J-A06010-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

LANE M. BIGELOW 

Appellant

v.

R.D.Q. AND DAKOTA DILL

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1036 WDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered August 15, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Clearfield County Civil Division at 

No(s): 2023-0360-CD

BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., PANELLA, P.J.E., and BECK, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, P.J.: FILED: June 14, 2024

Lane M. Bigelow appeals from the order, entered in the Court of 

Common Pleas of Clearfield County, dismissing, with prejudice, his petition for 

genetic testing, relative to Appellee R.D.Q.’s (Mother) minor child, P.M.Q.

(Child) (born 1/2015), after the court found the claim barred by stare decisis

and/or res judicata or, in the alternative, by the doctrine of paternity by 

estoppel. After careful review, we affirm.

On November 5, 2019, Bigelow filed a complaint for custody of Child, 

claiming that Mother “has allowed [him] to participate in [C]hild’s life, at her 

own convenience[, and that s]ince the end of February 2019, [Mother] has 

pulled [Child] away from [him] and allow[ed him] zero involvement.” Bigelow 

Custody Complaint, 11/5/19, at 4. Mother filed preliminary objections to 

Bigelow’s complaint, alleging that she and Bigelow “were in a relationship with 

one another prior to 2014[, however, a]t the time [C]hild was conceived, 
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[they] were not in a relationship with one another[.]” Mother’s Preliminary 

Objections to Bigelow Custody Complaint, 1/29/20, at ¶¶ 5-6. Mother alleged 

that she was “in a relationship with [Appellee] Dakota J. Dill” at the time of 

Child’s conception, that “Dill, and not [Bigelow], is [Child’s] father and has 

acted as the father of [C]hild,” that Dill . . . is listed as the father on Child’s 

birth certificate, and that Dill and Mother have shared legal and physical 

custody of Child since Child’s 2015 birth, “while the parties were in a 

relationship and continuing[,] [t]hereafter[,] once the relationship 

terminated.” Id. at ¶ 7-10 (emphasis in original). Mother further averred 

that she and Child lived with Dill in Penfield for three years (2015-2018) until 

their relationship ended. Id. at ¶ 11. Finally, Mother asserted that even since 

her relationship with Dill ended, she and Dill “continue to share legal and 

physical custody of [C]hild, . . . divide equally all costs associated with [C]hild, 

[and] share in the parental responsibilities concerning [C]hild’s medical needs. 

See N.T. Argument, 4/18/23, at 23-25 (Dill stating he continues to pay 

approximately $580.00/month in support for Child). On February 19, 2020, 

at Bigelow’s request, Bigelow’s custody complaint was withdrawn and the case 

closed.

In April 2022, Dill filed a complaint against Mother to establish paternity 

and for genetic testing, claiming that Child resides with Mother, that he 

believes he is not Child’s biological father, that Mother was not married at the 

time Child was born, and that she is not currently married. See Dill Complaint 

for Paternity/Genetic Testing, 4/28/22, at 1. Mother filed an answer to Dill’s 
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complaint, denying that he “is not the father of [C]hild” and that she believes 

“a custody order remains in place for shared legal and shared physical custody 

[of Child, although Dill] has not exercised those periods of custody.” Mother’s 

Answer to Dill Complaint, 5/19/22, at ¶ 3-4. Attached to Mother’s answer are 

two orders,1the first, dated, March 18, 2021, that states “following a de novo

hearing held on March 17, 2021, and presentation of the issues before this 

[c]ourt, the [c]ourt is satisfied that [Dill] is estopped from denying paternity,” 

Order, 3/18/21. The second order, dated May 24, 2022, states “[Dill] was 

estopped from denying paternity by [o]rder of [c]ourt on March 18, 2021,” 

and dismisses Dill’s paternity complaint and request for genetic testing. 

Order, 5/24/22. 

On March 8, 2023, Bigelow filed a complaint, against Mother and Dill, to 

establish Child’s paternity and for genetic testing. In his complaint, Bigelow 

claimed that he “believes he may be the natural father of [C]hild, . . . [that 

Mother] was not married at the time [C]hild was conceived or born[, that he] 

believes . . . that no paternity has ever been formally established[,] and that 

the support action filed by [Mother] against Defendant Dill is solely based on 

the fact that Defendant Dill is listed as [C]hild’s father on [C]hild’s birth 

____________________________________________

1 Both orders were entered on a separate docket by the Honorable Paul E. 

Cherry and have been included in the certified record on appeal.
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certificate.”2 Bigelow Complaint for Paternity/Genetic Testing, 3/8/23, at ¶¶ 

4-9. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 4343 (setting forth provision for determination, 

limitation of actions, and genetic testing in paternity matters). On April 18, 

2023, the Honorable Frederic J. Ammerman heard argument on Bigelow’s 

complaint to establish paternity and Mother’s answer, new matter, and motion 

for counsel fees. After hearing from counsel, Dill, and Bigelow, the court 

ultimately ordered Bigelow’s counsel to “provide the [c]ourt with a brief in 

regard to [the issue of stare decisis in] no more than [] 25 days [and Mother’s 

counsel] shall have an additional 25 days in which to submit [her responsive] 

brief.” N.T. Argument, 4/18/23, at 30.

After the submission of briefs by the parties, the court, on August 15, 

2023, issued an order dismissing Bigelow’s petition for genetic testing. 

Bigelow filed a timely notice of appeal and court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) 

concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Bigelow presents the 

following issues for our consideration:

(1) Whether the trial court committed an error of law and 

abused its discretion in barring [Bigelow] from requesting 

genetic testing in accordance with the doctrine of paternity 

by estoppel and in opposition of putative father’s consent to 

allow genetic testing?

(2) Whether the trial court committed an error of law and 

abused its discretion in determining [Bigelow’s] reliance on 

fraud was misplaced without an evidentiary hearing?

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2 Mother and Bigelow have one child together, L.D.B., born in October 2012. 

The parties have joint legal and shared physical custody of L.D.B.
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(3) Whether the trial court committed an error of law and 

abused its discretion in barring [Bigelow] from genetic 

testing on the basis of stare decisis and/or res judicata?

Appellant’s Brief, at 4.

Bigelow claims that the trial court erred when it denied his request for 

genetic testing, to establish paternity, “by determining that the orders which 

estop Dill from denying paternity also bar [him] from asserting any claim for 

paternity.” Id. at 9. 

In Vargo v. Schwartz, 940 A.2d 459 (Pa. Super. 2007), our Court 

explained the doctrine of paternity by estoppel:

Estoppel in paternity actions is a legal determination based on the 

conduct of the mother and/or the putative father with regard to 

the child, e.g., holding out the child to the community as a product 

of their marriage and/or supporting the child. If the evidence is 

sufficient, estoppel may bar either a putative father from denying 

paternity or a mother from succeeding in a claim of paternity 

against a third party. Fish [v. Behers], [741 A.2d 721,] 723

[(Pa. 1999)]; J.C. v. J.S., [] 826 A.2d 1, 3-4 (Pa. Super. 2003); 

Doran [v. Doran], [820 A.2d 1279,] 1283 [(Pa. Super. 2003)]. 

Estoppel rests on the principle that a person may not “challenge 

his role as a parent once he has accepted it, even with contrary 

DNA and blood tests.” Warfield v. Warfield, [] 815 A.2d 1073, 

1077 (Pa. Super. 2003).

The public policy behind the doctrine of estoppel has often 

been expressed as follows:

Estoppel is based on the public policy that children should 

be secure in knowing who their parents are. If a certain 

person has acted as the parent and bonded with the child, 

the child should not be required to suffer the potentially 

damaging trauma that may come from being told that the 

father he has known all his life is not[,] in fact[,] his father.

Fish, supra at 530, 741 A.2d at 724 (citation omitted); J.C., 

supra at 4 (same). As this statement of policy makes clear, the 

doctrine of paternity by estoppel is rooted in the best interests of 

the child. N.C. [v. M.H., 923 A.2d 499,] 503 [(Pa. Super. 2007)].
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Evidence of fraud or misrepresentation with regard to issues of 

paternity is relevant to the application of estoppel and must be 

considered by the trial court. N.C., supra at 503; J.C., supra at 

4; Doran, supra at 1283; Sekol [v. Delsantro, 763 A.2d 405,] 

410 [(Pa. Super. 2000)]. In some situations, fraud can preclude 

the application of paternity by estoppel. N.C., supra at 504; J.C., 

supra at 4; Sekol, supra at 411. Particularly where fraud or 

misrepresentation is involved, courts applying the doctrine of 

paternity by estoppel have taken care to consider evidence of the 

husband’s conduct toward the child not only before the husband 

learned that he was not the child’s biological father, but also after 

becoming aware of his non-parentage. N.C., supra at 502 n.4; 

J.C., supra at 4-5; Doran, supra at 1284; Sekol, supra at 410.

Vargo, 940 A.2d at 464 (citation omitted) (emphasis in original). “[T]he 

doctrine of estoppel embodies the fiction that, regardless of biology, in the 

absence of a marriage, the person who has cared for the child is the parent.” 

Brinkley v. King, 701 A.2d 176, 180 (Pa. 1997). In K.E.M. v. P.C.S., 38 

A.3d 798 (Pa. 2012), our Supreme Court reiterated that “paternity by estoppel 

continues to pertain in Pennsylvania, but it will apply only where it can be 

shown, on a developed record, that it is in the best interests of the involved 

child.” Id. at 810.

Instantly, Bigelow waited more than eight years to question Child’s 

paternity. Although Bigelow is, in fact, seeking a determination of paternity 

in a seemingly noble effort to assume and not avoid the obligations of 

fatherhood, we recognize that the doctrine of paternity by estoppel primarily 

exists to give children stability and security in knowing who their parents are. 

Vargo, supra. See Commonwealth ex rel. Gonzalez v. Andreas, 369 

A.2d 416, 418 (Pa. Super. 1976) (“[E]quitable estoppel, reduced to its 

essence, is a doctrine of fundamental fairness designed to preclude a party 
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from depriving another of a reasonable expectation when the party inducing 

the expectation albeit gratuitously knew or should have known that the other 

would rely upon that conduct to his or her detriment.”). In fact, “the 

dispositive issue [with regard to paternity by estoppel] should be whether the 

putative father has indicated by his conduct that the child is his own.” Id.

Here, the only father figure Child has known growing up is Dill, having 

lived with him and Mother for the first three years of her life. See Ellison v. 

Lopez, 959 A.2d 395, 397-98 (Pa. Super. 2008) (“Under the doctrine of 

paternity by estoppel, a putative father who is not a child’s biological father is 

estopped from challenging paternity after he has held himself out as the child’s 

father or provided support.”); see also 23 Pa.C.S. § 5102(b)(2). 

To now permit Bigelow to establish his paternity (via genetic testing) 

with regard to Child would ignore the fact that Dill: (1) is obligated to 

financially support Child; (2) has custodial rights to Child; and (3) is estopped 

from denying his paternity to Child.

3

 See Order, 3/18/21; Order, 5/24/22

(dismissing Dill’s paternity complaint/request for genetic testing, concluding 

“[Dill i]s estopped from denying paternity by [o]rder of [c]ourt on March 18, 

2021[.]”). Moreover, to grant Bigelow the relief he requests cuts against the 

long-standing application of the doctrine of paternity by estoppel, which has 

been found to apply to cases even where it is was undisputed that the putative 

____________________________________________

3 Contrary to Bigelow’s averment in his complaint to establish paternity, there 

has been a determination as to the paternity of Child, albeit by estoppel, in 

prior support and custody proceedings involving Mother and Dill. See

Clearfield County Docket No. 19-00010-SD. 
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father was not the biological father, the mother was never married to the 

putative father, and the mother was married to a third party at the time of 

the child’s birth. See Hamilton v. Hamilton, 795 A.2d 403 (Pa. Super. 

2002); R.K.J. v. S.P.K., 77 A.3d 22 (Pa. Super. 2013).

4

Bigelow also claims that the trial court abused its discretion by denying 

his fraud claim without an evidentiary hearing. Where Bigelow failed not only

to present any evidence to support a claim of fraud, but also did not include a 

fraud allegation in his complaint to establish paternity, we conclude that he 

waived any such assertion and that the court properly denied him any relief 

on that basis. See McConnel v. Berkheimer, 781 A.3d 206 (Pa. Super. 

2001) (error for trial court to order blood tests to establish paternity where 

there was no evidence to support fraud claim). See also Pa.R.C.P. 1019 

(“averments of fraud . . . shall be [stated] with particularity”).

Order affirmed.

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Instantly, the trial court concluded that because “the facts revolve around 

[C]hild, her conception, and the father figure or lack thereof, in her life . . . 

[Bigelow’s] request for genetic testing is barred by stare decisis.” Trial Court 

Opinion, 9/18/23, at 8. See Burke v. Pittsburgh Limestone Corp., 100 

A.2d 595, 598 (Pa. 1953) (“Stare decisis simply declares that for the sake of 

certainty, a conclusion reached in one case should be applied to those which 

follow, if the facts are substantially the same, even though the parties may be 

different.”). Despite the trial court deciding the matter on the alternative 

bases of stare decisis and res judicata, today we affirm on the basis of 

paternity by estoppel, recognizing that a reviewing court may affirm the 

decision of the trial court if the result is correct on any ground without regard 

to the grounds relied upon by the trial court. Butler v. De Lucca, 478 A.2d 

840, 843 (Pa. Super. 1984). Thus, we need not address Bigelow’s final claim. 
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DATE: 06/14/2024