COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Beales, Powell and Alston 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

JOHN CALVIN TORIAN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0893-09-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES 

MAY 11, 2010 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HALIFAX COUNTY 

Charles L. McCormick, III, Judge 

 Buddy A. Ward, Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on 

brief), for appellant. 

 Karen Misbach, Assistant Attorney General II (Kenneth T. 

Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 John Calvin Torian (appellant) was convicted by the trial court of possession of a firearm by 

a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. Appellant on appeal argues that the trial court 

erred in rejecting his affirmative defense of good faith reliance brought under this Court’s opinion in 

Miller v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 727, 492 S.E.2d 482 (1997), and, therefore, the evidence 

was insufficient to support the conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

 On April 26, 2008, Investigators Clay and Womack responded to a call regarding a 

domestic disturbance at appellant’s home. Appellant’s wife permitted the investigators to enter 

the home, and a gun cabinet was observable in the hallway near the living room. Both 

investigators could clearly see firearms on display through the cabinet’s glass. Appellant’s wife 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
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indicated that appellant was a convicted felon, which the investigators confirmed after contacting 

the police dispatcher. 

 After he was advised of his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), 

appellant indicated that the firearms on display in the gun cabinet were his, but claimed that his 

probation officer had told him that he was allowed to have guns in his house. Investigator 

Womack asked appellant where he kept the key to the gun cabinet. Appellant remarked that the 

key was probably “on top of some [cupboard]” in the kitchen. However, the key to the gun 

cabinet was actually on a ring of keys recovered from appellant’s pants pocket during a search 

incident to arrest. The gun cabinet’s key was on the same key ring as the key to a four-wheel 

vehicle that appellant owned. Appellant acknowledged charging this vehicle’s battery shortly 

before the investigators arrived. 

 Unlocking the gun cabinet with the key recovered from appellant’s pants pocket, the 

investigators recovered the following items from the gun cabinet: five shotguns, two rifles, and 

one air rifle; a black bag containing three rounds of sixteen-gauge shotgun ammunition; 

additional shotgun ammunition of varying types on the bottom of the cabinet; and a document 

from the U.S. Treasury bearing appellant’s name and social security number.1

 At trial, appellant conceded that he had been convicted of several felonies in 1986, and 

acknowledged that the firearms in the gun cabinet were his. He claimed that Donna Webb, his 

probation officer at the time of his felonies, advised him that he could keep his firearms “as long 

as I kept them locked up.” Webb did not testify at trial, and defense counsel told the trial court 

that he was unable to locate her. 

 1

 Prior to trial, the investigators test-fired a sixteen-gauge shotgun – one of the shotguns 

recovered from the cabinet – with the corresponding ammunition. The firearm was operable. 
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 Jonathan Thackston, a Halifax County probation officer since 1999, testified during 

appellant’s case-in-chief that the county probation office’s informal policy used to be that 

convicted felons could own a firearm provided that they “had no access to it.” According to 

Thackston, at that time the probation officers had told convicted felons that “[t]here could be a 

firearm in your home if it’s in a safe, in a gun case, whatever, somewhere locked where you 

don’t have the key, where you have no access to it.” (Emphasis added). On cross-examination, 

Thackston indicated that, although convicted felons were advised that they could own firearms 

under the then-existing policy, they were instructed not to possess the key to the safe or the gun 

cabinet where the firearms were locked.2

 In his motion to strike, appellant argued that he was entitled to rely on Webb’s advice 

that appellant could own firearms as long as he “kept them under lock and key.” The prosecutor 

argued that appellant’s testimony concerning the content of Webb’s advice was not credible and 

was inconsistent with Thackston’s testimony. “Here,” the prosecutor argued, “not only did the 

defendant have a key [to the gun cabinet], he had the key on his person.” The trial court denied 

appellant’s motion to strike and rejected his claim of good faith reliance on Webb’s advice. The 

trial court found that “the best evidence really is what [Webb] told him is what the policy was at 

the time. And that was stated by Mr. Thackston and . . . the key to this case is the key.” 

II. ANALYSIS

When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a reviewing court does not 

‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable 

doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003) 

(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in the light 

 2

 According to Thackston, under the probation office’s current policy, he now advises 

convicted felons not “to be around” firearms at all and, therefore, to “treat a firearm like it’s a 

bag of cocaine.” 
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most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial 

court,” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004), “[w]e must 

instead ask whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at 387 (quoting 

Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). See 

also Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008). “This familiar 

standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the 

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate 

facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. 

“[T]o prove a violation under the plain language of [Code § 18.2-308.2], the 

Commonwealth must establish nothing more than that the defendant ‘has been convicted of a 

felony’ and that he or she ‘knowingly and intentionally possessed . . . any firearm.’” Branch v. 

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 665, 669, 593 S.E.2d 835, 837 (2004) (quoting Code 

§ 18.2-308.2). Appellant concedes that he was previously convicted of felonies and that the 

firearms in the gun cabinet were his. However, he argues that his conviction under Code 

§ 18.2-308.2 was contrary to the principles expressed by this Court in Miller because, he claims, 

he relied on the advice of his probation officer in keeping his firearms “locked up.” 

 The affirmative defense of “good faith reliance” is available when “a defendant has 

reasonably relied upon affirmative assurances that certain conduct is lawful, when those 

assurances are given by a public officer or body charged by law with responsibility for defining 

permissible conduct with respect to the offense at issue.” Miller, 25 Va. App. at 735, 492 S.E.2d 

at 486-87. To successfully assert this due process defense, therefore, a defendant must prove 

three elements: 

1) that he was assured that the conduct giving rise to the conviction 

was lawful; 2) that the assurance was given by a “government 
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official,” i.e., “a public officer or body charged by law with 

responsibility for defining permissible conduct with respect to the 

offense at issue”; and 3) that, based on the totality of the 

circumstances, reliance upon the advice was reasonable and in 

good faith. 

Branch, 42 Va. App. at 671, 593 S.E.2d at 837 (quoting Miller, 25 Va. App. at 738-39, 745, 492 

S.E.2d at 488-89, 491). 

 As “it is the defendant’s burden” to satisfy the requirements of this affirmative defense, 

Branch, 42 Va. App. at 671, 593 S.E.2d at 837, it was appellant’s burden at trial to establish, “as 

a threshold matter, the legal sufficiency of the content and source of the information received.” 

Miller, 25 Va. App. at 737, 492 S.E.2d at 487 (citation omitted). “With respect to content, the 

defense is available only where the information upon which the defendant has relied is an 

affirmative assurance that the conduct giving rise to the conviction is lawful.” Id. at 738, 492 

S.E.2d at 487. “In the absence of such an affirmative assurance,” therefore, “the due process 

concerns that the defense is designed to protect are not implicated, and the defense fails.” 

Id. (citation omitted). 

 As a threshold matter, this Court’s opinion in Miller is inapplicable to the facts of this 

case because, unlike here, the trial court in Miller believed the defendant’s testimony concerning 

the content of the information he received. Id. at 731, 492 S.E.2d at 484. Here, although the trial 

court apparently believed that appellant and Webb had a conversation concerning the firearms 

appellant owned prior to his felony convictions, the trial court clearly did not believe appellant’s 

testimony concerning the content of the information he received from Webb. See Rollston v. 

Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 547, 399 S.E.2d 823, 830 (1991) (holding that the factfinder 

is not required to accept a witness’ testimony, but instead is free to “rely on it in whole, in part, 

or reject it completely”). Instead, the trial court credited the testimony of Thackston, a Halifax 

County probation officer, who testified as appellant’s own witness. According to Thackston, 
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convicted felons were advised under the probation office’s former policy that they could keep 

firearms in their home – but only if they did not have access to the key used to lock the firearms. 

After considering both appellant’s testimony and Thackston’s testimony, the trial court found 

that Webb had informed appellant of the same policy that Thackston described at trial.3

 

 Therefore, because appellant failed to establish that Webb assured him that keeping 

firearms in his home was lawful provided that he merely kept the firearms “locked up,” he failed 

to establish the first element of a due process defense under Miller. See Branch, 42 Va. App. at 

671, 593 S.E.2d at 837 (explaining that the first element of a due process defense under Miller is 

establishing “that [the defendant] was assured that the conduct giving rise to the conviction was 

lawful”). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in rejecting appellant’s affirmative defense. 

 Furthermore, the evidence at trial amply established that appellant possessed the key to 

the gun cabinet. The key was retrieved from appellant during a proper search incident to arrest, 

and it was attached to the same key ring that contained a key to a four-wheel vehicle, which 

appellant had used shortly before the authorities arrived. The key to the gun cabinet, therefore, 

was easily available to appellant. 

 “‘The law is well established that possession of the means to exercise dominion [and] 

control over an item gives the possessor dominion [and] control over the item [itself].’” Wright 

v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 266, 274, 670 S.E.2d 772, 776 (2009) (quoting Bell v. 

Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 693, 698-99, 467 S.E.2d 289, 291-92 (1996) (holding that victim’s 

possession of keys to vehicle placed her in possession or control of vehicle for purposes of 

 3

 At oral argument before this Court, appellant’s counsel contended that Webb might

have conveyed to appellant an earlier policy than the policy described by Thackston. However, 

the due process defense under Miller is an affirmative defense. When asserting an affirmative 

defense, “the burden is on the defendant to present evidence establishing such defense to the 

satisfaction of the fact finder.” Riley v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 467, 489, 675 S.E.2d 168, 175 

(2009) (citing Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 760, 769, 274 S.E.2d 305, 310 (1981)). Here, 

appellant clearly failed to satisfy this burden. 
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carjacking statute, Code § 18.2-58.1). Appellant’s possession of the key to the gun cabinet 

provided him with the means to exercise dominion and control over the firearms contained in the 

gun cabinet. Moreover, in addition to the firearms and ammunition, a U.S. Treasury document 

bearing appellant’s name was found in the gun cabinet. Appellant testified that, when he 

purchased the gun cabinet in 2007, a friend moved the firearms from a locked box to the gun 

cabinet. Appellant testified that the friend must have placed the U.S. Treasury document in the 

gun cabinet as well. However, the trial court was not obligated to accept this explanation, and 

the presence of appellant’s document inside the gun cabinet further supports the conclusion that 

appellant had access to the contents inside the gun cabinet, including the firearms. See Byers v. 

Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 174, 180, 554 S.E.2d 714, 716 (2001) (affirming the defendant’s 

conviction for being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm when he had knowledge of the 

firearm and its location and had access to it); cf. Birdsong v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 603, 

606, 560 S.E.2d 468, 469 (2006) (noting, in holding that the defendant constructively possessed 

contraband found in a safe, that the defendant’s papers were found in and on top of a dresser that 

was positioned directly next to the safe in the defendant’s bedroom closet). Therefore, the 

evidence was sufficient to find that appellant, a convicted felon, constructively possessed the 

firearms in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. 

III. CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction for possession of a firearm by 

a convicted felon. 

 

 Affirmed.