12

10. Compactor hydraulics (no oil leaks, 14. Spare gloves and clothing in cab;

interlocks or pauses all
11. Engine oil (level adequate); order;
12. Radiator coolant (level adequate); 16. Mirrors and light lenses (clean, with

good working

no cracks);
13. Riding steps (not bent, broken, or 17. Emergency equipment (flags, reflec-
loose); tors, charged fire extinguisher, eye wash

bottle with clean water, first-aid kit);
eering (tig]
19. Defroster, if.applicable, works.

If a defect is found, it should be reported
immediately. If it can’t be fixed on the spot,
the employer should remove the truck from
service until repairs are completed.

;no wheel shimmy); and

Figure 2. Checking tires fot cuts, gouges, underinflation. Figure 3. Checking for exhaust leaks.


Figure 39. Lifting to dump from ground level. Figure 40. One foot on the step, helps collector keep steady.

33


COLLECTING FROM THE LEFT SIDE with the bundled brush. However, the bulky If the packer must be operated before a
_________ Te collect _refuse from the left side of the refuse reduced one collector’s view of his truck collects refuse from the left side of the

street, after several stops on the right side,  path—he is about to step off the curb without street and returns to the right lane, the col-
the driver should pull to the left. This way knowing it, and may suffer a foot or ankle lector must be very careful of traffic (packing
collectors don’t have to walk into the traffic sprain. controls are on the right side).

Figure 34. When truck is on left side of street, packer controls are on the traffic side.

29


DUSTY LOADS

From time to time, loads will include vari-
ous dusts or powders. None are healthy to
breathe. Some, such as granular or dust forms
of pesticides, herbicides, lye, or scrap asbes-
tos, can be hazardous. Collectors should be
trained to recognize common forms of
asbestos waste, and should have the health
hazards caused by asbestos inhalation ex-
plained. (See NIOSH publication 77-188 for a
nontechnical discussion of asbestos hazards.)

Standing to the sidewalk side of rearload-
ing vehicles during the packing cycle will
keep collectors clear of dust clouds c-1sed by
bursting bags or boxes. If dusts rise during
loading, collectors should similarly avoid
breathing them. If clothing is contaminated
by unknown dusts or by known hazardous
dusts, collectors should change into fresh
coveralls and seal the contaminated items in
a plastic bag for laundering.

ANIMALS, RODENTS, STINGING INSECTS

When threatened by a loose dog, a rat, or by
a stinging insect, a collector (like anyone
else) will be distracted. Whether or not the
animal or bug actually bites or stings may
be irrelevant, since the apprehension of being
bitten or stung can lead to an accident as the
collector retreats or otherwise attempts to
avoid the hazard.

If containers lack tight lids, a tag should
be attached to warn the customer (even if the
waste is taken). The same applies to loose
dogs—the customer may not be the dog’s
owner, but may help correct the situation
once notified by the tag that collection may
be (or has unavoidably been) interrupted.

38

Figure 49 If dust kicks up, step to curbside until it settles.


used. Note that large-volume transfer

CURBSIDE VS. BACKYARD PICKUP
In 1970, 9.8 million single family residences
received backyard pickup, and 13.6 million
had curbside waste collection service.* (In
this publication, curbside and alley collec-
tion are both treated as ‘‘curbside’’ methods.)
Those firms and departments providing back-
yard pickup should consider these factors:
1. Getting to and from the customer’s
backyard adds hurdles to the collector’s
*National Solid Wastes Management Association,
Washington, D.C.: Geographic characteristics of the

are collection industry. Technical Bulletin 5:3,

6

work. Access may be impeded by vehicles,
toys, uncleared snow or ice, mud, locked
gates, and fenced-in animals. When condi-
tions on the customer’s property prevent
safe refuse collection, collectors should
be instructed to either leave a tag or
contact their supervisor.

2. Getting the refuse to the street often
requires the use of a transfer container
(tub). Wheeling this load is considerably
safer than carrying it. If tubs are not
equipped with wheels, or terrain includes
slopes or steps, hand trucks should be

tubs allow for unsafe~(overweight)-toad:

to be assembled rather easily. The over-

loading problem can be reduced by re-
quiring the collector to rock the tub

(to estimate the weight and stability of

its contents) before adding each addi-

tional container of waste.

DRIVER TRAINING

Many employers put their vehicle operators
through a defensive driving course before
assigning them to a truck. Note, however,
that adequate driver training in this industry
requires special instruction on waste collec-
tion work, if not included in the general
defensive driving program.

One way that drivers and collectors can
visualize some truck and compactor hazards
found in residential waste collection is to
mark out, during training, a “‘zone of danger”
extending in front and behind (and sometimes
besides) the truck. In front, the zone extends
as far as it takes for the truck to stop without
hitting anything and without stopping so
short as to throw a step rider to the pave-
ment. To the rear of a rearloading compactor,
the zone extends as far as ejected refuse can
travel during the packing cycle, as far as the
driver’s rear blind spot extends, or an arm’s
length from the loading sill, whichever is
longest. To the rear of a sideloading com-
pactor, the zone extends as far as the side-
driver’s blind spot extends. To the side of the
sideloader, the zone extends an arm’s length
from the loading sill or as far as ejected refuse
can travel, whichever is longer. Keep in mind ~
that under different conditions (example: *
slick pavement), one or more of these zones
may change size.


OVERSIZED LUMBER
Many collectors will make special efforts to

pack all the waste they find, including items
that should properly be left behind. Long
lumber is an example. Some collectors try to
use the packer to break it up by feeding it
straight in and packing repeatedly. The prob-
lem with this is that the portion hanging over
the sill may whip around with great force
and strike persons standing in the area, or it
can shoot out of the hopper. It can also

damage the equipment. Outsized lumber
should be tagged and left behind.

OVERSIZED GARDEN WASTE

Garden waste that is oversized (that won’t fit
in the hopper without sticking out over the
sill) should be tagged and left behind. Tying
the garden waste into a manageable bundle
reduces the need for handling, which is
especially important for garden waste that
has thorns. For these reasons, many areas
require customers to bundle garden waste.

Figure 101. Tagged lumber, oversized.

66

EXHAUST FUMES

Overexposure to exhaust fumes can cause
dizziness, nausea,

sleepiness, and confusion.
If levels are high enough, such as in a poorly
ventilated enclosed area, overexposure can be
fatal. The position of the exhaust pipe on a
collection vehicle has a lot to do with the
amount of exhaust gases inhaled. Vertical
pipes are recommended in preference to hori-
zontal ones, since the gases are discharged
above the breathing zone. Many older trucks
were equipped with exhaust pipes running
halfway or all the way to the rear, where gases
were discharged either near collectors or
under the body. Pipes discharging under the
body near the cab allow exhaust gases to
enter the cab through floor holes or door
seals. Collectors and drivers are already
exposed to elevated levels of combustion
products because they work in or near motor
vehicle traffic. For this reason, it is important
not to add to this exposure by allowing ex-
haust systems to discharge into the breathing
zone. If equipment has a horizontal exhaust
discharge, the employer may be able to
modify it to the vertical type, or at least to
a horizontal type that directs fumes to the
street side of the truck away from the hopper,
the packer control, and the cab floor.
Regardless of the exhaust system con-
figuration, it is advisable to minimize the
amount of time a truck idles indoors, such as
at the garage. Trucks that have to be run
indoors for more than a minute or so should
have special local exhaust ventilation at the
tailpipe to remove exhaust gases. Even with
such ventilation devices, attention must be
given to leaks in the exhaust system which
might allow gases to escape into the work
area. Note that the major toxic exhaust com-


should make sure others (on a multiperson

Figure 67. Jumping from the riding step.

48

crew) are in the proper position to tide before

giving the signal. It is likewise important to
wait for the truck to stop before dismounting.
The collector riding on a truck at 10 mph is
also traveling at 10 mph. Stepping off at that
speed typically causes the body to tumble to
a stop—obviously a rather painful experience.

JUMPING FROM THE CAB STEP

Jumping from the cab can be just as haz-
ardous as jumping from the riding step.
Collectors and drivers must be careful not to
use the exhaust pipe as a handhold. The ex-
haust pipe in Figure 68 had a protective
screen to guard against fires from paper trash
(the box sitting on the fuel tank in this pic-
ture, however, was an invitation for a fire).
The screen also protected the collector against
burns to the hands and arms, or to clothing.
To enable collectors to face the cab while
stepping down—the preferred method—a
handhold on the rear doorpost plus well-
placed cab steps are recommended.

PACE OF WORK

Collectors and drivers who work faster than is
reasonably comfortable for the body should
understand that speeding up an operation
involving repeated (and often strenuous)
lifting, especially while operating potentially
dangerous machinery, invites increasedestress,
fatigue, and injuries. Studies of workers under
high job stress show that their health can
suffer as a result. Studies of fatigue show that
the shorter the rest interval between exertions
(lifts), the less chance the body has to re-
cover, and the quicker fatigue sets in. Rest
breaks should be taken at least every 2 hours
(unless riding in the cab between areas allows


Figure 62. Shoes with puncture-resistant soles.

Where subfreezing temperatures are common,
some waste collection employers provide
collectors with ice creepers.

STREET HAZARDS

Factory workers rarely have to deal with as
great a variety of unpredictable walking sur-
faces as collectors. In Figures 64 and 65, the
curb had been dug up for repair work. Sewer
covers had been raised for a new layer of
asphalt. Both created tripping hazards.

DEEP PUDDLES

Here is a close-up of the curb work done on
the street shown in Figure 66. The hole was
more than a foot deep, and there were 6 holes
on this side of the block alone. When filled

Figure 64. Street repair, marked.

46


Figure 72. Operating packer with right hand, positioning Figure 73, Operating packer with right hand, dumping load with left.
oversize refuse with left.

52


56

“Figure 82. Guard door, nearly closed.

Figure'83. Guard door reopens after packer panel clears loading sill.


CHILDREN AT PLAY

Special _attentio: it—be-given-to-ehildren——_——
when they are in the area. In the case shown
here the child was supervised. In other situa-
tions they may not be. The main point to
remember is that children are unpredictable,
They may run in front of a moving truck,
behind a backing truck, play with controls
(if they can reach them), or hide in boxes.
Children must be asked to move from the
immediate collection area if they aren’t
closely supervised.

FOOT PROTECTION
The day this shoe was photographed in Figure
61, conditions were muddy. Shoes with cleated
soles offer better traction under such condi-
tions. When snow is on the ground they
are essential. Note that shoes with pins or
very narrow cleats, such as spiked shoes, are
often undesirable, because they may get
caught in open-mesh riding steps, and also can
make walking on paved surfaces tricky.
Regardless of the weather, collectors
should wear shoes with puncture-resistant
soles. Sneakers and similar types of footwear
are too easily penetrated by nails, glass, and
other sharp objects. Most safety-toe shoes
provide adequate puncture resistance.

Figure 58. Riding step extension, open.

SLIPPERY SURFACES

When snow or ice makes walking difficult,
it is often possible to increase traction by
walking on uneven surfaces, such as grass,
gravel, soft snow, or a road shoulder. On
3 2 especially slippery surfaces, collectors should
ae r . . carry (or slide) only small loads, and should

© : i : take short steps. Changes in direction under
such conditions should be done gradually.

Figure 59. Riding step extension, closed.

44


PARKING ON HILLS

Bef leaving—the—eab—of—a—truck—that—is
parked on a hill, the driver should apply the
parking brake, turn the wheels toward the
curb, and put the manual transmission in gear
or automatic transmission in “park”. In addi-
tion, on steep hills chocks should be placed
against the rear wheels, Note that chocks
should never be used to routinely compensate
for service or parking brakes in poor condi-
tion: If brakes are not in good working order
at the start of the day, the truck should be
retired for repair.

CURBSIDE DRIVING CONTROLS
One-person side-loaders often have a second
set of driving controls on the curb side. These
controls are only for use when traveling short
distances at very low speeds. Even though the
operator using these controls stands while
driving, the driver’s eye level is still con-
siderably lower than it would be from the
cab seat. This means reduced visibility in
front and to the left of the vehicle. Convex
mirrors on the street side can help eliminate
the resulting blind spots. Because of the
reduced visibility—even with mirrors—and the
possibility of road defects or vehicle maneu-
vers throwing the driver, side-driving speed
should not exceed 10 mph.

BACKING A REAR-LOADER

As a rule, collectors near the back of the
vehicle must remain visible in the driver’s
mirror§ at all times when a truck is backing.
If the collector(s) can’t be seen in a mirror,
or disappear from view, backing should stop
immediately. The driver should then leave the
cab to determine whether continued backing
is safe. Note that collectors should not stand

16

ed

ial

{

on the rear step
during the backing
—otherwise they
may slip off and
risk being run over,
or they may col-
lide with a utility

pole or other object.

Figure 11. Chocks should be used when

parking on a street this steep.

Figure 12. Chocked wheel (truck facing downhill).



TWISTING WHILE LIFTING

ted

Twisting—duringalift_(exage
phasis) puts severe strains on the body. The
solution is simple—lift from a position that

makes twisting unnecessary.

Figure 41. Twisting while lifting.

34

Figure 42. Lifting without twisting.



EJECTIONS

Some “popouts” are inevitable. In any event,
hands ‘must-be-kept-clear-of the hopper-during—

the packing cycle. The collector can avoid eye
injury from ejections by standing to the side
of the truck during the packing cycle (use of
the left hand on the packing control encour-
ages this).

us

Figure 99. Too many bags to pack at once.

Figure 100. Truck should have carried broom and shovel for popouts.

65


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Appreciation is extended to the many reviewers from NIOSH home and
field offices, and from labor, industry, trade associations, insurance
companies, universities, and municipalities. Special thanks are given for
the invaluable assistance provided by the City of Cincinnati, Ohio.
Other cities providing valuable information include: Dayton, Ohio;
Fairbanks, Alaska; Hartford, Connecticut; Lexington, Kentucky; Los
Angeles, California; Miamisburg, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and the
City of New York. Special thanks are also given to the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and to the National Science Foundation for
the valuable information provided, respectively, through the Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System and the Injury Reporting and In-
formation System.

Iv


ponent*—carbon monoxide—is not detectable
by the human senses. This chemical does not
have—any—taste,—smell,—or—color:_It-can—be
measured, but only with special equipment.

*Diesel exhaust contains toxic chemicals that are
absorbed during combustion onto smoke particles.
Long-term health effects, if any, of breathing diesel
exhaust are currently under study by NIOSH and
other Federal agencies.

Figure 103. Horizontal exhaust outlets may expose collectors and
drivers to excessive amounts of exhaust gases.

68

Figure 104. Vertical exhaust outlet (preferred).


Figure 102. Tagged shrubbery (oversized).

67


OVERFILLING THE COMPACTOR the landfill, but it is extremely dangerous might pop open with explosive force and slam
Loosening the turnbuckles ona rear-loader to _ (pressure on the turnbuckles can exceed into persons standing to the rear, risking

pack just a bit more refuse may saveatrip to 50,000 Ibs per square inch). The tailgate serious, even fatal, injury.

70

Figure 108, Loosening turnbuckle to overload can have deadly results.


Innovations in glove design (such as those
made by NIOSH for fire fighters) may provide

significant improvements over gloves now
available to waste collectors. Since cut and
puncture resistance are often the most critical
factors, gloves should have: (1) a strong
supporting fabric such as duck, nylon, or
aramid fiber; or (2) split leather throughout
(although not necessarily for the gauntlet);
or (3) split leather on at least the palms,
fingers, and knuckles.

Geographical variations in weather make
it hard to recommend one glove for all
areas. It may be necessary to try different
types to find one that satisfies as many
requirements as possible. Since some gloves
perform well in dry weather but poorly in the
rain, it may be necessary to have more than
one type of glove, with spares of each kind in
the cab.

Note that when an employee’s safety
requires special protective items (such as
gloves), Federal law requires the employer to
provide them, and to replace them when
necessary.

LIFTING BAGS

Unless gauntlet gloves with exceptional
cut and puncture resistance are worn, plastic
bags should only be lifted from the top. Seri-
ous hand and forearm cuts and punctures
have occurred when a collector has lifted a
bag with one hand on the bottom, since nails,
glass, and other sharp materials tend to
settle. Some localities specify a minimum bag
strength to reduce the need for putting a
hand on the bottom of a bag, and for fre-
quently handling broken bag spills.

Figure 30. Lift bags from the top.

CARRYING SEVERAL LOADED
CONTAINERS

To speed up the job, a collector may try to
carry several containers at a time. In this
picture, the collector is off-balance, and has
reduced visibility of the ground in front of
him. Slipping or stumbling under these condi-
tions is a lot more likely.

TRANSFER TUBS

Backyard collection often involves the use of
a large transfer tub to minimize the number

of trips back and forth to the truck. Since
tub loads are often too heavy: to carry by
hand, tubs should either have wheels or
should be moved with hand trucks.

Since the tub in most cases is manually
lifted from the dump into the hopper, its

filled weight should not be too heavy for the
number of people lifting it. A limit of 50 lbs.
for one person (90 for two) is recommended.
HAND TRUCKS FOR MOVING TUBS

When moving a loaded tub on a flight of

27


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BACKUP SAFETY DEVICES transmission is in reverse, anything con- unattended truck left in neutral on a slope
tacting the sensor activates the brakes. Units rolls backwards into a fire hydrant). It is
——~“"To reduce backup accidents, some collec- are being developed with a “runaway” feature important thatdrivers not rely-on-such-pres-———
tion vehicles—particularly side-loaders—are that would apply the brakes if the sensor  sure-sensitive safety devices to stop the
equipped with pressure-sensitive backup bars contacts anything, regardless of whether the vehicle; they need to drive almost as if the
or feelers on the tailgate. When the truck transmission was in reverse (for example, an device weren’t there.

Figure 17. Pressure-sensitive backup safety device.

19


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saqnoz ay} WoIy pue oJ paptaoid "qed ay} Ul epld 0} st oaMeUIEIe ayy,


Figure 32. Transfer container
with wheels.

Figure 31. Too much for one trip.

stairs or steep hill, or when moving a tub
that has no wheels, a hand truck should be
used. In such situations, the load should
always be kept below the collector, whether
going up or down—that way a load that
breaks loose won’t strike the person moving
it. The hand truck should have a latch to
secure the tub so the collector can use both
hands to maintain balance or grab a rail.

28

When wheeled tubs are put on a hand truck,
the truck platform should support the tub
base, not its wheels—otherwise the tub may
be unstable. In areas where snow or mud is
prevalent, one way of keeping it from caking
up around the hand truck wheels is for the
employer to attach a scraping arm that clears
the wheels by about 1/4 to 1/2 inch.

Figure 33. Use hand truck to get
tub up or down stairs
or slopes, or for tubs
lacking wheels.



10

engineering considerations should be care-

procured.

2.The reason for the elevated cardio-
vascular disease rate reported in the
Sliepcevich and Cimino studies is un-
known. It is an unusual finding, since
persons with strenuous jobs generally
experience a /Jower than average incidence
of cardiovascular disease. Exposure to
elevated carbon monoxide levels signif-
icantly increases the effort required for
supplying the body with oxygen; good
preventive practice would require that
steps be taken to eliminate unnecessary
exposure. Modifying horizontal exhaust
systems to vertical discharge configura-
tions will significantly reduce exposure in
most cases.

3. The high incidence of folliculitis in
the Gellin and Zavon study suggests that
increased emphasis needs to be placed on
personal hygiene, and on use of garments
that “breathe.” Daily laundering of uni-

forms by the ee would ensure that

inated ee collection ais will nat be
put on dirty. Spares should be kept in the
cab for use when uniforms or gloves be-
come excessively contaminated on the
route. During training, collectors should
be made aware of the importance of
changing undergarments and bathing daily
to help prevent skin ailments.

4.The cause of the elevated chronic
bronchitis rate in the Rufener-Press study
is not known. The Lucel study of mi-
crobes in collector breathing air is in-
sufficient by itself to demonstrate a role
of elevated levels of breathing air mi-
crobes in the initiation or development of
chronic bronchitis or other chronic
respiratory diseases.

5. Disposable diapers are not the only
source of fecal matter in residential solid
waste. They are, however, one of the few
sources of human fecal matter in col-
lected household waste. The World

Health Gremieason = stated in 1972 that

amin no feces ¢ or urine, and that mixing
of these with household wastes should be
prohibited by law. [7] Collection of
feces-contaminated materials raises several
problems. First, collectors cannot be
practically protected against feces-borne
disease by the methods that protect
employees who work, for example, in
diaper cleaning plants or hospital laun-
dries. Second, some concern has been
raised about the potential for contamina-
tion of ground water when soiled dispos-
able diapers are buried in landfills. How-
ever, the alternative of flushing the diaper
(minus the plastic liner) in a toilet can
present problems for sewage treatment
plants (clogged screens).

TWorld Health Organization: Solid waste disposal
and control. WHO Chronicle 24:147, 1972.



FLUORESCENT LIGHTS, PICTURE TUBES

—___Fluorescent—lights, TV—picture—tubes,—and
similar items require special handling. The col-
lector should “cushion” them by placing
them in the hopper with some other refuse
above and below. For rearloading vehicles,
the rear danger zone (ejection area) should be

cleared of all persons, and the load packed
with the packer operator well to the side of

the vehicle. Picture tubes “explode inward”
(implode) when broken due to the high
vacuum inside. The pieces bounce back with
explosive force.

Figure 105. Tubes here fell out of the can when
the can was carried.

Figure 107. Place some refuse under tubes and some over
them before packing. 69


Figure 77. Split-cycle control doesn’t protect if operator doesn’t watch.

CONSTANT-PRESSURE TWO-HAND
CONTROLS

The crusher panel on this side-loader requires
constant pressure on two separate levers, or
it will stop. Note also that the panel is edged
with flexible flaps to offer an additional
margin of safety.

GUARD DOORS

Some rear-loader designs include a rolling
guard door that descends before the packer
panel reaches the loading sill, and opens once
the packing panel has cleared the sill. When
properly designed and maintained, such
guarding arrangements can provide signifi-
cant protection against packer panel injuries.
Ejections, however, remain a problem, since
many occur when the panel crests the raised

54

Figure 78. Constant-pressure two-hand controls.

Ly

Figure 79. Crusher panel.



MINIMIZING THE HAZARDS OF WASTE COLLECTION

LOAD LIMITATIONS

i ison tel ‘a hte tant:

By lessening the opportunity for collec-
tor-customer antagonism, work practices such

NATURE OF THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

One of the critical differences between resi-
dential waste collection and most other jobs
is that the collector does most of his or her
work in a workplace that is constantly chang-
ing. Consider the following factors:

e variations in solid waste composition,
weight, size, and toxicity

e differences in container size, structure,
and condition

changing weather
children in the work area
street repairs

irregular and/or slippery walking sur-
faces

parked vehicles

e vehicles in motion (including the collec-
tion vehicle itself)

e@ loose dogs
e stinging insects
e rodents

Waste collection employees themselves
differ from many other workers in that they
do most of their work with only minimal
supervision. At the same time, their efforts
—again unlike those of most other workers—
are particularly subject to direct scrutiny by
customers.

Taken together, a constantly changing
work environment, minimal supervision, and
high public visibility raise important con-
siderations, several of which are .discussed.

2

pe
ly to make instant judgments on refuse ac-
ceptability, formal load limitations might not
be necessary. But since this isn’t practical or
desirable, customers need to be made aware
of acceptability criteria, preferably in ad-
vance. To inform them, plus protect the
collector, the employer should provide a
concise written list of load limitations, such
as on tags or labels, that can be marked to
indicate the particular limitation violated and
attached to the container or item. Through-
out this publication it is assumed that a tag-
type notification method is used, although
alternative methods are utilized in some
localities.

Tags (or labels, brochures, etc.) should
contain information regarding:

® acceptable container types and con-
dition

maximum gross weight per container
maximum load dimensions

unusually heavy items or debris

hazardous chemical or biological ma-
terials

The purpose of specifying such limita-
tions in writing is to take some of the burden
off the collector. Collectors should not have
to spend time justifying the decision to leave
a load behind when a printed tag would be
sufficient in most cases. The tag transfers
much of the acceptability judgment to man-
agement, while helping to assure customers
that they are getting equal treatment. It
typically gives a phone number to call for
further information.

as tagging can save the employee considerable
stress. Note that elevated job stress is gen-
erally associated with an increased number of
sick days, higher injury rates, earlier fatigue,
and lower morale. In short, the more sources
of unnecessary job stress that are eliminated,
the better employees are likely to perform.

A gross weight limit no greater than
50 Ibs. is recommended for cans and other
rigid containers. Except where exceptionally
cut- and puncture-resistant gloves with long
gauntlets (cuffs) are used, the practice of
lifting bags with one hand on the bottom is
discouraged. When such gloves aren’t used for
bag handling, NIOSH recommends that the
weight limit be that weight (no more than
50 lbs.) which allows lifting from the top
without one hand on the bottom. Actual bag
weight limits will depend on whether an area
has bag strength requirements. Weight and
other load limitations are discussed in greater
detail in the second section of the text. Spe-
cific On-the-Job Hazards.

EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

One very tangible result of inadequate mainte-
nance is that employees may be forced to
improvise, sometimes with disastrous con-
sequences. A good rule of thumb is this:
if the equipment isn’t in safe operating condi-
tion, it doesn’t leave the garage; if it leaves in
good shape but develops problems on the
route, the vehicle is put out of service until
the problem is solved. This simple rule will
help prevent employees from having to divide
their attention between doing their jobs and
coping with vehicle defects.


|

‘ed

Figure 25. Wet boxes are heavy, and break open readily.

Figure 27. See a board?
Think nails,

[es

25


SIGNAL BUZZER when the cab window is open, but it doesn’t used, it should be consistent throughout the
A signal buzzer mounted on the tailgate can under poor weather conditions—when clear department or firm to avoid confusion

be very useful in preventing accidents, since it signals are needed most. For this reason, voice (example: when someone fills in for an absent
provides a reliable means of communication signals are not recommended for routine crew member). Drivers should not proceed
with the driver. Yelling or whistling may work _collector-driver signals. Whatever the signal without the proper signal.

Figure 92. Buzzer for signaling driver.

61


SCAVENGING rear loader were shut off, and there were no the panel 1,000 times, but lose a hand on the
sharp or toxic refuse present, the problem is 1,001st try, or on the very first try. What the

Reaching into the hopper to grab a valuable this: once the habit develops, a collector may panel did to the pumpkin in the pi
item is asking for trouble. While it could have automatically scavenge, even when the pack- (it had been sitting on the loading sill) it can
been relatively safe here if the engine on this ing panel is in motion. A collector may beat just as readily do to a human limb.

Sed

Figure 95. Scavenging Figure 96, In this demonstration, we put a pumpkin on the
loading sill and hit the emergency stop button
just as the packer panel hit it. Here are the results.

63


EYE PROTECTION ones. Safety glasses (prescription or plano
type) with screen-type side shields are recom-

~~ Eye protection is one of the most important Mmended for optimum protection with min-
items of personal protective equipment for imum discomfort. Such glasses should be
collectors. For this reason, it must be (1) ef- equipped with cable temples to keep them
fective, (2) comfortable, and (3) usable under from slipping off. If cable temples are un-
all weather conditions—especially adverse available, eyeglass straps are recommended.

Ye? Figure 97. Eye protection needed here. Figure 98. Safety glasses with side shields offer good eye protection.

64


22

Figure 20. Tag a can with a jagged edge as unacceptable.

Figure 21. Rock the load to estimate its weight.



VISIBILITY IN THE LANDFILL

reduces the visibility problem, but also
minimizes several potential dangers, such as

One of the hazards present in sanitary land-
fills is the problem of workers on foot not
being clearly visible to truck drivers and
equipment operators. Generally, the number
of people on foot in a landfill should be
kept to a minimum. Such a limit not only

rodent bites, contact with various biohazards,
burns from landfill fires, and foot injuries
from sharp debris. Limiting the number of
persons on foot means that scavenging for
useful items cannot be allowed. The landfill
spotter in Figure 112 should have worn a

bright outer garment, such as a traffic vest,

on this heavily overcast day. NIOSH also
recommends that spotters be provided with a
gas-powered horn (or a similar warning
device) to alert equipment operators to a
dangerous situation, such as an injured worker
or a potential collision.

Figure 112. Landfill spotter without high-visibility clothing.

74

Figure 113. Landfill spotter with high-visibility vest (drawn in).


SIZING Up the LOAM scsisce vie covecore cre «fevers ise) one Mewiieieielave eleieverslen ©

Tagging 20
Hidden Chemical Hazards 21
Detective Containers... sce oe skeceseiene see suneieae of eltye My eet © 21
Hidden Lifting Hazards. 21
Wet Boxes 21
Protruding Trash . : 23
IBY s 35 a enous on Seles te Cr OU INe ob SAO OS oe oe 6 26
WSO AGING Sra ciars ate storarets «re wiveeretoene SetaroNges ee Seer Lie See ERIE 26
Hand Protection . R A 5 see) 26
Lifting Bags af 27
Carrying Several Loaded Containers . PA
Transfer Tubs 27
Hand Trucks for Moving Tubs. Zi.
Collecting from the Left Side . 29
High-Visibility Clothing. . . 30
Lifting Over an Obstruction 30
Lifting Position......... 81
Loading Sill Height... . 382
Twisting While Lifting 34
Team Lifting............. 35
Bulk Pickups . 5 36
Dusty Loads . 38
Animals, Rodents, SEAL: Insects . 38
Tossing Cans . ; 40
Throwing Bags. Al
Riding Steps . 42
Foot on Loading Sill 42
Step Extensions. 42
Children at Play. 44
Foot Protection. 44
Slippery Surfaces. 44
Street Hazards. 46
Deep Puddles. 46
Jumping to or from the Riding Step a 47
Jumping from the Cab Step : 48
RACEOR WONK Gr varrisins es waren wee eleas walsleg a WeoRIe ee 48

VI



CONTENTS

PREACH. accesses aie sic/oluraieie oplersiatele ao vincsieieteiainis sie Aseiislolis i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Iv

INTRODUCTION.... 1

MINIMIZING THE HAZARDS OF WASTE COLLECTION
Nature of the Work Environment ..........--++eeeeer ees 2
Load Limitations. ..........- 2
Equipment Maintenance 2
Engineering Controls.............+. 3
Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing. 5
Curbside vs. Backyard Pickup.....-.... fas |S:
Driver Training ......... - 6
Work Pace a fb
Job Satisfaction. . tf
Riding Position’: cient. 0 saree v= oe i
Personal Hygiene 8
Preplacement Physical......... a
Scientific Studies of Health Hazards .............+.+++05- 9

SPECIFIC ON-THE-JOB HAZARDS

MBER UT N aa O ony Be Open nce cOn oa aD Boron 36 oneObae ae sorc 11
Safety Check . : ® al
Truck Handling Characteristi . 14
Riding Position. ............+--- . 14
Parking on Hills....... 16
Curbside Driving Controls . 16
Backing a Rear-Loader .. . 16
Backup Safety Devices 19


SPECIFIC ON-THE-JOB HAZARDS

TRAVELING

4. Tire condition (no cuts or gouges;
adequate tread depth);

This section treats the hazards specific to each
phase of residential waste collection. The
discussion is divided into five parts:

1. Traveling pil
2. Sizing up the load p 20
3. Loading p 26
4. Compacting and unloading p 50
5. Weather extremes p 75

Many of the photos taken during actual
collection operations do not show the use of
the safety gear recommended in the text—
gloves, bright vests, eye protection, etc. Our
choice of relying primarily on real-life photos,
despite this shortcoming, in no manner
indicates indifference on our part to the
widespread problem of inadequate availa-
bility and/or utilization of personal protective
equipment. To make it clear that we don’t
approve of inadequate personal protection,
a symbol appears next to each picture where
a piece of protective equipment should have
been used. Here are the four possible symbols:

‘ee
ae

Note also that some pictures in this sec-
tion contain an “x” or “4/” mark. The “x”
is used to indicate that an activity should not
be permitted. The “V” is used to label an
activity as recommended.

SAFETY CHECK

At the start of each shift, a truck safety check
should be performed. The following items
should be examined (as applicable to type of
truck):
1. Signal and other exterior lighting
(switches, bulbs, fixtures, lenses, and
wiring intact and operable);
2. Brakes (pedal travel not excessive,
brakes don’t grab, proper brake fluid
level or adequate air pressure) ;
8. Parking brakes (hold on a grade);

5. Wipers (wipers function properly,
window washer works, washer tank
filled);

6. Collectors’ signal buzzer works;

7. Backup alarm or pressure-sensitive
safety bar works;

8. Exhaust system (no holes or leaks;
assembly secure);

9, Fuel system (fuel lines intact; metal
tubing not excessively corroded, rubber
tubing not cracked or broken; no leaks);

Figure 1. All lights must work.

ig!


INTRODUCTION

Ei 8 AYA
-y-day-in-the-U.S.,-400-mill ds-of.

which are not already covered by specific
standards.

extra overtime, claims processing, dislocation
of schedules, training of replacement workers,

po
residential waste are collected from 23.4 mil-
lion single family residences and 1.4 million
duplexes.* Waste collected from apartment
buildings utilizing residential waste collec-
tion services adds additional millions of
pounds to this figure. In the course of col-
lecting those hundreds of millions of pounds
of solid waste, collectors incur injuries at a
rate 7 times higher than the average for all
other industries. Collectors may also risk
serious short- and long-term illnesses.

This publication is intended to assist resi-
dential waste collection employers, collectors,
and worker representatives in identifying,
evaluating, and eliminating the major hazards
of refuse collection.

The text consists of two sections. The first
discusses residential waste collection hazards,
and makes general recommendations. The sec-
ond section, “Specific On-the-Job Hazards”,
uses photographs and brief explanations to
illustrate hazards encountered during refuse
collection. In many cases both desirable and
undesirable work practices are shown to allow
comparison. NIOSH’s specific recommenda-
tions for protecting collectors and drivers are
found in this part.

Few Federal health and safety standards
apply specifically to residential waste collec-
tion work (at least outside the truck garage).
However, Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970, known as the
General Duty Clause, requires employers to
protect their employees against generally
recognized hazards that are ‘“‘causing or likely
to cause death or serious physical harm” but

Although specific recommendations are
made here, NIOSH does not intend thereby to
discourage employers, collectors, or worker
representatives from minimizing or elimi-
nating hazards by other methods. Questions
on whether specific preventive measures meet
OSHA standards or General Duty Clause
requirements should be directed to the local
or regional OSHA office. Phone numbers and
address of each local office appear in the
NIOSH publication, “Occupational Safety
and Health Directory,” and are also listed in
the white pages of the phone directory under
“U.S. Government—Department of Labor.”
Note that assistance in hazard identification
and evaluation can be obtained from NIOSH
regional offices or from OSHA-sponsored
state consultation programs.

No distinction is made in the text be-
tween public and private collection opera-
tions. While technically the only municipal
workers covered by OSHA rules are those
employed in states with approved public
employee plans, municipal workers in other
states face the same hazards.

The recommendations in this publication
are made exclusively to prevent injury, dis-
ease, or illness arising from work in the resi-
dential waste collection industry. Employee
protection, however, isn’t the only predict-
able result of these recommendations. Injury,
disease, and illness that is prevented also
means lower insured and uninsured costs. The
uninsured costs of on-the-job injury, disease,
and illness—estimated to be at least as much
as the insured costs**—include downtime,
accident investigation, equipment repair,

injury reporting, etc. To these already sub-
stantial insured and uninsured costs must be
added the uncompensated costs, both mone-
tary and intangible, ‘paid’ by injured em-
ployees. In light of these considerations,
it should be clear that by preventing occupa-
tional injury, disease, and illness, employers
and collectors can realize significant economic
as well as social dividends.

The criteria used to determine which
hazards would be discussed in this publica-
tion were:

1. The hazard is applicable to most of the
industry.

2. The hazard has the potential for caus-
ing injury, disease, or illness.

8. There are sufficient data to support a
recommendation for a possible solution.

4. The hazard is one that the employer
can do something about.

Some recommendations, such as those for’
icy surfaces, obviously don’t apply in certain
regions. On the other hand, some collec-
tion organizations may face significant haz-
ards not covered by this publication. The
fact that this text doesn’t cover such hazards,
in no way, diminishes the employer’s legal
obligation to protect employees against the
dangers they face on the job.

*National Solid Wastes Management Assoc., Wash-
ington, D.C.: Geographic characteristics of the refuse
collection industry. Technical Bulletin 5:3, 1974.
**Grimaldi, J. V., and Simonds, R. H.: Safety Man-
agement, (Homewood, Il.: Richard D. Irwin, 1975
3rd ed.), p. 491.


2. Get the victim out of the cold;

____ 3. Rewarm the frostbitten part slowly
with lukewarm water (never with a stove,

76

heater, fire, or hot water)—use water at
body temperature;
4. Separate frostbitten fingers ‘or toes

with sterile gauze from a first-aid kit;
5. Give victim a warm drink; and

6. Get medical attention.


Figure 13. Side wheel and controls for traveling
short distances at very slow speeds.

Figure 14. Rain canopy on side-driving controls.

17


INI

RESIDENTIAL
WASTE
COLLECTION:

Hazard Recognition & Prevention

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


TOSSING CANS steps, some collectors get in the habit of full containers (such as curb to hopper) is
throwing empty containers to a curbside even mor in ei
esidential waste collectors spend a large coworker. If the container has a jagged can may take the receiver by surprise.
portion of their workday walking. To save edge, the receiver may be injured. Tossing

Figure 52. Throwing cans.

40


3. Windows installed in the lower door
panels of the cab, plus fixed side windows

6. Self-cleaning riding and cab steps, and
tended. slip. istant-handhold: ;

9. A windshield and weather cover over
th trols for side-driving hicl

at eye level behind the doorposts;

4. Rapid-rail mechanical loading devices,
to eliminate manual lifting of refuse con-
tainers (typically in areas where on-street
parking is minimal and containers can be
readily standardized);

5. Pressure-sensitive backup devices that
apply the brakes automatically whenever
the vehicle is operated in reverse and the
tailgate-mounted sensor strikes anything
(only used on side loaders);

7. A rotating top light on the compactor;
a second set of rear signal lights mounted
high enough that collectors don’t block
them from the view of approaching
motorists; truck-mounted work area il-
lumination if collection work is per-
formed before sunrise or after sunset;
8. Hard rubber padding on the hopper
sill, to protect the collector’s hands when
cans are rested or bumped on the sill for
dumping; and

SINCE THE EXPENSE INVOLVED IN RETRO-
FITTING EXISTING VEHICLES WITH SUCH
CONTROLS CAN BE CONSIDERABLY GREATER
THAN THE COST OF GETTING THE CONTROLS
AS ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT, NIOSH RECOM-
MENDS THAT SERIOUS CONSIDERATION BE
GIVEN TO INCORPORATING THE FEATURES
DESIRED INTO BID SPECIFICATIONS. CLOSE
ATTENTION SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE REC-
OMMENDATIONS IN ANSI STANDARDS 2245.1
(1975) (see page 77 for details), AND TO THE DIS-
CUSSION OF SILL HEIGHT IN THE SECOND
SECTION OF THIS PUBLICATION.



ee aE

Diminished morale is one of the less
tangible but entirely predictable results when

PF"

—

TRUCK SAFETY CHECKLIST

Signals work

___ Service brakes OK
___ Parking brakes Ok
___Tire condition 0k
____Wipers and window washer 0k
___Collectors' buzzer works
___Backup alarm/ safety bar 0K
___ Exhaust system OK
____Fuel system, lines 0k
____ Compactor hydraulics OK
____Engine oj] level OK
___Radiator water level 0k
____Riding steps level, secure
____Spare clothing in cab
____Cycling controls, stops, OK
____Mirrors, light lenses clean
___Emergency equipment OK

(flags, reflectors, fire
extinguisher, eye wash
bottle and water, first
aid kit)
steering OK

defroster (if cold season) OK

equipment is not maintained in good and
safe operating condition. To minimize the
hazards caused by vehicle failures occurring
on the route (and direct and indirect mainte-
nance costs as well), a thorough program of
preventive maintenance is strongly recom-
mended.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Some of the hazards faced by residential
waste collectors can be “engineered out” by
appropriate equipment design. Continuous-
pressure controls, moving barriers, split-cycle
controls, or elevating hoppers are recom-
mended for pinch point protection (panel-to-
loading-sill) in ANSI Standard Z245.1 (1975).*
This voluntary standard, developed by the
waste collection industry, also recommends
an automatic neutral interlock for trucks
with automatic transmissions that use one
engine for both moving the vehicle and for
hydraulic power. In addition, the standard
suggests that a warning light or bell be used to
signal the driver whenever the tailgate is up.
Municipalities participating in the Injury
Reporting and Information Systern (IRIS),
sponsored by the National Science Founda-
tion, have reported success with several
innovative engineering controls. Among these
are:
1. Extendable and/or split-level riding
steps, to help keep feet off the hopper sill
by providing a more comfortable riding
platform;
2. Rubber flaps hung in the hopper, to
deflect ejected refuse back into the
hopper;

*ANSI stands for American National Standards In-
stitute, a private standards-setting organization not
affiliated with the U.S. Government. For further
information, see page 77.


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Bulk—coll

BULK PICKUPS

With this type of lift, the operator must make
sure that the lift arms at both ends are clear.

ing, collectors should use the emergency
flasher to help alert traffic to their presence.

tions,-due—to—the-greater—weight
and size of the waste, present special hazards
for the employee. In most cases a hydraulic
lift-gate is a necessity—but operating a gate
isn’t without potential hazards. The gate
shown here created a “shear point” as it
was raised. In other words, if fingers or hands
had gotten caught in the lift arms while the
gate was rising, they would have been cut,
smashed, or severed with a scissor-like action.
Clothing that became caught could also have
drawn a hand or arm into the danger area.

Regardiess-of the type of lift gate, the
load should always be kept as stable as
possible. Any persons who ride the lift with
a load should position themselves so that if
the load shifts it won’t strike them. When
loading on a hill, the truck should always be
parked facing downgrade—this prevents items
being loaded (or already loaded) from sliding
back off the tailgate. This may require park-
ing temporarily facing in the wrong direction
in order to load, since it is undesirable to
move heavy items across a street. When load-

If local laws prohibit a vehicle from iacing
the wrong direction on a public street, the
supervisor should inquire whether loading
heavy or bulky items is an exception. To
move a heavy item such as a refrigerator over
to the lift-gate, a dolly or hand truck should
be used. Heavy items that must be hand-
carried to the truck (items that are too bulky
for a dolly and can’t be dragged) should be
moved by collectors specially trained in team
lifting.

36

Figure 46. Lowering the gate for bulk collection.


SOURCES OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION*

American National Standards Institute, Inc.
1430 Broadway
New York City, NY 10018

“Safety Requirements for Refuse Collection and
Compaction Equipment,” ANSI Z245.1-1975,

23pp.

American Public Works Association
1313 E. 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637

Educational Research Institute
Suite 206

10920 N. 56th Street

Tampa, FL 33617

filmstrip and audio tape audiovisual training
materials:
Series 1. Residential Collector
Series 2. Driver Improvement
Series 3. Interpersonal Relations

Governmental Refuse Collection and
Disposal Association

1629 -K- Street, N.W. Suite 701

Washington, D.C. 20006

National Safety Council
425 N. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, IL 60611

“Public Employee Safety Guide: Refuse Collection
(1974).” ISBN: 0-87912-112-2 27pp.

National Solid Wastes Management Association
1120 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Suite 930
Washington, D.C. 20036

USS. Environmental Protection Agency
401 -M- Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036

slides, movie, and training manual: “Operation
Responsible: Safe Refuse Collection (1972).”

*DISCLAIMER: Inclusion of sources for publications and other materials in the above list does not constitute
endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS.

$C US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1982 — 561-119

17


24

Figure 24. Rocking will tell the collector when a can is stuck in snow or ice.



TSO IESE BAGS cause a oe pecoredon: Second, the bag may hopper, it will need to be repositioned to
i e e resulting _ prevent ejections (and the less repositioning,

a antares can areata four eroRIEIne: First, mess can Seeult in i hand and forearm lacera- the better). Fourth, the bag may miss the
if the bag strikes a leg as it isswung up to the _ tions, or exposure to spilled chemicals. Third, hopper entirely, endangering fellow workers
hopper, a sharp object may pierce the bag and if the bag doesn’t land far enough into the or pedestrians.

Figure 53. Swinging a hag to toss it in the hopper. Figure 54. Keep bag clear of leg to prevent cuts from
protruding glass or metal.


Figure 23. This block was under the box in Figure 22.

IN > contains heavy, sharp, or otherwise hazardous
objects. Some operators will not accept
refuse in wet boxes. If allowed, use caution—a
broad, flat shovel may be helpful. If wet
boxes aren’t allowed, they should be tagged.

PROTRUDING TRASH

Wood and metal scrap sticking out of cans
requires special handling. If such items are
accepted, collectors should watch out for
nails when lifting, and should be sure to use
handles rather than grabbing the rim. Col-

lection workers should place one hand on the
bottom rim of the container so the materials
Figure 22. Checking a heavy load for unacceptable waste. point away from the body.

23


ELEVATING HOPPERS
i: imi: rd_but.

create another. The danger eliminated is the
packer-to-loading-sill pinch, which is now out
of reach of collectors. The danger is the pinch
created when the hopper comes back down.
Reaching or falling in under the elevated

hopper during a cycle could result in serious Ye

Figure 89. Elevating hopper, clusing.

60 Figure 91. Elevating hopper, reopening.


Compacting and Unloading..........-..0see eee ese eeseees
Split-Cycle Packing Controls.....- :

Hands on Hopper Sill, and Side Walls . .
Constant-Pressure Two-Hand Controls . : 2
Guard DOOKS ies ae cole giclee oe ert ie ene we wonelnitral> os es ocernie ele
Recessed and Nonrecessed Buttons .
Placement of Controls.........
Elevating Hoppers. .
Signal Buzzer. .....
Repositioning the Load.
SCAVENGING ag ss ce eae tare one v evelevene rs ole e\eraterer= 3 aicleiorenys one
Eye Protection ..
Ejections S
Oversized Lumber... ..
Oversized Garden Waste . .
Exhaust Fumes........-....-
Fluorescent Lights, Picture Tubes
Overfilling the Compactor... ...
Auxiliary Engine Access .....
Entering the Compactor .........
Truck and Body Fires... .
Visibility in the Landfill
Weather Extremes <1. cca. oleic © os seisinternts 2 sieisiaiei'e
Sources of Additional Information .........-.. 6000+ sees eee

vil


TRUCK HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS

tire size

RIDING POSITION

“Most experienced truck drivers recognize that
collection trucks handle quite a bit differently
than cars. They are far more topheavy, and
thus more likely to’ roll over. Factors in-
creasing the chances for a rollover include
irregular terrain, driving with the’ failgate
raised, and abrupt steering or braking. Com-
binations of two or more of these factors
(example: abrupt steering over irregular
terrain while the tailgate is raised) greatly
increase the likelihood of a rollover.

Another difference between cars and col-
lection vehicles that affects their handling
concerns visibility. Collection vehicles have no
back window for rear visibility, and visibility
to the right of a left-hand drive truck (to the
left of a side-driven truck) is often poor.

Collection trucks differ also in that they
are far heavier than cars, particularly when
loaded. Their panic-stop distance, especially
when loaded, greatly exceeds a car’s. Stop-
ping distance may also be increased by the
driver’s purposely avoiding sudden braking,
since most realize that a sudden stop can
throw a step rider to the pavement.

Experienced drivers also realize that
moving from stop to stop as fast as possible,
rather than smoothly, moderately, and under
control, rarely gets a run finished more than
a few minutes faster.

NIOSH suggests that drivers give a brief
honk or other signal each time they are
about to move the vehicle.

The distance it takes a truck to “panic
stop” depends on:

© road surface
© road condition
© road grade

14

tire condition

tire inflation

weight of the load

air temperature

driver’s reaction time

truck speed

condition of brakes (shoes, drums,
cylinders, lines)

eoeeeeee

The key fact to remember regarding
braking is that increasing the weight of the
load or the speed of the truck ALWAYS
increases the minimum stopping distance.

Riding in the hopper is extremely dangerous
and is never permissible. Many collectors
with a few years’ experience can recall a time
when the packer double-cycled—they acti-
vated it once, but it packed twice. What if
the extra cycle occurs after a collector steps
into the hopper? Maybe the chance of this
type of tragedy on a particular occasion is
statistically small, but over the years the
average collector will cycle the packer tens of
thousands of times. It only takes once for a
tragedy, AND IT COULD HAPPEN THE
VERY FIRST TIME.

Figure 8. Never ride in the hopper, and never seek shelter in it.


DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 82-113

B
u
:
:
e
c
f
i
u
4
;
:
t
i
i


Figure 71. Operating packer with right hand, pushing
bulging bags with left.

51


WEATHER EXTREMES

Both cold” and hot weather can adversely
affect a collector’s health. In extremely hot
(especially hot and humid) weather, a worker
can develop heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or,
in particularly severe cases, heat stroke.

Heat cramps are painful and often in-
capacitating cramps or spasms of those
muscles used most frequently during manual
work. They are caused by excessive loss of
body salts (also called “‘electrolytes”) due to
sweating. Heat cramps generally occur after
several hours of very ‘heavy sweating where
salt intake has been insufficient to make up
the loss, By drinking a balanced electrolyte
drink (such as Gatorade) or lightly salted
water and resting in a cool place, the cramps
usually disappear in a few hours.

Heat exhaustion is the most frequent type
of heat illness. It usually results from working
in temperatures much higher than the person
is used to, or from not drinking enough water
while heavily sweating. Heat exhaustion is
characterized by pale and clammy skin,
weakness, nausea, faintness, and rapid pulse.
Body temperature, on the other hand, is
typically normal. Resting in a cool place plus
drinking a balanced electrolyte drink or
lightly salted water usually leads to a com-
plete recovery in 1—4 hours.

Heat stroke is a serious medical emer-
gency. It usually occurs when a person who
is not used to working under hot conditions,
or who is very heavy, or who is in poor
physical condition, is exposed to extremely
hot conditions. The skin of the heat stroke
victim is hot, flushed, and typically dry.
Body temperature may rise to 105°F and
above. As the fever develops, the victim

typically feels weak, hot, sick, and fearful.
If_treatment_isn’t_started_ immediately, un-
consciousness, coma, and death can occur.

Treatment of heat stroke consists of im-
mediate cooling of the body as rapidly as
possible. Removing outer clothing, pouring
water on the victim, and getting the victim
into a cold bath or shower are just a few of
the methods that will cool the body quickly.
Remember that heat stroke is a serious
medical emergency—cool the victim and call
a physician or ambulance at once.

If a choice must be made, the collector
or supervisor should start cooling the victim
first—and then call for medical help.

Most heat illnesses are preventable. Here
are some suggestions:

1. During hot weather, meals should
include adequate salt (better still are the
balanced electrolyte drinks familiar to
athletes) to make up for sweat loss.

2.The body’s adjustment (acclimatiza-
tion) to elevated heat on the job generally
takes a full week. This acclimatization is
lost after a 1- or 2-week absence. For this
reason, a person returning to work after
an absence of about 10 days or more
must be especially careful to take pre-
cautions against heat illness. Returning to
work during hot weather in poor physical
condition would increase the risk of
heat illness.

3.The signs and symptoms of heat
illness cited should be memorized.

4. Be sure that a phone number for a
physician and ambulance is in the cab at
all times (such as on the ignition key
ring) in case either needs to be contacted
in a hurry.

5. Adequate rest breaks should be taken.

__Cold_weather_can_also_contribute_to_job_
illness or injuries. A combination of low tem-
peratures with high winds is especially haz-
ardous. In cases of mild tissue freezing, only
blistering of the skin or minor tissue damage
occurs. In cases of severe cold injury, how-
ever, deep tissue freezing can result in death
of all the frozen tissue, which may include
the entire finger, toe, or even an entire foot.

“Chilblains” are inflammations of the
fingers, toes, or feet caused by prolonged
exposure to cold, damp conditions. They may
occur when the hands or feet are wet for
long periods, such as several days in a row,
typically at temperatures slightly above
freezing. Chilblains can be very painful, and
may take weeks to cure. They usually can be
prevented by keeping gloves and socks dry
during cold weather. Spare gloves and socks
should be kept in the cab to allow for changes
while on the route.

Frostbite occurs at temperatures below
freezing, most often on exposed skin (such as
the face) or on fingers and toes. In sub-
freezing weather, coworkers should check
each other’s faces periodically for grayish-
white spots, an early sign of frostbite. Col-
lectors should look for similar spots on fingers
or toes if any indications of impending frost-
bite appear. The area of skin that is starting to
freeze frequently develops a sharp stinging
sensation. Note that frostbitten skin should
not be massaged and should not be rubbed
with snow. If frostbite occurs, workers should
take the steps listed below.

1.If feet are frostbitten, carry the
victim;

15


BECESSED AND NONRECESSED
BUTTONS

With some ingenuity, most engineering con-
trols can be defeated. Here the collar around
the start button on a side-loader was designed
to prevent unintentional actuation of the
packing ram. The rag tied to the start button

collar in this picture allowed the collector to
start the cycle with his knee, while pushing
the refusewith” the container or with his
hands—a highly dangerous practice. If neces-
sary, collectors should pack more often, but
should never adjust the load during the cycle.
It may seem overly obvious, but to a packing

panel a hand might just as well be another
piece of rubbish.

Because an emergency may arise where
the packing cycle needs to be interrupted
instantly, the stop button must always be
VERY accessible—never recessed or other-
wise hard to find or hit.

Figure 86. Rag tied over recessed start button defeated

this safety feature.

58

Figure 87. “Start” and “lower” buttons should

be recessed here.


LIFTING POSITION dons, and ligaments. More severe injury ‘can body if the load fits between the knees. If
result if balance is lost. Note that heavier. it doesn’t fit, then the knees-bent position

Lifting the load with one hand while standing Toads should be lifted with the knees bent, isn’t recommended~(except-for team-lifting)
on the riding step may injure muscles, ten- back straight, and the load kept close to the

Figure 37. Don’t lift or load from riding step.

31


AUXILIARY ENGINE ACCESS
_The auxiliary engine shown here is practically

inaccessible for minor on-the-run adjustments
or servicing. Other compactor models include
a permanently mounted ladder for con-
siderably safer access. In some cases a ladder
can be retrofitted to a compactor lacking one.

Figure 109. Auxiliary engine with poor access (better design
includes a fixed ladder).

71


LOADING SILL HEIGHT much more energy to move the same load,

and strain on the body is significantly ‘greater. —

The—easiest—and—safest lifting heights —are— For this reason, containers manually
between knee and hip level. Above or below handled should never be recessed below
these points the collector is forced to use ground level, and loading sill height should be

32

as low as practical (preferably at or below the
hip _level_of the shorter collectors). If sill
height must be higher than this level, con-
sideration should be given to reducing the
permissible load weight.

Figure 38. Lifting from the step level.


with rainwater, they could have been mis-
—__—+taken-for-shallow-puddles.In-a factory, work —__
traffic would typically be diverted to other

corridors in the event of comparable floor

defects. In waste collection, it rarely can be.

JUMPING TO OR FROM
THE RIDING STEP
Jumping off the riding step puts tremendous
strains on the bones of the foot, and risks a
painful and persistent injury, especially if the
collector lands on the heel, or if the ankle
twists. Stepping off should be just that, not
jumping off. Additional handholds or better
placed handholds may be necessary on some
vehicles if jumping is to be avoided.

Several fatalities have occurred when
collectors jumped onto the riding step of a
moving vehicle, fell off, and were run over by

Figure 65.

the rear wheels. Drivers should wait for the
proper signal before moving. Collectors

Figure 66. Before it was drained for this picture, this hole had a
foot of water in it.

47


SIZING UP THE LOAD

e sharp metal (examples: razor blades,

TA ic__needles,_—_sheet——_metal—_____—

Many refuse collection organizations provide
their staff with printed tags that explain
why a load couldn’t be collected. Others
use a phone call or have a supervisor visit
the customer instead of tagging. Listed below
are some typical reasons for not accepting a
load:

® maximum length exceeded
tree or brush trimmings not bundled
wet box

overweight load

hazardous container
construction waste

menacing dog

hazardous chemical or material
improper container

bees or other stinging insects
rats or other vermin
unshoveled snow

illegal racks or enclosures

cover attached to can (must be com-
pletely removable)

HAZARDOUS WASTE

Common types of waste that can be haz-
ardous to the collector include:

@ liquid chemicals

@ dry chemicals

© containers of gasoline or solvents

e refuse that contains asbestos (example:
old pipe wrapping)

broken glass

20

WE'RE SORRY WE
COULDN’T TAKE THIS ITEM:

exceeds construction
max imum waste
Tength
wet paper ‘improper
box container
overweight bees or other
Toad stinging insects
menacing rats or other
dog vermin
hazardous tree/brush
contai rinmings not
cee bundled
hazardous cover attached
waste to can

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CALL 999-XXXX

Figure 18. Sample tag for unaccept-

able load.

scraps)

@ building materials

© fluorescent light tubes and TV picture
tubes

® aerosol cans

© feces-contaminated items (example:
soiled disposable diapers)

© dead animals (collection by residential
waste collectors prohibited in most
areas)

Collectors should never pour chemical
wastes into sewers. Some may ignite and
cause a sewer explosion. Others could con-
taminate downstream water or water treat-
ment facilities. If there are any doubts about
the safety of the material being collected, it
should be tagged and left behind. Collectors
should alert a supervisor or contact the cus-
tomer or a neighbor directly if a dangerous
item is rejected that could readily fall into the
hands of children,

Many chemical, animal, and human wastes
are potential health hazards when breathed,
when brought in contact with skin, or when
ingested on foodstuffs. Contact with open
wounds is especially dangerous, The employer
should instruct collectors to loads con-
taining such wastes as unacceptable. Haz-
ardous chemical wastes that are allowed
should only be handled by collectors who
have eye protection (safety glasses with side
shields, a face shield, or goggles; impervious
full-body coveralls (or foul-weather gear);
and rubber, synthetic rubber (neoprene, NBR,
etc.), plastic-coated, or other impervious
gloves.


COMPACTING AND UNLOADING

SPLIT-CYCLE PACKING CONTROLS

Many newer trucks have either split-cycle or
continuous-pressure packer controls. The split-
cycle feature means the control has to be
released and reapplied, after the first part of
the cycle, to complete the packing process.

At the split point in the cycle, the packer

panel stops, about a foot from the hopper packer panel pinch points.

sill. This allows the operator to check to make
sure that nobody’s hands or feet are en-
dangered. This doesn’t mean that the first
part of the split packing cycle may be safely
started before the hopper pinch points are
clear. The split-cycle is a valuable safety fea-
ture, but it does not allow collectors to wait

until the mid-cycle stopping point to clear the

The problem with most split cycle con-
trols is that they leave one hand free—that can
be crushed. Examples of situations where a
hand (or leg) could have been crushed appear
in the pictures that follow. Adding a con-
tinuous pressure control for the other hand,
would increase hand protection substantially.

50

Figure 70. Split-cycle packing control.


PLACEMENT OF CONTROLS tne packing cycle. In addition, the control These controls can be modified to require
panel is low enough that youngsters could continuous two-handed operation, preferably

This older rear-loader doesn’t require the col- reach it. A collector was fatally injured in one with the second control high enough to be
lector to hold the start button in tocontinue city when a child pressed the start button. _ out of the reach of children.

Figure 88. Control panel is too low if children can reach it.

59


PREFACE

Residential Waste Collection was undertaken to assist employers,
workers, and worker representatives with the task of improving the
health and safety record of this occupation, which experiences an
injury rate seven times as great as the average for all industries.

The text that follows attempts to provide basic hazard recognition
and prevention information for the residential waste collection indus-
try. Individuals or organizations“With additional ation or with
suggestions are encouraged ntact this agency

\ /
\ A

J. DUnald Millar, M.D.

Assistant Surgeon General

Director

National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health


Collectors working in areas where menacing
by loose dogs is a recurrent problem should
be provided with a spray repellent or an
equivalent means of protection.

Figure 50. Uncovered cans attract bees and other stinging insects.

Figure 51. Cans without tight covers (or no cover at all)
attract rodents and dogs.

39


Figure 47. Keep clear of shear point (lift arms) Figure 48. Park truck facing downhill for bulk pickup.
as gate is raised.

37


REPOSITIONING THE LOAD

or container lid or other shield, should be tion refuse once the packing cycle is started.

A hopper that is routinely gverfilled will used rather than the hands. Note that the The instinct to push in trash that will other-

i cessive —repositioning —of—refuse.—shovel-or-shield-is-only intended to prevent ~~ wise eject is strong, but it must be resisted.
(Even if the hopper isn’t overfilled, there are punctures, cuts, and lacerations—it won’t Even a truck that has a split packing cycle
still occasions when some repositioning is protect against the crushing force of the (where the packing panel stops in mid-cycle

necessary.) For these occasions, a shovel,

packing panel. There is no safe way to reposi- about a foot above the sill) is not foolproof.

OC ar.

62

Figure 93. Repositioning with hands.

Figure 94. Repositioning with can lid.


WORK PACE

@ prohibiting containers that are likely

to cause spills, such as bags that are too

/ Y. x
// DANGER \.\
C UNE
XN

Factors that may lead to a dangerously fast
work pace include:
© collectors’ desire to finish the day’s
work early
© peer pressure exerted by faster col-
lectors
© possible advantage to the employer of
having trucks return early
© increased risk-taking behavior of new
employees (such as taking shortcuts)

Because too fast a work pace does not
allow muscles adequate time to rest be-
tween exertions, the body tires earlier.
Fatigue can diminish alertness, and thereby
increase the risk of injury. Too fast a work
pace can adversely affect the heart. During
hot weather, it can also increase the risk of
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat
stroke. These weather-related illnesses are
discussed in greater detail under Specific
On-the-Job Hazards.

Firms or departments selecting the task
system should be sensitive to the incentives
it provides for rushed work, and should
establish appropriate safeguards.

JOB SATISFACTION
Improving job satisfaction may help reduce
turnover rates and some risk-taking behavior.
Some measures the employer can take to
develop and maintain job satisfaction (and
improve safety) include:
e@ keeping the vehicle and equipment in
good working order
® promptly fixing broken signal devices,
window glass, lenses, gauges, etc.

weak for the load

® providing the equipment needed for
cleaning up ejected or spilled refuse
safely

e regularly cleaning the truck exterior
and keeping it well-painted

© providing a clean uniform daily

® providing spare uniforms and gloves in
the cab for use when needed for on-the-
route changes

® supporting employees who properly tag
out unacceptable refuse, through strict
enforcement of rules and by followup
with customers

® providing customers with written ex-
planations of pertinent collector work
rules, and of the local requirements for
disposal of regula: as well as hazardous
waste.

RIDING POSITION

Collectors should ride in the cab, except when
moving short distances at slow speeds; then
the riding steps may be used. Poorly designed
steps or handholds, however, can make even
this limited use of riding steps hazardous.
Steps that are too narrow or too short (and
handholds that are poorly placed) may en-
courage collectors to ride with one foot on
the loading sill and/or with a hand on the
side of the hopper. Either practice can result
in a permanent disability, such as a crushed
hand or foot. Some employers have found
extendable steps, wraparound steps, or split-
level steps to be valuable modifications.

In some cases cab space is too small for
the crew. Do not allow lack of space to force

tf


for an adequate rest break). Task systems,

where_the—collector’s_workday_is over when

the run is finished, can readily lead to rushed

work. On the other hand, this system often

eliminates the need for working for an ex-
tended period during extremes of weather,

since collection runs can often be completed
by midday or shortly thereafter. If the task
system is used, adequate safeguards against
rushing are essential.

Figure 68. Jumping from the cab.

Figure 69. Rest breaks are needed tc prevent early muscle fatigue,

49


portion of the hopper floor; at this point the It is also important to keep the door mech-

guard door is already partly reopened. On this anism well-maintained. A door that dropped
type of equipment, it is important to Keep ———tncontrollably, for example; -would-create—
clear of the guard door rails and wheel tracks. : rather than prevent—a hazard.

Figure 80. Rubber edging on crusher panel.

Figure 8]. Rolling guard door. open.

55


PREPLACEMENT PHYSICAL

ers, taken as a group,
aaoid

appeared to experience
+ ‘

f-axtaridi vd.
p

peared that concentrations of such microbes
in—air—were—considerably greater near the

Before a new collector is assigned to a crew,
NIOSH recommends that a medical examina-
tion be performed that includes:

1. visual acuity
. depth perception
. hearing acuity
. field of vision
. motor defects
. cardiovascular system
. date of last tetanus booster
8. medications or drugs used that could
affect perception, coordination, or judg-
ment
9. lifting strength
10. chest x-ray
11. pulmonary function (FEV and FEV)).

Item 8 on this list includes alcoholic
beverages. An executive who has a desk job
and drinks excessively may fall asleep. How-
ever, a collector—like anyone else who oper-
ates potentially hazardous machinery—runs a
significant risk of self-injury or of injuring
others if under the influence of alcohol. This
is one area where fellow employees can be
influential in persuading a person who needs
help to get it.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF HEALTH
HAZARDS

Few studies have been performed that exam-
ine the impact of residential waste collection
work on the health of collectors. Six investi-
gations specific to waste collection are sum-
marized below.

In a 1952 report, Sliepcevich analyzed the
medical records of New York City sanitation
workers. [1] Collectors, drivers, and sweep-

Noah wp

er
lar disease, and hernia than a comparison
group of active workers of similar ages.

Cimino also examined the New York City
Sanitation Department’s medical records, but
his study, reported in 1975, covered employ-
ees working during 1968—1969. [2] Activity
limitations for collectors, due to arthritis,
occurred four times as often as the average
for a comparison group of “general laborers.””
Incidence of coronary heart disease (a type of
cardiovascular disease) in New York City
sanitation workers, ages 35-64, was nearly
double the rate of a comparison group of
active workers of similar ages.

Gellin and Zavon examined 97 residential
waste collectors, employed by the City of
Cincinnati, for skin disorders during January
and February of 1968. [3] Disorders fre-
quently observed included abrasions or lacera-
tions (especially on the front of the legs);
folliculitis (a skin inflammation) of either the
thighs, buttocks, or torso; bacterial or fungal
infections (not necessarily occupational in
origin); and dermatitis of the lower limbs
(dry, cracked, scaly skin, occasionally in-
flamed).

Rufener-Press and coworkers reported in
1975 that trash collectors in Geneva, Switzer-
land developed chronic bronchitis 2-1/2 times
as frequently as did a comparison group of
active working Swiss men in the same age
group. [4] Ducel and coworkers (1976)
examined the levels and types of microor-
ganisms in the breathing air of collectors
working at or near the hopper, and compared
them with the normal background level in
outdoor air. [5] From the small number of
samples analyzed in their 1976 report, it ap-

hopper.

In 1974, Peterson characterized viruses
found in samples of disposable diapers taken
from residential waste. [6] Potentially haz-
ardous viruses were found in 9 of 84 samples.

On the basis of these studies, the follow-
ing conclusions may be drawn:

1. Methods for minimizing lifting injuries

should be given serious consideration.

Load weight limitations should be estab-

lished. Collectors should be trained in

safe lifting practices, and in recognizing
approximate load weights by rocking the
container. Collectors should be provided

a convenient way to indicate that a load is

overweight and uncollectable. In addition,

loading sill height and other related

1gliepcevich, EM: Effect of Work Conditions Upon
the Health of the Uniformed Sanitationmen of New
York City, Doctoral disseration, Springfield College,
Springfield, Mass., June 1955.

2Cimino, JA: Health and safety in the solid waste
industry. Am. J. Public Health 65:1, 1975.

3Gellin, GA, and Zavon, MR: Occupational derma-
toses of solid waste workers. Arch. Environ. Health
20:510-515, 1970.

4Rufener-Press, C., Bahy, M., and Rey, R: Chronic
bronchitis and risk factors among trash collectors in
Geneva—tesearch studies, Occupational Medicine
Unit No. 5, 1975.

5Ducel, G, Pitteloud, JJ, Rufener-Press, C, Bahy, M,
and Rey, R: Exposure of trash collectors to bacteria.
Soz. Praventivmed. 21(4):136—138, 1976 (French).

6Peterson, ML: Soiled disposable diapers: A potential
source of viruses. Am. J. Public Health 64(9):912—
914, 1974.


DISCLAIMER

Mention of company name or product does not constitute endorsement by
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 82-113

Fa sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S, Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402

IL


HIGH-VISIBILITY CLOTHING
—_______Because—collectors—are—

pre-dawn hours, during bad weather, and

during morning rush hours, measures must be

taken to ensure that they are seen by motor-

ists. Bright orange, yellow, red, or green

outer clothing is suggested for ensuring high So
visibility. If uniforms with these colors
aren’t used, a bright safety vest, jacket, or
shirt is recommended. During hours of
darkness, outer clothing should include re-

flective stripes or patches. a gate is locked, or a
dog is menacing, a tag
LIFTING OVER AN OBSTRUCTION should be left that

Reaching over a fence to lift a container can explains why the load
put severe strain on the collector’s back. If  couldn’t be taken.

Sed Figure 35. Worker wearing a jacket with reflective stripes. Figure 36. Lifting over a fence.

30


ENTERING THE COMPACTOR

_In some instances, it is necessary. to enter the

packer body (either in front of or behind the
ejection panel). Before entering, ignition keys
should be removed, the ignition lock should
be tagged or locked out, and the keys should
be kept by the person entering the body. A
second person should stand watch over the
truck until the entering employee emerges. If
a person enters the body through an access
door, it should also be tagged with a suitable
warning during the entry.

TRUCK AND BODY FIRES

Fires on refuse collection vehicles fall into
two categories—truck fires and compactor
(body) fires. Truck fires can be started by:
fuel line failure; hydraulic line leaks, if the
oil is hot and deflectors are not attached to
prevent leaks from spraying onto exhaust
system parts; short circuits in the presence of
grease, oil, or paper, or of combustible wire
insulation, in either the cab or engine housing;
and by contact of hot exhaust system parts
with combustible or flammable materials.
Truck fires can often be handled with appro-
priate fire extinguishers—but beware of the
fire restarting if oil, grease, or wire insulation
is involved. The vehicle should not be used
after a truck fire until a mechanic has thor-
oughly checked and released it.

Fires in the compactor body require
different handling. Employers should have
definite rules for handling such hot loads.
For example:

Once a hot load is observed, quickly
scout the area for an appropriate dump
site—never near fallen leaves, under
trees, or near storm drains or sanitary

72

Figure 110. Before entering the compactor body, remove the
key to whatever engine provides hydraulic power
and put it in your pocket.


18

Figure 15. Driver in side-driving position.

Figure 16. Backing—use mirrors and hand signals.



RESIDENTIAL WASTE COLLECTION

HAZARD RECOGNITION & PREVENTION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
Centers for Disease Control
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

March 1982


Figure 55. This bag is about to bounce out of the hopper and burst.

RIDING STEPS

The riding step in Figure 56 is designed to
be self-cleaning when the ground is muddy
or snow-covered. If riding steps are bent,
loose, or broken, the problem should be re-
ported at once, and they shouldn’t be used
again until they are fixed. Secure, level,
slip-resistant steps of adequate size are an
essential element of collector safety, not a
luxury.

42

FOOT ON LOADING SILL

Riding with one foot on the loading sill may
be more comfortable than riding with both
feet at the same level on the riding step, but
it is dangerous. A foot on loading sill can be
amputated if refuse is packed on the run
(never recommended) or the packer double-
cycles when a foot is on the sill.

STEP EXTENSIONS

Some trucks are equipped with riding step
extensions. These add-on sections are flipped
up (or slid in) when not needed, or when they
could be damaged (examples: entering land-
fills or narrow alleys; backing up to a dock).
Step extensions offer a safer ride by allowing
a wider and more comfortable stance.


jagged container edges, and other sharp

|____s materials handled by residential waste cole -_

lectors. Besides causing frequent injuries,
these items can also initiate infections. Even
if infection doesn’t develop immediately,
failure to cover an open wound and to use
adequate hand protection may lead to serious
infection later. Jersey gloves (uncoated
cotton), latex household gloves, and similar
light duty gloves are not adequate.

The ideal glove for collectors would:
(1) protect against cutting or puncturing
objects; (2) be impervious to liquid and dry
chemicals; (3) be both flexible and comfort-
able in hot and cold weather; (4) provide
good wet as well as dry grip; (5) allow ade-
quate dexterity; (6) be washable; and (7) not
absorb water.

Figure 28. Most gloves are no match for a nail.

DRUMS

Many public and private operators who use
conventional collection methods prohibit the
use of 55-gallon drums as refuse containers.
This is due primarily to the excessive weight
of the container itself; the lack of handles
makes the situation even worse. If neither
the employer nor the locality prohibits
drums, collectors should be especially careful
to rock them before lifting to determine
whether the local gross weight limitation is
met.

LOADING
HAND PROTECTION

Bare skin is obviously no match for glass,
nails, sheet metal, can lids, razor blades,

Figure 29. Drums are too heavy for use as
: conventional waste containers.

26


TEAM LIFTING

5
the item may often be handled through team
lifting. The key point to remember is to do
the lifting in unison. One of the pair should
call out the lift command after both are in
position. Team lifting, however, doesn’t mean
that any weight load can be handled (NIOSH
recommends a limit of 90 lbs. for two per-
sons). Since team lifters must stay in step
with each other, teams should try to avoid
carrying heavy items over rough, hilly, or
slippery terrain.

Figure 43. Getting in place for a team lift. Figure 45. Team lift and dump.
35


Despite the measures recommended above,

__________some_waste that is potentially hazardous to

the collector’s health will still be inadve:

ly handled. For example, dangerous items
may be hidden from view by nonhazardous
refuse. For this reason, it is important that
the hands, arms and face be washed before
eating, and that wounds be promptly cleaned
and covered.

HIDDEN CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Looking over a pile of refuse may give clues
to potential hidden dangers. This pile of dis-
carded paint cans could hide containers of
leftover paint or stripping solvents, which
could splash on the body or ignite when
packed. Loads like this make eye protection
all the more important.

DEFECTIVE CONTAINERS

Containers with jagged metal edges, rusted-
out bottoms, or with loose or missing handles
or covers are dangerous. Loose or missing
handles force the collector to lift in an
awkward manner. Containers without snug-
fitting covers are an invitation for dogs, rats,
bees, and flies. Rats scared during collection
work may bite. Dogs often topple open
containers—and loading spilled refuse is far
more hazardous than dumping cans. Many
collection organizations attach a warning tag
to a defective container.

HIDDEN LIFTING HAZARDS

Rocking the container before lifting it helps
collectors determine whether heavy items are
concealed. Examples are construction waste
and rain-soaked refuse. Some work rules (and
many local ordinances) require that con-

Figure 19. Paint cans here may hide chemical hazards.

tainers have tight lids, primarily to keep
pets, flies, and rodents out; the cover re-
quirement is also valuable for keeping out
rain. Many rules do not allow loads contain-
ing construction debris.

Another good reason for rocking the
container before lifting it is that it may be
stuck in dried mud, packed snow, or ice.

Rocking may also warn that an animal is in
the container, or that the bottom is rusted
out.

WET BOXES

Wet cardboard boxes of refuse are extra
heavy, and fall apart readily. The collector
may be injured when a wet box bursts that

21


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

AND CLOTHING

Residential waste collectors cannot be entire-
ly protected against job hazards by engineer-
ing controls and work rules.

During foul weather, collectors need high
visibility outer gear. A bright yellow or
orange raincoat or safety vest is necessary
under such conditions to ensure that collec-
tors can be easily seen by motorists.

The high frequency of “foreign object in
eye” injuries in this industry indicates a
definite need for eye protection. Ejections
during the compacting cycle—broken glass,
acid from storage batteries, and various other
refuse fragments—are only part of the prob-
lem. Aerosol cans may explode when packed,
as may explosives, ammunition, flammable
liquids, and picture tubes. To protect the
eyes (while avoiding significant discomfort),
safety glasses with cable temples or holding
straps, plus wire screen side shields, should be
used. For employees whose vision does not
require correction, “plano” safety glasses are
recommended (not plastic goggles, which
usually distort the view, scratch more readily,
and are hotter to wear). Where equipment
with a descending hopper guard door or an
elevating hopper is used, a hard hat with
chin strap is recommended.

The skin should be covered during collec-
tion work to the greatest extent possible
(but still consistent with reasonable comfort).
Full-body coveralls, gauntlet gloves, and
safety glasses will substantially cover all
exposed areas. Care should be taken (especial-
ly where heat stress could be a problem) to
select a coverall fabric that is comfortable.

Hand protection is especially important
for residential waste collection. The glove

selected would ideally protect against punc-
tures and lacerations, chemical hazards (such
as caustics, acids, pesticides), and biological
hazards (such as animal waste). Choosing a
glove that would best protect a collector from
one particular hazard would make glove selec-
tion relatively simple. But the “unknowns”
that collectors face daily require that the
glove selected protect, to the extent possible,
against all of the major hazards cited. In addi-
tion, the ideal glove would: resist water,
provide a good grip under both wet and dry
conditions, be reasonably comfortable and
flexible over the range of local temperatures,
be washable, and have a reasonable wear life.

Ordinary cotton or latex gloves can
generally be ruled out. Gloves that do not
“breathe” at all (natural rubber, neoprene,
or plastic, either unsupported or fully-coated),
gloves that do not protect against punctures
and lacerations (cotton, latex), gloves that

have poor wet grip (smooth nitrile butyl
rubber), and gloves that are not relatively
impervious to common hazardous chemicals
(cotton) are not recommended. In a survey
of 60 municipalities providing gloves to col-
lectors, 46 preferred a canvas gauntlet glove
with a suede or leather palm plus leather on
the fingertips and across the knuckles.*
Whatever the type of glove selected, cur-
rent interpretations of Federal safety legisla-
tion indicate that personal protective equip-
ment necessary to protect the employee must
be provided by the employer, and that the
employer must ensure it is properly used
and maintained. Glove selection is discussed
further under Specific On-the-Job Hazards.

*IRIS News, Volume 1, No. 9, December 1977,
Safety Sciences/Division’ WSA, 'Inc., San Diego,
California.

5


Figure 84. Guard door wheels and rail.

Figure 85. Keep hands clear of guard door wheel rail.



sewers, and never in front of a firehouse
or gas station. Empty areas of a parking

department is always recommended, but
consideration should be given to dumping

restarting, the cqllection route should not be
resumed until the problem load is disposed of.

lot or clear street areas are examples of
sorne more desirable emergency dump
sites. Once the hot load is dumped, move
the truck away, if possible, to prevent a
truck fire. Do not leave the area until the
burning refuse is cool. A call to the fire

first if a suitable site is available.

If the dumped load is reloaded after
extinguishing, it should be taken to the land-
fill, incinerator, or separation plant immedi-
ately. Due to the possibility of the fire

Whatever~the procedure followed for
fires, it is recommended that one or more
possible hot load dump sites be picked out
along the run as soon as the run is assigned.
This saves time and mistakes in the event of a
body fire or truck fire.

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Figure 111. Calling fire department to report hot load or truck fire.

713


Figure 57. Foot on loading sill.
ig) ig 43


Figure 60. Children on the route.

Figure 61. Cleated shoe.

45


inadvertantly taken home, where family

employees to ride on cab steps, riding steps,
the loading sill, or in the hopper. Transport
collectors lacking cab seating to and from the
collection route in another vehicle.

PERSONAL HYGIENE

Because of the disease-spreading potential
inherent in the handling of largely unrestric-
ted residential solid waste, personal hygiene is
a health matter of considerable importance to
the well-being of the collector. Hygiene is
particularly important due to the opportunity
for contact of waste with broken skin (lacera-
tions, cuts, and punctures).

In industries with comparable exposure
risks, employees are required to wash their
hands and face before eating, drinking, smok-
ing, or chewing gum or tobacco, and they are
often required to shower before leaving work.

8

Collectors should be urged to (1) wash before
eating during the workday, (2) wash before
leaving work, and (3) bathe daily for pro-
tection against infection and skin disease.
They should also be shown techniques for
properly cleaning and covering wounds. Note
that wearing clothes or gloves (including
underclothes and shoes) that have been pre-
viously contaminated defeats good personal
hygiene. Skin ailments are more likely to
occur as a result. In addition, if the insides of
gloves or garments are contaminated, certain
chemicals, such as pesticides, may come into
contact with the skin and be absorbed with-
out warning, especially after the skin becomes
moist with sweat. For the above reasons, the
employer should provide clean coveralls and
gloves daily, plus keep spares in the cab. To
ensure that hazardous contaminants are not

members-may-be-exposed to them, taundering
of protective clothing should be handled by
the employer.

Py A YT en
rAN CHE SCyit-l:

UNIFORMS AN?
ChLoyizg HEN

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