United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 18-1590

IRMA AGUILAR-ESCOTO,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND,

UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent.

PETITION FOR REVIEW OF AN ORDER OF

THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

Before

Barron, Chief Judge,

Howard and Kayatta, Circuit Judges.

Kenyon C. Hall, with whom Jack W. Pirozzolo, Sidley Austin, 

LLP, Charles G. Roth, National Immigrant Justice Center, and Carlos 

E. Estrada were on brief, for petitioner.

Yanal H. Yousef, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration 

Litigation, with whom Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, 

Civil Division, and Anthony P. Nicastro, Assistant Director, 

Office of Immigration Litigation, were on brief, for respondent.

February 7, 2023
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HOWARD, Circuit Judge. For the second time, petitioner 

Irma Aguilar-Escoto, a native and citizen of Honduras, asks us to 

vacate the Board of Immigration Appeals' ("BIA" or the "Board")

rejection of her claim for withholding of removal. When this case 

was last before us, we vacated the BIA's prior order and instructed 

the Board to consider the potentially significant documentary 

evidence submitted in support of Aguilar's claim. See AguilarEscoto v. Sessions, 874 F.3d 334, 335 (1st Cir. 2017). Today, we 

conclude that the BIA again failed to properly consider significant 

documentary evidence. Consequently, we vacate the Board's removal 

order and remand for further proceedings.

I.

Aguilar first entered the United States in 2005. She 

was apprehended and removed soon thereafter, but she reentered the 

United States in 2009. When Aguilar was again apprehended, the 

Department of Homeland Security ("DHS") filed a notice of intent 

to reinstate her prior removal order. She applied for withholding 

of removal. At her merits hearing before an Immigration Judge 

("IJ") in 2013, Aguilar described pervasive abuse that she endured

at the hands of her ex-husband, Victor Gonzales. Aguilar alleged 

that this abuse occurred both during and after their marriage of 

several years. She testified that she fled Honduras to escape the 

abuse. Aguilar also submitted documentary evidence related to the 

abuse, including:
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• A 2013 psychological evaluation report by Dr. Sarah LeVine, 

a United States-based clinician, that diagnosed Aguilar with 

Major Depressive Disorder in partial remission and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in remission.

• A record from the Medical Association of Honduras regarding 

treatment that Aguilar received from a psychiatrist in 

Honduras for emotional symptoms stemming from domestic 

violence.

• A family court order from Honduras that detailed some of the 

mistreatment, ordered Gonzales to stay away from Aguilar,

and gave Aguilar custody of their daughters.

• Copies of three formal complaints filed with the police:

One from July 13, 2004, detailing threats and harassment by 

Gonzales against Aguilar after the two had separated; one 

describing a June 14, 2008, incident in which Gonzales struck 

Aguilar while she was pregnant; and another from August 8, 

2008, accusing Gonzales of striking Aguilar and threatening 

to kill her.

• A personal declaration in which Aguilar attested to longterm physical and verbal abuse.

• Two affidavits, one from Aguilar's brother and another from 

the brother of her then-current partner, attesting to the 

abuse she endured from Gonzales.
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In a written decision in 2014, the IJ denied Aguilar's 

application for withholding of removal. The IJ found Aguilar to 

be not credible, citing inconsistencies between her testimony, 

prior interviews with immigration officials, and documentary 

evidence. The IJ also found that Aguilar could not overcome her 

lack of credibility with enough objective evidence to establish

past persecution.

Aguilar appealed the IJ's decision. In January 2016, 

the BIA dismissed the appeal. In doing so, however, the BIA solely 

considered the IJ's adverse credibility ruling and failed to 

mention the documentary evidence related to Aguilar's abuse. 

Ruling that the IJ did not clearly err in its adverse credibility 

determination, the BIA concluded that Aguilar had failed to meet 

the requirements for asylum (though she was not applying for 

asylum). The BIA then concluded that she had similarly failed to 

establish eligibility for withholding of removal, because 

withholding of removal "has a higher burden of proof" than asylum.1

On appeal, this Court vacated the BIA's 2016 decision 

because the Board had failed to consider the documentary evidence 

and whether that evidence, standing on its own, was sufficient to 

1 Aguilar had also applied for protection under the Convention 

Against Torture, which was similarly denied by the IJ and BIA. 

She did not challenge the denial of her CAT claim in her previous 

appeal or this one, and we deemed it waived. Aguilar-Escoto, 874 

F.3d at 336 n.1.
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support Aguilar's claim of past persecution. See Aguilar-Escoto, 

874 F.3d at 337-38. We reasoned that, because withholding of 

removal requires only an objective showing rather than a subjective 

one, a lack of credibility is not fatal to the claim. Id. We 

therefore remanded to the BIA to consider whether the objective 

evidence -- absent Aguilar's discredited testimony -- was 

sufficient to support Aguilar's withholding petition. Id.

In May 2018, the BIA issued a new decision in which it 

once again affirmed the ruling of the IJ. This time, the BIA 

mentioned some of the objective evidence in its analysis, including 

the July 2004 and June 2008 police reports, the July 2004 family 

court order, the affidavits of Aguilar's brother and her partner's 

brother, and the letter from the Medical Association of Honduras.

The BIA did not mention the August 2008 complaint, instead stating 

that Aguilar "provided only two complaints." The BIA also did not 

mention Dr. LeVine's report and diagnosis or Aguilar's personal 

declaration. After comparing the objective evidence with 

Aguilar's testimony, the BIA concluded that "[o]n this record" 

there was no "clear error in the Immigration Judge's determination

that the applicant did not establish harm sufficiently severe to

amount to past persecution." The BIA also held that the IJ did 

not clearly err in determining that Aguilar did not show a 

likelihood of future persecution, including finding that she had 

not shown that the Honduran government is unwilling or unable to 
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protect her or that she would not be able to avoid harm by 

relocating within Honduras. Lastly, the BIA again upheld the IJ's 

adverse credibility determination, finding the IJ did not clearly 

err in that determination. This appeal followed. 

II.

"Where the BIA does not adopt the IJ's findings, we 

review the BIA's decision rather than the IJ's." Lin v. Mukasey, 

521 F.3d 22, 26 (1st Cir. 2008) (citing Georcely v. Ashcroft, 375 

F.3d 45, 49 (1st Cir. 2004)). Here, the BIA did not say that it 

was adopting the IJ's decision, only that the IJ's findings were 

not clearly erroneous. Therefore, we focus our review on the BIA's 

decision. See Lin, 521 F.3d at 26 (reviewing only BIA decision 

when BIA did not expressly adopt IJ's decision and merely said 

that IJ's findings were not clearly erroneous). 

We review the BIA's legal conclusions de novo, "but with 

some deference to the agency's reasonable interpretation of 

statutes and regulations that fall within its sphere of authority." 

Jianli Chen v. Holder, 703 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2012). We review 

findings of fact under the "substantial evidence" standard, 

meaning that we will not disturb such findings if they are 

"supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on 

the record considered as a whole." Xin Qiang Liu v. Lynch, 802 

F.3d 69, 74 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting Hasan v. Holder, 673 F.3d 26, 

33 (1st Cir. 2012)).
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Aguilar argues that the BIA erred by failing to follow

this Court's instruction to independently consider on remand the 

documentary evidence and to determine whether that evidence 

sufficed to establish past persecution. We review de novo whether 

the BIA's decision comports with this Court's remand order. 

Sullivan v. Hudson, 490 U.S. 877, 886 (1989) ("Deviation from the 

court's remand order in the subsequent administrative proceedings 

is itself legal error . . . ."). Under this standard, we agree 

with Aguilar that the BIA failed to comply with our order to 

"address whether, setting Aguilar's testimony to one side, the 

documentary evidence entitled her to relief." Aguilar-Escoto, 874 

F.3d at 337.

As we noted in our prior decision in this case, "while 

the BIA need not 'discuss every piece of evidence offered,' it is 

'required to consider all relevant evidence in the record.'" 

Aguilar-Escoto, 874 F.3d at 337 (emphasis in original) (quoting

Lin, 521 F.3d at 28). "When the BIA's decision is neither 

inconsistent with [the evidence at issue] nor gives reason to 

believe the BIA was unaware of it, we have no reason to doubt that 

the agency considered the evidence." Domingo-Mendez v. Garland, 

47 F.4th 51, 58 (1st Cir. 2022) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Lin, 521 F.3d at 28). However, "it cannot turn a blind eye to 

salient facts" and "must fairly appraise the record." Sihotang v. 

Sessions, 900 F.3d 46, 51 (1st Cir. 2018).
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Here, the BIA's decision gives strong reason to believe 

the BIA turned a blind eye to key relevant evidence. In its 

decision, the BIA wrote that "the applicant provided only two 

complaints, one dated July 13, 2004, and the other, June 14, 2008" 

(emphasis added). The record, however, contains a third complaint 

from August 8, 2008, which details that Gonzales was being 

investigated because there was evidence that he had struck Aguilar 

and threatened to kill her. The BIA's reference to "only two 

complaints" strongly suggests it overlooked this third complaint, 

and the government itself concedes the BIA "erred" in its statement 

that there were only two complaints and "failed to address" the 

August 2008 complaint.

This third complaint -- containing evidence of death

threats and physical violence -- is highly relevant to the inquiry 

of whether Aguilar experienced past persecution. We have long 

held that "credible, specific threats can amount to persecution if 

they are severe enough" -- particularly if they are death threats.

Javed v. Holder, 715 F.3d 391, 395-96 (1st Cir. 2013); see also

Amouri v. Holder, 572 F.3d 29, 33 (1st Cir. 2009) ("[T]hreats of 

murder easily qualify as sufficiently severe harm."); Sok v. 

Mukasey, 526 F.3d 48, 54 (1st Cir. 2008) ("[W]e have often 

acknowledged that credible threats can, depending on the 

circumstances, amount to persecution . . . ."); Un v. Gonzales, 

415 F.3d 205, 210 (1st Cir. 2005) ("[C]redible verbal death threats 
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may fall within the meaning of 'persecution.'"); Aguilar-Solis v. 

INS, 168 F.3d 565, 570 (1st Cir. 1999) ("[P]ersecution encompasses 

more than threats to life or freedom, but less than mere harassment 

or annoyance." (citations omitted)). Moreover, we have recognized 

that "the addition of physical violence, although not required, 

makes a threat more likely to constitute persecution." Javed, 715 

F.3d at 396. The August 2008 complaint overlooked by the Board 

contained additional evidence of Gonzales both physically harming 

Aguilar and threatening to kill her. It was thus highly relevant 

to the issue the BIA was confronting: whether Aguilar had suffered 

past persecution.

The BIA's lack of meaningful analysis on this issue 

provides further grounds for believing it did not consider the 

August 2008 complaint. The BIA never mentioned that Gonzales had 

threatened Aguilar with death, mentioning only that he had 

"threatened the applicant and her family" without discussing the 

content of those threats. Nor did it engage with our case law 

regarding the ability of credible death threats to amount to past 

persecution, other than by attempting to undermine Aguilar's 

argument by citing to a case that actually supports it. The BIA 

cited to Lopez de Hincapie v. Gonzales, 494 F.3d 213 (1st Cir. 

2007), for the proposition that "one element in the decisional 

calculus as to whether an asylum applicant has been persecuted 

involves the degree of the harm inflicted or threatened. To rise 
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to the level of persecution, the sum of an asylum applicant's 

experiences must add up to more than ordinary harassment, 

mistreatment, or suffering." Yet the BIA overlooked the very next 

sentence in Lopez de Hincapie, which continued: "Because threats 

of murder would fit neatly under this carapace, we assume, 

favorably to the petitioner, that she has met this prong of the 

test for persecution." Lopez de Hincapie, 494 F.3d at 217

(emphasis added) (citations omitted). Notably, the other two 

complaints the BIA did discuss do not explicitly include threats 

of death toward Aguilar. The July 2004 complaint says he 

"threatened" her and threatened to kill her current partner if she 

didn't leave him, but it did not specify whether Gonzales 

threatened Aguilar with death. The June 2008 complaint meanwhile 

includes insults and physical violence but no mention of death 

threats. Thus, the August 2008 complaint would have significant 

bearing on whether the objective evidence in the record included 

threats of death.2 The BIA's failure to mention it -- or to even 

mention that Aguilar had been threatened with death -- strongly 

2 The BIA similarly did not discuss Dr. LeVine's report, which 

also included discussion of death threats. Given that the 

narrative elements of this report were based primarily on Aguilar's 

statements and the IJ found she was not credible, we defer to the 

BIA to determine how much weight to give the events outlined in 

this report. However, in addition to the narrative contents, the 

evaluation is certainly probative for its determination that 

Aguilar suffered from symptoms consistent with Major Depressive 

Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in remission.
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suggests it "completely overlooked critical evidence." Sihotang, 

900 F.3d at 51; cf. Domingo-Mendez, 47 F.4th at 58 (noting that, 

despite the BIA's failure to mention specific facts, it did 

acknowledge possible effects consistent with those facts); Lin, 

521 F.3d at 28 (finding "no reason to surmise that the BIA 

overlooked the background information in the record" where 

"nothing in the BIA's decision . . . is inconsistent with" that 

information).

Although the government concedes the BIA's mistake in 

stating that there were only two complaints, it urges that this 

"oversight . . . is mitigated by the fact that the immigration 

judge did in fact reference the document . . . and considered it 

in finding that [Aguilar] did not establish past persecution."

But the BIA cannot here rely on the IJ's decision to fill holes in 

its own reasoning, for the following three reasons.

First, as discussed above, where the BIA does not adopt 

the IJ's findings but only states that they were not clearly 

erroneous, we review the BIA's decision alone rather than the IJ's

decision. Lin, 521 F.3d at 26 (citing Georcely, 375 F.3d at 49).

Second, in determining whether the IJ's finding of no 

past persecution was clearly erroneous, the Board itself was 

required to consider all evidence relevant to that analysis. This 

it did not do. As the petitioner argues, the Board primarily 

discussed the documentary evidence in comparison with Aguilar's 
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testimony and did not provide a thorough analysis of whether the 

harm outlined in the documentary evidence compelled a finding that 

it rose to the level of past persecution. Indeed, the BIA never 

even mentioned that Gonzales had threatened Aguilar with death, 

instead merely mentioning that he had "threatened the applicant 

and her family." The contents of a threat have significant bearing 

on whether it would rise to the level of persecution. See, e.g., 

Sok, 526 F.3d at 54 ("[W]e have often acknowledged that credible 

threats can, depending on the circumstances, amount to 

persecution, especially when the assailant threatens the 

petitioner with death . . . ." (emphasis added)). "The agency 

need not spell out every last detail of its reasoning where the 

logical underpinnings are clear from the record." Enwonwu v. 

Gonzales, 438 F.3d 22, 35 (1st Cir. 2006). "However, the agency 

'is obligated to offer more explanation when the record suggests 

strong arguments for the petitioner that the [agency] has not 

considered.'" Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Sulaiman v. 

Gonzales, 429 F.3d 347, 350 (1st Cir. 2005)). The BIA failed to 

meet this standard given its total lack of analysis -- or, indeed, 

mention -- of whether the death threats Aguilar experienced coupled 

with physical violence rose to the level of persecution. Cf.

Sihotang, 900 F.3d at 51 (finding the BIA abused its discretion 

where it "appear[ed] to have completely overlooked critical 

evidence").
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Lastly, although the issue is not raised by the parties, 

the BIA should have applied de novo review rather than clear error 

review in determining whether the past threats and harm Aguilar

experienced rose to the level of past persecution. See Matter of 

Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 586, 590-91 (B.I.A. 2015); Matter of A-SB-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 493, 496 (B.I.A. 2008), overruled in part on 

other grounds by Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 589-91. The 

Board reviews an IJ's findings of fact, including determinations 

as to credibility and the likelihood of future events, under a 

"clearly erroneous" standard. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i); Matter 

of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 590. It reviews all other issues, 

including issues of law, judgment, or discretion, under a de novo 

standard. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(ii). The Board has held that 

an IJ's findings regarding the facts underlying a hardship claim 

are reviewed for clear error, while the determination of whether 

those facts meet the legal definition of "past persecution" is 

reviewed de novo. Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496; see 

also DeCarvalho v. Garland, 18 F.4th 66, 73 (1st Cir. 2021) (noting 

the BIA reviews de novo an IJ's determinations of how the law 

applies to facts, "e.g., whether [a particular] harm rises to the 

level of torture"). In applying de novo review, the BIA should 

have completed its own assessment of whether the documentary 

evidence provided rose to the level of past persecution. It is 

impossible to see how the BIA could adequately complete such an 
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analysis without mentioning the death threat and physical violence 

outlined in the August 2008 complaint.

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the BIA failed 

to comply with this Court's remand order.3

III.

Having determined that the BIA failed to follow our 

remand order, we now turn to the government's argument that we 

should nevertheless affirm based on the IJ's and BIA's findings 

that Aguilar failed to show that the Honduran government is not 

"unwilling or unable" to protect her from harm. We find this 

argument unavailing for the simple reason that neither the IJ nor 

the BIA addressed this issue as it regarded past persecution and 

therefore cannot be relied on here to invalidate Aguilar's claim 

for relief.

In order to constitute "persecution" for purposes of 

asylum and withholding of removal, harm must either be perpetrated 

by the government itself or by a private actor that the government 

is unwilling or unable to control. See Rosales Justo v. Sessions, 

895 F.3d 154, 162 (1st Cir. 2018). If an individual establishes 

that they were subject to past persecution -- including meeting 

the requirement of government unwillingness or inability to 

3 We need not address Aguilar's other arguments for remand, 

as we find the BIA's failure to comply with our prior remand order 

sufficient to vacate the BIA's order and remand the case.
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protect them -- they are entitled to a presumption that they will 

face persecution in the future on the basis of the original claim. 

See 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b)(1)(i). The burden then shifts to the 

government to rebut this presumption by showing either a 

fundamental change in circumstances or the possibility of internal 

relocation to avoid persecution if relocation would be reasonable 

under all the circumstances. Id.

In Aguilar's case, the IJ never addressed whether she 

had shown that the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to 

protect her from the past harm perpetrated by Gonzales. The IJ 

cut off the inquiry into past persecution upon determining that 

the harm detailed in the documentary evidence Aguilar presented 

was insufficient to rise to the level of persecution. Instead, 

the IJ's sole discussion of government involvement took place under 

the heading "Future Persecution." The Board then affirmed the 

IJ's findings regarding future persecution, including that "the 

applicant did not show that the government of Honduras is unable 

or unwilling to protect her from Mr. Gonzales" (emphasis added). 

The determination of future unwillingness or inability to act is 

a different inquiry than that of past unwillingness or inability. 

And, importantly, if Aguilar succeeds in establishing that she 

experienced past persecution at the hands of a private actor that 

the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to control, she is 

entitled to a presumption of future persecution that DHS bears the 
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burden of rebutting.4 Therefore, the BIA's and IJ's findings on 

this point cannot dispose of Aguilar's claims for relief.

IV.

Lastly, we contend with Aguilar's request for us to find 

that substantial evidence compels a finding of past persecution. 

In line with our earlier decision regarding this same case, "[w]e 

take no position on the merits of the IJ's holding that the abuse 

reflected in the documentary evidence was not sufficiently severe 

to warrant relief. This issue is best left to be addressed by the 

BIA in the first instance." Aguilar-Escoto, 874 F.3d at 337. 

Despite our remand, the BIA has yet to properly address this issue. 

We therefore defer to the Board to review this issue de novo on 

remand. See Matter of Z-Z-O-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 590-91; Matter 

of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496.

We do, however, take this opportunity to acknowledge the 

tension between the standards of review applied to past persecution 

by the BIA and circuit courts. As the Tenth Circuit has written, 

"there is serious reason to question whether this court should 

4 Similarly, if Aguilar establishes past persecution, DHS 

bears the burden of showing she "could avoid a future threat 

to . . . her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the 

proposed country of removal and, under all the circumstances, it 

would be reasonable to expect [her] to do so." 8 C.F.R. § 

208.16(b)(1)(i). The Board's finding that "the record does not

indicate that [Aguilar] would not be able to relocate in Honduras"

is therefore similarly of no value in resolving her claim here. 

It also does not appear the IJ ever addressed this issue in the 

first instance.
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treat the BIA's ultimate determination as to the existence of 

persecution (i.e., whether a given set of facts amounts to 

persecution) as factual in nature." Xue v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 1099, 

1104 (10th Cir. 2017). The BIA itself is prohibited from reviewing 

an IJ's factual determinations de novo and has "specifically 

determined that the ultimate resolution whether a given set of 

facts amount to persecution is a question of law reviewed de novo." 

Id. (citing Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 496-97). Yet we

and many of our sister circuits have largely applied the 

"substantial evidence" standard reserved for factual findings to 

the determination of whether a given set of facts meets the 

standard of persecution. See, e.g., Yong Gao v. Barr, 950 F.3d 

147, 152 (1st Cir. 2020) (applying the substantial evidence 

standard); Martínez-Pérez v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 33, 40 (1st Cir. 

2018) (same); Vicente–Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086, 1091 (10th 

Cir. 2008) ("In this circuit, the ultimate determination whether 

an alien has demonstrated persecution is a question of fact, even 

if the underlying factual circumstances are not in dispute and the 

only issue is whether those circumstances qualify as 

persecution."); Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1060 (9th Cir. 

2021) ("We also review for substantial evidence the BIA's 

particular determination that a petitioner's past harm 'do[es] not 

amount to past persecution.'" (alteration in original) (quoting 

Villegas Sanchez v. Garland, 990 F.3d 1173, 1179 (9th Cir. 2021)));
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Thayalan v. Att'y Gen., 997 F.3d 132, 137 (3d Cir. 2021) ("Whether 

an asylum applicant has demonstrated past persecution . . . is a 

factual determination reviewed under the substantial evidence 

standard." (quoting Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 613 (3d Cir. 

2005))). But see Huo Qiang Chen v. Holder, 773 F.3d 396, 403 (2d 

Cir. 2014) (“[W]hether certain events, if they occurred, would 

constitute persecution as defined by the INA is a question of 

law.”); Alavez–Hernandez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1063, 1066 (8th Cir. 

2013) (noting the question of whether conditions were "severe 

enough to constitute past persecution . . . is a question of law 

we review de novo"). As the Tenth Circuit observed, "[u]nless the 

BIA's decision in In re A–S–B– is wrong, it appears entirely likely 

this court should be treating BIA decisions on the ultimate 

question of the existence of persecution as legal in nature." Xue, 

846 F.3d at 1106; see also Liang v. Att'y Gen., 15 F.4th 623, 627

(3d Cir. 2021) (Jordan, J., concurring) ("The question of what 

events occurred or may occur 'is factual in nature and is subject 

to clearly erroneous review by the BIA' and substantial evidence 

review by this Court; while the question of 'whether those events 

meet the legal definition of persecution [ ] is reviewed de novo

because it is plainly an issue of law.'" (alteration in original) 

(quoting Huang v. Att'y Gen., 620 F.3d 372, 379, 383 (3d Cir. 

2010))). As in Xue, this issue was not raised by the parties here 

on appeal, and our own precedent has made clear that we apply the 
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substantial evidence standard to such determinations (even though 

we have never questioned the correctness of the review structure

outlined by Matter of A-S-B- and Matter of Z-Z-O-). See e.g., 

Yong Gao, 950 F.3d at 152; Martínez-Pérez, 897 F.3d at 40; Topalli

v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 128, 131 (1st Cir. 2005) ("We review the 

BIA's determination that Topalli failed to show past persecution 

under the deferential substantial evidence standard."). But cf.

DeCarvalho, 18 F.4th at 73 (noting in the Convention Against 

Torture context that "whether a person is likely to suffer a 

particular harm" is a finding of fact the BIA reviews for clear 

error whereas "whether such harm rises to the level of torture"

requires applying the law to those facts and is reviewed de novo 

by the BIA). We therefore leave this issue to another day.

V.

Given the BIA's failure to properly consider the 

documentary evidence in accordance with this Court's prior remand 

order, we grant the petition for review, vacate the Board's 

decision in its entirety, and remand for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.