COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Benton and Petty 

Argued by teleconference 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 2783-06-4 CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR. 

 APRIL 10, 2007 

CINDY CARRUITERO 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Jane Marum Roush, Judge 

 Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, 

Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant. 

 Malik N. Drake for appellee. 

 Pursuant to Code § 19.2-3981

, the Commonwealth appeals a pretrial ruling granting Cindy 

Carruitero’s motion to suppress statements and evidence obtained during a search of her residence 

pursuant to a search warrant based on her statements. The Commonwealth contends the trial court 

erred in finding that Carruitero’s non-custodial request for an attorney prohibited law enforcement 

officers from “speaking with her further” regarding her participation in a suspected gang-related 

graffiti incident. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court’s ruling and remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

I. BACKGROUND

 When a pretrial motion to suppress is reviewed on appeal, the burden is on the 

Commonwealth to show that the ruling, when the evidence is considered in the light most favorable 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 The Court will review the Commonwealth’s appeal of the pretrial suppression order 

only insofar as it pertains to the felony indictment. 
- 2 -

to the prevailing party below, here Carruitero, constituted reversible error. Ford v. Commonwealth, 

28 Va. App. 249, 255, 503 S.E.2d 803, 805 (1998). Although “we are bound by the trial court’s 

findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them,” McGee v. 

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc), “we review de novo

the trial court’s application of defined legal standards . . . to the particular facts of the case.” Medley 

v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 19, 20, 602 S.E.2d 411, 415 (2004) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 

517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)). 

So viewed, the evidence shows that Detective Claudio Saa of the Herndon Police 

Department telephoned Carruitero on November 25, 2005 regarding his investigation of an October 

24, 2005 suspected gang-related graffiti incident. He had “developed” Carruitero as a suspect after 

receiving a tip from a confidential informant. During the telephone call, he advised Carruitero that 

she was a possible suspect in the case and that he wanted to conduct a voluntary interview with her 

to “clarify her involvement.” Carruitero told him that she “had already gotten into some trouble and 

that [she] didn’t want to get [her]self into more trouble by saying something and that [she] wanted 

to talk to [her] lawyer.” Detective Saa requested the name and number of her lawyer so that he 

“could contact and try to set something up.” The telephone conversation then ended. 

 Approximately thirty minutes after the conclusion of the first telephone call, Carruitero 

telephoned Detective Saa and provided him with the name and telephone number of her attorney. 

She also asked him “what the investigation was about.” He told her that it involved the destruction 

of property and 18th Street Gang graffiti, to which Carruitero responded, “I was there.” Detective 

Saa then ended the call. The record contains no evidence that the detective contacted Carruitero’s 

attorney. He telephoned Carruitero later that evening and informed her that he still wished to speak 

with her regarding the graffiti incident. She agreed to talk with him the following day, if he would 

come to her residence. 
- 3 -

 Detective Saa arrived at Carruitero’s residence for the interview dressed in plain clothes. 

Carruitero, an adult, was present with both of her parents. Prior to commencing the interview, 

Detective Saa did not give Carruitero Miranda warnings, although he testified that he informed 

Carruitero that she was not obligated to speak with him and could stop the interview at any time. 

Carruitero’s mother testified that Carruitero told the detective she wanted to speak with her attorney 

“before saying anything,” and the detective responded by stating, “don’t worry because nothing that 

you will say is going to be taken into consideration. This is just a friendly investigation that we are 

doing.” However, when asked if she had “ever indicate[d] to [Detective Saa] that [she] wanted an 

attorney present[,]” Carruitero stated, “I said that to him on the phone, not when he was there 

because when he talked to me on the phone, he made it seem like he just wanted to come and talk 

not that, like, everything I say is going to come against you in court.” Carruitero also testified she 

did not recall the detective saying she could stop the interview at any time. 

 During the interview, Carruitero made statements incriminating herself in the graffiti 

incident. Detective Saa told her that he “would be pressing charges, but [that] [he] would notify the 

Assistant Commonwealth’s Attorney who would be on the case of her cooperation.” He did not 

arrest her at that time. Some four months later on March 30, 2006, Detective Saa prepared an 

affidavit in support of a search warrant for Carruitero’s residence. In the affidavit, he stated the 

incriminating statements Carruitero made during the interview were the basis for the search warrant. 

During the execution of the search warrant, unspecified inculpatory evidence was seized. 

 Carruitero was indicted for knowingly and willfully participating in the destruction of 

private property, committed for the benefit of, or at the direction of, or in association with a criminal 

street gang in violation of Code § 18.2-46.2, a felony, and unlawfully destroying or damaging 

private property valued less than $1,000 in violation of Code § 18.2-137, a misdemeanor. 
- 4 -

 On October 13, 2006, Carruitero moved to suppress her statements and the fruits of the 

search warrant, contending that her statements “were obtained in violation of the Fifth and 

Fourteenth Amendments of the United States and Article I of the Constitution of Virginia” and that 

the “[e]vidence resulting from [the] statements was obtained in violation of [her] right against 

self-incrimination.” In response, the Commonwealth cited Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 

(1966), and argued the statements were admissible because Carruitero was not in custody when she 

spoke with Detective Saa. At the suppression hearing, the Commonwealth argued there were “two 

particular issues here, one being the question of the voluntariness of [Carruitero’s] statements[,]” 

and the other being that “[i]t doesn’t appear . . . this is a situation where Miranda warning would 

apply . . . [because] [s]he wasn’t in custody and [the detective] advised her that she wasn’t under 

arrest.” 

 Carruitero’s attorney asserted that, “even if Your Honor is inclined to think . . . Miranda was 

not appropriate, those statements were obtained in bad faith.” When he began to “move to the next 

point,” the trial court interrupted, granting Carruitero’s motion to suppress. Specifically, the trial 

court ruled that Carruitero invoked her Fifth Amendment right to counsel during the initial 

telephone conversation with Detective Saa when she stated she wanted to speak with her attorney. 

It found that her phone call providing her attorney’s name and number did not constitute voluntary 

reinitiating contact with the detective and that the evidence obtained during the execution of the 

search warrant was suppressed under the “fruit of the poisonous tree” doctrine. Absent from the 

trial court’s ruling was a finding that Carruitero was subjected to custodial interrogation when she 

stated her desire to consult with her attorney. The trial court did not address the voluntariness issue 

in its ruling. 
- 5 -

II. ANALYSIS 

 The Commonwealth’s sole contention on appeal is that “the trial court erred in finding that 

Carruitero invoked her [Fifth Amendment] right to counsel and the police were then prohibited from 

further contact with her.” 

 “The right of a criminal suspect to have an attorney present during custodial interrogation 

was first articulated by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 469-73 (1966).” 

Commonwealth v. Hilliard, 270 Va. 42, 49, 613 S.E.2d 579, 584 (2005). The Court 

held that, before an individual may be questioned by police, he 

must be warned of his right to remain silent and his right to [have] 

an attorney [present] only when that “individual is taken into 

custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom by the authorities in 

any significant way and is subjected to questioning.” 

Bailey v. Commonwealth, 259 Va. 723, 745, 529 S.E.2d 570, 583 (2000) (quoting Miranda, 384 

U.S. at 478). 

 In Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981), the Court, in a post-arrest setting, 

“‘established a second layer of prophylaxis for the Miranda right to counsel . . . [,]’” 

Commonwealth v. Gregory, 263 Va. 134, 146, 557 S.E.2d 715, 722 (2002) (quoting McNeil v. 

Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 176 (1991)), holding that, “an accused, . . . having expressed his desire 

to deal with the police only through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation by the 

authorities until counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates 

further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.” Edwards, 451 U.S. at 

484-85. 

 The protections afforded by Miranda, Edwards, and their progeny “appl[y] only when a 

suspect is subjected to custodial interrogation.” Webber v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 549, 

557, 496 S.E.2d 83, 86 (1998) (citing Davis v. Allsbrooks, 778 F.2d 168, 170-71 (4th Cir. 

1985)). See also Tipton v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 832, 835, 447 S.E.2d 539, 540 (1994) 
- 6 -

(holding that “[t]he Edwards rule has not been expanded to include non-custodial demands for an 

attorney . . .”). The Commonwealth contends Detective Saa’s initial telephone conversation with 

Carruitero, during which she stated she wanted to speak with her attorney, was non-custodial and 

therefore did not trigger the prophylactic protections of Miranda and Edwards. 

 Whether a suspect is “in custody” for purposes of Miranda and Edwards “is determined 

by the circumstances of each case, and ‘the ultimate inquiry is simply whether there is a formal 

arrest or restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with formal arrest.’” 

Aldridge v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 618, 642, 606 S.E.2d 539, 551 (2004) (quoting Harris 

v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 554, 564, 500 S.E.2d 257, 262 (1998)). See also California v. 

Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125 (1983). “In making that determination, the situation must be 

viewed from the vantage point of ‘how a reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have 

understood his situation.’” Wass v. Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 27, 32, 359 S.E.2d 836, 839 

(1987) (quoting Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442 (1984)). 

 Courts must also consider “‘a host of factors,’” id. (quoting United States v. Streijel, 781 

F.2d 953, 961 (1st Cir. 1986)), when determining whether a suspect was “in custody” for 

Miranda and Edwards purposes. These factors include: 

(1) the manner in which the individual is summoned by the police, 

(2) the familiarity or neutrality of the surroundings, (3) the number 

of officers present, (4) the degree of physical restraint, (5) the 

duration and character of the interrogation, and (6) the extent to 

which the officers’ beliefs concerning the potential culpability of 

the individual being questioned were manifested to the individual. 

Aldridge, 44 Va. App. at 642, 606 S.E.2d at 551 (citations omitted). “However, no single factor 

alone may necessarily establish custody . . . and not all factors may be relevant in a given case.” 

Wass, 5 Va. App. at 33, 359 S.E.2d at 839. 

 The record reflects Detective Saa initially contacted Carruitero for a “voluntary 

interview” by telephone in order to “clarify her involvement” in the graffiti incident. She was 
- 7 -

not restrained in any manner, and could have easily ended the conversation at any time by simply 

disconnecting the call. The duration of the telephone call was brief. Although Detective Saa did 

advise Carruitero that she was a suspect in the case, “‘[e]ven a clear statement from an officer 

that the person under interrogation is a prime suspect is not, in itself, dispositive of the custody 

issue, for some suspects are free to come and go until the police decide to make an arrest.’” 

Aldridge, 44 Va. App. at 646, 606 S.E.2d at 553 (quoting Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 

324-25 (1994)). See also Commonwealth v. Thornton, 24 Va. App. 478, 488, 483 S.E.2d 487, 

492 (1997) (“[The application of Miranda [is not] triggered ‘simply because the . . . questioned 

person is one whom the police suspect.’” (quoting Pruett v. Commonwealth, 232 Va. 266, 271, 

351 S.E.2d 1, 4 (1986))). Considering these circumstances, a reasonable person would not have 

believed that Carruitero’s “freedom of movement” was restrained [to] the degree associated with 

formal arrest. Aldridge, 44 Va. App. at 642, 606 S.E.2d at 551. Accordingly, Carruitero was not 

in custody during her initial telephone conversation with Detective Saa, and, therefore, the 

prophylactic protections of Miranda and Edwards were not triggered. 

 From the record presented, we conclude that the trial court erred in determining that 

Carruitero’s request to speak with her attorney invoked her Fifth Amendment right to counsel 

and that Detective Saa was prohibited from further contact with her. Likewise, we conclude that 

the subsequent interview at Carruitero’s residence was also non-custodial in nature. 

Consequently, the inculpatory statements Carruitero made during the interview are not 

inadmissible as the result of a Miranda or Edwards violation. 

 Carruitero argues on appeal that we should affirm the trial court’s ruling because her 

inculpatory statements to Detective Saa were involuntary. As the trial court failed to address the 

issue of whether Carruitero’s statements were voluntarily made, “there is no ruling for us to 

review on appeal.” Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 489 (1998). 
- 8 -

Accordingly, we will not consider the issue. We therefore reverse the trial court’s judgment and 

remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

 Reversed and remanded.