This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrine of *

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The Court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgements; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited

under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

Honorable Julie A. Robinson, U.S. District Judge, District of Kansas, sitting by **

designation.

F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 13, 2007

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

SHERRY HAMBY,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. No. 06-5043

(D.C. No. 04-CV-631-TCK-FHM)

ASSOCIATED CENTERS FOR

THERAPY, a/k/a Tulsa Systems of Care;

LARRY MARKS, in his official and

individual capacities; CARL HAWES, in

his official and individual capacities;

BRIAN BLANKENSHIP, in his official

and individual capacities,

Defendants - Appellees.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT

*

Before HENRY, BRISCOE, Circuit Judges and ROBINSON, District Judge.**

Plaintiff-Appellant Sherry Hamby was employed by Associated Centers for

Therapy (“ACT”), an agency that provides services for children and families with
Hamby also named the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health, but later 1

voluntarily dismissed this party from the action.

Hamby also brought claims for sexual and racial discrimination and an 2

Oklahoma state wage law claim. The district court granted summary judgment in favor

of defendants on the discrimination claims, and Hamby conceded her state wage law

claim. These claims are not presented to this Court on appeal. 

“We review a district court’s decision granting summary judgment de novo,

3

resolving all factual disputes and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the

non-moving party.” Argo v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Kansas, Inc., 452 F.3d 1193,

1199 (10th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 

We review the following facts in the light most favorable to Hamby, drawing 4

reasonable inferences therefrom. See Metzler v. Fed. Home Loan Bank of Topeka, 464

F.3d 1164, 1167 n.2 (10th Cir. 2006).

-2-

mental health problems. ACT terminated Hamby from her position as a “family

advocate” in April 2004. Hamby then filed an action against ACT, Larry Marks, Bryan

Blankenship, and Carl Haws: alleging retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1

of 1964; violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) by failing to pay overtime

and for termination in retaliation for reporting such wage violations; violation of 42

U.S.C. § 1985; and Oklahoma state law claims for public policy tort and intentional

infliction of emotional distress. The district court granted summary judgment in favor 2

of defendants on all of these claims. Exercising the appropriate standard of review, we 3

affirm.

I. Background4

ACT is an Oklahoma non-profit corporation that offers outpatient therapy,

rehabilitation, and case management services to the seriously mentally ill. The Systems

of Care (“SOC”) Best Practice Model is a defined federal and state policy for addressing
-3-

the needs of mentally ill children and their families. In January 2001, Tulsa Systems of

Care (“TSOC”) was created as a program offering services for children and families

with mental health problems. ACT is the host agency of TSOC, and it receives funding

and is under contract with the Oklahoma Department of Mental Health (“ODMH”) to

administer the TSOC program. 

ACT employs several persons in various positions to administer the TSOC

program, including a position called “family advocate.” To qualify for a position as a

family advocate, a person must have raised or lived with a child with emotional

problems. The family advocate provides targeted support services, implements a system

of care that is child-centered with the needs of the child and the family directing the

appropriate services, and assists in preventing an out-of-home placement.

In 1999, Carl Haws asked Hamby, a parent of a child with a serious emotional

disturbance, to volunteer and assist in the creation of TSOC. In her volunteer efforts,

Hamby served on both the state and local steering committees for SOC. In January

2001, Hamby became a volunteer family advocate. In July 2001, Hamby began

working as a part-time, salaried advocate with ACT. In 2003, Hamby was hired in a

full-time position as a family advocate. At all relevant times, Haws was Hamby’s

supervisor.

Haws evaluated Hamby’s job performance in January 2002 and on July 23, 2003. 

Hamby received a good rating of 8.15 on a scale of 1 to 10 on both of these evaluations. 

However, Haws noted some concerns with Hamby’s employment in the objectives
-4-

section of both evaluations. In the January 2002 evaluation, Haws noted that Hamby

needed to improve her communication skills by omitting foul language and colorful

examples. Haws wrote that Hamby needed to “back off” and “let others do their work.” 

In the July 2003 evaluation, Haws wrote that Hamby needed to avoid inter-office

conflicts “by understanding that everyone is different.” Hamby contends that the

comments in the objectives section were not made by Haws, but rather that she

identified these areas as needing improvement.

During her employment with ACT, Hamby received four reprimands. She was

first reprimanded on October 17, 2002, when she received a documented verbal review

from Haws for being disrespectful to him and other staff members during a meeting. 

Hamby alleges that she received this reprimand after questioning whether Haws bought

computers for employees using “flex funds,” which were primarily reserved for client

families. The ODMH investigated Hamby’s allegation and found no wrongdoing by

Haws. Hamby received two more documented verbal reviews on September 19, 2003. 

Hamby was reprimanded for allegedly neglecting her duties when she asked her

daughter to inform her employer that she would not be attending a meeting with TSOC

clients on September 11, 2003. Hamby’s daughter telephoned ACT thirty minutes prior

to the meeting, and she apparently spoke to someone other than Haws. Hamby was

further reprimanded on October 6, 2003, for failing to give support to a client-family

and for being rude. On October 8, 2003, Hamby was disciplined for disregarding the

management system by complaining about her supervisors and coworkers. 
-5-

Hamby alleges that over the course of her employment with ACT, she suffered

many abusive and retaliatory acts by Haws and her coworkers. Hamby asserts that in

February 2002, Haws verbally accosted her after a TSOC Steering Committee meeting. 

During that meeting, it was discussed whether two volunteer advocates should be

changed to paid status, and Hamby alleges that Haws opposed the change. Hamby

contends that after the meeting Haws told her never to challenge him in public again,

and after that incident, Haws became routinely verbally abusive and retaliatory toward

her. Hamby also alleges that during a staff meeting on August 8, 2003, Haws

announced that TSOC had incurred a budget deficit. Hamby requested documents

reflecting the budget from Haws and tried to reconcile the deficit. Hamby discovered

what she believed to be discrepancies in the budget and expressed her concerns to

Haws. Hamby alleges that Haws screamed at her that she was wasting her time. 

Afterwards, Hamby inquired about the need for an audit of TSOC expenditures to

various directors of the TSOC program. 

On August 11, 2003, Hamby emailed Janice Hendrix, chairperson for the state

SOC Steering Committee, and complained that Haws and others made derogatory

comments about her at the most recent meeting of the Committee. Hamby alleges that

on August 14, 2003, in response to her email to Hendrix, Haws threatened Hamby and

called her a liar. She further alleges that a coworker had to prevent Haws from further

accosting her. On August 20, 2003, Hamby filed a complaint with the TSOC Steering

Committee against Haws regarding the August 8, 2003 incident, the August 14, 2003
-6-

incident, the amount of her annual raise, and Haws’ refusal to provide her with a letter

of recommendation. Hamby also filed a complaint with the Oklahoma Human Rights

Commission (“OHRC”), which was later transferred to the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission, alleging hostile work environment and retaliation based on

the August 14, 2003 incident. 

On August 22, 2003, Ruth Archer, a coworker of Hamby’s, filed a grievance

against Hamby in which she complained about Hamby’s job performance and the hostile

environment that she was creating at TSOC. Archer stated that Hamby would “lash

out” and send emails about TSOC and Haws any time that she got upset. Archer

expressed concern that Hamby’s communications were not in the best interest of TSOC

and its clients. Archer later withdrew this grievance. 

On September 2, 2003, Haws and Bryan Blankenship, Clinical Director of ACT,

met with Hamby. Haws advised Hamby that she would need his prior approval of all

email communications about TSOC before dissemination. Hamby was also told not to

complain to others about her supervisor, but rather she should “vent” to certain,

authorized persons. 

On September 5, 2003, Haws received a letter from a TSOC client, Michelle

Motisi, requesting that Hamby be removed from her child’s case due to personality

differences. Motisi stated that Hamby had treated her hatefully during a telephone

conversation. 

At a regularly scheduled staff meeting on September 11, 2003, Hamby alleges
This staff meeting was a separate meeting from the TSOC client meeting that 5

occurred on the same day and for which Hamby was reprimanded when she failed to

attend.

-7-

that she was confronted by her coworkers with rumors that she was sending out

derogatory emails about TSOC. The coworkers expressed concern that such emails

were threatening the reputation of TSOC and creating a hostile work environment. 

After the meeting, Hamby alleges that she suffered extreme anxiety, dizziness, nausea,

and vomiting. Soon afterwards, Hamby filed a complaint with the Occupational Safety

and Hazard Administration (“OSHA”) contending that she felt threatened by her

coworkers at the September 11, 2003 meeting. This incident preceded the reprimands 5

that Hamby received on September 19, 2003. 

Hamby alleges that on September 24, 2003, an emergency staff meeting was held

to discuss her OHRC and OSHA complaints. However, defendants contend that this

was a normal, routine “teambuilding” meeting lunch held at a Pizza Hut. Hamby

alleges that she again felt threatened by her coworkers at this meeting, but there is no

testimony by any witness who recalls any threats or hostility directed at Hamby. 

On September 29, 2003, another TSOC client, Susan Bloxsom, requested that

Hamby be replaced as the family advocate assigned to her child’s case. Ms. Bloxsom

complained about Hamby’s rudeness and unavailability. 

Hamby alleges that in November 2003, Haws allowed Archer to draft and present

an agreement for Hamby’s signature. The agreement purported to prohibit Hamby from

tape recording meetings and would impose criminal penalties if she violated the
-8-

agreement. There is a dispute as to whether the agreement was presented to Hamby. 

Hamby alleges that the presentation was intended to intimidate or harass her. Haws

denies that he authorized Archer to present the agreement. 

On November 26, 2003, Haws and Blankenship met with Hamby to discuss

alleged statements that she made while attending a meeting in Washington, D.C. 

Hamby denied speaking about the internal business of TSOC, but Haws again reminded

her not to discuss TSOC matters or her conflicts with Haws outside of TSOC. Hamby

alleges that the ODMH contacted Blankenship to state its concerns about her comments

to federal policymakers. On January 26, 2004, ACT received an email from TSOC

Steering Committee member Regina Rogers-Boyce in which she expressed concern that

Hamby was making repeated complaints to others about Haws and TSOC. RogersBoyce stated that she felt such comments were not good “for team morale or anything

else.” 

Haws and Blankenship again held another meeting with Hamby on February 23,

2004, to discuss improper communications that she made. Hamby had allegedly

communicated with persons outside of TSOC regarding events at the TSOC Steering

Committee meeting. At the February 23, 2004 meeting, Haws distributed a

memorandum to all staff. The memorandum, dated February 23, 2004, states that all

communications about TSOC business need to be sent to and approved by Haws before

distribution to the intended recipient. Hamby contends that she was told on March 10,

2004, that the policy applied only to written communications, but there is evidence that
-9-

other employees of ACT were aware that the policy applied to all external

communications.

On April 12, 2004, Blankenship received information that Hamby had contacted

Carol Schneider, an employee at the ODMH, regarding whether the child of a TSOC

employee could be eligible for the TSOC program. Blankenship learned that Hamby

had given Schneider specific information about the employee’s child. Hamby contends

that she only asked general policy questions about the availability of the program to

children of TSOC employees, but Schneider testified that Hamby revealed specific

information about the potential client. Defendants contend that Hamby did not receive

prior approval for this communication and that she conveyed privileged information

about a potential client. Hamby contends that she received permission to call Schneider

from Assistant Project Director, Marcia Keesee. But Keesee testified that she did not

give Hamby approval to call the ODMH regarding the question of whether the child of

an TSOC employee is eligible for the program. 

On the same day that Schneider received the call from Hamby, Schneider sent an

email to her supervisors at the ODMH regarding the conversation. The relevant portion

of Schneider’s email states:

Just to give you a heads up.

Sherry Hamby called me on the way to work this morning. 

She was very angry that Ruth Archer’s son was being

reviewed by the Care Team. She said it wasn’t right. She

said the rules were changed and no one told her. She said

that she had to tell Grace that she could not be a Family

Advocate until her child graduated. She said that TSOC has
-10-

5 or 6 cases still waiting and won’t be reviewed until next

month. She said that it was unfair that a Family Advocate

gets preferential treatment. She said the rule change had not

been discussed before the Community Team.

Hamby was terminated on April 15, 2004 for “failure to meet job expectations.” 

The termination letter reads: “[y]our failure to clear all external communications with

your supervisor, Carl Haws, prior to the transmission is the offense on which this action

is being taken.” Hamby appealed her termination, which ACT denied. The letter

denying Hamby’s appeal discussed the numerous incidents in which Hamby failed to

clear external communications with Haws. Further, ACT concluded in this letter that

based on all of the complaints, incidents, and reprimands surrounding the

communication policy, Hamby was fully aware of this policy and she was in violation

of it when she telephoned Schneider in April 2004. 

Hamby then brought this action. The district court granted summary judgment in

favor of defendants on Hamby’s claims of retaliation under Title VII, violations of the

FLSA by failing to pay overtime and for termination in retaliation for reporting such

wage violations, violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985, and Oklahoma state law claims for

public policy tort and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Each claim is

discussed in turn.

II. Discussion

A. Title VII Claims

1. Retaliation

The district court granted summary judgment on Hamby’s Title VII retaliation
-11-

claim finding that she had failed to show that defendants’ proffered reasons for her

termination were pretextual. When analyzing Title VII retaliation claims, this Court

applies the McDonnell Douglas burden shifting approach. Argo v. Blue Cross and Blue

Shield of Kansas, Inc., 452 F.3d 1193, 1202 (10th Cir. 2006). Under that approach, a

plaintiff’s establishment of a prima facie case creates a presumption of retaliation. 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L. Ed.

2d 668 (1973). The burden then shifts to the defendant to produce evidence that the

adverse employment action was taken for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason. Id.,

93 S. Ct. at 1824. If the defendant meets this burden, the burden then shifts back to the

plaintiff to present evidence that the proffered reason was pretext. Id. at 804, 93 S. Ct.

at 1825.

“To establish a prima facie case of retaliation, a plaintiff must demonstrate (1)

that he engaged in protected opposition to discrimination, (2) that a reasonable

employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, and (3) that a

causal connection existed between the protected activity and the materially adverse

action.” Argo, 452 F.3d at 1202 (citing Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, ___

U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 2405, 2414–15, 165 L. Ed. 2d 345 (2006); Miller v. Auto. Club of

N.M., Inc., 420 F.3d 1098, 1119 (10th Cir. 2005)). Hamby has established a prima facie

case of retaliation. First, Hamby engaged in protected activity by filing an OHRC

complaint in August 2003 and an OSHA complaint in September 2003. Second, Hamby

began receiving an increased number of reprimands, a challenged action which a
-12-

reasonable employee would find materially adverse. Finally, the close temporal

proximity between the complaints and the reprimands is sufficient to allow an inference

that there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the challenged

action. Id. (citing Anderson v. Coors Brewing Co., 181 F.3d 1171, 1179 (10th Cir.

1999)).

The burden then shifts to defendants to show a legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reason for the employment action. In this case, Hamby was terminated from her

employment when her supervisors learned that she had disclosed a potential client’s

confidential information after being repeatedly instructed to clear all external

communications regarding TSOC business through her supervisor, Haws. This is a

legitimate reason to terminate Hamby. Therefore, the burden shifts back to Hamby to

show that the proffered reason for her termination was pretext for retaliation. Id. 

 To show pretext, Hamby must produce evidence of “such weaknesses,

implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in the employer’s

proffered legitimate reasons for its action that a reasonable factfinder could rationally

find them unworthy of credence and hence infer that the employer did not act for the

asserted non-discriminatory reasons.” Id. (citing Morgan v. Hilti, 108 F.3d 1319, 1323

(10th Cir. 1997)). Hamby argues that she brought forth evidence to place the following

material facts in dispute: (1) whether defendants had an established policy that required

all forms of communication regarding TSOC business to be cleared with Haws before

dissemination; and, if so, (2) whether Hamby violated that policy. 
Hamby suggested to the district court that this memorandum was fabricated to 6

support her termination, but she offers no evidence, other than speculation, to support

this allegation. Conclusory allegations, lacking evidentiary support in the record, are

insufficient to show pretext. Salguero v. City of Clovis, 366 F.3d 1168, 1178 (10th Cir.

2004).

At oral argument, defendants stated that the final decisionmakers were 7

Blankenship and Marks, while Hamby stated that the decision to terminate her

-13-

Hamby contends that defendants’ communication policy applies only to emails. 

Two of her coworkers testified that they were aware of the communication policy, and

stated that the policy applies to email communications. However, in a February 23,

2004 memorandum, Haws informed all TSOC staff that all communications about

TSOC business must be sent through Haws before dissemination. Hamby asserts that

she never received this memorandum while she was employed at ACT, but Ruth Archer

testified that she remembered receiving a memorandum describing the policy. Even

though two employees testified that they believed the policy applied to email

communications, Hamby cannot controvert the fact that defendants’ communication

policy, as written in the February 23, 2004 memorandum, was that all communications

were to be approved by Haws before dissemination. 

6

Even if Hamby did not violate this policy because, as she contends, the policy

applies only to written communications or that she had permission to make the

telephone call, the Court must “look at the facts as they appear to the person making the

decision to terminate the plaintiff.” Kendrick v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d

1220, 1231 (10th Cir. 2000). In this case, the people making the decision to terminate

Hamby were Blankenship, Marks and Haws. At the time of her termination, the 7
employment was made by Haws. The record shows that all three participated in the

termination decision. First, defendants conceded to the district court that all three

people made the decision to terminate Hamby. Aplt. App. at 23. Further, in a letter

from Marks to Hamby informing her of her termination, Marks stated that he reviewed

the material prepared by Blankenship and Haws recommending Hamby’s termination. 

Aplt. App. at 144. The letter states that the reason for Hamby’s termination is her

failure to clear communications with Haws, prior to the transmission. Id. 

Hamby contends that she received permission from Keesee to telephone 8

Schneider, but Keesee testified that she did not give Hamby approval. Even if Hamby

received approval from Keesee, as Hamby contends, Keesee authorized her to call to see

if the SOC policy had been changed. Aplt. App. at 225. Based on her own assertion,

Hamby only had permission to ask general policy questions, and Keesee clearly did not

authorize Hamby’s communication of confidential information.

Hamby argues that Schneider, as a member of the SOC staff, had full access to 9

all confidential information of ACT and of SOC clients, and therefore Hamby did not

disclose confidential information when she discussed specific information about this

employee’s child. But defendants argue that Schneider, as an employee of the ODMH,

did not have access to confidential information regarding potential clients. As stated

above, the Court must look at the facts as they appear to the decisionmaker. Kendrick,

220 F.3d at 1231. At the time of her termination, the decisionmakers had received

-14-

decisionmakers had information that Hamby had placed the telephone call, unauthorized

under the communication policy, and that she had divulged confidential information

regarding a potential client. After Schneider received Hamby’s telephone call, she sent

an email to her supervisors at the ODMH describing their conversation, including that

Hamby had revealed confidential information about a potential client. One of

Schneider’s supervisors contacted Blankenship and informed him that Hamby had given

Schneider specific information about the employee’s child. Blankenship also learned

that Hamby did not have permission to make this telephone call. The uncontroverted 8

evidence shows that the decisionmakers knew at the time of her termination that Hamby

had divulged confidential information about a potential client, without permission to do 9
information that Hamby had disclosed confidential information to Schneider and

terminated Hamby for initiating this communication. 

-15-

so, thereby providing the reason for her termination. 

To the extent Hamby contends that Blankenship and Marks relied on pretextual

reasons, provided by Haws, and gave perfunctory approval to terminate Hamby based

on Haws’ recommendation, the Court rejects such claims. Under the “rubber stamp”

doctrine, a plaintiff can bring a Title VII claim when “a decisionmaker gives

perfunctory approval for an adverse employment action explicitly recommended by a

biased subordinate.” E.E.O.C. v. BCI Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Los Angeles, 450 F.3d

476, 484 (10th Cir. 2006) (citing Hill v. Lockheed Martin Logistics Mgmt., Inc., 354

F.3d 277, 288 (4th Cir. 2004)). This Court has held that for a plaintiff to prevail on

such a claim, she must show that a biased subordinate’s discriminatory reports,

recommendation, or other actions caused the adverse employment action. Id. at 487. 

Although Haws was involved in the termination decision, Blankenship, as the

Clinical Director of ACT, was also actively involved in Hamby’s termination, and not

merely a “rubber stamp.” In this case, Blankenship independently investigated the

allegations of Hamby’s improper communications. See id. at 488 (“[A]n employer can

avoid liability by conducting an independent investigation of the allegations against an

employee.”). In fact, Blankenship was closely involved in disciplining plaintiff’s

improper communications in the months preceding her termination. Blankenship
The record shows that Blankenship attended meetings with Hamby on 10

September 2, 2003, November 26, 2003, and February 23, 2004. 

Hamby contends that Haws told her that the communication policy applies only 11

to email communications, and therefore, her telephone conversation did not violate the

policy and was not a valid basis for her termination. Aplt. App. at 224. Even accepting

Hamby’s allegation as true, Haws’ alleged statement of the policy would not negate the

views of Blankenship and Marks who determined that Hamby’s telephone call was

unauthorized under the communication policy. 

-16-

participated in meetings with Hamby on several occasions in which he and others 10

addressed Hamby’s improper, external communications. Blankenship stated that at the

February 23, 2004 meeting, he informed Hamby, and she expressed an understanding,

that “communication” included verbal as well as written. Aplt. App. at 128. A

memorandum was issued that same day to all staff informing them of the

communication policy. Blankenship learned on April 12, 2004 that Hamby had made 11

an unauthorized telephone call, and he stated in Hamby’s appeal of her termination,

“[o]n the basis of this contact, and that you had been repeatedly counseled previously

regarding outside contact having to do with TSOC business, management deemed this

serious conduct to warrant immediate termination.” Aplt. App. at 128. Therefore, the

record shows that Blankenship’s decision to terminate Hamby was based on her

improper, external communication and was not based on any of the alleged pretextual

reasons attributed to Haws. 

Also, the record shows that Marks, as Executive Director of ACT, made his

decision to terminate Hamby after reviewing Blankenship and Haws’ recommendations

and determining that Hamby violated the communication policy. While Marks
-17-

considered Haws’ recommendation, Marks also relied on Blankenship’s valid reason for

recommending Hamby’s termination—her improper external communication—and

Marks determined that her communication did, in fact, violate the communication

policy. Hamby has not shown that Haws’ allegedly discriminatory recommendation

caused her termination when Marks also relied on Blankenship’s valid reason for firing

Hamby. Thus, Marks based his decision on a valid reason for Hamby’s termination,

and there is no evidence of pretext.

Hamby also contends that pretext is established by the timing between her

complaints and the adverse employment actions taken against her. “Close temporal

proximity between the employee’s complaint and the adverse employment action is a

factor in determining whether the employer’s proffered reason is a pretext for

retaliation.” Pastran v. K-Mark Corp., 210 F.3d 1201, 1206 (10th Cir. 2000). But mere

conjecture that defendants acted with discriminatory reasons is not sufficient to establish

pretext. Annett v. University of Kansas, 371 F.3d 1233, 1241 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing

Anderson v. Coors Brewing Co., 181 F.3d 1171, 1179 (10th Cir. 1999)). Hamby argues

that the evidence shows that after she made her complaints, she suffered retaliation in

that she began receiving an increased number of reprimands. But, as the district court

noted, all of the reprimands that Hamby received are tied to an improper action by

Hamby, and there is no evidence that the reprimands resulted from hostility based on

her complaints. 

Further, Hamby asserts that there is additional evidence of pretext including her
-18-

allegations that Haws verbally assaulted her on several occasions, her contention that the

ODMH was concerned about her comments to federal policymakers and that she would

contact legislators in the future, and the fact that Hamby had received positive reviews

before she filed her complaints. However, none of these allegations demonstrate any

weaknesses or implausibilities in defendants’ legitimate reason for terminating her

employment after learning that Hamby had made an unauthorized communication and

divulged confidential information, and a reasonable factfinder could not rationally find

this reason unworthy of credence. We agree with the district court that these allegations

are not evidence of pretext to rebut defendants’ legitimate reason for terminating

Hamby. Because Hamby has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to

whether defendants’ proffered reason for her termination is pretext for retaliation, we

affirm the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of defendants as

to this claim. 

2. Coworker Retaliation

For an employer to be held liable for coworker retaliation, a plaintiff must show

that supervisors or management personnel either (1) orchestrated the harassment or (2)

knew about the harassment and acquiesced in it in such a manner as to condone and

encourage the coworkers’ actions. Gunnell v. Utah Valley State Coll., 152 F.3d 1253,

1265 (10th Cir. 1998). Because Title VII is neither a general civility code nor does it

provide relief for the ordinary tribulations in the workplace, incidents of rudeness by

coworkers are insufficient to support a claim for retaliation. Id. (citing Faragher v. City
-19-

of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788, 118 S. Ct. 2275, 2286–84, 141 L. Ed. 2d 662

(1998)). 

Hamby relies on two incidents as evidence to support her claim for coworker

retaliation. First, Hamby contends that an emergency staff meeting was held on

September 24, 2003, and that this meeting was called specifically to address her

complaints to OSHA and the OHRC. Hamby filed her OSHA complaint after a meeting

on September 11, 2003, in which her coworkers discussed her communication of

internal information about TSOC to outside sources and her conflict with Haws. Hamby

contends that Haws called the September 24 meeting to address Hamby’s OSHA

complaint, and she argues that Haws’ attendance and participation in the meeting is

circumstantial evidence that he orchestrated and condoned the harassment that allegedly

took place at the meeting. However, Hamby offers no evidence to refute that this was a

regularly scheduled “team building” meeting held at a Pizza Hut, attended by ACT and

TSOC employees to build positive, working relationships. Hamby points to an

unofficial transcript that purports to document the discussions at the September 24

meeting. But the district court noted that throughout the transcript, it appears that

Hamby’s coworkers were unaware that she had made the complaints. Further, there is

no evidence in this transcript that Haws orchestrated or condoned any alleged

harassment at the September 24 meeting. 

As to the second incident, Hamby alleges that Haws condoned the drafting and

presentation of an agreement to Hamby for her signature that would prevent her from
-20-

tape recording meetings. There is evidence that Hamby was tape recording meetings at

ACT, and that this was creating an internal conflict among the staff. It is unclear as to

whether Hamby was actually presented with this agreement. Hamby argues that it can

be inferred from Ruth Archer’s testimony that the agreement was presented to Hamby

and that it is uncontroverted that Hamby received the agreement. Assuming that Hamby

was presented with the agreement for her signature, she cannot provide evidence to

show that the presentation of the agreement was retaliation against her. Rather, the

record shows that Hamby’s taping of meetings was creating an internal conflict that

defendants sought to resolve. While Hamby alleges that she suffered harassment when

she was presented this agreement, her allegations are insufficient to bring a claim for

coworker retaliation, for such an ordinary tribulation in the workplace. 

In addition to these two incidents, Hamby argues that the totality of the

circumstances show that her supervisors orchestrated harassment. Hamby contends that

all of the events described above, when taken as a whole, support her claim for

coworker retaliation. However, even when viewing all of these incidents together,

Hamby has failed to put forth any specific facts or evidence from which a jury could

infer that supervisors or management orchestrated, condoned or encouraged coworker

retaliation. Accordingly, because there is insufficient evidence in the record to support

a claim against defendants based on coworker retaliation, summary judgment on this

claim is affirmed.
The district court assumed, without deciding, that the FLSA applied to ACT. 

12

Defendants argue that the FLSA does not apply to ACT because the Department of

Labor concluded the same. Like the district court, we will assume that the FLSA

applies to ACT when analyzing Hamby’s FLSA claims. 

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B. FLSA Overtime Claim

The district court granted summary judgment on Hamby’s FLSA overtime wage

claim finding that she qualifies for the administrative exemption from the FLSA.12

Under 29 U.S.C. § 207, an employer is required to pay an employee overtime wages

unless the employee fits into an exemption under 29 U.S.C. § 213. “Exemptions to the

FLSA are to be narrowly construed; the employer must show the employees fit ‘plainly

and unmistakenly within [the exemption’s] terms.’” Reich v. Wyoming, 993 F.3d 739,

741 (10th Cir. 1993) (quotations omitted). Whether Hamby’s employment activities

plainly and unmistakenly fit into the exemption and exclude her from FLSA coverage is

question of law that we review de novo. Id. (citing Icicle Seafoods, Inc. v. Worthington,

475 U.S. 709, 714, 106 S. Ct. 1527, 1530, 89 L. Ed. 2d 739 (1986)). 

The district court relied on 29 C.F.R. § 541.214 (2002), which provides that

employees who are compensated on a salary basis rate of at least $250.00 per week are

exempt from the overtime requirements provided that “the employee’s primary duty

consists of either the performance of office or nonmanual work directly related to

management policies or general business operations of the employer . . . where the

performance of such primary duty includes work requiring the exercise of discretion and
The 2002 verison of this C.F.R. regulation was in effect at all times pertinent to 13

this case. This regulation has been amended and codified at 29 C.F.R. § 541.200. 

-22-

independent judgment.” It is undisputed that Hamby meets the salary requirement, and 13

therefore we must determine whether Hamby’s primary duties consisted of office or

nonmanual work directly related to management policies or general business operations

in which she exercised discretion and independent judgment in her position.

Hamby argues that her job description fails to meet the requirement that her

“primary duty consists of either the performance of the office or nonmanual work

directly related to management policies or general business operation of the employer.” 

“The phrase ‘directly related to the management or general business operations . . .’

describes those types of activities relating to the administrative operations of a business

as distinguished from ‘production’ or, in a retail or service establishment, ‘sales’ work.”

29 C.F.R. § 541.205(a) (2002). The Fifth Circuit has described the distinction between

these two types of work as: “between those employees whose primary duty is

administering the business affairs of the enterprise from those whose primary duty is

producing the commodity or commodities, whether goods or services, that the enterprise

exists to produce and market.” Dalheim v. KDFW-TV, 918 F.2d 1220, 1230 (5th Cir.

1990). Hamby contends that she produced a commodity for ACT by carrying out the

day-to-day operations of ACT. 

Hamby describes her duties as a family advocate as follows: “(1) [s]upport for

the child and his/her family; (2) [b]e active member of the local teams; (3) [b]e a

member of the family team to assist in the strengths and the assessment and care plan
The district court cited the current version of this regulation, codified at 29 14

C.F.R. § 541.202(a). While the two versions are substantively parallel, the Court will

apply the 2002 version of this regulation because it was in effect during Hamby’s

employment with ACT.

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development; (4) [t]o mediate between the families and the professionals; (5) [a]t times

provide transportation; (6) [t]o fill out and submit ‘flex forms’ for the families as

needed; (7) [t]o attend or speak at conferences as needed and assigned by the Project

Director; and, (8) [o]ther duties as assigned by the Project Director.” All of these duties

are the type of work that is directly related to assisting with the running or servicing of

ACT. Hamby’s job required her to assist client families by advising and counseling

them regarding their problems and by advocating for them in order to promote ACT’s

goal of helping families of mentally ill children. In providing support to these families,

Hamby’s job duties cannot be likened to the type of work performed on a manufacturing

production line or in selling a product in a retail or service establishment. Hamby’s

work in providing services to the client families was not akin to production or sale of a

commodity; rather, her work was directly related to the general business operations of

ACT.

Further, Hamby contends that she did not exercise the requisite discretion and

independent judgment in her employment position. “[T]he exercise of discretion and

independent judgment involves the comparison and the evaluation of possible courses of

conduct and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been

considered.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.207(a) (2002). The exercise of discretion and 14

independent judgment “implies that the person has the authority or power to make an
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independent choice, free from immediate direction or supervision and with respect to

matters of significance.” Id. However, employees can exercise discretion and

independent judgment “despite the fact that their decisions or recommendations are

reviewed at a higher level.” Id. at § 207(e)(2). The exercise of discretion and

independent judgment requires more than “work along standardized lines involving

well-established techniques and procedures which may have been cataloged and

described in manuals or other sources.” Id. at § 207(c)(2). Types of work that do not

require the exercise of discretion and independent judgment include clerical or

secretarial work, highly technical and mechanical operations, and other routine work. 

Id. at §§ 207(c)(5), (c)(7), (d)(2).

In addition to the job duties previously listed, Hamby states that her position

required her “to be there for the parent twenty-four-hours-a-day, seven-days per week

by telephone or in person when the family was in crisis due to an episode involving the

child or to assist with a temporary lack of resources, help the parent learn how to cope

with and assert themselves with the courts, social services, professionals, doctors, and

the educational system.” Based on Hamby’s description of her position, she was

required to counsel and advise her client families making, as the district court accurately

described, “game-time” decisions in order to provide support to her client families and

to promote ACT’s goal of helping the mentally ill. In this employment position, Hamby

exercised discretion and independent judgment when helping the client families. 

Therefore, Hamby qualifies for the administrative exemption under the FLSA because
-25-

her work directly related to management policies or general business operations of ACT

and she exercised discretion and independent judgment in her position as a family

advocate.

As the district court noted, Hamby was terminated for failing to follow the

communication policy, but defendants’ requirement that Hamby gain prior approval of

her communications does not alter the analysis. Hamby’s communications with others

regarding TSOC are not part of her job description, but even if they were part of her job

description, an employee can exercise discretion and independent judgment even if her

employment activities are reviewed by higher management. See 29 C.F.R. §

541.207(e)(2) (2002). Because Hamby does not qualify as an administrative employee,

she is exempt from FLSA overtime coverage, and her claim under this statute fails. 

 

C. FLSA Retaliation

29 U.S.C. § 215 prohibits an employer from discharging or discriminating against

an employee for exercising rights under the FLSA. FLSA retaliation claims are

analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Pacheco v. Whiting

Farms, Inc., 365 F.3d 1199, 1206 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing Richmond v. ONEOK, Inc.,

120 F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997)). Hamby argues that she meets the first prong of the

McDonnell Douglas test because she has established a prima facie case of retaliation by

showing that (1) she engaged in protected activity when she filed a claim for overtime

wages on April 6, 2004; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action when she was
-26-

terminated on April 15, 2004; and (3) there is a casual connection based on the temporal

proximity between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. The

district court failed to apply the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis and simply

found that “[t]he record shows, overwhelmingly, that Plaintiff was terminated because

she violated legitimate directives of her supervisors and thereby jeopardized TSOC’s

ability to effectively serve its clientele.” Aplt. App. at 574. 

Applying the appropriate analysis to Hamby’s claim, we nevertheless affirm the

district court’s grant of summary judgment. We agree with Hamby that she has

established a prima facie case of retaliation. Hamby engaged in protected activity when

she filed her claim for overtime wages on April 7, 2004, and she suffered an adverse

employment action when she was terminated eight days later on April 15, 2004. The

temporal proximity between the protected activity and the adverse employment action is

sufficient to establish a casual connection to make out a prima facie case of retaliation. 

Compare Anderson v. Coors Brewing Co., 181 F.3d 1171, 1179 (10th Cir. 1999) (sixweek time period between protected conduct and adverse employment action was

sufficient to satisfy the causation prong to establish a prima facie case) with Richmond,

120 F.3d at 209 (holding that three-month period of time between protected activity and

termination was insufficient to establish a casual connection). 

The burden then shifts to defendants to offer a legitimate non-retaliatory reason

for the adverse employment action. Pacheco, 365 F.3d at 1207. As stated above,

Hamby was terminated for a legitimate reason—disclosing a potential client’s
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confidential information after being repeatedly instructed to clear all external

communications regarding TSOC business through her supervisor. The burden then

shifts back to Hamby to show that the proffered reason for her termination was pretext

for retaliation. Id. The Court has previously addressed all of Hamby’s allegations of

pretext, and has determined that she has not demonstrated any weaknesses or

implausibilities in defendants’ reason for terminating her employment. Hamby has not

presented “any evidence on which a reasonable jury could infer retaliatory motive or

disbelieve Defendants’ proffered reason for terminating her employment.” Id. 

Therefore, because Hamby has failed to establish pretext, her claim for FLSA retaliation

cannot survive summary judgment.

D. Violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985

42 U.S.C. § 1985(3) provides: 

If two or more persons . . . conspire . . . for the purpose of

depriving . . . any person . . . of the equal protection of the

laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; .

. . or cause to be done, any act in furtherance of the object of

such conspiracy . . . the party so injured or deprived may

have an action for the recovery of damages . . . .

To establish a claim under this statute, a plaintiff must show: (1) a conspiracy; (2) to

deprive a person of equal protection or equal privileges and immunities; (3) an act in

furtherance of the conspiracy; and (4) a resulting injury or deprivation. Griffin v.

Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102–03, 91 S. Ct. 1790, 1798–99, 29 L. Ed. 2d 338 (1971). 

Section 1985(3) “does not ‘apply to all tortious, conspiratorial interferences with the

rights of others,’ but rather only to conspiracies motivated by ‘some racial, or perhaps
Defendants argue that because Hamby is not a member of a protected class, she 15

cannot bring a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985. However, Hamby argues that she is a

member of a protected class because she is a parent of a mentally ill child and she is

associated with mentally ill people. The “‘class-based animus’ language . . . has been

narrowly construed.” Tilton, 6 F.3d at 686 (citation omitted). Because Hamby has

failed to show evidence of a conspiracy to support her § 1985 claim, we need not

address whether the conspiracy was motivated by some racial or class-based

discriminatory animus.

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otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.’” Tilton v. Richardson, 6 F.3d

683, 686 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing Griffin, 403 U.S. at 102, 91 S. Ct. at 1798). 

Hamby alleges that Haws, in his individual and official capacity, and Marks and

Blankenship, in their official capacities, violated 42 U.S.C. § 1985 by conspiring to

deprive Hamby of her First Amendment rights. We agree with the district court that

because Hamby cannot provide evidence of a conspiracy, her claim under this statute

fails. 

15

To support her conspiracy argument, Hamby alleges that the ODMH brought

pressure on ACT to silence Hamby’s policy discussions in Washington, D.C. She

argues that the state was concerned that her efforts in Washington, D.C. would make

Oklahoma look bad, and therefore the state pressured ACT into advising Hamby that

she could face termination. To support these claims, Hamby provides an unofficial

transcript that purports to document a meeting between Hamby, Haws, and Blankenship

on November 26, 2003. In this meeting, the participants addressed the policy

discussions that Hamby had with federal SOC staff in Washington, D.C., but there is no

evidence of a conspiracy to silence her. Rather, in this meeting, Blankenship discussed

his concerns that Hamby complained about Haws to the federal SOC staff. Previously,
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Hamby had been disciplined for disregarding the management system by complaining

about her supervisors and coworkers, and she had been repeatedly told that she was not

to complain about her supervisors to others, but rather she was to “vent” to authorized

persons. This meeting appears to be another attempt to remind Hamby that she was not

to complain about TSOC internal business outside of TSOC. There is no evidence of a

conspiracy to silence Hamby’s policy discussions, nor any other communications that

did not entail personnel matters. 

Hamby also contends that Schneider’s discussion with other state employees

regarding Hamby’s telephone call is evidence of a conspiracy. Hamby alleges that they

discussed how to handle the matter “quickly and appropriately” so that Hamby would

not talk to legislators during the appropriations session. However, the record shows that

Schneider’s discussions with other state officials concerned Hamby divulging

confidential information about a potential client without approval from her supervisors. 

Although Schneider acknowledged that Hamby’s actions could be damaging to TSOC,

there is no evidence of a conspiracy to silence Hamby.

Finally, Hamby argues that the policy that Haws was to approve all emails is

evidence of a conspiracy to silence her. But the evidence shows that Hamby had been

repeatedly reprimanded for making improper communications to people outside TSOC. 

The policy that emails were to be approved before dissemination is not evidence of a

conspiracy to silence Hamby, but rather it shows TSOC’s attempts at limiting Hamby’s

improper communications. Further, the February 23, 2004 memorandum describing the
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communication policy was distributed to all staff. There is no evidence that this policy

was a conspiracy designed to silence Hamby when the policy applied to every TSOC

staff member, not just to Hamby.

We recognize that “[d]irect evidence of a conspiracy is rarely available, and the

existence of a conspiracy must usually be inferred from the circumstances.” Fisher v.

Shamburg, 624 F.2d 156, 162 (10th Cir. 1980) (citing Loew’s, Inc. v. Cinema

Amusements, 210 F.2d 86, 93 (10th Cir. 1954)). But a plaintiff must bring forth “more

than mere conclusory allegations” to establish a claim under § 1985. Brever v. Rockwell

Int’l Corp., 40 F.3d 1119, 1126 (10th Cir. 1994). In this case, Hamby has failed to

provide evidence, either direct or circumstantial, of a conspiracy. Therefore, the district

court properly granted summary judgment as to Hamby’s § 1985 claim.

E. Public Policy Tort

The Oklahoma Supreme Court has held that “circumstances which present an

actionable tort claim under Oklahoma law [occur] where an employee is discharged for

refusing to act in violation of an established and well-defined public policy or for

performing an act consistent with a clear and compelling public policy.” Burk v.

K-Mart Corp., 770 P.2d 24, 29 (Okla. 1989). Hamby argues that defendants’ attempts

to limit her speech violated the policy of the SOC’s Best Practice Model which

promotes the interests and concerns of mentally ill children and their families through

delivery and management of services. Initially, the Court notes that it is uncertain

whether Oklahoma courts would recognize the SOC Best Practice Model as a clear and
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compelling public policy under Oklahoma law. A public policy tort claim is actionable

when an employee’s discharge is “contrary to a clear mandate of public policy.” Burk,

770 P.2d at 29; see e.g., Groce v. Foster, 880 P.2d 902, 905 (Okla. 1994) (holding

public policy tort was actionable when an employer fired injured an employee who had

tried to collect workers’ compensation as well as bring an action against the contractor);

Sargent v. Cent. Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 809 P.2d 1298, 1301 (Okla. 1991) (finding

public policy tort when employee was terminated for refusing to destroy a report in

violation of statute); Vannerson v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Okla., 784 P.2d 1053,

1055 (Okla. 1989) (holding employee could bring public policy claim if he could show

that he was terminated for alleging that his supervisor made an illegal disposition of

state-owned property); Todd v. Frank’s Towing Serv., Inc., 784 P.2d 47, 50 (Okla. 1989)

(finding public policy tort when employee was fired for refusing to drive a vehicle with

faulty brakes and headlights). 

However, even if Hamby could establish that the SOC Best Practice Model is a

compelling public policy under Oklahoma law, she cannot show that she was terminated

for refusing to act in violation of an established and well-defined public policy or for

performing an act consistent with the SOC Best Practice Model. As explained above,

the evidence shows that Hamby was terminated when ACT learned that she had failed

to clear an external communication with her supervisor when she telephoned Schneider

and divulged confidential information. Additionally, as the district court found, the

requirement that Hamby clear external communications did not violate the SOC Best
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Practice Model, but rather this requirement appears to further the interests of the clients

by protecting private information and preventing the creation of a hostile work

environment. Therefore, we affirm the district court’s summary judgment ruling in

favor of defendants on Hamby’s public policy tort claim.

F. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 

To support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress under

Oklahoma law, Hamby must show that she suffered “extreme and outrageous conduct

coupled with severe emotional distress.” Gaylord Entm’t Co. v. Thompson, 958 P.2d

128, 149 (Okla. 1998). The Oklahoma Supreme Court recognizes that this action is

governed by narrow standards and explains that “[c]onduct which, though unreasonable,

is neither ‘beyond all possible bounds of decency’ in the setting in which it occurred,

nor is one that can be ‘regarded as utterly intolerable in a civilized community’ falls

short of having actionable quality.” Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46). 

“Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of

the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim,

‘Outrageous!’” Dubbs v. Head Start Inc., 336 F.3d 1194, 1218 (10th Cir. 2003) (citing

Franks v. Mayberry, 985 P.2d 773, 776 (Okla. 1999) (quoting Restatement (Second) of

Torts § 46, cmt. d)).

Hamby alleges that Haws verbally assaulted her on a number of occasions, and

these incidents caused her to suffer high blood pressure, anxiety, and depression. We

agree with the district court that even if true, Hamby’s allegations are inadequate to
-33-

support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional harm because there is nothing in

the record to show that Haws’ actions rise to the level of extreme outrageousness

required to support a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress under

Oklahoma law.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court granting

summary judgment in favor of defendants on all of the preceding claims asserted by

Hamby.

Entered for the Court

Julie A. Robinson

District Judge