IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2022 WY 10

 OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2021

January 24, 2022

ANNE HOLDING and CRANDALL 

CREEK RANCH, CO., a Wyoming 

corporation,

Appellants

(Plaintiffs),

v.

LARRY LUCKINBILL; THE LARRY 

LEE LUCKINBILL LIVING TRUST; 

JOHN LENNON and MELANIE 

LENNON,

Appellees

(Defendants).

S-21-0108

Appeal from the District Court of Park County

The Honorable Bill Simpson, Judge

Representing Appellants:

M. Jalie Meinecke, Meinecke & Sitz, LLC, Cody, Wyoming. Argument by Ms. 

Meinecke.

Representing Appellees Larry Luckinbill and the Larry Lee Luckinbill Living Trust:

Scott E. Kolpitcke, Copenhaver, Kitchen & Kolpitcke, LLC, Powell, Wyoming.

Argument by Mr. Kolpitcke. 

Representing Appellees John Lennon and Melanie Lennon:

Thomas P. Keegan, Keegan & Krisjansons, P.C., Cody, Wyoming. Argument by 

Mr. Keegan. 

Before FOX, C.J., and DAVIS*, KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, and GRAY, JJ.

*Justice Davis retired from judicial office effective January 16, 2022, and, pursuant to Article 5, § 5 of the 

Wyoming Constitution and Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 5-1-106(f) (LexisNexis 2021), he was reassigned to act on 

this matter on January 18, 2022.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are 

requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of 

any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the 

permanent volume.
1

GRAY, Justice.

[¶1] John and Melanie Lennon (the Lennons) leased property owned by the Larry Lee 

Luckinbill Living Trust for a 125-year term (the Lennon Lease). Anne Holding and the 

Crandall Creek Ranch Company (collectively referred to as Ms. Holding) sought a 

declaratory judgment stating that the Lennon Lease violated their right of first refusal to 

purchase the property. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and the 

district court concluded that, while the right of first refusal remained in effect, the Lennon 

Lease did not trigger it. Ms. Holding appeals and we affirm.

ISSUES

[¶2] The issues are:

1. Did the Lennon Lease trigger Ms. Holding’s right of 

first refusal?

2. Did Ms. Holding waive arguments that the rule against 

perpetuities applies to the Lennon Lease or that Mr. 

Luckinbill breached the covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing?

FACTS

[¶3] The facts are undisputed. Ms. Holding is the president of Crandall Creek Ranch 

Company, which runs a cattle operation in Park County, Wyoming. The Larry Lee 

Luckinbill Living Trust owns a large parcel of land neighboring Ms. Holding’s property. 

Mr. Luckinbill is the sole trustee of the Larry Lee Luckinbill Living Trust (Mr. Luckinbill 

and the Larry Lee Luckinbill Living Trust are hereinafter collectively referred to as Mr. 

Luckinbill). 

[¶4] On August 6, 1982, Mr. Luckinbill leased a portion of his land to Mr. Nielson, Ms. 

Holding’s predecessor in interest (the Nielson Lease). The Nielson Lease was for a term 

of three years, after which it would “continue from year to year” unless terminated by either 

party. The lease contained a right of first refusal under which Mr. Luckinbill agreed to 

“grant [Mr. Nielson] the first right to purchase the property . . . upon the same terms and 

conditions and for the same purchase price as [he] would be willing to sell the property to 

any other bona fide purchaser of the property.” According to the lease:

[U]pon receipt of a bona fide offer to purchase the property 

which is acceptable to [Mr. Luckinbill], [he agrees to] give 

[Mr. Nielson] written notice of the name and address of the 

proposed purchaser and all of the terms and conditions of the 
2

sale. [Mr. Nielson] will then have thirty (30) days in which to 

give [Mr. Luckinbill] written notice of whether [he chooses] to 

exercise [his] right to purchase the property on those terms and 

conditions, and if [he does], the sale will be completed within 

the time and in the manner specified in the notice of the offer.

If [Mr. Nielson] choose[s] not to exercise [his] right to 

purchase the property, and the sale to the person designated in 

the notice is not completed within sixty (60) days after the end 

of the thirty-day period in which [Mr. Nielson has] the right to 

exercise [the] option, then the right of first refusal granted 

herein shall be revived and shall remain in force and effect as 

if there had been no offer to purchase the property. Unless 

terminated in the manner specified above, the Right of First 

Refusal shall remain in effect for a period not to exceed twentyone (21) years after the death of the survivors of James E. 

Nielson and Glenn W. Nielson.

[¶5] On January 29, 1988, Mr. Nielson assigned the Nielson Lease to Ms. Holding. The 

assignment stated that Mr. Nielson agreed to “grant, convey and assign to [Ms. Holding] 

all of his right, title and interest in and to the [Nielson] Lease and the property that is the 

subject thereof, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, all of [Mr. 

Nielson’s] rights under the right of first refusal contained therein.” 

[¶6] At some point, Mr. Luckinbill subdivided the property subject to the Nielson Lease 

into smaller numbered parcels. After subdividing the property, he more than once honored 

Ms. Holding’s right of first refusal. In 2004, Mr. Luckinbill notified Ms. Holding of a 

proposed sale of Parcel 2, and Ms. Holding exercised her right to purchase the property. 

In 2007, Mr. Luckinbill notified Ms. Holding of a proposed sale of an 18-acre parcel. Ms. 

Holding once more exercised her right of first refusal. 

[¶7] Between 2007 and 2019, there was no sale activity.1 In the spring 2019, on two 

separate occasions, the Lennons sought to purchase different parcels (Parcel 3 and Lot 1) 

from Mr. Luckinbill. Each time, Mr. Luckinbill notified Ms. Holding of the Lennons’ 

1 On August 16, 2018, Mr. Luckinbill filed an affidavit with the Park County Clerk attesting to the 

termination of the Nielson Lease. The document stated that because “the last yearly lease payment was 

made in 2004, the lease has been null and void since 2005” and indicated that Mr. Luckinbill was “notifying 

[Ms. Holding] of termination of the Lease and included Right of First Refusal.” Twelve days later, on 

August 28, 2018, Ms. Holding filed a document entitled “Affidavit Affecting Title Notice of Survival of 

Right of First Refusal.” Ms. Holding stated in her affidavit that “even though the lease agreement portion 

of the Lease Agreement . . . has been terminated,” she “fully intend[s] to continue to hold [her] right of first 

refusal.” The validity and effect of these documents are not at issue in this appeal.
3

offer. Each time, Ms. Holding stepped into the Lennons’ shoes, purchasing the subject 

property (Parcel 3 and Lot 1).2

[¶8] The following August, the Lennons entered the Lennon Lease with Mr. Luckinbill 

for a 6.6-acre parcel with a lease payment of $1200 per year. The lease term was 125 years, 

beginning August 31, 2019, and ending September 1, 2144.3

[¶9] In April 2020, Ms. Holding named the Lennons and Mr. Luckinbill in this suit where 

she sought a declaratory judgment that the Lennon Lease violated her right of first refusal 

and asked for an injunction prohibiting the Lennons from making improvements on the 

property.4

 The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court 

granted some motions and denied others to conclude that the right of first refusal remains 

in effect, but the Lennon Lease did not trigger it.5

 Ms. Holding appeals. 

DISCUSSION

[¶10] Ms. Holding argues that the district court erred when it made certain findings in 

favor of Mr. Luckinbill and the Lennons in its decision on summary judgment. She first 

contends that because the Lennon Lease was for a 125-year term, it was a conveyance of 

the property and, as such, triggered her right of first refusal. Next, Ms. Holding argues that 

the Lennon Lease violated the rule against perpetuities and is void. Finally, she maintains 

that the district court erred by not finding Mr. Luckinbill had breached the covenant of 

good faith and fair dealing. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶11] Summary judgment is “an appropriate resolution of a declaratory judgment action”

when there are no genuine issues of material fact. City of Casper v. Holloway, 2015 WY 

93, ¶ 27, 354 P.3d 65, 73 (Wyo. 2015) (quoting Cheyenne Newspapers, Inc. v. Bldg. Code 

Bd. of Appeals of City of Cheyenne, 2010 WY 2, ¶ 8, 222 P.3d 158, 161 (Wyo. 2010)).

2 Island Lake, LLC, not Crandall Creek or Ms. Holding, took title to Lot 1. Anne Holding, individually and 

as a member of Island Lake, LLC, signed a promissory note and mortgage for the property. 

3 In October 2020, the Lennons and Mr. Luckinbill terminated the Lennon Lease and entered a second lease 

for the same parcel. That lease required the Lennons to pay Mr. Luckinbill $1200 per year and has a term 

of two years. 

4 The district court granted a temporary injunction, which it vacated after its order on summary judgment. 5 In his motion for summary judgment, Mr. Luckinbill argued that he did not violate the right of first refusal 

by entering the Lennon Lease because that lease was not an offer to sell the property and that Ms. Holding’s 

claims are moot because the Lennon Lease has been terminated. The Lennons argued summary judgment 

was warranted because their lease did not trigger the right of first refusal since it was not a sale of the 

property, the right of first refusal had been terminated in 2005 when the Nielson Lease was terminated, and 

there was no valuable consideration for the right of first refusal. In her cross-motion for summary judgment, 

Ms. Holding refuted the arguments Mr. Luckinbill and the Lennons set forth and asserted that the Lennon 

Lease is a conveyance and the Lennons were purchasers, therefore her right of first refusal was triggered. 
4

[¶12] This Court reviews the grant of summary judgment in a declaratory judgment action 

in the same way it reviews all summary judgments. Holloway, ¶ 28, 354 P.3d at 73. 

We review a district court’s order granting summary judgment

de novo and afford no deference to the district court’s ruling. 

Thornock v. PacifiCorp, 2016 WY 93, ¶ 10, 379 P.3d 175, 179 

(Wyo. 2016). This Court reviews the same materials and uses 

the same legal standard as the district court. Id. The record is 

assessed from the vantage point most favorable to the party 

opposing the motion, and we give a party opposing summary 

judgment the benefit of all favorable inferences that may fairly 

be drawn from the record. Id. A material fact is one that would 

have the effect of establishing or refuting an essential element 

of the cause of action or defense asserted by the parties. Id.

Bd. of Trustees of Laramie Cnty. v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Laramie Cnty., 2020 WY 41, 

¶ 6, 460 P.3d 251, 254 (Wyo. 2020) (quoting Est. of Weeks by & through Rehm v. WeeksRohner, 2018 WY 112, ¶ 15, 427 P.3d 729, 734 (Wyo. 2018)); see also Sikora v. City of 

Rawlins, 2017 WY 55, ¶ 13, 394 P.3d 472, 476 (Wyo. 2017); Holloway, ¶ 28, 354 P.3d at

73.

[¶13] “Statutory interpretation and construction are questions of law reviewed de novo.” 

Matter of Adoption of ATWS, 2021 WY 62, ¶ 8, 486 P.3d 158, 160 (Wyo. 2021); see also

In re Est. of Kirkpatrick, 2003 WY 125, ¶ 6, 77 P.3d 404, 406 (Wyo. 2003); In re Est. of 

Meyer, 2016 WY 6, ¶ 17, 367 P.3d 629, 634 (Wyo. 2016). When we interpret statutes, we 

aim to give effect to the legislature’s intent. Life Care Ctr. of Casper v. Barrett, 2020 WY 

57, ¶ 16, 462 P.3d 894, 898–99 (Wyo. 2020). We first look to the plain language of the 

words in the statute to determine that intent. Id. We “give effect to the ‘most likely, most 

reasonable, interpretation of the statute, given its design and purpose.’” Id. (quoting 

Sullivan v. State, 2019 WY 71, ¶ 10, 444 P.3d 1257, 1260 (Wyo. 2019), cert. denied, 140 

S.Ct. 974, 206 L.Ed.2d 130 (2020)).

We therefore construe each statutory provision in pari materia, 

giving effect to every word, clause, and sentence according to 

their arrangement and connection. To ascertain the meaning 

of a given law, we also consider all statutes relating to the same 

subject or having the same general purpose and strive to 

interpret them harmoniously. We presume that the legislature 

has acted in a thoughtful and rational manner with full 

knowledge of existing law, and that it intended new statutory 

provisions to be read in harmony with existing law and as part 

of an overall and uniform system of jurisprudence. When the 
5

words used convey a specific and obvious meaning, we need 

not go farther and engage in statutory construction.

Id. (quoting Sullivan, ¶ 10, 444 P.3d at 1260).

[¶14] Similarly, when we interpret contracts, our aim is to determine the intent of the 

contracting parties. “[C]ourts apply an objective theory of intent whereby one party’s 

intention is deemed to be that meaning a reasonable person in the position of the other 

contracting party would ascribe to the first party’s manifestations of assent.” Larson v. 

Burton Constr., Inc., 2018 WY 74, ¶ 21, 421 P.3d 538, 545 (Wyo. 2018) (quoting 17A Am. 

Jur. 2d Contracts § 29 (May 2018 update)).

[W]e interpret a contract as a whole, reading each provision in 

light of all the others to find their plain meaning. We presume 

each provision in a contract has a purpose, and we avoid 

interpreting a contract so as to find inconsistent provisions or 

so as to render any provision meaningless.

Wallop Canyon Ranch, LLC v. Goodwyn, 2015 WY 81, ¶ 35, 351 P.3d 943, 953 (Wyo. 

2015) (internal citations omitted) (quoting Claman v. Popp, 2012 WY 92, ¶ 28, 279 P.3d 

1003, 1013 (Wyo. 2012)). Finally, 

[w]e will not rewrite contracts under the guise of interpretation, 

and so long as there is no ambiguity, we are bound to apply 

contracts as they have been scrivened. Because [the] primary 

purpose is to determine the true intent and understanding of the 

parties at the time and place the agreement was made[,] the 

process begin[s] by considering de novo the plain language of 

the agreements.

Skaf v. Wyoming Cardiopulmonary Servs., P.C., 2021 WY 105, ¶ 42, 495 P.3d 887, 901 

(Wyo. 2021) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

I. Did the Lennon Lease trigger Ms. Holding’s right of first refusal?

[¶15] Ms. Holding argues that the 125-year term of the Lennon Lease rendered the lease

a sale and, as a result, triggered her right of first refusal.

A. The right of first refusal applies to sales.

[¶16] The Nielson Lease granted Mr. Nielson, and subsequently, Ms. Holding, the right 

to purchase Mr. Luckinbill’s property “upon the same terms and conditions and for the 

same purchase price as [Mr. Luckinbill] would be willing to sell the property to any other 
6

bona fide purchaser of the property.” See supra ¶ 4. It also required Mr. Luckinbill to 

“give [Mr. Nielson/Ms. Holding] written notice of the name and address of the proposed 

purchaser and all of the terms and conditions of the sale.” See supra ¶ 4. This language is 

plain and unambiguous. Ms. Holding’s right of first refusal is triggered by potential sales 

of Mr. Luckinbill’s property. 

B. Do Wyoming recording act’s definitions of purchaser and conveyance apply to 

the Lennon Lease?

[¶17] Ms. Holding argues that the Lennon Lease is a conveyance under which the Lennons 

were purchasers. She relies upon the Wyoming recording act’s definitions of “purchaser” 

and “conveyance.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-101 provides, “The term ‘purchaser’, as used

in this act shall be construed to embrace every person to whom any estate or interest in 

real estate shall be conveyed for a valuable consideration, and also every assignee of a 

mortgage or lease, or other conditional estate.” Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-101 (emphasis 

added). Section 34-1-102 provides:

The term “conveyance”, as used in this act, shall be 

construed to embrace every instrument in writing by which any 

estate or interest in real estate is created, alienated, mortgaged 

or assigned, or by which the title to any real estate may be 

affected in law or in equity, except wills, leases for a term not 

exceeding three (3) years, executory contracts for the sale or 

purchase of lands, and certificates which show that the 

purchaser has paid the consideration and is entitled to a deed 

for the lands, and contain a promise or agreement to furnish 

said deed at some future time.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-102 (LexisNexis 2021) (emphasis added).

[¶18] Ms. Holding contends that the recording act’s definitions apply to the leases at issue 

here. She argues the Lennon Lease is a conveyance (an instrument in writing which creates 

a real estate interest for the Lennons); the Lennons are purchasers (persons to whom an 

interest in real estate has been conveyed for valuable consideration); and they have been 

assigned a conditional estate. From this premise, she contends the Lennon Lease triggered 

her right of first refusal and that Mr. Luckinbill violated this right by entering into the lease 

without first giving Ms. Holding the ability to exercise it. 

[¶19] Ms. Holding cites two cases in support of her argument: Foster v. Wicklund, 778 

P.2d 118 (Wyo. 1989), and Bentley v. Dir. of Off. of State Lands & Invs., 2007 WY 94, 160 

P.3d 1109 (Wyo. 2007). The plaintiffs in Foster had a 99-year lease of residential land in 

Woods Landing, Wyoming. The plaintiffs complained of nuisance and trespass in a suit 

against the lessor’s estate and a neighbor who leased adjoining lands from the same lessor 
7

for its sawmill business. Foster, 778 P.2d at 119–20. The district court’s final judgment

held that the estate was not a proper party, the propriety of the business lease is not affected 

by the language of nearby residential leases, and a stipulation between the plaintiffs and 

the neighboring lessees settled all remaining issues. Id. at 120. The plaintiffs appealed, 

arguing that the estate was a proper party and that the district court’s findings were 

erroneous. Id. at 120–21. This Court did not consider the plaintiffs/appellants’ arguments. 

Instead, it held that the appeal was mooted by the settlement between the parties. Id. at

122–23. Justice Urbigkit, writing for the majority, described the plaintiffs’ 99-year lease 

in a footnote. He said, “Pursuant to W.S. 34-1-102, the 99-year lease constitutes a 

conveyance of real estate.” Id. at 119 n.2. The status of the parties as owners or lessees 

was not at issue in Foster. The Court did not analyze the relevance or applicability of § 34-

1-102 to the case. In short, the footnote is obiter dictum and lacks precedential force.6

[¶20] In Bentley, prior to offering certain land for sale at public auction in 1993, the State 

Board of Land Commissioners approved an easement over the land in favor of the 

Wyoming Game and Fish Commission. This easement was not executed or recorded in 

the Carbon County Clerk’s Office until 2000. The land was auctioned, and the purchaser 

entered into an installment land contract with the State which was recorded in the Office 

of the County Clerk for Carbon County on June 16, 1993. This installment land contract 

was later assigned to the Bentleys. The Bentleys paid off the contract in 2002, and the 

State of Wyoming issued a patent conveying the land to them. The patent was recorded in 

the Carbon County Clerk’s Office on May 24, 2002. Relying upon the operation of Wyo. 

Stat. Ann. § 34-1-120, the Bentleys brought suit alleging that the easement could not be 

enforced against them as bona fide purchasers. Bentley, ¶¶ 5–15, 160 P.3d at 1112–14. 

This Court affirmed the district court’s decision that the Bentleys had taken the property 

subject to the easement. The recording act’s application was squarely at issue in Bentley,

and the Court analyzed the transactions leading to the patent and the recorded instruments

under the recording act.

[¶21] The Bentleys argued that their patent related back to the original sale of the property 

in 1993, and under Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-120, the easement was void because it was not 

first recorded. Bentley, ¶¶ 15, 40, 160 P.3d at 1114, 1120.

6 Obiter dictum is:

“a remark by the way;” that is, an observation or remark made by a judge 

in pronouncing an opinion upon a cause, concerning some rule, principle, 

or application of law, or the solution of a question suggested by the case 

at bar, but not necessarily involved in the case or essential to its 

determination; any statement of the law enunciated by the court merely by 

way of illustration, argument, analogy, or suggestion. Statements and 

comments in an opinion concerning some rule of law or legal proposition 

not necessarily involved nor essential to determination of the case in hand 

are obiter dicta, and lack the force of an adjudication.

Claim of Moriarity, 899 P.2d 879, 885 n.6 (Wyo. 1995) (quoting Dictum, Black’s Law Dictionary 454 (6th 

ed. 1990)).
8

[¶22] Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-120 states:

§ 34-1-120. Unrecorded conveyance void as to subsequent 

purchasers recording first.

Every conveyance of real estate within this state, 

hereafter made, which shall not be recorded as required by law, 

shall be void, as against any subsequent purchaser or 

purchasers in good faith and for a valuable consideration of the 

same real estate or any portion thereof, whose conveyance 

shall be first duly recorded.

Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-120 (LexisNexis 2021) (emphasis added). The Bentley Court 

examined the statutory definitions of “purchaser” and “conveyance,” Wyo. Stat. Ann. 

§§ 34-1-101 (purchaser) & 34-1-102 (conveyance). It concluded that, while the Bentleys 

were purchasers, their executory contract was not a conveyance as such a contract is 

expressly excluded from the statutory definition. Bentley, ¶ 43, 160 P.3d at 1121. The 

conveying document was the patent, and because the easement was recorded before the 

Bentleys’ patent, the Bentleys were not entitled to relief under Section 120. Id. ¶ 46, 160 

P.3d at 1122.

[¶23] Ms. Holding argues that because the Bentley Court “utilized the [recording act] 

definitions of conveyance and purchaser . . . to define the transaction that took place, even 

though the recordation statute allowed no protection” to the Bentleys, we should likewise 

apply those definitions here. We find this argument unpersuasive. In Bentley, the 

recording statute was central to the resolution of the Bentleys claim that they were bona 

fide purchasers. The Court applied the statute to determine the effect of recorded 

documents. Here, there are no issues of or related to recording or the failure to record real 

estate instruments and the consequent effect on title. 

[¶24] The recording act, in defining the terms “purchaser” and “conveyance,” limits the 

definitions to “this act.”7 If the legislature had desired, it could have easily made the

definitions of purchaser and conveyance applicable outside the scope of this particular law. 

It chose not to do so.

7 According to the section notes, “this act” refers to those sections of Title 34, that comprise Wyoming’s 

recording act. The note to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-101 states: “The words ‘this act’ appearing in this section, 

refer to ch.1, Laws 1882, which appears herein as” the following statutes: Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 34-1-101 to 

-108, 34-1-110 to -113, 34-1-115 (repealed by Laws 2008), 34-1-116 (repealed by Laws 2008), 34-1-118 

to -123, 34-1-126 (repealed by Laws 2008), 34-1-127 to -128, 34-1-130, 34-1-132, 34-1-135 to -136. See 

note to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-101. The note to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 34-1-102 refers to the note to 34-1-101 

for the “Meaning of ‘this act.’”
9

[¶25] The Nielson Lease does not refer to the recording act or its definitions. Ms. 

Holding’s efforts to bootstrap the definitions found in the recording act to bolster her 

interpretation of her rights under the Nielson Lease are unavailing. The recording act 

definitions are not relevant to our interpretation of the lease language. See Barrett, ¶ 16, 

462 P.3d at 898–99 (we construe statutory provisions in pari materia, and give effect to 

every word, clause, and sentence); Cooper v. Town of Pinedale, 1 P.3d 1197, 1203 (Wyo. 

2000) (the legislature specifically limited the definition of “bond” to the Political 

Subdivision Bond Election Law, accordingly application of that definition in other 

circumstances would run against the legislature’s intent). 

C. Is the Lennon Lease a sale?

[¶26] We have defined a “lease” as “[a]ny agreement which gives rise to the relationship 

of landlord and tenant.” Belle Fourche Pipeline Co. v. State, 766 P.2d 537, 543 (Wyo. 

1988) (citations omitted). According to Black’s Law Dictionary, a lease is “[a] contract by 

which a rightful possessor of real property conveys the right to use and occupy the property 

in exchange for consideration, usu[ally] rent. The lease term can be for life, for a fixed 

period, or for a period terminable at will.” Lease, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019).

Fundamental to the relationship of landlord and tenant is the 

proposition that a lease, while very often granting exclusive 

possession of the premises to the lessee for the period specified 

in the lease, does not grant “ownership” of the land to the lessee

as that term has been defined. The very nature of a lease 

encompasses a recognition by the lessee that he does not have 

an ownership interest in the property. The necessary elements 

of the relationship of landlord and tenant have been said to be: 

“[p]ermission or consent on the part of the landlord, 

subordination to the landlord’s title and rights on the part of the 

tenant, a reversion in the landlord, an estate in the tenant, and 

the transfer of possession and control of the premises to the 

tenant under a contract either express or implied between the 

parties.” See Coggins v. Gregorio, 97 F.2d 948, 950 (10th Cir.

1938). While the landlord and tenant enjoy separate and 

distinct estates in the leased premises, it is inherent to the 

relationship that the legal title is in the landlord, and the tenant 

has only a usufructory interest limited by the term of the lease. 

Redgrave v. Schmitz, 584 S.W.2d 374 (Tex. 1979). A

leasehold is an “interest” in real estate, but it is not a freehold. 

King v. White, 499 P.2d 585 (Wyo. 1972).

Belle Fourche, 766 P.2d at 543.
10

[¶27] In contrast, a “sale of land” is the “transfer of title to real estate from one person to 

another by a contract of sale.” Sale of Land, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). In 

McGuire v. Lowery, the owners’ transfer of real property to a related entity did not trigger 

a right of first refusal because the transfer was not a sale. We held, “for a transaction to 

constitute a ‘sale’ and trigger a first right of refusal, it must involve an arms-length 

transaction resulting in an actual change in control of the burdened property . . . .” McGuire 

v. Lowery, 2 P.3d 527, 532 (Wyo. 2000).

[¶28] In Dewey, the appellants argued that appellee’s gravel extraction, oil and gas, 

grazing, and hunting leases triggered their right of first refusal. They contended that “each 

lease conveyed ‘real property’ to each lessee for money, resulting in a ‘sale’” of the 

property. Dewey v. Dewey, 2001 WY 107, ¶ 19, 33 P.3d 1143, 1148 (Wyo. 2001). We 

held that a distinguishing factor between a sale, which would trigger a right of first refusal, 

and a lease, which would not, is whether the party gaining the interest in the property has 

ownership or control over that property. Dewey, ¶ 22, 33 P.3d at 1149. “[A] ‘sale’ in the 

context of a right of first refusal is a ‘transfer for value of a significant interest in the subject 

property to a stranger who thereby gains substantial [ownership or] control over the subject 

property.’” Dewey, ¶ 22, 33 P.3d at 1149 (quoting Raymond v. Steen, 882 P.2d 852, 857 

(Wyo. 1994)); see also Rainbow Oil Co. v. Christmann, 656 P.2d 538, 543–44 (Wyo. 1982)

(finding that “sale” in context of right of first refusal is to “receive a narrower interpretation 

than is the term ‘transfer’”). We concluded that none of the leases in question “c[a]me 

close, as a matter of law, to approaching transfers involving significant interests which 

result in another party gaining substantial ownership or control over the subject property.” 

Dewey, ¶ 27, 33 P.3d at 1150.

[¶29] In Williams Gas Processing, Williams and Union Pacific (UPRC) entered into 

agreements under which they agreed to build a gas processing plant and a gas gathering 

system (the property). Williams Gas Processing--Wamsutter Co. v. Union Pac. Res. Co., 

2001 WY 57, ¶ 4, 25 P.3d 1064, 1066 (Wyo. 2001). Those agreements gave each party a 

preferential purchase right if the other “desires to sell” its interest in the property, either 

“as a separate transaction” or “in a package of assets.” Id. ¶ 3, 25 P.3d at 1065. The 

agreements also stated that there “shall be no preferential right to purchase . . . where 

[UPRC or Williams] wishes . . . to dispose of its interests by merger . . . or [by] sale or 

transfer of its interests to a subsidiary . . . .” Id. ¶ 14, 25 P.3d at 1071–72. UPRC decided 

to transfer its interest to Duke Energy (Duke). It accomplished its transfer by first 

transferring its interest to various subsidiaries, and ultimately, Union Pacific Fuels, Inc. 

(UPFI). Finally, through an agreement in which UPRC, as the “Seller,” and Duke, as the 

“Buyer,” UPFI merged with a subsidiary of Duke; the result being that Duke acquired 

UPRC’s interest. Id. ¶¶ 6–7, 25 P.3d at 1069–70. Williams contended that the merger was 

a sale that triggered its preferential purchase right. This Court agreed, relying upon our 

definition of a “sale” in the context of a right of first refusal: “[A] sale is made for purposes 

of a right of first refusal when there is a transfer for value of a significant interest in the 
11

subject property to a stranger who thereby gains substantial [ownership or] control over 

the subject property.” Id. ¶ 16, 25 P.3d at 1072 (quoting Raymond, 882 P.2d at 857). We 

concluded:

It is unmistakable that UPRC desired to sell its interest 

in [the property]. It did not wish to merge with Duke or any 

other corporate entity. Its goal was to reduce its debt by means 

of a sale of assets. UPRC solicited buyers for those assets and 

eventually “sold” them to Duke . . . . We will not argue with 

UPRC’s denomination of this transaction as a “merger” for 

whatever other purposes that may serve. However, for 

purposes relevant to the resolution of this case, we hold that it 

was a “sale.”

Id. ¶ 15, 25 P.3d at 1072. We reversed and remanded the matter to the district court with 

instructions to enforce Williams’ rights of first refusal. Id. ¶ 20, 25 P.3d at 1073.

[¶30] Applying these definitions and caselaw here, we conclude that the Lennon Lease is 

not a sale. Like the transfers in McGuire and Dewey, the Lennon Lease did not result in 

an actual change of control of the property, nor did it convey ownership. Rather, it 

conveyed the right to use the property. Under the terms of the Lennon Lease, Mr. 

Luckinbill retained ownership of and legal title to the property. The Lennons had the right 

to use the property during the term of the lease. The Lennon Lease limited the Lennons’ 

use of the property: it allowed the Lennons to use the parcel for “Personal/Family Living, 

Recreational, Agriculture and Running Livestock” and for “any Small Home Business 

within reason.” It required Mr. Luckinbill’s approval for any improvements or changes in 

use, stating that any other use must be “approved by [the] Landlord in writing,” and 

alterations to the parcel required the “written approval of the Landlord.” Further, if the 

Lennons defaulted, Mr. Luckinbill had the option of terminating the lease. 

[¶31] The Nielson Lease granted Ms. Holding the right to match an offer to purchase the 

property. This right is not triggered by a lease of the property. The Lennon Lease was not 

a sale, and it did not invoke Ms. Holding’s right of first refusal. 

II. Did Ms. Holding waive arguments that the rule against perpetuities applies to the 

Lennon Lease or that Mr. Luckinbill breached the covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing?

[¶32] Ms. Holding next argues that the district court erred when it failed to apply the rule 

against perpetuities to the Lennon Lease and when it did not find that Mr. Luckinbill 

breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Mr. Luckinbill and the Lennons argue 

that those issues were waived. 
12

A. The Rule against Perpetuities

[¶33] The district court did not rule on the question of whether the rule against perpetuities 

applies in this case. The record reflects that Ms. Holding raised the rule against perpetuities 

for the first time during the oral argument on the parties’ motions for summary judgment. 

The extent of her argument was:

If you have a contract that has this type of -- of ending 

date on it, 125 years, which violates the rule against 

perpetuities, by the way, you . . . cannot consider this just a 

lease agreement[.]

. . .

I’ve claimed that there’s a violation of the rule against 

perpetuities in my complaint,[8] but I’ve not necessarily briefed 

that at this point. But I don’t think the Court can ignore the 

rule of perpetuities in this case. The lease agreement that exists 

for 125 years absolutely violates the rule against perpetuity, so 

I think it’s invalid at the inception.

[¶34] The district court offered the parties the opportunity to supplement their arguments 

after the summary judgment, and Ms. Holding failed to do so. Ms. Holding’s statements 

at oral argument, absent authority and support in the pleadings, was insufficient to present 

the application of the rule against perpetuities to the district court. See Mirich v. State ex 

rel. Bd. of Trustees of Laramie Cnty. Sch. Dist. Two, 2021 WY 32, ¶ 44, 481 P.3d 627, 

638–39 (Wyo. 2021) (untimely argument pertaining to bonus pay was “too little, too late”). 

We have often repeated that we will not consider an issue raised for the first time on appeal.

See Stevens v. Anesthesiology Consultants of Cheyenne, LLC, 2018 WY 45, ¶ 39, 415 P.3d 

1270, 1284 (Wyo. 2018) (question of illegality of contract raised belatedly before the 

district court would not be considered on appeal); Gumpel v. Copperleaf Homeowners 

Ass’n, Inc., 2017 WY 46, ¶ 32, 393 P.3d 1279, 1291 n.7 (Wyo. 2017); In re AGS, 2014 

WY 143, ¶ 33, 337 P.3d 470, 480 (Wyo. 2014). We will not now consider Ms. Holding’s 

newly articulated argument regarding the rule against perpetuities.

B. The Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

[¶35] Ms. Holding similarly did not plead a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing in the district court. Mr. Luckinbill argued in his motion for summary judgment 

that Ms. Holding’s claims were moot because the 125-year lease had been terminated and 

he had entered into a new, two-year lease with the Lennons. See supra n.3. In response, 

8 Careful review of the complaint reveals that the rule against perpetuities was not raised there.
13

Ms. Holding argued that Mr. Luckinbill had maneuvered to avoid her right of first refusal, 

first by entering the 125-year Lennon Lease and then, once he knew that she considered 

that lease a conveyance, by terminating the Lennon Lease and entering a new two-year 

lease with them. Ms. Holding now asserts these actions constituted “attempts . . . to avoid 

and undermine [Ms. Holding’s] right of first refusal . . .” in violation of “the[] covenant to 

operate in good faith and fair dealing . . . .” At oral argument, Ms. Holding’s attorney told 

the district court:

[C]learly I did not talk about the second lease agreement or 

terminating the first lease agreement in my complaint, because 

all that was done after I filed my complaint . . . . [T]he 

defendants took this action as remedial action after I filed the 

complaint, so certainly I had no basis to say that there was a 

breach of the good faith and fair dealing in my complaint 

because of the fact that this hadn’t occurred at the time.

We certainly could have amended our complaint to -- to 

include those facts and to claim breach of contract, breach of 

good faith and fair dealing, ask for some sort of damages in this 

matter, but we didn’t feel the need to do that, Your Honor. We 

still just want you to tell us what the effect of this lease is on 

the right of first refusal. And so I’m going to go forward in 

that notion, Your Honor, that we really just want to know what 

you think.

Ms. Holding expressly waived her claim for breach of the covenant of good faith and fair 

dealing. She cannot now raise the issue on appeal. See Verheydt v. Verheydt, 2013 WY 

25, ¶ 30, 295 P.3d 1245, 1253 (Wyo. 2013) (husband’s express waiver of an evidentiary 

hearing precluded his ability to challenge the process on appeal).

CONCLUSION

[¶36] The Lennon Lease did not trigger Ms. Holding’s right of first refusal. Ms. Holding 

waived arguments that the rule against perpetuities applies to the Lennon Lease and that 

Mr. Luckinbill breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. We affirm.