per 1933], a value of abou11,700 ppm would have been appropriate for coal tar naphtha. However, the 

revised IDLH for coal tar naphtha Is 1,000 ppm basad strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower 

explosive limits of the various constituents of coal tar naphtha which range from 1.0 to 1.3%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1970]. Benzene. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind HY9 Assoc J 31:383-388. 

2. Carpenter CP, Kinkead ER, Geary DL Jr, Sullivan W, King JM (1975]. Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. 

IV. Animal and human response to vapors of rubber solvent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 33:526-542. 

3. Henderson y, Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 213. 

4. Stubblefield WA, McKee RH, Kapp RW Jr, Hinz JP (1989). An evaluation of the acute toxic properties of liquids derived 

from oil sands. J Appl Toxicol 9(1):59-65. 

5. Tab Bioi Per (1933); 3:231 (in German). 

6. Taylor H (1939). Toxicity of coal tar naphtha distillates. Chem Ind 17:1078-1080. 

338 
Naphthalene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ........................ . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Baais for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY OAT A 

Lethal dose data: 

91-20-3 

10 ppm (50 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (75 mglm3) STEL 

10 ppm (50 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (50 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (75 mglm3

) STEL 

10 ppm (52 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (79 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless to brown solid with an odor of mothballs. 

0.9% (10% LEL, 900 ppm) 

500 ppm 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IOLH for naphthalene. The chosen IOLH, therefore, 

has been estimated from the probable oral lethal dose of 5 to 

15 grams for an adult [Gerarde 1960 cited by AIHA 1967]. 

None developed 

LOIO LO .... 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Rat Gosselin et al. 1984 oral 1,800 ...... -... - 2,355 ppm 236 ppm 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 490 --_ ... - 641 ppm 64 ppm 

G. pig Matorova 1982 oral 1,200 --_ ..... 1,570 ppm 157 ppm 

Mouse Shopp et al. 1984 oral 533 --_ ...... 697 ppm 70 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The probable oral lethal dose has been reported to be between 5 

and 15 grams [Gerarde 1960]. [Note: An oral dose between 

Revised IOLH: 250 ppm 

5 and 15 grams is equivalent to a woriter being exposed to about 

600 to 1,800 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Baaia for revised IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for naphthalene. Therefore, 

the revised IOLH for naphthalene is 250 ppm based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Gerarde 1960]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1967]. Naphthalene. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 28:0493-496. 

2. Gerarde HW [1960]. Toxicology and biochemistry of aromatic hydrocarbons. Princeton, NJ: Elsevier Publishing 

Company, p. 228. 

3. Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC [19&4]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Section III. Therapeutics 

Index. Baltimore, MO: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 307-310. 

04. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 89. 

5. Matorova NI [1982]. Data on establishing the maximum pennissible concentration of naphthalene and 

chloronaphthalene in reservoir water. Gig Sanit 11:78-79 (in Russian). 

6. Shopp GM, White KL Jr, Holsapple MP, Barnes OW, Duke SS, Anderson AC, Condie LW, Hayes JR, Borzelleca JF 

(19804). Naphthalene toxicity in CD-1 mice: general toxicology and immunotoxicology. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4:406-0419. 

339 
Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH- ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-ann exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

13463-39-3 

0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/ml) TWA; NIOSH considers nickel 

carbonyl to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by 

the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

0.001 ppm (0.007 mg/m3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.05 ppm (0.12 mgJ~ TWA 

Colorless to yellow liquid with a musty odor. 

2% (10% LEL. 2.000 ppm) 

7 ppm rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 2 ppm - see discussion 

below.] 

The chosen IDLH could be based on the statement by 

ACGIH [1971] that a 3O-minute exposure to 7 ppm is lethal for 

mice [Kincaid et al. 1953]. According to AIHA [1968]. the mouse 

3D-minute LC50 is 10 ppm [Kincaid et al. 1953]. Because of the 

assigned protection fador afforded by each device. however. 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of 0.001 ppm (i.e .• 2 ppm) is the 

concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted. With regard to the short exposure tolerance for 

humans. AIHA [1968] reported that a concentration of 3 ppm for 

30 minutes has been suggested [Kincaid et al. 1953]. 

None developed 

LC~ Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Dog Armit 1909 ... -_ ...... 360 90 min 519 ppm (1.401) 52 ppm 

Human Brief et al. 1971 ............... 30 30 min 30 ppm (1.0) 3.0 ppm 

Cat Coulston and Korte 1975 266 ...... --- 30 min 266 ppm (1.0) 27 ppm 

Rabbit Gekkan Yakuji 1980 -_ ......... 42 30 min 42 ppm (1.0) 4.2 ppm 

Rat Kincaid et al. 1956 35 ............ - 30 min 35 ppm (1.0) 3.5 ppm 

Mouse Kincaid et al. 1956 ----- 7 30 min 7 ppm (1.0) 0.7 ppm 

Mouse Kincaid et al. 1953 94 ----... 30 min 94 ppm (1.0) 9.4 ppm 

Mouae Kincaid at al. 1953 10 ...... -_ ... 30 min 10 ppm (1.0) 1.0 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 3 ppm for 30 minutes is the probable 

short-term exposure limit [Kincaid et 81. 1956]. 

Revised IDLH: 2 ppm 

eas" for revised IDLH: Baaed on acute toxicity data in humans [Brief et al. 1971; Kinkaid et al. 1956]. an IDLH of 3 ppm 

would have been appropriate for nickel carbonyl. However. the revised IDLH for nickel carbonyl is 2 ppm based on being 

2.000 times the current OSHA PEL of 0.001 ppm (2.000 is an assigned protection fador for respirators; only the "most 

reliable" respirators are recommended abOve 2.000 times the OSHA PEL). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its 

carcin~en polig< that the "most~rotective· resllirators be wom for nickel carbonyl at concentrations above 0.001 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Nickel carbonyl. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. p. 180. 

2. AIHA [1968]. Nickal carbonyl. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:304-307. 

3. Armit HW [1909]. The toxicology of nickel carbonyl. J Hyg 7:525-551. 

4. Brief RS, Blanchard JW. Scala RA. Blacker JH [1971]. Metal carbonyls in the petroleum industry. Arch Environ Health 

23:373-384. 

340 
Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) (continued) 

5. Coulston F, Korte F, eds. [1975]. Heavy metal toxicity, safety and honnology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety, 

Supplement 1. New York, NY: Georg Thieme Publishers, pp. 1-120. 

6. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22(3):455-459 (in Japanese). 

7. Kincaid JF, Stanley EL, Beckworth CH, Sunderman FW [1956). Nickel poisoning. III. Procedures for detection, 

prevention, and treatment of nickel carbonyl exposure including a method for the determination of nickel in biologic 

materials. Am J Clin PathoI26:107-119. 

8. Kincaid JF, Strong JS, Sunderman FW [1953). Nickel poisoning. I. Experimental study of the effects of acute and 

subacute exposure to nickel carbonyl. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 8:48-60. 

341 
Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoau,. guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Refe,.nce LCIO 

NiB,F, 

Mouse NDRC 1943 --_ .... 

Lethal dose data: 

Specl .. Reference Route 

NiB,F, 

Rat NRC 1953 oral 

NiO 

Rat FDRL 1983 oral 

Ni 

Rat FDRL 1983 oral 

G. pig Geltltan Yakuji 1980 oral 

Ni (HR.), (SO.), 

Rat FDRL 1984 oral 

NiC.H.O. 

Rat Hare et al. 1968 oral 

Mou •• Haro et al. 1968 oral 

NiCl, 

Rat It.kava et al. 1969 oral 

7440-02·0 (Metal) 

0.015 mglm3 TWA; NIOSH considers nickel compounds to be 

potential occupational carcinogens as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

Metal and insoluble compounds: 1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

Metal and insoluble compounds: 1 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 2,000 mg Nilm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicological data do not indicate that exposure to 

a high concentration of nickel metal or soluble nickel compounds 

could impede escape within 30 minutes. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL (2,000 " 1 mg Nilm3 is 2,000 mg Nilm3); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 2,000 mg Nilm3. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.S-I1r Derived value 

LCLo Time LC (CF) 

530 mg/m' 10 min 92 mg Ni/m' (0.69) 9.2 mg Ni/m' 

LDIO LDLo 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

..... --- sao 844 mg Ni/m' 88 mg Ni/m' 

----- 5,000 27,504 mg Ni/m' 2,750 mg Ni/m' 

----- 5,000 35,000 mg Ni/m' 3,500 mg Ni/m' 

----... 5 35 mg Ni/m' 3.5 mg Ni/m' 

400 ----- 573 mg Ni/m' 57 mg Ni/m' 

350 ----- 814 mg Ni/m' 81 mg Ni/m' 

410 ... ............ 953 mg Ni/m' 95 mg Ni/m' 

105 ... _--- 333 mg Nilnt' 33 mg Ni/m' 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that pulmonary inflammation, degeneration 

of the bronchiolar mucosa, and atrophy of the olfactory 

epithelium resulted in rats and mice exposed to nickel sulfate 

hexahydrate at concentrations ranging from 0.7 to 13.5 mg Nilm3 

for 6 hours/day for 12 days [Benson et al. 1988). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

342 
Nickel metal and other compounds (as Ni) (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 10 mg NUm3 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for nickel compounds is 10 mg NUm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [NDRC 1943]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for 

worXers. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for 

nickel compounds at concentrations above 0.015 mg Ni/m3~1 

REFERENCES: 

1. Benson JM, Burt DG, Carpenter RL, et al. [1988]. Comparative inhalation toxicity of nickel sulfate to F3441N rats and 

B6C3F 1 mice exposed for twelve days. Fundam Appl Toxicol 10:164-178. 

2. FDRL [1983]. Acute oral LDso study in rats (OECD). Waverly, NY: Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., FDRL 

Study No. 76840. 

3. FDRL [1984]. Acute oral LDso study of ammonium nickel sulfate technical grade in Sprague-Dawley rats. Waverly, NY: 

Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc., FDRL Study No. 8005A. 

4. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22:455 (in Japanese). 

5. Haro RT, Furst A, Falk HL [1968]. Studies on the acute toxicity of nickelocene. In: Proc W Pharmacol Soc 11:39-42. 

6. Itskova AI, Elakhovskaya NP, Kolbasova OV, Lychnikova TO [1969]. The toxicity of soluble nickel compounds taken by 

mouth. Farmakol Toxsikol 32:102-105 (translated). 

7. NDRC [1943]. Informal monthly progress report on toxicity of chemical warfare agents. National Defense Research 

Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Division 9, Progress Report No. 9-4-1-19. 

8. NRC [1953]. Relationship between chemical structure and toxic action on rats. National Academy of Sciences, National 

Research Council, Chemical-Biological Coordination Center, Review 5:28. 

343 
Nicotine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

54-11-5 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Pale-yellow to dark-brown liquid with a fish-like odor when warm. 

0.7% (10% LEL, 4,700 mg/m3) 

35 mglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for nicotine. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the human oral lethal dose of 60 mg 

[Lehman 1938 cited by Patty 1963 and ACGIH 1971]. 

None developed 

LDso LOt.. 

Species Reference Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog Franke and Thomas 1932 oral 9.2 _ ....... _- 64 mg/m' 6.4 mg/m' 

Mouse- Lazutka et al. 1969 oral 3.34 ....... --- 23 mg/m' 2.3 mg/m' 

Rat Sine 1993 oral 50 .. --_ ... 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The fatal human dose has been estimateel to be about 50 to 60 

mg [Lazutka et al. 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 50 to 60 mg/kg 

is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being exposed to about 30 to 

Revised IDLH: 5 mg/m3 

40 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters 

per minute and 100% absorption.] 

easis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for nicotine. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for nicotine is 5 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Lazutka et at 1969] and animals [Franke 

and Thomas 1932; Lazutka et at 1969]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Nicotine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 181. 

2. Franke FE, Thomas JE [1932]. A note on the minimal fatal dose of nicotine for unanesthetized dogs. Proc Soc Exp Bioi 

Mad 29:11n-1179. 

3. Lazutka FA, Vasilyauskene AD, Geten SG [1969]. Toxicological evaluation of the insecticide nicotine sulfate. Gig Sanit 

34(5):30-33 (translated). 

4. Lehman AJ [1938]. Pharmacological considerations of insecticides. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 13(2):65-70. 

5. Patty FA, eel. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rav. ad. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2196. 

6. Sine C, eel. [1993]. Nicotine. In: Farm chemicals handbook '93, p. C245. 
Nitric acid 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-191<' ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7697-37-2 

2 ppm (5 mg/m') TWA, 4 ppm (10 mg/m') STEL 

2 ppm (5 mg/m3) TWA 

2 ppm (5 mg/m') TWA, 4 ppm (10 mglm') STEL 

2 ppm (5.2 mg/m') TWA, 4 ppm (10 mg/m') STEL 

Coloriess, yellow, or red, fuming liquid with an acrid, suffocating 

odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

100 ppm 

The chosen 10LH is based on the statement by MCA [1961] that 

pulmonary edema may result from an exposure of 100 to 

150 ppm for only 0.5 to 1 hour. It is not clear if MCA (1961) was 

referring to nitric acid specifically, or to nitrogen oxides. The 

chosen 10LH seems reasonable, however, because an 10LH of 

100 ppm was also selected for hydrogen chloride. 

None developed 

LCsa LCLo Adjuated O.5-hr Derived 

Speciea Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Gray et al. 1954 138 ...... _-- 30 min 138 ppm (1.0) 14 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats receiving a single exposure to 63 mglm' nitric acid 

(24 ppm) exhibited no apparent adverse effects [Oiggle and 

Gage 1954). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A maximum allowable workplace concentration of 10 ppm has 

been proposed [Fairhall 1957). It has been reported that 

Rev~edIDLH: 25 ppm 

430 mglkg is the lethal oral dose [Gekkan Yakuji 1980]. [Note: 

An oral dose of 430 mglkg is equivalent to a worker being 

exposed to about 2,300 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

B.ala for revised IDLH: The revised 10LH for nitric acid is 25 ppm based on acute toxicity data in humans [Gekkan 

1980) and animals [Oiggle and Gage 1954]. This may be JI conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation 

toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Oiggle WM, Gage JC [1954]. The toxicity of nitrogen pentoxlde. Br J Ind Mad 11:140-144. 

2. Fairhall LT (1957). Industrial toxicology. 2nd ad. Baltimore, MO: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 83-84. 

3. Gekkan Yakuji (Phamaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22(4):651-656 (in Japanese). 

4. Gray EL, Patton FM, Foidberg SB, Kaplan E [1954]. Toxicity of oxides of nitrogen. II. Acute inhalation toxicity of 

nitrogen dioxide, red fuming nitric acid, and white fuming nitric acid. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Mad 10:418-422. 

5. MCA (1961). Chemical sefety data sheet 50-5: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of nitric 

acid. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association, pp. 1-17. 

345 
Nitric oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

10102-43-9 

25 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA 

25 ppm (30 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

25 ppm (31 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless gas. 

Nonflammable Gas 

100 ppm 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for nitric oxide. The chosen IDLH, therefore, is 

based on the statement by Sax [1975] that 100 to 150 ppm 

oxides of nitrogen are dangerous for short exposures of 30 to 

60 minutes. The chosen IDLH seems reasonable because 

NIOSH [1976] cited a rabbit 15-minute LC50 of 315 ppm for nitric 

oxide [Carson et al. 1962]. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo Adjusted 0.5-I"Ir Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rabbit Carson et al. 1962 315 --_ ...... 15 min 249 ppm (0.79) 25 ppm 

Mouse Flury and Zernik 1931 .............. 2,500 12 min 1,850 ppm (0.74) 185 ppm 

Rat Ivanov and Szubaev 1979 854 ... --... - 4hr 1,709 ppm (2.0) 171 ppm 

Mouse Pflesser 1935 320 ... ---- ? ? ? 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea pigs have survived an exposure at 175 ppm for an 

unstated period [Bodansky 1951]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that exposures to oxides of nitrogen between 

100 and 150 ppm are dangerous for exposures of 30 to 

60 minutes [Sax 1975]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

eaala for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Sax 1975], the originallDLH for nitric oxide 

(100 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bodansky 0 [1951]. Methemoglobinemia and methemoglobin·producing compounds. Pharmacal Rev 3:144-195. 

2. Carson TR, Roaenholtz MS, \l\lilinski FT, Weeks MH [1962]. The responses of animals inhaling nitrogen dioxide for 

single, short·term exposures. Am Ind Hyg Asaoc J 23:457-462. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. SchIdliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und stauberten. Bertin, Germany: Verlag von JUlius 

Springer, pp. 157·165 On German). 

4. Ivanov NG, Szubaev EN [1979]. About the limitation of the content of nitrogen dioxide in the air of the working zone. 

Toksikol Nov Prom Khim Vesh 15:53-58 (in Russian). 

5. NIOSH [1976]. QX05250. Nitrogen monoxide. In: Registry of toxic etrec:ts of chemical substances, 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 780. 

6. Pftesser G [1935]. The significance of nitric oxide in poisoning by nitrous gases. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 

179:545-557 On German). 

7. Sax NI (1975). Nitric oxide. In: Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 4th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand 

Reinhold Company, pp. 961·962. 

346 
p-Nitroaniline 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

100-01-6 

3 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

6 mglm3 (1 ppm) TWA [skin) 

3 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

3 mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

Bright yellow, crystalline powder with a slight ammonia·like odor. 

Unknown 

300 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH (300 mglm3 or 50 ppm) is based on an 

analogy with aniline and the statement by AIHA (1955) that 50 to 

100 ppm aniline can probably be tolerated for 1 hour. Although 

the IDLH chosen for aniline was 100 ppm, the IDLH of 50 ppm 

(300 mglm3

) chosen for p-nitroaniline Is reasonable because Von 

Oettingen (1941) stated that p-nitroaniline is more toxic than 

aniline. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLo 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Back et al. 1972 oral 3,249 ----- 22,743 mg/m' 2,274 mg/m' 

Rat Matrka et al. 1978 oral 750 ----- 5,250 mg/m' 525 mg/m' 

G. pig Moskalenlto 1966 oral 450 ----- 3,150 mg/m' U5 mg/m' 

Mouse Vernot et al. 1977 oral 810 ----- 5,670 mg/m' 567 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 300 mglm3 [Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for p-nitroaniline. Therefore, 

based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Matrka et al. 1978; Moskalenko 1966; Vemot et al. 1977], the originallDLH 

for p.nitroaniline (300 mg/m3) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1955). Aniline. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 16:331·332. 

2 Back KC, Thomas AA, Macewen JD (1972). Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright·Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA·20-72·3, 

pp. A·298 to A·299. 

3. Matrka M, Rambousek V, Zverina Z (1978). Toxicity of p-substituted derivatives of aniline in experimental rats. 

Ceskoslovenska Hygiena (Czechoslovak Hygiene) 23:168-172 (in Czechoslovakian). 

4. Moskalenko EG (1966). Toxicological charaderistics of nitroanilines. Vop Komm Gig 6:89-94 (in Russian). 

5. Vemot EH, MacEwen JD, Haun CC, Kinkead FR (1977). Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol42:417-423. 

6. von Oettingen WF (1941). The aromatic amino and nitro compounds, their toxicity and potential dangers. Public Health 

Bulletin 271:34. 

347 
Nitrobenzene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

98-95-3 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA [skinJ 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA [skinJ 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA [skinJ 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL(@200°F) ................................. . 

Yellow, oily liquid with a pungent odor like paste shoe polish. 

1.8% (10% LEL(@2000), 1,800 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 200 ppm 

easis for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971J 

and AIHA [1959J that Henderson and Haggard [1943J reported 

that 200 ppm is the maximum concentration that can be inhaled 

for 1 hour without serious disturbance. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ......... -- 750 1,025 ppm 103 ppm 

Rat Kashkalda and Kolodub 1988 oral 780 ----- 1,066 ppm 107 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 oral 600 ...... --- 820 ppm 82 ppm 

Mouse Vasilenko and Zvezdai 1981 oral 590 ----- 807 ppm 81 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 200 ppm is the maximum concentration 

that can be inhaled for 1 hour without serious disturbance 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943J. 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm [Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Henderson and Haggard 1943J, the original 

IDLH for nitrobenzene (200 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. Nitrobenzene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 183. 

2. AIHA [1959J. Nitrobenzene. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:66-67. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrauchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

4. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943J. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 228. 

5. Kashkalda CA, Kolodub FA [1988J. Effect of para-nitrobenzol and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzol on condition of 

hydrocarbon-energetic exchange in rats. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 32(2):48-49 (in Russian). 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Weil CS, West JS, Carpenter CP [1969J. An exploration of joint toxic action: twenty-seven industrial 

chemicals intubated in rats in all possibie pairs. Toxicol Appi Pharrnacol14:340-347. 

7. Vasilenko HM, Zvezdai VI [1981J. Mathematical prognosing of toxicity data for nitro and amino compounds having a 

benzene ring. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 25(8):50-52 (in Russian). 

348 
p-Nitrochlorobenzene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term ex~ure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCIO 

100-00-5 

None established; NIOSH considers p-nitrochlorobenzene to be 

a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990) that may be absorbed through 

the skin. 

1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.64 mglm3 (0.1 ppm) TWA [skin) 

Yellow, crystalline solid with a sweet odor. 

Unknown 

1,ooomglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for p-nitrochlorobenzene. The chosen IDLH, 

therefore, is based on an analogy with nitrobenzene, which has 

an IDLH of 200 ppm. [Note: A concentration of 200 ppm 

nitrobenzene is equivalent to about 1,000 mglm3 

p-nitrochlorobenzene.) 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCIA Time LC (CF) value 

Cat Watrous and Schultz 1950 164 mg/m' --......... 7hr 393 mg/m' (2.4) 39 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LOlA 

Speci .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Back et al. 1972 oral 812 ............... 5,684 mg/m' 568 mg/m' 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 oral 1,414 --_ ...... 9,898 mg/m' 990 mg/m' 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 440 -_ ... -- 3,080 mg/m' 308 mg/m' 

Rat Sz1za and Magos 1959 oral 420 ...... -_ ... 2,940 mg/m' 294 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposures of cats and guinea pigs to 87 mglm3 for 8 hours/day 

for 6 weeks resulted in methemoglobinemia and slight anemia 

[Watrous and Schultz 1950). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed intermittently for 0.5 to 1 hour over many 

months to concentrations ranging from 7 to 400 mglm3 (average 

of 90 mgJm') had only vague complaints of tiredness, loss of 

appetite, headache, and afternoon fatigue [Watrous and Schultz 

1950). Because of the strong and disagreeable odor, these 

workers voluntarily wore respiratory protection when exposed to 

the higher concentrations [Watrous and Schultz 1950). 

Revised IDLH: 100 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for p-nitrochlorobenzene is 100 mglm' based on subchronic inhalation toxicity 

data in woriters [Watrous and Schultz 1950) and animals [Watrous and Schultz 1950). This may be a conservative value 

due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for woriters exposed to concentrations above 100 mglm3. [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for p-nitrochlorobenzene at any 

detectable concentration.] 

349 
p-Nitrochlorobenzene (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Back KC, Thomas AA, MacEwen JD [1972). Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report No. TSA-20-72-3, 

pp. A-270 to A-271. 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 92. 

3. Sziza M, Magos 1[1959]. Toxikologische untersuchung einiger in der ungarischen industrie zur anwendung 

gelangenden aromatischen nitroverbindungen. Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 17:217-226 (in German). 

4. Watrous RM, Schultz HN [1950]. Cyclohexylamine, p-chloronitrobenzene, 2-aminopyridine: toxic effects in industrial 

use. Ind Med Surg 19:317-320. 

350 
Nitroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

79-24-3 

100 ppm (310 mglm3) TWA 

100 ppm (310 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (307 mglm3) TWA 

Colorless, oily liquid with a mild, fruity odor. 

3.4% (10% LEL, 3,400 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that exposure to 5,000 ppm for 2 hours was lethal to 1 of 

2 rabbits and to 0 of 2 guinea pigs; exposure to the same 

concentration for 3 hours was fatal to 2 of 2 rabbits and to 0 of 

2 guinea pigs [Machle et al. 1940]. 

None developed 

LCso LCLa AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) valua 

Rat IMCC 1979 LC1OO : 13,000 .......... 6 hr 29,900 ppm (2.3) 2,990 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 ........... 6,250 2hr 10,000 ppm (1.6) 1,000 ppm 

Rabbit Mach1e et a1. 19.0 5,000 --...... 2hr 8,000 ppm (1.6) 800 ppm 

Rabbit Mach1e et a1. 1940 LC100 : 5,000 .. -...... 3hr 9,000 ppm (1.8) 900 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guinea pigs survived both a 2·hour and a 3-hour exposure to 

5,000 ppm [Machle et al. 1940]. Rats exposed to 2,200 ppm for 

6 hours had no noticeable difficulty [IMCC 1979]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm [Unchanged] 

easis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Izmerov et al. 1982; Machle et at 1940], the 

originallDLH for nitroethane (1,000 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. IMCC [1979]. Technical data sheet no. 21: nitromethane. Des Plaines, IL: International Minerals and Chemical 

Corporation, Inc., NP Division. 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moacow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 93. 

3. Machle W, Scott FEW, Treon J [1940). The physiological response of animals to some simple mononitroparaffins and to 

certain derivatives oftha .. compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI22(8):315-332. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Pubiishers,lnc., p. 2077. 

351 
Nitrogen dioxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Dnc:riptlon ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

EXiating ahort·term exposure guidelin ............ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

10102-44-0 

1 ppm (1.8 mglm3

) STEL 

5 ppm (9 mglm3

) CEILING 

1 ppm (1.8 mglm3

) STEL 

3 ppm (5.6 mglm3

) TWA, 5 ppm (9.4 mglm3

) STEL 

Yellowish-brown liquid or reddish-brown gas (above 70"F) with a 

pungent, acrid odor. 

Noncombustible LiquidINonfiammable Gas 

50 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963] that 

concentrations above 50 ppm are considered dangerous to man 

for short exposures. Also, NIOSH (1974] cited a rat 4-hour LC!IO 

of 68 ppm (Gray et al. 1954]. 

American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA 1964] 

Emergency Exposure Umits (EELs): 

50minute EEL: 35 ppm 

150minute EEL: 25 ppm 

3Q.minute EEL: 20 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 10 ppm 

National Research Council (NRC 1985] Short·term Public 

Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs): 

1-hour SPEGL: 1 ppm 

2·hour SPEGL: 0.5 ppm 

4-hour SPEGL: 0.25 ppm 

8·hour SPEGL: 0.12 ppm 

16-hour SPEGL: 0.06 ppm 

24-hour SPEGL: 0.04 ppm 

LC!IO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF*) value 

G. pig Buckley and Balchum 1965 30 .. -_ ...... 1hr 37 ppm (1.22) 3.7 ppm 

Rabbit Carson et al. 1962 315 ....... -- 15 min 258 ppm (0.82) 26 ppm 

Rat Gray et al. 1954 68 ........ -- 4 hr 123 ppm (1.81) 12 ppm 

Rat Gray et Ill. 1954 138 ----- 30 min 138 ppm (1.0) 14 ppm 

Mouse Hialado and Machado 1977 1,000 ----- 10 min 730 ppm (0.73) 73 ppm 

Dog Steadman et al. 1966 ............. 64 8hr 141 ppm (2.21) 14 ppm 

Monkey Steadman et Ill. 1966 ----- 64 8hr 141 ppm (2.21) 14 ppm 

-Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" '"' 3.5 (ten Berge et aI. 1986]. 

Human data . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . It has been reported that 10 to 20 ppm has been mildly irritating 

(Patty 1963]. Exposure to 150 ppm or more (no time period 

given) has been reported to cause death from pulmonary edema 

(NRC 1979]. It has been predided that 50% lethality would 

occur following exposure to 174 ppm for 1 hour (Book 1982]. 

Reviaed IDLH: 20 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for nitrogen dioxide is 20 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans (Patty 1963]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

eXDOsed to concentrations above 20 ppm. 

352 
Nitrogen dioxide (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. American Industrial Hygiene Association, Toxicology Committee [1964). Emergency exposure limits. Am Ind Hyg Assoc 

J 25:578-586. 

2. Book SA [1982]. Scaling toxicity from laboratory animals to people: an example with nitrogen dioxide. J Toxicol Environ 

HeaHh 9:719-725. 

3. Buckley RD, Balchum OJ [1965). Acute and chronic exposures to nitrogen dioxide. Effects on oxygen consumption and 

enzyme activity on guinea pig tissues. Arch Environ Health 10:220-223. 

4. Carson TR, Rosenholtz MS, Wilinski FT, Weeks MH [1962]. The responses of animals inhaling nitrogen dioxide for 

single, short-term exposures. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:457-462. 

5. Gray E LeB, Patton FM, Goldberg SB, Kaplan E [1954). Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen. II. Acute inhalation toxicity of 

nitrogen dioxide, red fuming nitric acid, and white fuming nitric acid. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 10:418-422. 

6. Hialado CJ, Machado AM [1977]. Effect of nitrogen dioxide on Swiss albino mice. J Combustion ToxicoI4:246-253. 

7. NIOSH [1974]. Q'N98000. Nitrogen dioxide. In: The toxic substances list, 1974 ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public HeaHh Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational 

Safety and HeaHh, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134, p. 534. 

8. NRC [1979]. Nitrogen dioxide: an assessment of tl:le heaHh effects of short-term exposure. Washington, DC: National 

Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Committee on Toxicology. 

9. NRC [1985). Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 4. 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental HeaHh 

Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 83-95. 

10. Patty FA, ed. [1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 919-923. 

11. Steadman BL, Jones RA, Rector DE, Siegel J [1966]. Effects on experimental animals of long-term continuous 

inhalation of nitrogen dioxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 9(1):160-170. 

12. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986]. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

353 
Nitrogen trifluoride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7783-54-2 

10 ppm (29 mglm3

) TINA 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (29 mglm3

) TINA 

10 ppm (29 mglm3

) TINA 

Colorless gas with a moldy odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

2,000 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LCse of 

2,000 ppm cited by Deichmann and Gerarde (1969). Deichmann 

and Gerarde (1969) also stated that nitrogen trifluoride is a 

pulmonary irritant comparable in toxicity to the oxides of 

nitrogen. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCse LC ... Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Deichmann and Gerarde 1969 2,000 .............. 4 hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm 

Dog MacEwen and Vemot 1969 9,600 ----- 1hr 12,000 ppm (1.25) 1,200 ppm 

Monkey MacEwen and Vemot 1969 7,500 ...... --- 1hr 9,375 ppm (1.25) 938 ppm 

Rat vemot et a1. 1973 6,700 ----- 1hr 8,375 ppm (1.25) 838 ppm 

Mouse Vemot et a1. 1973 7,500 .. ---- 1 hr 9,375 ppm (1.25) 938 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlsedlDLH: 1,000 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for nitrogen trifluoride is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [MacEwen and Vemot 1969; Vemot et al. 1973]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW (1969). Nitrogen trifluoride. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., p. 427. 

2. Macewen JD, Vemot EH (1969). Toxic Hazards Research Unit annual technical report: 1969. Wright-Patterson Air 

Force Base, OH: Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report AMRL-TR-69-84, pp. 1-49. 

3. Vemot EH, Haun CC, Macewen JD, Egan GF (1973). Acute inhalation toxicology and proposed emergency exposure 

limits of nitrogen trifluoride. Toxico! AppI Pharrnacol 26:1-13. 

354 
Nitroglycerine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ............................. .. 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Origlnal(SCP) IOlH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IOlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

55-63-0 

0.1 mglm3 STEL [skin) 

2 mglm3 (0.2 ppm) CEILING [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 STEL [skin) 

0.46 mglm3 (0.05 ppm) TWA [skin) 

Colorless to pale-yellow, viscous liquid or solid (below 56"F). 

Unknown 

500 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH .. 200 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) and/or 

nitroglycerin. The chosen IDLH, therefore, is based on chronic 

toxicity data conceming the physiological response of animals to 

EGDN. According to Patty [1963], rats and guinea pigs survived 

6 months of exposure to 500 mglm3 (80 ppm) EGDN with the 

only effect being slight drowsiness and some Heinz body 

formation [Stein 1956). Although Patty [1963] stated that EGDN 

is more toxic for cats and rabbits, the chosen IDLH is still 

probably conservative because cats given 2-hour daily 

exposures to 21 ppm EGDN for 1,000 days exhibited only 

marked blood changes [von Oettingen 1946). However, because 

of the assigned protection fador afforded by each device, 

2,000 II the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mglm3 (i.e., 200 mglm~ is the 

concentration above which only the "most protedive" respirators 

are permitted. 

None developed 

LOIO lOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJueted LO Derived value 

Rabbit Horioka et al. 1982 oral 1,607 ----- 11,249 mg/m' 1,125 mg/m' 

Rat Pharmacol Ther 1985 oral 105 ----- 735 mg/m' 74 mg/m' 

Mouse Pharmacol Ther 1985 oral 115 .... --- 80S mg/m' Sl mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Headaches have developed in workers exposed to 0.4 to 

Revised IOLH: 75 mglm3 

0.67 mglm3 for 25 minutes; all had decreases in blood pressure 

[Trainor and Jones 1966). Ethylene glycol dinitrate and 

nitroglycerine are vasodilators and initial exposures result in 

headache, dizziness, nausea, or decreases in blood pressure; 

however, workers become tolerant of the vasodilatory activity 

after 2 to 4 days of exposure [NIOSH 1978]. It has been 

estimated that the lethal oral dose in humans is 200 mg although 

others have survived doses of 1,200 mg with no apparent ill 

effects [Rabinowitch 1944]. [Note: An oral dose of 200 mg is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 150 mglm3 for 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Basis for revised IOLH: The revised IDLH for nitroglycerine is 75 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans 

[NIOSH 1978) and animals [pharmacol19851 

355 
Nitroglycerine (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Horioka M, Saito T, Takagi K, Takasugi M, eds. (1982). Drugs in Japan (Ethical Drugs). p. 786. 

2. NIOSH [1978]. Criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to nitroglycerine and ethylene glycol 

dinitrate. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease 

Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-167. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2094. 

4. Pharmacol Ther [1985]; 13(7):3649-3673 (in Japanese). 

5. Rabinowitch 1M [1944]. Acute nitroglycerine poisoning. Can Med Assoc J 50:199-202. 

6. Stein W [1956]. Mechanism of action of chronic inhalation of nitroglycol (translated). Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 

15:23-26 (translated). 

7. Trainor DC, Jones RC [1966]. Headaches in explosive magazine workers. Arch Environ Health 12:231-234. 

8. von Oettingen WF [1946]. The effects of aliphatic nitrous and nitric acid esters on the physiological functions with 

special reference to their chemical constitution. NIH Bulletin 186:29. 

356 
Nitromethane 

CAS number ................................. . 75-52-5 

NIOSH REL .................................. . The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

100 ppm (250 mglm3 Current OSHA PEL ............................ . ) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . Same as current PEL 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 100 ppm (250 mglm3

) TWA 

Description of .ubstance ....................... . Colorless, oily liquid with a disagreeable odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 7.3% (10% LEL, 7,300 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 1,000 ppm 

ea.l. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Browning [1965] 

that with concentrations above 1,000 ppm, if the product of this 

and the time of exposure was greater than 1 (e.g., 1,000 ppm for 

3 hours) some of the animals, including 1 monkey, died. Also, 

AIHA [1961] reported severe eye irritation at 500 ppm [Machle 

Short·term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl •• Reference 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 

Monkey Skirmer 1947 

Rabbit Weatherby 1955 

Rabbit Weatherby 1955 

Lethal dose data: 

Specl .. Reference 

Rabbit Maehle et al. 1940 

Rat Subbotin 1967 

Mouse Subbotin 1967 

Dog Weatherby 1955 

et al. 1940). [Note: The statement by Browning [1965] regarding 

the product of the concentration and the time of exposure is 

apparently in error; the value "greater than 1" should probably be 

"greater than 1,000".] 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

........ - 7,087 2hr 11,339 ppm (1.6) l,ll4 ppm 

--..... - 1,000 ? ? ? 

....... -- 2,500 12 hr 7,250 ppm (2.9) 725 ppm .. -_ .... 5,000 6hr 11,500 ppm (2.3) 1,150 ppm 

LDIO LDLo 

Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

oral ... --_ .. 750 2,067 ppm 207 ppm 

oral 940 ....... -- 2,590 ppm 259 ppm 

oral 950 .... --.. 2,618 ppm 262 ppm 

oral ---... - 125 344 ppm 34 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevIHCIIDLH: 750 ppm 

eaala for reviMd IDLH: The reviled IDLH for nitromethane is 750 ppm based on ecute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

(Weathery 1955]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1961]. Nitromethane. In: Hygienic guide aeries. Am Ind Hyg Aaaoc J 22:518-520. 

2. Browning E (1965). Toxicity and metabolism of industrial solvents. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.282. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotaky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, ~ussia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 93. 

". Machle W, Scott EW, Treon J [1~]. The physiological response of animals to some simple mononitroparaffins and to 

certain derivatives of these compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI22(8):315-332. 

5. Skinner JB (1947]. The toxicity of 2-nitropropane. Ind Med 16:""1 ..... 3. 

6. Subbotin vG [196?). Hygienic assessment of nitromethane and ether nitroparaffins in connection with sanitary protection 

of water bodies. Gig Sanit 32(9):9-13 (in Russian). 

7. Weatherby JH [1955). Observations on the toxicity of nitromethane. NAA. Arch Ind Health 11:102-106. 

357 
1-Nitropropane 

CAS number ............... , ................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-19'" ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

DHc:ription of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Buls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term e~u ... guldeU.,.. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

108-03-2 

25 ppm (90 mglm3

) T'NA 

25 ppm (90 mgtm3) T'NA 

Same as current PEL 

25 ppm (91 mgtm3

) T'NA 

Colortess liquid with a somewhat disagreeable odor. 

2.2% (10% LEL, 2,200 ppm) 

2,300 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with 2-nitropropane 

which has an IDLH of 2,300 ppm. The animal data for 

1-nitropropane given in Patty [1963] (i.e., 5,000 ppm for 3 hours 

killed 2 of 2 rabbits and 2 of 2 guinea pigs; 10,000 ppm for 

1 hour killed 0 of 2 rabbits and 2 of 2 guinea pigs [Machle 

et al. 1940D have not been used to determine the IDLH for 

1-nitropropane because cats, which were far more susceptible to 

2-nitropropane than guinea pigs or rabbits, were not used to 

study the effects of 1-nitropropane. 

None developed 

LC .. LC~ AdJust.c:l O,5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Refe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) valus 

Rabbit Marhold 1986 LCu .: 5,000 -_ ........ 3hr 9,000 ppm (1.8) 900 ppm 

Rabbit Machle et al. 1940 LC,oo: 5,000 ----- 3hr 9,000 ppm (1.8) 900 ppm 

G. pig Machle et al. 1940 Leuo : 5,000 .. -_ .... 3hr 9,000 ppm (1.8) 900 ppm 

G. pig Machle et al. 1940 LC1oa : 10,000 .. ---- lhr 12,500 ppm (1.25) 1,250 ppm 

Rat NPIIlI 1914 3,100 --_ ..... 8hr 7,750 ppm (2.5) 175 ppm 

Lethal doH data: 

LD. LD~ 

Specl .. Reference Rout. (mg/kg) (mg/kg) AdJust.c:l LD Derived value 

Mou.e Gig Sanit 1961 oral 800 -_ .. -- 1,514 ppm 151 ppm 

Rabbit Machl. 1940 oral --_ .... 250 413 ppm 47 ppm 

Rat NPIIlI 1914 oral 455 -_ .. -- 861 ppm 86 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rabbits survived a 1-hour exposure to 

10,000 ppm [Machle at al. 1940]. 

Human data . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers found brief exposures to concentrations exceeding 

100 ppm to cause eye irritation [Silverman at 81.1946]. 

RevIHCIIDLH: 1,000 ppm 

easla for ... vIHCIIDLH: The revised IDLH for 1-nitropropane is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Machle at 81. 1940; Marhold 1986; NPIRI 1974]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 

acute toxicity data in workers exposed to concentrations above 100 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gig Sanit [1967]; 32(9):9 (in Russian). 

2. Machle W, Scott EW, Treon J [1940]. The physiological response of animals to some simple mononitroparaffins and to 

certain derivatives of these compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol22(8):315-332. 

3. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 404 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

358 
1-Nitropropane (continued) 

4. NPIRI [197"). Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 91. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963}. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II, Toxicology. New Yorit, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 2077-2078. 

6. Silvennan L, Schulte HF, First MW [1946}. Further studies on sensory response to certain industriallOlvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg Toxicol 28:262-266. 

359 
2-Nitropropane 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

79-46-9 

None established; NIOSH considers 2·nitropropane to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

25 ppm (90 mglml) TWA 

10 ppm (35 mg/ml) TWA 

10 ppm (36 mg/ml) TWA, A2 

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor. 

2.6% (10% LEL, 2,600 ppm) 

2,300 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

the lowest lethal concentration for the cat for a 1·hour exposure 

was found to be 2,353 ppm; the response of different species to 

2-nitropropane varies considerably, but the cat was the most 

sensitive species in this investigation [Treon and Dutra 1952). 

None developed 

LCIO LC ... AdjustR O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mou.e Izmerov at a1. 1982 2,703 ...... --- 2hr 4,324 ppm (1.6) 432 ppm 

Rat Lewis et a1. 1979 400 ----... 6hr 920 ppm (2.3) 92 ppm 

C:at Treon and Dutra 1952 -...... -- 714 5hr 1,535 ppm (2.15) 154 ppm 

Rabbit Treon and Dutra 1952 ... ---- 2,381 5hr 5,119 ppm (2.15) 512 ppm 

G. pig Treon and Dutra 1952 .............. 4,622 5hr 9,937 ppm (2.15) 994 ppm 

C:at Treon and Dutra 1952 ............... 2,353 1 hr 2,941 ppm (1.25) 294 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and severe headache 

have been reported in workers exposed to daily concentrations 

of 20 to 45 ppm [Skinner 1947). 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 2·nitropropane is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Lewis at at 1979). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 45 ppm. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for 2·nitropropane at any detectable concentration.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotaky IV, Sidorov KK [19821. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 94. 

2. Lewis TR, Ulrich CE, Busey WM [1979). Subchronic inhalation toxicity of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane in rats. 

J Environ PMhoI Toxicol 2(5):233-249. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963). IndustMI hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interacience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 20n·2078. 

4. Skinner JB [1947). The toxicity of 2-nitropropane. Ind Med 16(9):441-443. 

5. Treon JF, Dutra FR [1952). Physiological response of expenmentalanimals to the vapor of 2-nitropropane. AMA Arch 

Ind Hyg Occup Med 5:52~1. 

360 
Nitrotoluene (0-, m-, p-isomers) 

CAS numbers ................................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

88-72-2 (o-isomer), 99-08-1 (m-isomer), 99-99-0 (p-isomer) 

2 ppm (11 mglm3j TWA [skin] 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 5 ppm (30 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 2 ppm (11 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 2 ppm (11 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Doerlption of aubetllnce ....................... . Yellow liquids (0-, m-isomers) or a crystalline solid (p-isomer) 

with weak, aromatie odors. 

LEL(o-Iaomer) ................................ . 2.2% (10% LEL, 2,200 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 200 ppm 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with nitrobenzene 

which has an IDLH of 200 ppm. 

Short-term expoeure gulden.,.. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose datil: 

LDIO LDu. 

Spec:I .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) AdJuaWd LD Derived value 

o-isomer 

Rat Vasilerko et al. 1978 oral 891 ----- 1,094 ppm 109 ppm 

Mouse Va.ilerko et al. 1978 oral 970 ...... --... 1,191 ppm 119 ppm 

RaDbit Vasilerko et al. 1978 oral 1,750 ... -_ ...... 2,149 ppm 215 ppm 

p-isomer 

Mouse Back et al. 1972 oral 1,231 ----- 1,512 ppm 151 ppm 

Rat Vasilerko et al. 1978 oral 1,960 -_ ... -- 2,407 ppm 241 ppm 

Rabbit Vasilerko et al. 1978 oral 1,750 ----- 2,149 ppm 215 ppm 

Human datil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that nitrotoluene is only slightly toxic, 

especially in comparison with nitrobenzene [Unch 1974]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 200 ppm [Unchanged] 

eaala for revised IDLH: Based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Back et al. 1972; Vasileft(o at al. 1978] and an 

analogy to nitrobenzene [Linch 1974] which has an IDLH of 200 ppm, the original IDLH for nitrotoluene (200 ppm) is not 

being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Back KC, Thomas AA. Macewen JD [1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. 

Wright-Patterson Ajr Force Base, OH: 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report No. TSA-20-72-3. 

pp. A-310 to A-311. 

2. Linch AL [1974]. Biological monitoring for Industrial exposure to cyanogenic aromatic nitro and amino compounds. Am 

Ind Hyg Aasoc J 35:42~2. 

3. Vasileft(o NM, Kovalenko EE, Batuzina TS [1978]. Experimental substantiation of hygienic concentrations of isomers of 

mononitrotoluenel in the air of the working zone. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 22(7):52 (in Russian). 

361 
Octachloronaphthalene 

CAS number ............... _ ................. . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

OriglNiI (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

Buls for origlNiI (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

2234-13-1 

0.1 mglm3 TWA, 0.3 mgfm3 STEL [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA, 0.3 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA, 0.3 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

Waxy, pale-yellow solid with an aromatic odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

Unknown rNote: EffectiVe IDLH • 1 mglml - see discussion 

below.] 

AIHA [1966] reported that the atmospheriC concentration 

immediately hazardous to life is probably unattainable for the 

chloronaphthalenes with the pouible exception of 

monochloronaphthalene. For this draft technical standard, 

however, an analogy with other chloronaphthalenes was used, 

and the respirators were selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 10 • the OSHA 

PEL of 0.1 mglm3 (i.e., 1 mglm3); only the "most protective" 

respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

1 mglm3. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: Unknown [Unchanged] 

BaSis for revised IDLH: Due to a lack of relevant acute toxicity data, the IDLH for octachloronaphthalene remains 

"Unknown." The "most protective" respirators will continue to be recommended for concentrations exceeding 1 mglm3 

based on being 10 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 0.1 mglml (10 is an auigned protection factor for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be 

used for octachloronaphthalene). 

REFERENCE: 

1. AIHA [1966]. Chloronaphthalenea. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Auoc J 27:89-91. 

362 
Octane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cunent OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-arm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

111-65-9 

75 ppm (350 mglm3

) TWA, 

385 ppm (1,800 mglm3

) 15-minute CEILING 

500 ppm (2,350 mglm3

) TWA 

300 ppm (1,450 mglm3) TWA, 375 ppm (1,800 mglm3) STEL 

300 ppm (1,400 mglm3

) TWA, 375 ppm (1,750 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless Uquid with a gasoline-like odor. 

1.0% (10% LEL, 1,000 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

Because no human exposure data are available for octane. the 

chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with heptane which has an 

IDLH of 5,000 ppm. 

None developed 

LDIO lOLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouae Jepp .. on 1975 i.v. ... -_ ...... 428 631 ppm 63 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narcosis resulted in mice exposed for 0.5 to 1.5 hours to 6,600 

to 13,700 ppm [Fuhner 1921). Respiratory arrest occurred in 1 

of 4 mice within 5 minutes at 16,000 ppm and in 4 of 4 mice 

within 3 minutes at 32,000 ppm [Swann et al. 1974]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The narcotic concentration has been estimated to be either 

8,000 ppm (Flury and Zemik 1931] or 10,000 ppm (patty and 

Vant 1929]. The fatal concentration has been estimated to be 

13.500 ppm (Flury and Zemik 1931]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm [LEL] 

a.sls for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans (Flury and Zemik 

1931; Patty and Vant 1929], a value of about 3,000 ppm would have been appropriate for octane. However, the revised 

IDLH for octane is 1.000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1%1 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Zemik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Germany: Vertag von Julius 

Springer, pp. 257-2&4 (in German). 

2. Fuhner H [1921]. The narcotic effect of gasoline and its components (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane). 

Biochemiache Zeitschrift 115:235-261 (in German). 

3. Jeppason R [1975]. Parabolic relationship between lipophilicity and biological activity of aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers 

and ketones 8ftar intravenous injections of emulsion formulations into mice. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 37:56-64. 

4. Patty FA. Vant WP [1929]. Odor intensity and symptoms produced by commercial propane, butane, pentane, hexane, 

and heptane vapor. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Mines Report, 

InvestigatiOn No. 2979. 

5. Swann HE, Kwon BK, Hogan GK, Snellings WM [1974]. Acute inhalation toxicology of volatile hydrocarbons. Am Ind 

Hyg Assoc J 35:511-518. 

363 
Oil mist (mineral) 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Dncription of aubetance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short __ "" expoeure guideU..... . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

8012-95-1 

5 mglm3 TWA. 10 mglm3 STEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

Colorless, oily liquid aerosol dispersed in air. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Etfec:tive" IDLH = 2,500 IT1gIm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to mineral oil mist would impede escape or 

cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. For this 

draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device. However, for some particulate substances for 

which no evidence of an IDLH exists, the determination of 

allowable respiratory protection based on protection factors may 

result in the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are 

not likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore, for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 x the OSHA PEL (500 x 5 mglm3 is 2,500 mglm3). 

None developed 

LD. ~ Specl .. Reference Rout. (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuatad LD Derived value 

Moua. Bothe et al. 1975 oral 22,000 --.-- 154,000 mg/m' 15.400 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for u .. in determining the revised IDLH. 

ReviHd IDLH: 2,500 IT1gIm3 

a.ala for revlHd IDLH: The availeble toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of oil mist (mineral) would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for oil mist (mineral) is 2,500 mg/~ baled on being 500 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL 

of 5 mglm3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was uIed arbitrarily during the Standards Completion 

Program for deciding when the "most Protective" resPirators should be used for particulates). 

REFERENCE: 

1. Bothe J, Braun W, Donh8rdt A [1975]. Untersuchungen zur antidotwlrkung von peraflinOi bei vergiftungen mit 

kohlenwauerstotr.n M der!MUS. Arch Toxikol 30:243-250 (in GermM). 
Osmium tetroxide <as Os) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t.rm exposure guldellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LC" 

Rabbit Brunot 1933 ....... -- Rat Shell 1961 .. _ .. _-

Mouse Shell 1961 --'" --

20816-12-0 

0.002 mglm3 (0.0002 ppm) TWA, 

0.006 mglm3 (0.0006 ppm) STEL 

0.002 mglm3 TWA 

0.002 mglm3 (0.0002 ppm) TWA, 

0.006 mglm3 (0.0006 ppm) STEL 

0.0016 mglm3 (0.0002 ppm) TWA, 

0.0047 mglm3 (0.0006 ppm) STEL 

Colorless, crystalline solid or pale-yellow mass with an 

unpleasant, acrid, chlorine-like odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

1 mg Oslm' 

The chosen IDLH Is based on the statement by AIHA [197] that 

1 mglm3 has been suggested as tolerable for 30 minutes [Flury 

and Zemik 1931J. No other data on acute inhalation toxicity are 

available which would be useful in detennining the IDLH. 

AIHA [1968J reported that Mclaughlin at al. [1946] found that 

workers exposed to 0.1 to 0.6 mglm' suffered from lacrimation 

and disturbances of vision and in some cases, headache, 

conjunctivitis, and cough. 

None developed 

Adjuat8d O.~i' Carived 

LCu Time LC (CF) value 

l,3l6 mg/m' 30 III1n 987 1119 Oa/fA' (l.O) 99 1119 Os/m' 423 1119/111' <lhr 317 1119 Oa/fA' (2.0) 32 1119 Oa/m' 

423 1II9/fA' <lhr 317 1119 oa/fA' (2.0) 32 1119 Oa/fA' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been suggested that 1 mglm' Is tolerable for 30 minutes 

[Flury and Zemik 1931J. Woriter$ exposed to 0.1 to 0.6 mglm3 

suffered from lacrimation and disturbances of vision and in some 

cases, headache, conjunctivitis, and cough [Mclaughlin et al. 

1946J. 

Revised IDLH: 1 mg Oslm' [Unchanged) 

eaala for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury and Zemik 1931; Mclaughlin et al. 

1946J, the originallDLH for osmium tetroxide (1_"",-Oslm'~ is not beina revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1968). Osmium and Its compounds. In: Hygienic guide aeries. Am Ind Hyg Auoc: J 29:621-623. 

2. Brunot FR [1933]. The toxicity of osmium tetroxide (osmic acid). J Ind Hyg 15:138-143. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1931J. Sc:hIcIliche gaM dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Bertin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 254 (in German). 

4. Mclaughlin AIG, Milton R, Perry KMA [1946]. Toxic manifestations of osmium tetroxide. Br J Ind Med 3:183-186. 

5. Shell [1961J. Unpublished report. San Ramon, CA: Shell Chemical Co., p. 8. 

365 
Oxalic acid 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL" ............... : .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1113·19M ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

144-62·7 

1 mgIm' TWA, 2 mgIm' STEL 

1 mglm'TWA 

1 mglm' TWA, 2 mgIm' STEL 

1 mglm' TWA, 2 mgIm' STEL 

Coloness, odorless powder or granular solid. 

Unknown 

500mglml 

aula for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH has been calculated from the total oral lethal 

dose for man of 5 grams [ACGIH 1971]. 

Short"nn .xpoaure guldell.,.. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dON data: 

Spec_ R.r.r.nce 

Dog Flury and Zemik 1935 

Rat Shtabaky and Shatinakaye 1985 

Rat vemot et al. 1977 

Rout. 

oral 

? 

oral 

LD .. ~ (mglkg) (mglkg) 

----- 1,000 

.. ---- 1,400 

----.. 7,500 

Adjua .. LD Derived value 

7,000 rag/" 700 rag/ra' 

9,800 rag/ra' 980 rag/" 

52,500 rag/" 5,250 fIIIi/" 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the lethal oral dose is 15 to 30 grams 

[Webster 1930). [Note: An oral dose of 15 to 30 grams is 

equivalent to a 3O-minute exposure to 10,000 to 20,000 mgIml 

assuming a 50 liter per minute breathing rate and 100% 

absorption.] 

R.vlsed IDLH: 500 mgIml [Unchanged) 

aula for revlaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for oxalic acid. Therefore, 

based on acute oral toxicity data in humans (Webster 1930] and animals [Flury and Zemik 1935], the originallDLH for 

oxalic acid (5OO~ is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Oxalic acid. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: Amer1can Conference of Govemment8llndustrial Hygienists, p. 193. 

2. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichlten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi AIbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

3. Shtabaky SM, Shatlnakaya EG [1985]. Evaluation of cumulative propertiea of toxic chemicals from the subchronic 

experiment. Gig Sanit 50(3):57-60 (111 Russian). 

4. Vemot EH, MecEwen JD, Haun CC, Klnkud FR [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin conoaion data for some organic and 

i~nic cornpounda and aqueoua solutions. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol42:417-423. 

5. Webater RW (1830). L.epI medici ... and toxicology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saundera. 

366 
Oxygen difluoride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSHREL ' ........ '" ....................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of lubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

BallI for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

7783-41-7 

0.05 ppm (0.1 mgt""., CEILING 

0.05 ppm (0.1 mglm~ TWA 

0.05 ppm (0.1 mglm~ CEILING 

0.05 ppm (0.11 mglm') CEILING 

Colorless gas with a peculiar, foul odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

0.5 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Deichmann and 

Gerarde [1969) that oxygen difluoride is a strong irritant to the 

entire respiratory tract and causes pulmonary edema and 

hemorrhage when inhaled for a few hours at 0.5 ppm. 

Development of pulmonary signs leading to death may be 

delayed several hours after the exposure [Oeichmann and 

Gerarde 1969). In addition, AIHA [1967] reported that the 

Committee on Toxicology of the National Research Council 

recommended an Emergency Exposure Umit (EEL) of 0.5 ppm 

for a 10-minute exposure. This EEL is supposed to be for 

exposures that are "rare in the lifetime of an individual and 

permit some degree of reversible injury short of incapacitation" 

[Smyth 1966). 

Exllting Ihort-term axposure guidelines .......... . National Research Council (NRC) Emergency Exposure Umits 

(EEls) recommended to military and space agencies [Smyth 

1966): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Spaclas Reference (ppm) 

Rat Darmer et a1. 1972 2.6 

Mouae Darmer et a1. 1972 1.5 

Dog Darmer et al. 1972 26 

Monkey Darmer et a1. 1972 16 

10-minute EEL: 0.5 ppm 

3O-minute EEL: 0.2 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 0.1 ppm 

LCL8 AcIjuat.d 0.5-IIr 

(ppm) Tlma LC (CF) 

----... 1hr l.l ppm (1.25) 

----- 1hr 1.9 ppm \1.25) .. --_ ... 1hr II ppm (1.25) 

----- 1hr 20 ppm (1.25) 

Derived 

value 

O.l ppm 

0.2 ppm 

,l.l ppm 

2.0 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxygen difluoride II a strong irritant to the entire respil'lltory tract 

and causes pulmonary edema and hemorrhage when inhaled for 

a few hours at 0.5 ppm [Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969). 

RavlHd IDLH: 0.5 ppm [Unchanged] 

Baall for revlMd IDLH: Based on acute Inhalation toxicity data in humans [Oeichmann and GenIrde 1989), the original 

IDLH for oxygen difluoride (0.5 ppm) II not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1967]. Oxygen difluoride. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc J 28:194-196. 

2. Darmer KI Jr, Haum CC, MacEwen JD [1972). The acute inhalation toxicology of chlorine pentafluoride. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 33:661-668. 

3. Deichrnann WB, Gel'llrde HW [1969). Oxygen difluoride (OFz). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: 

Academic Pre .. , Inc., p . .w4. 

04. Smyth HF Jr [1966). Military and space short-term inhalation standards. Arch EnvIron Health 12:0488-0490. 

367 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

Ozone 

10028-15-6 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) CEiLING 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm~ TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA. 0.3 ppm (0.6 mglm3

) STEL 

0.1 ppm (0.2 mglm~ CEILING 

Description of subetance ....................... . Coloriess to blue gas with a very pungent odor. 

LEL ......................................... . Nonflammable Gas 

OrlglNiI (SCP) IDLH ............................ ' 10 ppm 

a.sis for origiNiI (SCP) IDLH .................. .. The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1966] that 

pulmonary edema developed in welders who had a severe acute 

exposure to an estimated 9 ppm ozone plus other air pollutants 

[Kleinfeld et al. 1957]. Patty [1963] reported that 15 to 20 ppm is 

lethal to small animals within 2 hours lWrtheridge and 

Yaglou 1937]. AIHA [1966] aiso reported that on the basis of 

animal data. exposure at 50 ppm for 60 minutes will probably be 

fatal to humans [King 1963]. 

existing short-tarm exposure guidelines .......... . National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

Moulle elamann and Banc:roft 1957 ........... 

Human Oeic:hmann and Gerarde 1969 ........ - Rabbit Mittler et al. 1956 ........ - Mouae Mittler et al. 1956 .......... Rat Mittler et al. 1956 .. ---- G. pig Mittler et al. 1957 --_ .... Rat Stokinger 1957 .......... 

1-hour EEGL: 1 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 0.1 ppm 

LCLA Adjust.d O.5-hr 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

12.6 3hr 23 ppm (1.8) 

SO 30 min SO ppm (1.0) 

36 3hr 65 ppm (1.8) 

21 3hr 38 ppm (1.8) 

21.8 3hr 39 ppm (1.8) 

24.8 3hr 45 ppm (1.8) 

4.8 4hr 10 ppm (2.0) 

Derived 

value 

2.3 ppm 

5.0 ppm 

6.5 ppm 

3.8 ppm 

3.9 ppm 

4.5 ppm 

1.0 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 15 to 20 ppm is lethal to small animals 

within 2 hours [Witheridge and Yaglou 1937]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pulmonary edema developed in welders who had a severe acute 

exposure to an estimated 9 ppm ozone plus other air pollutants 

[Kleinfeld at al. 1957]. It has been reported that on the basis of 

animal data. exposure at 50 ppm for 60 minutes will probably be 

fatal to humans [King 1963]. 

Revised IDLH: 5 ppm 

Baals for reviMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for ozone is 5 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Kleinfeld at al. 1957]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1966]. Ozone. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27:196-198. 

2. Clamann HG. Bancroft RW [1957]. Physiological effects of ozone. Fed Proc 15:22 [Abstract). 

3. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW [1969]. Ozone. In: Toxicity of drugs and chemicals. New Yortt. NY: Academic Press. 

Inc .• pp.~. 

-4. King ME [1963]. Toxicity of ozone. V. Factors affecting acute toxicity. Ind Med Surg 32:93-9-4. 

5. Kleinfeld M. Giel C. Tabershaw IR [1957]. Health hazards associated with inert-gas-shielded metal arc welding. AMA 

Arch Ind Health 15(1):27-31. 

368 
Ozone (continued) 

6. Mittler S. Hedrick D. King M. Gaynor A [1956]. Toxicity of ozone. I. Acute toxicity. Ind Med Surg 25:301-306. 

7. Mittler S. Hedrick D. Phillips L [1957]. Toxicity of ozone. II. Effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide upon acute toxicity. Ind 

Med Surg 26:63-66. 

8. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington. DC: 

National Academy Press. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. 

Commission on Life Sciences. National Research Council. pp. 99-106. 

9. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• p. 917. 

10. Stokinger HE [1957]. Evaluation of the hazards of ozone and oxides of nitrogen. Arch Ind Health 15:181-190. 

11. Wrtheridge WN. Yaglou CP [1937]. Ozone in ventilation: its possibilities and limitations. Trans Am Soc Heat Vent Eng 

45(1132):509-522. 

369 
Paraquat 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ......•...................... 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCN 

Respirable dust 

G. pig Gage 1968 3 mg/m' 

Mouse Gage 1968 3 mg/m' 

Rat Gage 1968 --....... 

Nonrespirable dust 

Rat Palazzolo 1965 .. ----

Lethal dose data: 

1910-42·5 

0.1 mglm' (respirable dust) TWA [skin) 

0.5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA, 

0.5 mglm3 (total dust) TWA 

Yellow solid with a faint, ammoni.like odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

1.5 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Gage [1968) 

that "after single exposures the LC!5Q appears to be a function of 

the duration and of the concentration; in the rat the lethal 

concentration-time product is about 6 microgramsniter-hour. 

Guinea pigs and male mice are about as sensitive as rats. 

Female mice are less sensitive. The dog can tolerate a 

concentration-time product of 25 microgramsniter-hour without ill 

effects." 

None developed 

Adjuated O.Sohr Derived 

LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

.. ---- 3D min 3.0 mg/m' (1.0) 0.30 mg/m' 

--_ .... 30 min 3.0 mg/m' (1.0) 0.30 mg/m' 

1 mg/m' 6hr 2.3 mg/m' (2.3) 0.23 mg/m' 

6.400 mg/m' 4hr 12.800 mg/m' (2.0) 1.280 mg/m' 

LO. L~ 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Bailey and White 1965 oral 57 -_ ...... 399 mg/m' 40 mg/m' 

Mouse Barabas et al. 1981 oral 120 ----- 840 1119/111' 84 mg/m' 

Dog Iyakuhin 1979 oral 25 .. -_ .... 175 mg/IJ},' 18 mg/m' 

G. pig Murray and Gibson 1972 oral 22 .. _--- 154 mg/m' 15 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . It has been stated that the high acute inhalation toxicity of 

paraquat is dependent wholly on the size of the particulate, with 

respirable sizes (i.e., <5 mic:rometer mass median diameter) 

found to be 5 to 6 times more toxic than nonrespirable dusts 

[McElligo 1965]. It has been reported that under paraquat 

spraying conditions particle sizes appear to be nonrespirable 

[Swan 1969). 

RavlHd IDLH: 1 mgIrn3 

Basis for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for paraquat is 1 mglm3 based on the acute inhalation toxicity data for 

respirable particulate in animals [Gage 1968). This is a conservative value if the occupational exposure is totally to 

nonrespirable size particles of paraquat since respirable aerosols are much more toxic (McElligo 1965; Swan 1969], 

370 
Paraquat (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bailey GW. White JL [1965]. Herbicides: a compilation of their physical. chemical. and biological properties. Residue 

Reviews 10:97-102. 

2. Barabas K. Vigh L. Horvath I. Szabo L. Matkovics B [1981]. Effects of paraquat in vivo on fatty acids of mouse and 

guinea pig tissues. Gen PhannacoI12:225-227. 

3. Gage JC [1968]. Toxicity of paraquat and diquat aerosols generated by a size-selective cydone: effect of partide size 

distribution. Br J Ind Med 25:304-314. 

4. Iyakuhin Kenkyu (Study of Medical Supplies) [1979]; 10:520-522 (in Japanese). 

5. McElligo TF [1965]. Industrial hygiene research lab report IHRl172. Alderty Park. Macclesfield. Cheshire. England: 

Imperial Chemicals Industries. Ltd. [From ACGIH [1991]. Paraquat. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and 

biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. 

pp.1159-1161.] 

6. Murray RE. Gibson JE [1972]. A comparative study of paraquat intoxication in rats. guinea pigs and monkeys. Exp 

Molec PathoI17:317-325. 

7. Palazzolo RF [1965]. Report to Imperial Chemical Industries. Ltd. Alderty Park. Macclesfield. Cheshire. England. [From 

ACGIH [1991]. Paraquat. In: Documentation ofthe threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 1159-1161.] 

8. Swan MB [1969]. Exposure of spray operators to paraquat. Br J Ind Med 26:322-329. 

371 
Parathion 

CAS number .................................. . 56-38·2 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 0.05 mglml TWA [skin] 

0.1 mglml TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglml TWA [skin] 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubatance ....................... . Pale-yellow to darit-brown liquid with a garlic-like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . Unknown 

Orlglnal(SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH .................... . 

20mglm3 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci .. Re"renc. 

Rabbit Deichmann et al. 1952 

G. pig Deichmann et al. 1952 

Mouse Izmerov et a1- 1982 

Rat USAF 1977 

Lethal dOH data: 

Specl .. Refarence 

Mouse Eto et al. 1966 

Rabbit Kenaga and Morgan 1978 

Dog Kenaga and Morgan 1978 

Cat Hisbizawa et al. 1961 

Horse Perkow 1971/1976 

G. pig von Dozent et al. 1955 

Rat Weiss and Orzel 1967 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for parathion. If the IDLH were estimated from 

the statement by AIHA [1971] that "the minimum lethal oral dose 

for humans has been estimated al ranging from less than 10 mg 

to 120 mg [Bidstrup 1950; Grob 1950; Hayes 1963)," then an 

IDLH of 5 mglml would be chosen. This appears to be far too 

conservative, however, because ACGIH (1971) noted that 

woriters regularly exposed to 2 to 15 mglm', with an average 

concentration of 8 mglml , exhibited only a 25% decrease in 

cholinesterase levels [Kay et al. 1952). The chosen IDLH, 

therefore, has been estimated from the female rat oral LDsa of 

3 mglkg cited by ACGIH (1971). 

None developed 

Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

LCsa LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

............... 50 mg/m' 2hr 80 mg/m' 8.0 mg/m' .............. 14 mg/m' 2hr 22 mg/m' 2.2 mg/m' 

-_ ......... 15 mg/m' ? ? ? 

84 mg/m' --_ ...... 4hr 168 mg/m' 17 mg/m' 

LDII LDLa 

Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

oral 5 ..... -_ ... 35 mg/m' 3.5mg/m' 

oral 10 ............... 70 mg/m' 7.0 mg/m' 

oral 3 ... --_ .. 21 1119/111' 2.1 mg/m' 

oral 0.93 ----- 6.5 mg/m' 0.7 mg/m' 

oral 5 ----- 35 1119/111' 3.5 mg/m' 

oral 8 ----- 56 mg/m' 5.6 mg/III' 

oral 2 --_ ...... 14 mg/m' 1.4 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woriters regularly exposed to 2 to 15 mglm3 (average of 

8 mglml) exhibited only a 25% decrease in cholinesterase levels 

[CDC 1956]. The minimum lethal oral dose has been reported to 

range from 0.17 to 1.471 mglkg [Arena 1970; CDC 1956; Hartley 

and Kidd 1986). [Note: An oral dose ranging from 0.17 to 

1.471 mglkg is equivalent to a woriter being exposed to about 8 

to 69 mglm' for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

372 
Parathion (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 10 mglm3 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for parathion is 10 mglm3 based on chronic inhalatiol' tOlfieity data in humans 

[CDC 1956]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant 3-:::'::c !:;)(:clt', Gala in humans exposed to 

concentrations above 10 mg/m3• 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Parathion. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worttroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 195-196. 

2. AIHA [1969]. Parathion. In: Hygienic Guide Series. Am Ind Hyg Assoe J 30:308-312. 

3. Arena JM (1970). Poisoning. toxicology. symptoms. treatments. 2nd ed. Springfield.IL: C.C. Thomas 2:73. 

4. Bidstrup PL [1950]. Poisoning by organic phosphorus insecticides. Br Med J 2:548-551. 

5. CDC (1956). Clinical memoranda on economic poisons. Atlanta. GA: Communicable Disease Center. Bureau of State 

Services. Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service Publication 

No. 476. pp. 19-21. 

6. Deichmann WB. Pugliese W. Cassidy J [1952]. Effects of dimethyl and diethyl paranitrophenyl thiophosphate on 

experimental animals. AMA Arch Ind Health Occup Med 5:44-51. 

7. Eto M. Kishimoto K. Matsumura K. Ohshita N. Oshima Y [1966]. Studies on saligenin cyclic phosphorus esters with 

insecticidal activity. Agri Bioi Chem 30(2):181-185. 

8. Grob 0 (1950). Uses and hazards of the organiC phosphate anticholinesterase compounds. Ann Intern Med 

32:1229-1234. 

9. Hartley D. Kidd H. eds. [1986]. Agrochemicals handbook. Nottingham. England: Royal Society of Chemistry. 

1983-1986. p. A311. 

10. Hayes WJ Jr [1963]. Clinical handbook on economic poisons. Emergency information for treating poisons. WaShington. 

DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Public Health Service Publication No. 476 (Revised 1963). pp. 35-37. 

11. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 52. 

12. Kay K. Monkman L. Windish JP. Doherty T. Pare J. Racicot C [1952]. Parathion exposure and cholinesterase response 

of Quebec apple growers. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 6:252-262. 

13. Kenaga EE. Morgan RW (1978). Commercial and experimental organic insecticides (1978 revision). Entomological 

SOCiety of America Special Publication 78-1:16. . 

14. Nishizawa Y. Fujii K. Kadota T. Miyamoto J. Sakamoto H (1961). Studies on the organophosphorus insecticides. VII. 

Chemical and biological properties of new low toxic organophosphorus insecticide. 

O.Q..dimethyl-O-(3-methy~nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate. Agri Bioi Chem 25(8):605-610. 

15. Perkow W [1971/1976]. Wirksubstanzen der pflanzenschutz und schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Berlin. Germany: 

Verlag Paul Parey. 1971-1976 (in German). 

16. USAF [1977]. Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on environmental toxicology. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. 

OH: Air Force Systems Command. Aerospace Medical Division. Aerospace Medical Research Technical Report. 

AMRL-TR-76-125. 

17. von Dozent J. Klimmer OR. Pfaff W [1955J; Vergleichende untersuchungen Ober die toxicitlt organischer 

thiophosphorsaureester. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 5:626-630 (in German). 

18. Weiss LR. Orzel RA [1967]. Some comparative toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide as a 

pesticide solvent. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol11:546-557. 

373 
Pentaborane 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1981 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1tl4 ACGIH TLV ........................ .. 

Description ofaut.tance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term expoaure guldellnea .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso 

19624-22·7 

0.005 ppm (0.01 mgtm3) TWA. 0.015 ppm (0.03 mglm3

) STEL 

0.005 ppm (0.01 mglm3) TWA 

0.005 ppm (0.01 mglm3) TWA. 0,015 ppm (0.03 mglm') STEL 

0.005 ppm (0.013 mglm3

) TWA. 

0.015 ppm (0.039 mglm3

) STEL 

Cob\eu liquid wiIn • pungent odor like IIOUI' milk. 

0.42% (10% LEL. 420 ppm) 

3ppn 

The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 4-hour LCso of 3 ppm 

[Jacobson 1958 cited by ACGIH 1971]. 

American Industrial Hygiene Association [AIHA 1966] 

Emergency Exposure Umits (EEls): 

5 minute EEL: 25 ppm 

is-minute EEL: 8 ppm 

3O-minute EEL: 4 ppm 

6O-minute EEL: 2 ppm 

LCLD AdJuatad O.'-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mou.e Jacob.on 1958 3 ----... 4hr , ppm (2.0) 0.' ppm 

Rat Levinaka. et a1. 1958 , ... _--- 4hr 12 ppm (2.0) 1.2 ppm 

Mou.e Levin.ka. et a1. 1958 3.4 ... ---... 4hr '.8 ppm (2.0) 0.7 ppm 

Dog Week. et a1. 1964 35 --_ ...... 15 min 28 ppm (0.79) 2.8 ppm 

Monkey Week. et a1. 1964 244 ... ---... 2 min 100 ppm (0.41) 10 ppm 

Rat Weir et a1. 1964 67 ----.. 5 min 37 ppm (0.55) 3.7 ppm 

Mou.e Weir et a1. 1964 40 ----- 5 min 22 ppm (0.55) 2.2 ppm 

Rat Weir et a1. 1964 31 ----- 15 min 24 ppm (0.79) 2.4 ppm 

Mou.e Weir et a1. 1964 19 ... --_ ... 15 min 15 ppm (0.79) 1.5 ppm 

Rat Weir et a1. 1964 15 -_ ... -- 30 min 15 ppm (1.0) 1.5 ppm 

Mou •• Weir et a1. 1964 11 ----- 30 min 11 ppm (1.0) 1.1 ppm 

Rat Weir et a1. 1964 10 ----- lhr 13 ppm (1.25) 1.3 ppm 

Mou.e Weir et a1. 1964 , ----- lhr 7.5 ppm (1.25) 0.8 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revleed IDLH: 1 ppm 

a..I. for revlMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for pentaborane Is 1 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

(Jacobaon 1958; Levinskas et al. 1958; Weir at al. 1964]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Pentaborane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substancea in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: An1eric:an ConferenCe of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. p. 197. 

2. AIHA [1966]. Emergency exposure limits. American Industrial Hygiene Auociation. Toxicology Committee. Am Ind Hyg 

AssoeJ 27:193-195. 

3. Jacobson KH [1958]. Toxicity of borane fuels. In: Transactions of the symposium on health hazards of military 

chemicals. Army Chemical Center. MD: U.S. Army Chemical warfare Laboratories. Directorate of Medical Research. 

CWL Special Publication 2·10. pp. 55-60. 

4. Levinskas GJ. Paslian MR. Blackman WR [1958]. ChroniC toxicity of pentaborane vapor. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 19:46-53. 

5. Weeks MH. Burke DG. Bassett EE. Johnson JR. Christensen MK [1964]. Pentaborane: relationship between inhaled 

lethal and incapacitating dosages in animals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 145:382·385. 

6. Weir FW. Seabaugh VM. Mershon MM. Burke DG. Weeks MH [1964]. Short exposure inhalation toxicity of pentaborane 

in animals. Toxicol Appl Phannacol6:122·131. 

374 
Pentachloronaphthalene 

CAS nuwnber ........................... . 

NIOSH REL .... :........... . ................ . 

Current OSH.A PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1321-64-8 

0.5 mglm3 TWA (skin) 

0.5 mglm' TWA (skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.5 mglm' T'NA (skin) 

Pale-yellow or white solid or powder with an aromatic odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

Unknown rNote: Effective IDLH = 5 mglms - see discussion 

below.) 

AIHA (1970) reported that the atmospheric concentration 

immediately hazardous to life is probably unattainable for the 

chloronaphthalenes with the possible exception of 

monochloronaphthalene. For this draft technical standard, 

however, an analogy with other chloronaphthalenes was used. 

and the respirators were selected on the baSis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 10 • the OSHA 

PEL of 0.5 mglm' (i.e., 5 mglm'); only the "most protective" 

respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

5 mglm3• 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: Unknown [Unchanged) 

Basis for revised IDLH: Due to a lack of relevant acute toxicity data, the IDLH for pentachloronaphthalene remains 

"Unknown." The "most protective" respirators will continue to be recommended for concentrations exceeding 5 mglm3 

based on being 10 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 0.5 mglm' (10 is an assigned protection factor for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be 

used for pentachloronaphthalene). 

REFERENCE: 

1. AIHA (1966). Chloronaphthalenes. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc J 27:89-91. 

375 
Pentachlorophenol 

CAS number ................................. . 87-86-5 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 0.5 mgIm' TWA {skin] 

0.5 mglm' TWA (skin] 

Same as Q.lrrent PEL 

0.5 mglm3 TWA (skin) 

Cu.,..nt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ..........•................. .. 

1993·19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . Colorless to white, crystalline solid with a benzene-like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . Noncombustible Solid 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 150 mglm' 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No useful data on aa.Jte inhalation toicicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for pentachlorophenol. AIHA (1970) stated that 

the atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous to life is 

not known for humans, but painful irritation to the nose is 

observed at concentrations below those that would be 

immediately hazardous to life. The chosen IDLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the smallest lethal intravenous dose in 

rabbits of 22 mglkg (Kehoe et al. 1939 as cited by ACGIH 1971). 

According to AIHA (1970), the cause of death from an acute 

overdose is hyperexia and cardiac failure [Patty 1963). 

Short·tarm exposure guidelines None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethlll concentnltion data: 

Adjuated 0.5-I1r Derived 

Speci .. Reference LCIa LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Demidenko 1969 l55 mg/m' .. ---- ? ? ? 

Mouse Demidenko 1969 225 mg/m' .. -_ .. - ? ? ? 

Lethlil dOH data: 

LDIa LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Mouse Borzelleca et al. 1985 oral 117 ............. 819 mg/m' 82 mg/m' 

HaDlllter Cabral et al. 1979 oral 168 -_ ...... - 1,176 mg/m' 118 mg/m' 

Rat Deichmann et al. 1942 oral 27 ......... -- 189 mg/III' 19 mg/m' 

Rabbit Deichmann et al. 1942 oral _ ... _-- 70 490 mg/m' 49 mg/m' 

Rat Fielder et al. 1982 oral 150 ...... -_ ... 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dusts are particularly irritating to the eyes and nose at 

concentrations greater than 1 mglm' but concentrations up to 

2.4 mglm3 have been tolerated by workers that have been 

conditioned [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. It has been reported 

that 401 mglkg is the minimum lethal oral dose [Haley 1977]. 

[Note: An oral dose of 401 mglkg is equivalent to a worker being 

exposed to about 19,000 mglm3 for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 litera per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 2.5 mgtrnl 

eaai. for .. vised IDLH: The revised IDLH for pentachlorophenol is 2.5 mglrnl based on acute toxicity data in humans 

[Clayton and Clayton 1981). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 2.4'mglm3. 

376 
Pentachlorophenol (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Pentachlorophenol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 198-199. 

2. AIHA (1970). Pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate. In: Hygienic Guide Series. Am Ind Hyg Alsoc J 

31:521-524. 

3. Borzelleca JF, Hayes JR, Condie LW, Egle JL Jr (1985). Acute toxicity of monochlorophenols. dichlorophenols, and 

pentachlorophenols in the mouse. Toxicol Lett 29:39-42. 

4. Cabral JRP, Raitano F, Mollner T, Bronczyk S, Shubik P (1979). Acute toxicity of pesticides in hamsters. Toxicol Appl 

Pharmaco148:A192 [Abstract). 

5. Clayton GO, Clayton FE. ads. (1981). Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 2604-2612. 

6. Deichmann W, Machle W. Kitzmiller KV. Thomas G (1942). Acute and chronic effects of pentachlorophenol and sodium 

pentachlorophenate upon experimental animals. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 76:104-117. 

7. Demidenko NM (1969). Data on the substantiation ofthe maximum permissible concentration of pentachlorophenol in 

air. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 13(9):58-60 (in Russian). 

8. Fielder RJ, Some GS, Bishop CM, Jones RB, Van Den Heuval MJ (1982). Pentachlorophenol toxicity review 5. London, 

England: Health and Safety Executive, Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 

9. Haley TJ [1977}. Human poisoning with pentachlorophenol and its treatment. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1:343-347. 

10. Kehoe RA, Deichmann-Gruebler W, Kitzmiller KV (1939). Toxic effect upon rabbits of pentachlorophenol and sodium 

pentachlorophenate. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21(5):160-172. 

11. Patty FA, ad. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1400. 

377 
n-Pentane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... .' .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guldelinee 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration dllta: 

Speci .. Reference LCIO 

Mouse Flury and Zernik 1931 ...... -_ ... 

Mou.e Spector 1956 ...... --... 

Mou.e Stoughton , Lamson 1936 -_ ........ 

109-66-0 

120 ppm (350 mglm3

) TWA, 

610 ppm (1,800 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING 

1,000 ppm (2,950 mglml) TWA 

600 ppm (1,800 mglml) TWA, 750 ppm (2,250 mglm3

) STEL 

600 ppm (1,770 mglml) TWA, 750 ppm (2,210 mglm3

) STEL 

Colortess liquid with a gasoline-like odor. 

1.5% (10% LEL, 1,500 ppm) 

15,000 ppm [LEL) 

Patty (1963) reported the following: on-pentane causes narcosis 

in 5 to 60 minutes at 90,000 to 120,000 ppm. Only a narrow 

margin exists between the concentrations that cause narcosis 

and death in mice. In human studies, a 10-minute exposure to 

5,000 ppm did not cause mucous membrane irritation or other 

symptoms. The odor of n-pentane at this concentration is readily 

detectable" [Fuhner 1921). AIHA [1966] reported that the 

atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous to life is 

unknown for man, but that the lethal concentration for mice has 

been reported as 128,200 ppm for a 37-minute exposure 

[Spector 1956). Because the data indicate that acute toxic 

effects occur above the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 

15,000 ppm, the LEL has been chosen as the IOLH (Le., the 

concentration above which only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted). 

None developed 

Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

130,000 mg/m' 30 min 130,000 ppm (1.0) 13,000 ppm 

128,200 ppm 37 min 137,175 ppm (1.07) 13,718 ppm 

325,000 mg/m' 2hr 173,333 ppm (1.6) 17,333 ppm 

Other animal dllta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that narcosis occurs after 5 to 60 minutes of 

exposure to 90,000 to 120,000 ppm [Patty 1963]. 

Human dllta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mucous membrane irritation or other symptoms were not noted 

after a 10-minute exposure of 5,000 ppm [Patty and Yant 1929]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 1,500 ppm [LEL) 

a.ala for revised IDLH: Baaed on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Patty and Yant 

1929], a value of at least 5,000 ppm would have been appropriate for n-pentane. However, the revised IOLH for 

n- ntane is 1,500 based' on safe considerations i.e., bein 10% of the lower ex losive limit of 1.5% . 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1966). Pentane (n-pentane). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27:207-209. 

2. Flury F, Zemik F (1931). Schldliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, pp. 257-2&4 (in German). 

3. Fuhner H (1921). The narcotic effect of gasoline and its components: pentane, hexane, heptane, octane. Biochemische 

Zeitschrift 115:235-261 (translated). . 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc .• p. 1198. 

378 
n-P~"tane (continued) 

5. Patty FA, Yant WP [1929]. Odor intensity and symptoms produced by commercial propane, butane, pentane, hexane, 

and heptane vapor. Pittsburgh, PA: Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations, No. 

2979, pp. 1-10. 

6. Spector WS, ed. [1956]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

pp. 346-347. 

7. Stoughton RW, Lamson PO [1936]. The relative anaesthetic activity of the butanr;~ lind pentanes. J Pharmacol Exp 

Ther 58:74-77. 

379 
2-Pentanone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... : .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

Baai. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

107-87·9 

\50 ppm (530 ~ TWA 

200 ppm (700 mglm') TWA 

200 ppm (700 mgtm3

) TWA. 250 ppm (875 ~ STE1. 

200 ppm (705 mglm3) TWA, 250 ppm (881 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless to water·white liquid with a charaderistic acetone-like 

odor. 

1.5% (10% LEL. 1.500 ppm) 

5.000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

the maximum concentration that caused no serious disturbances 

in guinea pigs in 1 hour was 5.000 ppm [Yant et al. 1936]. 

None developed 

LC50 LCLo Adjuated O.Sohr Derived 

Species RefeNnce (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. J.963 Len: 2,000 ........ -- " hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) "00 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. U62 LC\oo: 4,000 40 ............ " hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

G. pig Yant et &1. U36 ............. 50,000 50 min 60,000 ppm (1.2) 6,000 ppm 

G. pig Yant et al. 1936 .............. 13,000 5hr 27,950 ppm (2.15) 2,795 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD50 LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Rat Clayton .ana Clayton 1982 oral 1,600 ..... -_ ... 3,128 ppm 313 ppm 

Mouse Clayton ana Clayton 1982 oral 1,600 _ .... _ ..... 3,128 ppm 313 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure to a concentration of 1.500 ppm was associated with 

complaints of ocular and upper respiratory irritation [Yant et al. 

1936]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 1,500 ppm 

a.ala for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for 2·pentanone is 1,500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Yant et al. 1936]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 1,500 ppm. Also, this value is 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.5%. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton GO. Clayton FE, eda. [1982]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ad. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York: John 'Mley & Son., Inc., p. 4735. 

2. Patty FA, ad. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ad. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 173-4. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. AMA Arch Ind 

Hyg Occup Mad 23:95-107. 

4. Yant WP, Patty FA, Schrenk HH [1936]. Acute response of guinea pigs to vapors of some new commercial organic 

compounds. IX. Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone). Public Health Rep 51:392-399. 

380 
Perchloromethyl mercaptan 

CAS number ............................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal coneentr;:t!on datp· 

5~2-3 

0.1 ppm (O.B mglm3) TWA 

0.1 ppm (O.B mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0. 76 mglm~ TWA 

Pale-yellow, oily liquid with an unbearable, acrid odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

10 ppm 

No useful data on aCJ:e inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for pe'chloromethyl mercaptan. The ch . "n 

IDLH, therefore, has been based on an analogy with hy.. ·n 

sulfide. According to ACGIH, perchloromethyl mercaptan ,~ 

about 20 times more toxic than hydrogen sulfide which has an 

IDLH of 300 ppm. 

None developed 

LCIO LC ... AdJusbtd O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. ReferenCfl (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Althoff 1973 11 _ .. -_ ... lhr 1 .. ~pm (1.25) 1.4 ppm 

Rat Althoff 1973 16 .. ~ --. lhr 20 ppm (l.25) 2.0 ppm 

Mouse Althoff 1973 9 ...... __ .. 3hr 16 ppm (1.8) 1.6 ppm 

Human Flury and Zernik 1931 .. --_ .. 388 10 min n:. ppm (0.69) 27 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 38 .. --_ .. 2 hr I -:'''' (1.6) 6.1 ppm 

Mouse Marhold 1972 -_ ....... 46 15 min 3! IT~' (0.79) 3.6 ppm 

Rat Vernot et al. 1977 11 ----- lhr 14 Pi'::: (1.25) 1.4 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LD ... 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Marhold 1972 oral 82.6 .... _-- 75 ppm 7.5 ppm 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that perchloromethyl mercaptan is about 

one-sixth as toxic as phosgene [prentiss 1937]. 

Revised IDLH: 10 ppm [Unchanged] 

a.sis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Flury and Zemik 1931). a value of about 

25 ppm would have been appropriate for perchloromethyl mercaptan. However. the originallOLH for perchloromethyl 

mercaptan (10 ppm) is not being revised at this time baled on an analogy to phosgene [prentiss 1937] which has a 

revised IOLH of 2 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [?]. 

2. Althoff H (1973). Todliche perchlormethylmercaptan-intoxikation. Arch Toxikol31:121-134. [From ACGIH [19911. 

Perchloromethyl mercaptan. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biolQgical exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmental industrial Hygienists. pp.1195=1196.) 

3. Flury F. Zemik F (1931). Schldliche gaM dlmpfe. nebel. rauch- und staubarten. Berlin. Germany: Verlag von Julius 

Springer, p. 362 (in German). 

4. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 97. 

5. Mamold JV (1972). Sbomik vysledku toxixologiekeho vysetreni latek a pripravku. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Institut 

Prumyclu. p. 13 (in Czechoslovakian). . 6. Prentiss AM [1937]. Chemicals in war. A treatise on chemical warfare. New York. NY: McGraw-Hili Book Company. 

Inc .• p. 1504. 

7. Vemot EH, MacEwen JD. Haun CC. Kinkead ER [19771. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organiC and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl Pharrnacol42(2):417-423. 

381 
Perchloryl fluoride 

CAS number ..............•.......•..•........ 

NIOSH REL .............•.....•.......••...... 

Current OSHA PEL .................• _ ...•...... 

1989 OSHA PEL .........•... ......•... "" .....•. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ...........•....•.... ., ... 

Description ofaubetance .. " ....... , ..........•. 

LEL ......................................... . 

7616-94-6 

3 ppm (14 mglm3) TWA, 6 ppm (28 mglm3) STEL 

3 ppm (13.5 mglm3

) TWA 

3 ppm {14 mgIm') TWA, 6 ppm (28 mgIm~ STEL 

3 ppm (13"..", TWA. B ppm (25 mglm~ STEL 

Colo'" gM ~ • c:t.acteristic, sweet odor. 

~a. 

Original (SCP) IOLH ...................•........ 385 ppm 

eaaia for original (SCP) IOLH ..................•• The chosen IDlH iIs based on the rat "-hour LCso 01385 ppm 

{GIeene et It. ~960 cited by ACGU-{ 1971}. 

Short-term exposure guidell... . ............. . NIane dl&w4cped 

ACUTE TOlaan' DATA 

Lethal concentnltion data: 

LCso LCu Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

~ea R._rene. (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat !)cat er _1.. 1574 ............ - 2,000 40 min 2,200 ppm (1.1) 220 ppm 

Rat Greene et al. lHQ 385 .......... - 4hr 770 ppm (2.0) 77 ppm 

MOWle Greene et al. !.He 630 .... _-- 4hr 1,260 ppm (2.0) 126 ppm 

Dog Jacobson U'S. ---_ .. 451 4hr 902 ppm (2.0) 90 ppm 

HulMft dda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for u .. in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 100 ppm 

eaaia for reviaed IOLH: The revised IOLH for perchloryl ftuoride is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Greene et al. 1960: Jacobson 1958j. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Perchloryl ftuoride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 202·203. 

2. Dost FN, Reed OJ, Smith VN, Wang CH [1974]. Toxic properties of chlorine trifluoride. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

27:527-536. 

3. Greene EA, Colboum JL, Donati E, Weeks MH [1960]. The inhalation toxicity of perchloryl fluoride. Army Chemical 

Center, Maryland: U.S. Army Chemical Re .. arch and Development Laboratories, Technical Report No. CRDLR 3010, 

p.9. 

4. Jacobson KH [1958]. Transactions of the Symposium on Health Hazards of Military Chemicals. Army Chemical Center, 

MD: Directorate of Medical Research, U.S. Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories, CWL Special Publication 2-10. 

382 
Petrol.6m distillates (naphtha) 

CAS number .. ", ............................ . 

NIOSH REL ............. '..... '.' ....... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

lEl ............................ '" .......... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH ........................... . 

a.aia for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short·tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

8002-05-9 

350 mo'l'!" T'NA, 1.800 I'\"~ 1..,3 15-minute CEILING 

ow ppm (2.000 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1,600 mglm3

) TWA 

400 ppm (1.590 mgIm3) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a gasoline- or kerosene-like odor. 

1.1% (10% LEL, 1.100 ppm) 

10.000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA (1963) that 

the atmospheric concer"trations immediately hazardous to life 

are from 10.000 to 20,000 ppm [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. 

In addition. the short exposure tolerance to petroleum naphtha is 

based C;'. a statement by AIHA (1963) that 4.000 to 7.000 ppm 

may De tolerated for 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 1943). but 

not without development of definite symptoms of narcosis 

[Drinker et al. 1943). 

None developed 

Animal data .. , ............ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that concentrations of 10,000 to 20,000 ppm 

are immediately dangerous to health [Henderson and Haggard 

1943). It has also been stated that concentrations of 4.000 to 

7.000 ppm could be tolerated for 1 hour. but not without definite 

symptoms of narcosis [Drinker et al. 1943). 

Revised IDLH: 1.100 ppm [LEL) 

a.sia for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Drinker et al. 

1943; Henderson and Haggard 1943). a value of about 4.000 ppm would have been appropriate for petroleum distillates 

(naphtha). However. the revised IDLH for petroleum distillates (naphtha) is 1.100 ppm based strictly on safety 

considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.1 %). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1963). Petroleum naphtha. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Aasoc J 24:427-428. 

2. Drinker P, Yaglou CPo Warren MF (1943). The threshold toxicity of gasoline vapor. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI25:225-232. 

3. Henderson Y. Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York. NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 192. 

383 
Phenm 

CAS number •............................ 

NIOSH REL .......... , ....... "., ........... ,' 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ........................ .. 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

')~95.2 

5 PflI'!\ {19 ~m'} T'NA. 

15.6 ppm (SO m~ 15-rninute CEILING [skin] 

o ppm (19 mglm ) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (19 mglm" TWA [skin] 

Colorless to light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL, 1,800 ppm) 

250 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with cresol which has 

an IDLH of 250 ppm. 

1991 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) 

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPGs): 

ERPG-1: 10 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG·2: 50 ppm (60-minute) 

ERPG-3: 200 ppm (60-minute) 

LCse LCLII Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mammal Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1955 19 ........... ? ? ? 

Rat Nagoznyi 1976 81 ............... ? ? ? 

Mouse Nagoznyi 1976 69 ............... ? ? ? 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD .. LOLlI 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Rat Brown and Lamson 1935 oral 317 ...... -_ ... 568 ppm 57 ppm 

Rabbit Deichmann and Witherup 1944 oral ----- 420 752 ppm 75 ppm 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ----- 500 895 ppm 90 ppm 

Cat Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ----- 80 143 ppm 14 ppm 

Mou •• Koro1ev et al. 1973 oral 270 ----- 483 ppm 48 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD5Q (mouse), 166 ppm [OeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. In rats, an 

exposure of 312 ppm for 1 hour only resulted in lacrimation and 

eye and nasal irritation: a alight lou of coordination was reported 

within 4 hours of exposure to 230 ppm [Flickinger 1976]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that the toxicity of phenol is closely related to 

that of cresol [ACGIH 1991]. It has been reported that 14 to 

Revised IDLH: 250 ppm [Unchanged] 

140 mg/kg is the lethal oral dose [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; 

Lefaux 1978]. [Note: An oral dose of 14 to 140 mglkg is 

equivalent to a 7O-kg WOft(er being exposed to 167 to 1,670 ppm 

for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Flickinger 1976] and an analogy to cresol 

[ACGIH 1991] which has a revised IDLH of 250 ppm, the originallDLH for phenol of 250 ppm is not being revised at this 

time. 

384 
Phenol (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1991). Cresol. all isomers. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 340-341. 

2. Brown HW, Lamson PO [1935]. Oral toxicity of ortho-n-alkylphenols to white rats. Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med 32:592-594. 

3. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(2):137-143. 

4. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Phenol (carbolic acid). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New YOnt, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., pp. 463-4&4. 

5. Deichmann WB, Witherup S (1944). Phenol studies. VI. The acute and comparative toxicity of phenol and 0-, m- and 

p-cresols for experimental animals. J Phannacol Exp Ther 80:233-240. 

6. Flickinger CW [1976]. The benzenediols: catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone: a review of the industrial toxiCOlogy 

and current industrial exposure limits. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 37:596-606. 

7. Flury F, Zernik F (1935). Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1319 (in Gennan). 

8. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1955]. On the toxicity and maximum permissible concentration of a complex set of the neoleucorite 

(phenoformaldhyde) resin volatile products; 19(8):37-40 (in Russian). 

9. Korolev AA, Abirdir AA, et al. [1973] Hygienic and toxicologic features of products of phenol destruction in ozone 

treatment of water. Gig Sanit 38(8):6-10 (in Russian). 

10. Lefaux R [1978]. Practical toxicology of plastics. Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co, p. J29. 

11. Nagoznyi PA [1976]. About the elimination of the problem of combined effect of several toxic materials. Gig Sanit 

41(6):103-105 (in Russian). 

385 
p-Phenylene diamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ..................•...... _ ......... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ...................... __ ." .. .. 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ...................•.... 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* .....................•.•... , 

Basis for original (SCP)lDLH ................... . 

Short·tann npoaure g~ ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

106-50-3 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

O. t mg/m3 TWA [skin) 

Same as cwrent PEL 

O.1~lWA 

~ to ..., red, crystalline aaIid.. 

U!*nown 

UnImown ["Note: '"Effec:tiwe" 1DlH. 25rmg!r 

below.} 

ACGIH [1971) reported that the TLV forttMis 

to be sufficiently low to minimize the ntnmr: 

become sensitized, but the limit is not 1t:;);I. .' 

exacerbation of asthma in those alre~' ~,', 

p.phenylene diamine. Because sensiti= .:;: . 

endangered by concentrations far beloYv tn· 

used to set an IDLH. Therefore, in the 'it 

toxicological data and noting that Patty ,;:c.' 

poisoning from industrial exposure to t '" ,.-.' 

[Reichel 1934), for this draft technical ~d' .-." 

have been selected on the basis ofthfo ass,-

factor afforded by each device up to tt ; S,L : 

at 20"C (approximately 29.1 mglm3) rc "','," 

only the "most protective" respirators· ~;.. 'c'-' . 

concentrations exceeding 25 mgIm3, 

None developed 

LD .. LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuat.d LD 

Rat Burnett et al. 1977 oral 80 -... -_ ... 560 mg/m' 

Rabbit Hanzlik 1923 oral --... -- 250 1,750 mg/m' 

Cat Hanzlik 1923 oral ........ ", ... 100 700 mg/m' 

Rat Lloyd et al. 1977 oral 98 ...... -...... 686 mg/m' 

G. pig Sheftel 1988 oral 145 "''''''' ... 1.015 mg/m' 

isailfiligeed 

ln~ 

prwtIIIl: 

J 

la~ 

l c:BmCItt-. 

lerr 

;d.,.tenw.: 

~spiratcn; 

)tedlorr 

onClll'lttatforr: 

ro~mgt~; 

;or Ul8'il11 

Derived'" 

56 mg/m>-

175 mgtIII' 

70 1II9'/m' 

69 mg/m> 

102 mg/nt> 

Human da~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlHd IDLH: 25 mglm3 

Baal. for revlMd IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for p.phenylene diamine. 

Therefore, based on health considerations and acute oral toxicity data in animals [Burnett at al. 19n; Hanzlik 1923; Uoyd 

et al. 1977), a value of about 50 mgIm3 would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for p.phenylene diamine 

is 25 mgIm3 based on the concentnltion recommended originally in the Standards Completion Program for deciding when 

the "most protective" respirators should be used. Because sensitized workers may be affected by concentr1ltions far 

below occu ational ex sure limb, exacerbation of asthma cannot be used to set an IDLH. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). p.Phenylenediamine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worttroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 205. 

2. Burnett C, Loehr R, Corbett J [1977). Dominant lethal mutagenicity study on hair dyes. J Toxico! Environ Health 

2:657-662. 

3. Hanzlik PJ [1923). The pharmacology of some phenylenediamines. J Ind Hyg 4:386-<409, 448, ..s2. 

386 
p-Phenylene diamine (continued) 

4. Lloyd GK, Ugget MP, Kynoch SR, Davies RE [1977]. Assessment of the acute toxicity and potential irritancy of hair dye 

constituents. Food Cosmet ToxicoI15(6):607-610. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2121. 

6. Reichel H [1934]. Vergifungsfallen S:A21 (in German). 

7. Sheftel VO [1988]. Toxic properties of phenylene diamine. Gig Sanit 53(7):62-63 (in Russian). 

387 
Phenyl ether (vapor) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ................... ; ..................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideUn .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

101-84-8 

1 ppm (7 mglm3) TWA 

1 ppm (7 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 ppm (7 mglm~ TWA, 2 ppm (14 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless, crystalline solid or liquid (above 82°F) with a 

geranium-like odor. 

0.7% (10% LEL. 700 ppm) 

No Evidence rNote: "Etfective"IDLH. 100 ppm - see 

discussion belOW.] 

No evidence of an IDLH for phenyl ether exists in the available 

toxicological data. Patty [1963] reported that phenyl ether's 

vapors do not present a toxicological problem, but may be a 

nuisance because of its disagreeableness. For this draft 

technical standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 100 x the OSHA PEL of 1 ppm (i.e., 100 ppm); only 

the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 100 ppm. High concentrations of the 

vapor are unlikely to be encountered in the workplace because 

of its high boiling point and low vapor pressure. 

None developed 

LD .. LDLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived valus 

Rat Opdyke 1974 oral 3,370 .... --- 3.337 ppm 334 ppm 

Rat Vogel et al. 1964 oral 4,000 .. ---- 3,960 ppm 396 ppm 

G. pig Vogel et al. 1964 oral 4,000 -_ .... - 3.960 ppm 396 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed to 20 ppm for 7 hours per day for 20 days 

exhibited only eye and nasal irritation [Hefner et al. 1975]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that industrial experience has shown no 

evidence that phenyl ether, either as a liquid, mist. or vapor, is a 

health hazard under ordinary conditions of production and use; 

no overt systemic toxicity was found at concentrations that were 

not intolerably disagreeable [Clayton and Clayton 1981]. 

RevlHd IDLH: 100 ppm 

eaala for revlHd IDLH: eased on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Opdyke 1974; Vogel et al. 1964], a value of about 

350 ppm would have been appropriate for phenyl ether vapor. However, the revised IDLH for phenyl ether vapor is 

100 ppm based on being 100 times the NIOSH REL or OSHA PEL (100 ia an assigned protection factor for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective- respirators should be 

used for phenyl ether vapor). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Clayton ~D, Clayton FE, eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2A. Toxicology. New 

York, NY. John Wile~ & Sons,lnc .. pp. 2498-2499, 2541-2543. 

2. Hefner RE Jr, Leong 8KJ, Kociba RJ, Gehring PJ [1975]. Repeated inhalation toxicity of diphenyl oxide in experimental 

animals. Toxicol &PI Pharmacol 33:78-86. 

3. Opdyke OW [1974. Dipentene. In: Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food Cosmet ToxicoI12:703-736. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [196 I. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. Uoo. 

5. Vogel WH, Snyder R, Schulman MP [1964]. Effects of aromatic and non-aromatic model compounds and drugs on 

enzymic activities. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 146:66-73. 

388 
Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture (vapor) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH" ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposu,.. guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

8004-13-5 

1 ppm (7 mglm3) TWA 

1 ppm (7 mglm3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

Not specifically listed 

Colorless to straw-colored liquid or solid (below 54"F) with a 

disagreeable, aromatic odor. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: ·Effective·IDLH = 100 ppm - sse 

discussion below.] 

Patty [1963] reported that concentrations of the vapor of a 

phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture that are Sufficiently high to cause 

toxic effects from a single exposure of up to 7 hours duration are 

not attainable [Dow]. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 100 II the OSHA 

PEL of 1 ppm (I.e., 100 ppm); only the ·most protective· 

respirators are permitted for usa in concentrations exceeding 

100 ppm. High concentrations of the vapor are not likely to be 

encountered in the workplace because of the high boiling point 

and low vapor pressure of this material. 

None developed 

LOIO LOLa 

Speci .. Rere,..nce Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

House Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1967 oral 3,210 ----- 3,178 ppm 318 ppm 

Rabbit Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 4,200 ----- 4,158 ppm 416 ppm 

G. pig Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 3,000 ----- 2,970 ppm 297 ppm 

Rat Harhold 1986 oral 2,460 ---_ .. 2,436 ppm 243 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . ... . ..... . Concentrations ranging from 7 to 10 ppm have caused burning 

of the eyes, irritation of the respiratory tract, and severe nausea 

[ILO 1971]. 

Revised IDLH: 10 ppm 

easls for ,..vlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for a phenyl ether-biphenyl vapor mixture is 10 ppm based on acute inhalation 

toxicity data in humans [ILO 1971]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 10 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Dow [7]. Unpublished data from the Dow Chemical Company, Biochemical Research Laboratory. [From Patty FA, ed. 

[1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Intersc:ience Publishers, Inc., 

p.1703.] 

2. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1967]; 13(4):42-44 (in Russian). 

3. ILO [1971]. Diphenyland derivatives. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-I<). 

Geneva. Switzerland: Intemational Labour Office, pp. 391-392. 

4. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 61. 

5. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 271 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1703. 

389 
Phenyl glycidyl ether 

CAS number .............. , .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstanc •........................ 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short"rm .xp08u ... guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

122-60-1 

1 ppm (6 mglm3) 15-minute CEILING; NIOSH considers phenyl 

glycidyl ether to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

10 ppm (60 mglm3) TWA 

1 ppm (6 mglm3

) TWA 

1 ppm (6.1 mglm~ TWA 

Colorless liquid. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 500 ppm - see discussion 

below.) 

ACGIH (1971) reported that 10 rats exposed to 100 ppm phenyl glycidyl ether 7 hours/day for 50 days exhibited no immediately 

ObViOUSfti ns of tOXicity, and no deaths occurred [Hine et al. 19 . The IDLH is unknown, but for this draft technical 

standard, Ie the OSHA PEL of 10 ppm (i.e., 500 ppm) has 

been chosen as the concentration above which only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted. Because of the hi9h boiling point and low vapor pressure of phenyl glycidyl ether, high concentrations are not likely to be encountered in the industrial 

environment. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5ohr Derived 

Specl.s R.fe ... nce (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) value 

Rat Hine et al. 1956 >100 ...... --- ahr >250 ppm (2.5) >25 ppm 

Mou.e Hine et al. 1956 >100 ... ---- 4hr >200 ppm (2.0) >20 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 >323 --_ ... - ? ? ? 

Lethal dON data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. R.felWftce Rout. (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived valu. 

Rat Kine et al. 1956 oral 3,350 ----- 4,319 ppm 432 ppm 

Mou.e Kine et a1- 1956 oral 1,400 ----- 1,571 ppm 157 ppm 

Ma1lllll&1 Smyth et al. 1954 oral 4,260 ----- 4,779 ppm 47a ppm 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In an chronic study, ms exposed to 100 ppm for 7 hours/day for 

50 days exhibited no immediately obvious signs of toxicity, and 

no deaths occurred (Hine at al. 1956). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlHClIDLH: 100 ppm 

easl. for ... vIHCIIDLH: The revised IDLH for phenyl glycidyl ether is 100 ppm based on chronic inhalation toxicity data 

in animals [Hine at at. 1956]. This may be • conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data 

for workers. (Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be wom for 

phenyl glycictVl ether at concentrations above 1 ppm.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [19711. Phenyl Illycidvl ether (PGE). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in woritroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati,O"H: lunerican Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 206-207. 

2. Hine CH, Kodama JK, Wellington JS, Dunlap MK, Anderson HH [1956]. The tOXICOlogy of glycidol and some glycidyl 

ethers. AMA Arch Ind Health 14:250-264. 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CP, Pozzani UC (1954). Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

390 
Phenylhydrazine 

CAS number .... : ............................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substllnce ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose datil: 

Speci .. Reference Route 

Rat Bkahtat 1965 oral 

MouBe BkBhtat 1965 oral 

Rabbit BkBhtat 1965 oral 

G. pig Bkahtat 1965 oral 

Dog Ekahtat 1965 oral 

100-63-0 

0.14 ppm (0.6 mglm3) 2-hr CEILING [skin); NIOSH considers 

phenylhydrazine to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

5 ppm (22 mglm3) TWA [skin) 

5 ppm (20 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (45 mglml) STEL [skin) 

0.1 ppm (0.44 mglm3) TWA [skin), A2 

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid or solid (below 67" F) with a faint, 

aromatic odor. 

Unknown 

295 ppm rNote: "Effective" IDLH c 250 ppm - see discussion 

belOW.] 

No data on acute or chronic inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base the IDLH. Systemic effects described by 

Patty (1963) were caused by chronic exposures from oral dosing. 

NIOSH (1976) cited a rat oral LDso of 188 mgJkg [Ekshtat 1965) 

which provides a calculated estimate of 1,300 mglm3 (295 ppm) 

for the IDLH. Because of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device, however, 50 ,. the OSHA PEL of 5 ppm (i.e., 

250 ppm) is the concentration above which only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

LDIO LOu. 

(mglkg) (mgJkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

188 -_ ....... 293 ppm 29 ppm 

175 -_ ........ 273 ppm 27 ppm 

80 ----- 125 ppm 13 ppm 

80 ..... -_ ... 125 ppm 13 ppm 

200-250 ----- 312-390 ppm 31-39 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 15 ppm 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for phenylhydrazine. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for phenylhydrazine is 15 ppm based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Ekshtat 1965). 

[Note: NiOSH recommends as part of Its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for phenyl 

hy~razine at concentrations above 0.14 DDm.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Ekshtat BY [1965]. Maximum permiuible concentrations ofhydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine in water bodies. 

Gig Sanit 30(8):191-197 (translated). 

2. NIOSH (1976). MV89250. Hydrazine, phenyl-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 598. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 2227-2228. 

391 
Phosdrin 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... : .................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Dncrlptlon ofaubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Bula for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7786-34-7 

0.01 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) TWA, 0.03 ppm (0.3 mglm3) SrEL [skinJ 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skinJ 

0.01 ppm (0.1 mglm3) TWA, 0.03 ppm (0.3 mglm3

) STEL [skinJ 

0.01 ppm (0.92 mglm3

) TWA, 

0.03 ppm (0.27 mglm3

) STEL [skinJ 

Pale-yellow to orange liquid with a weak odor. 

Unknown 

4 ppm 

No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IDLH for Phosdrin. The chosen IDLH has been 

estimated from the male rat oral LD50 of 6 to 7 mglkg [Shell 1956 

cited by ACGIH 1971J. [Note: A concentration of 4 ppm 

phosdrin is equivalent to about 40 mglm3.J 

None developed 

LC50 LCLa Adjuated a.5ohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Kodama et al. 1954 14 ........... 1hr 1& ppm (1.25) 1.& ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LDIO LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mgJkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Kenaga 1979 oral 3 ----- 2.3 ppm 0.2 ppm 

Mouae Kodama et al. 1954 oral 4 ----- 3.0 ppm 0.3 ppm 

Rat Shell 1956 oral 6-7 .. _--- 4.5-5.3 ppm 0.5 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A dose of 2.5 mg/day for 27 days caused a 25% decrease in red 

blood cell cholinesterase [Rider et al. 1975]. [Note: An oral 

dose of 2.5 mglday for 27 days is equivalent to a worker being 

exposed to about 5 ppm for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing 

rate of 50 liters per minute and 1000/0 absorption.J 

Revised IDLH: 4 ppm (Unchanged) 

Bula for revised IDLH: Based on acute toxicity data in humans [Rider at al. 1975], the originallDLH for phosdrin 

(4 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Phoadrin (mevlnphoa). In: Documentation oftha threshold limit values for substances in woritroorn air. 

3rd ad. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial HygieniSts, p. 208. 

2. Kenaga EE [1979]. Acute and chronic toxicity of 75 pesticides to various animal species. Down to Earth 35:25-31. 

3. Kodama J, Morse MS, Anderson HH, Dunlap MK, Hines CH [1954]. Comparative toxicity of two vinyl-substituted 

phosphates. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Mad 9:45-61. 

4. Rider JA, Puletti EJ, Swader JI [1975]. The minimal oral toxicity level for mevinphoa in man. Toxico! Appl Pharmacol 

32(10):97-100. 

5. Shell [1956]. Personal communication to ACGIH from the Shell Chemical Corporation, August 31,1956. [From ACGIH 

[1991]. Phosdrin. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ad. Cincinnati, 

OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1044-1046.J 

392 
Phosgene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ...................................... , .. . 

Origlnal(SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

Human Diller 1978 500 

Human Diller 1978 -_ ....... Human Diller 1978 ..... --- Mammal Flury 1928 ... --.... Human Izmerov et al. 1982 -_ ........ Cat Izmerov et al. 1982 ... --..... Rat NORC 1946 340 

Mouse NORC 1946 438 

Rabbit NORC 1946 243 

G. pig NORC 1946 316 

OOg NORC 1946 1,022 

Monkey NORC 1946 145 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 ---... - Mammal Tab Biol Per 1933 ... --.... 

75-44-5 

0.1 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) TWA, 

0.2 ppm (0.8 mglm3

) 15-minute CEILING 

0.1 ppm (0.4 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.40 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless gas with a suffocating odor like musty hay. 

Nonflammable Gas 

2 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Jacobs [1967] 

that 1 part in 200,000 (5 ppm) is probably lethal for exposures of 

30 minutes. Gross et al. [1965] indicated that concentrations as 

low as 0.5 ppm for 2 hours caused definite pathological changes 

in the lungs of rats sacrificed 96 hours post exposure; the 

investigators believed some abnormalities were present 

3 months after rats had been exposed at 2 ppm for 80 minutes. 

An IDLH of 2 ppm is used for phosgene to prevent irreversible 

adverse health effects. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1·hour EEGL: 0.2 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 0.02 ppm 

LCLo AdjuaWct O.5-hr 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

............... 1 min 160 ppm (0.32) 

3 2.83 hr 5.3 ppm (1.78) 

30 17 min 25 ppm (0.82) 

SO 5 min 28 ppm (0.55) 

88 30 min 88 ppm (1.0) 

46 15 min 37 ppm (0.79) 

.... --- 3D min 340 ppm (1.0) 

.. ---- 3D min 438 ppm (1.0) 

----- 30 min 243 ppm (1.0) ..... -_ .. 30 min 316 ppm (1.0) 

--_ ...... 20 min 981 ppm (0.96) 

----- 1 min 46 ppm (0.32) 

SO 5 min 28 ppm (0.55) 

2.7 30 min 2.7 ppm (1.0) 

Derived 

value 

16 ppm 

0.5 ppm 

2.5 ppm 

2.8 ppm 

8.8 ppm 

3.7 ppm 

34 ppm 

44 ppm 

24 ppm 

32 ppm 

98 ppm 

4.6 ppm 

2.8 ppm 

0.3 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm for 

2 hours caused definite pathological changes in the lungs of rats 

sacrificed 96 hours post exposure; the investigators believed 

some abnormalities were present 3 months after the rats had 

been exposed at 2 ppm for 80 minutes [Gross et al. 1965]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been calculated that based on acute toxicity data in 

humans, the lethal dose for a »minute exposure would be 

about 17 ppm [Oilier 1978]. It has been stated that 25 ppm for 

30 to 60 minutes is dangerous and brief exposure to 50 ppm 

may be rapidly fatal [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. It has also 

been stated that 5 ppm is probably lethal for a 3O-minute 

exposure [Jacobs 1967]. 

393 
Phosgene (continued) 

RevlHd IDLH: 2 ppm [Unchanged) 

Baala for revlHd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Oilier 1978; Jacobs 1967], the originallDLH 

for phosgene (2 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Diller WF (1978). Medical phosgene problems and their possible solution. J Occup Med 20: 189-193. 

2. Flury F (1928). Modeme gewerbliche vergiftungen in pharmakologisch-toxikologischer hinsicht 

(Pharmacological·toxicological aspects of intoxicants in modem industry). Arch Exp Pathel Pharmakel 138:e~2 

(translated). 

3. Gross p, Rinehart WE, Hatch T (1965). Chronic pneumonitis caused by phosgene. Arch Environ Health 10:768-775. 

4. Henderson Y, Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 

pp.137·138. 

5. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projeds, GKNT, p. 99. 

e. Jacobs MB [1967]. The analytical toxicology of industrial inorganic poisons. New York, NY: Interscience Publishers, 

pp. 648-649. 

7. NDRC (1946). Summary technical report of division 9, NDRC. Vol 1. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical 

problems. Parts 1·11. Washington, DC: National Defence Research Committee, pp. 1·385. 

8. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 69-86. 

9. Tab Bioi Per (1933); 3:231 (in German). 

394 
Phosphine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.cription of .ubetanca ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7803-51-2 

0.3 ppm (0.4 mgtm3) TWA, 1 ppm (1 mglm3) STEL 

0.3 ppm (0.4 mgtm3) TWA 

0.3 ppm (0.4 mgtm3) TWA, 1 ppm (1 mglm3) STEL 

0.3 ppm (0.42 mgtm3

) TWA, 1 ppm (1.4 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless gas with a fish- or garlic-like odor. 

1.79% (10% LEL, 1,790 ppm) 

200 ppm 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

290 to 430 ppm is dangerous to life after 1 hour, and 

Short-tarm .xposu ... guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal conc.ntration data: 

100 to 200 ppm is the maximum amount for 0.5 to 1 hour 

[Henderson and Haggard 1943]. 

None developed 

LCIO LCu AdJu&tItd 0.5-I1r Derived value 

Specl •• R.f .... nc. (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) 

Mammal Flury 1928 ........... 1,000 5 min 550 ppm (0.55) 55 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 -_ ...... 270 2hr 431 ppm (1.6) 43 ppm 

G. pig Izmerov et a1. 1982 -_ ........ 100 4hr 200 ppm (2.0) 20 ppm 

Cat Izmerov et a1. 1982 ............. 50 2hr 80 ppm (1.6) 8.0 ppm 

Rabbit Schulz 1890 ...... -_ .. 2,500 20 min 2,400 ppm (0.96) 240 ppm 

Human Tab Bio1 Per 1933 --_ ..... 1,000 5 min 5S0 ppm (0.55) S5 ppm 

Rat Waritz and Brown 1975 11 ---_ ... 4hr 22 ppm (2.0) 2.2 ppm 

Oth.r human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, tightness of 

the chest, cough, headache, and dizziness have been reported 

in workers exposed intermlttenUy to concentrations up to 35 ppm 

[Jones et al. 1964]. It has been stated that 290 to 430 ppm is 

dangerous to life after 1 hour, and 100 to 200 ppm is the 

maximum amount for 0.5 to 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 

1943). 

ReviHd IDLH: 50 ppm 

aa.i. for ... vi.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for phosphine is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Jones et a!. 1964; Tab Bioi Per 1933]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 35 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F [1928]. Modeme gewerbliche vergiftungen in pharmakoiogisch-toxikoiogilCher hinsicht 

(Pharmacological-toxicologicalaapecta of intoxicants in modem industry). Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 138:65-82 

(translated). 

2. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 243. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicornetric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, RUSSia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 75. 

4. Jones AT, Jones RC, Longley EO [1964]. Environrnentaland dinicalaspec:ta of bulk wheat fumigation with aluminum 

phosphide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:375-379. 

5. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 884. 

6. Schulz H (1890). Uber phosphorwasserstoff. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 27:314-335 (in German). 

7. Tab Bioi Per [1933]; 3:231 (in German). 

8. Wantz RS, Brown RM [1975]. Acute and subacute inhalation toxicities of phosphine, phenylphosphine, and 

triphenylphosphine. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 36:452-458. 

395 
Phosphoric acid 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ...................... ; ....... . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLHe ........................... . 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t8rm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

7664-38-2 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 TWA 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

Thick, colorless, odorless, crystalline solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

10,000 mglm3 rNote: "Effective"IDLH· 2,000 mglm' - see 

discussion below.) 

According to MCA [1958), phosphoric acid does not cause any 

systemic effect, and the chance of pulmonary edema from mist 

or spray inhalation is very remote. The rat oral LDso of 

1,530 mglkg [Biofax 1970) cited by NIOSH provides a calculated 

IDLH of about 10,000 mglm3. However, for this draft technical 

standard, raspirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 • the OSHA PEL (i.e., 2,000 mglm3); only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 2,000 mglm3• 

None developed 

LD .. Lo... 

Specl .. Re"rence Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Biofax 1970 oral 1,530 ..... _ .. - 10,710 mg/fII' 1,071 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that phosphoric acid does not cause any 

systemic effect and that the chance of pulmonary edema from 

mist or spray inhalation is very remote [MCA 1958). 

RevlHd IDLH: 1,000 mgIm3 

Baala for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for phosphoric acid is 1,000 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in 

animals IBiofax 1970). This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for woriters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Biofax [1970). Data aheet 19-04170. Northbrook,IL: Biofax Industrial BiG-Test Leboratoriea,lnc. 

2. MCA [1958). Chemical safety data sheet S0-70: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

phosphoric acid. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemitts Association, pp. 1-13. 

3. NIOSH [1976]. T863000. Phosphoric acid. In: Registry of-toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control. National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 879. 

396 
Phosphorus (yellow) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH" ........................... . 

aasls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

7723-14-0 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.02 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) TWA 

White to yellow, soft, waxy solid with acrid fumes in air. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 200 mglm' - see 

discussion below.] 

There is no evidence of an IDLH because, as ACGIH [1971] 

stated, acute effects rarely resuH from inhalation of phosphorus 

vapor. ACGIH [1971] also reported that rabbits survived daily 

30-minute exposures to 150 to 160 mglm' [Maruo 1955]. For 

this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have been 

selected on the basiS of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device up to 2,000 II the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mglm' (i.e., 

200 mglm'); only the "most protective" respirators are pennitted 

for use in concentrations exceeding 200 mglm3• 

None developed 

LDta LDLo 

Species Reterence Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived valus 

Rat Cheng-Chun et al. 1975 oral 3.03 ...... -_ ... 21 mg/m' 2.1 mg/m' 

Mouae Cheng-Chun et al. 1975 oral 4.82 --......... 34 mg/m' 3.4 mg/m' 

Dog YaltJtyoku 1977 oral ... ---... 10 70 mg/m' 7.0 mg/m' 

Cat Yakkyoku 1977 oral ......... -- 4 28 mg/m' 4.0 mg/m' 

Other animal data .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rabbits have survived daily 3O-minute 

exposures to 150 to 160 mglm' [Maruo 1955]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Death has reportedly resuHed from a single dose of 1 mglkg 

[Smyth 1956]. Severe toxic symptoms have been reported 

following a single oral dose of 15 mg [SoIlmann 1943]. However, 

survival of ingestion up to 1.5 grams have also been reported 

[Oiza-Rivera et al. 1950; Newburger et al. 1948]. [Note: An oral 

dose of 15 mg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being exposed to 

10 mglm' for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters 

per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 5 mglm' 

Basis for revlMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for phosphorus (yellow) is 5 mglm' based on acute oral toxicity data in 

humans [Sollmann 1943] and animals (Cheng-Chun et al. 1975; Yakkyoku 1977]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Phosphorus (yellow). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 210. 

2. Cheng-Chun L, Dilley JV, Hodgson JR, HeHon DO, Wiagand WJ, Roberts ON, Anderson as, Halfpap LM, Kurtz LD 

[1975]. Mammalian toxicity of munition compounds: phase I. Acute oral toxicity, primary skin and eye irritation, dennal 

sensitization and disposition and metabolism. Washington, DC: Headquarters, U.S. Army Medical Research and 

Development Command, Contract DM0-17-74-C-4073. 

3. Diaz-Rivera RS, Collazo PJ, Pons ER, Torregrosa MV [1950]. Acute phosphorus poisoning in man. A study of 

56 cases. Medicine 29:269-298. 

397 
Phosphorus (yellow) (continued) 

4. Maruo T [1955]. Experimeatal study on poisoning due to gas of yellow phosphor. Part I. The hemogram of rabbits. 

Fukuoka Acta Medica 46:604-615 (in Japanese). 

5. Newburger RA. Beaser SB. SchwachmanH (1948). Phosphorus poisoning with recovery accompanied by 

electrocardiographic changes. Am J Med 4:927-930. 

6. Smyth HF Jr (1956). Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2):129-185. 

7. Sollmann T (1943). A manual of pharmacology and its applications to therapeutics and toxicology. 6th ed. Philadelphia. 

PA: W.B. Saunders. pp. 884-889. 

8. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28:329 (in Japanese). 

398 
Phosphorus pentachloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ...................... : ....... . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCIO 

Mouse Henderson and Haggard 1943 ... --_ ... 

Rat Molodkena 1973 205 mg/II' 

Lethal dOH data: 

10026-13-8 

1 mglm3 TWA 

1 mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.85 mglm3 (0.1 ppm) TWA 

lNhite to pale-yellow, crystalline solid with a pungent, unpleasant 

odor. 

Noncombustible Solid 

2oomglm3 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with phosphorus 

trichloride (PCIJ and statements by Henderson and 

Haggard (1943) that 2 to 4 ppm Pel, is the maximum 

concentration allowable for short exposures (0.5 to 1 hour) and 

50 to 90 ppm is dangeroul for short exposures. Therefore, 

200 mglm3 (24 ppm) is chosen as the IDLH for phosphorus 

pentachloride. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

LCu TIme LC (CF) value 

1,020 mg/II' 10 min 704 mg/II' (1.4S) 70 mg/II' ...... -_ ... ? ? ? 

LOIO LOu 

Specl .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Molodkena 1973 oral 660 ...... --- 4,620 mg/II' 462 mg/.' 

Other data .................................... The vapors of phosphorus pentachloride decompose in the 

presence of moisture with the subsequent liberation of 

hydrochloric and phosphoric acids [Henderson and Haggard 

1943). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 70 mg/m3 

eaala for reviMcllDLH: The revised IDLH for phosphorus pentachloride is 70 mgJrn' based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals (HenderIon and Haggard 1943]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

toxicity data for wor1ters. However. an IDLH of 70 mg/m3 for phosphorus pentachloride (Pd.) is roughly equivalent on a 

"chlorine basis· to the revised IDLH of 50 ppm (I.e., 75 mg/rn3) for hydrogen chloride (HCI) which may be appropriate since 

PC I. decomposes in the of moisture to HCI [Henderson and Haggard 1943f 

REFERENCES: 

1. Henderson Y. Haggard HW [1943]. Noxicq gases. 2nd ed. New Yortt, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 134. 

2. Molodkena NN [1973]. Toxicological comparisons of chlorine phosphate compounds (POCI" PCI" PCIs) by lingle and 

repeated exposures. Toksikol Nov Prom !<him Yeah 13:104 (in RUllian). 

399 
Phosphorus pentasulfide 

CASnumber ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... ." .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1114 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t8rm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

1314-80-3 

1 mglm3 nNA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 nNA 

1 mglm3 nNA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 nNA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

Greenish-gray to yellow, crystalline solid with an odor of rotten 

eggs. 

Unknown 

75Omglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for phosphorus pentasulfide (PzS,). MCA [1958] 

reported that ·pzSs is a compound which by itself possesses little 

toxicity; PzSs, however, hydrolyses [SiC] rapidly on contad with 

water or even with moisture present in the atmosphere to cause 

the liberation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas.· For this draft 

technical standard, therefore, the chosen IDLH has been based 

on an analogy with HzS assuming complete conversion of P 2SS 

into HzS gas. [Note: The complete conversion of 750 mglm3 of 

PzSs will result in about 400 ppm HzS.]. Patty [1963] reported 

that 400 to 700 ppm HzS is dangerous after exposure for 0.5 to 

1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. The chosen IDLH for 

HzS is 300 ppm. 

None developed 

LDII LDLo 

Specl_ Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Marhold 1972 oral 389 .. -_ .. - 2,723 mg/m' 272 m9/m' 

Other data ......................•............. Phosphorus pentasulfide (PzS,) rapidly hydrolyzes to hydrogen 

sulfide (HzS) and phosphoric acid on contad with water or with 

moisture present in the air [ACGIH 1991]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 250 mgI~ 

a.ala for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for phosphorus pentasulfide 

(PzS,). Therefore, the revised IDLH for phosphorus pentasulfide is 250 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals 

[Marhold 1972] and an analogy to hydrogen sulfide [ACGIH 1991] which has a revised IDLH of 150 ppm. [Note: The 

complete conversion of 270 mQI~ P.S. will result in 150 ppm H.S.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. PhoaphoNs pentasulfide. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological eo ',,:·:,ure 

indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 1259-1260. 

2. Henderson Y, Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation, p. 245. 

3. Marhold JV [1972]. Sbomik vysIecIku toxixologiekeho vysetreni latek a pripravku. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Institut 

Prurnydu, p. 16 (in Czechoslovakian). 

4. MCA [1958]. Chemical safety data sheet S0-71: properties and essential information for safe handling and use of 

phosphorus pentasulfide. Washington, DC: Manufacturing Chemists Association, pp. 1-14. 

5. Patty FA, ad. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 899. 

400 
Phosphorus trichloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ...................... : ....... . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ............•............. 

Description of aubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

n19-12·2 

0.2 ppm (1.5 mglm3

) TWA, 0.5 ppm (3 mglm3

) STEL 

0.5 ppm (3 mglm3

) TWA 

0.2 ppm (1.5 mglm3

) TWA, 0.5 ppm (3 mglm" STEL 

0.2 ppm (1.1 mglm" TWA, 0.5 ppm (2.8 mglm" STEL 

Colorless to yellow, fuming liquid with an odor like hydrochloric 

acid. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

50 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that serious disturbances in animals resulted from exposure to 

50 to 90 ppm for 1 hour [Butjagin 1904]. 

None developed 

LCIO LC ... Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) velue 

Rat Weeka et al. 1964 104 ----- 4hr 208 ppm (2.0) 21 ppm 

G. pig Weeka et al. 1964 50 ----- 4hr 100 ppm (2.0) 10 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD. LD... 

Specl .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived velue 

Rat Parent 1990 oral 18 ... _ ... -... 22 ppm 2.2 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cats and guinea pigs exposed for 6 hours at 0.7 ppm showed 

only mild signs of intoxication and a 1-hour exposure at 2 to 

<4 ppm failed to produce severe signs of poisoning; however, a 

single 1-hour exposure at 50 to 90 ppm resulted in serious 

disturbances [Butjagin 1904]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 27 ppm 

had symptoms that included buming of the eyes and throat, 

irritation of the pharyngeal mucous membranes, and mild 

bronchitis within 2 to 6 hours after exposure [Sassi 1952]. 

RevlHd IDLH: 25 ppm 

Baal. for revIMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for phosphorus trichloride is 25 ppm baed on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humansJSassi 1952] and animals IButiagin 1904; Weeks et al. 19&4]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Phosphorus trichloride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in wortuoom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrilll Hygienists, pp. 211·212. 

2. Butjagin PIN [1904]. Experimental studies on the effect of technically and hygienically important gases on the organism. 

Part XII. Studies on phosphorus trichloride. Arch Hyg 49:307·335 (in German). [From ACGIH [1971]. Phosphorus 

trichloride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

Americen Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 211·212.] 

3. Parent RA, ed. (1990). Acute toxicity data. J Am CoIl Toxicol, Part B 1:71. 

<4. Sassi C [1952]. Occupational poisoning with phosphorus trichloride. Med Lav 43:298-306 (in Italian). 

5. Weeks MH, Musselman NP, Vevich PP, Jacobson KH, Oberst FW [19&4]. Acute vapor toxicity of phosphorus 

oxychloride phosphorus trichloride and methyl phosphoric dichloride. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:<470-<475. 

<401 
Phthalic anhydride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

CUI'I"ent OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ...................... ; ....... . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohub8tance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baai. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short .... nn e~u ... guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Specl .. R.,.,.nce Rout. 

Rat B10fax 1970 oral 

Moua. IZIDerov et al. 1982 oral 

Cat Marhold 1986 oral 

Rat Patty 1963 oral 

Mauae Zhilova and Ka8parov 1969 oral 

85-44-9 

6 mglm3 (1 ppm) TWA 

12 mglm3 (2 ppm) TWA 

6 mglm' (1 ppm) TWA 

6.1 mglm3 (1 ppm) TWA 

'Nhite solid (flake) or a dear, colorless, mobile liquid (molten) 

with a characteristic, acrid odor. ' 

1.7% (10% LEL, 10,500 mglm3) 

10,000 mglm' 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base an IOLH for phthalic anhydride, the chosen IOLH 

is based on repeated exposure data. AIHA [1967] reported that 

exposure of rats and rabbits to 10,000 mglm' for 4 hours/day for 

several days produced a 25% fatality rate [Mallen 

and Zielhuis 1964]. 

None developed 

LOIO LOLA 

(mglkg) (mglkg) AdJust.d LD Dertved value 

4,020 ----- 28,140 lItIJ/rr 2,814 IItIJ/ID' 

1,520 ----- 10,500 IDg/" 1,050 mg/ID' 

800 ----- 5,600 1ItIJ/" 560 1ItIJ/m' 

800-1,600 .. -......... 5,600-11,200 mg/ID' 560 -1,120 IDg/ID' 

2,210 ----- 15,470 l1ifJ/rr 1,547 lItIJ/m' 

Other animal data ............... '.' . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure of rats and rabbits to 

10,000 mglm3 for 4 hours/day for several days produced a 25% 

fatality rate [Malten and Zielhuis 1964]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that an exposure of 30 mglm' is associated 

with conjunctivitis, while 25 mglm3 is associated with signs of 

mucous membrane irritation [Baader 1955]. It has been stated 

that phthalic anhydride hal similar toxic effects (i.e., irritation of 

the skin, eyea, and upper reapiratory system) as maleic 

anhydride, but hal reduced potency [ACGIH 1991]. 

Revised IDLH: 60 mgtmJ 

Ba.1a for revIMd IDLH: Based on acute toxicity data in animala [BiofIIx 1970; Izmerov at al. 1982; Malten and Zielhuis 

1964; Marhoid 1986; Patty 1983; ZhiIova and Kasparov 1969], a value between 600 and 3,000 mgtmJ would have been 

appropriate. However, the revised IOLH for phthalic anhydride il 60 mgIm' O.e., 10 times the NIOSH REL) based on 

acute Inhalation datil In humans [Baader 1955] and an analogy to maleic anhydride [ACGIH 1991] which hal a revised 

IOLH that Ia 10 times Ita NIOSH REL Thit may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

work .... ex to concentrationa above 30 m3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Phthalic anhydride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit valuea and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemrnentallndustrial Hygienista, pp. 1263-12&4. 

2. AIHA [1967]. Phthalic anhydride. In: Hygienic guide aeriea. Am Ind Hyg Auoc J 28:395-398. 

3. Baader EW [1955]. 0 ....... due to phthalic acid and ita COmpoundl. Arch Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 13:419-453 (in 

German). 

4. Biofax [1970]. Phthalic anhydride. Northbrook, IL: Biofax Industrial Bio-Teat Laboratoriel, Inc. 

402 
Phthalic anhydride (continued) 

5. izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow. Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 322. 

6. Malten KE. Zielhuis RL [1964]. Alkyd resins. In: Industrial toxicology and dermatology in the production and processing 

of plastics. Amsterdam. The Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing Company. pp. 59-70. 

7. Mamold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie. Organicke Latky. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Avicenum. p. 322 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

8. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .• pp. 1822-1823. 

9. Zhilova NA. Kasparov AA [1969]. Phthalic anhydride and n-nitrosodiphenylamine (Vulcalent A). Chem Abstr 71:280. 
Picric acid 

CAS number .............. , .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm exposure guidelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Speci .. Reference Routs 

G. pig Flury and Zernik 1935 oral 

Cat Flury and Zernik 1935 oral 

Rabbit von Ottingen 1941 oral 

88-89-1 

0.1 mglm3 TWA, 0.3 mglm3 STEL [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Yeilow, odorless solid. 

Unknown 

100 mglm3 

Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base an IOLH for picric acid. the chosen IOLH has been 

estimated from data conceming the oral toxicity. According to 

ACGIH (1971), the ingestion of 1 or 2 grams of picriC acid in man 

causes severe poisoning. 

None developed 

LDso LDu 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

...... --- 100 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' ...... -_ .. 250 1,750 mg/m' 175 mg/m' ............. 120 940 mg/m' 84 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ingestion of 1 to 2 grams of picric acid has been reported to 

cause severe poisoning [ACGIH 1991). [Note: An oral dose of 1 

to 2 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to 660 to 

1,330 mglm3 for 30 minutes. assuming a breathing rate of 

50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Revised IDLH: 75 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for picriC acid. Therefore. the 

revised IOLH for picriC acid is 75 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [ACGIH 1991) and animals [Flury and 

Zemik 1935; von Ottingen 19041]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Picric acid. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 212-213. 

2. ACGIH (1991). Picric acid. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1271·1273. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

4. von Ottingen WF (19041). The aromatic amino and nitro compounds, their toxicity and potential dangers. A review of the 

literature. Public Health Bulletin 271:151. 

404 
Pindone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Oucription of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

83-26-1 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Bright-yellow powder with almost no odor. 

Unknown 

200 mglm3 

a.aia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . According to ACGIH (1971). the critical rodenticidal dosages of 

Pivai® (pindone) and warfarin are similar. Therefore. the chosen 

IDLH is based on an analogy with warfarin which has an IDLH of 

200 mglm3. 

Short·term expoeure guldellnea ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

LDIO LDLA 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Gaines 1960 oral 280 _ ...... -- 1.960 mg/m' 196 mg/m' 

Dog Klinaner 1971 oral 75 ----- 525 mg/m' S3 mg/m' 

Rabbit Perkow 1971/1976 oral 150 ...... -_ ... 1,050 mg/m' 105 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been'reported that the critical rodenticidal dosages of 

Pivai® (pindone) and warfarin are similar [ACGIH 1971). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 50 to 500 mglkg is the probable lethal 

oral dose [Gosselin et al. 1984). [Note: An oral dose of 50 to 

500 mglkg is equivalent to a 7Q.kg worker being exposed to 

about 2.330 to 23.300 mg/m3 for 30 minutes. assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

Revlaed IDLH: 100 mg/m3 

a.aia for revlaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for pindone. Therefore. the 

revised IDLH for pindone is 100 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et al. 1984) and animals 

[Gaines 1960; Klimmer 1971; Perkow 1971/1976) and an analogy to warfarin [ACGIH 1971) which has a revised IDLH of 

1oomg/m3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Pival (2-pivaIyl-1.~nandione). In: Documentation of the threshokllimit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. p. 213. 

2. Gaines TB (1960). The acute toxicity of pesticides to rats. Toxicol AppI Pharmacoi 2:88-99. 

3. Gosselin RG. Smith RP. Hodge HC [1984). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Baltimore. MD: Williams 

& Wilkins Company. p.II·348. 

4. Klimmer OR [1971]. PfIanzenschutz und schaedlingsbekaempfungsmittel: abrias einer toxikologie und therapy von 

vergiftungen. 2nd ed. Hdingen. Germany: Hundt·Veriag. p. 118 (in German). 

5. Perkow W [1971/1976]. Wirksubstanzen der pftanzenschutz und schadlingsbekampfungsmittel. Berlin. Germany: 

Verlag Paul Parey. 1971·1976 (in German). 

405 
Platinum (soluble salts, as Pt) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1884 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubst.nce ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.sls for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t8rm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Varies 

0.002 mglm3 TWA 

0.002 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.002 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence [*Note: "Effective" IOLH = 4 mg Ptlm3 - see 

discussion below.} 

Air concentrations at or slightly above the OSHA PEL for soluble 

platinum salts can elicit an allergic response in sensitized 

workers. Therefore, the IOLH cannot be set to protect these 

sensitized individuals. The available toxicological data do not 

indicate any toxic effects in nonsensitized individuals. Because 

there is no evidence of an IOLH for nonsensitized individuals, for 

this draft technical standard, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 2,000 II the OSHA PEL of 0.002 mg Ptlm3 (i.e., 

4 mg Ptlm3); only the "most protective" respirators are permitted 

for use in concentrations exceeding 4 mg Ptlm3• 

None developed 

Animal or human dat. .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 4 mg Ptlrnl 

Baal. for revised IDLH: Since the available toxicological data do not indicate any acute toxic effects in nonsensitized 

individuals, the revised IOLH for soluble platinum salts is 4 mg Ptlm3 based on being 2,000 times the NIOSH REL or 

OSHA PEL (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used during the Standards Completion 

Program for deciding when the "most protective' respirators should be used for soluble platinum salts). Since air 

concentrations of soluble platinum salts slightly above the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL can elicit allergic responses in 

sensitized individuals, the revised IOLH cannot be set to protect these sensitized individuals. 

406 
Portland cement 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19M ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

65997-15-1 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

50mppcfTWA 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 5 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

10 mglm3 (total dust) TWA 

Gray, odorless powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDlH • 25,000 mppcf - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicological data show no evidence that an acute 

exposure to a high air concentration of Portland cement would 

impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDlH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 • the OSHA PEL (500 • 50 mppcf is 

25,000 mppcf). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. • 

Revised IDlH: 5,000 mglm3 

BaSis for revised IDlH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of Portland cement would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for portland cement is 5,000 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 10 mglm3 

(500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for 

deciding when the "most protective" res2irators should be used for particulates). 

407 
Propane 

CAS number .............. : .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19MACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.aia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm expoaura guidelines '" ...........•... 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

74-98-6 

1,000 ppm (1 ,800 mg/m~ TWA 

1,000 ppm (1,800 mg/m3) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

Simple asphyxiant 

Colorless, odorless gas. 

2.1% (10% LEL, 2.100 ppm) 

20,000 ppm [LEL] 

Propane is a simple asphyxiant and does not present an IDLH 

hazard at concentrations below its lower explosive limit (LEL). 

The chosen IDLH is based on the LEL of 21.000 ppm rounded 

down to 20.000 ppm. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that brief inhalation exposures to 

Revised IDLH: 2.100 ppm [LELJ 

10,000 ppm propane cause no symptoms in humans [Braker and 

Mossman 1980]. Propane is considered to be a simple 

asphyxiant [ACGiH 1991]. 

a.ala for ravlaed IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [ACGIH 1991; Braker 1980]. a value much 

greater than 10.000 ppm would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for propane is 2.100 ppm based 

strictly on safety considerations (i.e .• being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 2.1 %). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Propane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 1286-1287. 

2. Braker W. Mossman AL [1980]. Matheson gas data book. 6th ed. Secaucus. NJ: Matheson Gas Products. 

pp.615-623. 

408 
n-Propyl acetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL ........................ , ..... . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of .ubsulnce ......................•. 

LEL(~1oo'F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Ba.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term expoaure guide""" ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIa 

Specie. Reference (ppm) 

109-60-4 

200 ppm (840 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (1,050 mglm3) STEL 

200 ppm (840 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (840 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (1,050 mglm') STEL 

200 ppm (835 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (1,040 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a mild, fruity odor. 

1.7% (10% LEL(~1OO'F), 1,700 ppm) 

8,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that a 4-hour exposure to 8,000 ppm was fatal to 4 of 6 rats 

[Smyth et al. 1954]. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJuated O.5-hr Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Cat Flury and Wirth 1933 _ ..... _- 8,941 Shr 19,223 ppm (2.1S) 1,922 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 LC,,: 8,000 ----- 4 hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

Lethal do.e data: 

LOla LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuated LD Derived value 

Rat Jenner et al. 1964 oral 9,370 ----- 15,433 ppm 1,543 ppm 

Mouse Jenner et al. 1964 oral 8,300 ----- 13,671 ppm 1,367 ppm 

Rabbit Munch 1972 oral 6,640 ----- 10,936 ppm 1,094 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 oral 8,700 ----- 14,329 ppm 1,433 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that based on acute inhalation studies, 

n-propyl acetate appears to be more toxic than isopropyl acetate 

and ethyl acetate but leIS toxic than n-butyl acetate [ACGIH 

1991]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revl.ed IDLH: 1,700 ppm 

Ba.I. for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-propyl acetate is 1,700 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Flury and Wirth 1933; Smyth et al. 1969]. The revised IDLH is roughly the same as the revised IDLHs for ethyl 

acetate and n-butyl acetate and is also. 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.7% (which was determined at 1QO-F). This 

may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. n-Propyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 216. 

2. ACGIH [1991]. n-Propyl acetate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and ~iC81 exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 1300. 

3. Flury F, Wirth W [1933]. Zur toxikologie der IOsungsmittel. (Verschieden ester, aceton, methylalkohol.) Arch 

Gewerbepath Gewerbehyg 5:1·90 (in German). 4. Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL, Fitzhugh OG [1964]. Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. 

I. Acute oral tOXicity. FoocfCosmet ToxicoI2:327-343. 

5. Munch JC [1972]. Aliphatic alcohols and alkyl esters: narcotic and lethal potencies to tadpoles and to rabbits. Ind Med 

Surg 41:31-33. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pezzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

7. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS [1969]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assae J 30(5):470-476. 

409 
n-Propyl alcohol 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of lubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.111 for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidell".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC. 

71-23-8 

200 ppm (500 mg/m') TWA, 250 ppm (625 mg/m') STEL [skin) 

200 ppm (500 mg/m') TWA 

200 ppm (500 mg/m3

) TWA, 250 ppm (625 mglm') STEL 

200 ppm (0492 mg/m') TWA, 250 ppm (6104 mglm') STEL [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a mild, alcohol-like odor. 

2.2% (10% LEL, 2,200 ppm) 

04,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

2 of 6 rats died following a <4-hour exposure to 04,000 ppm [Smyth 

et al. 19504). In addition, Patty (1963) reported that deep narcosis 

was produced in 2 mice exposed to 04,100 ppm for 04 hours 

[Starrek 1938). 

None developed 

LCLo Adjultad O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time , LC (CF) value 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 LC,,: 4,000 ----- 4 hr I 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal don data: 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Routs (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjultad LD Derived value 

Rabbit Munch and Schwartze 1925 oral 2,800 ...... -_ ... 7,840 ppm 784 ppm 

Mouse Savini 1968 oral 6,800 ----- 19,040 ppm 1,904 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1954 oral 1,870 ... ---- 5,236 ppm 524 ppm 

Other animal data ..... , , .. , ........... , . . . . . . . . RD!iO (mouse), 12,7Q04 ppm [Alarie 1981). It has been reported 

that deep narcosis was produced in 2 mice exposed to 

04,100 ppm for 04 hours [Starrek 1938). 

Human data ............................ , . . . . . . Mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat have been reported at 

0400 ppm [Nelson at ai. 1943]. It has been reported that 

RevlHd IDLH: 800 ppm 

5,700 mglkg is the lethal oral dose [Durwald and Degen 1956). 

[Note: An oral dose of 5,700 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg 

wO/1(er being exposed to about 94,000 ppm for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption,] 

a.111 for revtHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-propyl alcohol is 800 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Nelson at al. 1943] and animals [Smyth at al. 19504]. This may be a conservative value due to the laCk of 

relevant acute toxicity data for wor1ters exposed to concentrations above 0400 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses, Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

2. Durwald W, Degen W [1956]. Eine todliche vergiftung mit n-propyl alkohol. Arch Toxikol16:85 (in German). [From 

ACGIH (1991). n-Propyl alcohol. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1301-1302.] 

3. Munch JC, Schwartze EW (1925). Narcotic and toxic potency of aliphatic alcohols upon rabbits. J Lab Clin Med 

10:985-996. . 

0410 
n-Propyl alcohol (continued) 

4. Nelson t<YI, Ege JF, Ross M, Woodman LE, Silverman L [1943]. Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. 

J Ind Hyg Toxicol 2S(7}:282-285. 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 1434-1435. 

6. Savini EC [1968]. Estimation of the LD50 in mol/kg. Proc Eur Soc St Drug Tox 9:276-278. 

7. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, pozzani UC [1954]. Range-finding toxicity data: list V. AMA Arch 100 Hyg Occup 

Med 10:61-68. 

8. Starrek E [1938]. The effect of some alcohols, glycols, and esters. Doctoral dissertation (translated). Wurzburg, 

Germany: Julius Maximillian University. 

411 
Propylene dichloride 

CAS number ................................. . 78-87-5 

NIOSH REL .................................. . None established; NIOSH considers propylene dichloride to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 75 ppm (350 mgtm3

) TWA 

1989 OSHA PEL ..............•................ 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Delcription of aubatance ....................... . 

75 ppm (350 mgtm3) TWA, 110 ppm (510 mglm3

) STEL 

75 ppm (3047 mgtm3) TWA, 110 ppm (508 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 3.4% (10% LEL, 3,400 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 2,000 ppm 

Balil for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the rat 4-hour LCso of 2,000 ppm 

[Carpenter et al. 1949 cited by Spector 1956]. 

Short-term exposure guidennes None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCse LCLo Adjulted O.5-hr Derived 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1949 2,000 .......... 4 hr 4,000 ppm CL 0) 400 ppm 

House Clayton and Clayton 1981 720 ............ 10 hr 1,944 ppm (2.7) 194 ppm 

Rat Pozzani et al. 1959 2,980 _ .. --.. 8 hr 7,450 ppm (2.5) 745 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LD .. LOLo 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

House Harhold 1986 oral 860 .......... 1,281 ppm 128 ppm 

Rat Pozzani et al. 1959 oral 1,947 .... -_ .. 2,900 ppm 290 ppm 

G. pig Sine 1993 oral 2,000 .... -_ .. 3,lll ppm 3ll ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animals exposed to 400 ppm for 7 hours per day, 5 days per 

week for 128 to 140 exposures had no histologic changes 

[Heppel et al. 1948]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 400 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The reVised IOLH for propylene dichloride is 400 ppm based on inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Carpenter at al. 1949; Heppe! et al. 1948]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of ita carcinogen policy that the 

"most protective" respirators be worn for propylene dichloride at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr. Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity. and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31(6):3043-348. 

2. Clayton GO. Clayton FE. eds. [1981]. Patty's industrial hygiene and toxicology. 3rd rev. ed. Vol. 2B. Toxicology. New 

York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Inc .• pp. 3529-3532. 

3. Heppel LA. Highman B. Peake EG [1948]. Toxicology of 1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride). IV. Effects of 

repeated exposures to a low concentration of the vapor. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI30:189-191. 

4. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague. Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 98 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

5. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP [1959]. The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose oral data. Am Ind Hyg Assoc 

J 20:364-369. 

6. Sine C, ed. [1993]. Propylene dichloride. In: Farm chemicals handbook '93, p. C284. 

7. Spector WS, ed. [1956]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

pp. 332-333. 

412 
Propylene imine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

CUrTent OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of .ubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a..i. for original (SCP) IDLH ......... , ......... . 

Short-term expoaure guldell"" ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

L~lconcenbationdata: 

LCIa 

75-55-8 

2 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers propylene imine 

to be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the 

OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

2 ppm (5 mgIml) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

2 ppm (4.7 mglm3

) TWA [skin]. A2 

Colorless. oily liquid with an ammonia-like odor. 

Unknown 

500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by Patty [1963] 

that 5 of 6 rats died from a 4-hour exposure to 500 ppm and 3 of 

5 guinea pigs died from a 2-hour exposure to 500 ppm; at 

500 ppm. rats survived a 2-hour exposure. and guinea pigs 

survived a 3O-minute exposure [Carpenter et al. 1948]. 

None developed 

LCLo Adjuatad O.5-hr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat carpenter et a1. 1949 ----.. 500 4hr 1,000 ppm (2.01 100 ppm 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 LCu : 500 ---.... lhr 625 ppm (1.251 53 ppm 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 LC.. : 500 ...... -_ ... 2hr 800 ppm (1.61 80 ppm 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 Le,,,: 500 -_ ... -- 4hr 1,000 ppm (2.01 100 ppm 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1948 LCu : 500 -_ ......... 4hr 1,000 ppm (2.01 100 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a 2-hour exposure to 

500 ppm and guinea pigs survived a 3O-minute exposure to 

500 ppm [Carpenter et al. 1948]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revlaed IDLH: 100 ppm 

a..I. for revl.ed IDLH: The revised IDLH for propylene imine is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Carpenter et al. 1948. 1949]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be worn for propylene imine at concentrations above 2 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr. Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity. and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 98 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxico! 31:343-346. 

2. Carpenter CPo Smyth HF Jr, Shaffer CB [1948]. The acute toxicity of ethylene imine to small animals. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

30:2-6. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. TOXicology. New Yen, NY: Inter&cienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2175. 

413 
Propylene oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 75-56-9 

NIOSH REL ................................... . None established; NIOSH considers propylene oxide to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLY ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

100 ppm (240 mglm3

) TWA 

20 ppm (50 mglm3

) TWA 

20 ppm (.a mglm3

) TWA 

Coloness liquid with a benzene-like odor. 

2.3% (10% LEL. 2.300 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the dog 4-hour LCLO of 2.005 ppm 

and the mouse 4-hour LC50 of 1.740 ppm [Jacobson et al. 1956 

cited by NIOSH 1976). 

Short-t8rm exposure guide".,.. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC50 LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Jacobson et al. 1956 1,740 .. -_ .... 4 hr 3,480 ppm (2.0) 348 ppm 

Dog Jacobson et al. 1956 ..... -_ .. 2,005 4hr 4,010 ppm (2.0) 401 ppm 

Rat Jacobson et al. 1956 4,000 .... --- 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

G. pig Rowe et al. 1956 .............. 4,000 4 hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 Len: 4,000 ... --_ .. 4hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD" LOlA 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

G. pig Gig Tr Prof Zabel 1981 oral 660 ........ -- 1,909 ppm 191 ppm 

Rat Pugaeva et al. 1970 oral 380 .......... 1,099 ppm 110 ppm 

Mouse Pugaeva et al. 1970 oral 440 ----- 1,273 ppm 127 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1941 oral 1,140 -_ .. -- 3,298 ppm 330 ppm 

G. pig Smyth et al. 1941 oral 690 .......... 4,830 ppm 483 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 400 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for propylene oxide is 400 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Jacobson et al. 1956]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the ·most protective· 

respirators be worn for oxide at any detectable concentration.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gig Tr Prof Zabol [1981]; 04e(7):76 On Russian). 

2. Jacobson KH. Hackley EB. Feinsilver L [1956]. The toxicity of inhaled ethylene oxide and propylene oxide vapors. 

Acute and chronic toxicity of ethylene oxide and acute toxicity of propylene oxide. AMA Arch Ind Health 13(3):237-244. 

3. NIOSH [1976]. TZ29750. Propane. 1.2-epoxy-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191. p. 968. 

4. Pugaeva yp. K1ochkova SE. et al. (1970). Experimental materials on hygienic reglamentation of propylene oxide. Gig Tr 

Prof ZaboI14(11):55-57 (in Russian). 

414 
Propylene oxide (continued) 

5. Rowe VK, Hollingsworth RL, Oyen F, McCollister DD, Spencer HC [1956]. Toxicity of propylene oxide detennined on 

experimental animals. AMA Arch Ind Health 13:228-236. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS [1969). Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg As&oc J 30(5):470-476: 

7. Smyth HF, Seaton J, Fisher L [1941). The single dose toxicity of some glycols and derivatives. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

23:259-268. 

415 
n-Propyl nitrate 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

621-1~ 

25 ppm (105 mglm3

) TWA, 40 ppm (110 mglm3

) STEL 

25 ppm (110 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (105 mglm3

) TWA, 40 ppm. (110 mglm3) STEL 

25 ppm (101 mglm3

) TWA, 40 ppm (112 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless to straw-colored liquid with an ether·like odor. 

2% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

2.000 ppm 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1911) 

that the dog <4-hour LC!IO is 2,000 to 2,500 ppm [Rinehart 

et al. 1958). 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Le~lconcenuationdata: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.5ohr Derived value 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) 

Rat Hood 1953 ............ 10,000 4 hr 20,000 ppm (2.0) 2,000 ppm 

Rat Rinehart et a1. 1958 ........... 9,000-10,000 4 hr 18,000-20,000 ppm (2.0) 1,800-2.000 ppm 

Mouae Rinehart et a1. 1958 ............ 6,000- 7,000 4 hr 12,000-14,000 ppm (2.0) 1,200-1,400 ppm 

Dog Rinehart et a1. 1958 .......... - 2,000- 2,500 4 hr 4,000- 5,000 ppm (2.0) 400- 500 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revisecllDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for n-propyl nitre18 is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Rinehart et al. 1958]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1911). n·Propyl nitrate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 211·218. 

2. Hood DB (1953). Toxicity of n·propyl nitrate and isopropyl nitrate. Report No. 21·53, Medical Research Project 

No. MR·110. Newark, DE: E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial 

Medicine. 

3. Rinehart WE. Garbers RC, Greene EA, Stouter RM (1958). Studies on the toxicity of n-propyl nitrate vapor. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 19:80-83. 

416 
Pyrethrum 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin" 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Species Reference Route 

Rat Carpenter et al. 1950 oral 

Rat Hayes 1982 oral 

Rat Malone and Brown 1968 oral 

Mouse Miyamoto 1976 oral 

G. pig Shimkin and Anderson 1936 oral 

8003-34-7 

5 mglm' TWA 

5 mglm' TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 mglm' TWA 

Brown, viscous oil or solid. 

Unknown 

5,000 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH has been estimated from the rat oral LOse of 

820 mglkg [Carpenter et al. 1950 cited by ACGIH 1971). In 

addition, ACGIH (1971) reported that rats experienced moderate 

lung congestion when exposed for 30 minutes to 6,000 mglm' 

pyrethrum in peanut oil [Carpenter et al. 1950). 

None developed 

LDso LOLa 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

820 ............. 5,740 mg/m' 574 mg/m' 

200-1,870 ...... -- 1,400-13,090 mg/m' 140-1,309 mg/m' 

273- 796 ..... -_ .. 1,911- 5,572 mg/m' 191- 557 mg/m' 

370 .......... - 2,590 mg/m' 259 mg/m' ............. 1,000 7,000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats experienced moderate lung 

congestion when exposed for 30 minutes to 6,000 mglm' 

pyrethrum in peanut oil [Carpenter et al. 1950). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been estimated that the fatal human dose might be 

between 1 and 2 glkg [Gosselin et al. 19&4; Lehman 1949). 

[Note: An oral dose of 1 to 2 glkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker 

being exposed to about .n,ooo to 93,000 mglm' for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.) 

Revised IDLH: 5,000 mglm' [Unchanged) 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for pyrethrum. Therefore, 

based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et al. 19&4; Lehman 1949), the original IDLH for pyrethrum 

(5,000 mglm') is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Pyrethrum. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 219-220. 

2. Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Smyth HF Jr (1950). Comparative acute and subacute toxicities of allethrin and 

pyrethrins. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2:420-432. 

3. Gosselin RE, Smith HP, Hodge HC [19&4]. Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 5th ed. Section III. Therapeutics 

Index. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 352-355. 

4. Hayes WJ Jr (1982). Pesticides studied in man. Baltimore, MD: WiIHams & Wilkins Company, pp. 75-80. 

5. Lehman AJ (1949). Pharmacological considerations of insecticides. Q Bulletin Assoc: Food Drug Off U.S. 13(2):65-70. 

6. Malone JC, Brown NC (1968). Toxicity of various grades of pyrethrum to laboratory animals. Pyrethrum Post 9:3-8. 

7. Miyamoto J (1976). Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids. Environ Health Perspect 14:15-28. 

8. Shimkin MB, Anderson HH (1936). Acute toxicities of rotenone and mixed pyrethrins in mammals. Proc Soc Exp Bioi 

Med 34:135-138. 

417 
Pyridine 

CAS number .............. , .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short"'nn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

110-86-1 

5 ppm (15 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (15 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5 ppm (16 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless to yellow liquid with a nauseating, fish-like odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL. 1,800 ppm) 

3,600 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty (1963) that 

2 of 3 rats died following a 6-hour exposure to 3,600 ppm 

[Fassett and Roudabush 1953). 

None developed 

LCu AdJuated O.5-hr Derived 

(ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

R.t v •••• tt and Roudabu.h 1953 LC .. : 3,600 ........ 6hr 8,280 ppm (2.3) 828 ppm 

R.t Smyth et .1. 1951 LC,,: 4,000 .. --_ .. 4hr 8,000 ppm (2.0) 800 ppm 

R.t Vemot et .1. 1977 9,000 --_ .... lhr 11,250 ppm (1.25) 1,125 ppm 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD. LDu 

Specl .. Reference Route (mgJkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Biofax 1970 or.l 891 ----- 1,896 ppm 190 ppm 

Mou.e Le.lie et .1. 1973 or.l 1,500 -_ ...... 3,191 ppm 319 ppm 

Rat Smyth et .1. 1951 or.l 1,580 ----- 3,362 ppm 386 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nausea, headache, insomnia, nervousness. and low back or 

abdominal discomfort with urinary frequency have occurred in 

individuals exposed to concentrations averaging 125 ppm for 

RevlHd IDLH: 1.000 ppm 

4 hours/day for 1 to 2 weeks (patty 1963). Chronic poisoning 

with mild symptoms of central nervous system injury occurred in 

workers at a plant where pyridine vapor concentrations ranged 

from 6 to 12 ppm [reasinger 1948]. 

a.ala for revlsecllDLH: The reviaed IOLH for pyridine is 1.000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Vemot et al. 1977]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Biofax [1970]. Data sheet 14. Northbrook. IL: Biofax Industrial BiG-Test Laboratories, Inc. 

2. Fassett OW, Roudabush RL l1953]. Toxicity of pyridine derivatives with relationship to chemical structure. Unpublished 

paper presented to the Arnencan Industrial Hygiene Association Conference. Los Angeles, CA. 

3. Leslie GB, Hanahoe THP, Ireson JO, Sturman G (1973). Some pharmacological properties of pyridine. Pharmacol Res 

Commun 5(4):341-365. 

4. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., pp. 2190, 2727-2731. 

5. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS [1951]. Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

6. Teisinger J [1948]. Mild chronic intoxication with pyridine. Czech Med J 39(1947); abstracted in J Ind Hyg ToxicoI30:58. 

[From ACGIH [1991]. Pyridine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 1328-1330.] 

7. Vemot EH, Macewen JO, Haun CC, Kinkead ER [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharrnacoI42(2):417-423. 

418 
Quinone 

CAS number .... : ............................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

106-51-4 

0.4 mg/m' (0.1 ppm) TWA 

0.4 mg/m' (0.1 ppm) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.44 mglm' (0.1 ppm) TWA 

Pale-yellow solid with an acrid, chlorine-iike odor. 

Unknown 

300 mglm3 

The chosen IDlH is based on the mouse LCLO of 320 mglm3 

[Zabolevanii 1962 cited by NIOSH 1976]. No other data on 

acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH. 

None developed 

LDIO L~ 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mammal Izmerov et al. 1982 s.c. 296 -_ .. -- 2,072 mg/m' 207 mg/m' 

Mouse Marquardt et a1. 1947 s.c. 93.8 ----- 657 mg/m' 66 mg/m' 

Mouse Serif and Seymour 1963 i.p. 8.5 ----- 60 mg/m' 6.0 mg/m' 

Rat Tomchin et a1. 1978 ? 5.6 -_ ...... 39 mg/m' 3.' mg/m' 

Rat Woodward et a1. 1949 oral 130 .... --.. 910 mg/m' 91 mg/m' 

Rat Woodward et a1. 1949 Lv. 25 .. -_ .... 175 mg/m' 18 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 mglm3 

Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for quinone. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for quinone is 100 mglm' based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Woodward et al. 1949]. This may be 

a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of International Projects, GKNT, p. 25. 

2. Marquardt P, Koch R, Aubert J.p [1947]. Die toxiziUlt der ein-, zwei- und dreiwertigen phenole. Zeit Ges Med Gren 

2:333 (in German). 

3. NIOSH [1976]. DK26250. p-Benzoquinone. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 eel. Rockville, 

MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 202. 

4. Serif GS, Seymour LE [1963]. Catabolism and excretion of the antithyroid substance, diacetyI-2,6-diiodohydroquinone. 

Biochem Pharmacol 12:885-891. 

5. Tomchin AB, AJeksandrova AE, Vinogradov VM [1978]. Structure and anti-hypoxic activity of alpha-dicarbonyl 

compounds and their derivatives. Farmakol Toxsikol 41(4):482-491 (in Russian). 

6. Woodward G, Hagan EC, Radomski JL [1949]. Toxicity of hydroquinone for laboratory animals. Fed Proc 8:348. 

7. Zabolevanii Prof. Khim. Etiol. Sb. [1962]. Prom Toksikol Klin, p. 137 Qn Russian). [From NIOSH [1976]. DK26250. 

p-Benzoquinone. In: Registry oftoxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of 

Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational 

Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 202.] 

419 
Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

OSHA PEL ................................... . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanee ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. deta: 

Specl .. Referenee 

RhCl, 

Rat Johnson 1981 

Rat Veselov 1977 

Na,RhCl. 

Rat Johnson 1981 

[Rh (NH,) ,Cl] Cl, 

Rat Johnson 1981 

7440-16-6 (Metal) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence [ONote: "Effective" IDLH = 200 mg Rhlml - see 

discussion below.] 

Because no evidence of an IDLH for rhodium (metal fume and 

insoluble compounds) is available, respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device up to 2,000 Ie the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mg Rhlm3 

(i.e., 200 mg Rhlml); only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 200 mg Rhlm3

• 

None developed 

LON LOlA 

Route (mglkg) (mgfKg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

oral >500 ----- >1,778 mg Rh/m' >179 mg Rh/m' 

oral 1,302 ............... 4,638 mg Rh/m' 464 mg Rh/m' 

oral >500 ............... >936 mg Rh/m' >94 mg Rh/m' 

oral >500 ----- >1,223 mg Rh/m' >122 mg Rh/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IOLH: 100 mg Rhlm3 

Basia for revlaed IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for insoluble rhodium 

compounds. Therefore, the revised IDLH for insoluble rhodium compounds is 100 mg Rhlm3 based on acute oral toxicity 

data in animals [Johnson 1981; Veselov 1977]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity 

data for wortters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Johnson, Matthey and Co., Ltd. [1981]. Biological effects of rhodium metal and compounds. Material Safety Report N5 

81-"8. [From ACGIH [1985]. Rhodium and compounds. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological 

exposure indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 512.] 

2. Veselov VG [1977]. Comparative toxicity of platinoids in conditions of acute oral intoxication of animals. Gig Tr Prof 

Zabol 21(7):55-57 (in Russian). 

420 
Rhodium (soluble compounds, as Rh) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

CUmlnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon of aubatance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlH* ........................... . 

Bula for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short .... rm expoaure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Varies 

0.001 mglm3 TWA 

0.001 mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.01 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No evidence rNote: "Effective" IDlH = 2 mg Rhlm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

There is no indication from experimental data or industrial experience that the soluble compounds of rhodium produce toxic 

effects in man. Therefore, because no evidence of an IDLH 

exists, respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of 0.001 mg Rhlm3 (i.e., 2 mg Rhlm3); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 2 mg Rhlm3• 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDlH. 

Revi .. d IDlH: 2 mg Rhlm3 

Baaia for reviaed IDlH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of soluble rhodium compounds would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. However, the revised IDLH for soluble rhodium compounds is 2 mg Rhlm3 based on being 2,000 times the 

NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 0.001 mg Rhlm3 (2,000 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used 

during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for soluble 

rhodium compounds). 

421 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... : .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.crlptlon ohub.tance .................... '.' .. 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

Ronnel 

299-84-3 

10 mglm3 TWA 

15 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

White to light-tan, crystalline solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

5,000 mglm3 

Sa.i. for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which 

to base the IOLH for ronnel. The chosen IOLH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the statement by ACGIH [1971] that the dog 

oral LOso is greater than 500 mglkg. 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

LOla LOLa 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adju.ted LD Derived value 

Mous. AAPCO 1966 oral 2,000 .. ........ 7,000 mg/m' 700 mg/m' 

Rabbit AAPCO 1966 oral 420 .......... 2,940 mg/m' 294 mg/m' 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 oral 1,400 ..... _-- 9,800 mg/m' 980 mg/m' 

Dog Klimmer 1971 oral 500 ---..... 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Rat Gig Sanit 1990 oral 625 .. --_ .. 4,375 mg/m' 438 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IOLH: 300 mglm3 

ea.i. for revi.ed IOLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for ronnel. Therefore, the 

revised IOLH for ronnel is 300 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity in animals [AAPCO 1966; Klimmer 1971]. This may be 

a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka, KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials, Inc., p. 965. 

2. ACGIH [1971]. Ronnel. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 222. 

3. Klimmer OR [1971]. Pflanzenschutz-und schaedlingsbekaempfungsmiltel: Abriss einer Toxikologie und Therapie von 

Vergiftungen. 2nd ed. Hattingen, Germany: Hundt-Vertag, p. 26. 

4. Gig Sanit [1990]. Long-term effects from transformation products of pesticides and surfactants; 45(6):14-17 (in Russian). 

422 
Rotenone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLHo ........................... . 

Basla for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exp~ure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

83-79-4 

5mglm3TWA 

5mglm3TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3TWA 

Colorless to red. odorless. aystalline solid. 

Unknown 

Unknown [ONote: "Effective" IDLH = 5.000 mglm' - see 

discussion below.) 

ACGIH (1971) reported that Lehman (1949). on the basis of his 

own worlt and a literature survey. estimated the fatal human oral 

dose to be about 200 grams. Accordingly. this is a relatively 

nontoxic compound for humans. and thus respirators have been 

assigned based on the assigned protection factor afforded by 

each device up to 1.000 " the OSHA PEL of 5 mglm3 (i.e .. 

5.000 mglm3); only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 5.000 mglm3

. 

None developed 

LOla LDI,o 

Species Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived valus 

Rat Kenaga 1979 oral 60 ......... -- 420 mg/m' 42 mg/m' 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 132 ...... --- 924 mg/m' 92 mg/m' 

Rat Lightbody and Matthews 1936 oral 25 ... --_ ... 175 mg/m' 1B mg/m' 

Mouse Soloway 1976 oral 2.B -_ ........ 20 mg/m' 2.0 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The fatal oral dose has been reported to be 200 grams [Lehman 

1949). [Note: An oral dose of 200 grams is equivalent to a 

worlter being exposed to about 130.000 mglm' for 30 minutes. 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.) 

Revl .. d IDLH: 2.500 mglm3 

Basi. for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for rotenone. Therefore. the 

revised IDLH for rotenone is 2.500 mglm' based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Lehman 1949) and being 500 times 

the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was uaed arbitrarily during the 

Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Rotenone (commercial). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. p. 224. 

2. Kenaga EE (1979). Acute and chronic toxicity of 75 pesticides to various animal species. Down to Earth 35:25-31. 

3. Lehman AJ (1949). Pharmacological considerations of insecticides. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 13(2):65-70. 

4. Lehman AJ (1951). Chemicals in foods: a report to the Association of Food and drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Section I. Introduction. Q Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-123. 

5. Lightbody DH. Matthews JA (1936). Toxicology of rotenone. Ind Eng Chem 28:809-811. 

6. Soloway SB (1976). Naturally occurring insecticides. Environ Health Perspect 14: 1 09-117. 

423 
Selenium compounds (as Se) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidennes 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC., 

Species Reference (ppm) 

SeO, 

7782-49-2 (Elemental) 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

Unknown rNote: "Effective"IDLH = 100 mg Selm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

ACGIH (1971) reported that the LDso values of soluble selenium 

compounds (selenite and selenate) for various animals and by 

different routes of administration ranged from 1.5 to 5 mglkg 

[Hall et al. 1951). However, respirators have been selected 

based on the assigned protection fador afforded by each device 

up to 500 x the OSHA PEL of 0.2 mg Se/m3 (I.e., 100 mg Se/m3

); 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 100 mg Selm3• 

None developed 

LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

(ppm) Time LC (CF) 

Rabbit Zapp 1946 -_ .... - 5,890mg/m' 20 min 3,638 1119 Se/m' (0.87) 364 mg Se/m' 

Goat Zapp 1946 .... -_ .. 6,590 mg/m' 10 min 3,228 mg Se/m' (0.69) 323 mg Se/m' 

Sheep Zapp 1946 .. __ ..... 6,590 mg/m' 10 min 3,228 1119 Se/m' (0.69) 323 mg Se/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

LD., LOlA 

Speci .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Se 

Rat Cummins and Kimura 1971 oral 6,700 .. _ .. -- 46,900 1119 Se/m' 4,6901119 Se/m' 

SeO,'2Na 

Rat Cummins and Kimura 1971 oral 7 ----- 22 1119 Se/m' 2.2 1119 Se/m' 

Pig Ohon 1986 oral ----- II 42 1119 Selm' 4.2 1119 Se/m' 

Cow Olson 1986 oral ----- 9.9 32 1119 Selm' 3.2 1119 Se/m' 

Goat Olson 1986 oral .. _--- 3.3 II 1119 Se/m' 1.1 1119 Se/m' 

Sheep Ohon 1986 oral ----- 3.3 II 1119 Selm' 1.1 1119 Se/m' 

Mouse Pletnikova 1970a oral 7.08 ----- 23 mg Se/m' 2.3 mg Se/m' 

G. pig Pletnikova 1970a oral 5.06 ----- 16 1119 Selm' 1.6 1119 Se/m' 

Rabbit Pletnikova 1970b oral 2.25 ----- 7.2 1119 Selm' 0.7 mg Se/m' 

Horae Stowe 1980 oral II ----- 42 1119 Se/m' 0.4 mg Se/m' 

SeOC1, 

Rabbit Wilber 1980 akin .. ---- 2 6.71119 Se/m' 0.7 1119 Se/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revisecllDLH. 

Revised IOLH: 1 mg Selm3 

easis for revised IOLH: The revised IDLH for selenium compounds is 1 mg Selnr based on acute toxicity data in 

animals [Olson 1986; Pletnikova 1970a, 1970b). This may be a conservative value for selenium compounds in general 

since it is based on sodium selenite. which is orders of magnitude more toxic than many other selenium compounds. 

Further, this may also be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers. 

424 
Selenium compounds (as Se) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Selenium compounds (as Se). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 224-225. 

2. Cummins LM, Kimura ET [1971]. Safety evaluation of selenium sulfide antidandruff shampoos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

20:89-96. 

3. Hall RH, Laskin S, Frank P, Maynard EA, Hodge HC [1951). Preliminary observations on toxicity of elemental selenium. 

AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 4:4~. 

4. Olson OE [1986). Selenium toxicity in animals with emphasis on man. J Am Coli Toxicol5(1):45-70. 

5. Pletnikova IP [1970a). Biological action and the non-injuriousness level of selenium when it enters the organism together 

with drinking water. Gig Sanit 35(2):14-19 (in Russian). 

6. Pletnikova IP [1970b). Biological effect and safe concentration of selenium in drinking water. Gig Sanit 35(1-3):176-181 

(translated) . 

7. Stowe HO [1980]. Effects of copper pretreatment upon the toxicity of selenium in ponies. Am J Vet Res 

41(12):1925-1928. 

8. VVilber CG [1980). Toxicology of selenium: a review. Clin ToxicoI17:171-230. 

9. Zapp JA [1946). Chapter 11. Cadmium, selenium, and the carbonyls of iron and nickel. In: Summary technical report of 

division 9, NDRC. Vol 1. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems. Parts I-II. Washington, DC: National 

Defence Research Committee, pp. 173-178. 

425 
Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Dncrlptlon ofaubatance ..... '" ............... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7783-79-1 

0.05 ppm (0.16 mglm~ TWA 

0.05 ppm (0.4 mglml) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.05 ppm (0.16 mglml) TWA 

Colortess gas. 

Nonflammable Gas 

5 ppm 

easls for orlglnal(SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by ACGIH [1971) 

that 5 ppm for 4 hours resulted in pulmonary edema from which 

rabbits. guinea pigs. rats. and mice survived [Kimmerte 1960); 

exposures to 10 ppm and greater for 4 hours were uniformly fatal 

to the exposed animals [Kimmerle 1960]. 

Short-term exposure guldellnee ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) valu. 

Rat Kimmerle 1960 ----- 10 1 hr 13 ppm (1.25) 1.3 ppm 

Mouse Kimmerle 1960 ............ - 10 1hr 13 ppm (1.25) 1.3 ppm 

G. pig Kimmerle 1960 ........... - 10 1 hr 13 ppm (1.25) 1.3 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 5 ppm for 4 hours resulted in 

pulmonary edema from which rabbits. guinea pigs. rats. and 

mice survived [Kimmerte 1960). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 2 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for selenium hexafluoride is 2 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Kimmerte 1960]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Selenium hexafluoride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrtal Hygienists. p. 226. 

2. Kimmerle G [1960]. Vergleichende untersuchungen der inhalationstoxicitat von schwefel-. selen· und teilumexafluorid 

(Comparative study of the inhalation toxicity of sulfur. selenium and tellurium hexafluorides). Arch ToxikoI18:140-144 (in 

German). 

426 
Silica, amorphous 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

Basia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn expoaure guidelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

7631·86-9 

6mglm3 TWA 

20 mppcf TWA; 80 mglm3JOA,Si02 TWA 

6mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Transparent to gray, odorless powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence [·Note: ·Effective" IDLH • 500 times the OSHA 

PEL - see discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of amorphous silica 

would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects 

within 30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 x the OSHA PEL. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .............•............ None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 3,000 mglm3 

Baais for reviaed IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of amorphous silica would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for amorphous silica is 3,000 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 6 mglm3 

(500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for 

deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

427 
Silica, crystalline (as respirable dust) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

14808-60-7 

0.05 mglm3 TWA; NIOSH considers crystalline siiica to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

Crystalline quartz (respirable): 250 mppcf/(%Si02 +5) TWA 

10 mglm'/(%Si02 + 2) TWA 

Crystalline quartz (total dust): 30 mglm3/(%Si02 + 2) TWA 

Cristobalite: Use % the value calculated from the count or 

mass formulae for quartz; 

Tridymite: Use % the value calculated from the formulae for 

quartz 

Cristobalite: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA 

Tridymite: 0.05 mglm3 TWA 

Quartz: 0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Tripoli: 0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Quartz (respirable dust): 0.1 mglm3 TWA 

Cristobalite (respirable dust): 0.05 mglm3 TWA 

Tridymite (respirable dust): 0.05 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence [*Note: "Effective" IDLH = 500 times the OSHA 

PEL - see discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data show no evidence that indicates 

an acute exposure to a high concentration of crystalline siiica 

would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects 

within 30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the aSSignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 • the OSHA PEL. 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlMd IDLH: 25 mglm3 (Cristobalite & Tridymite); 50 mglm' (Quartz & Tripoli) 

a.sia for revlMd IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of crystalline silica would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLHs for crystalline silica are 25 mg/m3 for Cristobalite and Tridymite and 50 mg/m3 for Quartz and 

Tripoli, based on being 500 times the 1989 OSHA PEls of 0.05 mglm' and 0.1 mglml, respectively (500 is an assigned 

protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the 

"most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). [Note: NIOSH recommends that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for all varieties of crystalline siiica at concentrations above 25 mglm'.] 

428 
Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds, as Ag) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanc •........................ 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term .xposure guid.llnes ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

Speci.s R.f .... nc. Route 

AgNO, 

Rabbit Flury and Zernik 1935 oral 

Dog Flury and Zernik 1935 oral 

Ag,O 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 oral 

7440-22-4 (Metal) 

0.01 mglm3 TWA 

0.01 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

Metal: 0.1 mglm3 TWA; 

Soluble compounds: 0.01 mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNot.: "Effectiv." IDLH • 20 mg Aglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute .xposure by inhalation to silv.r metal or the soluble 

compounds of silv.r could impede escape. For this draft 

technical standard, th.refore, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 2,000 x the OSHA PEL of 0.01 mg Aglm3 (i.e., 

20 mg Aglm3); only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 20 mg Aglm3• 

None developed 

LDIa LDLo 

(mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuat.d LD Derived value 

_ .. --. 800 3,556 1119 A9/m' 356 1119 A9/m' 

----- 20 89 1119 A9/m' 8.9 1119 Ag/m' 

2,820 ----- 18,385 1119 A9/m' 1,839 1119 Ag/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 29 mglkg is the probable lethal dose 

[Arena 1970]. [Note: A dose of 29 mglkg is equivalent to a 

70-kg worker being exposed to 135 mglm3 for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.] 

R.vlsed IDLH: 10 mg Aglm3 

Basis for ... vlsed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for silver (metal dust and 

soluble compounds). Therefore, the revised IDLH for silver (metal dust and soluble compounds) is 10 mg Aglm3 based on 

acute oral toxicity data in humans [Arena 1970] and animals [Flury and Zemik 1935]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Arena JM [1970]. Poisoning; toxicology, symptoms, treatments. 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 2:73. 

2. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung dar toxisch.n und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

3. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS (1969). Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30(5):470-476. 

429 
Soapstone 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Cunwnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

lEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDlHo ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDlH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

none assigned 

6 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 3 mglm3 (respirable) TWA 

20mppcfTWA 

6 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 3 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

6 mglm3 (total dust) TWA, 3 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

Odorless, white-gray powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence (ONote: "Effedive"IOLH -10,000 mppcf - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of soapstone would 

impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. The toxic effects of talc that are described in the 

literature result from chronic exposures to this substance. Talc 

is a major constituent of soapstone (Miller and Sayers 1941 as 

cited by ACGIH 1971]. For this draft technical standard, 

therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device. However, 

for some particulate substances for which no evidence of an 

IOLH exists, the determination of allowable respiratory protection 

based on protection factors may result in the assignment of 

respirators for concentrations that are not likely to be 

encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore, .for all 

such particulate substances it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500 Ie the OSHA PEL (500 Ie 20 mppcf 

is 10,000 mppcf). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDlH: 3,000 mglm3 

a.sls for revised IDlH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of soapstone would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However, 

the revised IOLH for soapstone is 3,000 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 6 mglm3 (500 is an assigned 

protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the 

"most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971]. Soapstone. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 232. 

2. Miller JW, Sayers RR (1941]. The response of peritoneal tissue to industrial dusts. Public Health Rep 56(1):264-272. 

430 
Sodium fluoroacetate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

62-74-8 

0.05 mglm3 TWA, 0.15 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

0.05 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.05 mglm3 TWA. 0.15 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

0.05 mglm3 TWA. 0.15 mglm3 STEL [skin] 

Delcrlptlon of lubstance ....................... . Fluffy. color1ess to white (sometimes dyed black). odorless 

powder. 

LEL ......................................... . Noncombustible Solid 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 5mg1m3 

Balil for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Deichmann and 

Gerarde [1969] that the probable lethal oral dose for an adult is 

50 mg. No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base the IOLH for this highly toxic compound. 

Short·term expolure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOle data: 

LDIO LDL,e 

Speclel Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjueted LD DerIved value 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 1.7 12 mg/m 1.2 mg/m' 

Rabbit McIlroy 1982 oral 0.34 -_ ... _- 2.4 mg/m 0.24 mg/m' 

Rat Ward 1946 oral 0.1 ...... -_ ... 0.7 mg/m 0.07 mg/m' 

G. pig Ward 1946 oral 0.3 ---..... 2.1 mg/m 0.21 mg/m' 

Mouse Yakkyoku 1977 oral 0.1 ..... -_ ... 0.7 mg/m 0.07 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The probable oral lethal dose has been reported to be 50 mg 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 50 mg 

is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 30 mglm3 for 

30 minutes. assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Reviled IDLH: 2.5 mglm3 

Balil for reviled IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for sodium fluoroacetate. 

Therefore. the revised IOLH for sodium fluoroacetate is 2.5 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans 

[Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW [1969]. Sodium fluoroacetate (1080). In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York. 

NY: Academic Press. Inc .• p. 542. 

2. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chemical. in foods: a report to the Auociation of Food and drug Official. on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticide •. Section I. Introduction. a Bulletin AssDC Food Drug Off U.S. 15(4):122-123. 

3. Mcilroy JC [1982]. The sensitivity of Australian animals to 1080 poison. III. Marsupial and eutherian herbivores. 

Australian Wildlife Research i:487·503. 

4. Ward JC [1946]. Rodent control with 1080. ANTU. and other war-developed toxic agents. Am J Public Health Nations 

Health 36:1427-1431. 

5. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28(3):329-339 (in Japanese). 

431 
Sodium hydroxide 

CAS number .............. : .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH ............................. . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Exiatlng ahort-t.rm exposure guldelin ............ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

1310-73-2 

2 mglm3 CEILING 

2mglm3 TWA 

2 mglm3 CEILING 

2 mglm3 CEILING 

Colorless to white. odorless solid (flakes. beads. granular form). 

Noncombustible Solid 

250 mglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for sodium hydroxide. The chosen IDLH. 

therefore. has been estimated from the mouse intraperitoneal 

LDso of 40 mgikg [Notre et al. 1963 cited by NIOSH 1974). 

National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

10-minute EEGL: 2 mglm3 

30-minute EEGL: 2 mglm3 

6O-minute EEGL: 2 mglm3 

LD .. LOu 

Spec I .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdJuat8d LD Derived value 

Rabbit Fazekaa 1937 oral --_ .... 500 3.500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Mouae Hofre et al. 1963 i.p. 40 .......... 280 mg/m' 28 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workplace concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 mglml have been 

associated with irritation of the respiratory system [Ott et al. 

1977). 

RevlHd IDLH: 10 mglm3 

Baala for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for sodium hydroxide is 10 mglrnJ based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

workers [Ott et al. 1977). This may be a con .. rvative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers 

exposed to concentrations above 8 mglrnJ. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Fazekas JG (1937). Die verlnderungen des blutchemismus bel experimenteller laugenverglftung. Arch Exp Pathol 

Pharmakol1B4:587-604 (in German). 

2. NIOSH [1974]. W849000. Sodium hydroxide. In: The toxic substances Hat. 1974 ed. Rockville. MD: U.S. Department 

of He.lth. Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Di ..... Control. National Institute for Occupational 

Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134. p. 721. 

3. Notre C. Dufour H. Cier A [1963). Toxicite generaie comparee des anions mineraux chez la souris. In: Comp Rend 

Hebdom (Juillet 17.1963). pp. 791·794 (in French). [From NIOSH [1974). W849000. Sodium hydroxide. In: The toxic 

substances list. 1974 ed. Rockville. MD: U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare. PubliC Health Service. 

Center for Di .. a .. Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 

74-134. p. 721.) 

4. NRC [1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington. DC: 

National Academy Press. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. 

Commission on ute Sciences. National Re .. arch Council. pp. 87·94. 

S. Ott MG. Gordon HL. Schneider EJ (1977). Mortality among employees chronically exposed to caustic dust. J Occup 

Med 17:813-816. 

432 
Stibine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

7803-52-3 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm') TWA 

0.1 ppm (0.5 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 ppm (0.51 mglm3

) TWA 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Colorless gas with a disagreeable odor like hydrogen sulfide. 

Unknown 

Origlnal(SCP) IDLH ........................... . 40 ppm 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1960] that 

exposure of dogs and cats to 40 to 45 ppm for 1 hour has proven 

dangerous [Webster 1946). 

Short-term expoeure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LC ... Adjusted O.Sohr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Browning 1961 _ ............ 100 1hr 125 ppm (1.25) 13 ppm 

G. pig Browning 1961 -_ ......... 92 1 hr 115 ppm (1.25) 12 ppm 

Dog Browning 1961 -_ ... -- 40 1hr 50 ppm (1.25) 5 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure of dogs and cats to 40 to 

45 ppm for 1 hour has proven dangerous [Webster 1946]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 5 ppm 

a.sls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for stibine is 5 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Browning 1961]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1960). Stibine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 21:529-530. 

2. Browning E [1961). Toxicity of industrial metals. London, England: Butterworths, p. 30. 

3. Webster SH [1946). Volatile hydrides oftoxicological importance. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI2B:167·182. 

433 
Stoddard solvent 

CAS number ...............•.................. 

NIOSH REL ............................... ; .. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCIO 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1975 LC,: 8,200 mg/m' 

Rat Vemot et a1. 1990 >5,500 mg/m' 

Cat Vemot et a1. 1990 ............ 

8052-41-3 

350 mglm3 TWA, 1,800 mglm3 15-minute CEILING 

2,900 mglm3 (500 ppm) TWA 

525 mglm3 (100 ppm) TWA 

525 mglm3 (100 ppm) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a kerosene-like odor. 

Unknown 

29,500 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH is baaed on the statements by AIHA (1975) 

that the atmospheriC concentration immediately hazardous to life 

is probably between 5,000 ppm and 10,000 ppm when high 

temperature or other factors make these concentrations 

attainable, and exposure to levels approaching 5,000 ppm 

should be avoided [Rector et at 1966). [Note: A concentration 

of 5,000 ppm is equivalent to about 29,500 mglm3 assuming an 

approximate molecular weight of 144 for Stoddard solvent.) 

None 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived value 

LCLA> Time LC (CF) 

.......... 8hr 20,500 mg/m' (2.5) 2,050 mg/m' ............ 4hr >11,000 mg/m' (2.0) >1,100 mg/m' 

9,061 mg/m' 7hr 21,746 mg/m' (2.4) 2,175 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the atmospheriC concentration 

immediately hazardous to life is probably between 5,000 and 

10,000 ppm when high temperature or other factors make these 

concentrations attainable and exposure to levels approaching 

5,000 ppm should be avoided [Rector et at 1966). [Note: A 

concentration of 5,000 ppm is equivalent to about 29,500 mglm3 

assuming an approximate molecular weight of 144 for Stoddard 

solvent.) 

Revised IDLH: 20,000 mglm3 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for Stoddard solvent is 20,000 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Rector et at 1966]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1975). Stoddard solvent In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 38:553-558. 

2. Carpenter CP, Kinkeed ER, Geary DL Jr, Sullivan W, King JM (1975). Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies. 

III. Animal and human respon .. to vapors of stoddard solvent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacoi 32:282-297. 

3. Rector DE, Steadman BL. Jones RA, Siegel J (1966). EtJecta on experimental animals of long-term inhalation exposure 

to mineral spirits. Toxicol Appl Phannacol 9:267-268. 

4. Vemot EH, Drew RT, Kane ML [1990). Acute toxicological evaluation of atoddard solvent. In: Acute toxicity data. JAm 

Coli Toxicol, Part B 1:32-33. 

434 
Strychnine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

OrIginal (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

57·24-9 

0.15 mglm3 TWA 

0.15mg1m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.15 mglm3 TWA 

Colortess to white, odortess, crystalline solid. 

Unknown 

3mglm3 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDlH for strychnine. The chosen IDlH, therefore, has 

been estimated from the statement by Gleason et al. [1969} that 

30 mg by the oral route is usually a threat to an adult's life 

[Wrtthaus 1911}. 

Short·term exposure guidellnea None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do .. data: 

LDIO LD~ 

Species Reterence Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Flury and Zernik 1935 oral ---.- 0.6 4.2 mg/m' 0.4 mg/m' 

Dog Moraillon and Pinault 1978 oral 0.5 .. --_ .. 3.5 mg/m' 0.4 mg/m' 

Cat Moraillon and Pinault 1978 oral 0.5 --_ .... 3.5 mg/m' 0.4 mg/m' 

Mouse Prasad et al. 1981 oral 2 --_ .... 14 mg/m' 1.4 mg/m' 

Rat Spector 1956 oral 16 ----- 112 mg/m' 11 mg/m' 

Rat Ward and Crabtree 1942 oral 2.35 .... --- 17 mg/m' 1.7 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that the probable lethal oral dose is 1.5 to 

2 mglkg [Gosselin et al. 1984}. [Note: An oral dose of 1.5 to 

Revlaed IDLH: 3 mglm3 [Unchanged) 

2 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg woriter being exposed to 70 to 

93 mglm3 for 30 minutes assuming a 50 liter per minute 

breathing rate and 100% absorption.} 

a.sia for revlaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDlH for strychnine. However, 

based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Gosselin et al. 1984], the original IDlH for strychnine (3 mglrn') is not being 

revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Flury F, Zemik F (1935). Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

2. Gleason MN, Gosselin RE, Hodge HC, Smith RP (1969). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. 3rd ed. Baltimore, 

MD: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 214-217. 

3. Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC (1984). Clinical toxicology of comrnercial products. 5th eel. Baltimore. MD: Williams 

and Wilkins Company, pp. 111·375 to 111-376. 

4. Moraillon R, Pinault l (1978). Diagnostic et traitement d'intoxicatlons courante. des camivores. Rec Meel Vet 

154(2):137-150 (in French). 

5. Prasad CR, Patnaik GK, Gupta RC. Anand N, Dhawan BN (1981). Central nervous system stimulant activity of 

N-.3-chromene-3-carbonyl)-4 iminopyridine (compound 691224). Indian J Exp Bioi 19:1075-1076. 

6. Spector WS [1956}. Handbook to toxicology. Vol. 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, p. 286. 

7. Ward JC. Crabtree DG (1942). Strychnine X. Comparative accuracies of stomach tube and intraperitoneal injection 

methods of bioassay. JAm Pharrn Assoc, Scientific Edition 31:113-115. 

8. Wrtthaus RA [1911]. Manual of toxicology. 2nd ed. New Yorit, NY: William Wood and Company, p. 1029. 

435 
Styrene 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.siator original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tenn exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

1Q0.42·5 

50 ppm (215 mglm3) TWA, 100 ppm (425 mglm3

) STEL 

100 ppm TWA, 200 ppm CEILING, 

600 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 3 HOURS 

50 ppm (215 mgI~) TWA, 100 ppm (425 mglm3) STEL 

50 ppm (213 mglm3

) TWA, 

100 ppm (426 mglm3

) CEILING [skin] 

Colorless to yellow, oily liquid with a sweet, floral odor. 

0.9% (10% LEL, 900 ppm) 

5,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

rats and guinea pigs exposed to 5,000 ppm become 

unconscious within 1 hour [Spencer et al. 1942]. 

None developed 

LCIA Adjusted 0.5-IIr Derived 

Specie. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 2.194 ----- 4hr 4,388 ppm (2.0) 439 ppm 

HWII&n Lefawe 1978 ----- 10,000 30 min 10,000 ppm (1.0) 1,000 ppm 

G. pig Spencer et a1. 1942 --... -- 2,771 14hr 8,314 ppm (3.0) 831 ppm 

Rat Tiunov et a1. 1982 5,543 .............. 4hr 11,085 ppm (2.0) 1,109 ppm 

Other animal deta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . RD5C) (mouse), 980 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers exposed to 376 ppm for up to 7 hours experienced 

unpleasant subjective symptoms and objective signs of 

neurologic impairment [Stewart et al. 1968]. Drowsiness, 

nausea, headache, fatigue, and dizziness have been reported in. 

workers exposed to 200 to 700 ppm [AIHA 1959]. 

Revised IDLH: 700 ppm 

a..i. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for styrene is 700 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[AIHA 1959; Stewart et al. 1968]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1959]. Styrene monomer. In: Hygienic guide series. Akron,OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association. 

2. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-respon .. analysis in animal studies: prediction of human respon .. s. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

3. Izmerov NF, Sanotaky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicornetric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 106. 

4. Lefaux R (1978]. Prac:ticaJ toxicology of plastlca. Cleveland,OH: Chemical Rubber Co., p. n. 

5. Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1230. 

6. Spencer HC, Irish DO, Adams EM, Rowe VI< (1942]. The respon .. of laboratory animals to monomeric styrene. J Ind 

Hyg Toxicol24(10):295-296. 

7. Stewart RD, Dodd HC, Baretta ED, Schaffer AW [1968]. Human exposure to styrene vapor. Arch Environ Health 

16:656-662. 

8. Tiunov LA, Zhuvov VG, et aI. [1982]. Toxicity of sulfothreenaphtilenfurane. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 26(8):53-56 (in Russian). 

436 
Sulfur dioxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

7446-09-5 

2 ppm (5 mglm') TWA, 5 ppm (13 mglm') STEL 

5 ppm (13 mglm') TWA 

2 ppm (5 mglm3

) TWA, 5 ppm (13 mglm3) STEL 

2 ppm (5.2 mglm3

) TWA, 5 ppm (13 mglm') STEL 

Colorless gas with a characteristic, irritating, pungent odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

100 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1955] that 

50 to 100 ppm is considered the maximum concentration for 

exposures of 0.5 to 1 hour [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. With 

regard to the atmospheric concentration immediately hazardous 

to life, AIHA [1955] reported that 400 to 500 ppm is conSidered 

dangerous for even short periods of exposure [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943] and that exposure to unendurable concentrations 

is not necessarily hazardous if escape is made within a few 

minutes. . 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

10-minute EEGL: 30 ppm 

3O-minute EEGL: 20 ppm 

6O-minute EEGL: 10 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 5 ppm 

LCIO Lc". Adjuated O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Flury and Zernik 1935 ..... _ ..... 993 20 min 864 ppm (0.87) 86 ppm 

Rat Flury and Zernik 1935 .............. 611 5hr 1,314 ppm (2.15) 131 ppm 

Mouse Flury and Zernik 1935 -_ ......... 764 20 min 665 ppm (0.87) 67 ppm 

Mouse Hilado and Machado 1977 3,000 -_ ... -- 30 min 3,000 ppm (1.0) 300 ppm 

Rat Kinkead and Einhaus 1984 2,520 ............ 1hr 3,150 ppm (1.25) 315 ppm 

Human Shupe et al. 1972 ............. 1,000 10 min 690 ppm (0.69) 69 ppm 

Human Tab Biol Per 1933 -_ ....... 3,000 5 min 1,500 ppm (0.5) 150 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD50 (mouse), 117 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The maximum concentration for exposures of 0.5 to 1 hour is 

considered to be 50 to 100 ppm [Henderson and Haggard 1943). 

It has been reported thet 400 to 500 ppm is considered 

dangerous for even short periods of exposure [Henderson and 

Haggard 1943]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm [Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Henderson and Haggard 1943: Shupe et al. 

1972: Tab Bioi Per 19331. the original IDLH for sulfur dioxide (100 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA (1955). Sulfur dioxide. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 16:332-333. 

2. Alarie Y [1981]. Dose-response analysis in animal studies: prediction of human responses. Environ Health Perspect 

42:9-13. 

437 
Sulfur dioxide (continued) 

3. Flury F. Zernik F [1935). Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen dosen fOr die gebrluchlichsten gifte und 

versuchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). [From Back KC. Thomas AA. Macewen JO 

[1972]. Reclassification of materials listed as transportation health hazards. Wright.Patterson Air Force Base. OH: 

6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. Report No. TSA·20-72·3. pp. A250 to A251.) 

4. Henderson Y. Haggard HW [1943]. Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York. NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 131. 

5. Hilado CJ. Machado AM [1977]. Effect of sulfur dioxide on Swiss albino mice. J Combustion Toxico! 4:236-244. 

6. Kinkead ER. Einhaus RL [1984]. Acute toxicity of thionyl chloride vapor for rats. Wright·Patterson Air Force Base. OH: 

Air Force Systems Command. Air Force Aerospace Medical Division. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. 

Technical Report AFAMRL·TR-84-069. 

7. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington. DC: 

National Academy Press. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards. 

Commission on Ufe Sciences. National Research Council. pp. 95-102. 

8. Shupe JL. Olson AE. Sharma RP [1972]. Fluoride toxicity in domestic and wild animals. Clin ToxicoI5:195-213. 

9. Tab Bioi Per [1933]: 3:231 (in German). 

438 
Sulfuric acid 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7664-93-9 

1 mglm3 TWA 

1 mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 TWA, 3 mglm3 STEL 

Colorless to dark-brown, oily, odor1ess liquid. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

80mglm3 

easia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1971] 

that guinea pigs died after 2.75 hours of exposure at 87 mglm3 

[Treon et al. 1950]. 

Existing short-term exposure guidellnea .......... . National Research Council (NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Species Reference LCIO 

G. pig Amdur et al. 1952a 50 mg/m' 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 510 mg/m' 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 320 mg/m' 

G. pig Raule 195' 18 mg/m' 

G. pig Treon et al. 1950 "'''''''''' .. 

Lethal dose data: 

Speci .. Reference Route 

Rat Smyth et al. 1969 oral 

10-minute EEGL: 5 mglm3 

3O-minute EEGL: 2 mg/m3 

6O-minute EEGL: 1 mg/m3 

Adjust.d O.~r 

LCLa Time LC (CF) 

"''''''' -- 8 hr 125 mg/m' (2.5) 

... ---- 2 hr 816 mg/m' (1.6) 

--... -- 2 hr 512 mg/m' (1.6) 

"''''''' -- ? ? 

87 mg/m' 2.75 hr 154 mg/.' (1.77) 

LDIO ~ (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuat.d LD 

2.UO ... ---- U,980 mg/m' 

Derived 

valus 

13 mg/m' 

82 mg/m' 

51 mg/m' 

? 

15 mg/m' 

Derived value 

1,'98 mg/m' 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In exposures of 5 to 15 minutes, some volunteers found 5 mglm3 

to be very objectionable, while others found it less so (Amdur et 

al. 1952b]. The lethal oral dose has been reported to be 

Revised IDLH: 15 mg/m3 

135 mglkg (Arena 1970]. (Note: An orel dose of 135 mglkg is 

equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 6,300 mg/m3 for 

30 minutes, .. suming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.) 

eaals for revised IDLH: The reviled IDLH for sulfuric acid is 15 mghn3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

(Amdur et al. 1952b) and animals (Amdur et al. 1952a; Treon et al. 1950). This may be a conservative value due to the 

lack of relevant acute toxi~ data for workers exposed to concentrations above 5 Ingtm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Sulfuric acid. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemrnentallndustrial HygieniSts, pp. 239-240. 

2. Amdur MO, Schulz RZ, Drinker P (1952a). Toxicity of sulfuric acid mist to guinea pigs. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

5:318-329. 

439 
Sulfuric acid (continued) 

3. Amdur MO, Silverman L, Drinker P [1952b). Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist by human subjects. AMA Arch Ind Hyg 

Occup Med 6(4):305-313. 

4. Arena JM [1970). Poisoning, toxicology, symptoms, treatments. 2nd ed. Springfield,IL: C.C. Thomas, p. 73. 

5. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 107. 

6. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 107-112. 

7. Raule A (1954). Occupational diseases caused by sulfuric acid. Med Lav 45:5~599 (in Italian). 

8. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA, Nycum JS (1969). Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assce J 30(5):47Q-.476. 

9. Treon JF, Dutra FR, Cappel J, Sigmon H, Younker W (1950). Toxicity of sulfuriC acid mist. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup 

Med 2:716-734. 

440 
Sulfur monochloride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ......... ; ........................ . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basla for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

10025-67·9 

1 ppm (6 mglm3

) CEiliNG 

1 ppm (6 mglm3

) TWA 

1 ppm (6 mglm3

) CEiliNG 

1 ppm (5.5 mglm3

) CEiliNG 

Light·amber to yellow·red. oily liquid with a pungent. nauseating. 

irritating odor. 

Unknown 

10 ppm 

Very little data are available on which to base the IDlH for sulfur 

monochloride. The chosen IDlH has been estimated from the 

statement by ACGIH [1971] that 12 ppm for 15 minutes was 

tolerated by cats. but four times that concentration. also for 

15 minutes. could lead to death after a few days [Flury and 

Zernik 1931]. No other useful data are available on which to 

base the IDlH. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLD Adjusted O.~r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Flury and Zernik 1931 ----- 150 1 min 48 ppm (0.32) 4 .• ppm 

Cat Henderson and Haggard 1943 LC,,,: 60 ----- 15 min 47 ppm (0.79) 4.7 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that cats have tolerated 15-minute 

exposures to 12 ppm. while ..a ppm could lead to death after a 

few days [Flury and Zemik 1931]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDlH. 

Revised IDLH: 5 ppm 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDlH for sulfur monochloride is 5 ppm based on llCute Inh8lation toxicity data in 

animals [Flury and Zernik 1931; Henderson and Haggard 1943]. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Sulfur monochioride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 240-241. 

2. Flury F. Zernik F [1931]. Schldliche gase dlmpfe. nebel. rauch- und staubarten. Berlin. Germany: Ver1ag von Julius 

Springer. pp. 146-147 (in German). 

3. Henderson Y. Haggard HW (1943). Noxious gases. 2nd ed. New York. NY: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 130. 

441 
Sulfur pentafluoride 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ............... : .................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Ba.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCIO 

5714-22·7 

0.01 ppm (0.1 mglm~ CEILING 

0.025 ppm (0.25 mglm~ TWA 

0.01 ppm (0.1 mglm3) CEILING 

0.01 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) CEILING 

Colorless liquid or gas (above &40 F) with an odor like sulfur 

dioxide. 

Noncombustible Uquid/Nontlammable Gas 

1 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by ACGIH (1971] 

that a 1·hour exposure to 1 ppm caused severe congestion of 

the lungs of rats (Greenberg and Lester 1950]. According to 

ACGIH (1971]. sulfur pentatluoride is more toxic than phosgene; 

the TLV of 0.025 ppm for sulfur pentafluoride reflects its greater 

toxicity in comparison with phosgene. The chosen IOLH also 

reflects the greater toxicity of sulfur pentafluoride in comparison 

with phosgene. which has an IOLH of 2 ppm. 

None developed 

AdjusWd O.Sohr Derived 

LC~ TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat NDRC 1946 2.000 mg/m' ----- 10 min 130 ppm (0.69) 13 ppm 

Mouse NDRC 1946 1,000 mg/m' .... --- 10 min 66 ppm (0.69) 6.6 ppm 

Rabbit NDRC 1946 4,000 mg/m' ----- 10 min 262 ppm (0.69) 26 ppm 

G. pig NDRC 1946 4,000 mg/m' ----- 10 min 262 ppm (0.69) 26 ppm 

Dog NDRC 1946 4.000 mg/m' ----- 10 min 262 ppm (0.69) 26 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure for 1 hour at 10 ppm caused 

multiple diffuse hemormagic lesions in the lungs of rats. one 

hour at 1 ppm caused severe congestion of the lungs. and 1 

hour at 0.1 ppm had no effect (Greenberg and Lester 1950]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1 ppm [Unchanged] 

Ba.I. for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals (Greenberg and Lester 1950]. the original 

IOLH for sulfur pentafluoride (1 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971]. Sulfur pentatluoride. In: Documentation of the thresholcllimlt values for substances in workroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. p. 241. 

2. Greenberg LA. L .. ter G (1950]. The toxicity of sulfur pentafluoride. AMA. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2:350-352. 

3. NORC (1~. Summary technical report of division 9. NORC. Vol 1. Chemical warfare agents and related chemical 

problems. Parts 1·11. Washington. DC: National Defence Research Committee. pp. 1·385. 

442 
Sulfuryl fluoride 

CAS number ...•.............................. 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Cumtnt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

2699-79-8 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (40 mglm~ STEL 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA 

5 ppm (20 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (40 mglm3) STEL 

5 ppm (21 mglm3) TWA, 10 ppm (42 rngIm3) STEL 

Colorless, odorless gas. 

Nonflammable Gas 

1,000 ppm 

Basla for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the report by Taxay [1966] that 

less than 5% mortality resulted from exposure of animals for 

3 hours to 1,000 ppm. 

Short-term exposure guldeli".. ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCI.O Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Nitschke et 81. 1986 991 ----- 4hr 1,982 ppm (2.0) 198 ppm 

Mouae Truhaut et 81. 1973 .... --- 1,200 1hr 1,500 ppm (1.25) 150 ppm 

Rabbit Truhaut et 81. 1973 _ .... _ .. 5,000 1hr 6,250 ppm (1.25) 625 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that less than 5% mortality resulted from 

exposure for 3 hours to 1,000 ppm [Taxay 1966]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revis8d IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

Baala for reviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for sulfuryl fluoride is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [Nitschke et al. 1986; Truhaut et al. 1973). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Nitschke KD. Albee RR. Mattsson JL. Miller RR [1986]. Incapacitation and treatment of rats exposed to a lethal dose of 

sulfuryl fluoride. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7:664-670. 

2. Taxay EP (1966). Vikane inhalation. J Occup Med 8:425-426. 

3. Truhaut R. Boudene C. Cluet JL [1973]. Toxicite de quelques derives gazeux fluores at oxyfluores du $Outre. Arch Mal 

Prof 34(1~11):581-591 (in French). 

443 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short ... nn .xposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

2,4,5-1 

93-76-5 

10 mglm3 TWA 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

10 mglm3 TWA 

Colorless to tan. odorless. crystalline solid. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" 10LH = 5.000 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.] 

According to ACGIH [1971]. "the toxicity of this compound 

appears to be similar to the somewhat better known 2.4-0. 

According to Rowe and Hymas [195041. the oral LOso values fall in 

a range of 300 to 1.000 rngIkg for rats. mice. guinea pigs. and 

rabbits. Chronic exposure is not necessarily more hazardous. 

Drill and Hiratzka [1953] found that there were no deaths among 

dogs treated with 2. 5. or 10 rngIkglday of 2.4.5-T (5 dayslweek 

for 13 weeks); some deaths occurred at 20 mg/kg/day. There 

are no reports of illness from occupational exposure. It appears 

that the TLV of 10 mg/m3 is justified on the basis of extrapolation 

from animal feeding studies and extensive use experience." 

Based on the toxicological data cited above. 2.4.5-T is a 

relatively nontoxic compound. Because data on acute inhalation 

toxicology are not available for this substance and to be 

consistent with the 10LHs selected for similar. relatively nontoxic 

compounds. 5.000 mglm' (i.e .• 500 x the OSHA PEL of 

10 mglm3) has been chosen as the concentration above which 

only the "most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

LO .. LOLo 

Spee_ R.f.rence Route (mg/kg) (mglkg) AdjuetR LD Derived value 

G. pig AAPCO 1966 oral 381 ----- 2.667 mg/m' 267 mg/m' 

Rat Bailey and White 1965 oral 300 ----- 2,lOOmg/m' 210 mg/m' 

Hamater Grant 1979 oral 425 ----- 2.975 mg/m' 298 mg/m' 

MOUBe Senczuk and PogorzelBka 1980 oral 242 ----- 1.694 mg/m' 169 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that there were no deaths among dogs 

treated with 2. 5. or 10 rngIkg/day of 2.4.5-T (5 dayslweek for 13 

weeks); some deaths occurred at 20 rngIkg/day [Drill and 

Hiratzka 1953]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

RevlHd IDLH: 250 mglm3 

Baa'. for reviHd IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for 2.4.5-T. Therefore. the 

revised IDLH for 2.4.5-T is 250 mglm' based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [AAPCO 1966; Bailey and White 1965; 

Grant 1979; Senczuk and Pogorzelska 1980]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute 

inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AAPCO [1966]. Pesticide chemicals official compendium. Topeka. KS: Association of American Pesticide Control 

Officials. Inc .• p. 965. 
2,4,5-T (continued) 

2. ACGIH [1971]. 2,4,5-T (2,4,5 trichlorophenoxyacetic acid). In: Documentation ofthe threshold limit values for 

substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, 

p.242. 

3. Bailey GW, White JL [1965]. Herbicides: a compilation of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Residue 

Reviews 10:97-102. 

4. Drill VA, Hiratzka T [1953]. Toxicity of2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichloro-phenoxyacetic acid. AMA Arch 

Ind Hyg Occup Med 7:61-67. 

5. Grant'NF [1979]. The genotoxic effects of 2,4,5-T. Mutat Res 65:83-110. 

6. Rowe VK, Hymas T A [1954]. Summary of toxicological information on 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T type herbicides and an 

evaluation of the hazards to livestock aSSociated with their use. Am J Vet Res 15(57):622-629. 

7. Senczuk W, Pogorzelska H [1980]. Budowa chemiczna a toksykodynamiczne wlasciwosci pochodnych kwasow 

fenoksykarboksylowych. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 31(4):373-377 (in Polish). 

445 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Talc 

14807-96-6 

2 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

20 mppcfTWA 

2 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

2 mglm3 (respirable dust) TWA 

Odorless, white powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence [*Note: "Effective" IDLH • 10,000 mppcf - see 

discussion belOW.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of talc would impede 

escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. The toxic effects of talc that which are described in 

the literature result from chronic exposures to this substance. 

For this draft technical standard, therefore, respirators have 

been selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor 

afforded by each device. However, for some particulate 

substances for which no evidence of an IOLH exists, the 

determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respirators for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 )( the OSHA PEL (500 )( 20 mppcf is 

10,000 mppcf). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 mglm3 

Baais for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of talc would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. However, the 

revised IOLH for talc is 1,000 mglm3 based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL of 2 mglml (500 is an aSSigned protection 

factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most 

protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 
Tantalum (metal and oxide dust, as Ta) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

De.cription of .ubstance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Ba.I. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do.e data: 

7440-25-7 (Metal) 

5 mglm3 TWA. 10 mglm3 STEL 

5mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH z 2.500 mg Talm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

Because no evidence of an IDLH is shown in the available 

toxicological data. respirators have been assigned on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

500 II the OSHA PEL of 5 mg Talm3 (i.e .• 2.500 mg Talm3): only 

the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 2.500 mg Talm3• 

None developed 

LDIO LDLa 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Ta,O, 

Rat Coulston and Korte 1975 oral 8,000 ... --...... 4S. 862 mg Ta/m' 4. S86 mg Ta/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revi.ed IDLH: 2.500 mg Talm3 

Ba.i. for revi •• d IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for tantalum metal and oxide 

dust. Therefore. based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Coulston and Korte 1975). a value of about 4.500 mg Talm3 

would have been appropriate. However. the revised IDLH for tantalum metal and oxide dust is 2,500 mg Talm3 based on 

being 500 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 5 mg Talm3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and 

was used arbitrarily during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective- respirators should 

be used for particulates). 

REFERENCE: 

1. Coulston F. Korte F. eds. [1975]. Heavy metal toxicity. safety and hormology. In: Environmental Quality & Safety. 

Supplement 1. New Yor!(. NY: Georg Thieme Publishers. pp. 1·120. 

447 
CAS number ............... _ ................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 

TEDP 

89-24-5 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Pale-yellow liquid with a garlic-like odor. 

Unknown 

35 mglml 

easis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . The chosen IOLH is based on the rat oral L050 of 5 mglkg 

[Lehman 1951 cited by ACGIH 1971]. No other useful data are 

available on which to base the IDLH. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference LCso LCLo TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974 38 mg/m' -_ ...... 4hr 76 mg/m' (2.0) 7.6 mg/m' 

Moua. Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974 40 mg/m' .. .. -_ .. 4 hr 80 mg/m' (2.0) 8.0 mg/m' 

Lethal dOH data: 

LOso L~ 

Speci .. Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LO Derived value 

Mouae Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974 oral 22 ...... -- 154 mg/m' 15 mg/m' 

Rabbit Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974 oral 25 .. ---- 175 mg/m' 18 mg/m' 

Oog Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974 oral 5 ----- 35 mg/m' 3.5 mg/m' 

Rat Lehman 1951 oral 5 --._- 35 mg/m' 3.5 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stateel that TEDP is an organophosphate pesticide 

whose toxicity is similar to that of parathion [ACGIH 1991]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IOLH: 10 mglm3 

easis for revised IOLH: The revised iDLH forTEDP is 10 mglml based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Kimmerle and Klimmer 1974] and on an analogy with parathion [ACGIH 1991] which has a revised IDLH of 10 mglm3• 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. TEDP (tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances 

in workroom air. 3rd eel. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 244-245. 

2. ACGIH (1991). Sulfotep. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th eel. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1452-1454. 

3. Kimmerle G, Klimmer OR [1974]. Acute and subchronic toxicity of sulfotep. Arch Toxicol 33:1-16. 

4. Lehman AJ [1951]. Chernicals in foods: A report to the Association of Food and Drug Officials on current developments. 

Part II. Pesticides. Section II. Dermal Toxicity. a Bulletin Assoc Food Drug Off U.S. 16(1):3-9. 

448 
Tellurium compounds (as Te) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubatance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

eaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaura guideli"" ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doae data: 

13494-80-9 (Metal) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm' TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglm3TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective"IOLH c 50 mg Telm' - see 

discussion below.) 

Because no evidence of an IOLH for tellurium is shown in the 

available toxicological data, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 500 • the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mg Telm3 (i.e., 

50 mg Te/m3); only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 50 mg T elm3. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLa 

Speclea Referance Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Te: 

Rat Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 83 ----- 581 mg Te/m' 58 mg Te/m' 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 20 --_ ... - 140 mg Te/m' 14 DIg Te/m' 

Rabbit Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 67 -_ ......... 469 mg Te/m' 47 1119 Te/m' 

G. pig Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 45 -.. _-- 315 mg Te/m' 32 DIg Te/m' 

TeO,H.: 

Rabbit Muehlberger and Schrenk 1928 oral 56 ----- 392 mg Te/m' 39 mg Te/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Reviaed IDLH: 25 mg Telm3 

eaala for raviaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IOLH for tellurium compounds. 

Therefore, the revised IOLH for tellurium compounds is 25 mg Telm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Izmerov 

et al. 1982; Muehlberger and Schrenk 19281. . 

REFERENCES: 

1. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Rusaia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 107. 

2. Muehlberger CW, Schrenk HH (1928). The effect of the state of oxidation on the toxicity of certain elements. 

J Pharrnacol Exp Ther 33:270-271. 
Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tIIrm exposure guidellnn 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

nS3-SCl-4 

0.02 ppm (0.1 mglm3

) TWA 

0.02 ppm (0.2 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.02 ppm (0.10 mglm~ TWA 

Colorless gas with a repulsive odor. 

Nonflammable Gas 

1 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by ACGIH [1971] 

that "animals showed evidence of pulmonary edema (disturbed 

breathing) at the lowest exposure tested, 1 ppm for .. hours; a 

1-hour exposure at 1 ppm produced greatly accelerated 

respiration but no mortality" [Kimmerle 1960]. The IDLH has 

been conseNatively set. but no other data on acute inhalation 

toxicity are available on which to base an IDLH. Exposure for 

.. hours to higher concentrations (5, 10,25, SO, and 100 ppm) 

invariably proved fatal to all exposed animals [Kimmerle 1960]. 

None developed 

LC50 LCu Adjusted O.!-hr Derived 

Speci" Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Kimmerle 1960 ............ 5 4hr 10 ppm (2.0) 1.0 ppm 

Mouae Kimmerle 1960 ... --_ .. 5 1 hr 6.3 ppm (1.25) 0.6 ppm 

Rabbit Kimmerle 1960 ............. 5 4hr 10 ppm (2.0) 1.0 ppm 

G. pig Kimmerle 1960 ............... 5 4hr 10 ppm (2.0) 1.0 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that animals showed evidence of pulmonary 

edema (disturbed breathing) at the lowest exposure tested, 

1 ppm for .. hours; a 1-hour exposure at 1 ppm produced greatly 

accelerated respiration but no mortality [Kimmerte 1960). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 1 ppm [Unchanged] 

a.sis for reviHd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Kimmerte 1960], the originallDLH for 

tellurium hexafluoride (1 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Tellurium hexafluoride. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 246. 

2. Kimmerte G [1960]. Vergleichende untersUchungen der inhalationstoxicitat von schwefel-, selen- und tellurhexafluorid. 

Arch Toxikol 18:1~1"" (in German). 

450 
CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ........................ : ................ . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

TEPP 

107-49-3 

0.05 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.05 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

0.004 ppm (0.47 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

Colorless to amber liquid with a faint, fruity odor. 

Noncombustible Liquid 

10 mglm3 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the estimated oral lethal dose in 

man of 100 mg cited by Patty [1963]. 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal don data: 

LDIO LD .... 

Spec I .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjust8d LD Derived value 

Rat Edson 1960 oral ............... 0.5 3.5 mg/m' 0.4 mg/m' 

G. pig Frawley et al. 1952 oral ..... _-- 2.3 16 mg/m' 1.6 mg/m' 

Mouse Kamimura et al. 1963 oral ............... 3 21 mg/m' 2.1 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEPP, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has been judged to be twice as 

toxic as parathion; the American Conference of Governmental 

Industrial Hygienists TLV for TEPP was based on an analogy to 

parathion and was half that selected for parathion [ACGIH 1986]. 

It has been reported that the lethal oral dose is 1.429 mglkg 

[CDC 1956; Patty 1963J. [Note: An oral dose of 1.429 mglkg is 

equivalent to a 7o-kg worker being exposed to 67 mglm3 for 

Revised IDLH: 5 mglm3 

30 minutes assuming a 50 liter per minute breathing rate and 

100% absorption.] 

a.sls for revised IDLH: No inhalation data are available on which to base an IDLH for TEPP. Therefore, the revised 

IDLH for TEPP is 5 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [CDC 1956; Patty 1963] and an analogy to 

parathion [ACGIH 1986] which has a revised IDLH of 10 mglm3• 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1986]. TEPP. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th ed. 

Clncirmati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 558. 

2. CDC [1956]. Clinical memoranda on economic poisons. AUanta, GA: Communicable Disease Center, Bureau of State 

Services, Public H .. 1th Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication 

No. 476, pp. 21-23. 

3. Edson EF [1960]. Applied toxicology of pesticides. Pharrnaceut J 185:361-367. 

4. Frawley JP, Hagan EC, Fitzhugh OG [1952]. A comparative pharrnacologicaland toxicological study of organic 

phosphate-anticholinesterase compounds. J Pharrnacol Exp Ther 105:156-165. 

5. Kamimura H, Matsumoto A, Miyazaki Y, Yamamoto I [1963]. Studies on nicotinoids as an Insecticide. Part IV. Relation 

of structure to toxicity of pyridylmethylamines. Agri Bioi Chern 27(10):684-688. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1956. 

451 
Terphenyl (0-, m-, p-isomers) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Species Reference 

Mixed isomers 

Mouse Zhenjiang and Geng11ang 1986 

o-Isomer 

Rat Cornish et al. 1962 

m-Isomer 

Rat Cornish et al. 1962 

p-Isomer 

Rat Cornish et al. 1962 

Rat NRC 1953 

26140-60-3 (mixed isomers) 

5 mglm3 (0.5 ppm) CEILING 

9 mglm3 (1 ppm) CEILING 

5 mglm3 (0.5 ppm) CEILING 

5 mglm3 (0.53 ppm) CEILING 

Colorless or light·yellow solid. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 900 mglml - see 

discussion below.) 

According to Testa and Masi (1964), workers have been exposed 

to 280 mglm3 without adverse effect. For this draft technical 

standard, however, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

100 " the OSHA PEL of 9 mglm3 (i.e., 900 mglm3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 900 mglm3

. This is a concentration 

unlikely to occur because of its low vapor pressure. 

None developed 

LDIO LDLa 

Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

oral l3,200 ...... -_ ... 92,400 mg/m' 9,240 mg/m' 

oral 1,900 ...... -_ ... 13,300 mg/m' l,330 mg/m' 

oral 2,400 --......... 16,800 mg/m' 1,680 mg/m' 

oral >10,000 ----- >70,000 mg/m' >7,000 mg/m' 

oral .. -_ ...... 500 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . In 3O-day feeding studies involving doses of 250 or 

500 mglkglday, rats fed o-terphenyl showed elevated liver and 

kidney weight ratios, rats fed m-terphenyl showed elevated 

kidney weight ratios only, and rats fed p.terphenyl showed no 

elevation in liver or kidney weight ratios [Comish et al. 1962). 

Human uta . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . it has been reported that workers have been exposed to 

280 mglml without edverse effect [Testa and Masi 1964]. 

Revised IDLH: 500 mglms 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute toxicity data in animals [NRC 1953], a value of about 

2,000 mglml would have been appropriate for terphenyl. However, the revised IOLH for terphenyl is 500 mg/ms based on 

being 100 times the NIOSH REL of 5 mglms (100 is an aSSigned protection factor for respirators and was used during the 

Standards Compietion Program for deciding when the "mostprotective" respirators should be used for terphenyl). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Cornish HH, Bahor RE, Ryan RC [1962]. Toxicity and metabolism of ortho-, meta-, and para-terphenyls. Am Ind Hyg 

Assce J 23:372-378. 

452 
Terphenyl (0-, m-, p-isomers) (continued) 

2. NRC (1953]. Relationship between chemical structure and toxic action on rats. National Academy of Sciences, National 

Research Council, Chemical-Biological Coordination Center, Review 5:26. 

3. Testa C, Masi G (19641. Determination of polyphenyls in working environments of organic reactors by 

spectrophotometric methods. Anal Chem 36(12):2284-2287. 

4. Zhenjiang L, Gengliang W (1986]. Development of hydroterphenyl for use as high temperature organic heat carrier. 

Shiyou Huagong (Petrochemical Technology) 15:305-308 (in Chinese). 

453 
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 

CAS number .............. , .................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

76-11·9 

500 ppm (4,170 mglm3

) TWA 

500 ppm (4,170 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

500 ppm (4.170 mglm3

) TWA 

Noncombustible solid 

Colorless solid with a slight, ether·like odor. 

15,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

rats became slightly intoxicated after being exposed for 

1.5 hours to 15,000 ppm [Greenburg and Lester 1950] and on 

the statement by ACGIH [1971] that rats died following a 4-hour 

exposure to 15,000 ppm [Clayton et aI. 1966]. 

None developed 

LCso LCLo Adjuated O.Sohr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Clayton et al. 1966 15,000 ....... -- 4 hr 30,000 ppm (2.0) 3,000 ppm 

Rat Torkelson et al. 1971 20,000 .. --.... 30 min 20,000 ppm (1.0) 2,000 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . Rats exposed to 10,000 ppm for 1.5 to 2 hours showed slight 

signs of intoxication but no loss of reflexes, while a concentration 

of 20,000 to 30,000 ppm was fatal in 1.0 to 2.5 hours [Greenberg 

and Lester 1950]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

RevlaedlDLH: 2,000 ppm 

Baala for revlaed IOLH: The revised IOLH for 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane is 2.000 ppm based on acute 

inhalation toxicity data in animals [Torkelson et al. 1971] and to be consistent with the revised IOLH for the similar 

chlorofluorocarbon 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane which has a revisecllOLH of 2,000 ppm. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygieniSts, p. 249. 

2. Clayton JW Jr, Sherman H. Morrison SO, Barnes JR, Hood DB [1966]. Toxicity studies on 1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrachloro-1 ,2-

difluoroethane and 1.1 ,1 ,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27(4):332-340. 

3. Greenberg LA, Lester 0 [1950]. Toxicity of the tetrachlorodifluoroethanes. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2:345-347. 

4. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1331. 

5. Torkelson TR, Kary CD, Chenoweth MB, Larsen ER [1971]. Single exposure of rata to the vapors of trace substances in 

methoxyflurane. Toxicol AppI Pharmacol19:1·9. 

454 
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t.rm exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

76-12-0 

500 ppm (4,170 mglm3

) TWA 

500 ppm (4,170 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

500 ppm (4,170 mglm3

) TWA 

Coloriess solid or liquid (above 77°F) with a slight, ether-like 

odor. 

Noncombustible SolidINoncombustible Uquid 

15,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that exposure to 10,000 ppm for 1.5 to 2 hours produced slight 

intoxication in rats but no loss of reflexes [Greenberg and 

Lester 1950], and on the report that a "-hour exposure to 

15,000 ppm was fatal to rats [Clayton et al. 1966). 

None developed 

LC50 LCu. Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) TIme LC (CF) value 

Rat Clark and Tin.ton 1982 20,000 ----- 15 min 15.800 ppm (0.79) 1,580 ppm 

Rat Clayton et al. 1966 15,000 ............... 4 hr 30,000 ppm (2.0) 3.000 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 14.522 ............... 2hr 23,235 ppm (1.6) 2.324 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats exposed to 10,000 ppm for 1.5 to 2 hours showed slight 

signs of intoxication but no loss of reflexes, while 20,000 to 

30,000 ppm was fatal in 1.0 to 2.5 hours [Greenberg and Lester 

1950). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. . 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm 

easls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane is 2,000 ppm based on acute 

inhalation toxicity data in animals [Greenberg and Lester 1950] and to be consistent with the revised IDLH for the similar 

chlorofluorocarbon 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane which has a revised IDLH of 2,000 ppm. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for wor\(ers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro 1,2-difluoroethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

wor\(room air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 249. 

2. Clar\( DG, TInston OJ [1982]. Acute inhalation toxicity of some halogenated and non-halogenated hydrocarbons. Hum 

Toxicol 1:239-247. 

3. Clayton JW Jr, Sherman H, Morrison SO, Bames JR, Hood DB [1966]. Toxicity studies on 

1,1 .2,2-tetrachIoro-1,2-difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 27(4):332-340. 

4. Greenberg LA, Lester D (1950). Toxicity of the tetrachlorodifluoroethanes. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2:345-347. 

5. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centra of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 54. 

455 
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm expoaure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

79-34-5 

1 ppm (7 mglm3) TINA [skin); NIOSH considers 

1,1 ,2,2·tetrachloroethane to be a potential occupational 

carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy 

[29 CFR 1990]. 

5 ppm (35 mglm3

) TINA [skin] 

1 ppm (7 mglm3

) TINA [skin] 

1 ppm (6.9 mglm3) TINA [skin] 

Colorless to pal.yeliow liquid with a pungent, chloroform-like 

odor. 

Noncombustible Uquid 

150 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by 

Negherbon [1959] that a 30-minute exposure to 146 ppm caused 

vertigo (along with irritation of the mucous membranes, sense of 

pressure in the head, and fatigue) in humans; the same effects 

were noted after a 10-minute exposure to 335 ppm [Lehmann et 

al.1936]. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLo Adjuatad O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Carpenter et A1. 1949 ........... 1,000 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

MOWle Izmerov et A1. 1982 ..... --- 6U 2hr 1,029 ppm (1.6) 103 ppm 

Cat Lehmann et a1. 1936 .. --_ .. 2,714 45 min 3,094 ppm (1.14) 309 ppm 

Rat Smyth 1956 1,000 .......... 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 3O-minute exposure to 146 ppm has caused vertigo, irritation 

of the mucous membranes, sense of pressure in the head, and 

fatigue; the same effects were noted after a 10-minute exposure 

to 335 ppm [Lehmann et ai. 1936; Negherbon 1959]. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

Baaia for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,1,2.2-tetrachloroethane is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in humans [Lehmann et ai. 1936; Negherbon 1959] and animals [Izmerov et al. 1982]. [Note: NIOSH recommends 

as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at 

concentrations above 1 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31(6):343-346. 

2. Izmerov NF, Sanotaky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicala under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 75. 

3. Lehmann KB, Schmidt-Kehl L, Ruf H, Crescitelli, Dahl, Eppinghausen, Eshe, Falker, Grotefendt, Junkenita, Maier, 

Mergner, Pantehtsch, Schlitzer, Shoenes, Spettmann, Wirges, Bamsreiter, Benninger, Lazarus, Manasse, Kummeth, 

Reuss, Schwarzweller [1936]. The 13 most important chlorinated hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series from the 

standpoint of occupational hygiene. Arch Hyg Bakteriol 116:132-200 (translated). 

". Negherbon WO (1959). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. iiI. Insecticides, a compendium. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: U.S. Air Force, Air Research and Development Command, Wright Air Development Center, Aero Medical 

Laboratory, WADC Technical Report 55-16, p. 735. 

5. Smyth HF Jr [1956]. Improved communication: hygienic standards for daily inhalation. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 

17(2): 129-185. 

456 
Tetrachloroethylene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

127-18-4 

Minimize workplace exposure concentrations; NIOSH considers 

tetrachloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

100 ppm TWA, 200 ppm CEILING, 

300 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 3 HOURS 

25 ppm (170 mglm3

) TWA 

25 ppm (170 mglm3) TWA, 100 ppm (685 mglm3) STEL, A3 

Colorless liquid with a mild, chloroform-like odor. 

Noncombustible Liquid 

500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by 

Negherbon [1959] that a 95-minute exposure to 1,000 ppm 

produces slight drunkenness, but no narcosis [Rowe et al. 1952]. 

Negherbon [1959] also reported that a 2~ to 3~minute 

exposure to 206 to 235 ppm causes dizziness in humans (along 

with eye irritation, sinus congestion, nasal discharge, and 

sleepiness) [Rowe et al. 1952]. An IDLH of 500 ppm is used to 

prevent disorientation during escape. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLa Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CFe) value 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 4,000 ............... 4 hr 11,320 ppm (2.83) 1,132 ppm 

MOU8e Friberg et a1. 1953 5,200 ...... _ .. - 4hr 14,716 ppm (2.83) 1,472 ppm 

Rat Pozzani et a1. 1959 4,964 ---_ ... 8 hr 19,856 ppm (4.0) 1,986 ppm 

eNote: Conversion fac;:tor (CF) was determined with "n" = 2.0 [ten Berge et al. 1986]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 2,000 ppm caused slight narcosis in 

Revised IDLH: 150 ppm 

5 minutes; 9~1185 ppm caused irritation of the eyes and 

throat, and marked dizziness after 2 minutes; 1,000 ppm caused 

slight drunkenness, but no narcosis after 95 minutes; 

513-690 ppm caused eye, throat, and nose irritation, dizziness, 

loss of inhibition, and some incoordination after 10 minutes; 

500 ppm for 2 hours caused slight discomfort; 206-356 ppm for 

2 hours caused headache, buming of the eyes, sinus 

congestion, impaired coordination, and nausea; 206-235 ppm for 

2~30 minutes caused eye irritation. sinus congestion, dizziness, 

and sleepiness; and 106 ppm caused only slight eye irritation 

[Negherbon 1959; Rowe et al. 1952]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for tetrachloroethylene is 150 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

humans [Negherbon 1959; Rowe et al. 1952] [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most 

protective" respirators be wom for tetrachloroethylene at any detectable concentration.) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC [1949]. The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg ToxicoI31:343-346. 

457 
Tetrachloroethylene (continued) 

2. Friberg L, Kylin B, Nystrom A (1953). Toxicities of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene and Fujiwara's 

pyridine-alkali reaction. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 9:303-312. 

3. Negherbon WO (1959). Handbook of toxicology. Vol. III. Insecticides, a compendium. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH: U.S. Air Force, Air Research and Development Command, Wright Air Development Center, Aero Medical 

Laboratory, WADC Technical Report 55-16, p. 737. 

4. Pozzani UC, Weil CS, Carpenter CP (1959). The toxicological basis of threshold limit values: 5. The experimental 

inhalation of vapor mixtures by rats, with notes upon the relationship between single dose inhalation and single dose oral 

data. Am Ind Hyg Assce J 20:364-369. 

5. Rowe VK, McCollister DO, Spencer HC, Adams EM, Irish 00 (1952). Vapor toxicity of tetrachloroethylene for laboratory 

animals and human subjects. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 5:566-579. 

6. ten Berge WF, Zwart A, Appelman LM [1986J. Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

458 
Tetrachloronaphthalene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

easls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1335-88-2 

2 mg/m3 TWA [skin] 

2 mg/m3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

2mg/m3 TWA 

Colorless to pale-yellow solid with an aromatic odor. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 20 mglm' - see discussion 

below.] 

No toxicological data are available conceming the effects of 

acute exposures to tetrachloronaphthalene. For this draft 

technical standard, however, an analogy with other 

chloronaphthalenes was used, and the respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device up to 10 II the OSHA PEL of 2 mglm' (i.e., 

20 mg/m3): only the "most protective" respirators are permitted 

for use in concentrations exceeding 20 mglm'. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that tetradlloronaphthalene has been shown 

to be less toxic to the liver than more highly chlorinated 

derivatives of naphthalene [ACGIH 1986]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: Unknown [Unchanged] 

easis for revised IDLH: Due to a lack of relevant acute toxicity data, the IDLH for tetrachloronaphthalene remains 

"Unknown." The "most protective" respirators will continue to be recommended for concentrations exceeding 20 mglm3 

based on being 10 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 2 mglm' (10 is an assigned protection factor for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be 

used for tetrachlorona~hthalene1 

REFERENCE: 

1. ACGIH [1986]. Tetrachloronaphthalene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure 

indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 562. 

459 
Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacriptlon of aubstance ........ ~ .............. . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCso 

Mous. A1tatauka 1973 .. ......... Rat Cremer and Calloway 1961 850 mg/m' 

Lethal dOH data: 

78-00-2 

0.075 mglml TWA [skin) 

0.075 mglml TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglml TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a 

pleasant. sweet odor. 

1.8% (10% LEL, 1,800 ppm) 

40mg Pblml 

The chosen IDLH is based on the rat LC50 of 6 ppm 

(approximately 80 mglm3

) [Saglik Dergisi 1963 cited by 

NIOSH 1974). However, because of the unreliability of tetraethyl 

lead analytical methods utilized prior to 1968, 40 mg Pb/m3 , 

which is approximately 50% of the LC50, has been utilized as the 

IDLH. 

None developed 

Adjusted 0.5-I1r Derived value 

LCLo Time LC(CF) 

650 mg/m' 7 hr 999 mg Pb/m' (2.4) 100 mg Pb/m' 

-_ ........ 1 hr 680 mg Pb/m' (l.25) 68 mg Pb/m' 

LDso LDLo 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit A1tatsuka 1973 oral ....... -- 30 135 mg Pb/m' 14 mg Pb/m' 

Rat Magistretti et al. 1963 oral 35 .. -_ .... 157 mg Pb/m' 16 mg pb/m' 

Rat Schepers 1964 oral 17 ... -_ .... 76 mg Pb/m' 7.6 mg Pb/m' 

Rat Schroeder et al. 1972 oral 12.3 ----- 55 mg Pb/m' 5.5 mg Pb/m' 

Rat Springman et al. 1963 oral .. ---.. 24 108 mg Pb/m' 11 mg Pb/m' 

Human data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that 100 rna Pblml for 1 hour may produce 

illness [Fleming 1963). 

RevlHd IDLH: 40 mg Pblml [Unchanged] 

Baal. for revlHd IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Fleming 1963] and animals [Akatsuka 1973; 

Cremer and Calloway 1961], a value of about 100 mg Pblml would have been appropriate for tetraethyllead. However, 

the originallDLH for tetraethyllead (40 mg Pblm~l is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Akatsuka K [1973]. Tetraalkvllead poisoning. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Joumal of Industrial Health) 15:3-66. 

2. Cremer JE, Calloway S [196~]. Further stud .. s on the toxicity of some tetra and trialkyllead compounds. Brit J Ind Med 

18:277-282. 

3. Fleming AJ (19631. Lead Symposium, Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, February 25-27, 1963. 

4. Magistretti M, Zurfo N, Scollo F, Pacillo 0 (1963). Tossicita comparata del piombo tetnHttile e del piombo tetra-metile. 

Mea Lav 54:486-495 (in Italian). 

5. NIOSH [1974]. TP45500. Plumbane, tetraethyl-. In: The toxic substances list, 1974 ed. Rockville, MD: U.S. 

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 74-134, p. 634. 

6. Saglik Dergisi [19631; 38:653. 

7. Senepers GWR (1964). Tetraethyllead and tetramethyllead comparative experimental pathology: Part I. Lead 

absorption and patholQ9Y. Arch Environ Health 8:277-295. 

8. Schroeder T, Avery DO, Cross HA (1972). Tetraethyllead dose response curve for mortality in laboratory rats. 

Experientia 28:923-924. 

9. Springman E, Bingham E, Stemmer KL [1963]. The acute effects of lead alkyls. Arch Environ Health 6:469. 

460 
Tetrahydrofuran 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

109-99-9 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (735 mglm~ STEL 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA 

200 ppm (590 mglm3

) TWA, 250 ppm (735 mglm3

) STEL 

200 ppm (590 mglm~ TWA, 250 ppm (737 mglm~ STEL 

Colortess liquid with an ether-like odor. 

2% (10% LEL, 2,000 ppm) 

20,000 ppm [LEL] 

AIHA [1959] reported that exposure to 25,000 ppm will cause 

anesthesia and that 17.000 ppm appears to be safe for 3 hours 

[Hofmann and OetteI1954]. Therefore. 20,000 ppm has been 

chosen as the IDLH because it is the lower explosive limit (LEL) 

of tetrahydrofuran. 

None developed 

LCIO LCL,.o Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Horiguchi et al. 198. 21,000 .. -_ ...... 3 hr 37,800 ppm (1.8) 3,780 ppm 

Lethal doee data: 

LDIO L~ 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat GAF 1991 oral 1,650 ... -_ ..... 3,850 ppm 385 ppm 

Mouse Pozelnyaltov 1967 oral 2,300 -.... -- 5,367 ppm 537 ppm 

G. pig Pozelnyakov 1967 oral 2,300 ----- 5,367 ppm 537 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that exposure to 25,000 ppm will cause 

anesthesia and 17,000 ppm appears to be safe for 3 hours 

[Hofmann and CetteI1954]. 

Revised IDLH: 2,000 ppm [LEL] 

easls for revised IDLH: Based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data In humans [Hofmann and 

Oettel 1954]. a value of at least 17,000 ppm would have been appropriate for tetrahydrofuran. However, the revised IDLH 

is 2,000 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 2%). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1959]. Tetrahydrofuran. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 20:250-251. 

2. GAF [1991]. Material safety data sheet: Agrisynth THF. Wayne, NJ: GAF Chemicals Corporation, pp. 1-3. 

3. Hofmann G. Oettel H [1954]. Zur frage cler tomitat von tetrahydrofuran. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol222:233-235 (in 

German). 

4. Horiguchi S. Teramoto K. Katahira T [1984]. Acute and repeated inhalation toxicity oftetrahydrofuran in laboratory 

animals. Sumitomo Sangyo Eisei (Sumitomo Industrial Health) 20:141-157. 

5. Pozdnyakov AG [1967]. Materials on hygienic reglamentation of tetrahydrofuryl (THF) alcohol in water bodies. Gig Sanit 

32(2):99-101 (in Russian). 

461 
Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

aaaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term .xp08u ... guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

. Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. R.f .... nc. LCIO 

Mouae Caatellino et al. 

1963 40,800 mg/m' 

Rat Cremer and 

Calloway 1961 8,870 mg/m' 

75-74-1 

0.075 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.075 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.15 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid (unless dyed red, orange, or blue) with a fruity 

odor. 

Unknown 

40mg Pblml 

The chosen IDLH is based on an analogy with tetraethyllead 

which has an IDLH of 40 mg Pblm3

• 

None developed 

Adjuated 0.5-11r Derived valu. 

LCLo Tim. LC (CF) 

...... _ .... 30 min 31,626 mg Pb/m' (1.0) 3,163 mg Pb/m' 

.... __ .. 30 min 6,876 mg Pb/m' (1.0) 688 mg Pb/m' 

Mou.e Marbold 1986 ........ -- 8,500 mg/m' 30 min 6,589 mg Pb/m' (1.0) 659 mg Pb/m' 

L.thal dOH data: 

LON LDLo 

Specl .. R.fe ... nce Route (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Adjuated LD Derived value 

Rabbit A1taesuka 1973 oral --_ .... 24 130 mg Pb/m' 13 mg Pb/m' 

G. pig Gekkan Yakuji 1980 oral 109 ... __ .. - 591 mg Pb/III' 59 mg Pb/m' 

Rat Magiatretti et al. 1963 oral 105 ----- 570 mg Pb/m' 57 mg Pb/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that signs of acute tetra methyl lead 

intoxication in rats were similar to that seen after acute poisoning 

with tetraethyllead [ACGIH 1991). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

R.vIHd IDLH: 40 mg Pblm' [Unchanged] 

saal. for ... vl.ed IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Castellino at aI. 1963; Cremer and Calloway 

1961; Mamold 19861, a value of 150 mg Pblml (i.e., 2,000 times the NIOSH REL) would have been appropriate for 

tetra methyl lead. However based on an analogy to tetraethyllead which has a revised IDLH of 40 mg Pblm3, the original 

IDLH for tetramethyJ lead (40 mg Pblm') is not being revised at this time 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Tetramethyllead. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th 

ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1521·1523. 

2. Akatsuka K [1973]. Tetraalkyllead poisoning. Sangyo Igaku (Japan.se Journal of Industrial Health) 15:3-66. 

3. Castellino N, Rossi A, Mole R (1963). Miscellanea: toxicity oft.tramethyllead solutions to mice and rabbits. Brit J Ind 

Med 20:63-65. 

4. Cremer JE, Calloway S (1961). Further studies on the toxicity of some tetra and trialkyllead compounds. Brit J Ind Med 

18:2n·282. 

5. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) (1980); 22(3):455-459 (in Japanese). 

6. Magistretti M, Zurlo N, Scollo F, Pacillo 0 (1963). Tossicita comparata del piombo tetra-etile e del piombo tetra-metile. 

Med Lav 54:486-495 (in Italian). 

7. Marhold J (1986). Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 1258 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

462 
Tetramethyl succinonitrile 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·19904 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanc •........................ 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

3333-52-6 

3 mglm3 (0.5 ppm) TWA [skin] 

3 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm) TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

2.8 mglm3 (0.5 ppm) TWA [skin] 

Colorless, odorless solid. 

Unknown 

5 ppm 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1972] 

that 6 ppm for 30 hours was lethal to rats [Spolyar 1948]. A 

concentration of 22 ppm is obviously too high to be chosen as 

the IDLH, because no mice survived a 3.5-hour exposure at this 

concentration [Hecht and Kimmerle 1956-1957 as quoted by 

Reinl 1957]. 

Short·term .xposu ... guldelin.s None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal conc.ntration data: 

LCIO LCLo Adjusted O.S-I\r Derived 

Speci.s R.f.rence (ppm) (ppm) Tim. LC (CF) value 

Mouse Hecht and Kimmerle 1956/1957 .............. 28 3 hr 50 ppm (1.8) 5.0 ppm 

Mouse Hecht and Kimmerle 1956/1957 LC,DO : 22 .............. 3.5 hr 42 ppm (1.9) 4.2 ppm 

Rat Spolyar 1948 -_ ......... 6 30 hr 24 ppm (3.91) 2.4 ppm 

LDIO LDLo 

Specl.s R.f .... nc. Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Deriv.d value 

Rat Johannsen and L1vinak.s 1986 oral 38.9 ............ 48 ppm 4.8 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revisecllDLH. 

R.vls.d IDLH: 5 ppm [Unchanged] 

easis for ... vised IDLH: Based on acut. inhalation toxicity data in animals [Hecht and Kimmerle 1956-1957], the original 

IDLH for tetramethyl succinonitrile (5 ppm) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1972]. Tetramethyl succinonitrile. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 254. 

2. Harger RN, Hupieu HR [1949]. Toxicity of tetramethyl succinonitrile and the antidotal effects of thiosulphate, nitrile, and 

barbiturates. Feci Proe 8:205. 

3. Hecht G, Kimmerle H [195E111957]. Toxikologische Untersuchungen uber Tetramethyl-bemsteinsaureclinitril. 

Unpublished investigations (in German). [From Reinl W [1957]. Intoxication in manufacturing of plastics by 

tetramethyl-succinic acid dinitrile. Arch Toxikol 16:367·380 (in German).] 

4. Johannsen FR, Livinskas GJ [1986). Subchronic toxicity oftetramethylsuccinonitrile. Fundam Appl Toxicol 7:41-48. 

5. Reinl W [1957]. Intoxication in manufacturing of plastics by tetramethyl-succinic acid dinitrile. Arch ToxikoI16:367·380 

(in German). 

6. Spolyar LW [1948). Indiana chemists report toxicity of product of Porofor M. Ind Hyg Newsletter 8(10)3. 

463 
Tetranitromethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL: .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Delcription of lubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

509-14-8 

1 ppm (8 mglnr) TWA 

1 ppm (8 mgtm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.005 ppm (0.04 mglm3) TWA. A2 

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid or solid (below 57°F) with a 

pungent odor. 

Unknown 

5 ppm 

aalil for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA (1964) that 

concentrations above 5 ppm may cause irreversible lung and 

systemiC damage [Koelsch 1917). Patty (1963) reported that a 

cat exposed to 10 ppm for 20 minutes died within 10 days [Flury 

and Zemik 1931). and 5 cats exposed to 7 to 25 ppm for periods 

ranging from 2.5 to 5 hours died within 1 to 5.5 hours [Sievers 

et al. 1947). 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCso LCL,o Adjusted O.'-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Horn 1953 LC .. : 33 .............. 6.5 hr 78 ppm (2.35) 7.8 ppm 

Rat Kinkead et a1. 1977 l8 ----.. 4 hr 36 ppm (2.0) 3.6 ppm 

Cat Marho1d 1986 100 ----- 20 min 87 ppm (0.87) 8.9 ppm 

Mouse OSAF 1977 54 .. --_ .. 4 hr 108 ppm (2.0) II ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cats exposed to 10 ppm for 20 min died within ten days [Flury 

and Zemik 1931). It has been reported that cats exposed to 7 to 

25 ppm for periods ranging from 2.5 to 5 hours died within 1 to 

5.5 hours [Sievers et al. 1947). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been stated that concentrations above 5 ppm may cause 

irreversible lung and systemic damage [Koelsch 1917). 

Revlaed IDLH: 4 ppm 

a.ala for reviled IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans [Koelsch 1917) and animals [Hom 1953; 

Kinkead et al. 1977]. the revised IDLH for tetranitromethane is 4 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1964J. Tetranitrornethane. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 2~:513-515. 

2. Flury r=, Zemik F [1931J. SchIdliche gase dlmpfe, nebel, rauch- und staubarten. Berlin, Germany: Veriag von Julius 

Springer, p. 417 (In German). 

3. Hom HJ [1953]. Chemical Corps Medical laboratorieS Contrad Report No. 20. 

4. Kinkead ER, Macewen JD, Haun CC, Vemot EH, Dacre JC [1977]. Toxic hazards evaluation of five atmospheric 

pollutants from Army ammunition plants. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Air Force Systems Command, 

Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Technical Report AMRL-TR-n-25. 

5. Koelsch F (1917). Die giftwiFtung des tetranitromethane. Gewerbehygiene 5:185 (in German). [From AIHA [1964J. 

Tetranitromethane. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 2~:513-515.] 

6. Marhold J [1986]. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 403 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

7. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New yert, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 2075. 

8. Sievers RF, Rushing E, Gay H. Monaco AR (1947). Toxic efreda of tetranitromethane, a contaminant in crude TNT. 

Public Health Rep 62:1054-1058. 

9. USAF (1977). Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on environmental toxicology. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. 

OH: Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical Research Technical Report. 

AMRL-TR-n-97. 
Tetryl 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH· ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

479-45-8 

1:5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

1.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Same as current PEL 

1.5 mglm3 TWA 

Colorless to yellow, odorless, crystalline solid. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 3,000 mgtrn3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of tetryl would impede 

escape or cause any irreversible heaHh effects within 

30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been assigned on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 

2,000 " the OSHA PEL of 1.5 mglm3 (Le., 3,000 mglm~; only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 3,000 mglm3. 

None developed 

LOla LOlA 

Species Ref.renc. Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Dog Wells et 41. 1920 s.c. ... ......... 5,000 35,000 mg/m' 3,500 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tetryl is highly irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and 

may cause severe upper respiratory tract irritation with coughing 

and epistaxis; heavy airborne exposures may also cause liver 

damage [Hardy and Maloof 1950]. No systemic poisoning was 

noted following chronic exposure to 1.5 mglm3, other than some 

skin sensitization [Bergman 1952]. 

R.vised IOLH: 750 mglm3 

a.sis for revised IDLH: Based on acute subcutaneous toxicity data in animals [Wells et al. 1920], a value of about 

3,500 mglm3 would have been appropriate. However, the revised IDLH for tetryl is 750 mg/m3 based on being 500 times 

the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 1.5 mg/m3 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily 

during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for 

particulates) . 

REFERENCES: 

1. Bergman BB [1952]. Tetryl toxicity: a summary often years experience. AMAArch Ind Hyg Occup Med 5(1):10-20. 

2. Hardy WL, Maloof CC [1950]. Evidence of systemic effect of tetry!. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1 :545-555. 

3. Wells HG, Lewis JH, Sansum WO, McClure we, Lussky HO [1920]. Observations on the toxicity of 

tetranitromethylaniline (tetryl), tetranitroxylene (T.N.X.), tetranitraniline (T.N.A.), dinitrodichlorbenzene (parazol), and 

metanitraniline. J Ind Hyg 2:247-252. 

465 
Thallium (soluble compounds, as TI) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.slafor original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldellnea 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dOH data: 

Varies 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

Varies 

20 mgTVm3 

Because no data on aarte inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base the IDLH for the soluble compounds of thallium. 

research in this area is needed. The chosen IDLH has been 

estimated from the data given by ACGIH [1971) that LD50 values 

for different thallium compounds. by various routes of 

administration and for several species of animals ranged from 3 

to 92 mglkg [Downs et al. 1960 as cited by Patty 1963). Further 

support for the chosen IDLH can be gained from the statement 

by Deichmann and Gerarde [1969) that a dose of 0.2 gram 

(inorganic salts of thallium) may be lethal unless treatment is 

started promptly. 

None developed 

LDIO LOLA 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

TlCl 

Mouae Tilthova 1964 oral 24 .. --_ ... 143 mg Tl/m' 14 mg Tl/m' 

T1SO, 

Rat Gekltan Yakuji 1980 oral 16 ............... 91 mg Tl/m' 9.1 mg Tl/m' 

Mouae Tilthova 1964 oral 23.5 ...... -_ ... 133 mg Tl/m' 13 mg Tl/m' 

T1C,H,0, 

Mouae Kuaano 1969 oral 35 ...... -_ .. 191 mg Tl/m' 19 mg Tl/m' 

Rat Venugopal and Luckey 1978 oral 41.3 -_ ......... 225 mg Tl/m' 23 mg Tl/m' 

Tl,Co, 

Mouae Tilthova 1964 oral 21 ----- 128 mg Tl/m' 13 mg Tl/m' 

Rat Tikhova 1964 oral ...... _- ... 23 140 mg Tl/m' 14 mg Tl/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lethal oral doses ranging from 0.9 to 9.4 mglkg have been 

reported [Gekkan Yakuji 1980; Tanaka et al. 1978; Venugopal 

and Luckey 1978; Yakkyoku 1977]. [Note: An oral dose ranging 

from 0.9 to 9.4 mglkg is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being 

exposed to concentrations ranging from about 40 to 450 mglm3 

for 30 minutes. assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

Ravlaed IDLH: 15 mg TVrnl 

a.sls for revlaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for soluble thallium 

compounds. Therefore. the revised IDLH for soluble thallium compounds is 15 mg TUm' based on aarte oral toxicity data 

in humans [Gekkan Yakuji 1980; Tanaka et al. 1978; Venugopaland Luckey 1978; Yakkyoku 1977] and animals [Kusano 

1969; Tikhova 1964). 

466 
Thallium (soluble compounds, as TI) (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Thallium. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 256. 

2. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Thallium. In; Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: Academic 

Press, Inc., pp. 582-583. 

3. Downs WL, Scott JK, Steadman L T, Maynard EA [1960]. Acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of thallium compounds. 

Am Ind Hyg Assae J 21:399-406. 

4. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980]; 22:291-298 (in Japanese). 

5. Kusano T [1969]. Studies on the improved effectiveness of anticoagulative rodenticides on rodents. I. Synergistic toxic 

action between coumarin or indandione derivatives and thallium salts on mice. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 

Tottori University 5(2):15-52. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1140. 

7. Tanaka J, Yonezawa T, Ueyama M [1978]. Acute thallotoxicosis: neuropathological and spectrophotometric stUdies on 

an autopsy case. J Toxicol Sci 3:325-334. 

8. Tikhova TS [1964]. Problems of labor hygiene in the production of metallic thallium and its salts. Gig Sanit 29(2):26-32 

(translated) . 

9. Venugopal B, Luckey TO [1978]. Metal toxicity in mammals. Vol. 2. Chemical toxicity of metals and metalloids. New 

York, NY: Plenum Press, p. 101. 

10. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28:329 (in Japanese). 

467 
Thiram 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP)lDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-tarm exposure guldelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

137-26-8 

5 mglm3 TVIIA 

5 mg/m3 TVIIA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm3 TVIIA 

Colorless to yellow, crystalline solid with a charaderistic odor. 

Unknown 

1,500 mglm3 

The chosen IDLH has been estimated from the rabbit oral LD50 of 

210 mglkg [Sakuramoto 1977 cited by NIOSH 1976]. Rats 

survived a 4-hour exposure to concentrations above 500 mglm3 

[Smyth 1937-1955 cited by ACGIH 1971J. 

None developed 

Adjueted 0.5ohr Derived 

Specl .. Reference LC50 LCLa Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Marhold 1986 500 mg/m' ............... 4 hr 1,000 mg/m' (2.0) 100 mg/m' 

Lethal doee data: 

LD50 LOLa 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Arkhangel'skaya and Roshchina 1964 oral 1,350 ---_ .... 9,450 mg/m' 945 mg/m' 

Rabbit Sakuramoto 1977 oral 210 -_ ........ 1,470 mg/m' 147 mg/m' 

Rat Weiss and Orzel 1967 oral 560 ......... -- 3.920 mg/m' 392 mg/m' 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats have survived a 4-hr exposure to concentrations exceeding 

500 mglm3 [Smyth 1937-1955]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in detennining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 mgIrnl 

easls for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for thiram is 100 mglm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Mamold 19861 This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 257. 

2. ACGIH [1991 J. Thiram. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 1545-1549.J 

3. Arkhangel'skaya LN, Roshchina TA [1964J. Toxicological charaderization of furfuramide, a new vulcanization 

accelerator. Gig Sanit 251(7):37""2 (translated). 

4. Marhold J [1986J. Prehled Prumyslove Toxikologie, Organicke Latky. Prague, Czechoslovakia: Avicenum, p. 1027 (in 

Czechoslovakian). 

5. NIOSH [1976J. J014000. Disulfide, bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)-. In: Registry oftoxic effeds of chemical substances, 

1976 ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of HeaHh, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease 

Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HeaHh, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 462. 

6. Sakuramoto Y [1977]. Potential heaHh problems of latex produds. Kabunshi Kankokai 26:361 (in Japanese). 

468 
Thiram (continued) 

7. Smyth HF Jr [1937-1955]. Unpublished wor!( by Chemical Hygiene Fellowship, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, PA. [From 

ACGIH [1991]. Thiram. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1545-1549.] 

8. Weiss LR, Orzel RA [1967]. Some comparative toxicologic and pharmacologic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide as a 

pesticide solvent. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI11:546-557. 

469 
Tin (inorganic compounds, as Sn) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substanc •........................ 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tann .xpoau ... guid.lln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dON data: 

7440-31·5 (Metal) 

2mglm3TWA 

2mglm3TWA 

Same as current PEL 

2mg/m3TWA 

Varies 

400mg Snlm' 

The chosen IDLH is based on the toxicity of stannous chloride. 

ACGIH [1971] indicated that inorganic tin salts are of high acute 

toxicity. ILO [1972] reported evidence exists that stannous 

chloride can cause paralysis in animals. No data on acute 

inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH. The 

chosen IDLH is based on the dog intravenous L~o of 20 mglkg for stannous chloride [Patenko 1886 as cited by Flury and 

Zernik 1935] cited by NIOSH. The chosen IDLH is likely to be 

conservative. 

None developed 

LD,. LDLo 

Specl .. R.f .... nc. Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

SnSO. 

Rat Gig Sanit 1986 oral 2,207 --_ ..... 8,497 mg Sn/m' 850 mg Sn/m' 

Mouae Gig Sanit 1986 oral 2,152 -_ ........ 8,285 mg Sn/m' 829 mg Sn/m' 

SnCl, 

Rat Calvery 19"2 oral 700 .............. 3,087 mg Sn/m' 309 mg Sn/m' 

Rabbit WHO 1970 oral 10,000 ... ---- "" ,100 mg Sn/m' ",410 mg Sn/m' 

Moua. WHO 1972 oral 250 ...... -_ ... 1, 103 mg Sn/m' llO mg Sn/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

R.vlaeclIDLH: 100 mg Snlm3 

a.sls for ... vlaeclIDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for inorganic tin compounds. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for inorganic tin compounds is 100 mg Snlm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals 

(WHO 1972]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for woOters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Tin (inorganic compounds except SnH. and SnO,) as Sn. In: Documentation of the threshold limit 

values (or substances in wortuoom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: Nnerican Conference of Governmental Industrial 

Hygienists, p. 257. 

2. CalVery HO [1942]. Trace elements in foods. Food Res 7:313-331. 

3. Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und !eta!en dosen fur die gebrauchlichsten gifte und 

verauchstiera. Abder Hand Bioi Arbeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German). 

4. Gig Sanit~986]; 51(6):82 (in Russian). 5. ILO [1972. Tin, alloys, compounds. fn: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. II (L·Z). Geneva, . er1and: International Labour Office, pp. 1407·1409. 

6. NIOSH [19761. XP87QOO. Tin(lI) chloride (1 :2) .. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati, OR: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 1156. 

7. Patenko [1886]. Arch de Phys Ser 1117:33. [From Flury F, Zemik F [1935]. Zusammenstellung der toxischen und letalen 

dosen fur die gebrauchlichsten gifte und verauchstiere. Abder Hand Bioi lubeitsmethod 4:1289-1422 (in German).] 

8. WHO (1970). Toxicological evafuatlon of some extraction solvents and certain other substances. Geneva, Switzenand: 

Wor1d"Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, Nutrition Meetings Report Series 488:75-77. 

9. WHO [1972]. Toxicological evaluation of some enzymes, modified starches and certain other substances. Geneva, 

Switzer1and: Wor1d Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, WHO Food Additives Series, No.1, 

pp. 101·104. 

470 
Tin (organic compounds, as Sn) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubetance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH" ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guldell"" 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Spee_ Reterence LCIa 

Tri-n-butyltin 

iodide 

Mouae NDRC 1942 ........ -

Triethyltin 

bromide 

Mouae NDRC 1942 -_ .. -- Tri-n-propyltin 

bro1ll1de 

Mouae NDRC 1942 ... _ ...... 

Varies 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.1 mglm3 TWA, 0.2 mgJm3 STEL 

Varies 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IOLH • 200 mg Snlrn3 - He 

discussion below.) 

Patty (1963), Browning (1969), and Oeichmann and 

Gerarde (1969) all indicated that the trialkyltin compounds are 

generally the most toxic of the organic tin compounds. The only 

available acute inhalation toxicity data on which to base an IOLH 

are given by NIOSH (1976) which cited the following mouse LCLO 

values for tri-n-butyltin iodide, triethyltin bromide, and 

tri-n-propyltin bromide, respectively: 1340 mglm3, 1640 mglm3, 

and 1650 mglm3 [NORC 1942). The LCLO is the lowest 

concentration of a substance, other than an LCIO in air, that has 

been reported to cause death in man or to cause death in 

. animals when they have been exposed for 24 hours or less. For 

this draft technical standard, however, respirators have been 

assigned on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device up to 2,000 Ie the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mg Snlm3 

(i.e., 200 mg Snlm~; only the "most protective" respirators are 

permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 200 mg Snlm3. 

None developed . 

Adjusted O.~r Derived value 

LCIA Time LC (CF) 

l,340mg/m' 10 lIIin 263 mg Sn/lll' (0.69) 26 1119 Sn/m' 

l,640mg/m' 10 1II1n 470 mg Sn/lll' (0.69) 47 1119 Sn/m' 

1.650mg/m' 10 1II1n 412 mg Sn/m' (0.69) 41 1119 Sn/m' 

471 
Tin (organic compounds, as Sn) (continued) 

Lethal don data: 

LOIO LOu. 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuated LO Derived value 

Triphenyltin acetate 

G. pig Klimmer 1971 oral 21 ...... --- 43 mg Sn/m' 4.3 mg Sn/m' 

Rabbit Perkow 1971/1976 oral 30 .............. 61 mg Sn/m' 6.1 mg Sn/m' 

Mouse Stoner 1966 oral 81 ............... 164 mg Sn/m' 16 mg sn/m' 

Rat Hartel 1958 oral 125 ............... 254 mg Sn/m' 25 mg Sn/m' 

Oimethyltin bis(isooetylmereaptoaeetate) 

Rat Hazleton 1972 oral 604 .. ---- 903 mg Sn/m' 90 mg Sn/m' 

Tri-n-butyltin iodide 

Rabbit Akatsuka 1973 oral ............... 100 196 mg Sn/m' 20 mg Sn/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

RevlHd IOLH: 25 mg Snlm3 

Baala for revlHd IOLH: The revised IDLH for organic tin compounds is 25 mg Snlm3 based on acute inhalation toxicity 

data in animals [NDRC 1942]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute inhalation toxicity data 

for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Akatsuka K [1973]. Tetraalkyllead poisoning. Sangyo Igaku (Japanese Joumal of Industrial Health) 15:3-66. 

2. Browning E [1969]. Toxicity of industrial metals. 2nd ed. New York. NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 291. 

3. Deichmann we. Gerarde HW (1969). Tin. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York. NY: Academic Press. 

Inc .• pp. 591-592. 

4. Hazleton laboratOries. Inc. [1972]. Acute oral administration - rats: DMT-IOMA. final report. Vienna. VA: Hazleton 

Laboratories. Inc. Submitted to Witco Chemical Company. Brooklyn. NY (August 16. 1972). pp. 1-5. 

5. Klimmer OR [1971]. Pflanzenschutz und schaedlingsbekaempfungsmittel: abriss einer toxikologie und therapy von 

vergiftungen. 2nd ed. Hattingen. Germany: Hundt-Ver1ag. 

6. NDRC (1942). National Defense Research Committee. Office of Scientific Research and Development, Progress Report 

- Toxicity Laboratory - University of Chicago (February 21.1942). NDCrc-132. p. 5. 

7. NIOSH [1976]. WH67400. Stannane. bromotriethyl-; WH67600. Stannane. bromotripropyl-; WH858oo. Stannane. 

iodotributyl-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. 1976 ed. Cincinnati. OH: U.S. Department of Health. 

Education. and Welfare. Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191. pp. 1099-1100. 

8. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishe .... Inc .• p. 1153. 

9. Perkow W [1971/1976]. Wlrksubatanzen dar pftanzenschutz und schadlingabekampfungsmittel. Bertin. Germany: 

Vertag Paul Panty. 1971-1976 (in German). 

10. Stoner HB [1966]. Toxicity oftriphenyltin. Br J Ind Med 23:222-229. 

11. Hartel K [1958J. Organic tin compound as a crop fungicide. Field trials in Germany. Tin and ita uses 43:9-14. 

472 
Titanium dioxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

aasls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

13463-67-7 

None established; NIOSH considers titanium dioxide to be a 

potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

15 mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

10mglm3 TWA 

lNhite, odorless powder. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH. 7,500 mglm3 - see 

discussion below.) 

The available toxicological data contein no evidence that 

exposure to a high concentration of titanium dioxide would 

impede escape within 30 minutes. For this draft technical 

standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on the basis 

of the aSSigned protection factor afforded by each device. 

However, for some particulate substances for which no evidence 

of an IDLH exists, the determination of allowable respiratory 

protection based on protection factors may result in the 

assignment of respirators for concentrations that are not likely to 

be encountered in the occupational environment. Therefore, for 

all such particulate substances it has been arbitrarily determined 

that only the "most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 500. the OSHA PEL (500.15 mglm3 

is 7,500 mglm3). 

None developed 

Animal or human data .......................... None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 5,000 mglm3 

Basla for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of titanium dioxide would impede escape or cause any irreversible health etJects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for titanium dioxide is 5,000 mglm3 based on being 500 times the OSHA PEL of 10 mglm3 

promulgated in 1989 (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards 

Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). [Note: NIOSH 

recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for titanium dioxide at any 

detectable concentration.] 
Toluene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Exlating ahort-tarm exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

108-88-3 

100 ppm (375 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (560 mglm3

) STEL 

200 ppm TWA, 300 ppm CEILING, 

500 ppm 10-minute MAXIMUM PEAK 

100 ppm (375 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (560 mglml) STEL 

50 ppm (188 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. 

1.1 % (10% LEL. 1,100 ppm) 

2,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH seems reasonable based on the statements by 

Patty [1963] and ANSI [1973]. Patty [1963] reported that with 

600 ppm, extreme fatigue, mental confusion, exhilaration, 

nausea, headache, and dizziness resulted by the end of 3 hours 

[von Oettingen et al. 1942]. ANSI [1973] reported that exposures 

to concentrations greater or longer than 4,000 ppm for 5 minutes 

might limit self-rescue ability. 

National Research Council [NRC 1987] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 200 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

LCIA Adjuated 0.5-I1r Darlved 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Rat Benignua 1981 >26,700 ----- lhr >33,375 ppm (1.25) >3,338 ppm 

Mouae Benignua 1981 400 ... __ ..... 24 hr 1,440 ppm (3.6) 144 ppm 

Rabbit Smyth and Carpenter 1944 ............ 55,000 40 min 60,500 ppm (1.1) 6,050 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RDso (mouse), 5,300 ppm [Nielsen and Alarie 1982]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that extreme fatigue, mental confusion, 

exhilaration, nausea, headache and dizziness resulted from 

exposures to 600 ppm by the end of 3 hours [von Oettingen et al. 

1942]. In addition, the following observations have been made: 

some workers will tolerate concentrations ranging up to 200 ppm 

for 6 to 8 hours daily with no demonstrable ill effects; 200 to 500 

ppm for 6 to 8 hours will cause tiredness and lassitude in most 

worlters; and concentrations over 500 ppm for 1 to 3 hours are 

definitely dangerous and will cause symptoms attributable to 

depression of the central nervous system and the bone marrow 

[Wilson 1943]. It has also been reported that exposure to 

concentrations greater than 4,000 ppm for more than 5 minutes 

might limit self rescue ability [ANSI 1973]. After 20 minutes, 

exposures to concentrations at 300, 500, or 700 ppm resulted in 

Significant increases in reaction times; a Significant decrease in 

perceptual speed resulted after a 20-minute exposure to 

700 ppm [Gamberale and Hultengren 1972]. 

Revised IDLH: 500 ppm 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IOLH for toluene is 500 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Gamberale and Hultengren 1972; von Oettingen et at 1942; Wilson 1943). 

474 
Toluene (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ANSI [1973]. American National Standard, acceptable concentrations of toluene. New Yortt, NY: American National 

Standards Institute, p. 6. 

2. Benignus VA [1981]. Health effects oftoluene: a review. NeurotoxicoI2:567-588. 

3. Gamberale F, Hultengren M [1972]. Toluene exposure. II. Psychophysiological functions. Scand J Work Environ Health 

9:131-139 . 

... Nielsen GO, Alarie Y [1982]. Sensory ilTitation, pulmonary ilTitation, and respiratory stimulation by airborne benzene and 

alkyl benzenes: predidion of safe industrial exposure levels and correlation of their thermodynamic properties. Toxicol 

Appl PharmacoI65:"59-477. 

5. NRC [1987]. Emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels for seleded airborne contaminants. Vol. 7. 

Ammonia, hydrogen chloride, lithium bromide, and toluene. W~shington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on 

Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Ute Sciences, National Research 

Council, pp. "7~1. 

6. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Intarscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1227. 

7. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CP [1944]. The place of the range finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. J Ind Hyg 

Toxicol 26:269-273. 

8. von Oettingen WF, Neal PA, Donahue DO [1942]. The toxicity and potantial dangers of toluene: preliminary report. 

JAMA 118:579-584. 

9. Wilson RH [1943]. Toluene poisoning. JAMA 123:1106-1108 . 

.. 75 
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSHREL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1114 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term e~ure guiden.,.. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

584-84-9 

None established; NIOSH considers toluene-2,4-cliisocyanate to 

be a potential occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA 

carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m~ CEILING 

0.005 ppm (0.04 mg/m~ TWA, 0.02 ppm (0.15 mg/m~ STEL 

0.005 ppm (0.036 mg/m~ TWA, 0.02 ppm (0.14 mg/m~ STEL 

Colorless to pa.yellow solid or liquid (above 71"F) with a sharp, 

pungent odor. 

0.9% (10% LEL, 900 ppm) 

10 ppm 

For this draft technical standard, it Is assumed that individuals 

who have developed a sensitivity to TDI will not be allowed to 

work in a TDI atmosphere. In these sensitized individuals, even 

concentrations below the OSHA PEL are capable of triggering 

the allergic response. Therefore, the IDLH has not been based 

on data obtained from the exposures of individuals or animals 

sensitized to TOI. The chosen IDLH is based on the 4-hour LC,., 

values for different species of animals, ranging from 9.7 to 

13.9 ppm [Duncan at al. 1962 cited by AIHA 1967 and 

NIOSH 1973]. 

None developed 

LC,., LCIA AdJuat8d a.Sohr Derived 

Speci_ Reference (ppm) (ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

Rat Duncan et a1. 1962 14 ........ -... 4hr 28 ppm (2.0) 2.8 ppm 

G. pig Duncan et al. 1962 13.9 ----... 4hr 28 ppm (2.0) 2.8 ppm 

Mou •• Duncan et al. 1962 9.7 ...... -... 4hr 19 ppm (2.0) 1.9 ppm 

Rabbit Duncan et al. 1962 II -_ ... -... 4hr 22 ppm (2.0) 2.2 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RD,., (mouse), 0.39 ppm [Alarie 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

ReviHd IDLH: 2.5 ppm 

Basla for revlHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for toluene-2,4-cliisocyanate is 2.5 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in animals [Duncan et al. 1962]. Since in sensitized individuals, even concentrations below the OSHA PEL are capable of 

triggering the allergic response, the revised IDLH has not been based on data obtained from the exposures of individuals 

or animals sensitized to TOI. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the -most protectiverespirators be worn for toluene-2,4-cliisocyanate at any detectable conc:entration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1967]. Toluene dlisocyanate. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 28:90-94. 

2. Alarie Y [1981]. DosHesponse analysis in animal.tudies: predic:tion of human responses. Environ Health Persped 

42:9-13. 

3. Duncan B, Scheel LD, Fairchild EJ, Klilens R, Graham S [1962]. Toluene diisocyanate inhalation toxicity: pathology and 

mortality. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:447-456. 

4. NIOSH [1973]. Criteria for a recommended standard: toluene diisocyanate. Cincinnatl,OH: U.S. Department of Health, 

Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW Publication 

No. HSM 73-11022. 

476 
a-Toluidine 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelinea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

95-53-4 

None established; NIOSH considers o-toluidine to be a potential 

occupational carcinogen as defined by the OSHA carcinogen 

policy [29 CFR 1990) that may be absorbed through the skin. 

5 ppm (22 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

2 ppm (8.8 mglm') TWA [skin), A2 

Colorless to pale-yellow liquid with an aromatic, aniline-like odor. 

Unknown 

100 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Sax (1975) that 

100 ppm is the maximum concentration endurable for 1 hour 

without serious consequencas. No other data are available on 

which to base the IDLH. 

None developed 

LD .. ~ Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Deriwcf value 

Rat IARe 1982 oral 670 ----... 1,052 ppm 105 ppm 

Mou.e IARe 1982 oral 520 ----... 816 ppm 82 ppm 

Rabbit IARe 1982 oral 840 ... -_ ...... 1,318 ppm 132 ppm 

Rat Jacob.en 1972 oral 900 ----- 1,413 ppm 141 ppm 

Rat Jacobsen 1972 oral 940 ......... -- 1,475 ppm 148 ppm 

Other animal data ............................. . Rats have survived an 8-hour exposure to saturated vapors of 

o-toluidine [Smyth et al. 1962]. 

Human data ................... : .............. . 

Revlaed IDLH: 50 ppm 

It has been reported that a 6O-minute exposure to 40 ppm 

produces severe toxic effects [Goldblatt 1955]. It has been 

reported that 100 ppm is the maximum concentration endurable 

for 1 hour without Mrious consequences [Sax 1975]. 

Baala for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for o-toluidine is 50 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[Goldblatt 1955; Sax 1975]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be worn for o-toluidine at any detectable concentration.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Goldblatt MW [1955]. R .... rch in industrial health in the chemical industry. Brit J Ind Med 12:1-20. 

2. IARC [1982]. ortho-Toluidine and its hydrochlOride. In: IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of 

chemicals to humans. Vol. 27. Some aromatic amines, anthraquinonea and nitrolo compounds, and inorganic fluorides 

used in drinking-water and dental preparations, pp. 155-175. 

3. Jacobsen KH [1972]. Short communication: acute oral toxicity of mono- and di-alkyl ring-subatituted derivatives of 

aniline. Toxicol AppI Pharrnacol22:153-154. 

4. Sax NI [1975]. 0-Toluidine. In: Dangerous properties of ind~ materials. 4th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand 

Reinhold Company, pp. 1173-1176. 

5. Smyth HF, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pezzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 
Tributyl phosphate 

'CAS number ............... , ................. . 

NIOSH REL ................................... . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubetance ....................... . 

LEL .......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.a .. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short .. nn expoaure gulden.,.. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LC .. 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) 

Cat Eller 1937 .. -_ .. - Cat IPCS 1991 227 

Rat IPCS 1991 123 

Rat ICalinina 1971 117 

Rat TSCATS 2,529 

Lethal doN data: 

126-73-8 

0.2 ppm (2.5 mglm~ TWA 

5mglm3 TWA 

0.2 ppm (2.5 mglm~ TWA 

0.2 ppm (2.2 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless to pale-yellow, odorless liquid. 

Unknown 

125 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the only available data on acute 

inhalation toxicity of exposure to tributyl phosphate. Patty [1963) 

reported that 0 of 3 rats succumbed to a 6-hour exposure to 

123 ppm (1,337 mglm3) [Fassett). No other quantitative data are 

available on which to base the IDLH. 

None developed 

LCLo AdJuaWd O,$-hr Derived 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) value 

2.214 5 hr 4,760 ppm (2.15) 476 ppm 

----- 4-5 hr 454-488 ppm (2.0/2.15) 45-49 ppm 

.............. 6hr 283 ppm (2.3) 28 ppm 

........... - ? ? ? 

......... -- 1hr 3,161 ppm (1.25) 316 ppm 

lO .. lOLo 

Spec'" Reterence Route (mglkg) (mglkg) AdjuaWd lO Derived value 

Mouee ICalinina 1971 oral 1,189 ----- 752 ppm 75 ppm 

Rat Smyth and carpenter 1944 oral 3,000 ... --_ ... 1.897 ppm 190 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that rats survived a &-hour exposure to 

123 ppm (1,337 mglm3) [Patty 1963). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nausea and headache have been reported in wortters exposed 

to 15 rngIm3 (1.4 ppm) [Mastromatteo 1964). 

RevlMd IDLH: 30 ppm 

a.a .. for revIMd IDLH: The reviaed IDLH for tributyl phosphate is 30 ppm baaed on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [IPCS 1991). This may be a conaarvative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data in humans expoaed 

to concantrationa above 1." DPm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991). Tnbutyl phosphate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit valuesand biological exposure Indices. 6th 

eel. Cincinnati,OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 1600-1601. 

2. Eller H [1937]. Beitrag zur toxikologie technilCher weichmachungsmlttel (dissertation). Pharmakologlshen InltiM der 

Universitat Wursburg, Germany. 

3. Fassett OW (7). Unpublished data from the Laboratory of Industrial Medicine, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY. 

[From Patty FA, ed. (1963). Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: 

Interscience Publishers, Inc., p. 1915.) 

... IPCS [1991). Environmental health eliteria 112, tri-n-butyl phosphate. Geneva, Switzerland: World health Organization, 

Intemational progremme on Chemical Safety. [From ACGIH [1991). Tributyl phosphate. In: Documentation of the 

threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmental 

Industrial Hygienists, pp. 1600-1601.) 

478 
Tributyl phosphate (continued) 

5. Kalinina NI [1971). Toxicity of phosphoroorganic platificators tributyl phosphate and di(2-ethylhexyl)phenyl phosphate. 

Gig Tr Prof ZaboI1S(8):30-33 (in Russian). 

6. Mastromatteo E (1964). Personal communication to TLV Committee. [From ACGIH (1991). Tributyl phosphate. In: 

Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati. OH: American 

Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 1600-1601.] 

7. Patty FA. ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New York. NY: Interscience 

Publishers. Inc .. p. 1915. 

8. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CP [1944). The place ofthe range-finding test in the industrial toxicology laboratory. J Ind Hyg 

ToxicoI26:269-273. 

9. TSCATS. Office ofToxic Substances Report FYI-OTS-0285-0380. 

479 
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ............................ . 

a.sls for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCN 

Cat Arch Hyg Bakteriol 1936 ...... eo __ 

Rat Carpenter et a1. 1949 .............. 

Rat UCC 1972 LCll : 500 ppm 

Rat UCC 1972 LC,,: 500 ppm 

79-00-5 

10 ppm (45 mglm3

) TWA [skin); NIOSH considers 

1 , 1.2-trichloroethane to be a potential occupational carcinogen 

as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990). 

10 ppm (45 mglm~ TWA [skin) 

Same as current PEL 

10 ppm (55 mglm3

) TWA [skin) 

Colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. 

6% (10% LEL, 6,000 ppm) 

500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the UCC (1972) report that 

500 ppm killed 1 of 6 rats in 4 hours, and 4 of 6 rats in 8 hours. 

None developed 

Adjusted O.S-I1r Derived 

LCLo Time LC (CF) value 

13,100 mg/m' 4.5 hr 4,957 ppm (2.1) 496 ppm 

2,000 ppm 4 hr 4,000 ppm (2.0) 400 ppm ...... -_ .. 4 hr 1,000 ppm (2.0) 100 ppm .. -_ .... 8 hr 1,250 ppm (2.5) 125 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in detennining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 100 ppm 

a.sls for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1,1 ,2·trichloroethane is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in 

animals [UCC 1972). [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be 

wom for 1,1 ,2-trichloroethane at concentrations above 10 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Arch Hyg Bakteriol (1936); 116:131 (in German). 

2. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Pozzani UC (1949). The assay of acute vapor toxicity and the grading and interpretation of 

results on 96 chemical compounds. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 31(6):343-346. 

3. UCC (1972). Toxicology studies: 1,1 ,2-trichloroethane. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

480 
Trichloroethylene 

CAS number .... , ............................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

79-01-6 

2 ppm 50-minute CEILING during usage as an anesthetic agent 

and 25 ppm TWA during all other exposures; NIOSH considers 

trichloroethylene to be a potential occupational carcinogen as 

defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

100 ppm TWA, 200 ppm CEILING, 

. 300 ppm 5-minute MAXIMUM PEAK IN ANY 2 HOURS 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL (@77·F) ................................. . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for orlglnal(SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-tenn exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentnition data: 

LCIO 

50 ppm (270 mglm3

) TWA, 200 ppm (1,080 mglm3) STEL 

50 ppm (269 mglm3

) TWA, 10 ppm (537 mglml) STEL, A5 

Colorless liquid (unless dyed blue) with a chloroform-like odor. 

8% (10% LEL(@77·F), 8,000 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the results of experimental 2-hour 

exposures by Vemon and Ferguson [1969] of 8 young male 

volunteers (aged 21 to 30) to concentrations of 0, 100,300, and 

1,000 ppm. On the basis of a number of psychophysiological 

tests, decrements in performance were reported statistically at 

only 1,000 ppm. Because the exposure time was 2 hours at 

1,000 ppm, a person should be able to escape within 3O-minutes 

without injury or irreversible health effects. 

National Research Council [NRC 1988] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 200 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 10 ppm 

LCLA Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

SpeCies Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CP) value 

Human Bell 1951 ......... - 2,900 ? ? ? 

G. pig Davis et al. 1959 --_ .. - 37,200 40 min 53,196 ppm (1.43) 5,320 ppm 

Mouse Friberg at 81. 1953 8,450 .......... - 4hr 114,075 ppm (13.5) 11,408 ppm 

Cat Lehmann et 81. 1936 ......... - 5,952 2hr 33,688 ppm (5.66) 3,369 ppm 

Rat NRC 1988 ........... B,OOO 4hr 10B,OOO ppm (13.5) 10,800 ppm 

Rat Vemot at al. 1977 26,300 .. ", ....... 1hr 62,594 ppm (2.38) 6,259 ppm 

Rabbit WHO 1970 .... --- 11,000 ? ? ? 

"Note: Conversion factor (CF) was determined with "n" = 0.8 [ten Berge et al. 1986]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure of eight volunteers for 2 hours to 1,000 ppm resulted in 

decrements in visual perception and motor skills, but 2-hour 

exposures to 100 and 300 ppm did not [Vernon and Ferguson 

1969]. Tachypnea and ventricular arrhythmias have been 

equated with inhaled concentretions greater than 15,000 ppm 

during usage .. an anesthetic [Vernon and Ferguson 1969]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 ppm [Unchanged] 

Basis for revised IDLH: Based on acute inhalation toxicity data in volunteers [Vemon and Ferguson 1969], the original 

IDLH for trichloroethylene (1,000 ppm) is not being revised at this time. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its 

carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be worn for trichloroethylene at concentrations above 25 ppm.] 

481 
Trichloroethylene (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Artusio JF. ed. (1963). Clinical anesthesia halogenated anesthetics. Philadelphia. PA: FA Davis Co .• pp. 43-65. 

2. Bell A (1951). Death from trichlorethylene in a dry-cleaning establishment. N Z Med J 50:119-126. 

3. Davis EF. Tuma BL. Lee LC (1959). Handbook oftoxicology. Vol. V. Fungicides. Philadelphia. PA: W.B. Saunders Co .• 

p.76. 

4. Friberg L. Kylin B. Nystrom A (1953). Toxicities of trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene and Fujiwara's pyridine-alkali 

reaction. Acta Pharmacol ToxicoI9:303-312. 

5. Lehmann KB. Schmidt-Kehl L. Rut H. Crescitelli. Dahl. Eppinghausen. Eshe. Falker. Grotefendt. Junkenita. Maier. 

Mergner. Pantehtsch. Schlitzer. Shoenes. Spettmann. Wirges. Bamsreiter. Benninger. Lazarus. Manasse. Kummeth. 

Reuss. Schwarzweller (1936). The 13 most important chlorinated hydrocarbons of the aliphatic series from the 

standpoint of occupational hygiene. Arch Hyg BakterioI116:132-200 (translated). 

6. NRC (1988). Emergency and continuous exposure guidanca levels for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 8. Lithium 

chromate and trichloroethylene. Washington. DC: National Academy Press. Panel on Emergency Exposure Guidance 

Levels. Subcommittee on Submarine Air Quality. Committee on Toxicology. Board on Environmental Studies and 

Toxicology. Commission on Life Sciences. National Research Council. pp. 31-65. 

7. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CPo Weil CS. Pezzani UC. Striegel JA. Nycum JS (1969). Range-finding toxicity data: list VII. 

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 30(5):470-476. 

8. ten Berge WF. Zwart A. Appelman LM (1986). Concentration-time mortality response relationship of irritant and 

systematically acting vapours and gases. J Haz Mat 13:301-309. 

9. Vemon RJ. Ferguson RK (1969). Effects of trichloroethylene on visual-motor performance. Arch Environ Health 

18(6):894-900. 

10. Vemot EH. Macewen JD. Haun CC. Kinkead EK [1977]. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharmacoI42:417-423. 

11. WHO (1970). Toxicological evaluation of some extraction solvents and certain other substances. Geneva. Switzerland: 

World Health Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization. Nutrition Meetings Report Series 48a:121-128. 

482 
Trichloronaphthalene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacription of aubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH· ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidellnea 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1321-65-9 

5 mglm3 TWA (skin] 

5 mg/m3 TWA (skin] 

Same as current PEL 

5 mglm3 TWA (skin] 

Colorless to pale-yellow solid with an aromatic odor. 

Unknown 

Unknown rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 50 mglm3 - see discussion 

below.] 

No toxicological data are available conceming the effects of 

acute exposures to trichloronaphthalene. For this draft technical 

standard, however, an analogy with other chloronaphthalenes 

was used, and the respirators were selected on the basis of the 

assigned protection factor afforded by each device up to 

10 x the OSHA PEL of 5 mg/m3 (i.e., 50 mglm3); only the "most 

protective" respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 50 mg/m3. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rats and mice exposed to a single 2-hour exposure to 

200 mg/m3 had no adverse effects (Shakahnovskava 1953]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revia.d IDLH: Unknown (Unchanged] 

Baala for revl •• d IDLH: Due to a lack of relevant acute toxicity data, the IDLH for trichloronaphthalene remains 

"Unknown.· The "most protective" respirators will continue to be recommended for concentrations exceeding 50 mglm3 

based on being 10 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA PEL of 5 mg/m3 (10 is an assigned protection factor for respirators 

and was used during the Standards Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be 

used for trichloronaphthalene). This may be a conseNative value due to the lack of relevant acute tOXicity data for 

workers at concentrations above 50 mglm3 for trichloronaphthalene. 

REFERENCE: 

1. Shakahnovskava FB (1953]. Toxicology of chlorinated naphthalenes. Farmakol Toksikol 16:43-47 (translated). 

483 
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL (~248·F) ................................ . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Baaia for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoaure guidellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

96-18-<4 

10 ppm (60 mglm3

) TWA [skin]; NIOSH considers 

1 ,2,l-trichloropropane to be a potential occupational carcinogen 

as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

50 ppm (300 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (60 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (60 mglm3

) TWA [skin] 

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. 

3.2% (10% LEL(~248·F), 3,200 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

UCC [1973] reported that 5 of 6 rats died following a i-hour 

exposure to 5,600 ppm. Because several mice died following 

only a 200minute exposure to 5,000 ppm [McOmie and 

Bames 1949 as cited by ACGIH 1971], 5,000 ppm has not been 

chosen as the IDLH. The chosen IDLH is based on the rat 

4-hour LCLO of 1,000 ppm [Smyth et al. 1962 cited by 

NIOSH 1976]. 

None developed 

LCIO LCLA Adjuated O.S-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mous. Izmerov et a1. 1982 555 ... ............ 2 hr 888 ppm (1.61 89 ppm 

Mouae McOmie and Barnes 1949 ...... --- 5,000 20 min 4,350 ppm (0.87) 435 ppm 

Rat McOmi. and Barnes 1949 LC100 : 700 -_ ......... 4hr 1,400 ppm (2.0) 140 ppm 

Mous. McOmi. and Barne. 1949 LC, .. : 700 ... ... --- 4hr 1,400 ppm (2.0) 140 ppm 

Mouse McOm!e and Barn •• 1949 LC".: 340 ----- 4hr 680 ppm (2.0) 68 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1962 LCn : 1,000 -_ ... _- 4hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Rat UCC 1973 LCn : 5,600 ...... --- lhr 7,000 ppm (1.25) 700 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that objectionable ocular and mucosal 

irritation were experienced after 15 minutes of exposure to 

100 ppm [Silverman et al. 19046]. 

Revlaed IDLH: 100 ppm 

Baala for revlaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1 ,2.l-trichloropropane is 100 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data 

in humans [Silverman et al. 1946]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for 

workers exposed to concentrations above 100 ppm. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the 

"most protective" respirators be wom for 1.2.l-trichloropropane at concentrations above 10 ppm.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971J. 1.2,l-Trichloropropane. In: Oocumentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 

3rd ed. Cincinnatl.OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. pp. 266-267. 

2. izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK [1982]. Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects. GKNT. p. 114. 

3. McOmie WA. Bames TR [1949]. Acute and subchronic toxicity of 1.2.l-trichloropropane in mice and rabbits. Fed Proc 

8:319. 

4. NIOSH [1976]. TZ92750. Propane. 1,2.l-trichloro-. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. 1976 ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: U.S. Department of Health. Education. and Welfare, Public Health Service. Center for Disease Control. 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 969. 

5. Silverman L. Schulte HF, First MW [19046]. Further studies on sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. J 

Ind Hyg ToxicoI28:262-266. 

6. Smyth HF Jr, Carpenter CPo Weil CS, Pezzani UC, Striegel JA [1962]. Range finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

7. UCC [1973J. Toxicology studies: 1.2.l-trichloropropane. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guideUnes .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

76-13-1 

1,000 ppm (7,600 mglm') TWA, 

1,250 ppm (9,500 mglm3

) STEL 

1,000 ppm (7,600 mglm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (7,600 mglm3

) TWA, 

1,250 ppm (9,500 mglm3

) STEL 

1,000 ppm (7,670 mglm3

) TWA. 

1,250 ppm (9.590 mglm3

) STEL 

Colorless to water-white liquid with an odor like carbon 

tetrachloride at high concentrations. 

Unknown 

4.500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by AIHA [1968] and 

ACGIH [1971] that a 2.75-hour exposure to 4.500 ppm 

significantly impaired the psychomotor performance of human 

volunteers [Stopps and Mclaughlin 1967]. 

National Research Council [NRC 1984] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 1.500 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 500 ppm 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Burns et al. 1961 .... -_ .. 250,000 1.5 min 92,500 ppm (0.37) 9,250 ppm 

Rat Clayton 1962 .......... 87,000 6 hr 200,100 ppm (2.3) 20,010 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dogs appear to tolerate 1.000 ppm, regardless of duration of 

exposure but exhibit cardiac abnormalities when exposed to 

2.000 ppm for 6 hours and immediately challenged with 

epinephrine [Aviado 1975]. Also. dogs exposed for 5 minutes to 

2.500 ppm or higher and then challenged with epinephrine 

developed cardiac sensitization [Reinhardt et al. 1973]. Others 

have reported that dogs exposed while running on a treadmill (to 

increase their own epinephrine concentration) were not 

sensitized at concentrations up to 20,000 ppm [Trochimowicz et 

al.1974]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human volunteers exposed to 2.500 ppm had subjective 

symptoms of diminished concentration. somnolence. and head 

heaviness within 30 minutes of initiation of exposure and slight 

but definite further significant decrements at exposures for 2.75 

hours at 4,500 ppm [Stopps and Mclaughlin 1967]. No adverse 

changes were noted in volunteers exposed to 500 or 1.000 ppm 

for 6 hours per day. 5 days per week for 2 weeks [Reinhardt et 

al. 1971]. 

Revised IDLH: 2.000 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for 1.1.2-trichloro-1.2.2-triftuoroethane is 2.000 ppm based on acute 

inhalation toxicity data in volunteers [Reinhardt et al. 1971; Stopps and Mclaughlin 1967]. 

485 
1,1,2-Trichloro-1 ,2,2-trifluoroethane (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in 

workroom air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 267-268. 

2. AIHA [1968). 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 29:521-525. 

3. Aviado OM [1975). Toxicology of aerosol propellants in the respiratory and circulatory systems. X. Proposed 

classification. Toxicology 3:321-332. 

4. Bums THS, Hall JM, Bracken A, Gouldstone G, Newland OS [1961). An investigation of new fluorine compounds in 

anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 16:3-18. 

5. Clayton JW [1962). The toxicity of fluorocarbons with special reference to chemical constitution. J Occup Med 

4:262-273. 

6. NRC [1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 46-50. 

7. Reinhardt CF, Mclaughlin M, Maxfield ME. Mullin LS, Smith PE Jr [1971). Human exposure to fluorocarbon 113 

(1.1.2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 32: 143-152. 

8. Reinhardt CF, Mullin LS, Maxfield ME [1973). Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmia potential of some common 

industrial solvents. J Occup Med 15(12):953-955. 

9. Stopps GJ, McLaughlin M [1967]. Psychophysiological testing of human subjects exposed to solvent vapors. Am Ind 

Hyg Assoc J 28:43-50. 

10. Trochimowicz HJ, Azar A, Terrill JB, Mullin LS [1974). Blood levels of fluorocarbon related to cardiac sensitization: 

part II. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 35:632-639. 

486 
Triethylamine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

easis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

121-44-8 

The 1989 OSHA PEL may not be protective to workers. 

25 ppm (100 mglm3

) TWA 

10 ppm (40 mg/m3

) TWA, 15 ppm (60 mglm'j STEL 

5 ppm (12 mglm3

) TWA, 15 ppm (36 mglm'j STEL 

Colorless liquid with a strong, ammonie-like odor. 

1.2% (10% LEL, 1,200 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IOLH is based on the UCC [1970] report that a 

4-hour exposure to 1,000 ppm killed 1 of 6 rats. 

None developed 

.LCIO LCLo Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

G. pig Carpenter et a1. 1948 LC,,: 1,000 .- ........... " hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Mouse Izmerov et a1. 1982 .............. 1,425 2 hr 2,280 ppm (1.6) 228 ppm 

Rat Smyth et a1. 1951 LC,,: 1,000 ...... -_ ... " hr 2,000 ppm (2.0) 200 ppm 

Other animal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROsa (mouse), 184 ppm [Nielsen and Yamagiwa 1989). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IOLH. 

Revised IDLH: 200 ppm 

easis for revised IDLH: The revised IOLH for triethylamine is 200 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals 

[Carpenter et al. 1948; Izmerov et al. 1982; Nielsen and Yamagiwa 1989; Smyth et al. 1951). This may be a conservative 

value due to the lack of acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. Carpenter CP, Smyth HF Jr, Shaffer CB [1948]. The acute toxicity of ethylene imine to smaUanimals. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 

30:2-6. 

2. Izmerov NF. Sanotsky IV. Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 115. 

3. Nielsen GO. Yamagiwa M [1989]. Structure-activity relationships of airway irritating aliphatic amines. Receptor 

activation mechanisms and predicted industrial exposure limits. Chem Bioi Interact 71(2-3):223-244. 

4. Smyth HF Jr. Carpenter CPo Weil CS [1951]. Range-finding toxicity data: list IV. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

4:119-122. 

5. UCC [1970]. Toxicology studies: triethylamine. New York, NY: Union Carbide Corporation. 

487 
Trifluorobromomethane 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-t.rm exposure guidelin ............ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO 

Speci .. Reference (ppm) 

75-63-8 

1,000 ppm (6,100 mglm3

) TWA 

1,000 ppm (6,100 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1,000 ppm (6,090 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless, odorless gas. 

Nonflammable Gas 

50,000 ppm 

Hine et al. [1968] observed that -an exposure for 20 to 

25 minutes to SO,OOO ppm produced a minimal decrease in 

judgment and skill in some subjects, and stated that a 5-minute 

exposure to 70,000 ppm or less can be expected to produce a 

negligible central nervous system effect. A 3-minute exposure to 

60,000 ppm has been shown to produce very slight dizziness." 

Based on these data. an IDLH of SO.OOO ppm has been assumed 

for this draft technical standard. 

National Research Council [NRC 19M] Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

3O-minute EEGL: 40,000 ppm 

1-hour EEGL: 25.000 ppm 

LCLo Adjusted O.5-hr 

(ppm) nme LC (CF) 

Derived value 

Rat Chambers et a1. 1950 ............... 834,000 15 min 658,860 ppm (0.79) 65,886 ppm 

Cat NRC 1984 LC ••• : 370,000 ............... 7hr 888,000 ppm (2.4) 88.000 ppm 

G. pig NRC 1984 LC100 ! 370,000 ......... -- 7hr 888,000 ppm (2.4) 88,000 ppm 

Moua. NRC 1984 LC,.: 370.000 ... ........... 7 hr 888,000 ppm (2.4) 88,000 ppm 

Rat NRC 1984 LC,.: 370,000 ... -_ ...... 7hr 888,000 ppm (2.4) 88,000 ppm 

Rabbit NRC 1984 LC ••• : 370,000 ..... _ ... - 7hr 888,000 ppm (2.4) 88,000 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dogs and rats exposed daily for 18 weeks at an av.rage 

concentration of 23.000 ppm showed no toxic signs and no 

pathologic changes observable at autopsy [Comstock .t al. 

1953). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volunteers .xposed to 70.000 ppm for 3 minut.s .xperienced 

lighth.adedne .. and disturbances in balance and ability to 

r.spond to visual stimulus [R.inhardt and R.ink. 1972]; 3 hours 

to 70,000 ppm caused decrements in mental performance tests 

[Harrison et at. 1982]. Exposure to SO,ooo ppm for 20 to 

R.vised IDLH: 40,000 ppm 

25 minutes caused drowsine ... light·headedness, and a slight 

effect on judgment [Hine et at. 1968]. Three volunteers 

experi.nced mild nose and throat discomfort aft.r 28 minut.s of 

exposure to 71.000 ppm [Stewart .t at. 1978]. Oth.rs reported 

that a 3O-minut •• xposure at 43.000 to 45.000 ppm caused 

dizzin .... light·headedn ..... uphoria. and disturbances in 

equilibrium and coordination [Stewart .t at. 1978]. 

Basis for revised IDLH: Th. r.vised IDLH for tri1Iuorobromomethane is 40.000 ppm based on acute toxicity data in 

humans [Harrison et al. 1982; Hine et al. 1968; Reinhardt and Reinke 1972; Stewart.t al. 1978]. 

488 
Trifluorobromomethane (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Chambers WH, Krachow EH, McGroth FP, Goldberg SB, Lawson LH, McNamee K (1950). An investigation of the toxicity 

of proposed fire extinguishing fluids. Part II. The approximate lethal concentration of undecomposed and pyrolyzed 

vapors of various compounds proposed for use as fire extinguishing agents. Army Chemical Center, MD: U.S. Army 

Chemical Corps, Medical Division Research Report No. 23, p. 16. 

2. Comstock CC, Kerschner J, Oberst FW (1953). Toxicology of inhaled trifluoromonobromomethane and 

difluoromonobromomethane vapors from subacute and chronic exposures of rats and dogs. Army Chemical Center, MD: 

U.S. Army Chemical Corps, Medical Laboratories, Research Report No. 180, p. 11. 

3. Harrison IN, Smith OJ, Strong R, Scott M, Davey M, Morgan C (1982). The use of Halon 1301 for firefighting in confined 

spaces. J Soc Occup Med 32:37-43. 

4. Hine CH, Elliott HW, Kaufman JW, Leung S, Harrah MD (1968). Clinical toxicologic studies on freon, FE 1301. In: 

Proceedings of the 4th Annual CQnference on Atmospheric Contamination in Confined Spaces, 10-12 September 1968. 

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH: Air Force Systems Command, Aerospace Medical Division, Aerospace Medical 

Research Laboratories, AMRL-TR-68-175, pp. 127-142. 

5. NRC (1984). Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 3. 

Bromotrifluoromethane. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and 

Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 1-22. 

6. Reinhardt CF, Reinke RE (1972). Toxicology of halogenated fire extinguishing agents Halon 1301 

(bromotrifluoromethane). In: An Appraisal of Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agents. Committee on Fire Research and 

Committee on Toxicology. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, pp. 67-78. . 

7. Stewart RD, Newton PE, Wu A, Hake CL, Krivanek NO (1978). Human exposure to Halon 1301. Milwaukee, WI: 

Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Environmental Medicine. [Unpublished]. [From: NRC [1984]. Emergency 

and continuous exposure limits for selected airbome contaminants. Vol. 3. Bromotrifluoromethane. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 1-22.) . 

489 
2,4,6·Trinitrotoluene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetllnce ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelin.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose datil: 

118-96-7 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

1.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin) 

0.5 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Colorless to pale-yellow, odorless solid or crushed flakes. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH • 3,000 mglm3 - see 

discussion belOW.] 

Most of the data reported in the literature about trinitrotoluene 

(TNT) poisoning concern the effects caused by chronic 

exposures. The available toxicological data contain no evidence 

that an acute exposure to a high concentration of TNT would 

impede escape or cause irreversible health effects within 

30 minutes. AIHA [19&4) reported that both the short exposure 

tolerance to TNT and the atmospheric concentration immediately 

hazardous to life are not important parameters. For this draft 

technical standard, therefore, respirators have been selected on 

the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device up to 2,000 • the OSHA PEL of 1.5 mglm3 (i.e., 

3,000 mglm3; only the "most protective" respirators are permitted 

for use in concentrations exceeding 3,000 mglm3). 

None developed 

LDIO LDu 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Dilley et al. 1982 oral 795 ----- 5,565 mg/m' 557 mg/m' 

Mouse Dilley et al. 1982 oral 660 ----- 4,620 mg/m' 462 mg/m' 

Rabbit MRC 1921 oral .. ---- 500 3,500 mg/m' 350 mg/m' 

Cat MRC 1921 oral --_ .... 1,850 12,950 mg/m' 1,295 mg/m' 

Human datil ........................ ; . . . . . . . . . . The probable lethal dose has been reported to be 2 grams 

[Deichmann and Gerarde 1969). [Note: An oral dose of 2 grams 

is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 1,300 mglm3 for 

30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.] 

RevleecllDLH: 500 mglm3 

Basis for revleecllDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. 

Therefore, the revised IDLH for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is 500 mglm3 based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Deichmann 

and Gerarde 1969] and animals [Dilley et al. 1982; MRC 1921] 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [19&4]. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 25:516-519. 

2. Deichmann WB, Gerarde HW [1969]. Trinitrotoluene (TNT). In: Toxicity of drugs and chemicals. New York, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., Inc., p. 610. 

3. Dilley JV, Tyson CA, Spanggord RJ, Sasmore DP, Newell GW, Dacre JC (1982). Short-term oral toxicity of 

2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in mice, rats, and dogs. J Toxicol Environ Health 9:565-585. 

4. MRC [1921]. Special report series. Medical Research Council, Special Report Series, 58:32. 

490 
Triorthocresyl phosphate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Dncriptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

eaala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldellnea ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose data: 

78-30-8 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

0.1 mglm3 TWA [skin] 

Colorless to pale-yellow, odorless liquid or solid (below 52"F). 

Unknown 

40mglm3 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base an IDLH for triorthocresyl phosphate. The chosen IDLH 

has been estimated from oral toxicity data cited by 

ACGIH [1971]. ACGIH [1971] reported that serious paralysis 

has been produced in man by an oral dose of the order of 6 to 

7 mglkg [Patty 1963). 

None developed 

LDso LDL,o 

Speclea Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouse Bleiberg and Johnson 1965 oral 900 6,300 mg/m' 630 mg/m' 

Rabbit Gross and Grosse 1932 oral .......... 100 700 mg/m' 70 mg/m' 

Rat Veronesi et al. 1984 oral 1,160 .... -_ .. 8,120 mg/m' 812mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that serious paralysis has been produeed 

by an oral dose of about 6.6 mglkg [Deichmann and Gerarde 

1969] and that the probable lethal dose is greater than 28 mglkg 

[patty 1963]. [Note: Oral doses of 6.5 or 28 mglkg are 

equivalent to a 70-kg worlter being exposed to about 300 or 

1,300 mglm3

, respectively, for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing 

rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.] 

Revised IDLH: 40 mglm3 [Unchanged] 

eaala for revlaed IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for trIorthocresyi phosphate. 

However, based on acute oral toxicity data in humans [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969; Patty 1963], the originallDLH for 

trlorthocresyl phosphate (40 mglm3) is not being revised at this time. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Triorthocresyl phosphate. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worltroom 

air. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 271-272. 

2. Bleiberg MJ, Johnson H [1965]. Effects of certain metabolically active drugs and oximes on tri-o-cresyl phosphate 

toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 7:227-235. 

3. Deichmann we, Gerarde HW [1969]. Tricresyl phosphates. In: Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New Yorlt, NY: 

Academic Press, Inc., Inc., p. 604. 

4. Gross E, Grosse A [1932]. A contribution on the toxicology of ortho-trl-cresyl-phosphates. Arch Exp Pathel Pharmakol 

168:473-514 (in German). 

5. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. TOXicology. New YorIt, NY: Interscienee 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1920. 

6. Veronesi B, Newland D, Inman A [1984]. The effect of metabolic interference on rodent-sensitivity to tri-ortho-c:resyl 

phosphate (TOCP). Toxicologist 4:55 [Abstract]. 

491 
Triphenyl phosphate 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubatance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

aa.l. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-t8rm expoeure guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal dose ata: 

115-86-6 

3mg/m3 TWA 

3mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

3mg/m3 TWA 

Colorless. crystalline powder with a phenol-like odor. 

Unknown 

No Evidence rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 1.500 mg/m3 - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contain no evidence of an loLH 

for triphenyl phosphate. AIHA [1970] reported that 

concentrations of triphenyl phosphate aerosol high enough to 

produce acute toxic effects in man have not been achieved. For 

this draft technical standard. therefore. respirators have been 

selected on the basis of the assigned protection factor afforded 

by each device. However. for some particulate substances for 

which no evidence of an loLH exists. the determination of 

allowable respiratory protection based on protection factors may 

result in the assignment of respirators for concentrations that are 

not likely to be encountered in the occupational environment. 

Therefore. for all such particulate substances it has been 

arbitrarily determined that only the "most protective" respirators 

are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500 lC the OSHA PEL (500 lC 3 mglm3 is 1.500 mg/m3); only the 

"most protective" respirators are permitted for use in 

concentrations exceeding 1.500 mglm3. 

None developed 

LOIO LOu 

Specie. Ref.rence Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouae Antonyult 197. oral 1.320 ............... 9.240 mg/m' 924 mg/m' 

Rat Hierholzer et al. 1957 oral 3,500 ---.... 24,500 mg/m' 2,450 mg/m' 

Human ata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to an average air concentration of 3.5 mg/m3 

for as long as ten years showed no evidence of adverse clinical 

effects [Sutton et al. 1960]. 

Revised IDLH: 1,000 mg/m3 

ea.ls for revised IDLH: The revised loLH for triphenyl phosphate is 1,000 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in 

animals [Antonyuk 1974). 

REFERENCES: 

1. AIHA [1970]. Triphenyl phosphate. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 31:388-390. 

2. Antonyuk OK [1974]. Hygienic evaluation of plastificator triphenylphosphate. a component of polymer compositions. Gig 

Sanit 39(8):98-99 (in Russian). 

3. Hierholzer K. Noetzel H, Schmidt L [1957]. Vergleichende toxikologische untersuchung von triphenylphosphat und 

trikresylphosphat. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 7:585-588. 

4. Sutton WL, Terhaar CJ. Miller FA. Scherberger RF. Riley EC. Roudabush RL, Fassett OW [1960]. Studies on the 

industrial hygiene and toxicology of triphenyl phosphate. Arch Environ Health 1:33-46. 

492 
Turpentine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of .ubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a..i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guideline. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lathal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference LCso 

8006-64-2 

100 ppm (560 mglm') TWA 

100 ppm (560 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

100 ppm (556 mglm3

) TWA 

Colorless liquid with a characteristic odor. 

0.8% (10% LEL. 800 ppm) 

1,500 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is based on the known human lethal 

concentration of 1,878 ppm [Albaugh 1915 in Jacobs as cited by AIHA 1971), the mouse LCso. of 1,620 ppm, and the reported effects to human subjects aner several hours of exposure to 750 

to 1,000 ppm [Lehmann and Flury 1943 as cited by ACGIH 19711. AIHA [1967] reported that 1,878 ppm for 1 to 

4 hours is deTinitely toxic to man [Jacobs 1949). The effects of 

turpentine on the eyes and central nervous system at 

concentrations above 1,500 ppm might impede escape in the 

event of respirator failure. 

None developed 

Adjusted 0.5ohr Derived 

LC .... nme LC (CF) value 

Mouse Sperling and Collins 1964 29.000 mg/m' ----- 2hr 8.212 ppm (1.6) 821 ppm 

Rat Sperling et al. 1967 12,000 mg/m' .---- 6hr 4,885 ppm (2.3) 489 ppm 

Lathal dose data: 

LDso LD .... 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mg/kg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Skramlik 1959 oral 5,760 ----- 7,136 ppm 714 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exposure ofvolunteers for several hours at 750 to 1,000 ppm resulted in irritation of the eyes, headache, dizziness, nausea, 

and acceleration of the pulse [Lehmann and Flury 1943). The 

lethal concentration has been reported to be 1.878 ppm [Albaugh 1915). 

Revised IDLH: 800 ppm 

a..I. for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for turpentine is 800 ppm based on acute toxicity data in humans [Lehmann 

and Flury 1943) and animals [Skramlik 1959; Sperling and Collins 1964). Also, this value is 10% of the lower explosive 

limit of 0.8%. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Turpentine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OR: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 274. 

2. AIHA [1967]. Turpentine. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg AUoc J 28:297-300. 

3. Albaugh [1915]. Ohio Public Hearth J 6:512. 

4. Jacobs MB [1949]. The analytical chemistry of industrial poisons, hazards and solvents. 2nd ed. New York, NY: 

Interscience Publishers, Inc., p. 553. 

5. Lehmann KB, Flury F, eds. [19431. Toxicology and hygiene of industrial solvents. Translated by E. King and 

H.F. Smyth, Jr. Baltimore, t:.1D: Williams & Wilkins Company, pp. 295-297. 

6. Skramlik EV [1959]. Ober die fiftigkeit und vertrllglichkeit von lItherischen Olen. Pharrnazie 14:435-445 (in German). 

7. Sperling F, Collins C [1964]. Inhalation and intravenous toxicity ofturpentine in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 6:360 

[Abstractl. 8. Sperling F, Marcus WI.., Collins C [1967]. Acute effects of turpentine vapor on rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

10:8-2tr. 

493 
Uranium (insoluble compounds, as U) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Curr.nt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ofaubstanc:e ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoauN guidelines ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

7440-61·1 (Metal) 

0.2 mglm3 TWA. 0.6 mglm3 STEL; NIOSH considers insoluble 

uranium compounds to be a potential occupational carcinogens 

as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.25 mglm3 TWA 

0.2 mglm3 TWA. 0.6 mglm' STEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA. 0.6 mglm3 STEL 

Varies 

30mg U/m' 

ILO (1972) stated that "insoluble compounds tend to be 

deposited and retained in tissues and organs for long periods. 

Prolonged irradiation of the thorax. at sites of uranium 

accumulation. may eventually result in.osteosarcoma and 

pulmonary cancer. Experimental inhalations of uranium oxide 

(31 to 91 mglm3

) for 5 days led to the appearance of 

pneumosclerosis 16 months later at points where alpha·tracks 

were concentrated. After 22 to 23 months, there was 

hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium. and. after 56 months. 

lung cancer was diagnosed." Both the chemical and radioactive 

properties of the metal must be considered. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inhalation of 31 to 91 mglm3 of uranium oxide for 5 days led to 

the appearance of pneumosclerosis 16 months later at points 

where alpha-tracks were concentrated; after 22 to 23 months. 

there was hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium. and, after 

56 months. lung cancer was diagnosed [ILO 1972]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 10 mg U/m' 

a.ala for Nviaed IDLH: The revised IDLH for insoluble uranium compounds is 10 mg U/m3 based on subchronic 

inhalation toxicity data in animals [ILO 1972] and to be consistent with soluble uranium compounds which have a revised 

IDLH of 10 mg Ulm'. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" respirators be 

wom for insoluble uranium compounds at concentrations above 0.2 mglm3.] 

REFERENCE: 

1. ILO [1972]. Uranium. alloys, compounds. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. II (L-Z). 

Geneva, Switzerland: Intemational Labour Office. pp. 1452·1454. 

494 
Uranium (soluble compounds, as U) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substlnce ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

ea.i. for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tlrm exposure guldeUne. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal do.e dati: 

Varies 

0.05 mglm3 TWA; NIOSH considers soluble uranium compounds 

to be potential occupational carcinogens as defined by the 

OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990]. 

0.05 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.2 mglm3 TWA, 0.6 mglm3 STEL 

Varies 

20 mg U/m3 

The chosen IDLH is based on the statement by Patty [1963] that 

U02(N03h6H20 of respirable particle size and dusts and mists of 

UFe, U02F2, and UCI. were generally fatal to most laboratory 

species when exposed daily for 1 month at 20 mglm3 [Wilson 

et al. 1953]. No useful data on acute inhalation toxicity are 

available on which to base the IDLH. 

None developed 

LDIO LD ... 

Specie. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adju.ted LD Derived value 

UO, (NO,) ,"H,O 

Dog Spector 1956 oral _ ... _-- 12 84 l119/m' 8.41119/m' 

Cat Spector 1956 oral ...... --- 238 1,666 mg/m' 167 mg/m' 

C. ,;ler animal dati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No grossly observable signs or symptoms were induced in mice, 

rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, or dogs following the first day of 

exposure to 20 mglm3 of UFe (13.5 mg U/m3), U02F2 (15.5 mg 

U/m3

) , Ucl. (12.5 mg Ulm3

), or U02(NO~2+t20 (9.5 mg Ulm3

) 

[Wilson et al. 1953]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revl.ed IDLH: 10 mg Ulm3 

Baai. for reviHd IDLH: The revised IDLH for soluble uranium compounds is 10 mg U/m3 based on chronic toxicity data 

in animals [Wilson et al. 1953]. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the "most protective" 

respirators be wom for soluble uranium compounds at concentrations above 0.05 mg Ulm3

.] 

REFERENCES: 

1. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yori!., NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1167. 

2. Spector WS, ed. [1956]. Handbook of toxicology. Vol. I. Acute toxicities. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 

p.310. 

3. Wilson HB, Stokinger HE, Sylvester GE [1953]. Acute toxicity of camotite ore dust. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 

7:301·309. 

495 
Vanadium dust 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.als for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelin .. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Reference LCIO 

Cat Faulkner 196<6 .... -_ .. Rat Izrael'son 1963 ........... 

Lethal dOH data: 

1314-62·1 

0.05 mg V/m3 15-minute CEiliNG 

0.5 mg V20s/m3 (respirable dust) CEILING 

0.05 mg V20s/m3 (respirable dust) TWA 

0.05 mg V20s/m3 (respirable dust) TWA 

Yellow-orange powder or darit-gray, odorless flakes dispersed in 

air. 

Noncombustible Solid 

70 mglm3 (as V20S> 

The chosen IDlH is based on the statement by ACGIH [1971] 

that vanadium pentoxide dust at 70 mglm3 is fatal to animals 

within a few hours [Hudson 1964). AIHA [1957] reported that 

rabbits succumb from edema of the lungs at 200 mglm3 after one 

7·hour exposure [Sjoberg 1950). 

None developed 

Adjusted 0.5-11r Derived value 

LC ... Time LC (CF) 

500 mg/m' 23 min 256 mg Vim' (0.9l5) 26 mg Vim' 

70 mg/m' 2hr 63 mg Vim' (l.6) 6.3 mg Vim' 

LDIO LD ... 

Specl .. Reference Route (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Arch Toxikol 1956 oral lO ... -_ ..... 39 mg Vim' 3.9 mg Vim' 

Mouse Izmerov et al. 1982 oral 23 ....... -- 90 mg Vim' 9.0 mg Vim' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Respiratory irritation following exposures to V20 S ranging from 1 

to 48 rna V/m3 has been described in woriters [Sjoberg 1955]. 

Vanadium intoxication (i .•.• rhinorrhea, sneezing, lacrimation, 

and sore throat) has been reported in wortt.,. .xposed to 

concentrations of V20 S during the worttshift ranging from 10 to 

33 mglm3 [Williams 1952]. Concentrations of V20 S exceeding 

Revised IDLH: 35 rna Vlm3 

56 rna Vlm3 have resulted in local respiratory effects [Vintinner et 

al. 1955]. Other wortters exposed intermittently to 56 mg V/m3 

showed no .vidence of intoxication [McTurit et al. 1956]. 

Buls for revised IDLH: Based on acut. inhalation toxicity data in woriters [McTurit.t al. 1956; Sjoberg 1955; Vintinner 

et al. 1955; Williams 1952], the revised IDlH for vanadium dust is 35 mg Vlm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Vanadium (as V). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in woritroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygi.nists, pp. 275-276. 

2. AIHA [1957]. Vanadium pentoxide. In: Hygi.nic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 18:172·173. 

3. Arch Toxikol [1956]; 16:182·189 (in German). 

4. Faulkner TG (1964). Vanadium toxicology and biological significance. New Yorit. NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 

p.72. 

496 
Vanadium dust (continued) 

5. Hudson TGF [1964]. Vanadium: toxicology and biological significance. New York, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.75. 

6. Izmerov NF, Sanotsky IV, Sidorov KK (1982). Toxicometric parameters of industrial toxic chemicals under single 

exposure. Moscow, Russia: Centre of Intemational Projects, GKNT, p. 119. 

7. Izrael'son ZI, ed. (1963). Toxicology ofthe rare metals. JeNsalem, Israel: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. 

8. McTurk LC, Hirs CHW, Eckard RE [1956]. Health hazards ofvanadium-containing residual oil ash. Ind Med Surg 

25:29-36. 

9. Sjoberg S-G [1950]. Vanadium pentoxide dust: a clinical and experimental investigation on its effect after inhalation. 

Acta Med Scand SuppI238:81-99. 

10. Sjoberg SG (1955). Vanadium bronchitis from cleaning oil-fired boilers. AMA Arch Ind Health 11:505-512. 

11. Vintinner FJ, Vallenas R, Carlin CE, Weiss R, Macher C, Ochoa R (1955). Study of the health of workers employed in 

mining and processing of vanadium ore. AMA Arch Ind Health 12:635-642. 

12. Williams N [1952]. Vanadium poisoning from cleaning oil-fired boilers. Brit J Ind Med 9:50-55. 

497 
Vanadium fume 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

o.acrlptlon of aubatanca ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

a.ala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short·tarm expoaura guid.lI".. ................. . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

1314-62·1 

0.05 mg V/m315-minute CEILING 

0.1 mg Vz0r/m3 CEILING 

0.05 mg Vz0r/m3 CEILING 

0.05 mg VzOr/m3 <respirable fume) TWA 

Finely divided particulate dispersed in air. 

Noncombustible Solid 

70 mglm3 <as Vz0S> 

The available data conceming the physiological effects of vanadium pentoxide (VzOS> refer either to VzO$ dust or just to VzO$' 

and do not specifically mention VzO$ fume. Patty [1963] stated 

that the lower limit for a VzO$ fume is based on the recognized 

greater toxicity of fume compared with dusts of larger particle 

size. Because no quantitative data are available specifically for 

V20$ fume, the chosen IDLH is based on the report by 

ACGIH [1971] that 70 mglm3 VzO$ dust is a lethal concentration 

for animals after a few hours of exposure [Hudson). A margin of 

safety is present in the IDLH for the dust, because the exposure 

is for a few hours. Therefore, although based on an analogy with 

V20 S dust, the IDLH for the fume is probably reasonable. 

None developed 

Animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 70 mglm3 VzO$ dust is a lethal 

concentration after a few hours of exposure [Hudson]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

R.vIHCIIDLH: 35 mg Vlm3 

a.ala for ravIHCIIDLH: The revised IDLH for vanadium fume is 35 mg Vim' based on an analogy to vanadium dust 

which has a revised IDLH of 35 mg Vlm3. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. Vanadium <as V). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in worttroom air. 3rd 

ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, pp. 275-276. 

2. Hudson TGF [1964]. Vanadium, toxicology and biological significance. New Yortt, NY: Elsevier Publishing Company, 

p.75. 

3. Patty FA, ed. [1963]. Industrial hygiene and toxicology. 2nd rev. ed. Vol. II. Toxicology. New Yortt, NY: Interscience 

Publishers, Inc., p. 1182. 

498 
Vinyl toluene 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

25013-15-4 

100 ppm (480 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (480 mglm3

) TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1993·199<4 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

50 ppm (242 mglm3

) TWA, 100 ppm (483 mglm~ STEL 

Colortess liquid with a strong, disagreeable odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 0.8% (10% LEL, 800 ppm) 

Original (SCP) IOLH ........................... . 5,000 ppm 

a.sis for original (SCP) IOLH ................... . Because no data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on 

which to base an IOLH for vinyl toluene, the chosen IOLH has 

been based on an analogy with styrene, which has an IOLH of 

5,000 ppm. 

Short·tarm exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIO LCLa Adjuatad O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mouse Krynskaya et al. 1969 615 .. -... - 4hr l,230 ppm (2.0) l23 ppm 

Lethal dose data: 

LOIO LOLa 

Species Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjustad LO Derived value 

Mouse Krynskaya et al. 1969 oral ............... 3,160 4,505 ppm 45l ppm 

Rat Yang and Mackerer 1990 oral ......... -- 2,255 3,215 ppm 322 ppm 

Other animal data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ROIO (mouse), 16.4 ppm [OeCeaurriz at al. 1981]. 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Although eye and nasal irritation have been noted, 400 ppm has 

been considered a safe concentration [ACGIH 1986]. 

Raviaed IOLH: 400 ppm 

a.aia for revised IOLH: The revised IOLH for vinyl toluene is 400 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in humans 

[ACGIH 1986]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to 

concentrations above 400 ppm. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1986). Vinyl toluene. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, pp. 275-276. 

2. OeCeaurriz JC. Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP (1981). Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett g:137·143. 

3. Krynskaya IL, Petrova LI, Guricheva ZG, Robachevskaya EG, Bukevich GM (1969). Toxicity of vinyltoluene and its 

determination in air. Gig Sanit 34(7·9):334-339 (translated). 

4. Yang JJ, Mackerer CR (1990). Acute toxicologic testing of para-methylstyrene USing rats and dogs. J Am Coli Toxicol, 

Part B 1:77 [Abstract). 

499 
Warfarin 

CAS number .................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

DHcrtptlon ohubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH- ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln" 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethlil dose data: 

81-81-2 

0.1 mg/m3 TWA 

0.1 mg/m3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

0.1 mg/m3 TWA 

Colorless, odorless, crystalline powder. 

Unknown 

350 mg/m3 rNote: -Effective- IDLH = 200 mg/mJ - see 

discussion below.] 

No data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to 

base the IDLH for warfarin. The IDLH of 350 mg/m', therefore, is 

estimated from the rat oral lethal dose of 50 m9Jitg [Sax 1975]. 

Because of the assigned protection factor afforded by each 

device, however, 2,000 Ie the OSHA PEL of 0.1 mg/m' (i.e., 

200 mg/m3) is the concentration above which only the -most 

protective- respirators are permitted. The chosen IDLH is 

probably conservative, because the rat is particularly susceptible 

to warfarin, and single doses are not usually as harmful as smali, 

repeated doses. 

None dev.eloped 

LD" LDLo 

Specl" Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Mouae Coumafene 1989 oral 3 .. __ ...... 21 mg/m' 2.1 mg/m' 

Dog Coumafene 1989 oral 3 ... ---- 21 mg/m' 2.1 mg/m' 

Cat Coumafene 1989 oral 6 .... _-- 42 mg/m' 4.2 mg/m' 

Rat Hayea 1967 oral 1.6 _ .... -- 11 mg/m' 1.1 mg/m' 

Rat Sax 1975 oral ........ -- 50 350 mg/m' 35 mg/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The sodium salt of warfarin has been used as an anticoagulant 

drug with a loading dose of 30 to 60 mg [ACGIH 1991] [Note: 

Revised IDLH: 100 mgJm' 

This is equivalent to a worker being exposed to 20 to <W mg/m' 

for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute 

and 100% absorption.]. It has been reported that 6.667 mglkg is 

the lethal oral dose [Yakkyoku 1977] [Note: This is equivalent to 

a worker being exposed to about 300 mg/m' for 30 minutes, 

assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% 

absorption.]. 

Baala for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for warfarin. Therefore, the 

revised IDLH for warfarin is 100 mg/m' based on acute toxicity data in humans [Yakkyoku 1977]. This may be a 

conservative value due to the lack of acute inhalation toxicity data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1991]. Warfarin. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 633. 

2. Cournafene [1989]. Defensi des Vegetaux 43(255-256):20 (in French). 

3. Hayes WJ Jr [1967]. The 9O-d0se LDso and a chronicity factor as measures oftoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 

11:327-335. 

4. Sax NI [1975]. Dangerous properties of industrial materials. 4th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 

Inc., p. 1241. 

5. Yakkyoku (Pharmacy) [1977]; 28:329 (in Japanese). 

500 
Xylene (0-, m-, p-isomers) 

CAS numbers ................................ . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of subetance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Existing short-term exposure guidelines .......... . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

LCIa 

95-47-6 (o-isomer), 108-38-3 (m-isomer), 106-42-3 (p-isomer) 

100 ppm (435 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (655 mgIm') STEL 

100 ppm (435 mglm3

) TWA 

100 ppm (435 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (655 mglm') STEL 

100 ppm (434 mglm3

) TWA, 150 ppm (651 mglm3) STEL 

Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. 

0.9-1.1% (10% LEL, 900-1,100 ppm) 

1,000 ppm 

The chosen IDLH is baaed on the following statementa by 

ANSI [1971]. "Exposure at 1,000 ppm for 5 minutes or less will 

probably allow seK-rescue with no irreversible injury. Higher 

concentrations or longer exposure periods can cause eye and 

respiratory trad irritation, and the beginning of narcotic effects 

which may limit seK-rescue ability. This information is based on 

human experience and extrapolation from animal data." 

National Research Council [NRC 1984) Emergency Exposure 

Guidance Levels (EEGLs): 

1-hour EEGL: 200 ppm 

24-hour EEGL: 100 ppm 

LCIA Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

o-xylene 

Rat Cameron et al. 1938 ----.. 6,125 12 hr 73,500 ppm (2.9) 7,350 ppm 

Human Gekkan Yakuji 1980 .. --_ .. 6,125 12 hr 73,500 ppm (2.9) 7,350 ppm 

m-Xylene 

Mouse Cameron et al. 1938 ... --_ .. 2,010 24 hr 7,236 ppm (3.6) 724 ppm 

Rat Smyth et al. 1962 ----- 8,000 4hr 16,000 ppm (2.0) 1,600 ppm 

p-Xylene 

Mouse Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 1929 ----- 3,401 ? ? ? 

Rat Harper et al. 1977 4,550 --_ .. - 4hr 9,100 ppm (2.0) 910 ppm 

xylene 

Human Morley et al. 1970 --_ ... - 10,000 18hr 33,000 ppm (3.3) 3,300 ppm 

Rat NPIRI 1974 5,000 .... -_ ... 4hr 10,000 ppm (2.0) 1,000 ppm 

G. pig Smyth and Smyth 1928 .. --_ .. 450 ? ? ? 

Other animal data .......... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . RDID (mouse): 1,467 ppm [OeCeaurriz et al. 1981]. 

Other human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 1,000 ppm for 5 minutes or leas will 

probably allow seK-rescue with no irreversible injury [ANSI 1971]. 

Volunteers found 200 ppm to be definitely irritating to the eyes, 

nose, and throat [Nelson et al. 1943). Reaction time was not 

affected in 23 volunteers exposed to 100 or 200 ppm for 3 to 

7 hours [Ogata et aI. 1970). No noticeable changes in reaction 

time or short-term memory teata were seen in 15 volunteers 

exposed to 100 or 300 ppm for 70 minutes [Gamberale et al. 

1978). 

501 
Xylene (0-, m-, p-isomers) (continued) 

Revised IDLH: 900 ppm 

a •• i. for revised IDLH: The revisedlDLH is 900 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [Cameron et al. 

1938; DeCeauniz et al. 1981; Harperet al. 19n; NPIR11974]. Although this may be a conservative value due to the lack 

of relevant acute toxicity data for workers exposed to concentrations above 300 ppm, this value would have otherwise 

been selected for safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower expJosive limit of 0.9% for o-xylene). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol [1929). Toxicity ofvarious hydrocarbon vapors; 143:223-233 (in German). 

2. ANSI [1971). American national standard, acceptable concentrations of xylene (dimethyl benzene). New York, NY: 

American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI Z37.10-1971, p. 7. 

3. Cameron GR, Paterson JLH, de Saram GSW, Thomas JC [1938). The toxicity of some methyl derivatives of benzene 

with special reference to pseudocumene and heavy coal tar naphtha. J Pathol Bacteriol46:95-107. 

4. DeCeauniz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet p, Guenier JP [1981). Sensory irritation caused by various industrial airborne 

chemicals. Toxicol Lett 9(2):137-143. 

5. Gamberale F, Annwall G, Hultengren M [1978]. Exposure to xylene and ethylbenzene. III. Effects on central nervous 

functions. Scand J Work Environ Health 4:204-211. 

6. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) [1980); 22(5):883-889 (in Japanese). 

7. Harper C, Drew RT, Fouts JR [1977}. Benzene and p-xylene: a comparison of inhalation toxicities and in vitro 

hydroxylations. In: Biological reactive intermediates, formulation, tOXicity, and inactivation. Proceedings of the 

International Conference, Twiku, Finland, 1975. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation, pp. 302-311. 

8. Morley R, Eccleston OW, Douglas CP, Greville WEJ, Scott OJ, Anderson J [1970]. Xylene poisoning: a report on one 

fatal case and two cases of recovery after prolonged unconsciousness. Br Med J 3:442-443. 

9. Nelson KW, Ege JF, Ross M, Woodman LE, Silverman L [1943). Sensory response to certain industrial solvent vapors. 

J Ind Hyg ToxicoI25(7):282-285. 

10. NPIRI [1974). Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. 

Vol. 1. Organic solvents. Bethlehem, PA: National Printing Ink Research Institute, p. 123. 

11. NRC [1984]. Emergency and continuous exposure limits for selected airborne contaminants. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: 

National Academy Press, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, 

Commission on Ute Sciences, National Research Council, pp. 113-123. 

12. Ogata M, Tomokuni K, Tatatsuka Y [1970). Urinary excretion of hippuric acid and In- or p-methylhippuric acid in the 

urine of persons exposed to vapours of toluene and In- and p-xylene as a test of exposure. Br J Ind Med 27:43-50. 

13. Smyth HF, Smyth HF Jr [1928). Inhalation experiments with certain lacquer solvents. J Ind Hyg 10(8):261-271. 

14. Smyth HF, Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Pozzani UC, Striegel JA [1962). Range-finding toxicity data: list VI. Am Ind Hyg 

Assoc J 23:95-107. 

502 
Xylidine 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993·1914 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

1300-73-8 (mixed isomers) 

2 ppm (10 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

5 ppm (25 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

2 ppm (10 mglm3) TWA [skin] 

0.5 ppm (2.5 mglm3) TWA [skin). A2 

Description ohubetance ....................... : Pale-yellow to brown liquid with a weak. aromatic. amine-like 

odor. 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

1.0% (10% LEL. 1.000 ppm) 

150 ppm 

easls for Original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse 7·hour LCso of 149 ppm 

[von Oettingen et al. 1947 cited by ACGIH 1971). 

Short-tarm exposure guldeli ... None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Le~lconcen~tlondata: 

LCIO LCu. Adjusted O.S-hr Derived 

Species Reference (ppm) (ppm) Time LC (CF) value 

Mice (2.4-) von Oettingen et al. 1947 149 ----- 7 hr 358 ppm (2.4) 36 ppm 

Lethal don data: 

lOlO lOLA 

Specl .. Reference Routs (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rabbit Oeichmann and Gerarde 1969 oral --... -- 600 833 ppm 83 ppm 

Rat Treon et al. 1949 oral ..... --'" 610 847 ppm 85 ppm 

Rat (2.3-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral .. _--- 930 1.292 ppm 129 ppm 

Mouse (2,3-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral -.. _-- 1,070 1,486 ppm 149 ppm 

Rat (2,4 -) Vemot et al. 1977 oral .. -_ .... 470 653 ppm 65 ppm 

Mouse (2,4-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ----- 250 347 ppm 35 ppm 

Rat (2,4-) Lindstrom et al. 1969 oral .. -_ .... 1,259 1,749 ppm 175 ppm 

Rat (2,5-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ....... -- 1.300 1.806 ppm 181 ppm 

Mouae (2,5-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ---_ ... 840 1,167 ppm 117 ppm 

Rat (2.6-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral --...... 1,230 1,708 ppm 171 ppm 

Mouse (2,6-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ..... --- 710 986 ppm 99 ppm 

Rat (2,6-) Short et al. 1983 oral ----- 1,050 1,458 ppm 146 ppm 

Rat (3,4-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral --... -- 810 1,125 ppm 113 ppm 

Mouse (3,4-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ----- 710 986 ppm 99 ppm 

Rat (3,5-) Vemot et al. 1977 oral --.. -- 710 986 ppm 99 ppm 

Mouse (3,5- ) Vemot et al. 1977 oral ----- 420 583 ppm 58 ppm 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for UN in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 50 ppm 

easis for reviMd IDLH: The revised IDLH for xylidine is 50 ppm based on scute toxicity data in animals [Deichmann and 

Gerarde 1969; Treon et al. 1949; Vemot et al. 19n; von Oettingen et al. 1947]. This may be a conservative value due to 

the lack of relevant acute toxjc:ity. data for workers. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH (1971). Xylidine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in workroom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists. pp. 282-283. 

2. Deichmann WB. Gerarde HW (1969). Xylidine (aminodimethylbenzene). Toxicology of drugs and chemicals. New York. 

NY: Academic Press, Inc .• p. 637. 

503 
Xylidine (continued) 

3. Undstrom HV. Bowie WG. Wallace WG. et al. [1969]. The toxicity and metabolism of mesidine and pseudodocumidine in 

rats. J Phannacol Exp Ther 167:223. [From ACGIH (1991). Xylidine. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values 

and biological exposure indices. 6th ed. Cincinnati. OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists. 

pp.17"3-17"5.) 

". Short CR. King C. Sistrunk PW. Kerr KM (1983). Subacute toxicity of several ring-substituted dialkylanilines in the rat. 

Fundam Appl ToxicoI3(4):285-292. 

5. Treon JF. Deichmann WB. Sigmon HE. Wright H. Wrtherup SO. Heyro FF. Kitzmiller KV. Kelnan C (1949). The toxic 

properties of xylidine and monomethylaniline. I. The comparative toxicity of xylidine and monomethyaniline when 

administered orally or intravenously to animals or applied upon their skin. J Ind Hyg Toxicol31:1·18. 

6. Vemot EH. Macewen 10. Haun GG. Kinkead ER (1977). Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and 

inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicol Appl PharrnacoI42(2):417-423. 

7. von Oettingen WF. Neal PA. Sievers RF. Svirbely JL. Monaco AR. Horecker BL. Yagoda H. Sweeney TR. Peterson DC. 

Alford we. Hauff VB. Gay H (1947). Xylidine (c.o-dimethylaniline): its toxicity and potential dangers as compared with 

those of aniline and an appraisal of the potential hazards from its use in blending gasofine. NIH Bulletin 188:88. 

504 
Vttrium compounds (as V) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Basis for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guidelines 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal doee data: 

Specl" Reference Route 

Y,O, 

Rat Spauky 1978 oral 

Mouse Spassky 1978 oral 

7440-65-5 (Metal) 

1 mglm3 TWA 

1 mglm3 TWA 

Same as current PEL 

1 mglm'TWA 

Varies 

No Evidence rNote: "Etfective"IDLH· 500 mg Y/m' - see 

discussion below.] 

From the data given by ACGIH [1971], H does not appear that 

exposure to a high concentration of yttrium could impede escape 

within 30 minutes. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respirators have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device up to 500 " the OSHA 

PEL of 1 mg Y/m' (i.e., 500 rna Y/m'): only the "most protective" 

respirators are permitted for use in concentrations exceeding 

500mg Y/m3. 

None developed 

LDIO LD .... 

(mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

----- >10,000 >55,300 mg Y/m' >5,530 mg Y/m' 

----- > 6,000 >33,180 mg Y/m' >3,318 mg Y/m' 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revised IDLH: 500 rna Y/m' 

Basis for revised IDLH: The available toxicological data contain no evidence that an acute exposure to a high 

concentration of yttrium compounds would impede escape or cause any irreversible health effects within 30 minutes. 

However, the revised IDLH for yttrium compounds is 500 rna YIm' based on being 500 times the NIOSH REL and OSHA 

PEL of 1 mg Y/m' (500 is an assigned protection factor for respirators and was used arbitrarily during the Standards 

Completion Program for deciding when the "most protective" respirators should be used for particulates). 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1971]. yttrium (as Y). In: Documentation of the threshold limit values for substances in wor1uoom air. 3rd ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p. 283. 

2. Spauky SS [1978]. Toxicity of yttrium oxide. Gig Tr Prof lebo! 22(7):55-60 (in Russian). 

505 
Zinc chloride fume 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REl .................................. . 

Cu".nt OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TlV ......................... . 

Description of substance ....................... . 

LEl ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IOLH* ........................... . 

a.sis for original (SCP) IOlH ................... . 

Short-term exposure guldelln.. . ................ . 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Speci .. Reference LC .. 

Rat Karl.son et al. 1986 LCn : 1,960 mg/m' 

Rat Marrs et al. 1983 i,260 mg/m' 

Rabbit Marrs et al. 1983 LC1O : 1,260mg/m' 

7646-85-7 

1 mglm3 TWA, 2 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3TWA 

1 mglm3 TWA, 2 mglm3 STEL 

1 mglm3 TWA, 2 mglm3 STEL 

\l\lhite particulate dispersed in air. 

Noncombustible Solid 

4,800 mglm3 rNote: "Effective" IDLH = 2,000 mgI~ - see 

discussion below.) 

The chosen IDLH is based on the 3O-minute human TCI.O of 

4,800 mglm3 zinc chloride [Ferry 1974 cited by NIOSH 1976); 

and the toxic effects involved the respiratory system. No other 

data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base 

the IDLH for zinc chloride fume. Because of the assigned 

protection fador afforded by each device, however, 

2,000. the OSHA PEL (i.e., 2,000 mgl~) is the concentration 

above which only the "most protective" respirators are permitted. 

None developed 

Adjusted Q,5ohr Derived 

lCLA nme LC (CF) value 

.............. 10 min 1,352 mg/m' 135 mg/m' 

........ -- 30 min 1,260 mg/m' 126 mg/m' 

..... --... 30 min 1,260 mg/m' 126 mg/m' 

Mouae Marra et al. 1983 11,80 mg-min/m' ... -_ ...... -... _-- 393 119/111' 39 mg/m' 

Lethal dose data: 

lO .. lOLA 

Speci_ Reference ROID (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjusted LD Derived value 

Rat Calvery 1942 oral 350 ----- 2,450 mg/m' 245 mg/m' 

Mouse Calvery 1942 oral 350 ----- 2,450 mg/m' 245 mg/m' 

G. pig Calvery 1942 oral 200 ----- 1,400 mg/m' 140 mg/m' 

Rat Domingo et al. 1988 oral 1,100 ....... -- 7,700 mg/m' 770 mg/m' 

Mouae Domingo et al. 1988 oral 1,250 ----- 8,750 mg/m' 875 mg/m' 

Other animal data .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It has been reported that 90 rngJrnl is the no observed adverse 

effect level (NOEL) for rat intratracheal fibrosis [Richards et al. 

1989). 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 3O-minute exposure to 4.8 mgI~ has been reported to 

produce respiratory distre .. [Feny 1974). Exposure to 80 mglm3 

has caused nausea and coughing and 120 mglm3 for 2 minutes 

has caused nose and upper respiretory system irritation 

[Cullumbine 1957]. 

Revised IOLH: 50 mgI~ 

a.sia for revised IOlH: The revised IDLH for zinc chloride fume is 50 mglm3 based on acute toxicity data in humans 

[Cullumbine 1957] and animals [Richards et al. 1989). 

506 
Zinc chloride fume (continued) 

REFERENCES: 

1. Calvery HO [1942]. Trace elements in foods. Food Res 7:313-331. 

2. Cullumbine H [1957]. The toxicity of screening smokes. J Royal Army Med Corps 103:119-122. 

3. Domingo JL, Uobet JM, Patemain JL, Corbella J [1988]. Acute zinc intoxication. Vet Hum ToxicoI30(3):224-228. 

4. Ferry JJ [1974]. Personal communication with area manager of industrial & environmental hygiene. Generel Electric 

Company,1 River Road, Schenectady, NY 12345. 

5. Kar1sson N, Cassel G, Fangmark I, Bergman F [1986]. A comparative study of the acute inhalation toxicity of smoke 

from Ti02-hexachloroethane and Zn-hexachloroetharie pyrotechnic mixtures. Arch Toxicol 59(3):160-166. 

6. Marrs TC, Clifford WE, Colgrave HF [1983]. Pathological changes produced by exposure of rabbits and rats to smokes 

of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide. Toxicology Lett 19:247-252. 

7. NIOSH [1976]. ZH 14000. Zinc chloride. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati, OH: 

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute 

for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 1228. 

8. Richards RJ, Atkins J, Marrs TC, Brown RFR, Masek L [1989]. The biological and pathological changes produced by the 

intratracheal instillation of certain compounds of zinc-hexachloroethane smoke. Toxicology 54(1):79-88. 

507 
Zinc oxide 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Deacrlptlon of aubstance ....................... . 

LEL ......................................... . 

Original (SCP) IDLH* ........................... . 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . 

Short-term expoau,. gulden".. 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethal concentration data: 

Specl .. Refe,.nce LC. LC ... 

Mouae Takahaahi 1976 2,500 mg/m' -----

1314-13-2 

Fume: 5 mg/m3 TINA, 10 mg/m3 STEL; 

Dust: 5 mg/m3 TINA, 15 mg/m3 CEILING 

Fume: 5 mg/m3 TINA; 

Dust: 15 mg/m3 (total dust) TINA, 

5 mg/m3 (respirable dust) TINA 

Fume: 5 mg/m3 TINA, 10 mg/m3 STEL; 

Dust: 10 mg/m3 (total dust) TINA, 

5 mg/m3 (respirable dust) TINA 

Fume: 5 mg/m3 TINA, 10 mg/m3 STEL; 

Dust: 10 mg/m3 TINA 

White, odorless solid. 

Noncombustible Solid 

No Evidence- rNote: -Effective- IDLH = 2,500 mglm3

) - see 

discussion below.] 

The available toxicological data contains no evidence that an 

acute exposure to a high concentration of zinc oxide fume would 

impede escape within 30 minutes or cause any irrevel'$ible 

health effects. For this draft technical standard, therefore, 

respiratol'$ have been selected on the basis of the assigned 

protection factor afforded by each device. However, for some 

particulate substances for which no evidence of an IDLH exists, 

the determination of allowable respiratory protection based on 

protection factors may result in the assignment of respiratol'$ for 

concentrations that are not likely to be encountered in the 

occupational environment. Therefore, for all such particulate 

substances it has been arbitrarily determined that only the -most 

protective- respirators are permitted for use in concentrations 

exceeding 500 Ie the OSHA PEL of 5 mg/m3 (Le., 2,500 mg/m~. 

None developed 

Adjuat.d 0.5-I1r Derived value 

nme LC (CF) 

? ? ? 

G. pig Turner and ----- 2,500 mg/m' 3-4 hr 4,500-5,000 1119/-' (1.8/2.0) 450-500 mg/m' 

Thompaon 1926 

Lethal dOH data: 

LD. Lo... 

Spec_ Referwnce Route (mgIkg) (mglkg) Adjuat.d LD Derived value 

MoUli. Gig S&nit 1986 oral 7,950 ----- 55,650 1119/-' 5,565 mg/m' 

508 
Zinc oxide (continued) 

Human data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Workers exposed to zinc concentrations between 320 to 

Revised IDLH: 500 mglm3 

580 mglm3 for 1-3 hours have experienced nausea on the job, 

and chills, shortness of breath, and severe chest pains 2 to 

12 hours later [Hammond 1944). Two men exposed to about 

600 mglm3 for 10.5 to 12 minutes experienced headaches, chills, 

and fever with cough and a decrease in vital capacity which 

persisted for 15 hours after exposure [Sturgis and Thompson 

1927). When air concentrations approach 600 mglm3, it has 

been reported that visibility is occluded [Turner and Thompson 

1926). The lethal oral dose hils been reported to be 500 mglkg 

[Gekkan Yakuji 1980). [Note: An oral dose of 500 mglkg is 

equivalent to a 70-kg worker being 

exposed to about 23,300 mg/m' for 30 minutes, assuming a 

breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.) 

easls for revlaed IDLH: The revised IOLH for zinc oxide is 500 mglm' based on acute inhlliation toxicity data in humans 

[Hammond 1944; Sturgis and Thompson 1927). 

REFERENCES: 

1. Gekkan Yakuji (Pharmaceuticals Monthly) (1980); 22:291-298 (in Japanese). 

2. Gig Sanit (1986); 51(4):89-90 (in Russian). 

3. Hammond m (1944). Metal fume fever in the crushed stone industry. J Ind Hyg Toxicol26(4):117-119. 

4. Sturgis CC, Thompson PO (1927). Metal fume fever: I. Clinical observations on the effect of the experimental inhalation 

of zinc oxide by two apparently normal persons. J Ind Hyg 9(3):88-97. 

5. Takahashi A (1976). Problems of hygiene maintenance for food coming into contact with rubber and plastics products. 

Int Polymer Sci Tech 3(1):93-105. 

6. Turner JA, Thompson LR (1926). Health hazards of brass foundries. Section II. Laboratory studies relating to pathology 

of brass foundrymen's ague. Public Health Bulletin 157:35-75. 

509 
Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 

CAS number ................................. . 

NIOSH REL .................................. . 

Current OSHA PEL ............................ . 

1989 OSHA PEL .............................. . 

1993-1994 ACGIH TLV ......................... . 

Description ohubetance ....................... . 

OrIginal (SCP) IDLH ........................... . 

7440-67·7 (Metal) 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

5mglm3 TWA 

5 mglm3 TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

5 mglml TWA, 10 mglm3 STEL 

Varies 

500 mgZrlm3 

Baala for original (SCP) IDLH ................... . The available toxicological data indicate that zirconium 

compounds possess a low order of toxicity. The chosen IDLH 

has been based on the citation by NIOSH (1976) that a 

3O-minute exposure to 500 mglm3 of zirconium nitrate is the 

lowest concentration of this substance which has been shown to 

be lethal to rats [Mogilevskaya 1967]. 

Short .... rm exposure guidelines ................. . None developed 

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA 

Lethlll concentration data: 

Adjusted O.5-hr Derived 

Specl .. Reference LC" LCL,o Time LC (CF) value 

Zr (N!),). 

Rat Mogilevekaya 1967 ----- 500 mg/m' 30 min 212 mg Zr/m' (1.0) 21 mg Zr/m> 

Lethlll dOH data: 

LD" L~ 

Spec'" Reference Routa (mglkg) (mglkg) Adjuatad LD Derived value 

ZrF,'2K 

Mouae Shalganova 1967 oral 98 ._--- 221 mg Zr/m' 22 mg Zr/m' 

Zr (SO,). 

Rat Cochran et al. 1950 oral 3,500 ----- 7,886 mg Zr/m' 789 mg Zr/m' 

ZrOC1. 

Moua. Delong.ae et al. 1983 oral 1,227 ----- 4,398 mg Zr/m' 440 mg Zr/m' 

Rat Kli_r and Doll 1964 oral 2,950 ----- 10,573 mg Zr/m' l,057'mg Zr/m' 

ZrCl. 

Rat ACGIH 1986 oral 1,6" ----- 4,643 mg Zr/m' 464 mg Zr/m' 

Mouae ACGIH 1986 oral 655 ----- 1,801 mg Zr/m' 180 mg Zr/m' 

ZrF, 

Rat ACGIH 1916 oral 98 ----- 374 mg Zr/m> 37 mg Zr/m' 

Human data . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH. 

Revleed IDLH: 25 mg Zr/ml 

Baale for revleed IDLH: The revised IDLH for zirconium compounds is 25 mg Zrlml based on acute toxicity data in 

animals [ACGIH 1986; Mogilevskaya1967; Shalganova 1967]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of 

relevant acute inhalation toxicity data for wOl1ters. 

REFERENCES: 

1. ACGIH [1986]. Zirconium. In: Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 5th ed. 

Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Govemmentallndustrial Hygienists, p. 647. 

2. Cochran t(JN, Coull J, Mazur M, DuBois KP (1950). Acute toxicity of zirconium, columbium, strontium, lanthanum, 

cesium, tantalum and yttrium. AMA Arch Ind Hyg Occup Mad 1:637-650. 

510 
Zirconium compounds (as Zr) (continued) 

3. Delongeas JL, Bumel 0, Netter P, Grignon M, Mur JM, Royer RJ, Grignon G [1983]. Toxicit6 et pharmacocinetique de 

I'oxychlorure de zirconium chez la souris et chez Ie rat. J PharmacoI14(4):437-447 (in French). 

4. Klimmer OR, Doll W [1964]. Zur frege der toxiziUIt und speicherung IOslicher zirkoniumverbindungen bei kurz- und 

langdauemder verfOtterung an warmbiOter. Arzneimittel-Forschung (Drug Research) 14:1286-1290 (in German). 

5. Mogilevskaya OY [1967]. Zirconium. In: Toxicology of the rare metals, Zllzrael'son, ed. Translated from RUSSian by Y. 

Halperin, edited by E. Ueber. Washington, DC: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Science Foundation, 

pp.44-52. 

6. NIOSH [1976]. ZH87500. Zirconium nitrate. In: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances, 1976 ed. Cincinnati, 

OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National 

Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 76-191, p. 1230. 

7. Shalganova IV [1967]. Hygienic features of the production of rare-metal fluorides. Gig Sanit 32(10-12):343-347 

(translated). 

511