T.C. Memo. 2013-122

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

FRANK I. BOHANNON AND JULIE L. BOHANNON, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 15956-06. Filed May 7, 2013.

Robert E. McKenzie, Kathleen M. Lach, and Adam S. Fayne, for

petitioners.

Timothy Shawn Sinnott, Timothy A. Lohrstorfer, and Brian M. Harrington,

for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

FOLEY, Judge: The issues for decision are whether respondent issued a

notice of deficiency within the applicable limitations period, and if so, whether
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[*2] petitioners are liable for deficiencies and fraud penalties relating to 1992,

1993, 1994, and 1995 (years in issue).

FINDINGS OF FACT

Mr. Bohannon, a jack-of-all-trades entrepreneur, owned and operated

various businesses during the years in issue. These businesses included: two

Schedule C companies; several subchapter S corporations; a partnership; and

several sole proprietorships. The companies, for which petitioners reported

income and expenses on Schedules C, Profit or Loss From Business, provided tax

return preparation services and sold and leased various items (e.g., cars and

household items).

Petitioners owned approximately 35 acres of land, half of which was

tillable, and entered into a sharecropping arrangement with a local farmer. 

Pursuant to this arrangement, Mr. Bohannon purchased seeds and fertilizer and

the farmer planted and harvested crops. Mr. Bohannon also attempted to raise 1

catfish in a pond on petitioners’ land. In 1993, he hired Jones Fish Hatchery

(Jones Fish) to consult on this venture. Mr. Bohannon followed Jones Fish’s

Mr. Bohannon and the farmer were, pursuant to their arrangement, each 1

responsible for half of the costs of their venture and entitled to half of the crops. 

Mr. Bohannon also prepared his land for planting, cleared brush, and applied

fertilizer. 
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[*3] recommendations, dredged the pond, stocked the pond with several types of

fish, and used an aerator to ensure sufficient oxygenation. 

In the late 1980s, Mr. Bohannon began to suffer from ulcerative colitis, a

chronic and incurable disease. To treat his disease, during the years in issue he

took medications which adversely affected his acumen, attitude, and endurance. 

Mr. Bohannon decided to work from home and, as part of a larger home

remodeling project, added a home office. Limited by his condition, Mr. Bohannon

requested that Mrs. Bohannon assist with bookkeeping. Mrs. Bohannon was a

nurse and had no bookkeeping or business experience. Nevertheless, she agreed

to write checks and classify expenditures relating to his businesses. Petitioners

meticulously retained receipts and recorded journal entries, but Mrs. Bohannon

incorrectly classified numerous expenditures. For example, she classified

expenditures relating to architectural services, cabinets, contractor services, and

babysitting, respectively, as professional fees, supplies, repairs, and janitorial

expenses. Mr. Bohannon believed that Mrs. Bohannon was correctly classifying

expenditures and did not review her bookkeeping.

Although Mrs. Bohannon took responsibility for bookkeeping, Mr.

Bohannon, a certified tax practitioner, maintained responsibility for petitioners’

tax return preparation. He used the yearend numbers Mrs. Bohannon provided to
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[*4] prepare his businesses’ tax returns and petitioners’ joint Forms 1040, U.S.

Individual Income Tax Return. Mrs. Bohannon’s misclassifications caused

petitioners to improperly claim numerous personal expenditures as business

expenses.

In January 1996, respondent began auditing petitioners’ 1992 and 1993

business and personal tax returns, and during the audit petitioners filed their 1994

and 1995 tax returns. Revenue Agent Dean Crawford (RA Crawford) interviewed

Mr. Bohannon several times but did not interview Mrs. Bohannon. In May 1996,

RA Crawford and Revenue Agent Dan O’Sullivan (RA O’Sullivan) visited

petitioners’ home to investigate their farming activities. During the visit Mr.

Bohannon informed the agents about his sharecropping arrangement and his

catfish farming activities. The revenue agents did not examine the catfish pond,

and the sharecropper had not yet planted crops. 

In October 1996, respondent assigned Special Agent Steve Perron (Agent

Perron) and Revenue Agent Karen Sheely (RA Sheely) to investigate whether

petitioners had engaged in criminal tax evasion. As part of the investigation

Agent Perron reviewed bank records, including draft documents relating to the

years in issue that Mr. Bohannon had submitted to obtain lines of credit. These

documents reflected more income than was reported to respondent on petitioners’
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[*5] tax returns relating to those years. Petitioners also submitted receipts of their

expenditures to RA Sheely, who determined that many items were incorrectly

reported on petitioners’ tax returns and performed a source and application of

funds analysis to reconstruct petitioners’ income.

On May 18, 2006, respondent sent petitioners a notice of deficiency. 

Respondent determined that petitioners had understated taxable income by $0,

$22,500, $171,713, and $157,963 relating to 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995,

respectively. Respondent further determined that petitioners had deficiencies of

$37,268, $45,436, $88,116, and $130,577 relating to 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995,

respectively. In addition, respondent determined that petitioners were liable for

section 6663 fraud penalties. On August 16, 2006, petitioners, while residing in

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Indiana, filed their petition with the Court. Trial in this case commenced

September 10, 2012. On October 11, 2012, the Court filed the parties’ stipulation

of settled issues, which provided that petitioners are entitled to additional

deductions and credits (i.e., which petitioners had failed to claim on tax returns)

and that “[r]espondent agrees that petitioners’ understatements of income for the

Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal 2

Revenue Code in effect during the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the

Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. 
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[*6] taxable years 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 are no more than $9,008.00,

$23,862.00, $25,820.00, and $3,263.00, respectively.”

OPINION

Section 6501(a) provides that, generally, the amount of any tax must be

assessed within three years of the filing of a return. Respondent contends that,

pursuant to section 6501(c)(1), the period to assess petitioners’ tax liabilities

relating to the years in issue remains open because petitioners filed false or

fraudulent returns with the intent to evade tax. Fraudulent intent may be inferred

from “badges of fraud” including a taxpayer’s maintaining inadequate records,

failure to cooperate with tax authorities, intent to mislead, and dealing in cash. See

Gould v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. ___, ___ (slip op. at 49) (Nov. 26, 2012);

Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 661, 700-702 (1989). Respondent must, but has

failed to, establish by clear and convincing evidence that petitioners intended to

evade tax. See sec. 7454(a); Rule 142(b); Pittman v. Commissioner, 100 F.3d

1308, 1313 (7th Cir. 1996), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1995-243; Petzoldt v. Commissioner,

92 T.C. at 699. 

Respondent’s primary contention is that Mr. Bohannon, a certified tax

practitioner, reduced petitioners’ tax liabilities by deliberately classifying personal

expenditures as business expenses. Mr. Bohannon, however, credibly testified that
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[*7] he did not pay close attention to how these expenditures were classified. 

When preparing tax returns relating to the years in issue, he trusted and relied on

Mrs. Bohannon’s classifications. While Mr. Bohannon’s reliance on Mrs.

Bohannon (i.e., to properly classify expenditures) may have been imprudent, it was

not, as respondent contends, “willful blindness”. Any underpayments were directly

attributable to Mrs. Bohannon’s failure to properly classify expenses, not to Mr. or

Mrs. Bohannon’s intent to evade tax. See Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at

700 (stating that the existence of fraud may not be found under “‘circumstances

which at most create only suspicion’” (quoting Davis v. Commissioner, 184 F.2d

86, 87 (10th Cir. 1950), remanding a Memorandum Opinion of this Court)). 

Respondent further contends, but has failed to establish, that petitioners were

not conducting crop and catfish farming activities during the years in issue. In

addition, respondent contends that petitioners’ intent to evade tax is “demonstrated

by petitioners claiming numerous personal expenses as business expenses * * *

after the audit began.” We are not convinced that petitioners were aware of the

misclassifications at the time they filed their 1994 and 1995 tax returns. Indeed,

petitioners were fully cooperative during the audit process and provided respondent

with additional documentation which ultimately resulted in respondent’s reducing
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[*8] the alleged cumulative understatement of income, relating to the years in issue,

from $352,176 to $61,953. See Gould v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. at ___ (slip op.

at 49).

Petitioners maintained meticulous records, rarely used cash, and did not

conduct their businesses in a manner designed to conceal income. See id.; cf.

Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at 700-702 (stating that “failure to maintain or

present records to respondent’s agents” and “dealing in cash” were evidence of

fraudulent intent). Simply put, petitioners made mistakes recording their

expenditures, did not intend to evade tax, and are not liable for fraud penalties

pursuant to section 6663. See secs. 6663(a), 7454(a); Rule 142(b); Pittman v.

Commissioner, 100 F.3d at 1313; Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. at 699.

Accordingly, the extended limitations period set forth in section 6501(c)(1)

is not applicable, and respondent’s determinations and adjustments relating to

1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 are barred. 

Contentions we have not addressed are irrelevant, moot, or meritless. 

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

for petitioners.