# Patent

## Title
Modified santalene synthase polypeptides, encoding nucleic acid molecules and uses thereof

## Abstract

Provided are modified santalene synthase polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and methods of using the modified santalene synthase polypeptides. The modified santalene synthase polypeptides include those that catalyze production of increased levels of terpenes or altered profiles thereof or both.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
Benefit of priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/973,148, filed Mar. 31, 2014, entitled “MODIFIED SANTALENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF,” to Jean Davin Amick and Bryan N. Julien.
This application is related to International PCT Application Serial No., to Jean Davin Amick and Bryan N. Julien, filed the same day herewith, entitled “MODIFIED SANTALENE SYNTHASE POLYPEPTIDES, ENCODING NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/973,148.
The subject matter of each of the above-noted applications is incorporated by reference in its entirety.


INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING PROVIDED ELECTRONICALLY
An electronic version of the Sequence Listing is filed herewith, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The electronic file was created on Mar. 30, 2015 is 935 kilobytes in size, and titled 239seq001.txt.
FIELD OF INVENTION
Provided are modified santalene synthase polypeptides, nucleic acid molecules encoding the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and methods of using the modified santalene synthase polypeptides.
BACKGROUND
Santalum sp. santalene synthases are terpene synthases that catalyze the formation of santalenes and bergamotene, including α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and epi-β-santalene, from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). These santalene and bergamotene sesquiterpenes can be converted chemically or biosynthetically to the sesquiterpene alcohols α-santalol, β-santalol, α-exo-bergamotol and epi-β-santalol. Santalols, bergamotol, santalenes and bergamotene are the main components of sandalwood oil, an important ingredient in the perfume industry for its soft, sweet-woody and animal-balsamic odor.
Historically, sandalwood oil has been obtained by distillation of the heartwood of Santalum species but centuries of over-exploitation has led to the demise of sandalwood in natural stands. Although large plantations are being established throughout northern Australia to satisfy demand and conserve remaining reserves, there is great variation in the amount of heartwood oil produced, even under near-identical growing conditions, due to genetic and environmental factors, such as climate and local conditions. Although chemical approaches to generate santalols and the other sesquiterpenoids in sandalwood oil have been attempted, the highly complex structures of these compounds have rendered economically viable synthetic processes for their preparation in large quantities unattainable. Thus, there is a need for efficient, cost-effective syntheses of santalols and other sesquiterpenoids that impart the highly sought after sandalwood fragrance for use in the fragrance industry.
Thus, among the objects herein, is the provision of modified santalene synthases and methods of using the modified santalene synthase for the production of santalenes, bergamotene, santalols and bergamotol.
SUMMARY
Provided are nucleic acid molecules encoding modified santalene synthase polypeptides, including catalytically active fragments of the synthase polypeptides that include the modifications. The encoded modified polypeptides also are provided, as are host cells, that contain the nucleic acid molecules and/or polypeptides, where the nucleic acid molecules and encoded polypeptides are heterologous to the cells. If the cells are human cells, they are isolated or are a cell culture. The synthase polypeptides include catalytically active fragments that catalyze production of a terpene(s) from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP.
Methods for producing terpene products are provided. The terpene products can be produced in vivo, such as in host cells, or in vitro. In vivo production can be effected, for example, by culturing the cells under conditions such that the encoded heterologous synthase is expressed and catalyzes production of a terpene product or products. Methods for producing the encoded synthases by culturing the cells also are provided. Among the encoded modified synthase polypeptides are those that catalyze increased production total terpenes, increased santalene and/or an altered product profile. The encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide does not contain the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258.
All nucleic acid molecules can be cDNA and can be isolated or provided in a cell, particularly a cell, such as yeast cell, in which the encoded synthase is heterologous. The modifications described herein are with reference to Santalum album santalene synthase (SaSSy) whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Also included are modified variants of other Santalum species, such as modified variants of a santalene synthase whose sequence is set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, where the modifications are identified by alignment of the unmodified polypeptide with SEQ ID NO:1 (See FIGS. 2A-F and FIGS. 3A-C). For each nucleic acid molecule described herein, the encoded synthase polypeptide is provided as host cells containing each nucleic acid molecule and each encoded synthase polypeptide. Host cells include any suitable cell for expression of the encoded polypeptides, including, but not limited to, yeast and plant cells. If the cells are human cells, they are isolated or cultured.
In general, the nucleic acid molecules encode molecules that exhibit at least 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1, which sets forth the sequence of a synthase isolated from Santalene Album (see, U.S. Pat. No. 8,569,025). In some embodiments, the modified polypeptides have at least 80% sequence identity with the polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:1, and in general up to 85% sequence identity. In other embodiments the modified encoded synthase has at least 75% sequence identity and less than 94% sequence identity, such as between 80% and less than 94%, between 85% and less than 94%, particularly less than 94%. For example, the nucleic acid molecules encode a synthase with a sequence of amino acids selected from among less than 94% and more than 80%; less than 93% and more than 80%; less than 92% and more than 80%; less than 95% and more than 82%; less than 94% and more than 82%; less than 93% and more than 82%; less than 92% and more than 82%; less than 95% and more than 85%; less than 94% and more than 85%; less than 93% and more than 85%; and less than 92% and more than 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 as determined by alignment. In other embodiments that modified synthase contains only or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 or 120 modifications, such as least 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 or 120. Modifications include amino acid replacements, insertions and deletions.
Among the provided nucleic acid molecules are those encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that catalyzes production of increased amount of a terpene product(s). These nucleic acid molecules encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide containing an amino acid modification(s) in an unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide having the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or in a catalytically active fragment thereof that contains the modifications; the amino acid modification(s) are selected from among amino acid replacement(s), deletion(s) and insertion(s); the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 75% sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; the modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of total terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of the same total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions; the host cell is a cell that produces FPP; and the terpene product or product is a sesquiterpene, such as, but not limited to one or more of α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, or stereoisomers and mixtures thereof. Exemplary of encoded modified santalene synthases are those that catalyze increased amounts of total terpene products produced from FPP compared to the total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. In particular, the amount of increase is more than 100%, such as, at least 103%, such as 105% to 500%, 110% to 250%, 125% to 500%, 125% to 250%, 130% to 500%, 130% to 250%, 150% to 500%, or 150% to 250%.
Exemplary of these nucleic acid molecules are those that encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide containing an amino acid replacement corresponding to replacement at a position selected from among positions 28, 31, 56, 64, 73, 110, 117, 170, 183, 206, 213, 342, 342, 345, 346, 363, 379, 381, 385, 405, 408, 436, 452, 480, 487, 518 and 548, with reference to SEQ ID NO:1. Corresponding positions are identified by alignment of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide with the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Particular replacements do not correspond to A28S, N31S, K73M, I112V, V346T, E487G or E487Q, with reference to SEQ ID NO:1.
Among the nucleic acid molecules that encode synthase polypeptides that catalyze the increased amounts of terpene, such as santalene, are any of the above that contain an amino acid replacement(s) selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to A28G, N31A, I56K, L64E, L64Q, K73E, F110L, I112N, I112Q, S117E, S117D, S117N, S170A, N183E, N183K, N183D, K206G, K206Q, K206A, K206S, K206T, K213R, R342H, R342G, R342S, R342Q, C345L, C345P, C345T, V346A, F363Y, Y379I, S381P, F385L, G405S, T408A, A436C, L452I, S480A, E487S, S518E, T548A, T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same replacement(s) at a corresponding amino acid residue in the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide.
Any of the nucleic acid molecules encoding modified santalene synthase polypeptides that catalyze increased production of terpene products can include modifications corresponding to substitution of one or more domains or contiguous portions thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide with the corresponding heterologous domain or contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, from a different terpene synthase (i.e. domain swap). In particular, such nucleic acid molecules that contain one or more heterologous domains (i.e. domain swaps) include those encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide containing an amino acid replacement(s) selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to A28G, N31A, I56K, L64E, L64Q, K73E, F110L, I112N, I112Q, S117E, S117D, S117N, S170A, N183E, N183K, N183D, K206G, K206Q, K206A, K206S, K206T, K213R, R342H, R342G, R342S, R342Q, C345L, C345P, C345T, V346A, F363Y, Y379I, S381P, F385L, G405S, T408A, A436C, L452I, S480A, E487S, S518E, T548A, T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same replacement(s) at a corresponding amino acid residue in the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide.
The nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase with modified domains include those in which the domain that is modified is selected from among unstructured loop 1, alpha helix 1, unstructured loop 2, alpha helix 2, unstructured loop 3, alpha helix 3, unstructured loop 4, alpha helix 4, unstructured loop 5, alpha helix 5, unstructured loop 6, beta strand 1, unstructured loop 7, beta strand 2, unstructured loop 8, alpha helix 6, unstructured loop 9, alpha helix 7, unstructured loop 10, alpha helix 8, unstructured loop 11, alpha helix 9, unstructured loop 12, alpha helix 10, unstructured loop 13, alpha helix A, alpha helix C, unstructured loop 15, alpha helix D, unstructured loop 16, alpha helix D1, unstructured loop 17, alpha helix D2, alpha helix E, unstructured loop 18, alpha helix F, unstructured loop 19, alpha helix G1, alpha helix G2, unstructured loop 20, alpha helix H1, alpha helix H2, unstructured loop 21, alpha helix α1, unstructured loop 22, alpha helix I, unstructured loop 23, alpha helix J, unstructured loop 24, alpha helix K and unstructured loop 25.
The substituting domain can be from any different terpene synthase, such as a diterpene or sesquiterpene synthase. Exemplary of such other different terpene synthases is a synthase selected from Hyoscyamus muticus Vestipiradiene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:276, (+)-Bornyl diphosphate synthase (BDS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:268, citrus valencene synthase (CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:293, Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (Vv CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NOS:270, bergamotene synthase (BS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:271, Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:273, germacrene A set forth in SEQ ID NO:274, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:275, or Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:272, or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 268, 270-274, 276 or 293 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 268, 270-274, 276 or 293.
Thus, included among the encoded synthase polypeptides are those that contain a heterologous alpha helix 2 domain or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, and an unstructured loop 3 or contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 73-79 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase. For example, molecules in which the different terpene synthase from which the domain is derived is from BDS and has the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:268 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:268 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 268. For example, among nucleic acid molecules that encode a modified santalene synthase that provides increased amounts of terpenes are those that contain a heterologous alpha helix 2 domain or a contiguous portion thereof containing at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, and an unstructured loop 3 or contiguous portion thereof containing at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, and where amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 73-79 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acids RILLKEK (SEQ ID NO:203).
In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide containing a heterologous unstructured loop 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 97-100 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase. For example, nucleic acid molecules that encode a synthase that catalyzes production of increased amounts of terpenes can include a heterologous domain or portion thereof from CVS, whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. The encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains a heterologous unstructured loop 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 97-100 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acids VAYH (SEQ ID NO:205).
In other embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules are those in which the encoded synthase polypeptide contains a heterologous alpha helix 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 103-115 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion, containing at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase. In others of these embodiments, the different terpene synthase is CVS set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. In others of these embodiments, the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises a heterologous alpha helix 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 103-115 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues KEIEDAIQQLCPI (SEQ ID NO:206).
In others of these embodiments the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises a contiguous sequence of amino acids corresponding to heterologous domains from two or more adjacent domains, or contiguous portions thereof, selected from among heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, beta strand 1 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 7 or a contiguous portion thereof, beta strand 2 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 8 or a contiguous portion thereof, alpha helix 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 9 or a contiguous portion thereof, and alpha helix 7 or a contiguous portion thereof, where the contiguous portion contains at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids. In others of these embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a modified santalene synthase that contains adjacent heterologous domains or contiguous portions, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, thereof from a different terpene synthase, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 138-168 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, of the corresponding domain or portion thereof from a different terpene synthase. For example, the different terpene synthase is CVS, whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. As an example, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains heterologous domains or contiguous portions thereof, containing at least 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, from a different terpene synthase, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 138-168 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues QGIKISCDVFEQFKDDEGRFKSSLINDVQGM (SEQ ID NO:211) or QGIKISCDVFEQFKDDEDRFKSSLINDIQGM (SEQ ID NO:212).
In another example of nucleic acid molecules that encode modified terpene synthases that catalyze increased terpene production as described above, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains a heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 116-124 of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with the corresponding residues from a different terpene synthase. As an example, the different terpene synthase is CVS set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. For example, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that encodes a heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 116-124 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues HIDSDKAD (SEQ ID NO:207).
Exemplary of the nucleic acid molecules that encode modified terpene synthases that catalyze increased terpene production as described above, are nucleic acid molecules that contain the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 47, 50-53, 55-58, 62-64, 67, 68, 70, 81-86, 88-100, 102-119, 121-130, 219, 220, 222-232, 235-238, 240-242, 262, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 and 306-308 or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 47, 50-53, 55-58, 62-64, 67, 68, 70, 81-86, 88-100, 102-119, 121-130, 219, 220, 222-232, 235-238, 240-242, 262, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 and 306-308 and that encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains the amino acid modification(s). In particular, provided are nucleic acid molecules that contain the sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 47, 50-53, 55-58, 62-64, 67, 68, 70, 81-86, 88-100, 102-119, 121-130, 219, 220, 222-232, 235-238, 240-242, 262, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 and 306-308.
Provided are nucleic acid molecules where the encoded modified santalene synthase comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 133, 136-138, 140-142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168-172, 174, 175, 177-179, 182-190, 192-196, 233, 243-257, 259-261, 266, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311, or a sequence of amino acids that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 133, 136-138, 140-142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168-172, 174, 175, 177-179, 182-190, 192-196, 233, 243-257, 259-261, 266, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311 and that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as, but not limited to, nucleic acid molecules where the encoded modified santalene synthase comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 133, 136-138, 140-142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168-172, 174, 175, 177-179, 182-190, 192-196, 233, 243-257, 259-261, 266, 277, 283, 285, 286 and 288.
Also provided are nucleic acid molecules that encode modified santalene synthases that catalyze production of terpenes with a different profile of terpene products from the products catalyzed by the synthase encoded by the nucleic acid molecule whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3. These modifications can be combined with the above-discussed modifications to produce synthases that catalyze increased production of terpene products and also an altered profile. The following discussion provides nucleic acid molecules that encode a synthase polypeptide that catalyzes production of an altered profile. The altered profile can be that expressed in a yeast host cell, particularly the yeast host cells described herein.
Provided are nucleic acid molecules that encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that catalyzes production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile compared with the unmodified polypeptide. In particular, the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains an amino acid modification(s) in the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide containing the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or in a catalytically active fragment thereof, where: the amino acid modification(s) are selected from among amino acid replacement(s), deletion(s) and insertion(s); the modified santalene synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 75% sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; the modified santalene synthase polypeptide does not contain the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258; and the modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of terpene products from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell with an altered product profile compared to the profile of the terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions. The host cell is a cell that produces FPP (natively or modified to produce FPP); and the terpene product or products is a sesquiterpene. Such host cells can be, for example, a yeast host modified to produce FPP. The terpene produced in the profile can include one or more of α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, or stereoisomers or mixtures thereof. The profile is altered in that the amount of at least one terpene product is different from that produced by unmodified synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. For example, production of at least one terpene product is increased or decreased in the product profile by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
The encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide exhibits at least 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, such as, for example, at least 80% sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide, compared to the unmodified santalene synthase not containing the modifications or the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, contains at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 or 120 modifications in sequence, such as by insertion and/or deletions of amino acid residues, such at least 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119 or 120 amino acid modifications; or the modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises a sequence of amino acids that has less than 94% or 95% sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and more than 75% sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, but, as noted above, does not contain the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258.
Exemplary are nucleic acid molecules in which the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains a sequence of amino acids that has a sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 that is selected from among less than 94% and more than 80%; less than 93% and more than 80%; less than 92% and more than 80%; less than 95% and more than 82%; less than 94% and more than 82%; less than 93% and more than 82%; less than 92% and more than 82%; less than 95% and more than 85%; less than 94% and more than 85%; less than 93% and more than 85%; and less than 92% and more than 85%. These include nucleic acid molecules where the resulting modifications in the encoded polypeptide include amino acid replacement(s), where: the modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises an amino acid replacement corresponding to replacement at a position selected from among position 9, 18, 24, 26, 28, 198, 205, 282, 313, 329, 335, 338, 345, 346, 381, 385, 395, 403, 404, 483 and 548, with reference to SEQ ID NO:1; and corresponding positions are identified by alignment of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide with the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In general, the replacement does not correspond to A28S or V346T, with reference to SEQ ID NO:1. Exemplary of these nucleic acid molecules are those where the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains an amino acid replacement(s) selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to M9T, M9V, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28S, A28G, S198N, E205Q, F282W, I313L, S329F, L335H, S338Y, C345L, C345P, V346A, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y, H404Y, C483R, T548A and T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, particularly where the modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises an amino acid replacement(s) selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to A28G, F282W, I313L, S329F, C345L, C345P, V346A, S381P, F385L, C483R, T548A and T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Provided are nucleic acid molecules and the encoded synthases that comprise the amino acid mutation corresponding to F282W. Combining it with other mutations at a position corresponding to K206, such as K206S, K206T, or K206G and/or mutations at a position corresponding to N183 alters the product profile, particularly by increasing santalenes, and increases total terpene production.
Among the nucleic acids are nucleic acid molecules that encode modified santalene synthase polypeptides that catalyze production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile are those that contain modifications corresponding to substitution of one or more domains or contiguous portions thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide with the corresponding heterologous domain or contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, from a different terpene synthase.
Among the nucleic acid molecules are those that encode modified santalene synthase polypeptides that contain an amino acid replacement(s) selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to M9T, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28G, S198N, E205Q, F282W, I313L, S329F, L335H, S338Y, C345L, C345P, V346A, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y, H404Y, C483R, T548A and T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or the same replacement(s) at a corresponding amino acid residue in the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide; and contain modifications corresponding to substitution of one or more domains or contiguous portions thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide with the corresponding heterologous domain or contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, from a different terpene synthase.
Replaced domains and contiguous portions include domains selected from among unstructured loop 1, alpha helix 1, unstructured loop 2, alpha helix 2, unstructured loop 3, alpha helix 3, unstructured loop 4, alpha helix 4, unstructured loop 5, alpha helix 5, unstructured loop 6, beta strand 1, unstructured loop 7, beta strand 2, unstructured loop 8, alpha helix 6, unstructured loop 9, alpha helix 7, unstructured loop 10, alpha helix 8, unstructured loop 11, alpha helix 9, unstructured loop 12, alpha helix 10, unstructured loop 13, alpha helix A, alpha helix C, unstructured loop 15, alpha helix D, unstructured loop 16, alpha helix D1, unstructured loop 17, alpha helix D2, alpha helix E, unstructured loop 18, alpha helix F, unstructured loop 19, alpha helix G1, alpha helix G2, unstructured loop 20, alpha helix H1, alpha helix H2, unstructured loop 21, alpha helix α1, unstructured loop 22, alpha helix I, unstructured loop 23, alpha helix J, unstructured loop 24, alpha helix K and unstructured loop 25.
For these nucleic acid molecules the different terpene synthase can be a sesquiterpene synthase. Exemplary thereof is a different terpene synthase selected from Hyoscyamus muticus Vestipiradiene synthase (HVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:276, (+)-Bornyl diphosphate synthase (BDS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:268, citrus valencene synthase (CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:293, Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (Vv CVS) set forth in SEQ ID NOS:270, bergamotene synthase (BS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:271, Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:273, germacrene A set forth in SEQ ID NO:274, amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:275, or Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:272, or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 268, 270-274, 276 or 293 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 268, 270-274, 276 or 293. The resulting nucleic acid molecules include those in which the encoded modified variant exhibits at least 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 268, 270-274, 276 or 293. The other different terpene can be a modified citrus valencene synthase designated CVS V19 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269.
The nucleic acid molecule can encode a modified santalene synthase that includes a heterologous unstructured loop 1 domain or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acids 1-31 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase, such as, but not limited to, where the different terpene synthase is HVS set forth in SEQ ID NO:276 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:276 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 276. The modified nucleic acid molecules encoding a synthase that catalyzes production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile include those described herein, including those in which the modified santalene synthase comprises a heterologous unstructured loop 1 domain or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 1-31 of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acids MAPAIVMSNYEEEEIV (SEQ ID NO:202).
The nucleic acid molecule can encode a modified santalene synthase that includes a heterologous unstructured loop 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 97-100 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase, including where the different terpene synthase is CVS set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. Also included are nucleic acids encoding the modified santalene synthase polypeptides that catalyze production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile and that contain a heterologous domain or contiguous portion from a different synthase, such as a heterologous unstructured loop 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 97-100 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acids VAYH (SEQ ID NO:205).
In other embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase with an altered profile, the nucleic acid molecule can encode a modified santalene synthase that includes or a heterologous alpha helix 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 103-115 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase. For the nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified synthase with a portion from a different synthase, the different terpene synthase can be the CVS whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or a different terpene synthase that is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. The nucleic acid can encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains a heterologous alpha helix 4 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 103-115 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues KEIEDAIQQLCPI (SEQ ID NO:206).
In other embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase with an altered profile, the nucleic acid molecule can encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains a contiguous sequence of amino acids corresponding to heterologous domains from two or more adjacent domains, or contiguous portions thereof, selected from among heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, beta strand 1 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 7 or a contiguous portion thereof, beta strand 2 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 8 or a contiguous portion thereof, alpha helix 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, unstructured loop 9 or a contiguous portion thereof, and alpha helix 7 or a contiguous portion thereof. Exemplary encoded modified synthases are those that contain adjacent heterologous domains or contiguous portions thereof from a different terpene synthase, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 138-168 or 138-166 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding domain or portion thereof from a different terpene synthase. For example, among exemplary nucleic acid molecules include those that encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contain adjacent heterologous domains or contiguous portions thereof from a different terpene synthase, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 138-168 or 138-166 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues HGHHVPQEAFCSFMDDVRNFRAWLCEDVR (SEQ ID NO:210) or HGHHVPQEVFCSFMDDVGNFRAWLCEDVR (SEQ ID NO:215).
In other embodiments of the nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase with an altered profile, the modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises a heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 116-124 of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with the corresponding residues of a different terpene synthase. The different terpene synthase can be CVS whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:270 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:270 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO: 270; or the different terpene synthase is the modified variant designated CVS V19 whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:269. Among such nucleic acid molecules include those that encode a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains a heterologous unstructured loop 6 or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 116-124 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acid residues HIDSDKAD (SEQ ID NO:207). Among the nucleic acid molecules are those that encode santalene syntases that include the mutations at K206, N183 and F282, such as K206A or S/N183Dor K/F282W.
For all of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, and in particular nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase that produces an altered product profile, additional modification or modifications include deletion of one or more amino acid residues so that the modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains a deletion of one or more contiguous amino acid residues from the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide. Such a molecule is not a molecule that only contains such deletion and is specifically excluded. Included are nucleic acid molecules where the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide contains a deletion of contiguous amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues from the first amino acid and up to and including at least one residue of the RR motif with reference to residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, such as, but not limited to, deletion of contiguous amino acids corresponding to amino acid residues from the first amino acid and up to and including amino acid residue 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 with reference to residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Exemplary are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that lack amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 1-33 with reference to residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
Exemplary nucleic acid molecules that encode modified synthases that catalyze production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile are those that contain the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 44, 45-58, 62-69, 81-89, 92, 93, 96-104, 105, 106, 108, 111-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240-242, 263, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 or 306-308, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 44, 45-58, 62-69, 81-89, 92, 93, 96-104, 105, 106, 108, 111-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240-242, 263, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 and 306-308 and that encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains the amino acid modification(s) or catalytically active fragments thereof that contain the modification.
Exemplary nucleic acid molecules include those where the encoded modified santalene synthase comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 131-136, 139-142, 146-153, 164-169, 172, 177-179, 180-184, 186, 188-194, 196, 233, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254-257, 259-261, 267, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 131-136, 139-142, 146-153, 164-169, 172, 177-179, 180-184, 186, 188-194, 196, 233, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254-257, 259-261, 267, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311 and that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as the encoded modified santalene synthase that comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 131-136, 139-142, 146-153, 164-169, 172, 177-179, 180-184, 186, 188-194, 196, 233, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254-257, 259-261, 267, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311.
Altered terpene product profiles include decreased production of α-exo-bergamotene and increased production of a santalene compared to the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The santalene profile can include α-santalene, β-santalene, or α-santalene and β-santalene. Particular modifications that result in such altered profiles include modification(s) that include an amino acid replacement(s), where the amino acid replacement(s) are selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to M9T, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28S, A28G, S198N, E205Q, F282W, I313L, S329F, L335H, S338Y, C345P, V346A, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y and H404Y, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, such as replacements selected from among amino acid residues V346A, A28G, F282W and C345P, or such as where the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide additionally includes the amino acid replacement K206T, such as where the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprises amino acid replacements K206T and F282W. Other exemplary nucleic acid molecules that encode synthases that catalyze production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile are those where the modified santalene synthase comprises a heterologous unstructured loop 1 domain or a contiguous portion thereof, containing at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or more amino acids, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acids 1-31 of the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with all or a portion of the corresponding region from a different terpene synthase. The different terpene synthase can be HVS whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:276 or a modified variant thereof that exhibits at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:276 and exhibits activity to catalyze production of a terpene product from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor of the respective terpene synthase whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 276. These molecules also include those that encode a modified santalene synthase that contains a heterologous unstructured loop 1 domain or a contiguous portion thereof, whereby amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 1-31 of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are substituted with amino acids MAPAIVMSNYEEEEIV (SEQ ID NO:202).
Exemplary of such nucleic acid molecules are those that contain the sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 49, 54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 86, 92, 101, 111, 120, 225, 228, 234, 236, 281, 282, 287, 304 and 306-308, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 49, 54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 86, 92, 101, 111, 120, 225, 228, 234, 236, 281, 282, 287, 304 and 306-308 and that encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as those that contain the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 49, 54, 57, 58, 62, 63, 66, 86, 92, 101, 111, 120, 225, 228, 234, 236, 281, 282, 287, 304 and 306-308. Other exemplary nucleic acid molecules are those that encode a modified santalene synthase that contains the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150, 166, 172, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 244, 247, 250, 255, 286, 288 and 309-311, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150, 166, 172, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 244, 247, 250, 255, 286, 288 and 309-311 and that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 135, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 150, 166, 172, 179, 180, 181, 188, 191, 244, 247, 250, 255, 286, 288 and 309-311.
The altered product profile can include increased production of α-exo-bergamotene and decreased production of a santalene compared to the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The santalene can include α-santalene, β-santalene, or α-santalene and β-santalene. Exemplary of such nucleic acid molecules are those described above and in which the modification(s) comprise an amino acid replacement(s); and the amino acid replacement(s) are selected from among amino acid replacement(s) corresponding to C345L, C483R, T548A and T548S, or conservative replacement(s) thereof, with reference to amino acid positions set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Other such nucleic acid molecules encode a modified santalene synthase that lacks or additionally lacks amino acid residues corresponding to amino acid residues 1-33 with reference to residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Exemplary of such are those that contain the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 46-48, 50, 55, 56, 64, 65, 67, 68, 81-87, 96-100, 103-106, 108, 112-119, 121-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 232, 235, 237, 240-242, 263-265, or 278-280, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 46-48, 50, 55, 56, 64, 65, 67, 68, 81-87, 96-100, 103-106, 108, 112-119, 121-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 232, 235, 237, 240-242, 263-265, or 278-280 and that encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as, for example, those that contain the nucleic acid sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 86, 87, 232, 235 or 263, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 86, 87, 232, 235 or 263 and that encodes a modified santalene synthase polypeptide that contains the amino acid modification(s). These include nucleic acid molecules that contain the sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 46-48, 50, 55, 56, 64, 65, 67, 68, 81-87, 96-100, 103-106, 108, 112-119, 121-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 232, 235, 237, 240-242, 263-265, or 278-280. These include nucleic acid molecules where the encoded modified santalene synthase comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 132, 133, 134, 136, 140, 148, 149, 151, 152, 165, 167, 168, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 196, 233, 243, 245, 249, 254, 256, 257, 260, 261, 267, 277, 283 and 285, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 132, 133, 134, 136, 140, 148, 149, 151, 152, 165, 167, 168, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 196, 233, 243, 245, 249, 254, 256, 257, 260, 261, 267, 277, 283 and 285 and that contains the amino acid modification(s), such as where the encoded modified santalene synthase comprises the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NO: 167, 168, 254, 256 or 267, or a sequence that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 167, 168, 254, 256 or 267 and that contains the amino acid modification(s).
Among these nucleic acid molecules that encode synthases that catalyze production of terpenes with an altered terpene profile are those where the encoded modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of total terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of the same total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions. The host cell is a cell that produces an acyclic precursor, such as FPP; and the terpene product or product is a sesquiterpene. Terpene products include α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, or stereoisomers and mixtures thereof. The total amount of terpene products, though altered in profile, can be increased when catalyzed by any of the encoded synthases, including the synthases that increase total products and those that result in an altered product profile. The increase can be such that the total terpene products produced from FPP by the modified santalene synthase is at least 103%, such as 105% to 500%, 110% to 250%, 125% to 500%, 125% to 250%, 130% to 500%, 130% to 250%, 150% to 500%, or 150% to 250% of the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, such as where the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the modified santalene synthase is at least or at least about 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
Also provided are nucleic acid molecules and the encoded synthase, including catalytically active fragments of the synthase, that i) catalyze the production of total terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of the same total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions; and ii) catalyze the production of terpene products from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell with an altered product profile compared to the profile of the terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions. The terpenes can be produced in vitro or in vivo. Where produced in a host cell, the host cell produces an acyclic the host cell is a cell that produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP; the terpene product(s) include a sesquiterpene. In some embodiments the increased terpenes and altered profile include increased percentages of santalenes, such as α and/or β santalenes are produced. Exemplary of the nucleic acid molecules are those that encoded a synthase whose sequence is set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 179, 131, 172, 147, 255, 188, 142, 244, 247, 286, 309, 191, 166, 288, 250, 141, 310, 311 and 146, or a catalytically active fragment or portion thereof, and variants thereof that include the modifications and have at least 95% sequence identity with any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOS: 179, 131, 172, 147, 255, 188, 142, 244, 247, 286, 309, 191, 166, 288, 250, 141, 310, 311 and 146 or a catalytically active fragment or portion thereof. These include the synthases designated SaSSy-134-137, below, whose sequence is set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 and 309-311, or a catalytically active portion thereof.
Among the nucleic acid molecules provided herein that catalyze increased production of terpenes and/or an altered profile, include those in which the encoded synthase contains the amino acid replacements: 85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I. Also included are those in which the encoded synthase contains amino acid replacements at residues N183, K206 and F282. Also included are those that include or also include domain swaps selected from among swapBDS94-100/; swapCVS(V19)93-100/ or swapCVS(V19)114-144**/; and SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195 with an optional additional K206 mutation within this domain swap.
For all of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, the unmodified santalene synthase can be the synthase encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3 or is a portion thereof encoding a catalytically active protein, such as, but not limited to, the unmodified santalene synthase whose sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or is a catalytically active portion of the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The modified synthase can be a full-length sequence or a catalytically active fragment.
The encoding nucleic acid molecule can be a modified wild-type or a codon optimized sequence, where the codons are optimized for expression in a particular host cell, such as a yeast, such as, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or a plant cell.
Provided are the modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by each of the nucleic acid molecules provided and described herein. Also provided are cells containing the polypeptides and/or nucleic acid molecules, where, if the cells are human, they are isolated or cultured cells. Included among the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptides are fusion proteins and chimeric proteins.
Also provided are vectors that contain each of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, and vectors encoding each of the proteins provided herein. Vectors include prokaryotic and eukaryotic vectors, including, but not limited to, viral vectors for eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression and yeast vectors. Hence the vectors are eukaryotic and prokaryotic vectors. The vectors are for propagation of the nucleic acid molecules, and/or for expression of the encoded nucleic acid molecules for production of the encoded synthases and/or for production of terpenes. The cells include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, such as, but not limited to, bacteria, yeast, insect, plant and animal cells, including mammalian cells and cell lines. Exemplary of yeast cells are Saccharomyces genus and Pichia genus cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Bacterial cells include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli cells. Cells include plant cells. Also provided are transgenic plants that contain any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein or any of the vectors and/or any of the cells. Plants and plant cells include those from the Solaniaceae family or the Lamiaceae family of plants.
For production of terpenes, the cells natively produce or are modified to produce a precursor thereof, such as an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as arnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In some instances, the cells are modified to produce more of the precursor, such as FPP compared to an unmodified cell, such as by substitution of a promoter or introduction of heterologous nucleic acid coding for production of the precursor, such as FPP. Exemplary cells are those that are modified so that the biochemical pathways are altered to thereby increase production of a precursor, such as FPP. For example, modifications in the squalene synthase encoding gene (ERG9) can be included that result in decreased expression of squalene synthase expressed in the cell or a squalene synthase with decreased activity.
The cells can further include enzymes that catalyze reactions with terpenes, such as P450 enzymes, to alter product profiles or to produce particular terpenes. Exemplary are cells that include nucleic acid encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase and/or a cytochrome P450 reductase that react with terpenes.
Methods are provided for producing a modified santalene synthase polypeptide, by introducing the nucleic acid molecule provided herein, or the vectors provided herein, into a cell; and culturing the cell under conditions whereby the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide is expressed. The cells can then be isolated and/or the modified synthase can be isolated or further modified.
Methods for producing terpene products are provided. The methods can be performed in vivo, such as in a cell as provided herein. Methods also can be performed in vitro, such as by reacting purified products or using cell lysates. For example, methods are provided that include contacting an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified santalene synthase polypeptide provided herein under conditions suitable for the formation of terpene products from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. A product or the products can then be isolated. Acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursors include, but are not limited to, farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and geranyl-geranyl diphosphate (GGPP).
For in vivo methods, a terpene product can be produced by culturing a cell containing any of the nucleic acid molecule or the vector provided herein under conditions whereby the cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; the modified santalene synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule or vector is expressed; the modified santalene synthase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of a terpene product(s) from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. A terpene product or products can be isolated or the cells with the terpene products can be isolated. As noted above, cells include bacteria, yeast, insect, plant and animal cells, such as mammalian cells. If the cell is a human cell, it is isolated or cultured. Among the cells, are yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The cells can be modified to produce more acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as FPP, compared to an unmodified cell. As noted above, among such cells are cells that produce reduced amounts of squalene, such as by modifying the synthase. Terpene products include, but are not limited to, α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof. One product or a mixture can be isolated.
The isolated product(s) can be further modified, such as by treating the terpene to produce a respective alcohol or mixture of alcohols. Such alcohols include, but are not limited to, α-santalol, β-santalol, α-trans-bergamotol, epi-β-santalol, stereoisomers, and mixtures thereof. Processing can be performed biosynthetically, such as enzymatically, such as by a P450 enzyme, such as an oxidase, or chemically, or mixture of both. For example, the cells can express a P450 enzyme, either natively or by modification, so that the resulting alcohol is produced in a cell. Thus, for example, a cytochrome P450 oxidase can be contacted with the terpene products in vivo in a host cell that expresses the modified santalene synthase polypeptide and cytochrome P450 oxidase; and the method includes culturing the host cell under conditions suitable for the formation of a santalol, bergamotol and/or mixtures thereof. A P450 reductase also can be included in the cell. A resulting alcohol or mixture can be isolated, such as by extraction with an organic solvent and/or column chromatography.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1A-1B. FIG. 1A depicts the pathway by which santalene synthase catalyzes the formation of santalenes and bergamotene, and the subsequent conversion to their respective alcohols. FIG. 1B depicts the chemical structure of the produced santalenes and bergamotene and their corresponding alcohols, including stereoisomers thereof, including α-santalene (1), β-santalene (2), epi-β-santalene (3) and α-trans-bergamotene (4), (Z)-α-santalol (5), (E)-α-santalol (6), (Z)-β-santalol (7), (E)β-santalol (8), (E)-epi-β-santalol (9), (Z)-epi-β-santalol (10), (Z)-α-trans-bergamotol (11), (E)-α-trans-bergamotol (12).
FIG. 2 (A-F) depicts exemplary alignments of Santalum album santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (SaSSy) with other SaSSy polypeptides. A “*” means that the aligned residues are identical, a “:” means that aligned residues are not identical, but are similar and contain conservative amino acids residues at the aligned position, and a “.” means that the aligned residues are similar and contain semi-conservative amino acid residues at the aligned position. The RR motif is highlighted and underlined in each sequence. Also, exemplary, non-limiting, amino acid replacements are indicated by highlighting to depict identification of corresponding residues between and among synthases. For example, FIG. 2A depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 (Genbank Accession No. ADP30867. FIG. 2B depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 (U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110281257). FIG. 2C depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 (U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110281257). FIG. 2D depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 (U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110281257). FIG. 2E depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110281257). FIG. 2F depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 (U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20110281257).
FIG. 3 (A-C) depicts exemplary alignments of Santalum album santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (SaSSy) with other Santalum-santalene synthase polypeptides. A “*” means that the aligned residues are identical, a “:” means that aligned residues are not identical, but are similar and contain conservative amino acids residues at the aligned position, and a “.” means that the aligned residues are similar and contain semi-conservative amino acid residues at the aligned position. The RR motif is highlighted and underlined in each sequence. Also, exemplary, non-limiting amino acid replacements are indicated by highlighting to depict identification of corresponding residues between and among synthases. For example, FIG. 3A depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with santalene synthase from Santalum spicatum (SspiSSy) set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. FIG. 3B depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with santalene synthase from Santalum austrocaledonicum (SauSSy) set forth in SEQ ID NO:12. FIG. 3C depicts the alignment of SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 with santalene synthase from Santalum murrayanum (SmSSy) set forth in SEQ ID NO:14.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A. Definitions
B. Santalene Synthase and Production of Santalenes and Other Products

    
    
        1. Santalene Synthase Function and Activity
        2. Structure of Santalene Synthases
    
    


C. Modified Santalene Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules

    
    
        1. Exemplary Modifications
        
            a. Codon-Optimization
            b. Amino Acid Replacements
            c. N-terminal or C-terminal Deletions
            d. Domain Swaps
        
        
        2. Exemplary Modified Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules
        3. Fusion Proteins and Other Forms of Additional Modifications
    
    


D. Production of modified santalene synthase polypeptides and encoding nucleic acid molecules

    
    
        1. Isolation of nucleic acid encoding santalene synthases
        2. Generation of modified nucleic acid
        3. Fusion Proteins
        4. Vectors and Cells
        5. Expression systems
        
            a. Prokaryotic cells
            b. Yeast cells
            c. Plants and plant cells
            d. Insects and insect cells
            e. Mammalian cells
        
        
        6. Purification
    
    


E. Methods of Producing Terpenes and Terpenoids Using Santalene Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules

    
    
        1. Production of Terpene Products (e.g., Santalenes and Bergamotenes)
        
            a. Exemplary cells
            b. Culture of cells for Terpene Production
            c. Isolation and assays for detection and identification of Terpene Products (e.g., santalenes and bergamotene)
        
        
        2. Production of Terpenoids (e.g., Santalols and Bergamotols)
    
    


F. Examples
A. Definitions
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the invention(s) belong. All patents, patent applications, published applications and publications, GENBANK sequences, websites and other published materials referred to throughout the entire disclosure herein, unless noted otherwise, are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that there is a plurality of definitions for terms herein, those in this section prevail. Where reference is made to a URL or other such identifier or address, it is understood that such identifiers can change and particular information on the internet can come and go, but equivalent information is known and can be readily accessed, such as by searching the internet and/or appropriate databases. Reference thereto evidences the availability and public dissemination of such information.
As used herein, an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is any acyclic pyrophosphate compound that is a precursor to the production of at least one terpene, including, but not limited to, farnesyl-pyrophosphate (FPP), geranyl-pyrophosphate (GPP), and geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP). Acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursors are thus substrates for terpene synthases.
As used herein, a terpene synthase is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the formation of one or more terpenes from a pyrophosphate terpene precursor. In some examples, a terpene synthase catalyzes the formation of one or more terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, for example, FPP, GPP or GGPP, including, but not limited to, santalene synthase. In other examples, a terpene synthase catalyzes the formation of one or more terpenes from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, santalene synthase.
As used herein, a santalene synthase is a synthase that catalyzes the formation of one or more terpenes from FPP that include, for example, one or more terpenes selected from among α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene (also called α-trans-bergamotene), epi-β-santalene, and β-santalene, in various amounts, and typically α-santalene (25-65%), α-trans-bergamotene (1-20%), epi-β-santalene (1-15%) and β-santalene (20-50%), such as α-santalene (38.0%) α-trans-bergamotene (12.1%) epi-β-santalene (4.7%) and β-santalene (45.2%). It is understood, however, that the relative amount of terpene products produced can be altered by the modified santalene synthase provided herein.
As used herein, a terpene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon based on the isoprene unit (C5H8), and having a general formula C5xH8x, such as C10H16. Reference to a terpene includes acyclic, monocyclic and polycyclic terpenes. Terpenes include, but are not limited to, monoterpenes, which contain 10 carbon atoms; sesquiterpenes, which contain 15 carbon atoms; diterpenes, which contain 20 carbon atoms, and triterpenes, which contain 30 carbon atoms. Reference to a terpene also includes stereoisomers of the terpene.
As used herein, a santalene refers to α-santalene and β-santalene, and any stereoisomer thereof, including, for example, (+)-epi-β-santalene, (−)-β-santalene, (+)-β-santalene, (+)-α-santalene, and (−)-α-santalene as described in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B.
As used herein, α-santalene is a sesquiterpene having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, β-santalene is a sesquiterpene having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, epi-β-santalene is a sesquiterpene having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, α-trans-bergamotene or α-exo-bergamotene is a sesquiterpene having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, a terpenoid is a chemically modified terpene. In one example, a terpenoid is a terpene that has been chemically modified by addition of a hydroxyl group, such as a santalol or bergamotol. Reference to a terpenoid includes acyclic, monocyclic and polycyclic terpenoids, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids. Reference to a terpenoid also includes stereoisomers of the terpenoid.
As used herein, a santalol refers to α-santalol and β-santalol, and any stereoisomer thereof, including, for example, (Z)-α-santalol, (E)-α-santalol, (Z)-β-santalol, (E)-β-santalol, (E)-epi-β-santalol or (Z)-epi-β-santalol as described in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B.
As used herein, a bergamotol refers to α-exo-bergamotol, and any stereoisomer thereof, including, for example, (Z)-α-exo-bergamotol or (E)-α-exo-bergamotol as described in FIG. 1A or FIG. 1B.
As used herein, α-santalol is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, β-santalol is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, epi-β-santalol is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, Z-α-trans-bergamotol or Z-α-exo-bergamotol is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, E-α-trans-bergamotol or E-α-exo-bergamotol is a sesquiterpenoid having the following structure or stereoisomers thereof:




As used herein, “cytochrome P450,” “cytochrome P450 oxidase,” “cytochrome P450 polypeptide,” or “cytochrome P450 oxidase polypeptide” is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the monooxygenation of any terpene precursor, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. A cytochrome P450 can catalyze the monooxygenation of a terpene or a mixture of terpenes, resulting in the production one or more terpenoids.
As used herein, “cytochrome P450 reductase” or “CPR” is a polypeptide capable of catalyzing the transfer of two electrons from NADPH to an electron acceptor, such as a cytochrome P450.
As used herein, terpene production refers to the amount (in weight or weight/volume) of terpene or terpenes that is/are produced upon the reaction of a terpene synthase (e.g., santalene synthase) to catalyze the formation of one or more terpenes from a pyrophosphate terpene precursor. Reference to total terpene production refers to the total amount of all terpenes produced from the reaction, while reference to particular terpene production refers to the amount of a particular terpene (e.g., β-santalene and α-santalene) produced from the reaction.
As used herein, an improved or increased total terpene production refers to an increase in the total amount of terpene products (i.e. improved total terpene production) resulting from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) with a modified santalene synthase compared to the amount produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) with a santalene synthase that is not so modified, and under the same conditions. For example, total terpene production is increased if the amount of total terpene products resulting from the reaction of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) with a modified santalene synthase is greater than the amount of the total terpene products resulting from reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) with a santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3 and under the same conditions. The amount of total terpenes produced from the reaction by a modified santalene synthase can be increased by at least or at least about 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% or more compared to the amount of terpenes produced from the reaction of the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) and under the same conditions with a santalene synthase that is not so modified, such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. In particular, for purposes herein, reference to an increased or improved total terpene production means that a modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of terpene from FPP in an amount that is greater than the amount of terpene products resulting from the reaction of FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
As used herein, “product distribution” or “product profile” refers to the relative amounts of different terpene produced from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) and a terpene synthase (e.g., santalene synthase). The amount of a produced terpene can be depicted as a percentage of the total products produced by the santalene synthase. For example, the product distribution or profile resulting from reaction of a native or wild type santalene synthase (e.g., santalene synthase from Santalum Album set forth in SEQ ID NO:1) is typically: α-santalene (25-65%), α-exo-bergamotene (1-20%), epi-β-santalene (1-15%) and β-santalene (20-50%), such as α-santalene (38.0%), α-trans-bergamotene (12.1%), epi-β-santalene (4.7%), and β-santalene (45.2%), but can be altered as described herein. Methods for assessing the type and amount of a terpene in a solution are well known in the art and described herein, and include, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) (see Examples below).
As used herein, an altered product distribution refers to a change in the relative amount of individual terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and β-santalene) produced, and generally a change in at least one terpene product produced, from the reaction between an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) and a modified santalene synthase. Typically, the change is assessed by determining the relative amount of each individual terpene product produced from reaction of a modified santalene synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) as a percentage of the relative amount of each respective terpene produced from reaction of an unmodified santalene synthase with the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) and under the same conditions. For example, an altered profile exists if there is a change (e.g., increase or decrease) in the relative amount of at least one terpene product produced from reaction of a modified santalene synthase with an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) as a percentage of the relative amount of each respective terpene produced from reaction of the unmodified santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3, with the same acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor (e.g., FPP) and under the same conditions. In particular, for purposes herein, reference to an altered product distribution means that a modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of at least one terpene product from FPP (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3 or more of α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and/or β-santalene) in an amount or as a percentage that is increased or decreased compared to the amount or percentage of the terpene product produced from the reaction of FPP with the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 and under the same conditions. An altered product distribution is considered to occur if the relative amount or percentage of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and/or β-santalene) is increased or decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more compared to the amount or percentage of the terpene produced from the unmodified santalene synthase.
As used herein, an improved product distribution or product profile refers to a change in the product distribution to one that is more desirable, i.e. contains more desirable relative amounts of terpenes. For example, an improved product distribution can contain an increased amount of a desired terpene and/or a decreased amount of a terpene that is not so desired. For example, in some cases, a modified santalene synthase that produces an increase in a santalene (α-santalene, epi-β-santalene, and/or β-santalene) is desired. In other cases, a modified santalene synthase that produces a decrease in α-exo-bergamotene is desired. In still other cases, a modified santalene synthase that produces an increase in α-exo-bergamotene is desired. The amount of desired terpene in an improved production distribution can be increased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more compared to the amount of the terpene produced by the unmodified santalene synthase, such as the unmodified santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. The amount of a terpene that is not desired in an improved production distribution can be decreased by at least or by at least about 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or more compared to the amount of the terpene produced by the unmodified santalene synthase, such as the unmodified santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.
As used herein, species variants refer to variants in polypeptides among different species, including different Santalum species, such as Santalum Album. 
As used herein, allelic variants refer to variations in encoded proteins among members of the same species.
As used herein, a splice variant refers to a variant produced by differential processing of a primary transcript of genomic DNA that results in more than one type of mRNA.
As used herein, an “unmodified santalene synthase” refers to a starting polypeptide or catalytically fragment thereof that is selected for modification as provided herein. The starting target polypeptide can be a wild-type or reference santalene synthase, which is a predominant reference polypeptide to which activity is assessed. For example, santalene synthase from Santalum album, such as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, is a predominant or reference polypeptide for modification herein. Other known santalene synthases in the art, including any in the art that have been modified, can be selected and used as the starting unmodified target protein. For example, any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, catalytically active fragments thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, can be selected or used as the starting unmodified santalene synthase.
As used herein, “catalytically active” with reference to a santalene synthase refers to the ability of a santalene synthase (or fragment or portion thereof) to catalyze the formation of terpene products from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP. Typically, a santalene synthase is catalytically active if it catalyzes the formation of α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, and/or β-santalene from FPP.
As used herein, “portion thereof,” or “catalytically active portion” or “catalytically active fragment” with reference to a santalene synthase refers to a santalene synthase that is less than full-length, but that contains a sufficient contiguous portion of amino acids of a santalene synthase so that the portion that is catalytically active (catalyzes production of a terpene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor).
As used herein, “RR-motif” refers to a sequence of amino acids at the N-terminus of a terpene synthase, such as a santalene synthase, that has the formula R(R/P)(X)8W (SEQ ID NO:291).
As used herein, aspartate-rich motif refers to a sequence of amino acids in the C-terminal domain of a terpene synthase, such as a santalene synthase, that has the formula DDxxD (designated aspartate-rich region 1, e.g., residues 321-325 of SEQ ID NO:1) or [N/D]xxx[S/T]xxxE (designated aspartate-rich region 2, SEQ ID NO:173). The aspartate-rich motif is involved in the coordination of divalent ions, water molecules and the stabilization of the active site.
As used herein, “modified santalene synthase polypeptide” refers to a santalene synthase polypeptide that has one or more amino acid or nucleotide differences compared to an unmodified or wild-type santalene synthase polypeptide. For example, with reference to amino acid differences, the one or more amino acid differences can be amino acid or nucleotide mutations such as one or more amino acid replacements (substitutions), insertions or deletions, or can be insertions or deletions of entire domains, and any combinations thereof. Typically, a modified santalene synthase polypeptide has one or more modifications in primary sequence compared to an unmodified or wild-type santalene synthase polypeptide. For example, a modified santalene synthase polypeptide provided herein can have at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 or more amino acid or nucleotide differences compared to an unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide. Any modification is contemplated as long as the resulting polypeptide or encoded polypeptide exhibits at least one santalene synthase activity associated with a wild-type santalene synthase polypeptide, such as, for example, catalytic activity, the ability to bind FPP, and/or the ability to catalyze the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and/or epi-β-santalene from FPP.
As used herein, modification is in reference to modification of a sequence of amino acids of a polypeptide or a sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid molecule and includes deletions, insertions, and replacements of amino acids and nucleotides, respectively. For purposes herein, amino acid replacements (or substitutions), deletions and/or insertions, can be made in any of the santalene synthases provided herein. Modifications can be made by making conservative amino acid replacements and also non-conservative amino acid substitutions. For example, amino acid replacements that desirably or advantageously alter properties of the santalene synthase can be made. For example, amino acid replacements can be made to the santalene synthase such that the resulting modified santalene synthase can produce more terpene products from FPP compared to an unmodified santalene synthase.
As used herein, “codon optimized” or “codon optimization” refers to the process of modifying or changing codons in a nucleotide sequence to codons that are preferred or more closely match the pattern of codon usage in the organism used for expression of the molecule. Thus, codons can be optimized for usage in a particular organism in which expression is desired based on known codon usage in the organism in order to enhance the effectiveness of expression of the nucleic acid, e.g., to achieve faster translation rates and high accuracy. The codon usage in a particular organism is known.
As used herein, “deletion,” when referring to a nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence, refers to the deletion of one or more nucleotides or amino acids compared to a sequence, such as a target polynucleotide or polypeptide or a native or wild-type sequence.
As used herein, “insertion” when referring to a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence, describes the inclusion of one or more additional nucleotides or amino acids, within a target, native, wild-type or other related sequence. Thus, a nucleic acid molecule that contains one or more insertions compared to a wild-type sequence contains one or more additional nucleotides within the linear length of the sequence.
As used herein, “additions,” to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences describe the addition of nucleotides or amino acids onto either termini compared to another sequence.
As used herein, “substitution” or “replacement” refers to the replacing of one or more nucleotides or amino acids in a native, target, wild-type or other nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence with an alternative nucleotide or amino acid, without changing the length (as described in numbers of residues) of the molecule. Thus, one or more substitutions in a molecule does not change the number of amino acid residues or nucleotides of the molecule. Amino acid replacements compared to a particular polypeptide can be expressed in terms of the number of the amino acid residue along the length of the polypeptide sequence. For example, a modified polypeptide having a modification in the amino acid at the 282th position of the amino acid sequence that is a substitution of Phenylalanine (Phe; F) for tryptophan (Trp; W) can be expressed as F282W.
As used herein, “at a position corresponding to” or recitation that nucleotides or amino acid positions “correspond to” nucleotides or amino acid positions in a disclosed sequence, such as set forth in the Sequence listing, refers to nucleotides or amino acid positions identified upon alignment with the disclosed sequence to maximize identity using a standard alignment algorithm, such as the GAP algorithm. For purposes herein, residues for modification provided herein are with reference to amino acid positions set forth in the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Hence, corresponding residues in another santalene synthase can be determined by alignment of a reference santalene synthase, or portion thereof, with the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. By aligning the sequences, one skilled in the art can identify corresponding residues, for example, using conserved and identical amino acid residues as guides. In general, to identify corresponding positions, the sequences of amino acids are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained (see, e.g.: Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heijne, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; Carrillo et al. (1988) SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073). Exemplary alignments are provided in FIGS. 2A-F and FIGS. 3A-C.
As used herein, domain or region (typically a sequence of three or more, generally 5 or 7 or more amino acids) refers to a portion of a molecule, such as a protein or the encoding nucleic acids, that is structurally and/or functionally distinct from other portions of the molecule and is identifiable. A protein can have one, or more than one, distinct domains. For example, a domain can be identified, defined or distinguished by homology of the sequence therein to related family members, such as other terpene synthases. A domain can be a linear sequence of amino acids or a non-linear sequence of amino acids. Many polypeptides contain a plurality of domains. Such domains are known, and can be identified by, those of skill in the art. For exemplification herein, definitions are provided, but it is understood that it is well within the skill in the art to recognize particular domains by name. If needed appropriate software can be employed to identify domains. For example, as discussed above, corresponding domains in different terpene synthases can be identified by sequence alignments, such as using tools and algorithms well known in the art (for example, BLASTP).
As used herein, a functional domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide that is recognized by virtue of a functional activity, such as catalytic activity. A functional domain can be distinguished by its function, such as by catalytic activity, or an ability to interact with a biomolecule, such as substrate binding or metal binding. In some examples, a domain independently can exhibit a biological function or property such that the domain independently or fused to another molecule can perform an activity, such as, for example catalytic activity or substrate binding.
As used herein, a structural domain refers to those portions of a polypeptide chain that can form an independently folded structure within a protein made up of one or more structural motifs.
As used herein “a domain swap” with reference to a modified santalene synthase refers to a santalene synthase that contains a sequence that is modified to contain heterologous amino acids (or encoding nucleic acids) of the corresponding domain or domains, or part of a contiguous portion of a heterologous domain or domains, of another terpene synthase. Hence, the modified santalene synthase is a chimeric molecule or hybrid containing a region or regions of another terpene synthase. Any functional or structural domain of a santalene synthase can be modified to the corresponding domain or contiguous portion thereof of another terpene synthase. Typically, a domain swap is a modification that results in replacement, insertion or deletion of at least three or more, and typically at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 or more amino acids.
As used herein, “contiguous” or “contiguous portion” refers to a linear, uninterrupted sequence of amino acids with reference to a sequence, domain or portions thereof. For example, a contiguous portion with reference to a structural domain means that the sequence contains a linear and uninterrupted sequence of amino acids that make up part of the domain. Typically, a contiguous portion of a domain is less than the full-length sequence of residues that make-up the domain or structural domain, and generally is at least 3 amino acids, such as at least 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 or more amino acids. A contiguous portion with reference to a santalene synthase can include any number of linear, uninterrupted amino acids of a santalene synthase that is less than the full-length sequence, so long as the santalene synthase is catalytically active. For example, a contiguous portion with reference to a catalytically active fragment of a santalene synthase is less than full-length, and generally at least 300 amino acids in length, such as at least or 305, 315, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410, 420, 430, 440, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490, 500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550 or more.
As used herein, “heterologous” with respect to an amino acid or nucleic acid sequence refers to portions of a sequence that is not present in the native polypeptide or encoded by the native polynucleotide. For example, a portion of amino acids of a polypeptide, such as a domain or region or portion thereof, for a santalene synthase is heterologous thereto if such amino acids is not present in a native or wild-type santalene synthase (e.g., as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1), or encoded by the polynucleotide encoding therefor. Polypeptides containing such heterologous amino acids or polynucleotides encoding therefor are referred to as “chimeric polypeptides” or “chimeric polynucleotides,” respectively.
As used herein, “N-terminus” or “N-terminal domain” refers to the amino acid residues at the start of a protein or polypeptide that includes the terminal amino acid residue with a free amine group (—NH2). Reference to the N-terminus or N-terminal domain refers to any number of contiguous residues from the N-terminal residue and that includes the terminal amino acid residue. For example, reference to the N-terminus can include any number of residues up to and including amino acid residues 1-42 with reference to SEQ ID NO:1, or a portion thereof.
As used herein, “C-terminus” or “C-terminal domain” refers to the amino acid residues at the end of a protein or polypeptide that includes the terminal amino acid residue with a free carboxyl group (—COOH). For example, reference to the C-terminus or C-terminal domain refers to any number of contiguous residues from the C-terminal residue and that includes the terminal amino acid residue.
As used herein, “under the same conditions” with reference to production of terpene products means that the reaction by which a terpene product is catalyzed from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor by a santalene synthase is identical or substantially identical between and among tested molecules, such that any one or more conditions that can influence the production of a terpene are not varied or not substantially varied between the test agents, except for the difference in the santalene synthase itself. For example, any one or more conditions such as the particular host cell; acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor; fermentation medium, temperature of culture; time of culture; type of flask or microculture; pH adjustment, extraction method and/or other conditions associated with terpene production are identical or substantially identical between and among the compared polypeptides.
As used herein, nucleic acids or nucleic acid molecules include DNA, RNA and analogs thereof, including peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and mixtures thereof. Nucleic acids can be single or double-stranded. When referring to probes or primers, which are optionally labeled, such as with a detectable label, such as a fluorescent or radiolabel, single-stranded molecules are contemplated. Such molecules are typically of a length such that their target is statistically unique or of low copy number (typically less than 5, generally less than 3) for probing or priming a library. Generally a probe or primer contains at least 14, 16 or 30 contiguous nucleotides of sequence complementary to or identical to a gene of interest. Probes and primers can be 10, 20, 30, 50, 100 or more nucleic acids long.
As used herein, the term polynucleotide means a single- or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and can be isolated from natural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination of natural and synthetic molecules. The length of a polynucleotide molecule is given herein in terms of nucleotides (abbreviated “nt”) or base pairs (abbreviated “bp”). The term nucleotides is used for single- and double-stranded molecules where the context permits. When the term is applied to double-stranded molecules it is used to denote overall length and will be understood to be equivalent to the term base pairs. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the two strands of a double-stranded polynucleotide can differ slightly in length and that the ends thereof can be staggered; thus all nucleotides within a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule cannot be paired. Such unpaired ends will, in general, not exceed 40 or 50 nucleotides in length.
As used herein, heterologous nucleic acid is nucleic acid that is not normally produced in vivo by the cell in which it is expressed or that is produced by the cell but is at a different locus or expressed differently or that mediates or encodes mediators that alter expression of endogenous nucleic acid, such as DNA, by affecting transcription, translation, or other regulatable biochemical processes. Heterologous nucleic acid is generally not endogenous to the cell into which it is introduced, but has been obtained from another cell or prepared synthetically. Heterologous nucleic acid can be endogenous, but is nucleic acid that is expressed from a different locus or altered in its expression. Generally, although not necessarily, such nucleic acid encodes RNA and proteins that are not normally produced by the cell or in the same way in the cell in which it is expressed. Heterologous nucleic acid, such as DNA, also can be referred to as foreign nucleic acid, such as DNA. Thus, heterologous nucleic acid or foreign nucleic acid includes a nucleic acid molecule not present in the exact orientation or position as the counterpart nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA, is found in a genome. It also can refer to a nucleic acid molecule from another organism or species (i.e., exogenous).
Any nucleic acid, such as DNA, that one of skill in the art would recognize or consider as heterologous or foreign to the cell in which the nucleic acid is expressed is herein encompassed by heterologous nucleic acid; heterologous nucleic acid includes exogenously added nucleic acid that also is expressed endogenously. Examples of heterologous nucleic acid include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid that encodes traceable marker proteins, such as a protein that confers drug resistance, nucleic acid that encodes therapeutically effective substances, such as anti-cancer agents, enzymes and hormones, and nucleic acid, such as DNA, that encodes other types of proteins, such as antibodies. Antibodies that are encoded by heterologous nucleic acid can be secreted or expressed on the surface of the cell in which the heterologous nucleic acid has been introduced.
As used herein, “synthetic,” with reference to, for example, a synthetic nucleic acid molecule or a synthetic gene or a synthetic peptide refers to a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide molecule that is produced by recombinant methods and/or by chemical synthesis methods.
As used herein, “complementary DNA” or “cDNA” refers to synthetic DNA artificially synthesized from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template using the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase.
As used herein, “polypeptide” refers to two or more amino acids covalently joined. The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein.
As used herein, a peptide refers to a polypeptide that is from 2 to 40 amino acids in length.
As used herein, an “amino acid” is an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. A polypeptide contains two or more amino acids. For purposes herein, amino acids include the twenty naturally-occurring amino acids, non-natural amino acids and amino acid analogs (i.e., amino acids wherein the α-carbon has a side chain). The amino acids that occur in the various sequences of amino acids provided herein are identified according to their known, three-letter or one-letter abbreviations (Table 1). The nucleotides which occur in the various nucleic acid fragments are designated with the standard single-letter designations used routinely in the art.
As used herein, “amino acid residue” refers to an amino acid formed upon chemical digestion (hydrolysis) of a polypeptide at its peptide linkages. The amino acid residues described herein are generally in the “L” isomeric form. Residues in the “D” isomeric form can be substituted for any L-amino acid residue, as long as the desired functional property is retained by the polypeptide. NH2 refers to the free amino group present at the amino terminus of a polypeptide. COOH refers to the free carboxy group present at the carboxyl terminus of a polypeptide. In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature described in J. Biol. Chem., 243: 3557-3559 (1969), and adopted 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, abbreviations for the amino acid residues are shown in Table 1:







TABLE 1







Table of Correspondence










SYMBOL












1-Letter
3-Letter
AMINO ACID







Y
Tyr
Tyrosine



G
Gly
Glycine



F
Phe
Phenylalanine



M
Met
Methionine



A
Ala
Alanine



S
Ser
Serine



I
Ile
Isoleucine



L
Leu
Leucine



T
Thr
Threonine



V
Val
Valine



P
Pro
Proline



K
Lys
Lysine



H
His
Histidine



Q
Gln
Glutamine



E
Glu
Glutamic acid



Z
Glx
Glu and/or Gln



W
Trp
Tryptophan



R
Arg
Arginine



D
Asp
Aspartic acid



N
Asn
Asparagine



B
Asx
Asn and/or Asp



C
Cys
Cysteine



X
Xaa
Unknown or other










All amino acid residue sequences represented herein by formulae have a left to right orientation in the conventional direction of amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus. In addition, the phrase “amino acid residue” is broadly defined to include the amino acids listed in the Table of Correspondence (Table 1) and modified and unusual amino acids, such as those referred to in 37 C.F.R. §§1.821-1.822, and incorporated herein by reference. A dash at the beginning or end of an amino acid residue sequence indicates a peptide bond to a further sequence of one or more amino acid residues, to an amino-terminal group such as NH2 or to a carboxyl-terminal group such as COOH.
As used herein, “naturally occurring amino acids” refer to the 20 L-amino acids that occur in polypeptides.
As used herein, “non-natural amino acid” refers to an organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that is not one of the naturally-occurring amino acids listed in Table 1. Non-naturally occurring amino acids thus include, for example, amino acids or analogs of amino acids other than the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids and include, but are not limited to, the D-stereoisomers of amino acids. Exemplary non-natural amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be included in a modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. For example, exemplary non-natural amino acids are known to those of skill in the art, and include, but are not limited to, 2-Aminoadipic acid (Aad), 3-Aminoadipic acid (Baad), β-alanine/β-Amino-propionic acid (Bala), 2-Aminobutyric acid (Abu), 4-Aminobutyric acid/piperidinic acid (4Abu), 6-Aminocaproic acid (Acp), 2-Aminoheptanoic acid (Ahe), 2-Aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), 3-Aminoisobutyric acid (Baib), 2-Aminopimelic acid (Apm), 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (Dbu), Desmosine (Des), 2,2′-Diaminopimelic acid (Dpm), 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), N-Ethylglycine (EtGly), N-Ethylasparagine (EtAsn), Hydroxylysine (Hyl), allo-Hydroxylysine (Rhyl), 3-Hydroxyproline (3Hyp), 4-Hydroxyproline (4Hyp), Isodesmosine (Ide), allo-Isoleucine (Aile), N-Methylglycine, sarcosine (MeGly), N-Methylisoleucine (MeIle), 6-N-Methyllysine (MeLys), N-Methylvaline (MeVal), Norvaline (Nva), Norleucine (Nle), and Ornithine (Orn).
Amino acid replacements or substitutions contemplated include conservative substitutions, including, but not limited to, those set forth in Table 2. Suitable conservative substitutions of amino acids are known to those of skill in the art and can be made generally without altering the conformation or activity of the polypeptide. Those of skill in the art recognize that, in general, single amino acid substitutions in non-essential regions of a polypeptide do not substantially alter biological activity (see, e.g., Watson et al. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4th Edition, 1987, The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. co., p. 224). Conservative amino acid substitutions are made, for example, in accordance with those set forth in Table 2 as follows:










TABLE 2







Original residue
Conservative substitution









Ala (A)
Gly; Ser;



Arg (R)
Lys;



Asn (N)
Gln; His



Cys (C)
Ser



Gln (Q)
Asn



Glu (E)
Asp



Gly (G)
Ala; Pro



His (H)
Asn; Gln



Ile (I)
Leu; Val



Leu (L)
Ile; Val



Lys (K)
Arg; Gln; Glu



Met (M)
Leu; Tyr; Ile



Ornithine
Lys; Arg



Phe (F)
Met; Leu; Tyr



Ser (S)
Thr



Thr (T)
Ser



Trp (W)
Tyr



Tyr (Y)
Trp; Phe



Val (V)
Ile; Leu;










Other conservative substitutions also are permissible and can be determined empirically or in accord with known conservative substitutions. The effects of such substitutions can be calculated using substitution score matrices such PAM120, PAM-200, and PAM-250 as discussed in Altschul (J. Mol. Biol. 219:55565 (1991)).
As used herein, a DNA construct is a single or double stranded, linear or circular DNA molecule that contains segments of DNA combined and juxtaposed in a manner not found in nature. DNA constructs exist as a result of human manipulation, and include clones and other copies of manipulated molecules.
As used herein, a DNA segment is a portion of a larger DNA molecule having specified attributes. For example, a DNA segment encoding a specified polypeptide is a portion of a longer DNA molecule, such as a plasmid or plasmid fragment, which, when read from the 5′ to 3′ direction, encodes the sequence of amino acids of the specified polypeptide.
As used herein, the term polynucleotide means a single- or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. Polynucleotides include RNA and DNA, and can be isolated from natural sources, synthesized in vitro, or prepared from a combination of natural and synthetic molecules. The length of a polynucleotide molecule is given herein in terms of nucleotides (abbreviated “nt”) or base pairs (abbreviated “bp”). The term nucleotides is used for single- and double-stranded molecules where the context permits. When the term is applied to double-stranded molecules it is used to denote overall length and will be understood to be equivalent to the term base pairs. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the two strands of a double-stranded polynucleotide can differ slightly in length and that the ends thereof can be staggered; thus all nucleotides within a double-stranded polynucleotide molecule cannot be paired. Such unpaired ends will, in general, not exceed 20 nucleotides in length.
As used herein, “primary sequence” refers to the sequence of amino acid residues in a polypeptide.
As used herein, “similarity” between two proteins or nucleic acids refers to the relatedness between the sequence of amino acids of the proteins or the nucleotide sequences of the nucleic acids. Similarity can be based on the degree of identity and/or homology of sequences of residues and the residues contained therein. Methods for assessing the degree of similarity between proteins or nucleic acids are known to those of skill in the art. For example, in one method of assessing sequence similarity, two amino acid or nucleotide sequences are aligned in a manner that yields a maximal level of identity between the sequences. “Identity” refers to the extent to which the amino acid or nucleotide sequences are invariant. Alignment of amino acid sequences, and to some extent nucleotide sequences, also can take into account conservative differences and/or frequent substitutions in amino acids (or nucleotides). Conservative differences are those that preserve the physico-chemical properties of the residues involved. Alignments can be global (alignment of the compared sequences over the entire length of the sequences and including all residues) or local (the alignment of a portion of the sequences that includes only the most similar region or regions).
As used herein, the terms “homology” and “identity” are used to describe relatedness between and among polypeptides (or encoding nucleic acid molecules). Identity refers to identical sequences; homology can include conservative amino acid changes. In general, to identify corresponding positions, the sequences of amino acids are aligned so that the highest order match is obtained (see, e.g.: Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A. M., ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D. W., ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A. M., and Griffin, H. G., eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; Carrillo et al. (1988) SIAM J Applied Math 48:1073).
As used herein, “sequence identity” refers to the number of identical or similar amino acids or nucleotide bases on a comparison between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. Sequence identity can be determined by sequence alignment of nucleic acid or protein sequences to identify regions of similarity or identity. For purposes herein, sequence identity is generally determined by alignment to identify identical residues. The alignment can be local or global. Matches, mismatches and gaps can be identified between compared sequences. Gaps are null amino acids or nucleotides inserted between the residues of aligned sequences so that identical or similar characters are aligned. Generally, there can be internal and terminal gaps. When using gap penalties, sequence identity can be determined with no penalty for end gaps (e.g., terminal gaps are not penalized). Alternatively, sequence identity can be determined without taking into account gaps as the number of identical positions/length of the total aligned sequence×100.
For purposes herein, sequence identity can be determined by standard alignment algorithm programs used with default gap penalties established by each supplier. Default parameters for the GAP program can include: (1) a unary comparison matrix (containing a value of 1 for identities and 0 for non identities) and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 6745-6763 (1986), as described by Schwartz and Dayhoff, eds., Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358 (1978); (2) a penalty of 3.0 for each gap and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps. Whether any two nucleic acid molecules have nucleotide sequences or any two polypeptides have amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% “identical,” or other similar variations reciting a percent identity, can be determined using known computer algorithms based on local or global alignment (see e.g., wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment_software, providing links to dozens of known and publicly available alignment databases and programs). Generally, for purposes herein, sequence identity is determined using computer algorithms based on global alignment, such as the Needleman-Wunsch Global Sequence Alignment tool available from NCBI/BLAST (blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&Page_TYPE=BlastHome); LAlign (William Pearson implementing the Huang and Miller algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. (1991) 12:337-357)); and a program from Xiaoqui Huang available at deepc2.psilastate.edu/aat/align/align.html. Clustal analysis also can be used to align either nucleotide or protein sequences and to score their level of identity and similarity (available at ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clusalw2/ or ebi.ac.uk/ebisearch/search.ebi?db=medline&t=clustal*). Typically, the full-length sequence of each of the compared polypeptides or nucleotides is aligned across the full-length of each sequence in a global alignment. Local alignment also can be used when the sequences being compared are substantially the same length.
As used herein, a “global alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequences from beginning to end, aligning each letter in each sequence only once. An alignment is produced, regardless of whether or not there is similarity or identity between the sequences. For example, 50% sequence identity based on “global alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences each of 100 nucleotides in length, 50% of the residues are the same. It is understood that global alignment also can be used in determining sequence identity even when the length of the aligned sequences is not the same. The differences in the terminal ends of the sequences will be taken into account in determining sequence identity, unless the “no penalty for end gaps” is selected. Generally, a global alignment is used on sequences that share significant similarity over most of their length. Exemplary algorithms for performing global alignment include the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman et al. J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453 (1970)). Exemplary programs for performing global alignment are publicly available and include the Global Sequence Alignment Tool available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), and the program available at deepc2.psi.iastate.edu/aat/align/align.html.
As used herein, a “local alignment” is an alignment that aligns two sequence, but only aligns those portions of the sequences that share similarity or identity. Hence, a local alignment determines if sub-segments of one sequence are present in another sequence. If there is no similarity, no alignment will be returned. Local alignment algorithms include BLAST or Smith-Waterman algorithm (Adv. Appl. Math. 2(4): 482-489 (1981)). For example, 50% sequence identity based on “local alignment” means that in an alignment of the full sequence of two compared sequences of any length, a region of similarity or identity of 100 nucleotides in length has 50% of the residues that are the same in the region of similarity or identity.
Therefore, as used herein, the term “identity” represents a comparison or alignment between a test and a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. In one non-limiting example, “at least 90% identical to” refers to percent identities from 90 to 100%, relative to the reference polypeptide or polynucleotide. Identity at a level of 90% or more is indicative of the fact that, assuming for exemplification purposes a test and reference polypeptide or polynucleotide length of 100 amino acids or nucleotides are compared, no more than 10% (i.e., 10 out of 100) of amino acids or nucleotides in the test polypeptide or polynucleotide differ from those of the reference polypeptide. Similar comparisons can be made between test and reference polynucleotides. Such differences can be represented as point mutations randomly distributed over the entire length of an amino acid sequence or they can be clustered in one or more locations of varying length up to the maximum allowable, e.g., 10/100 amino acid difference (approximately 90% identity). Differences also can be due to deletions or truncations of amino acid residues. Differences are defined as nucleic acid or amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions. Depending on the length of the compared sequences, at the level of homologies or identities above about 85-90%, the result can be independent of the program and gap parameters set; such high levels of identity can be assessed readily, often without relying on software.
As used herein, it also is understood that the terms “substantially identical” or “similar” varies with the context as understood by those skilled in the relevant art, but that those of skill can assess such.
As used herein, an “aligned sequence” refers to the use of homology (similarity and/or identity) to align corresponding positions in a sequence of nucleotides or amino acids. Typically, two or more sequences that are related by 50% or more identity are aligned. An aligned set of sequences refers to 2 or more sequences that are aligned at corresponding positions and can include aligning sequences derived from RNAs, such as ESTs and other cDNAs, aligned with genomic DNA sequence.
As used herein, “isolated” or “purified” polypeptide or protein or biologically-active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue from which the protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals, when chemically synthesized. Preparations can be determined to be substantially free if they appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as proteolytic and biological activities, of the substance. Methods for purification of the compounds to produce substantially chemically pure compounds are known to those of skill in the art. A substantially chemically pure compound, however, can be a mixture of stereoisomers. In such instances, further purification might increase the specific activity of the compound.
The term “substantially free” of cellular material includes preparations of santalene synthase or terpene products in which the santalene synthase or terpene is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or produced. In one embodiment, the term substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of santalene synthase or terpene products having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% or less (by dry weight) of non-santalene synthase or terpene proteins or products, including cell culture medium.
As used herein, production by recombinant methods by using recombinant DNA methods refers to the use of the well-known methods of molecular biology for expressing proteins encoded by cloned DNA.
As used herein, a “host cell” is a cell that is used to receive, maintain, reproduce and amplify a vector. A host cell also can be used to express the polypeptide encoded by the vector. The nucleic acid contained in the vector is replicated when the host cell divides, thereby amplifying the nucleic acids.
As used herein, “vector” (or “plasmid”) refers to discrete DNA elements that are used to introduce heterologous nucleic acid into cells for either expression or replication thereof. The vectors typically remain episomal, but can be designed to effect integration of a gene or portion thereof into a chromosome of the genome. Also contemplated are vectors that are artificial chromosomes, such as bacterial artificial chromosomes, yeast artificial chromosomes and mammalian artificial chromosomes. A vector also includes “virus vectors” or “viral vectors.” Viral vectors are engineered viruses that are operatively linked to exogenous genes to transfer (as vehicles or shuttles) the exogenous genes into cells. Selection and use of such vehicles are well known to those of skill in the art.
As used herein, “expression” refers to the process by which nucleic acid is transcribed into mRNA and translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. If the nucleic acid is derived from genomic DNA, expression can, if an appropriate eukaryotic host cell or organism is selected, include processing, such as splicing of the mRNA.
As used herein, an “expression vector” includes vectors capable of expressing DNA that is operatively linked with regulatory sequences, such as promoter regions, that are capable of effecting expression of such DNA fragments. Such additional segments can include promoter and terminator sequences, and optionally can include one or more origins of replication, one or more selectable markers, an enhancer, a polyadenylation signal, and the like. Expression vectors are generally derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or can contain elements of both. Thus, an expression vector refers to a recombinant DNA or RNA construct, such as a plasmid, a phage, recombinant virus or other vector that, upon introduction into an appropriate host cell, results in expression of the cloned DNA. Appropriate expression vectors are well known to those of skill in the art and include those that are replicable in eukaryotic cells and/or prokaryotic cells and those that remain episomal or those which integrate into the host cell genome.
As used herein, an “adenovirus” refers to any of a group of DNA-containing viruses that cause conjunctivitis and upper respiratory tract infections in humans.
As used herein, “naked DNA” refers to histone-free DNA that can be used for vaccines and gene therapy. Naked DNA is the genetic material that is passed from cell to cell during a gene transfer process called transformation or transfection. In transformation or transfection, purified or naked DNA that is taken up by the recipient cell will give the recipient cell a new characteristic or phenotype.
As used herein, operably or operatively-linked when referring to DNA segments means that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g., transcription initiates in the promoter and proceeds through the coding segment to the terminator.
As used herein, a “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” refers to a polypeptide operatively-linked to a different polypeptide. A chimeric or fusion protein provided herein can include one or more santalene synthase polypeptides, or a portion thereof, and one or more other polypeptides, for any one or more of transcriptional/translational control signals, signal sequences, a tag for localization, a tag for purification, part of a domain of an immunoglobulin G, and/or a targeting agent. A chimeric santalene synthase polypeptide also includes those having their endogenous domains or regions of the polypeptide exchanged with another polypeptide. These chimeric or fusion proteins include those produced by recombinant means as fusion proteins, those produced by chemical means, such as by chemical coupling, through, for example, coupling to sulfhydryl groups, and those produced by any other method whereby at least one polypeptide (i.e. santalene synthase), or a portion thereof, is linked, directly or indirectly via linker(s) to another polypeptide.
As used herein, recitation that a polypeptide “consists essentially” of a recited sequence of amino acids means that only the recited portion, or a fragment thereof, of the full-length polypeptide is present. The polypeptide can optionally, and generally will, include additional amino acids from another source or can be inserted into another polypeptide.
As used herein, a “composition” refers to any mixture. It can be a solution, suspension, liquid, powder, paste, aqueous, non-aqueous or any combination thereof.
As used herein, a “combination” refers to any association between or among two or more items. The combination can be two or more separate items, such as two compositions or two collections, can be a mixture thereof, such as a single mixture of the two or more items, or any variation thereof. The elements of a combination are generally functionally associated or related.
As used herein, a “kit” is a packaged combination that optionally includes other elements, such as additional reagents and instructions for use of the combination or elements thereof, for purposes including, but not limited to, production of terpene products, assessment of terpene production and/or assessment of another property or activity.
As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to polypeptide, comprising “an amino acid replacement” includes polypeptides with one or a plurality of amino acid replacements.
As used herein, the term “or” is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only, or the alternatives are mutually exclusive.
As used herein, ranges and amounts can be expressed as “about” a particular value or range. About also includes the exact amount. Hence “about 5%” means “about 5%” and also “5%.”
As used herein, “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance does or does not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, an optional step of isolating santalene means that the santalene is isolated or is not isolated.
As used herein, the abbreviations for any protective groups, amino acids and other compounds, are, unless indicated otherwise, in accord with their common usage, recognized abbreviations, or the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (see, (1972) Biochem. 11:1726).
B. Santalene Synthase and Production of Santalenes and Other Products
Provided herein are modified santalene synthases that exhibit improved or altered properties to produce sesquiterpene products as compared to wild type or unmodified santalene synthases. Santalene synthases are sesquiterpene synthases that have been identified in or isolated from various plant species, and that catalyze the biosynthetic formation of a mixture of santalenes and bergamotene (i.e., α-, β-, and epi-β-santalene and α-exo-bergamotene) In particular, santalene synthases have been identified in or isolated from various Santalum species, for example Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum, Santalum spicatum, Solanum habrochaites, Solanum lycopersicum, Santalum murrayanum, Clausena lansium and others.
For example, santalene synthases have been identified in or isolated from Santalum album. Exemplary of a Santalum album santalene synthase (SaSSy) includes the 569 amino acid polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0208173; and Jones et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286:17445-17454). Other known SaSSy sequences include the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:258 that exhibits 99.82% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:239 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,569,025); the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:27 that exhibits 99.12% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 (see e.g., Genbank Accession No. ADP30867); the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:28 that exhibits 98.95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0281257); the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:29 that exhibits 92.62% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0281257); and the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:30 that exhibits 92.97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0281257).
Santalum album santalene synthases (SaSSy) also include those described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0281257 containing N-terminal truncations, such as the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:31 (encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8) and the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:32 (encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9). Additional santalene synthases include synthetic variants of Santalum album santalene synthase having amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:33-43 and encoded by the nucleic acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS:16-26, respectively. An alignment of the various S. album santalene synthases is set forth in FIG. 2.
Santalum species santalene synthases also include santalene synthase from Santalum spicatum (SspiSSy, Genbank Accession No. HQ343278 or AD087002), which is a 569 amino acid polypeptide that has the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 that exhibits 94.55% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11; santalene synthase from Santalum austrocaledonicum (SauSSy, Genbank Accession Nos. HQ343277 or AD087001), which is a 569 amino acid polypeptide with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 that exhibits 98.59% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13; and santalene synthase from Santalum murrayanum (SmSSy), which is a 569 amino acid polypeptide with the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 that exhibits 98.42% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0208173 and Jones et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286:17445-17454). Alignments of the S. spicatum, S. austrocaledonicum and S. murrayanum santalene synthases with the S. album santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are set forth in FIGS. 3A-3C.
Santalene synthases have also been isolated from Vetiver zitanoides (vetiver; see e.g., International Pat. Pub. No. WO 2006/134523), Solanum habrochaites (tomato; see e.g., Sallaud et al. (2009) Plant Cell 21:301-317) and Clausena lansium (wampee; see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0008836).
1. Santalene Synthase Function and Activity
Santalene synthases are members of an enzyme class known as terpene synthases, or terpene cyclases, that includes monoterpene synthases, sesquiterpene synthases, and diterpene synthases. Terpene synthases catalyze multistep reactions converting diphosphorylated substrates of 10 (geranyl diphosphate (GPP)), 15 (farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), also called farnesyl diphosphate (FDP)), or 20 (geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP)) carbons into acyclic and cyclic terpenes. The biosynthetic cyclization reactions proceed via electrophilic alkylation in which new carbon-carbon single bonds are formed through reaction of a highly reactive electron-deficient allylic carbocation and an electron-rich carbon-carbon double bond. The resulting terpenes can be isolated from a range of natural sources, including plants, fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates.
Santalene synthases are sesquiterpene synthases that are members of the class I terpene synthases, which are metal-dependent cyclases that convert linear, all-trans isoprenoid diphosphates, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), into cyclic sesquiterpenes. Santalene synthases catalyze the biosynthetic formation of a mixture of santalenes and bergamotene (i.e., α-, β-, and epi-β-santalene and α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP (see e.g., WO 2011/000026 and Jones et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286:17445-17454). Specifically, santalene synthases catalyze the formation of α-santalene (1), β-santalene (2), epi-β-santalene (3), and α-exo-bergamotene (4, α-trans-bergamotene) from FPP (see FIGS. 1A and 1B).
The sesquiterpenes generated from FPP via santalene synthase, i.e., santalenes and bergamotene, can be oxidized to form sesquiterpenols, i.e., santalols and bergamotol. For example, cytochrome P450 oxidase polypeptide catalyzes the formation of one or more of α-santalol from α-santalene, β-santalol from β-santalene, epi-β-santalol from epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotol from α-exo-bergamotene. Hydroxylation or monooxygenation of terpene substrates by the cytochrome P450 oxidase is generally performed in the presence of a cytochrome reductase. For example, the santalenes and bergamotene can be converted to santalols, such as α-santalols (5 and 6), β-santalols (7 and 8), epi-β-santalols (9 and 10); and bergamotols, such as α-exo-bergamotols (11 and 12, α-trans-bergamotols) (see FIGS. 1A and 1B), through a cytochrome P450 oxidase polypeptide-catalyzed reaction in the presence of a cytochrome reductase.
Santalene synthases are naturally found in plants, including in the heartwood of Santalum species, such as Santalum album (Indian Sandalwood, White Sandalwood, Chandan), Santalum austrocaledonicum (Australian Sandalwood), Santalum spicatum, Solanum habrochaites and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Santalum murrayanum, Clausena lansium (wampee) and others (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2011/0281257 and 2012/0208173; and Jones et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286:17445-17454).
In particular, the santalols and bergamotol are natural constituents of sandalwood oil, an essential oil found in sandalwood trees. Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a slow-growing, hemi-parasitic, tropical tree with great economic value that can be found growing in southern India, Sri Lanka, eastern Indonesia and northern Australia. The timber is highly sought after for its fine grain, high density and excellent carving properties. Sandalwood heartwood has a unique fragrance imparted by the resins and essential oils, which include santalols, santalenes and other sesquiterpenoids. In general, Santalum album heartwood contains up to 6% dry weight sesquiterpene oils. Sandalwood oil is highly valued and has been obtained by distillation of the heartwood of Santalum species. Sandalwood oil predominantly contains the sesquiterpene alcohols α-santalol, β-santalol, epi-β-santalol, and Z-α-trans-bergamotol, and additionally includes α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene, α-bergamotene, β-bisabolene, α-curcumene, β-curcumene and γ-curcumene. Sandalwood oil has been used in the perfume industry as a perfume ingredient because of the soft, sweet-woody and animal-balsamic odor, imparted from the terpenoid β-santalol, and has also been used in incenses, in traditional medicine, and in pesticides.
Santalenes and bergamotenes also can be produced biosynthetically from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) by santalene synthase (see, U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2012/0208173 and Jones et al. (2011) J Biol Chem 286:17445-17454). The pathways for biosynthesis of santalenes and bergamotenes can also be metabolically engineered in host cells by transforming heterologous nucleic acid encoding a santalene synthase into a host cell (e.g., yeast cell). The host cells also can be engineered to produce santalols and bergamotols, components of sandalwood oil, by co-transforming nucleic acid encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase and cytochrome P450 reductase in combination with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a santalene synthase (see e.g., Diaz-Chavez et al. (2013) PLoS One, 8:1-11).
2. Structure of Santalene Synthases
Sesquiterpene synthases, for example, santalene synthases, generally range from about 550 to 580 amino acids in length. For example, the sesquiterpene synthase santalene synthase is 569 amino acids in length. Although sequence identity between and among terpene synthases is not generally high, the terpene synthase (Tps) gene family of plant terpene synthases is subdivided into seven subfamilies based on amino acid sequence relatedness, designated TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-d, TPS-e/f, TPS-g, and TPS-h (Chen et al. (2011) Plant J. 66:212-229). Santalene synthases, such as those isolated from sandalwood species, e.g., SaSSy, SauSSy, and SspiSSy, are phylogenetically aligned with the TPS-b subfamily. Santalene synthases (e.g., SaSSy) share many of the motifs and structural elements common to other sesquiterpene synthases, and, in particular, those of the TPS-b subfamily. For example, the catalytic domain of santalene synthase shares a common 3-dimensional structure with other terpene synthases (described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,465,772; 6,495,354; and 6,559,297).
Despite the lack of significant amino acid sequence relationships, based on the crystal structures of several sesquiterpene synthases and modeling studies, the three-dimensional structures of sesquiterpene synthases share a common, α-helical “terpene synthase fold.” Generally, the synthases contain alpha helices interconnected by short connecting loops and turns (Starks et al. (1997) Science 277:1815-1820; Lesburg et al. (1997) Science 277:1820-1824; see Table 3). For example, the crystal structure for tobacco epi-aristolochene synthase and bornyl diphosphate synthase show the proteins to have a two-layer α-barrel active site, composed entirely of α-helices with short, connecting loops and turns. Thus, like other terpene synthases, santalene synthases contain an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain, that each separately form a compact α-helical domain to result in two α-helical domains. The N-terminal domain of plant terpene synthases has structural similarity with some glycosylhydrolases, but the exact function of the domain is not precisely known. Evidence from mutational analyses, however, suggests that this domain plays a role in folding by acting as a scaffold in order to facilitate proper folding of the C-terminal domain. The C-terminal domain contains the active site cavity (Degenhardt et al. (2009) Phytochem. 70:1621-1637; Wymore et al. (2011) Mol. Inf. 30:896-906).
In general, terpene synthases, for example, sesquiterpene synthases, e.g., santalene synthases, contain large active sites that allow the binding and folding of the substrate, the generation and stabilization of high-energy carbocations, and acidic/basic catalysis to dictate specific skeletal and metabolic fates. In sesquiterpene synthases, the enzyme active site is a large, hydrophobic pocket in the C-terminal domain formed by six α-helices (C, D, F, G, H and J) and closed off towards the outside by two loops that are located on the protein surface. The active site is lined by aromatic residues that serve to stabilize carbocation intermediates through cation-π interactions. The aromatic residues involved in the metal coordination reactions are largely conserved among all terpene synthases, such as among all sesquiterpene synthases (Bohlmann et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95:4126-4133; Whittington et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99(24):15375-15380; Degenhardt et al. (2009) Phytochem. 70:1621-1637; Li et al. (2013) Biochem. J. 451:417-426).
The catalytic site contains a large central cavity formed by mostly antiparallel alpha helices with two conserved metal binding sites, i.e. aspartate-rich regions, located on opposite walls. These two conserved metal binding motifs coordinate the binding of three Mg2+ ions to the isoprenoid disphosphate substrate. Aspartate-rich region 1 is located on helix D and is characterized by a conserved DDxxD motif. The DDxxD motif is almost perfectly conserved in plant terpene synthases, particularly the pyrophosphate-utilizing enzymes, and directs substrate binding via formation of complexes with divalent metal ions, e.g., magnesium or manganese, by forming salt bridges between substrate phosphate groups and the aspartate residues. For example, the Asp-Asp pair is involved in chelating the essential Mg2+ ions, which in turn chelates the pyrophosphate ions. The location at the entrance of the catalytic site is involved in positioning the substrate for catalysis (Degenhardt et al. (2009) Phytochem. 70:1621-1637; Rani et al. (2013) Gene 527:642-648). In SaSSy, the DDxxD motif corresponds to amino acid residues 321-325 with reference to SEQ ID NO:1. Asp321 and Asp 325 of aspartate-rich region 1 mediate binding of the substrate diphosphate moieties (i.e., farnesyl diphosphate) through coordination with bridging Mg2+ ions.
Aspartate-rich region 2 is located on Helix H and is characterized by the conserved sequence [N/D]xxx[S/T]xxxE (SEQ ID NO:173), which corresponds to amino acids N463, D464, 1465, G466, T467, 5468, P469, D470 and E471 of SEQ ID NO:1. This region binds an additional Mg2+ ion through amino acids Asn463, Thr467 and Glu471. Subsequent binding of the farnesyl diphosphate substrate induces conformational changes such that the N-terminal region forms a cap over the catalytic core that closes the active site to solvent, thereby stabilizing the reactive carbocation intermediates.
Another highly conserved region in terpene synthases, for example, sesquiterpene synthases, e.g., santalene synthases, is the N-terminal, arginine-rich motif RRX8W, or R(R/P)X8 W (SEQ ID NO:291). In SaSSy, this motif corresponds to amino acid residues 32-42 of SEQ ID NO:1. This motif contains a tandem RR (e.g., at positions 32 and 33 of SEQ ID NO:1), that has been shown to be involved in monoterpene cyclization but is generally absent in monoterpene synthases that produce only acyclic compounds (Williams et al. ((1998) Biochemistry, 37:12213-20). Truncation of residues up to the tandem arginines has been shown to result in a fully active pseudomature synthase, demonstrating that in some synthases these N-terminal residues are not required for activity.
C. Modified Santalene Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules
Provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides. Also provided herein are nucleic acids that encode any of the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. In particular, the modifications provided herein effect increased terpene production and/or an altered terpene product profile compared to the santalene synthase not containing the modification(s), such as the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. Although various santalene synthases are known in the prior art, including santalene synthases engineered to contain modification(s) (see e.g., SEQ ID NOS: 33-43 engineered to contain an amino acid replacement, or SEQ ID NOS: 31 or 32 that contain an altered N-terminus), the prior art does not describe any modified santalene synthases that exhibit increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase not containing the modification(s), such as the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3. Thus, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and encoding nucleic acid molecules, described herein exhibit properties to effect increased terpene production and/or an altered terpene product profile, and thereby are improved compared to other known santalene synthase polypeptides.
The modifications described herein (i.e. changes in amino acid or nucleotide sequence) can be with reference to any santalene synthase polypeptide (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase). Typically, modifications are in a Santalum species santalene synthase. In general, modifications described herein are in the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or a catalytically active fragment thereof. It is understood, however, that santalene species exhibit a high degree of sequence identity that is greater than 93% between and among different santalene species. For example, the Santalum species santalene synthases from Santalum spicatum (SspiSSy; set forth in SEQ ID NO:10), Santalum austrocaledocium (SauSSy; set forth in SEQ ID NO:12) and Santalum murrayanum (SmSSy; set forth in SEQ ID NO:14) exhibit greater than 94% or more sequence identity to the santalene species Santalum album (SaSSy) set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In addition, a number of variants of santalene synthase from Santalum album also have been isolated and are known, such as variants set forth in SEQ ID NOS:27, 28, 29, 30 and 258 or other variants set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 31-43.
Thus, any of the modifications described herein with reference to SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 can be made in another santalene synthase. For example, the modifications described herein can be in a santalene synthase as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, catalytically active fragments thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In particular, provided herein are modified Santalum album santalene synthase polypeptides that contain one or more modifications compared to a santalene synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 27, 28, 31, 33-43 or 258, a catalytically active fragment thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 27, 28, 31, 33-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
The modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein exhibit activity to catalyze the formation of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and/or other terpenes) from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including, but not limited to, farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Typically, the modified santalene synthases catalyze the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene from FPP. The modified santalene synthase polypeptides can exhibit 50% to 500%, such as 50% to 120%, 100% to 500%, or 110% to 250% of the total terpene production (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or encoded by the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The terpene products can be produced in vitro or in vivo. For example, the terpene products can be produced in a host cell that produces FPP.
The modified santalene synthases provided herein also produce one or more terpene products of the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modifications. The profile of a santalene synthase can be represented as the percentage or ratio of the amount of each terpene product produced compared to the total amount of terpene products produced. For example, as a total percentage of terpene products produced from FPP (i.e. totaling 100% of total terpene products), the modified santalene synthase polypeptides can produce 2% to 70% α-santalene, 1% to 50% β-santalene, 5% to 99% α-exo-bergamotene and/or 0 to 10% of other terpene products (e.g., epi-β-santalene, (E)-β-farnesene, and (Z)-β-farnesene). The modified santalene synthases provided herein can exhibit activity to produce a product profile of terpene products from FPP containing one or more terpene products α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene. For example, as a total percentage of terpene products produced from FPP (i.e. totaling 100% of total terpene products), the modified santalene synthase polypeptides can produce 2% to 70% α-santalene, 1% to 50% β-santalene, 5% to 99% α-exo-bergamotene and/or 1 to 10% of epi-β-santalene. Generally, the modified santalene synthases provided herein principally exhibit activity to produce a product profile of terpene products from FPP containing one or more, two or more or all three of the major terpene products α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene.
Typically, wild type SaSSy produces the three major products as a total percentage of terpene products that is in the range of or about 45 to 50% α-santalene, 25% to 30% β-santalene, and 25 to 30% α-exo-bergamotene. Further, it is found herein that the profile of products produced from SaSSy encoded by the codon-optimized variant having the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 is statistically altered compared to the profile of products produced from SaSSy encoded by wild type SaSSy having the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. For example, codon-optimized SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, when expressed in cells, can result in an altered product profile to produce α-santalene and β-santalene as a combined percentage of the total percentage of terpene products produced that is decreased by up to three percent compared to the amount of α-santalene and β-santalene produced as a combined percentage of the total percentage of terpene products from SaSSy when expressed from the nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 (see Example 2). For example, as shown in the Examples, in an average of 27 experiments, codon-optimized SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, when expressed in cells, produces the three major products as a total percentage of terpene products that is 45.7%±1.03 α-santalene, 26.12%±0.64 β-santalene and 30.40%±1.43 α-exo-bergamotene. Further, it is found herein that particular modification(s) also can further alter the product profile distribution.
Typically, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided exhibit increased production of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) and/or an altered product profile of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Exemplary of such modified santalene synthase polypeptides are described herein and exemplified in the Examples.
For example, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein exhibit increased production of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase polypeptide), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. For example, the modified santalene synthase polypeptide can catalyze the formation of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP in a host cell expressing the nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. In some cases, the modified santalene synthase polypeptide can catalyze the formation of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP in a host cell expressing the nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
In such examples, the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP by a modified santalene synthase provided herein is an amount that is at least or about at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. For example, the total terpene production (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) is increased at least or about at least 1.2-fold, 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 200-fold, 300-fold, 400-fold or more.
Alternatively, or in addition, modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein exhibit an altered product profile or an altered product distribution of one or more santalene terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or epi-β-santalene) and/or α-exo-bergamotene from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. In particular, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides exhibit an altered profile or distribution of the major terpene products α-santalene, β-santalene, and/or α-exo-bergamotene. For example, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein can catalyze the formation of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) from FPP in a host cell to result in an altered product profile, whereby at least one terpene product is altered (increased or decreased) in the product profile by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the santalene synthase not containing the modification(s), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. For example, the product profile is altered (e.g., increased or decreased) compared to the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides of the codon-optimized variant set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. In some cases, at least two of the major terpene products or all three of the major terpene products, i.e. α-santalene, β-santalene, and α-exo-bergamotene, are altered (increased or decreased) in the product profile of a modified santalene synthase provided herein.
For example, the amount of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP by a modified santalene synthase provided herein is at least or about at least 98% or less, such as less than 97%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5% or less of the amount of the same terpene product produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. In another example, the amount of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP by a modified santalene synthase provided herein is at least or about at least 102% or greater, such as greater than 103%, 104%, 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 130%, 140%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 190%, 200%, 210%, 220%, 230%, 240%, 250%, 260%, 270%, 280%, 290%, 300%, 310%, 320%, 330%, 340%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of the same terpene product produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
Exemplary modifications in a modified santalene synthase provided herein are described in further detail below. In particular, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein contain amino acid replacements (i.e. substitutions), additions (i.e. insertions), deletions, truncations or combinations thereof. The modifications can be made in any region or domain of a santalene synthase provided the resulting modified santalene synthase at least retains catalytic activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). Non-limiting modifications are described in the subsections below, which include amino acid replacements, deletions, or swaps of a domain or region with a corresponding domain or region from another synthase. For example, entire or partial domains or regions, such as any domain or region described herein below, are exchanged with a corresponding heterologous domain or region or portions thereof from another terpene synthase.
To retain santalene synthase activity, modifications typically are not at those positions that are less tolerant to change. Such positions can be within domains or regions that are required for catalysis of santalenes or bergamotene from FPP and/or substrate binding. For example, such positions include regions that are highly conserved, such as the metal-binding aspartate-rich motifs (DDxxD). A skilled artisan knows or can readily identify amino acid residues that are required for activity and should not be changed. Also, in some instances if a modification is at these positions, it generally is a conservative amino acid substitution. One of skill in the art understands conservative amino acid substitutions, such as those provided in Table 2, can be used to reduce the likelihood of a modification resulting in a reduction in activity, such as a reduction in the amount of santalenes or bergamotene produced from FPP compared to wild-type santalene synthase.
For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain at least, up to, or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 or more modified amino acid positions compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification.
The modified santalene synthases provided herein generally exhibit at least 70% amino acid sequence identity to the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof, and typically at least 70% amino acid sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. For example, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein generally exhibit at least or at least about 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NO:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In particular, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein generally exhibit at least or at least about 75%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 95%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% amino acid sequence identity to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. It is within the level of a skilled artisan to determine the percent identity of a first sequence to a second sequence using standard alignment programs. Typically, alignment is determined based on global alignment, which aligns the full length of each sequence to each other. For example, as can be determined by one of skill in the art using standard alignment programs, a modified santalene synthase polypeptide containing 19 amino acid replacements (e.g., the modified santalene synthase named SaSSy-2 set forth in SEQ ID NO:132 as described below) exhibits about 96.7% homology to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
As indicated, also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Hence, a modified nucleic acid molecule that encodes any of the modified santalene synthases provided herein includes codon changes corresponding to modifications provided herein (e.g., replacement or substitution, insertion or addition, or deletion of one or more nucleotides). It is within the level of a skilled artisan, who is familiar with codons that correspond to various amino acids, to identify such codon changes based on exemplification of the modified amino acids herein. Exemplary codon changes corresponding to modified amino acid residues are set forth in Tables 7 and 8 for exemplary variants described herein.
Hence, modified nucleic acid molecules encoding a modified santalene synthase provided herein can contain modifications (i.e. nucleotide changes) with reference to the corresponding nucleic acid molecule encoding the unmodified santalene synthase, such as a Santalum species santalene synthase. For example, the modifications can be in a nucleic acid molecule set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4-9, 11, 13, 15-26 or 239, a degenerate sequence thereof, or a portion thereof that encodes a catalytically active santalene synthase, or in a variant thereof that exhibits at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the nucleic acid molecule set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4-9, 11, 13, 15-26 or 239, a degenerate thereof or a portion thereof that encodes an active santalene synthase. In particular, the modifications are in a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Santalum album santalene synthase polypeptide, such as in a nucleic acid molecule set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 5, 8, 16-26 or 239, a degenerate thereof, a portion thereof that encodes a catalytically active santalene synthase, or in a variant thereof that exhibits at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to the nucleic acid molecule set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4, 5, 8, 16-26 or 239, a degenerate thereof or a portion thereof that encodes a catalytically active santalene synthase. For example, the modifications are in a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or a portion thereof encoding an active santalene synthase.
In particular examples, the nucleic acid sequence can be codon optimized, for example, to increase expression levels of the encoded sequence. The particular codon usage is dependent on the host organism in which the modified polypeptide is expressed. One of skill in the art is familiar with optimal codons for expression in mammalian or human cells, bacteria or yeast, including for example E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. For example, codon usage information is available from the Codon Usage Database available at kazusa.or.jp.codon (see e.g., Richmond (2000) Genome Biology, 1:241 for a description of the database. See also, Forsburg (2004) Yeast, 10:1045-1047; Brown et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Research, 19:4298; Sharp et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res., 12:8207-8211; Sharp et al. (1991) Yeast, 657-78). Exemplary of a codon-optimized santalene synthase is set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, which encodes SaSSy having the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Another exemplary codon-optimized santalene synthase is set forth in SEQ ID NO:44, which encodes SspiSSy having the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. Thus, corresponding nucleotide modifications herein can be in a nucleic acid molecule set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:44, or in a portion thereof encoding an active santalene synthase polypeptide. In particular, corresponding nucleotide modifications provided herein are in the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or a portion thereof encoding a catalytically active santalene synthase polypeptide.
Exemplary non-limiting modifications (e.g., amino acid replacements) are described below in the following subsections. For purposes herein, reference to positions and amino acids for modification, including amino acid replacements, herein are by SaSSy numbering with reference to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. It is within the level of one of skill in the art to make corresponding modifications in santalene synthase polypeptides, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or any variant thereof. Amino acid modifications can be made at corresponding residues of any santalene synthase polypeptide by alignment with the santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 (see e.g., FIGS. 2 and 3). For example, FIGS. 2A-F and FIGS. 3A-C depicts SaSSy numbering and corresponding positions between and among exemplary santalene synthase polypeptides.
For purposes herein, amino acid replacements are denoted by the replaced amino acid, the amino acid position and the replacing amino acid (e.g., T5 S, which represents that the amino acid at a position corresponding to amino acid residue 5 in SEQ ID NO:1, e.g., threonine, is replaced by serine). Nomenclature also is employed herein to represent the insertion (--→followed by position of insertion) or deletion (e.g., position of deletion followed by→--) of an amino acid residue at a corresponding position in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, M1→-- means that the residue at a position corresponding to position 1 of SEQ ID NO:1 is deleted. Also, --→C119 means that the residue at position 119 is inserted compared to the corresponding sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
In some cases, due to deletions or insertions of amino acid residues (e.g., N-terminal deletion or swap variants described herein), the numbering of residues in a modified santalene synthase is altered compared to the numbering of residues set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In such instances, nomenclature is used herein, including in the Examples, to identify residues in the corresponding modified santalene synthase that correspond to residues in SEQ ID NO:1. As indicated above, the residue number of the corresponding position in the modified santalene synthase can be identified by alignment with the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. As an example, reference to G119→N120 refers to the amino acid replacement G119N (i.e. that glycine corresponding to position 119 in SEQ ID NO:1 is replaced by asparagine), but indicates that the position in the modified santalene synthase that corresponds to this replacement is position 120.
Based on this description, it is within the level of one of skill in the art to generate a santalene synthase containing any one or more of the described mutation(s), and test each for santalene synthase activity and/or product profile, as described herein.
1. Exemplary Modifications
a. Codon-Optimization
Provided herein are santalene synthase polypeptides that are encoded by a nucleic acid molecule modified for codon optimization, and the encoding codon-optimized nucleic acid molecule. It is found herein that codon-optimization of nucleotides encoding a santalene synthase results in increased terpene production and an altered product profile compared to a corresponding santalene synthase that is encoded by a wild type or native santalene synthase sequence that has not been codon-optimized. For example, provided herein are codon-optimized variants encoding a santalene synthase that catalyze at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 111%, 112%, 113%, 114%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, or more of the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP compared to the corresponding santalene synthase polypeptide encoded by a sequence of nucleotides that has not been codon-optimized. Alternatively or additionally, provided herein are codon-optimized variants encoding a santalene synthase that produce an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) whose production profile is altered (increased or decreased) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the corresponding santalene synthase encoded by a sequence of nucleotides that has not been codon-optimized.
The codon-optimization can be effected based on the particular expression system utilized for expression of the synthase and production of terpene products. In particular, the codon-optimization utilizes codons that facilitate expression in yeast, such as in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The encoded santalene synthase can be a synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, catalytically active fragments thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In particular, the codon-optimized variant exhibits at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 4-9, 11, 13, 15-26 or 239, a degenerate thereof or a portion thereof that encodes a catalytically active santalene synthase.
For example, provided herein are codon-optimized variants of SEQ ID NO:2 that encode SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, the codon-optimized variant can contain one or more nucleotide changes to effect any one or more of the codon changes set forth in Table 7, so long as the resulting codon-optimized variant encodes a santalene synthase that catalyzes increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile. For example, the codon-optimized variant can contain at least or up to or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 or more nucleotide changes set forth in Table 7. For example, the codon-optimized variant contains all of the codon changes set forth in Table 7. Exemplary of such a codon-optimized variant is the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or a portion thereof, that encodes an active santalene synthase and that catalyzes increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile.
Also, provided herein are codon-optimized variants of SEQ ID NO:11 that encode SspiSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:10. For example, the codon-optimized variant can contain one or more nucleotide changes to effect any one or more of the codon changes set forth in Table 8, so long as the resulting codon-optimized variant encodes a santalene synthase that catalyzes increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase encoded by SEQ ID NO:10. For example, the codon-optimized variant can contain at least or up to or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 or more nucleotide changes set forth in Table 8. For example, the codon-optimized variant contains all of the codon changes set forth in Table 8. Exemplary of such a codon-optimized variant is the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:44, or a portion thereof that encodes an active santalene synthase that catalyzes increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase encoded by SEQ ID NO:10 or the corresponding active fragment thereof.
b. Amino Acid Replacements
Provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that contain an amino acid replacement (substitution) in a santalene synthase polypeptide. The amino acid replacements include those that increase total terpene production and/or effect an altered product profile compared to the total terpene production and/or terpene product profile of the unmodified sanatalene synthase not containing the amino acid replacements. Such amino acid replacements can be identified empirically or by rational design. For example, the amino acid replacements that confer such activities can be ascertained by methods utilizing random mutagenesis. In other cases, the amino acid replacements can be determined using rational strategies that include replacement of amino acids in a santalene synthase that correspond to amino acids in another terpene synthase with a different or desired activity. The different terpene synthase can be any terpene synthase, and generally is a sesquiterpene synthase. For example, the different terpene synthase can be a santalene species variant that differs from the santalene synthase that is being modified. In any of such examples, the resulting modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be tested for terpene production, and modified santalene synthase polypeptides that exhibit increased total terpene production and/or an altered product profile can be identified.
For example, in one strategy as exemplified herein, residues that differ between and among a santalene species (e.g. SspiSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 versus SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1) can be incorporated into a reference santalene species (e.g., SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1) to generate modified santalene synthases, and changes in properties or activities assessed. In another example, amino acid replacements can be generated in a santalene synthase that are known or identified to be beneficial with respect to a desired property or activity in another terpene synthase. For example, as exemplified herein, amino acid replacements can be generated in a santalene synthase that are equivalent to, or correspond to, mutations in beta-farnesene synthase that improve enzymatic activity by alignment of the reference santalene synthase to be modified with the sequence of beta-farnesene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:305 (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,512).
For example, provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that contain an amino acid replacement (substitution) in a santalene synthase polypeptide at an amino acid position corresponding to replacements that include, but are not limited to, T5S, M9T, M9V, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28G, A28S, N31A, I56K, I56R, L64E, L64Q, G70T, K73E, F74V, K85Q, F101L, F110L, I112N, I112Q, S117D, S117E, S117N, L140Y, N152S, G155D, C162V, V165I, S170A, Y176F, Y176H, N183E, N183K, N183D, T192A, C195Y, S198N, E205Q, K206G, K206Q, K206A, K206S, K206T, K213R, A240E, N255S, Q262R, L268W, A269P, F282W, I313L, G323A, G323E, S329F, S329H, S329L, I330M, L335H, S338Y, R342H, R342G, R342Q, R342S, R342T, C345L, C345P, C345T, V346A, K350L, K350R, N353D, N353P, F363Y, N364D, N367S, Y379I, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y, H404Y, G405S, T408A, V433I, A436C, H446R, L452I, I465M, A473E, A473L, A473P, A473V, S480A, C483R, E487A, E487S, V502I, S518E, Q521R, T548A, T548S, or conservative replacements thereof (see e.g., Table 2), with reference to SaSSy numbering of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
It is understood that while the above amino acid replacements reference amino acid positions of a santalene synthase by SaSSy numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, similar amino acid replacements can be made in other santalene synthases, and in particular in other Santalum album santalene synthases, by identification of corresponding amino acid residues and regions (see e.g., FIGS. 2 and 3). Thus, such modifications can be made in a santalene synthase, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, active fragments thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof. In particular, the amino acid replacements are made in the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
As described above, among the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein are those that exhibit increased terpene production and/or an altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase that does not contain the modification(s) (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase). For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides containing an amino acid replacement as described herein include those that catalyze the production of at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Alternatively, or additionally, modified santalene synthase polypeptides containing an amino acid replacement as described herein include those that produce an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the corresponding santalene synthase not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein include an amino acid replacement or replacements that are associated with or confer increased total terpene production when expressed in host cells that produce FPP. As shown in the examples herein, non-limiting examples of amino acid replacements that increase terpene production include amino acid replacement corresponding to any one or more of A28G, N31A, I56K, L64E, L64Q, K73E, F110L, I112N, I112Q, S117E, S117D, S117N, S170A, N183E, N183K, N183D, K206G, K206Q, K206A, K206S, K206T, K213R, F282W, R342H, R342G, R342S, R342Q, C345L, C345P, C345T, V346A, F363Y, Y379I, S381P, F385L, G405S, T408A, A436C, L452I, S480A, E487S, S518E, T548A, T548S, or conservative replacements thereof, with reference to SaSSy numbering of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. In particular, non-limiting amino acid replacements include any one or more of I56K, L64E, L64Q, F110L, I112Q, S117E, S117D, S117N, S170A, N183E, N183K, N183D, K206G, K206Q, K206A, K206S, K206T, F282W, R342Q, C345L, C345P, C345T, F363Y, Y379I, G405S, T408A, L452I, E487S, S518E, T548A, T548S or conservative replacements thereof, with reference to SaSSy numbering of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Modified santalene synthases containing the amino acid replacement corresponding to F282W alone or in combination with a mutation in the position corresponding to K206, such as K206G, K206S and K206A and/or the replacement corresponding to N183 exhibit increased terpene production and altered profile.
Modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein also include those that contain an amino acid replacement or replacements that are associated with or confer an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, epi-beta-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) when the synthase is expressed in host cells that produce FPP. As shown in the examples herein, non-limiting examples of amino acid replacements that result in an altered product profile include amino acid replacement corresponding to any one or more of M9T, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28S, A28G, N183K, N183D, S198N, E205Q, K206A, F282W, I313L, S329F, L335H, S338Y, C345L, C345P, V346A, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y, H404Y, C483R, T548A, T548S or conservative replacements thereof, with reference to SaSSy numbering of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
For example, as shown in the examples herein, amino acid replacements M9T, D18N, T24I, T26N, A28S, A28G, N183K, N183D, S198N, E205Q, K206A, F282W, I313L, S329F, L335H, S338Y, C345P, V346A, S381G, S381P, F385L, S395A, F403Y and H404Y are associated with a decreased production of α-exo-bergamotene, and a concomitant increase in the production of santalenes (α- and/or β-santalene). In particular, the amino acid replacement V346A confers an increased proportion of total santalenes, and in particular β-santalene, and a decreased proportion of bergamotene (e.g., compare SaSSy-1 to SaSSy-37). Amino acid replacement A28G results in a decreased proportion of bergamotene, and therefore an increased production of total santalenes, compared to a modified santalene synthase not containing the amino acid replacement (e.g., SaSSy-48 vs. SaSSy-6; and SaSSy-104). Also, amino acid replacement F282W confers a substantial reduction in the proportion of bergamotene, thus increasing the overall proportion of alpha- and beta-santalene within the profile. Amino acid replacement C345P confers a slightly increased proportion of alpha- and beta-santalene and decreased bergamotene, while amino acid replacement C345T did not result in an altered product profile.
As demonstrated herein, modified santalene synthases containing the amino acid replacement corresponding to F282W exhibit altered product profile, particularly increased production of the santalenes. While the K206T alone is neutral with respect to production and product profile, the combination of K206T with F282W produces a synthase that exhibits an increased total production compared to a santalene synthase containing F282W, alone, and retain the altered product profile of F282W (e.g., compare SaSSy-101 and SaSSy-102). Due to the changes in the product profile catalyzed by a modified santalene synthase containing K206T/F282W amino acid replacements, and the concomitant increase in terpene production due to the presence of the K206T amino acid replacement, such a modified santalene synthase catalyzes increased production of total santalene products (α- and/or β-santalene). Modified synthases that include the mutations K206G/F282W, such as SaSSy-135, catalyze increased production of terpenes and altered product profile. The combination of mutations at a position corresponding to K206, such as K206A, K206G, K206S, or K206T, with F282W and N183K catalyze increased production of terpenes, and alter the product profile to produce more α- and/or β-santalenes.
In other examples, as shown in the examples herein, amino acid replacements C483R, T548A and T548S are associated with a decreased production of total santalenes (e.g., α- and/or β-santalene), and a concomitant increase in the total production of α-exo-bergamotene. For example, SaSSy-43, which contains the amino acid replacement C483R, produced only 8.53% and 5.37% α- and β-santalene, respectively, as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. Also, variants SaSSy-123 and SaSSy-124, which both contain a replacement at position 548 (T548A and T548S, respectively), also show predominant production of alpha-exo-bergamotene compared to the other products. In particular, due to the increase in total terpene production also conferred by the amino acid replacements T548A and T548S, a modified santalene synthase containing these amino acid replacements is able to produce a substantially increased amount of alpha-exo-bergamotene. Also as shown in variants herein, other amino acid replacements that also are associated with an increased production of α-exo-bergamotene and a slight decrease or no significant change in one or both of α- or β-santalene include C345L.
Such modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein that catalyze increased production of total terpene products can contain one or more further amino acid replacements, such as any others described herein and in other sections. Such replacements can include amino acid replacements that alone are neutral or decrease total terpene production, so long as the resulting modified santalene synthase polypeptide catalyzes increased production of terpene products from FPP (e.g., in a host cell). For example, it is found herein that replacement of residues in a SaSSy santalene synthase to corresponding residues in SspiSSy, i.e. M9T, T24I, T26N, A28S, N152S, G155D, V165I, Y176F, T192A, C195Y, S198N, E205Q, A240E, G323A, I330M, L335H, S338Y, S381G, S395A, F403Y, V433I, I465M and V502I with reference to SaSSy numbering of the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, are neutral with respect to total terpene production. Nevertheless, it is also found herein that a modified SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrid exhibits a slightly different product profile compared to a modified santalene synthase that does not include these SspiSSy hybrid variants, due to a decrease in production of beta-santalene, and a slight increase in production of alpha-santalene and bergamotene (see e.g., SaSSy-2). Also, the SaSSy-2 19 amino acid hybrid also produces a profile with approximately 2% lower proportion of alpha- plus beta-santalene compared to the modified santalene synthase not containing the amino acid replacements.
c. N-terminal or C-terminal Deletions
Provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that are N- or C-terminal truncated variants and contain a deletion of one or more contiguous amino acids at the N- or C-terminus, so long as the resulting modified santalene synthase polypeptide exhibits or retains catalytic activity (i.e. the ability to catalyze the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). For example, the modified santalene synthase can contain deletion of 1 to 100 contiguous amino acids at the N-terminus or C-terminus, for example deletion of or up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100 contiguous amino acids at the N- or C-terminus.
Among the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein that contain a deletion of one or more contiguous amino acid residues at the N- or C-terminus are those that exhibit increased terpene production and/or altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase that does not contain the modification(s) (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase). For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides containing a deletion of one or more contiguous amino acid residues as described herein include those that catalyze the production of at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Alternatively, or additionally, modified santalene synthase polypeptides that contain a deletion of one or more contiguous amino acid residues at the N- or C-terminus, as described herein, include those that produce an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the corresponding santalene synthase not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein include N-terminal truncation mutants that contain deletion of contiguous amino acid residues at the N-terminus so that the polypeptide lacks all or a portion of the RR motif. For example, the polypeptide lacks the first contiguous 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 amino acids at the N-terminus compared to the corresponding unmodified santalene synthase, such as the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. As shown in the examples herein, such polypeptides are associated with or confer an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) when the synthase is expressed in host cells that produce FPP. It is understood that while reference to deletion of residues up to and including the RR motif are with reference to a santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, similar deletions can be made in other santalene synthases, and in particular in other Santalum album santalene synthases, by identification of corresponding amino acid residues and regions (see e.g., FIGS. 2 and 3). Thus, such modifications can be made in a santalene synthase, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, a catalytically active fragment thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof.
For example, provided herein are N-terminal deletion or truncation mutants that lack N-terminal residues up to and including the RR residues of the RR motif (R(R/P)X8 W). Exemplary of such a truncation mutant is a modified santalene synthase that includes deletion of amino acid residues 1-33 with reference to the unmodified santalene synthase, such as the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. As shown in the Examples herein, such an N-terminal truncation mutant results in an altered product profile with alpha-exo-bergamotene as the major product, i.e. gives 85% alpha-exo-bergamotene as the product compared to synthases that are not deleted in the N-terminus, such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 (e.g., SaSSy-112).
Any of the N-terminal or C-terminal mutants provided herein also include those that are active fragments of a modified santalene synthase polypeptide provided herein, such that the active fragment contains any one or more of the modifications of a modified santalene synthase as described herein. Such fragments retain one or more properties of the full-length modified santalene synthase or the corresponding unmodified santalene synthase. The modified active fragments exhibit santalene synthase activity (i.e. catalyze the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, typically FPP). Typically, as described above, the modified active fragments exhibit increased terpene production and/or altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase that does not contain the modification(s) (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase).
d. Domain Swaps
Provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that are swap mutants, whereby all or a portion of one or more structural domains is replaced with a corresponding structural domain of another terpene polypeptide. Table 3 below identifies structural domains within santalene synthase as determined by structure-based alignment modeling of corresponding domains to bornyl diphosphate synthase (BDS) (PDB entry 1n24; Whittington et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 99:15375-15380). The amino acid residues corresponding to structural domains in santalene synthase are set forth in Table 3 with numbering based on the corresponding BDS residues (BDS numbering) or with numbering based on the SaSSy santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.







TABLE 3







Structural Domains












SaSSy
BDS



Structural Domain
numbering
numbering







unstructured loop 1
 1-42
 1-65



(N-terminus)





RR motif (RRX8W)
32-42
55-65



alpha helix 1
43-50
66-73



unstructured loop 2
51-72
74-93



alpha helix 2
73-77
94-98



unstructured loop 3
78-81
 99-102



alpha helix 3
82-92
103-113



unstructured loop 4
 93-101
114-122



alpha helix 4
102-115
123-136



unstructured loop 5
116-125
137-150



alpha helix 5
126-137
151-162



unstructured loop 6
138-149
163-174



beta strand 1
150-152
175-177



unstructured loop 7
153-155
178-181



beta strand 2
156-158
182-184



unstructured loop 8
159
185



alpha helix 6
160-162
186-188



unstructured loop 9
163-165
189-191



alpha helix 7
166-175
192-201



unstructured loop 10
176-183
202-209



alpha helix 8
184-198
210-224



unstructured loop 11
199-204
225-233



alpha helix 9
205-217
234-246



unstructured loop 12
218-228
247-257



alpha helix 10
229-237
258-266



unstructured loop 13 
238-243
267-272



alpha helix A
244-275
273-304



A-C loop
276-285
305-315



alpha helix C
286-298
316-328



unstructured loop 15
299-302
329-332



alpha helix D
303-325
333-355



unstructured loop 16
326-328
356-358



alpha helix D1
329-343
359-373



unstructured loop 17
344-345
374-375



alpha helix D2
346-351
376-381



alpha helix E
352-378
382-408



unstructured loop 18
379-380
409-410



alpha helix F
381-406
411-436



unstructured loop 19
407-409
437-439



alpha helix G1
410-422
440-452



alpha helix G2
423-433
453-463



unstructured loop 20
434-437
464-470



alpha helix H1
438-448
471-481



alpha helix H2
449-475
482-508



unstructured loop 21
476-478
509-511



alpha helix α1
479-489
512-522



unstructured loop 22
490
523



alpha helix I
491-516
524-549



unstructured loop 23
517-520
550-553



alpha helix J
521-539
554-572



unstructured loop 24
540-551
573-584



alpha helix K
552-561
585-594



unstructured loop 25
562-569
595-598










Any one or more of the above endogenous structural domains, or a contiguous portion of any one or more of the above structural domains, in a santalene synthase polypeptide (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase, e.g., any of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258), can be substituted replaced with the corresponding heterologous structural domain(s), or a contiguous portion thereof, of another terpene synthase or synthase. For example, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more contiguous amino acids from a domain or region in a santalene synthase can be substituted or replaced with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more contiguous amino acids from the corresponding region from a second terpene synthase. In some examples, one or more amino acid residues adjacent to the endogenous domain of the santalene synthase also are replaced, and/or one or more amino acid residues adjacent to the heterologous domain also are used in the replacement.
The modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein can contain replacement or substitution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 of the above structural domains, or a contiguous portion of any 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 of the above structural domains, with the corresponding heterologous domains or contiguous portions thereof from another terpene synthase or synthase. For example, the modified santalene synthase contains substitution or replacement of at least 2 endogenous domains or contiguous portions thereof. The substituted or replaced domains or regions can include those that are adjacent in sequence or that are separated in sequence from each other. For example, modified santalene synthases provided herein include those containing modifications in which all or a part of a contiguous portion of a first domain and all or a part of a contiguous portion of a second adjacent domain are replaced with the corresponding domains (or portions thereof) from another terpene synthase. In some cases, the modified santalene synthase contains more than one heterologous domain or contiguous portion thereof from at least two different terpene synthases, such as at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 different terpene synthases.
The other terpene synthase can be any synthase that is known to a skilled artisan, including any monoterpene, diterpene or sesquiterpene synthase (see e.g., Degenhardt et al. (2009) Phytochemistry, 70:1621-1637; U.S. Patent Publication No. US20120246767). Examples of the other terpene synthases, include, but are not limited to, Hyoscyamus muticus Vestipiradiene synthase (HVS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:276, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:197), (+)-Bornyl diphosphate synthase (BDS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:268, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:198), citrus valencene synthase (CVS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:293, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:292), a modified citrus valencene synthase (modified CVS; see e.g., any described in U.S. Patent Publication No. US20120246767; for example, CVS V19 set forth in SEQ ID NO: 269, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:199), Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (Vv CVS; set forth in SEQ ID NOS:270, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:200), bergamotene synthase (BS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:271, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:201), Nicotiana tabacum 5-epi-aristolochene synthase (TEAS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:273, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:216), germacrene A (set forth in SEQ ID NO:274, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:217), amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:275, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:218) or Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:272, and encoded by a sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:221).
Table 4 sets forth an exemplary structural domain or domains or portions thereof that are replaced in a modified santalene synthase polypeptide provided herein. The Table identifies exemplary corresponding replacing amino acid residues for exemplified domain regions from other terpene synthases. Any of the below domains or regions or portions thereof in a santalene synthase can be replaced with the corresponding region from another terpene synthase or synthases. Based on the exemplification in the Table and the knowledge of a skilled artisan, it is within the level of a skilled artisan to identify the corresponding residues in another terpene synthase.







TABLE 4







Exemplary Domain(s) or portions








Replaced



Amino Acids


in Santalene
Corresponding Region From Another Terpene


Synthase
Synthase, i.e. Replacing Amino Acids













(SaSSy



CVS
Vv



numbering)
HVS
BDS
CVS
V19
CVS
BS





 1-31
 1-16
21-54
1-7
1-7
 1-18
1-4


73-79
56-62
94-100
49-55
49-55
59-65
44-50


78-81
61-64
99-102
54-57
54-57
64-67
49-52


 97-100
82-85
118-121
74-77
74-77
85-88
68-71


103-115
 88-100
124-136
80-92
80-92
 91-103
74-86


116-124
101-111
137-149
 93-100
 93-100
104-113
87-95


138-166
125-153
163-192
114-142
114-142
127-155
109-137


138-168
125-155
163-194
114-144
114-144
127-157
109-139


198-207
185-193
224-236
174-184
174-184
187-195
169-178


330-345
317-332
360-375
310-325
310-325
319-334
302-320









Any methods known in the art for generating chimeric polypeptides can be used to replace all or a contiguous portion of a domain or a santalene synthase with all or a contiguous portion of the corresponding domain of another terpene synthase. For example, corresponding domains or regions can be exchanged using any suitable recombinant method known in the art, or by in vitro synthesis. It is understood that primer-errors, PCR errors and/or other errors in the cloning or recombinant methods can result in errors such that the resulting swapped or replaced region or domain does not exhibit an amino acid sequence that is identical to the corresponding region from the second terpene synthase.
For example, a two stage overlapping PCR method can be employed. In such methods, primers that introduce mutations at a plurality of codon positions in the nucleic acids encoding the targeted domain or portion thereof to be modified in the santalene synthase can be employed, wherein the mutations together form the heterologous region (i.e. the corresponding region from the another terpene synthase). In an exemplary PCR-based method, the first stage PCR uses (i) a downstream primer that anneals downstream of the region that is being replaced with a mutagenic primer that includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, or 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized, flanking the region to be imported into the target gene, and (ii) an upstream primer that anneals upstream of the region that is being replaced together with an opposite strand mutagenic primer that also includes approximately fifteen nucleotides (or an effective number to effect annealing, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, or 25 nucleotides or more) of homologous sequence on each side of the domain or region to be exchanged or randomized, flanking the region to be imported into the target gene. The nucleotides in the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the santalene synthase can contain codons for the corresponding region of the second terpene synthase. Alternatively, for example, randomized amino acids can be used to replace specific domains or regions. In such instances where the amino acids in a domain or region are to be randomized, nucleotides of the mutagenic primers between the flanking regions from the santalene synthase can contain random nucleotides. An overlapping PCR is then performed to join the two fragments, using the upstream and downstream oligo. The resulting PCR product can then be cloned into any suitable vector for expression of the modified terpene synthase.
Exemplary domain swap modifications, i.e. replacement of a domain or region in a santalene synthase with heterologous amino acids of the corresponding domain or region from another terpene synthase, are set forth in Table 5. The replaced (deleted) amino acids corresponding to residues in SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 are indicated, as well as the inserted amino acids from the corresponding domain or region of the other terpene synthase. Likewise, the effective amino acid modifications (i.e. deletion, insertion or replacement) that result from the swap also are indicated. The modified santalene synthase can contain any one or more of the domain swap modifications set forth in Table 5, such as at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 of the domain swap modifications. Hence, by virtue of domain swap modifications, the number of effective amino acid modifications in a modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more.
It is understood that while Table 5 references amino acid positions of a santalene synthase by SaSSy numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, similar swaps can be made in other santalene synthases, and in particular in other Santalum album santalene synthases, by identification of corresponding amino acid residues and regions (see e.g., FIGS. 2 and 3). Thus, such modifications can be made in a santalene synthase, such as any set forth in SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, a catalytically active fragment thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or a catalytically active fragment thereof







TABLE 5







Exemplary Swap Modifications











Replaced (deleted)
Replacing (Inserted)



Domain Swap
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
Effective Amino Acid


Modification
(SEQ ID NO)
(SEQ ID NO)
Modifications





SaSSy1-31swap
MDSSTATAMTAPFI
MAPAIVMSNYEEE
M1→--/D2→--/S3→--/S4→--/


HVS1-16
DPTDHVNLKTDTD
EIV
T5→--/A6→--/T7→--/



ASEN
(SEQ ID NO: 202)
A8→--/M9→--/T10→--/



(SEQ ID NO: 294)

A11→--/P12→--/F13→--/





I14→M1/D15→A2/P16→--/





T17→--/D18→P3/H19→A4/





V20→15/N21→V6/L22→M7/





K23→S8/T24→N9/D25→Y10/





T26→E11/D27→E12/





A28→E13/S29→E14/E30→I15/





N31→V16


 


SaSSy73-79swap
KFMFGAP
RILLKEK
K73R/F74I/M75L/F76L/


BDS94-100
(SEQ ID NO: 295)
(SEQ ID NO: 203)
G77K/A78E/P79K


 


SaSSy78-81swap
APME
EKME
A78E/P79K


BDS99-102
(SEQ ID NO: 296)
(SEQ ID NO: 204)



 


SaSSy97-
LNHL
VAYH
L97V/N98A/H99Y/L100H


100swap
(SEQ ID NO: 297)
(SEQ ID NO: 205)



CVS(V19)74-77





 


SaSSy103-
TEIKEALFSIYKD
KEIEDAIQQLCPI
T103K/K106E/E107D/L109I/


115swap
(SEQ ID NO: 298)
(SEQ ID NO: 206)
F110Q/S111Q/I112L/Y113C/


CVS(V19)80-92


K114P/D115I


 


SaSSy116-
GSNGWWFGH
HIDSDKAD
G116H/S117I/N118D/G119S/


124swap
(SEQ ID NO: 299)
(SEQ ID NO: 207)
W120D/W121--/F122→K121/


CVS(V19)93-100


G123→A122/H124→D123


 


SaSSy116-
GSNGWWFGH
FHDCNDMDGD
G116F/S117H/N118D/


124swap
(SEQ ID NO: 299)
(SEQ ID NO: 208)
--→C119/G119→N120/


vVCVS104-113


W120→D121/W121→M122/





F122→D123/H124→D125


 


SaSSy116-
GSNGWWFGH
HKCFHNNEVEKM
G116H/S117K/--→C118/


124swap
(SEQ ID NO: 299)
D
--→F119/--→H120/--→N121/


BDS137-149

(SEQ ID NO: 209)
G119→E123/W120→V124/





W121→E125/F122→K126/





G123→M127/H124→D128


 


SaSSy138-
CGLFIPQDVFKTFQ
HGHHVPQEAFCSF
C138H/L140H/F141H/I142V/


166swap
NKTGEFDMKLCDN
MDDVRNFRAWLC
D145E/V146A/K148C/T149S/


BS109-136
VK
EDVR
Q151M/N152D/K153D/T154V/



(SEQ ID NO: 300)
(SEQ ID NO: 210)
G155R/E156N/D158R/M159A/





K160W/D163E/N164D/K166R


 


SaSSy138-
CGLFIPQDVFKTFQ
HGHHVPQEVFCSF
C138H/L140H/F141H/I142V/


166swap
NKTGEFDMKLCDN
MDDVGNFRAWLC
D145E/K148C/T149S/Q151M/


BS109-136**
VK
EDVR
N152D/K153D/T154V/E156N/



(SEQ ID NO: 300)
(SEQ ID NO: 215)
D158R/M159A/K160W/D163E/





N164D/K166R


 


SaSSy138-
CGLFIPQDVFKTFQ
QGIKISCDVFEQFK
C138Q/L140I/F141K/P143S/


168swap
NKTGEFDMKLCDN
DDEGRFKSSLIND
Q144C/K148E/T149Q/Q151K/


CVS(V19)114-
VKGL
VQGM
N152D/K153D/T154E/E156R/


144
(SEQ ID NO: 301)
(SEQ ID NO: 211)
D158K/M1595/K1605/C162I/





D163N/N164D/K166Q/L168M


 


SaSSy138-
CGLFIPQDVFKTFQ
QGIKISCDVFEQFK
C138Q/L140I/F141K/P143S/


168swap
NKTGEFDMKLCDN
DDEDRFKSSLINDI
Q144C/K148E/T149Q/Q151K/


CVS(V19)114-
VKGL
QGM
N152D/K153D/T154E/G155D/


144**
(SEQ ID NO: 301)
(SEQ ID NO: 212)
E156R/D158K/M1595/K1605/





C1621/D163N/N164D/V165I/





K166Q/L168M


 


SaSSy198-
SAWENISEKW
AMVESLGYH
S198A/A199M/W200V/N202S/


207swap
(SEQ ID NO: 302)
(SEQ ID NO: 213)
I203L/S204G/E205Y/K206→--/


VvCVS187-195


W207→H206


SaSSy330-
IDELDLYTSSVERW
LEELQLFTQTIER
I330L/D331E/D334Q/Y336F/


348swap
SCVEI
WDINSL
S338Q/5339T/V3401/S344D/


B5302-320
(SEQ ID NO: 303)
(SEQ ID NO: 214)
C345I/V346N/E3475/1348L





**modified in 2 residues in the swap region compared to the corresponding synthase residues.


Modified residues underlined.






As described above, among the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein are those that exhibit increased terpene production and/or altered product profile compared to the santalene synthase that does not contain the modification(s) (i.e. unmodified santalene synthase). For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides that are swap mutants, as described herein, include those that catalyze the production of at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Alternatively or additionally, modified santalene synthase polypeptides that are swap mutants as described herein include those that produce an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the corresponding santalene synthase not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
For example, modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein are swap mutants that contain all or a portion of a corresponding heterologous structural domain from another terpene polypeptide that results in or is associated with increased total terpene production by the modified santalene synthase when it is expressed in host cells that produce FPP. For example, as shown in the examples herein, non-limiting examples of domain swaps that increase terpene production include, but are not limited to, swaps that correspond to SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100; SaSSy97-100swapCVS(V19)74-77; SaSSy103-115swapCVS(V19)80-92; SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-144; SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-144**; SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100; or SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195, with reference to SaSSy numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides that contain a heterologous domain from (+)-Bornyl diphosphate synthase (BDS) corresponding to the swap SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100, with reference to SaSSy numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
Modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein also include swap mutants that contain all or a portion of a corresponding heterologous structural domain from another terpene polypeptide that results in or is associated with an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) when the modified synthase is expressed in host cells that produce FPP. As shown in the examples herein, non-limiting examples of domain swaps that result in an altered product profile include, but are not limited to, swaps that correspond to SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16; SaSSy97-100swapCVS(V19)74-77; SaSSy103-115swapCVS(V19)80-92; SaSSy138-166swapBS109-136**; or SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100, with reference to SaSSy numbering set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. For example, a modified santalene synthase provided herein that exhibits an altered product profile can contain a domain swap of the N-terminus corresponding to up to, but not including, the RR motif (e.g., residues 1-31 of santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1) with a corresponding heterologous domain or region from another synthase, such as any set forth in Table 4. For example, a domain swap of amino acid residues 1-31 of santalene synthase with corresponding heterologous residues 1-16 of HVS, results in a modified santalene synthase that produces an increased proportion of alpha- and beta-santalene, and decreased bergamotene, compared to a santalene synthase that does not include the domain swap (see e.g., SaSSy-10).
2. Exemplary Modified Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules
Provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and encoding nucleic acid molecules, that contain one or more modifications compared to an unmodified santalene synthase and exhibit activity to catalyze the formation of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and/or other terpenes) from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP. In particular, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein exhibit activity to catalyze increased total terpene production and/or an altered product profile compared to the unmodified santalene synthase not containing the modifications. The modified santalene synthase, or encoding nucleic acid molecule, provided herein, can contain any one or more of the modifications described in subsections C.a-d above, such as modification by codon-optimization, amino acid replacement, amino acid deletion (e.g., N-terminal or C-terminal deletion) and/or domain swaps.
Table 6 provides non-limiting examples of exemplary modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and encoding nucleic acid molecules. In Table 6, the modifications are identified with reference to the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The corresponding modifications can be incorporated into any santalene synthase polypeptide, such as a santalene synthase set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258, an active fragment thereof, or any variant thereof that has at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to a santalene synthase polypeptide set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14, 27-43 or 258 or an active fragment thereof. In particular examples, the modifications are incorporated into the santalene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Table 6 provides exemplary sequence identifiers (SEQ ID NO) for the amino acid (aa) and nucleotide (na) sequence of the exemplary variants represented in the Table.







TABLE 6







Exemplary Modified Santalene Synthases










Mutation(s)
SEQ ID










Variant
Amino Acid Replacement(s) or

NO











Name
Deletions
Domain Swap(s)
aa
na














codon-
—
—
1
3


optimized






SaSSy






codon-
—
—
44
10


optimized






SspiSSy






SaSSy-1
V356A/F385L
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
131
45


SaSSy-2
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
132
46



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/V502I





SaSSy-3
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
133
47


SaSSy-39
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V433I/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
133
83


SaSSy-40
H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
133
84


SaSSy-62

SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-
133
106




144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-4
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/ 
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
134
48



A240E/G323A/S329T/I330M/L335H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S338Y/N367S/S381G/F385L/S395A/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V433I/F403Y/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-5
M9T/D18N/T24I/T26N/A28S/K85Q/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
135
49



F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





G323A/I330M/S381G/F385L/S395A/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





F403Y/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-6
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/ 
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
136
50


SaSSy-41
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
136
85


SaSSy-52
K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
136
96


SaSSy-56
V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-
136
100


SaSSy-61

144**/
136
105


SaSSy-68

SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195 
136
112


SaSSy-69


136
113


SaSSy-70


136
114


SaSSy-71


136
115


SaSSy-73


136
117


SaSSy-75


136
119


SaSSy-79


136
123


SaSSy-87


136
219


SaSSy-88


136
220


SaSSy-


136
265


114






SaSSy-


136
81


115






SaSSy-7
K85Q
SaSSy78-81swapBDS99-102
137
51


SaSSy-8
—
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100
138
52


SaSSy-9


138
53


SaSSy-10
S329F
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16
139
54


SaSSy-11
—
SaSSy97-100swapCVS(V19)74-77
140
55


SaSSy-12


140
56


SaSSy-13
K73E
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(Vv)104-113 
141
57


SaSSy-14
M9V
SaSSy116-124swapBDS137-149
142
58


SaSSy-15
N367S
SaSSy330-348swapBS302-320
143
59


SaSSy-16
K350R/N353D
SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195
144
60


SaSSy-17
F101L
—
145
61


SaSSy-18
T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
146
62



G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/V346A





SaSSy-19
T5S/T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
147
63



A240E/G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/






V346A/S381G/F385L/S395A/F403Y/






V433I/I465M/V502I





SaSSy-20
Y176H/T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
148
64



A240E/G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/






S381G/S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/






V502I





SaSSy-21
T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
149
65



G323A/L330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/V502I





SaSSy-22
—
SaSSy103-115swapCVS(V19)80-92
150
66


SaSSy-23
T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/ 
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-
151
67



G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/ 
144





S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/V502I





SaSSy-24
T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/ 
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-
152
68



G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/ 
144





S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/V502I/Q






521R





SaSSy-25
—
SaSSy138-166swapBS109-136**
153
69


SaSSy-26
—
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-
154
70




144




SaSSy-27
M9T/Q262R
—
155
71


SaSSy-28
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/ 
—
156
72


SaSSy-32
C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/

156
76



G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/A473P/






V502I





SaSSy-29
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/ 
—
157
73



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/S329L/I330M/L335H/S338Y/






S381G/S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/






V502I





SaSSy-30
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/ 
—
158
74



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/N255S/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/






V502I





SaSSy-31
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
159
75



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






F385L/5395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/






V502I





SaSSy-33
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
160
77



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/A473E/






V502I





SaSSy-34
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
161
78



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/A473L/






V502I





SaSSy-35
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
162
79



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/S381G/






S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/A473V/






V502I





SaSSy-36
N152S/G155D/V165I/Y176F/T192A/
—
163
80



C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/






G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/N364D/






S381G/S395A/F403Y/V433I/I465M/






A473V/V502I





SaSSy-37
—
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
288
287


SaSSy-38
K85Q/F101L/C162V/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
165
82



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144*(C162V)/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-42
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
166
86



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/S381P/F385L/V433I/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-43
M9T/D18N/T24I/T26N/A28S/K85Q/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
167
87



F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





G323A/I330M/V346A/K350L/N353P/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





S381G/F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/
144**/





H446R/I465M/C483R/V502I
SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-44
1-33del/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
168
88



C195Y/A240E/G323A/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





K350R/N353D/S381G/F385L/S395A/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





F403Y/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-45
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
169
89



K213R/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-46
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183E/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
170
90



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-47
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
171
91



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/F363Y/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-48
A28G/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
172
92



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-50
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
174
94



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/R342Q/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-51
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
175
95



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/A436C/H446R/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-53
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
177
97


SaSSy-97
K206S/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
177
97


SaSSy-84
V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
177
128



I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-




SaSSy-91

144**/
177 
223




SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206S)




SaSSy-54
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
178
98



K206G/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/




SaSSy-89
V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/ 
178
98



R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114




SaSSy-82

144**/
178
126




SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206G)




SaSSy-55
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
179
304



K206T/A240E/F282W/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/




SaSSy-
I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/ 
179
304


101
H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206T)




SaSSy-57
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
181
101



A240E/I313L/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/H404Y/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-58
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
182
102



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/R342H/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-59
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
183
103



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/R342T/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-60
G70T/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
184
104



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-63
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
185
107



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/C345T/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/




SaSSy-66
V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
185
110




SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-64
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
186
108



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/C345L/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-65
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
187
109



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/C345T/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S381P/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-67
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
188
111



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/C345P/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-72
K85Q/F101L/I112N/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
189
116



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-74
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
190
118



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/Y379I/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-76
M9T/D18N/T24I/T26N/A28S/K85Q/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
191
120



F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





G323A/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





S381G/F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/ 
144**/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-77
N31A/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16(N31A)/
192
121



195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-78
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
193
122


SaSSy-80
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
193
124


SaSSy-81
K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
193
125



V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-83
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
194
127



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144(G155G)/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-85
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
195
129



K206Q/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206Q)




SaSSy-90
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
245
222



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





E487S/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-92
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
246
224



K206T/K213R/A240E/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206T)




SaSSy-94
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
248
226



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/R342S/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-95
K85Q/F101L/L140Y/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
249
227



C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144*(L140Y)/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-96
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
250
228



A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/F385L/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
180
234


102
A240E/F282W/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
A28G/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16(**A28G)/
255
236


104
C195Y/A240E/G323A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
100(**S117S)I






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/I112Q/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
266
262


111
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
1-33del/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
267
263


112
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





I465M/V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/S117E/Y176F/T192A/C
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
243
264


113
195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-




SaSSy-
I465M/V502I
100(S117E)/
243
279


131

SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
F74V/K85Q/F101L/F110L/Y176F/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
164
93


116
T192A/C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100(F74V)/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
196
99


117
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/G405S/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
233
130


118
A240E/L268W/A269P/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
247
225


119
K206T/A240E/F282W/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206T)




SaSSy-
I56R/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
251
229


120
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
I56K/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
252
230


121
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/S170A/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
253
231


122
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
254
232


123
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V502I/T548A
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
256
235


124
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V502I/T548S
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
257
237


125
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/T408A/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/S480A/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
259
238


126
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





V502I/S518E
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
L64Q/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
260
240


127
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
L64E/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
261
241


128
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
277
242


129
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/L4521/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/S117D/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
283
278


130
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





I465M/V502I
100(S117D)/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/S117N/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
285
280


132
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





I465M/V502I
100(S117N)/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
286
281


133
K206T/K213R/A240E/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/Y379I/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/H446R/ 
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





I465M/E487A/V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195






(K206T)




SaSSy-
M9T/D18N/T241/T26N/A28S/K85Q/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
244
282


134
F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





G323A/S329H/I330M/R342G/V346A/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
144**/





V502I
SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183K/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
309
306


135
C195Y/K206G/A240E/F282W/G323
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N35
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





3D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206G)




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183K/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
310
307


136
C195Y/K206S/A240E/F282W/G323A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206S)




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183D/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
311
308


137
C195Y/K206A/A240E/F282W/G323
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N35
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/





3D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206A)









Among the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein are those whose sequence is set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 133, 136-138, 140-142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168-172, 174, 175, 177-179, 182-190, 192-196, 233, 243-257, 259-261, 266, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311 or in a variant thereof that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 131, 133, 136-138, 140-142, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168-172, 174, 175, 177-179, 182-190, 192-196, 233, 243-257, 259-261, 266, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 and 309-311, and that contains the amino acid modification(s). Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the above modified santalene synthase polypeptides that have a sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 47, 50-53, 55-58, 62-64, 67, 68, 70, 81-86, 88-100, 102-119, 121-130, 219, 220, 222-232, 235-238, 240-242, 262, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 or 306-308 or in a variant thereof that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 45, 47, 50-53, 55-58, 62-64, 67, 68, 70, 81-86, 88-100, 102-119, 121-130, 219, 220, 222-232, 235-238, 240-242, 262, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 or 306-308, and that encodes a modified santalene synthase that contains the amino acid modification(s). Such modified santalene synthase polypeptides, including those encoded by such nucleic acid molecules, exhibit increased total terpene production to catalyze the production of at least 105%, 106%, 107%, 108%, 109%, 110%, 115%, 120%, 125%, 130%, 135%, 140%, 145%, 150%, 160%, 170%, 180%, 200%, 250%, 300%, 350%, 400%, 500% or more of the amount of total terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene) produced from FPP compared to the santalene synthase polypeptide not containing the modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
Also provided herein are modified santalene synthase polypeptides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 131-136, 139-142, 146-153, 164-169, 172, 177-179, 180-184, 186, 188-194, 196, 233, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254-257, 259-261, 267, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 or 309-311, or a variant thereof that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 131-136, 139-142, 146-153, 164-169, 172, 177-179, 180-184, 186, 188-194, 196, 233, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254-257, 259-261, 267, 277, 283, 285, 286, 288 or 309-311, and that contains the amino acid modification(s). Also provided herein are nucleic acid molecules that encode any of the above modified santalene synthase polypeptides that have the sequence of nucleotides set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 44, 45-58, 62-69, 81-89, 92, 93, 96-104, 105, 106, 108, 111-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240-242, 263, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 or 306-308, or a variant thereof that exhibits at least 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 44, 45-58, 62-69, 81-89, 92, 93, 96-104, 105, 106, 108, 111-128, 130, 219, 220, 222, 223, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240-242, 263, 264, 265, 278-282, 287, 304 or 306-308, and that encodes a modified santalene synthase that contains the amino acid modification(s). Such modified santalene synthase polypeptides, including those encoded by such nucleic acid molecules, exhibit catalytic activity to produce an altered product profile to result in production of at least one terpene product (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene) that is altered (increased or decreased) by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to same product produced in a host cell from FPP by the corresponding santalene synthase not containing modification(s) (i.e. the unmodified santalene synthase), such as the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or the codon-optimized variant thereof set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
3. Fusion Proteins and Other Forms of Additional Modifications
Modifications in a santalene synthase polypeptide also can be made to a santalene synthase polypeptide that also contains other modifications, including modifications of the primary sequence and modifications not in the primary sequence of the polypeptide. For example, modification described herein can be in a santalene synthase polypeptide that is a fusion polypeptide or chimeric polypeptide. For example, any of the modified santalene synthase polypeptides herein, or active fragment thereof, can be provided as a hybrid or fusion with a different santalene synthase polypeptide or a different terpene synthase polypeptide. In other cases, the modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be provided as a fusion protein with an FPP, cytochrome P450 oxidase (e.g., cytochrome P450 santalene oxidase or cytochrome P450 bergamotene oxidase) or a cytochrome P450 reductase.
D. Production of Modified Santalene Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic Acid Molecules
Santalene synthase polypeptides and active fragments thereof can be obtained by methods known in the art for recombinant protein generation and expression. Such santalene synthase polypeptides can be used to produce santalenes (e.g., α and/or β santalene) and bergamotene in a host cell from which the santalene synthase polypeptide is expressed or in vitro following purification of the santalene synthase polypeptide. For example, a santalene synthase polypeptide can be used to produce santalenes and bergamotene from a suitable acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as FPP, in a host cell in which the santalene synthase is expressed.
Any method known to one of skill in the art for identification of nucleic acids that encode desired genes can be used to obtain nucleic acid encoding a santalene synthase polypeptide. For example, nucleic acid encoding an unmodified or wild type santalene synthase can be obtained using well known methods from a plant source, such as Santalum album. Modified santalene synthases then can be engineered using any method known in the art for introducing mutations into unmodified polypeptides, including any method described herein, such as random mutagenesis of the encoding nucleic acid by error-prone PCR, site-directed mutagenesis, overlap PCR, or other recombinant methods. Alternatively, nucleic acid encoding a wild-type, unmodified or modified santalene synthase can be generated synthetically, using solid-phase chemical synthesis. In some examples, nucleic acid is generated that is codon-optimized for protein expression in a particular host cell, such as a yeast cell.
The nucleic acids encoding the polypeptides then can be introduced into a host cell to be expressed heterologously. In other examples, santalene synthase polypeptides are produced synthetically, such as using sold phase or solution phase peptide synthesis.
1. Isolation or Generation of Nucleic Acid Encoding Santalene Synthases
Nucleic acids encoding santalene synthases can be cloned or isolated using any available methods known in the art for cloning and isolating nucleic acid molecules. Such methods include PCR amplification of nucleic acids and screening of libraries, including nucleic acid hybridization screening. In some examples, methods for amplification of nucleic acids can be used to isolate nucleic acid molecules encoding a santalene synthase polypeptide, including, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A nucleic acid containing material can be used as a starting material from which a santalene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule can be isolated. For example, DNA and mRNA preparations from Santalum species, including, but not limited to, Santalum album can be used to obtain santalene synthase genes. Nucleic acid libraries also can be used as a source of starting material. Primers can be designed to amplify a santalene synthase-encoding molecule. For example, primers can be designed based on known nucleic acid sequences encoding a santalene synthase. Nucleic acid molecules generated by amplification can be sequenced and confirmed to encode a santalene synthase polypeptide. The nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be used to identify related nucleic acid molecules in other species.
Additional nucleotide sequences can be joined to a santalene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule, including linker sequences containing restriction endonuclease sites for the purpose of cloning the synthetic gene into a vector, for example, a protein expression vector or a vector designed for the amplification of the core protein coding DNA sequences. Furthermore, additional nucleotide sequences specifying functional DNA elements can be operatively linked to a santalene synthase-encoding nucleic acid molecule. Still further, nucleic acid encoding other moieties or domains also can be included so that the resulting synthase is a fusion protein; for example, nucleic acids encoding other enzymes, such as FPP synthase or cytochrome P450 oxidase, or protein purification tags, such as His or Flag tags.
2. Generation of Modified Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be prepared or generated using any method known in the art to effect mutation. Methods for modification include standard rational and/or random mutagenesis of encoding nucleic acid molecules (using e.g., error prone PCR, random site-directed saturation mutagenesis, DNA shuffling or rational site-directed mutagenesis, such as, for example, mutagenesis kits (e.g., QuikChange available from Stratagene)). In addition, routine recombinant DNA techniques can be used to generate nucleic acids encoding polypeptides that contain heterologous amino acid. For example, nucleic acid encoding chimeric polypeptides or polypeptides containing heterologous amino acid sequence, can be generated using a two-step PCR method, Gibson assembly and/or using restriction enzymes and cloning methodologies for routine subcloning of the desired chimeric polypeptide components. Other methodologies that can be employed include, for example, direct recombination in yeast.
Once generated, the nucleic acid molecules can be expressed in cells to generate modified santalene synthase polypeptides using any method known in the art. The modified santalene synthase polypeptides then can be assessed by screening for a desired property or activity, for example, for the ability to produce a terpene from an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. In particular examples, modified santalene synthase polypeptides with desired properties are generated by mutation and screened for a property in accord with the examples exemplified herein. Typically, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides produce santalenes or bergamotene from FPP.
3. Fusion Proteins
Fusion proteins containing a santalene synthase polypeptide and one or more other polypeptides also are provided. Linkage of a santalene synthase polypeptide with another polypeptide can be effected directly or indirectly via a linker. Fusion of a santalene synthase to another polypeptide can be to the N- or C-terminus of the santalene synthase polypeptide. In one example, linkage can be by chemical linkage, such as via heterobifunctional agents or thiol linkages or other such linkages. Fusion also can be effected by recombinant means.
For example, a fusion protein can be produced by standard recombinant techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences can be ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. (eds.) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). In other cases, a gene encoding a fusion of interest (e.g., cytochrome P450 oxidase or cytochrome P450 reductase) can be cloned into an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in frame to a modified santalene synthase polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule.
4. Vectors and Cells
For recombinant expression of one or more of the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, the nucleic acid containing all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence encoding the synthase can be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector that contains the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted protein coding sequence. Depending upon the expression system used, the necessary transcriptional and translational signals also can be supplied by the native promoter for a santalene synthase gene, and/or their flanking regions. The vector can be a shuttle vector that permits expression in at least two different host species, either both prokaryotic or in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes (e.g., E. coli and yeast). Thus, also provided herein are vectors that contain nucleic acid encoding any santalene synthase polypeptide provided herein. Exemplary vectors that are suitable for various expression systems are described in the subsections below.
Any method known to those of skill in the art for the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector can be used to construct expression vectors containing a chimeric gene containing appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals and protein coding sequences. These methods can include in vitro recombinant DNA and synthetic techniques and in vivo recombinants (genetic recombination). Expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding a santalene synthase polypeptide, or domains, derivatives, fragments or homologs thereof, can be regulated by a second nucleic acid sequence so that the genes or fragments thereof are expressed in a host transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule(s). For example, expression of the proteins can be controlled by any promoter/enhancer known in the art. In one embodiment, the promoter is not native to the genes for a santalene synthase protein. Promoters that can be used include but are not limited to prokaryotic, yeast, mammalian and plant promoters. The type of promoter depends upon the expression system used, described in more detail below.
In one embodiment, a vector is used that contains a promoter operably linked to nucleic acids encoding a santalene synthase polypeptide or modified santalene synthase polypeptide, or a domain, fragment, derivative or homolog, thereof, one or more origins of replication, and optionally, one or more selectable markers (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene). Vectors and systems for expression of santalene synthase polypeptides are described.
Cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, containing the vector also are provided. Also provided are host cells containing nucleic acid molecules encoding santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Such cells and host cells include bacterial cells, yeast cells, fungal cells, Archea, plant cells, insect cells and animal cells. In particular examples, the cells or host cells are yeast cells, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia pastoris cells. In particular examples, the cells or host cells are Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that express an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In some examples, the cells or host cells containing a santalene synthase provided herein can be modified to produce more FPP than an unmodified cell.
The cells are used to produce a santalene synthase polypeptide by growing the above-described cells under conditions whereby the encoded santalene synthase is expressed by the cell. In some examples, the santalene synthase polypeptide is heterologous to the cell. In some examples, a santalene synthase, a cytochrome P450 santalene oxidase and a cytochrome P450 reductase are expressed thereby converting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor FPP to santalol. In other examples, a santalene synthase, a cytochrome P450 bergamotene oxidase and a cytochrome P450 reductase are expressed thereby converting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor FPP to bergamotol.
5. Expression Systems
Santalene synthase polypeptides can be produced by any methods known in the art for protein production including in vitro and in vivo methods such as, for example, the introduction of nucleic acid molecules encoding the santalene synthases into a host cell or host plant for in vivo production or expression from nucleic acid molecules encoding the santalene synthases in vitro. Santalene synthase polypeptides can be expressed in any organism suitable to produce the required amounts and forms of a synthase polypeptide. Expression hosts include prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms such as E. coli, yeast, plants, insect cells and mammalian cells, including human cell lines and transgenic animals. Expression hosts can differ in their protein production levels as well as the types of post-translational modifications that are present on the expressed proteins. The choice of expression host can be made based on these and other factors, such as regulatory and safety considerations, production costs and the need and methods for purification.
Expression in eukaryotic hosts can include expression in yeast such as those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and Pichia genus (e.g., Pichia pastoris), insect cells such as Drosophila cells and Lepidopteran cells, plants and plant cells such as citrus, tobacco, corn, rice, algae, and lemna. Eukaryotic cells for expression also include mammalian cells lines such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Eukaryotic expression hosts also include production in transgenic animals, for example, including production in serum, milk and eggs.
Many expression vectors are available and known to those of skill in the art for the expression of a santalene synthase polypeptide. The choice of expression vector is influenced by the choice of host expression system. Such selection is well within the level of skill of the skilled artisan. In general, expression vectors can include transcriptional promoters and optionally enhancers, translational signals, and transcriptional and translational termination signals. Expression vectors that are used for stable transformation typically have a selectable marker which allows selection and maintenance of the transformed cells. In some cases, an origin of replication can be used to amplify the copy number of the vectors in the cells.
Expression vectors also can be shuttle vectors that permit propagation in two different hosts. For example, vectors include yeast shuttle vectors that contain components allowing for the replication and selection in both E. coli cells and yeast cells. The E. coli component of a yeast shuttle vector can include an origin of replication and a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance, for example, resistance to ampicillin or beta-lactamase. The yeast component can include an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a yeast centromere (CEN) and a yeast selectable marker, for example ura3 or Leu. Exemplary yeast shuttle vectors include those pAlx48-16.2 or pAlx72-5.4 exemplified in the Examples herein.
Santalene synthase polypeptides also can be used or expressed as protein fusions. For example, a fusion can be generated to add additional functionality to a polypeptide. Examples of fusion proteins include, but are not limited to, fusions of a signal sequence, a tag such as for localization, e.g., a his6 tag or a myc tag, or a tag for purification, for example, a GST fusion, GFP fusion or CBP fusion, and a sequence for directing protein secretion and/or membrane association.
Methods of using santalene synthase polypeptides to produce terpene products, for example as described in Section E below, can include co-expression of an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP, in the host cell. In some instances, the host cell naturally expresses FPP. Such a cell can be modified to express greater quantities of FPP (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279 and 7,842,497). In other instances, a host cell that does not naturally produce FPP is modified genetically to produce FPP by co-expression of heterologous FPP in the host cell.
a. Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes, especially E. coli, provide a system for producing large amounts of the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Transformation of E. coli is a simple and rapid technique well known to those of skill in the art. Exemplary expression vectors for transformation of E. coli cells, include, for example, the pGEM expression vectors, the pQE expression vectors, and the pET expression vectors (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,496; available from Novagen, Madison, Wis.; see, also literature published by Novagen describing the system). Such plasmids include pET 11a, which contains the T7lac promoter, T7 terminator, the inducible E. coli lac operator, and the lac repressor gene; pET 12a-c, which contains the T7 promoter, T7 terminator, and the E. coli ompT secretion signal; pET 15b and pET19b (Novagen, Madison, Wis.), which contain a His-TagTM leader sequence for use in purification with a His column and a thrombin cleavage site that permits cleavage following purification over the column, the T7-lac promoter region and the T7 terminator; pACYC-Duet (Novagen, Madison, Wis.; SEQ ID NO:45). Shuttle vectors, such as yeast shuttle vectors containing an E. coli origin of replication and a selectable marker (e.g., antibiotic resistance) also can be employed, e.g., pAlx48-16.2 or pAlx72-5.4 shuttle vectors, as described elsewhere herein.
Expression vectors for E. coli can contain inducible promoters that are useful for inducing high levels of protein expression and for expressing proteins that exhibit some toxicity to the host cells. Exemplary prokaryotic promoters include, for example, the β-lactamase promoter (Jay et al., (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5543) and the tac promoter (DeBoer et al., (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:21-25); see also Gilbert and Villa-Komaroff “Useful Proteins from Recombinant Bacteria”: in Scientific American 242:74-94 (1980)). Examples of inducible promoters include the lac promoter, the trp promoter, the hybrid tac promoter, the T7 and SP6 RNA promoters and the temperature regulated λPL promoter.
Santalene synthase polypeptides can be expressed in the cytoplasmic environment of E. coli. The cytoplasm is a reducing environment and for some molecules, this can result in the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. Reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol and denaturants (e.g., such as guanidine-HCl and urea) can be used to resolubilize the proteins. An alternative approach is the expression of santalene synthase polypeptides in the periplasmic space of bacteria which provides an oxidizing environment and chaperonin-like proteins and disulfide isomerases, leading to the production of soluble protein. Typically, a leader sequence is fused to the protein to be expressed which directs the protein to the periplasm. The leader is then removed by signal peptidases inside the periplasm. Examples of periplasmic-targeting leader sequences include the pelB leader from the pectate lyase gene and the leader derived from the alkaline phosphatase gene. In some cases, periplasmic expression allows leakage of the expressed protein into the culture medium. The secretion of proteins allows quick and simple purification from the culture supernatant. Proteins that are not secreted can be obtained from the periplasm by osmotic lysis. Similar to cytoplasmic expression, in some cases proteins can become insoluble and denaturants and reducing agents can be used to facilitate solubilization and refolding. Temperature of induction and growth also can influence expression levels and solubility. Typically, temperatures between 25° C. and 37° C. are used. Mutations also can be used to increase solubility of expressed proteins. Typically, bacteria produce aglycosylated proteins.
b. Yeast Cells
Yeast systems, such as, but not limited to, those from the Saccharomyces genus (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae), Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Pichia pastoris can be used to express the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. As described in Section E below, yeast expression systems also can be used to produce terpenes whose reactions are catalyzed by the synthases. Yeast can be transformed with episomal replicating vectors or by stable chromosomal integration by homologous recombination. In some examples, inducible promoters are used to regulate gene expression. Exemplary promoter sequences for expression of santalene synthase polypeptides in yeast include, among others, promoters for metallothionine, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (Hitzeman et al. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255:2073), or other glycolytic enzymes (Hess et al. (1968) J. Adv. Enzyme Reg. 7:149; and Holland et al. (1978) Biochem. 17:4900), such as enolase, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucokinase.
Other suitable vectors and promoters for use in yeast expression are further described in Hitzeman, EPA-73,657 or in Fleer et al. (1991) Gene, 107:285-195; and van den Berg et al. (1990) Bio/Technology, 8:135-139. Another alternative includes, but is not limited to, the glucose-repressible ADH2 promoter described by Russell et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 258:2674, 1982) and Beier et al. (Nature 300:724, 1982), or a modified ADH1 promoter. Shuttle vectors replicable in yeast and E. coli can be constructed by, for example, inserting DNA sequences from pBR322 for selection and replication in E. coli (Ampr gene and origin of replication) into the above-described yeast vectors. Exemplary yeast shuttle vectors are exemplified herein and include, but are not limited to, pAlx48-16.2 or pAlx72-5.4.
Yeast expression vectors can include a selectable marker such as LEU2, TRP1, HIS3, and URA3 for selection and maintenance of the transformed DNA. Exemplary vectors include pESC-Leu, pESC-Leu2D, pESC-His and pYEDP60. Proteins expressed in yeast are often soluble and co-expression with chaperonins, such as Bip and protein disulfide isomerase, can improve expression levels and solubility. Additionally, proteins expressed in yeast can be directed for secretion using secretion signal peptide fusions such as the yeast mating type alpha-factor secretion signal from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fusions with yeast cell surface proteins such as the Aga2p mating adhesion receptor or the Arxula adeninivorans glucoamylase. A protease cleavage site (e.g., the Kex-2 protease) can be engineered to remove the fused sequences from the polypeptides as they exit the secretion pathway.
As described herein, the modified santalene synthases provided herein can be expressed and produced in host cells to produce terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and/or other terpenes) in the host cell from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, such as FPP. Yeast naturally express the required proteins, including FPP synthase (ERG20; which can produce FPP) for the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Thus, expression of the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, in yeast cells can result in the production of sesquiterpenes, such as santalenes and bergamotenes from FPP.
In some cases, yeast cells can be modified to express increased levels of FPP. For example, yeast cells can be modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g., erg9 mutants; see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593). This results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild type yeast cells, which in turn can result in increased yields of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (e.g., santalenes and bergamotenes, and santalols and bergamotols). In another example, yeast cells can be modified to produce more FPP synthase by introduction of heterologous FPP synthase gene from another prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, such as from E. coli, yeast (e.g., S. cerevisiae), plant (e.g., a Santalum) or other cells. For example, a yeast cell can be modified by introduction of SaFPPS from Santalum album (SEQ ID NO:176).
In some examples, the native FPP gene in such yeast can be deleted. Other modifications that enable increased production of FPP in yeast include, for example, but are not limited to, modifications that increase production of acetyl CoA, inactivate genes that encode enzymes that use FPP and GPP as substrate and overexpress HMG-CoA reductases, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,842,497. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, YPH499 (MATa, ura3-52, lys2-801, ade2-101, trp1-Δ63, his3-Δ200, leu2-Δ1), WAT11 (MATa, ade2-1, his3-11, -15; leu2-3, -112, ura3-1, canR, cyr+; containing chromosomally integrated Arabidopsis NADPH-dependent P450 reductase ATR1; see Pompon et al. (1995) Toxicol Lett 82-83:815-822; Ro et al. (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8060-8065); and BY4741 (MATa, his3Δ1, leu2Δ0, met15Δ0, ura3Δ0; ATCC #201388), modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δ erg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1 sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), which are known and described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279, 7,842,497, and U.S. Pat. publication Nos. 20040249219 and 20110189717.
c. Plants and Plant Cells
Transgenic plant cells and plants can be used for the expression of santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Expression constructs are typically transferred to plants using direct DNA transfer such as microprojectile bombardment and PEG-mediated transfer into protoplasts, and with agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression vectors can include promoter and enhancer sequences, transcriptional termination elements, and translational control elements. Expression vectors and transformation techniques are usually divided between dicot hosts, such as Arabidopsis and tobacco, and monocot hosts, such as corn and rice. Examples of plant promoters used for expression include the cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, the ribose bisphosphate carboxylase promoter and the ubiquitin and UBQ3 promoters. Selectable markers such as hygromycin, phosphomannose isomerase and neomycin phosphotransferase are often used to facilitate selection and maintenance of transformed cells. Transformed plant cells can be maintained in culture as cells, aggregates (callus tissue) or regenerated into whole plants. Transgenic plant cells also can include algae engineered to produce proteins (see, for example, Mayfield et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:438-442). Transformed plants include, for example, plants selected from the genera Nicotiana, Solanum, Sorghum, Arabidopsis, Medicago (alfalfa), Gossypium (cotton), Brassica (rape), Artemisia, Salvia and Mentha. In some examples, the plant belongs to the species of Nicotiana tabacum, and is transformed with vectors that overexpress a santalene synthase, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 20090123984 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,906,710.
d. Insects and Insect Cells
Insects and insect cells, particularly a baculovirus expression system, can be used for expressing santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein (see, for example, Muneta et al. (2003) J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65(2):219-223). Insect cells and insect larvae, including expression in the haemolymph, express high levels of protein and are capable of most of the post-translational modifications used by higher eukaryotes. Baculoviruses have a restrictive host range which improves the safety and reduces regulatory concerns of eukaryotic expression. Typically, expression vectors use a promoter such as the polyhedrin promoter of baculovirus for high level expression. Commonly used baculovirus systems include baculoviruses such as Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV), and the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and an insect cell line such as Sf9 derived from Spodoptera frugiperda (see, e.g., Mizutani and Ohta (1998) Plant Physiology 116:357-367), Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1). For high level expression, the nucleotide sequence of the molecule to be expressed is fused immediately downstream of the polyhedrin initiation codon of the virus. Mammalian secretion signals are accurately processed in insect cells and can be used to secrete the expressed protein into the culture medium. In addition, the cell lines Pseudaletia unipuncta (A7S) and Danaus plexippus (DpN1) produce proteins with glycosylation patterns similar to mammalian cell systems.
An alternative expression system in insect cells is the use of stably transformed cells. Cell lines such as the Schnieder 2 (S2) and Kc cells (Drosophila melanogaster) and C7 cells (Aedes albopictus) can be used for expression. The Drosophila metallothionein promoter can be used to induce high levels of expression in the presence of heavy metal induction with cadmium or copper. Expression vectors are typically maintained by the use of selectable markers such as neomycin and hygromycin.
e. Mammalian Expression
Mammalian expression systems can be used to express santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein and also can be used to produce terpenes whose reactions are catalyzed by the synthases. Expression constructs can be transferred to mammalian cells by viral infection such as adenovirus or by direct DNA transfer such as liposomes, calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran and by physical means such as electroporation and microinjection. Expression vectors for mammalian cells typically include an mRNA cap site, a TATA box, a translational initiation sequence (Kozak consensus sequence) and polyadenylation elements. Such vectors often include transcriptional promoter-enhancers for high level expression, for example the SV40 promoter-enhancer, the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). These promoter-enhancers are active in many cell types. Tissue and cell-type promoters and enhancer regions also can be used for expression. Exemplary promoter/enhancer regions include, but are not limited to, those from genes such as elastase I, insulin, immunoglobulin, mouse mammary tumor virus, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, beta-globin, myelin basic protein, myosin light chain-2 and gonadotropic releasing hormone gene control. Selectable markers can be used to select for and maintain cells with the expression construct. Examples of selectable marker genes include, but are not limited to, hygromycin B phosphotransferase, adenosine deaminase, xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase, dihydrofolate reductase and thymidine kinase. Fusion with cell surface signaling molecules such as TCR-ζ and FcεRI-γ can direct expression of the proteins in an active state on the cell surface.
Many cell lines are available for mammalian expression including mouse, rat human, monkey, and chicken and hamster cells. Exemplary cell lines include, but are not limited to, BHK (i.e. BHK-21 cells), 293-F, CHO, CHO Express (CHOX; Excellgene), Balb/3T3, HeLa, MT2, mouse NS0 (non-secreting) and other myeloma cell lines, hybridoma and heterohybridoma cell lines, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, Sp2/0, COS, NIH3T3, HEK293, 293S, 293T, 2B8, and HKB cells. Cell lines also are available adapted to serum-free media which facilitates purification of secreted proteins from the cell culture media. One such example is the serum free EBNA-1 cell line (Pham et al. (2003) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 84:332-42).
6. Purification
Methods for purification of santalene synthase polypeptides from host cells depend on the chosen host cells and expression systems. For secreted molecules, proteins are generally purified from the culture media after removing the cells. For intracellular expression, cells can be lysed and the proteins purified from the extract. When transgenic organisms such as transgenic plants and animals are used for expression, tissues or organs can be used as starting material to make a lysed cell extract. Additionally, transgenic animal production can include the production of polypeptides in milk or eggs, which can be collected, and if necessary the proteins can be extracted and further purified using standard methods in the art.
Santalene synthase polypeptides can be purified using standard protein purification techniques known in the art including but not limited to, SDS-PAGE, size fraction and size exclusion chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, chelate chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. Expression constructs also can be engineered to add an affinity tag such as a myc epitope, GST fusion or His6 and affinity purified with myc antibody, glutathione resin, and Ni-resin, respectively, to a protein. Purity can be assessed by any method known in the art including gel electrophoresis and staining and spectrophotometric techniques.
E. Methods of Producing Terpenes and Terpenoid Using Santalene Synthase Polypeptides and Encoding Nucleic ACID MOLECULES
Provided herein are methods using the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, and encoding nucleic acid molecules, to catalyze the production of terpenes, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, from any suitable acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor, including geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). Typically, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, including modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, produce terpene products from FPP. The methods provided herein can be used to produce any terpene product known to be produced by a santalene synthase (e.g., set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS:1, 10, 12, 14 or 27-43), albeit in increased amounts and/or with an altered product profile as described herein.
For example, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, including modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules provided herein, can catalyze the production of any one or more or all of α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene and/or (E,E)-α-farnesene or stereoisomers thereof (see FIGS. 1A and 1B). In particular, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides, including modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by nucleic acid molecules provided herein, catalyze the production of any one or more or all of α-santalene (1), β-santalene (2), epi-β-santalene (3) and α-exo-bergamotene (4, α-trans-bergamotene) (see FIGS. 1A and 1B). Generally, the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, including modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, catalyze the production of α-santalene, β-santalene and/or α-exo-bergamotene as the major products, for example, as a combined total percentage of terpene products of >90%, and generally greater than 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or greater.
Also provided herein are methods for producing terpenoids that are derived from the terpene product(s) produced by the above methods. For example, the terpene products can be further processed to yield the respective terpene alcohol. The further processing can be carried out by any means known to the skilled person, such as use of an appropriate cytochrome P450 enzyme, or chemical reactions such as alkaline metalation, borylation and oxidation, to yield the correct cis alcohols. For example, the methods can be used to produce santalols and bergamotol, such as (Z)-α-santalol (5), (E)-α-santalol (6), (Z)-β-santalol (7), (E)-β-santalol (8), (E)-epi-β-santalol (9), (Z)-epi-β-santalol (10), (Z)-α-exo-bergamotol (11, (Z)-α-trans-bergamotol) and/or (E)-α-exo-bergamotol (12, (E)-α-trans-bergamotol) from santalenes and bergamotene (FIGS. 1A and 1B).
The formation of terpenes and terpenol products can be analyzed by any method known to a skilled artisan, such as using enzyme assays or mass spectrometry. Also provided herein are methods for assessing the activity and/or product profile of the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein using such assays.
1. Production of Terpene Products (e.g., Santalenes and Bergamotenes)
The modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, including modified santalene synthase polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules provided herein, can be used to catalyze the formation of terpenes, such as the formation of α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene, from an acyclic pyrophosphate precursor, such as FPP. The reaction can be performed in vitro or in vivo.
For example, terpene products of santalene synthase can be produced in vitro using the modified santalene synthases provided herein. As described above in Section D, a suitable host cell containing heterologous nucleic acid encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be used for expression of the modified santalene synthase. The modified santalene synthase polypeptide can be expressed and purified from any suitable host cell, such as described in Section D. The purified synthases can then be incubated in vitro with a FPP substrate to produce terpene products, such as α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene. An organic solvent can be added to partition the terpene products into the organic phase for analysis. Production of terpene products and quantification of the amount of product are then determined using any method known to a skilled artisan or described herein, such as gas chromatography (e.g., GC-MS or GC-FID) using an internal standard or standards to quantify the terpene product(s) produced.
Alternatively, terpene products of santalene synthase can be produced in vivo in a host cell using the modified santalene synthases provided herein. The modified santalene synthases provided herein can be expressed in cells that produce or overproduce FPP, such that terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) are produced by the cell. The terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) can then be extracted from the cell culture medium with an organic solvent and subsequently isolated and purified by any known method, such as column chromatography or HPLC. The amount and purity of the recovered products can be assessed. In some examples, the terpene products are converted or processed by oxidation to their respective terpenoid either before or after purification. For example, processing of a terpene to a terpenoid can be performed in vivo in a host cell that co-expresses an appropriate cytochrome P450 enzyme.
Exemplary and non-limiting methods of producing terpene products from a modified santalene synthase are described below.
a. Exemplary Host Cells
Provided herein are host cells that contain heterologous nucleic acid encoding any of the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. Typically, the host cell produces an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor. For example, the host cell produces farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In some examples, the host cell can be a cell line that produces FPP as part of the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g., fungi, including yeast cells, and animal cells) or the mevalonate-independent isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (e.g., bacteria and higher plants). In some examples, the host cell produces farnesyl diphosphate natively. In other examples, the host cell is modified to produce more farnesyl diphosphate compared to an unmodified cell. The host cells can be used to produce terpene products of the modified santalene synthase (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene).
Exemplary host cells include bacteria, yeast, insect, plant and mammalian cells. In particular examples, the host cell is a yeast cell. For example, the yeast cell is a Saccharomyces genus cell, such as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell. In another example, the yeast cell is a Pichia genus cell, such as a Pichia pastoris cell. In other particular examples, the host cell is an Escherichia coli cell.
The host cells can be cells that have been modified to produce or to produce more FPP compared to an unmodified cell. Exemplary of such cells are modified yeast cells. Non-limiting examples of yeast cells modified to produce or overproduce FPP are described above. The use of such host cells for expression of a santalene synthase provided herein allows for increased yields of the precursor FPP and thus allows for increased yields of santalenes and bergamotenes.
For example, yeast cells that have been modified to produce less squalene synthase or less active squalene synthase (e.g., erg9 mutants; see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593) are useful in the methods provided herein. Reduced squalene synthase activity results in accumulation of FPP in the host cell at higher levels compared to wild type yeast cells, thus allowing for increased yields of santalenes and bergamotenes. Exemplary modified yeast cells include, but are not limited to, modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains YPH499 (MATa, ura3-52, lys2-801, ade2-101, trp1-Δ63, his3-Δ200, leu2-Δ1), WAT11 (MATa, ade2-1, his3-11, -15; leu2-3, -112, ura3-1, canR, cyr+; containing chromosomally integrated Arabidopsis NADPH-dependent P450 reductase ATR1; see Pompon et al. (1995) Toxicol Lett 82-83:815-822; Ro et al. (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:8060-8065); and BY4741 (MATa, his3Δ1, leu2Δ0, met15Δ0, ura3Δ0; ATCC #201388), modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δ erg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1 sue), ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue), which are known and described in one or more of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303, 6,689,593, 7,838,279, 7,842,497, and U.S. Pat. publication Nos. 20040249219 and 20110189717.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) is a derivative of SW23B#74 (described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,531,303 and 6,689,593, and Takahashi et al. (2007) Biotechnol Bioeng. 97(1): 170-181), which itself is derived from wild-type strain ATCC 28383 (MATa). CALI5-1 was generated to have a decreased activity of the Dpp1 phosphatase (see e.g., U.S. Patent Publication. No. US20040249219). Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CALI5-1 contains, among other mutations, an erg9 mutation (the Δerg9::HIS3 allele) as well as a mutation supporting aerobic sterol uptake enhancement (sue). It also contains approximately 8 copies of the truncated HMG2 gene. The truncated form of HMG2 is driven by the GPD promoter and is therefore no longer under tight regulation, allowing for an increase in carbon flow to FPP. It also contains a deletion in the gene encoding diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) phosphatase enzyme (dpp1), which limits dephosphorylation of FPP.
ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) and ALX11-30.1 (ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue) are derivatives of CALI5-1. ALX7-95 was derived from CALI5-1 by correcting the Δleu2 deficiency of CALI5-1 with a functional leu gene so that leucine is not required to be supplemented to the media (see e.g., US2010/0151519). ALX11-30 is derived from intermediate cell lines derived from CALI5-1 and is described in US2010/0151519 and US2012/0246767. Briefly, ALX7-95 HPS was obtained by transforming a plasmid containing the Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) into ALX7-95 strain. The YEp-HPS plasmid was obtained by cloning the gene for HPS into YEp-GW-URA to give YEp-HPS-ura (YEp-HPS). Then, an error prone PCR reaction of the ERG9 gene was performed, and the resulting DNA was transformed into ALX7-95 harboring YEpHPS. Transformants were plated on YP medium lacking ergosterol and screened for premnaspirodiene production. Those that produced high levels of premnaspirodiene were saved. One strain, ALX7-168.25 [ura3, trp1, his3, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue, YEpHPS] was transformed with a PCR fragment of the complete HIS3 gene to create a functional HIS3 gene. Transformants were isolated that were able to grow in the absence of histidine in the medium. From this transformation, ALX7-175.1 was isolated [ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue YEpHPS]. Finally, the plasmid YEp-HPS was removed by growing ALX7-175.1 several generations in YPD (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone, 20 g/L glucose) and plating cells on YPD plates. Colonies were identified that were unable to grow on SD medium without uracil (0.67 Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium without uracil). This strain was designated ALX11-30.
b. Culture of Cells for Terpene Production
To produce terpene products using any of the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein, a modified santalene synthase provided herein is expressed in a host cell line that produces FPP (e.g., has been modified to produce FPP), whereby upon expression of the santalene synthase, farnesyl diphosphate is converted to santalenes and bergamotene or other terpene products. The host cell can be cultured using any suitable method well known in the art. In some examples, such as for high throughput screening of cell expressing various santalene synthases, the cells expressing the santalene synthases are cultured in individual wells of a 96-well plate. In other examples, where the host cell is yeast, the cells expressing the santalene synthase polypeptide and FPP are cultured using fermentation methods such as those described below.
A variety of fermentation methodologies can be used for the production of santalenes and/or bergamotene from yeast cells expressing the modified santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein. For example, large scale production can be effected by either batch or continuous fermentation. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and not subject to artificial alterations during the fermentation. Thus, at the beginning of the fermentation the medium is inoculated with the desired microorganism or microorganisms and fermentation is permitted to occur without further addition of nutrients. Typically, the concentration of the carbon source in a batch fermentation is limited, and factors such as pH and oxygen concentration are controlled. In batch systems the metabolite and biomass compositions of the system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within batch cultures cells typically modulate through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase and finally to a stationary phase where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase will eventually die.
A variation on the standard batch system is the Fed-Batch system, which is similar to a typical batch system with the exception that nutrients are added as the fermentation progresses. Fed-Batch systems are useful when catabolite repression tends to inhibit the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the medium. Also, the ability to feed nutrients will often result in higher cell densities in Fed-Batch fermentation processes compared to Batch fermentation processes. Factors such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentrations, and the partial pressure of waste gases such as CO are generally measured and controlled in Fed-Batch fermentations.
Production of the terpene products, such as α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene, also can be accomplished with continuous fermentation. Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor and an equal amount of conditioned medium is removed simultaneously for processing. This system generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density where cells are primarily in their log phase of growth. Continuous fermentation allows for modulation of any number of factors that affect cell growth or end product concentration. For example, one method will maintain a limiting nutrient such as the carbon source or nitrogen level at a fixed rate and allow all other parameters to moderate. In other systems a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by the medium turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems aim to maintain steady state growth conditions and thus the cell loss due to the medium removal must be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation are well known in the art.
As described below, the product of the cell culture can be used to produce the respective terpenoids, e.g., santalol and/or bergamotol. If desired, following cell culture, the cell culture medium can be harvested to obtain the produced terpene product, such as α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene, for reaction with FPP to product the terpenoid.
c. Isolation and Assays for Detection and Identification of Terpene Products (e.g., Santalenes and Bergamotene)
The terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) produced using the methods above with the santalene synthase polypeptides provided herein can be isolated and assessed by any method known in the art. In one example, the cell culture medium is extracted with an organic solvent to partition any terpenes or terpenoids produced into the organic layer. In another example, the terpene products are isolated by distillation and/or by removal of the santalene synthase polypeptides. Production of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) can be assessed using any method known in the art, such as, for example, gas chromatography or column chromatography. For example, the organic layer can be analyzed by GC-MS. Similar procedures can be used to isolate a desired terpene product or products from other products.
For example, the quantity of terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) produced can be determined by any known standard chromatographic technique useful for separating and analyzing organic compounds. For example, terpene production (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) can be assayed by any known chromatographic technique useful for the detection and quantification of hydrocarbons, including, but not limited to, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC-FID), capillary GC-MS, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and column chromatography.
Typically, these techniques are carried out in the presence of authentic and/or internal standards which are used to quantify the amount of the terpene produced. For example, terpenes, including sesquiterpenes, such as santalene and/or bergamotene, can be identified by comparison of retention times and mass spectra to those of authentic standards in gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. An internal standard, such as PSD or hexadecane, can be used to aid in quantitation of the samples and standardize comparison of samples. Quantification also can be achieved by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection based upon calibration curves with known amounts of authentic standards and normalization to the peak area of an internal standard. These chromatographic techniques allow for the identification of any terpene present in the organic layer, including, for example, other terpenes produced by the santalene synthases.
In some examples, kinetics of santalene and/or bergamotene production can be determined by synthase assays in which radioactive isoprenoid substrates, such as 3H FPP or 14C FPP, are used with varying concentrations of synthase. The products are extracted into an organic layer and radioactivity is measured using a liquid scintillation counter. Kinetic constants are determined from direct fits of the Michaelis-Menton equation to the data.
2. Production of Terpenoids (e.g., Santalols and/or Bergamotols)
The terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene and/or bergamotene) produced by the modified santalene synthases can then be further processed, for example by oxidation, to produce the respective terpenoids (e.g., α-santalol, β-santalol and/or bergamotol). The further processing can be effected by chemical synthesis or biosynthesis. For example, oxidation achieved by hydroxylation or monooxygenation of terpene substrates can occur biosynthetically in a cell that expresses an appropriate cytochrome P450 oxidase. Cytochrome P450 oxidases involved in the oxidation of santalenes (e.g., α-, β- and/or epi-β-) and/or bergamotene are known (see e.g., Diaz-Chavez et al. (2013) PLoS One, 8:e75053). For example, host cells can be co-transformed with nucleic acid encoding any of the modified santalene synthases provided herein and with a nucleic acid encoding an appropriate cytochrome P450 oxidase. The heterologous nucleic acid can be provided separately or as a chimeric nucleic acid encoding both polypeptides. The host cell also can be engineered to express a cytochrome P450 reductase (see also, Diaz-Chavez et al.).
Production of terpenoids (e.g., α-santalol, β-santalol and/or bergamotol), including the quantification of the amount of product, can be determined using any method known to a skilled artisan, such as gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (e.g., GC-MS), gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Mass spectrometry patterns can be compared to known standards or with known terpenoids in sandalwood oil.
F. EXAMPLES
The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Codon-Optimized Santalum album Santalene Synthase (SaSSy) and Santalum Spicatum Santalene Synthase (SspiSSy) and Production of Terpene Products
Nucleic acid encoding the Santalum album santalene synthase (SaSSy) and Santalum spicatum santalene synthase (SspiSSy) were codon-optimized for expression in yeast.
Table 7 sets forth the nucleotide changes in the codon-optimized SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:3, encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1) as compared to wild type SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:2, encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:1). The encoded amino acid sequence of codon-optimized SaSSy is identical to wild type SaSSy.
Table 8 sets forth the nucleotide changes in the codon-optimized SspiSSy (SEQ ID NO:44, encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:10) as compared to wild type SspiSSy (SEQ ID NO:11, encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:10). The encoded amino acid sequence of codon-optimized SspiSSy is identical to wild type SspiSSy.







TABLE 7







Synonymous changes in codon-optimized SaSSy versus wild type SaSSy













Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide


Amino Acid
Change
Amino Acid
Change 
Amino Acid
Change





T5T
ACC→ACT
S175S
TCA→TCT
H375H
CAT→CAC


A6A
GCC→GCT
G178G
GGA→GGT
E376E 
GAG→GAA


T7T
ACC→ACT
I184I
ATC→ATT
R377R 
CGA→AGA


A8A
GCC→GCT
L185L
CTA→TTG
G378G 
GGC→GGT


T10T
ACA→ACT
A188A
GCC→GCT
N380N
AAT→AAC


P16P
CCT→CCA
A190A
GCC→GCT
S381S
AGC→TCT


T17T
ACT→ACC
T192T
ACC→ACT
P383P
CCT→CCA


H19H
CAT→CAC
C195C
TGC→TGT
T384T 
ACT→ACC


V20V
GTG→GTT
S198S
AGT→TCC
I386I
ATC→ATT


N21N
AAT→AAC 
A199A
GCA→GCT
K387K
AAA→AAG


L22L
CTC→TTG
N202N
AAT→AAC
A388A
GCG→GCT


T24T
ACT→ACC
I203I
ATA→ATT
V390V
GTT→GTC


T26T
ACG→ACC
S204S
TCC→TCT
Q392Q
CAG→CAA


A28A
GCC→GCT
L208L
TTA→TTG
S395S 
TCA→TCT


S29S
TCA→TCT
V212V
GTG→GTT
Q397Q
CAG→CAA


E30E
GAG→GAA
H214H
CAT→CAC
A400A
GCA→GCT


N31N
AAT→AAC 
A215A
GCA→GCT
R401R 
AGA→CGT


R32R
CGA→AGA
P219P
CCT→CCA
G405G 
GGG→GGT


R33R
AGG→AGA
V224V
GTC→GTT
G406G
GGA→GGT


G35G 
GGA→GGT
P225P
CCT→CCA
H407H
CAC→CAT


N36N
AAT→AAC 
R226R
CGA→AGA
T408T
ACG→ACT


Y37Y
TAT→TAC
I2271
ATC→ATT
P409P
CCT→CCA


K38K
AAA→AAG
A229A
GCT→GCC
S415S
AGC→TCC


P39P
CCC→CCA
E234E
GAG→GAA
N417N 
AAT→AAC


S40S
AGC→TCT
A235A 
GCA→GCC
G418G
GGA→GGT


I41I
ATT→ATC
Y2 36Y
TAT→TAC
L419L
CTT→TTG


N43N
AAT→AAC 
E237E 
GAG→GAA
S421S 
TCC→TCT


Y44Y
TAT→TAC
E239E 
GAA→GAG
I422I
ATA→ATT


D45D
GAT→GAC
A240A
GCG→GCT
G423G
GGA→GGT


F46F
TTT→TTC
N241N
AAT→AAC 
L426L
CTC→TTG


L47L
TTA→TTG
T245T 
ACA→ACC
L428L
TTA→TTG


S49S
TCA→TCT
L246L
CTA→TTG
I429I
ATC→ATT


L50L
CTT→TTG
L247L
CTC→TTG
T430T
ACG→ACA


A51A
GCA→GCT
K248K
AAA→AAG
G431G
GGC→GGT


T52T
ACT→ACC
L249L
CTC→TTG
V433V
GTG→GTT


N55N
AAT→AAC 
K251K
AAA→AAG
A434A
GCA→GCT


I56I
ATT→ATA
L252L 
TTA→TTG
I435I 
ATC→ATT


V57V
GTG→GTC
D253D
GAC→GAT
E437E
GAG→GAA


E59E
GAG→GAA
F254F
TTT→TTC
N438N
AAC→AAT


R60R
AGG→AGA
N255N
AAT→AAC
E439E
GAG→GAA


L62L
CTA→TTG
V257V
GTG→GTT
A440A
GCT→GCC


L64L
CTA→TTG
S259S
TCA→TCC
A441A
GCA→GCT


A65A
GCT→GCC
I260I
ATT→ATC
L442L
CTG→TTG


E66E
GAG→GAA
H261H
CAT→CAC
K444K
AAA→AAG


L68L
CTG→TTG
Q262Q
CAG→CAA
V445V
GTG→GTT


K69K
AAG→AAA
E264E
GAG→GAA
H446H
CAC→CAT


G70G
GGC→GGT
G266G
GGG→GGT
P447P
CCC→CCA


V72V
GTG→GTC
L268L
TTA→TTG
L448L
CTT→TTG


F76F
TTT→TTC
A269A
GCA→GCT
P449P
CCT→CCA


G77G
GGG→GGT
R270R
AGG→AGA
L451L
CTT→TTG


A78A
GCA→GCT
V273V
GTG→GTT
L452L
CTG→TTG


E81E
GAG→GAA
G276G 
GGC→GGT
S455S
TCC→TCA


P82P
CCG→CCA
L280L
TTA→TTG
L457L 
CTC→TTG


L83L
TTA→TTG
A281A
GCC→GCT
L458L
CTT→TTG


A84A
GCA→GCT
F282F
TTT→TTC
S459S
AGT→TCC


L86L
CTG→TTG
A283A
GCC→GCT
R460R
CGC→AGA


E87E
GAG→GAA
R284R
AGG→AGA
L461L
CTC→TTG


L88L
CTT→TTG
N285N
AAT→AAC
N463N
AAT→AAC


V8917
GTG→GTT
N286N
AAT→AAC
I465I
ATA→ATT


D90D
GAT→GAC
L287L
TTA→TTG
G466G
GGA→GGT


V91V
GTG→GTT
L288L
CTG→TTG
T467T
ACG→ACT


R94R
AGG→AGA
Q289Q
CAG→CAA
P469P
CCG→CCA


L95L
CTT→TTG
S290S
AGC→TCC
D470D
GAT→GAC


G96G
GGG→GGT
Y291Y
TAT→TAC
E471E
GAG→GAA


L97L
CTA→TTG
S294S
AGC→TCT
A473A
GCA→GCT


L100L 
CTA→TTG
C295C
TGC→TGT
G475G
GGC→GGT


F101F
TTT→TTC
A296A
GCG→GCT
N477N
AAT→AAC


E102E
GAG→GAA
S299S
TCC→TCT
L478L
CTG→TTG


T103T
ACA→ACC
P301P
CCG→CCA
S480S
TCA→TCC


E104E
GAG→GAA
F303F
TTC→TTT
H482H
CAT→CAC


K106K
AAG→AAA
K304K
AAA→AAG
G489G
GGG→GGT


A108A
GCG→GCC
L305L
CTT→TTG
S491S
TCC→TCT


L109L
CTG→TTG
A306A
GCT→GCC
E492E
GAG→GAA


F110F
TTT→TTC
T309T
ACT→ACC
R496R
CGT→AGA


S111S
AGT→TCC
I310I
ATT→ATA
E497E
GAG→GAA


I112I
ATT→ATC
V311 
VGTC→GTT
I499I
ATA→ATC


G116G 
GGG→GGT
G314G
GGA→GGT
G501G
GGA→GGT


S117S
AGC→TCT
S315S
AGT→TCC
V502V 
GTA→GTC


G119G
GGA→GGT
V316V 
GTA→GTT
I503I
ATC→ATT


G123G 
GGC→GGT
L317L
CTC→TTG
E504E
GAG→GAA


L125L
CTT→TTG
T318T 
ACA→ACC
E505E 
GAG→GAA


A127A
GCG→GCT
D321D
GAC→GAT
N506N
AAT→AAC


S129S 
TCT→TCC
G323G 
GGA→GGT
K508K
AAA→AAG


L130L
CTC→TTG
Y324Y
TAT→TAC
I509I
ATA→ATC


R131R
CGA→AGA
D325D 
GAC→GAT
L510L
CTG→TTG


F132F
TTT→TTC
V326V 
GTC→GTT
Q512Q
CAG→CAA


R133R
AGG→AGA
Y327Y 
TAT→TAC
F515F
TTT→TTC


L134L
CTG→TTA
S329S
TCA→TCC
S518S
TCT→TCC


L135L
CTA→TTG
D331D
GAC→GAT
Q519Q
CAG→CAA


R136R
CGA→AGA
L333L
CTT→TTG
F520F 
TTT→TTC


Q137Q
CAG→CAA
D334D
GAT→GAC
Q521Q
CAG→CAA


C138C
TGT→TGC
L335L 
CTC→TTG
E522E 
GAG→GAA


G139G
GGG→GGT
T337T 
ACA→ACC
P523P 
CCT→CCA


L140L
CTT→TTG
S338S
AGC→TCT
F524F
TTT→TTC


F141F
TTT→TTC
S339S
TCC→TCT
I525I
ATA→ATC


I142I
ATT→ATC
R342R
AGG→AGA
N528N
AAT→AAC


P143P
CCC→CCA
S344S
AGC→TCC
R533R 
CGA→AGA


D145D
GAT→GAC
C345C
TGT→TGC
G534G 
GGG→GGT


V146V
GTG→GTT
V346V
GTG→GTT
S535S 
TCT→TCC


F147F
TTT→TTC
D349D
GAC→GAT
Y539Y
TAT→TAC


K148K
AAA→AAG
T354T 
ACG→ACC
F541F
TTT→TTC


T149T
ACG→ACC
L355L
TTA→TTG
G542G
GGG→GGT


G155G
GGG→GGT
K356K 
AAA→AAG
G544G
GGC→GGT


F157F
TTT→TTC
L357L
TTA→TTG
G546G
GGG→GGT


K1 60K 
AAA→AAG
I358I
ATT→ATC
V547V
GTG→GTT


L161L
CTT→TTG
F359F
TTT→TTC
T548T
ACG→ACT


C162C
TGT→TGC
S361S
TCT→TCC
S550S 
AGC→TCC


D163D
GAC→GAT
T366T
ACC→ACT
T552T
ACA→ACC


V165V 
GTA→GTT
N367N 
AAT→AAC
D562D
GAC→GAT


K166K 
AAA→AAG
E368E
GAG→GAA
P563P
CCT→CCA


G167G
GGG→GGT
G370G 
GGC→GGT
P565P
CCT→CCA


L168L
CTG→TTG
L371L
CTT→TTG
L566L
CTC→TTG


L169L
CTG→TTG
R372R
CGA→AGA
G567G
GGC→GGT


S170S 
AGC→TCC
V373V 
GTC→GTT
E568E 
GAG→GAA


L171L
TTA→TTG
Q374Q 
CAG→CAA
E569E
GAG→GAA
















TABLE 8







Synonymous changes in codon-optimized SspiSSy versus wild type


SspiSSy













Nucleotide

Nucleotide

Nucleotide


Amino Acid
Change
Amino Acid
Change
Amino Acid
Change





D2D
GAT→GAC
G178G
GGG→GGT
A388A
GCA→GCC


S4S
TCC→TCT
I184I
ATC→ATA
Q392Q 
CAG→CAA


T5T
ACC→ACT
L185L
CTA→TTG
K394K
AAA→AAG


A6A
GCC→GCT
A188A
GCC→GCT
A395A
GCA→GCC


A8A
GCC→GCT
K189K
AAG→AAA
Y396Y
TAC→TAT


T9T
ACG→ACT 
A190A
GCC→GCT
Q397Q
CAG→CAA


T10T
ACA→ACT
T193T
ACC→ACT
E399E
GAG→GAA


P12P
CCA→CCT
A199A
GCA→GCC
A400A
GCA→GCC


T17T
ACT→ACC
N202N
AAT→AAC
Y403Y 
TAC→TAT


H19H
CAT→CAC
I203I
ATA→ATT
H404H
CAT→CAC


V20V
GTG→GTC
L208L
CTA→TTG
G405G
GGG→GGT


N21N
AAT→AAC
A209A
GCC→GCT
G406G
GGA→GGT


L22L
CTT→TTG
V212V
GTG→GTT
H407H
CAC→CAT


K23K
AAA→AAG
H214H
CAT→CAC
T408T
ACG→ACT


I24I
ATT→ATC
A215A
GCA→GCT
P409P
CCT→CCA


N26N
AAT→AAC 
L216L
CTG→TTG
E412E
GAG→GAA


S29S
TCC→TCT
P219P
CCT→CCA
S415S
AGC→TCA


E30E
GAG→GAA
L220L
CTG→TTG
N417N 
AAT→AAC


S31S
AGT→TCC
H221H
CAC→CAT
G418G
GGA→GGT


R32R
CGA→AGA
V224V 
GTC→GTT
L419L
CTT→TTG


R33R
AGG→AGA
P225P
CCT→CCA
I422I
ATA→ATC


G35G
GGC→GGT
R226R
CGA→AGA
G423G
GGA→GGT


Y37Y
TAT→TAC
I227I
ATC→ATT
L426L
CTC→TTG


K38K
AAA→AAG
E228E
GAG→GAA
I429I
ATC→ATT


P39P
CCC→CCA
E234E
GAG→GAA
T430T
ACC→ACT


S40S
AGT→TCC
A235A
GCA→GCC
G431G
GGC→GGT


N43N
AAT→AAC
Y236Y
TAT→TAC
I433I
ATC→ATT


Y44Y
TAT→TAC
E237E
GAG→GAA
A434A
GCA→GCT


F46F
TTT→TTC
E240E
GAG→GAA
E437E
GAG→GAA


L47L
CTG→TTG
T245T 
ACA→ACT
E439E
GAG→GAA


S49S
TCA→TCC
L246L
CTA→TTG
A441A
GCA→GCT


L50L
CTT→TTG
L247L
CTC→TTG
L442L
CTG→TTG


A51A
GCA→GCC
L249L
CTT→TTG
D443D
GAT→GAC


I52I
ATC→ATT
A250A
GCA→GCC
V445V
GTG→GTT


N55N
AAT→AAC
K251K
AAA→AAG
H446H
CAC→CAT


I56I
ATT→ATC
L252L
TTA→TTG
P447P
CCC→CCA


V57V
GTG→GTT
D253D
GAC→GAT
L448L
CTT→TTG


E59E
GAG→GAA
F254F
TTT→TTC
P44 9P
CCT→CCA


H61H
CAT→CAC
V257V 
GTG→GTC
L451L
CTT→TTG


L62L
CTA→TTG
S259S
TCA→TCC
L452L
CTG→TTG


L64L
CTA→TTG
I260I
ATT→ATC
S455S
TCC→TCA


A65A
GCT→GCC
H261H
CAT→CAC
S456S 
TCC→TCT


E66E
GAG→GAA
Q262Q
CAG→CAA
L457L 
CTC→TTG


K67K
AAG→AAA
E264E
GAG→GAA
L458L
CTT→TTG


L68L
CTG→TTG
G266G
GGG→GGT
S45 9S
AGT→TCA


G70G
GGC→GGT
L268L
TTA→TTG
R460R
CGC→AGA


V72V
GTG→GTC
R270R
AGG→AGA
L461L
CTC→TTG


G77G
GGG→GGT
V273V 
GTG→GTT
N463N
AAT→AAC


A78A
GCA→GCT
G276G
GGC→GGT
D464D
GAC→GAT


E81E
GAG→GAA
L280L
TTA→TTG
G466G
GGA→GGT


P82P
CCG→CCA
A281A
GCC→GCT
T467T 
ACG→ACT


L83L
TTA→TTG
A283A
GCT→GCC
P469P
CCG→CCA


A84A
GCA→GCT
R284R
AGG→AGA
E471E
GAG→GAA


K85K
AAG→AAA
N285N
AAT→AAC
A473A
GCA→GCT


L86L
CTG→TTG
N286N
AAT→AAC
D476D 
GAC→GAT


E87E
GAG→GAA
L287L
TTA→TTG
N477N
AAT→AAC


L88L
CTT→TTG
L288L
CTG→TTG
L478L
CTG→TTG


V89V
GTG→GTT
S290S
AGC→TCT
K479K
AAG→AAA


V91V
GTG→GTC
Y291Y
TAT→TAC
S480S
TCA→TCT


R94R
AGG→AGA
S294S
AGC→TCT
C483C
TGT→TGC


L95L
CTT→TTG
A296A
GCG→GCT
G489G
GGG→GGT


G96G
GGG→GGT
S299S
TCC→TCT
E492E
GAG→GAA


L97L
CTA→TTG
D300D
GAC→GAT
R496R
CGT→AGA


H99H
CAC→CAT
F303F
TTC→TTT
E497E
GAG→GAA


F101F
TTT→TTC
K304K
AAA→AAG
H498H
CAC→CAT


E102E
GAG→GAA
L305L
CTT→TTG
I499I
ATA→ATT


T103T
ACA→ACC
A306A
GCT→GCC
K500K
AAA→AAG


E104E
GAG→GAA
T309T
ACT→ACC
G501G
GGA→GGT


K106K
AAG→AAA
G314G
GGA→GGT
I502I
ATA→ATC


L109L
CTA→TTG
S315S
AGT→TCT
E504E
GAG→GAA


F110F
TTT→TTC
V316V
GTA→GTT
E505E
GAG→GAA


S111S
AGT→TCC
L317L
CTC→TTG
N506N
AAT→AAC


G116G
GGG→GGT
T318T
ACA→ACC
K508K
AAA→AAG


S117S
AGC→TCT
V320V 
GTG→GTT
I509I
ATA→ATT


G119G
GGA→GGT
D321D
GAC→GAT
L510L
CTG→TTG


G123G
GGC→GGT
A323A
GCA→GCT
Q512Q
CAG→CAA


L125L
CTT→TTG
Y327Y
TAT→TAC
F515F
TTT→TTC


A127A
GCA→GCT
S329S
TCA→TCC
D516D 
GAT→GAC


L130L
CTT→TTG
L333L
CTT→TTG
Q519Q
CAG→CAA


R131R
CGA→AGA
H335H
CAC→CAT
F520F
TTT→TTC


F132F
TTT→TTC
T337T
ACA→ACC
Q521Q
CAG→CAA


R133R
AGG→AGA
S339S
TCC→TCT
E522E
GAG→GAA


L134L
CTA→TTA
V340V
GTT→GTC
P523P 
CCT→CCA


L135L
CTA→TTG
R342R
AGG→AGA
F524F
TTT→TTC


R136R
CGA→AGA
S344S
AGC→TCT
I525I
ATA→ATT


Q137Q
CAG→CAA
V346V
GTA→GTC
F527F
TTC→TTT


C138C
TGT→TGC
D349D
GAC→GAT
N528N
AAT→AAC


G139G
GGG→GGT
L351L
CTG→TTG
S531S
TCT→TCC


L140L
CTT→TTG
T354T
ACG→ACT
R533R
CGA→AGA


F141F
TTT→TTC
L355L
TTA→TTG
G534G
GGG→GGT


P143P
CCC→CCA
K356K
AAA→AAG
S535S
TCT→TCC


Q144Q
CAG→CAA
I358I
ATT→ATC
F538F
TTC→TTT


V146V
GTG→GTT
F359F
TTT→TTC
Y539Y
TAT→TAC


F147F
TTT→TTC
S361S
TCT→TCC
G542G
GGG→GGT


K148K
AAA→AAG
N367N
AAT→AAC
G544G
GGC→GGT


T149T
ACG→ACC
E368E
GAG→GAA
F545F
TTT→TTC


Q151Q
CAG→CAA
G370G
GGC→GGT
G546G
GGG→GGT


S152S
AGC→TCT
L371L
CTT→TTG
V547V
GTG→GTT


K153K
AAA→AAG
R372R
CGA→AGA
T548T
ACA→ACT


T154T
ACT→ACC
V373V 
GTC→GTT
S550S
AGC→TCT


F157F
TTT→TTC
Q374Q
CAG→CAA
K553K
AAG→AAA


K160K
AAA→AAG
H375H
CAT→CAC
D555D 
GAT→GAC


L161L
CTG→TTG
E376E
GAG→GAA
S558S
TCT→TCC


C162C
TGT→TGC
R377R
CGA→AGA
I561I
ATC→ATT


D163D
GAC→GAT
G378G
GGC→GGT
P563P
CCT→CCA


I165I
ATA→ATC
Y379Y
TAC→TAT
P565P
CCT→CCA


K166K
AAA→AAG
G381G
GGC→GGT
L566L
CTC→TTG


G167G
GGG→GGT
I382I
ATC→ATT
G567G
GGC→GGT


S170S
AGC→TCC
P383P
CCT→CCA
E568E
GAG→GAA


Y172Y
TAT→TAC
T384T
ACT→ACC
E569E
GAG→GAA


F176F
TTC→TTT
I386I
ATC→ATT




L177L
CTG→TTG
K387K
AAA→AAG









Example 2
Production of Terpene Products by Codon-Optimized Versus Wild-Type SaSSy
To assess production of terpene products, the codon-optimized santalene synthase genes described in Example 1 were cloned into the pAlx48-16.2 plasmid (SEQ ID NO:284). pAlx48-16.2 carries an E. coli origin of replication for use as a shuttle vector. It also contains an ampicillin resistance marker for use in E. coli and a URA3 marker for selection in yeast. It also contains an inactive version (C-terminus only) of codon-optimized SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:289) that itself does not result in production of any terpene product, and thereby assures there are no “false positives” during the screening process of the cloned gene.
The cloned plasmid was then transformed into ALX7-95 S. cerevisiae (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue; described in US2010/0151519) using a standard lithium acetate yeast transformation. Transformants were selected on SDE-ura medium (0.67% Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium supplement without uracil, and 40 mg/L ergosterol). Colonies were picked, cultured and screened for terpene production as described below.
A. Terpene Production in Shake Flask Assay
To assess production of santalene and other terpene products, a seed culture of 10 mL was inoculated in a 250 mL flask using SDE medium. The culture was grown for 24 hr before 2.5 mL was used to inoculate 50 mL fermentation medium (2% ammonium sulfate, 2% potassium phosphate, 0.1% NaCl, 0.6% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.4% yeast extract, 1 mL mineral solution [FeSO4.7H2O 0.028%, ZnSO4.7H2O 0.029%, CuSO4.5H2O 0.008%, Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.024%, CoCl2.6H2O 0.024%, MnSO4—H2O 0.017%, HCl 1 mL], 0.5 ml 50% glucose, 1.5 ml vitamin solution [biotin 0.001%, Ca-pantothenate 0.012%, inositol 0.06%, pyridoxine-HCl 0.012%, thiamine-HCl 0.012%], 0.5 ml 10% CaCl2) containing 1 mL vegetable oil in a 250 mL baffled flask. The cultures were grown at 28° C. After 16 hr of incubation, the cultures were fed 1.5 ml 50% glucose and 0.278 ml 12.5% yeast extract. 24 hr after the initial feed, the cultures were fed 2.5 ml 50% glucose and 0.470 ml 12.5% yeast extract. 48 hr after the initial feed, the cultures were fed 3.6 ml 50% glucose and 0.667 ml 12.5% yeast extract. The pH of the cultures was adjusted to 4.5 every 24 hrs with the addition of 30% NaOH. After approximately 88 hours of incubation, 0.1 ml of IGEPAL CA-630 was added and the culture was incubated with shaking to fully homogenize the vegetable oil. After 30 minutes, a 2 mL culture sample was taken. The sample was extracted with 2 mL acetone/PSD solution (20 mg/L premnaspirodiene (PSD)) and then extracted with 4 mL hexane/hexadecane solution (10 mg/L hexadecane). An aliquot from extracted samples were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID). Using the internal standards, the total production of products and product profile were assessed by calculating from the peak area.
B. Results
1. Codon-Optimized SaSSy Versus Wild-Type SaSSy
The total production of terpene products produced by codon-optimized SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:3) versus wild type SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:2) was compared. Total product production from cultures expressing the codon-optimized SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:3) was approximately 15% higher than that from cultures expressing the wild type SaSSy enzyme (SEQ ID NO:2) (based on a comparison of  ̃12 samples of each). For example, in 12 samples expressing the codon-optimized SaSSy there was, on average, 15.9% higher total production than in 12 samples expressing wild type SaSSy.
Wild type SaSSy and codon-optimized SaSSy produced three major products (α-santalene, β-santalene, and α-exo-bergamotene). The profile of the three major products had a small but reproducible shift; α-santalene and β-santalene (combined) made up 70.62% of product in the 12 codon-optimized samples, while these two santalenes made up 73.63% of product in the wild type samples. Codon-optimized SaSSy produced 45.7%±1.03 α-santalene, 26.12%±0.64 β-santalene and 30.40%±1.43 α-exo-bergamotene (average of 27 experiments).
The codon-optimized SaSSy also produced three minor products (epi-β-santalene, (E)-β-farnesene, and (Z)-β-farnesene). Production of (Z)-β-farnesene or (E)-β-farnesene were not calculated, as their peak areas was very small. The peak for epi-β-santalene overlapped with the peak for (E)-β-farnesene and separation was not always possible. Over the course of 27 experiments in which these two minor peaks could be separated, the epi-β-santalene peak area accounted for 3.5% of the four measured peak areas. In experiments in which the two peaks were non-separable, the combined peak accounted for 5% of the four measured peak areas. The three minor products are not produced in commercially desirable quantities.
2. Codon-Optimized SaSSy Versus Wild-Type and Codon-Optimized Santalum Spicatum Santalene Synthase (SspiSSy)
The total production of terpene products produced by codon-optimized SaSSy (SEQ ID NO:3) also was compared to wild type Santalum spicatum Santalene Synthase (SspiSSy; SEQ ID NO:11) and codon-optimized SspiSSy (SEQ ID NO:44). The SaSSy and SspiSSy codon-optimized genes were observed to have no significant difference in total production relative to each other. The two codon-optimized genes, however, produced approximately 35% more total product than wild type SspiSSy in a comparison of 2 samples of codon-optimized SaSSy, 24 samples of codon-optimized SspiSSy, and 24 samples of wild type SspiSSy.
The results also showed that the product profile of the wild type SspiSSy gene was different from the codon-optimized SspiSSy, even though the amino acid sequences were identical. Table 9 below sets forth the product profiles for wild type SspiSSy, codon-optimized SspiSSy and codon-optimized SaSSy. For example, over the 24 samples of codon-optimized SspiSSy and 24 samples of wild type SspiSSy, the wild type gene produced approximately 49% α-santalene and β-santalene (combined), while the codon-optimized gene produced only approximately 44% α-santalene and β-santalene (combined).







TABLE 9







Product distribution of three major products















α-exo-



Santalene Synthase
α-santalene
β-santalene
bergamotene







codon-optimized SaSSy
40.18%
21.71%
38.11%



codon-optimized
32.05%
12.86%
55.09% 



SspiSSy
(±0.84%)
(±0.34%)
(±0.62%)



wild-type SspiSSy
35.47   
14.29%
50.24%




(±0.23%)
(±0.2%) 
(±0.32%)










Example 3
Santalene Synthase Variants and Generation of Mutant Plasmids
Santalene synthase (SaSSy) variants were generated by standard molecular biology techniques from the codon-optimized santalene synthase described in Example 1 and set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. One or more of the strategies described in this Example below was used to generate SaSSy variants.
To incorporate mutations, mutagenic plasmids were prepared by direct recombination in yeast of a generated mutant PCR product containing the mutations with a cut plasmid backbone, either the pAlx48-16.2 plasmid described above (SEQ ID NO:284; containing a truncated version (C-terminus only) of codon-optimized SaSSy) or the pAlx72-5.4 plasmid (SEQ ID NO:290; containing a truncated version (C-terminus only) of SaSSy-6). Like pAlx48-16.2, pAlx72-5.4 is a shuttle vector that contains an E. coli origin of replication, an ampicillin resistance marker for use in E. coli and a URA3 marker for selection in yeast. Compared to pAlx48-16.2, yeast recombination using pAlx72-5.4 avoids incidental loss of mutations near the 3′end of the gene. The yeast strains ALX7-95 (ura3, his3, trp1, Δerg9::HIS3, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue; described in US2010/0151519) or ALX11-30 (ura3, trp1, erg9def25, HMG2cat/TRP1::rDNA, dpp1, sue; described in US2010/0151519 and US2012/0246767) were employed.
Briefly, PCR outer primers were designed to have a minimum of 30 nucleotides of overlap with the plasmid backbone, either pAlx48-16.2 or pAlx72-5.4. Mutagenic primers were also designed to have a minimum of 30 nucleotides of overlap with each other. Single stage PCR was conducted using a santalene synthase DNA template (e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:3) with an outer primer and a mutagenic primer. PCR products were gel purified using standard techniques. Before recombination in yeast, the desired plasmid backbone, either pAlx48-16.2 or pAlx72-5.4, was cut with restriction enzymes KpNI and XbaI, and the desired fragment was gel purified. Then, 200-250 ng of the PCR product and 200-250 ng of the cut plasmid backbone were combined and used in standard lithium acetate yeast transformations, and were plated onto selective media. The yeast homologous recombination DNA repair pathway gene products recombine the overlapping PCR fragments and cut plasmid backbone to form a completely new plasmid within the yeast cell. All variant plasmids were generated and expressed using ALX7-95 cells with the exception of variants SaSSy-62, SaSSy-63, SaSSy-66, SaSSy-64, SaSSy-67, Sassy-135, SaSSy-136 and SaSSy-137 (see Table 11 and the Examples), which were grown using ALX11-30 cells. Resulting colonies were tested for terpene production using procedures as described in Example 4 below.
1. Domain Swaps
Briefly, a number of variants were generated containing domain or loop swaps with other terpene synthases (designated domain swaps). Domain swaps included regions of various terpene synthases, including Hyoscyamus muticus vetispiradiene synthase (HVS; set forth in SEQ ID NO:197), (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase (set forth in SEQ ID NO:198), citrus valencene synthase variant V19 described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012-0246767 (set forth in SEQ ID NO:199), Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (set forth in SEQ ID NO:200) and bergamotene synthase (set forth in SEQ ID NO:201). Table 10 sets forth the amino acids that were targeted for replacement in SaSSy with amino acid residues from the corresponding domain from another synthase.
Upon sequencing of generated variant synthases (see Table 11 in Example 4), some of the swaps were identified to contain mutations in the swapped region, which were likely introduced during PCR or synthesis of the gene. For example, SaSSy-25 (SEQ ID NO:69 and 153) was generated to contain a domain swap of amino acid residues 138-166 with the corresponding residues 109-136 from bergamotene synthase (SEQ ID NO:210). The generated SaSSy-25 contained two mutations compared to the corresponding domain region of bergamotene synthase set forth in SEQ ID NO:210, such that the actual domain swap that was replaced in SaSSy-25 is set forth as amino acids HGHHVPQEVFCSFMDDVGNFRAWLCEDVR (SEQ ID NO:215).







TABLE 10







Domain Swaps










Amino

Corresponding
Amino Acid Sequence of Corresponding


acids in

Amino
Domain in Other Synthase











SaSSy

acids in

SEQ


(SEQ ID
Other Terpene
Other

ID


NO: 1)
Synthase
Synthase
Amino Acid Residues
NO





  1-31
Vetispiradiene synthase
  1-16
MAPAIVMSNYEEEEIV
202


 


 73-79
(+)-Bornyl diphosphate
 94-100
RILLKEK
203



synthase





 


 78-81
(+)-Bornyl diphosphate
 99-102
EKME
204



synthase





 


 97-100
Citrus valencene
 74-77
VAYH
205



synthase V19





 


103-115
Citrus valencene
 80-92
KEIEDAIQQLCPI
206



synthase V19





 


116-124
Citrus valencene
 93-100
HIDSDKAD
207



synthase V19





 


116-124
Vitis vinifera valencene
104-113
FHDCNDMDGD
208



synthase





 


116-124
(+)-Bornyl diphosphate
137-149
HKCFHNNEVEKMD
209



synthase





 


138-166
bergamotene synthase
109-136
HGHHVPQEAFCSFMDDVRNFRA
210





WLCEDVR



 


138-166
bergamotene synthase
109-136**
HGHHVPQEVFCSFMDDVGNFRA
215



with two mutations

WLCEDVR




(underlined) compared






to wild type






bergamotene synthase





 


138-168
Citrus valencene
114-144
QGIKISCDVFEQFKDDEGRFKS
211



synthase V19

SLINDVQGM



 


138-168
Citrus valencene
114-144**
QGIKISCDVFEQFKDDEDRFKS
212



synthase V19 with two

SLINDIQGM




mutations (underlined)






compared to wild type






V19





 


198-207
Vitis vinifera valencene
187-195
AMVESLGYH
213



synthase





 


330-345
bergamotene synthase
302-320
LEELQLFTQTIERWDINSL
214









2. V346A
When testing multiple colonies from the swap of the Citrus valencene synthase V19 sequence (SEQ ID NO:199) into the loop between predicted helices 4 and 5 (amino acids 116-124 of SEQ ID NO:1), a variant (SaSSy-1; SEQ ID NO:131) was identified containing a spontaneous mutation designated V346A in addition to a planned domain swap. As shown in Example 4, the SaSSy-1 variant resulted in significantly higher terpene production than other isolates. Therefore, the mutation V346A was incorporated as an amino acid replacement in generated variants.
3. Modified N-Terminus
Variants also were generated by replacement of the N-terminus with an equivalent portion of another terpene synthase (designated modified N-terminus). For example, SaSSy amino acids 1-31 with reference to SEQ ID NO:1 were exchanged with the region up to the RR/RP motif of another terpene synthase (e.g., HVS set forth in SEQ ID NO:197 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:276; CVS variant V19 set forth in SEQ ID NO:199 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:269; TEAS set forth in SEQ ID NO:216 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:273, germacrene A set forth in SEQ ID NO:217 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:274; Vitis vinifera valencene synthase (VvCVS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:200 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:270; amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) set forth in SEQ ID NO:218 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO:275; and premnaspirodiene synthase (HPS) from Hyoscyamus muticus set forth in SEQ ID NO:221 and encoding the sequence of amino acids set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272 (see e.g., Table 5).
When the generated variants were tested for terpene production using procedures similar to described in Example 4, the results showed that variants containing a modified N-terminus (also designated “RR to RP” swap mutants) resulted in decreased production. Thus, this result demonstrates that replacing the N-terminus up to the RR/RP motif of another terpene, shows that the RR to RP is important for terpene production.
4. N-terminal Deletion
Among the generated variants, a variant was identified containing a M1V mutation (SaSSy-44; SEQ ID NO:88 and 168) that had improved overall production, with alpha-exo-bergamotene as the major product (see Example 4). Given that yeast is not believed to use alternate translational initiation codons as in some bacteria, it is likely that the M1V amino acid replacement resulted in a truncation to the next methionine codon, corresponding to amino acid residue 34, which happens to be in the correct reading frame for the remainder of the enzyme. Thus, a N-terminal deletion mutant (SaSSy-112; SEQ ID NO:263 and 267) was generated that lacked N-terminal amino acid residues 1-33 similar to what is believed to occur with the SaSSy-44 gene product when expressed in yeast. Production data confirmed that the mutant designated SaSSy-112 produced predominantly α-exo-bergamotene in amounts similar to those found in the M1V mutant (SaSSy-44).
5. SaSSy/SpisSSy Hybrids
Variants also were generated that were hybrids containing amino acids from Santalum spicatum synthase (SspiSSy) incorporated in the Santalum album synthase (SaSSy) (designated SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrids). The santalene synthase enzyme from Santalum album (SaSSy) and the santalene synthase enzyme from Santalum spicatum (SSpiSSy) differ at 31 amino acid positions (see FIG. 3A).
Using SaSSy as the starting point, amino acid residues from SspiSSy that differed with SaSSy were introduced into SaSSy to generate a series of variant hybrid SaSSys genes. Nineteen (19) mutations from SspiSSy were identified that, when introduced into SaSSy, resulted in a variant that retained full function, including both total titer, and product profile (see variant designated SaSSy-2 in Table 11; see also Example 4). This SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrid was used as a backbone to generate further domain swap variants, including regions of various terpene synthases described above.
Additional variants also were generated also containing one or more of the other 12 amino acid differences in addition to the 19 mutations indicated above. For example, variants were generated that incorporated four changes from the N-terminus of SspiSSy (M9T, T24I, T26N and A28S) (see, e.g., variants SaSSy-5, SaSSy-43 and SaSSy-76 in Table 11; see also Example 4). Variants generated containing one or more of these 12 amino acid differences either decreased total production, or changed product profile, or both, at least within the groupings that were tested.
6. Randomization of Residues
Additional variants also were generated in which the position corresponding to L130, K213, P225, N255, S329-D331, L333-T337, S344-E347, C345, C393-K394 or A473 were randomized.
For example, a neutral, random mutation at A473 was identified in an earlier isolate, which indicated that the location could be modified without loss of function. Therefore, the position was chosen to randomly mutate to identify whether improvements in production or product profile could be obtained (see, e.g., variants SaSSy-28 and SaSSy-32 to SaSSy-36 in Table 11).
Additional variants were generated in which the position corresponding to C393 was randomized in combination with K394. There was no improvement in enzyme total production in the mutants that were isolated, and several of the isolates tested had a decrease in the proportion of alpha- and beta-santalene production.
7. Beta-Farnesene Synthase Equivalents
Variants were generated in which equivalent positions corresponding to mutations of a (E)-beta-farnesene synthase from A. annua (SEQ ID NO:305) that exhibit improved enzymatic activity were randomized in SaSSy (U.S. Pat. No. 8,236,512). For example, beta-farnesene synthase equivalent positions that were randomized include amino acid residue 35, 38, 50, 55, 56, 57, 61, 64, 70, 72, 86, 112, 117, 125, 128, 140, 170, 177, 183, 192, 206, 246, 275, 282, 300, 313, 342, 351, 353, 363, 365, 379, 392, 417, 427, 428, 436, 438, 452, 459, 479, 480, 483, 487, 497, 518, 523 or 548. Other variants were identified that containg an amino acid replacement at a beta-farnesene synthase equivalent position that increases terpene production (see Example 4 and Table 11, e.g., SaSSy-82, SaSSy-83, SaSSy-84, SaSSy-85, SaSSy-90, SaSSy-92, SaSSy-91, SaSSy-94, SaSSy-95, SaSSy-101, SaSSy-102, SaSSy-104, SaSSy-111, SaSSy-113, SaSSy-114, SaSSy-115, SaSSy-116, SaSSy-117, SaSSy-118, SaSSy-121, SaSSy-122, SaSSy-123, SaSSy-124, SaSSy-135, SaSSy-136, SaSSy-137). For example, the randomization of F282 resulted in identification of F282W variants, which catalyze significantly reduced percentages of α-exo-bergamotene. Variants containing the replacement corresponding to F282W exhibit this altered profile.
8. Exposed to Solvent
Variants were also generated by mutation of solvent exposed residues to identify whether improvements in production or product profile could be obtained by such modifications. For example, the residues corresponding to 156, V57 and L64 were randomly mutated. For example, variants SaSSy-120 and SaSSy-121 were identified with mutations at position 156 and variants SaSSy-127 and SaSSy-128 identified with mutations at position 64.
The residue corresponding to C162 (which is partially exposed to solvent) was mutated to isoleucine (C162I) as part of a loop swap (see Table 10 above; swap of amino acids 138-166 of SaSSy with amino acids 114-144 of citrus valencene synthase V19), and the point mutant C162V (SaSSy-38), which was generated by a PCR enzyme error, was identified. The C162V and loop swap changes were neutral with respect to total production and product profile.
The residue corresponding to C195 (which is slightly exposed to solvent) was mutated to tyrosine (C195Y) as part of a loop swap.
The residue corresponding to C345 (which is significantly exposed to solvent) was randomly mutated. Initial data shows that amino acid replacements at position C345 improve either total production or product profile, particularly the amino acid replacement C345T (see SaSSy-63 to SaSSy-67 in Table 11 and Example 4 below).
Example 4
Expression, Production and Activity of Santalene Synthase Variants
Variants expressed as described in Example 3 were assayed for santalene synthase activity to produce terpene products (e.g., α-santalene, β-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene and epi-β-santalene). Colonies were selected, cultured and screened for terpene production as described below using a high throughput microculture assay. Transformants that produced at or above control levels (codon-optimized SaSSy), or had a unique product profile, were additionally tested in shake flasks. Terpene production (santalene synthase activity) was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) using PSD or hexadecane as internal standards. The total production of products and product profile were assessed. Terpene production was compared to the codon-optimized SaSSy enzyme (SEQ ID NO:3 and encoding SaSSy set forth in SEQ ID NO:1), which was used as a control. The screening results are set forth below.
A. Screening Assays
1. Microculture Assay
To screen transformants for production of santalene and other terpene products, a high-throughput screening procedure using microvial cultures was employed. Transformant yeast colonies were inoculated into individual wells of 96-well deep well microtiter plates filled with 200 μL of SDE-THUL (0.67% Bacto yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 0.14% yeast synthetic drop-out medium without uracil, leucine, histidine, tryptophan, 40 mg/L ergosterol). The plate was grown for two to three days at 28° C. After growth to saturation, 10 or 20 μL from each well was used to inoculate the wells of a 96-well deep well plate containing 300 μL of medium suitable for growth and santalene production. The deep well plate was sealed with breathable sealing film (Excel Scientific RSMB-2-S) and then incubated with shaking for 3 days. The products were extracted first by introducing 250 μL of acetone and vortexing, followed by addition of 500 μL of n-hexane and vortexing. After extraction, the deep well plate was re-sealed using heat sealing film (Axygen Scientific HS-400).
After phase separation, the deep well plate was placed on the sample tray of a gas chromatography autosampler, which removed one microliter of the organic phase for analysis of sesquiterpenes. The acetone and hexane used for extraction were each spiked with internal standards (PSD in acetone, hexadecane in hexanes) to aid in quantitation of the samples. The extracted samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Using the internal standards, the total production of products and product profile were assessed by calculating from the peak area. Each variant was screened twice in microculture.
2. Shake Flask Assay
Mutants that produced >100% terpenes (α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene and β-santalene) relative to codon-optimized SaSSy or had a unique product profile were also screened in shake flasks.
For the shake flask assay, a seed culture of 10 mL was inoculated in a 250 mL flask using SDE medium. The culture was grown for 24 hr before 2.5 mL was used to inoculate 50 mL fermentation medium (2% ammonium sulfate, 2% potassium phosphate, 0.1% NaCl, 0.6% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.4% yeast extract, 1 mL mineral solution [FeSO4.7H2O 0.028%, ZnSO4.7H2O 0.029%, CuSO4.5H2O 0.008%, Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.024%, CoCl2.6H2O 0.024%, MnSO4.H2O 0.017%, HCl 1 mL], 0.5 ml 50% glucose, 1.5 ml vitamin solution [biotin 0.001%, Ca-pantothenate 0.012%, inositol 0.06%, pyridoxine-HCl 0.012%, thiamine-HCl 0.012%], 0.5 ml 10% CaCl2) with 1 mL vegetable oil in a 250 baffled flask. The cultures were grown at 28° C. After 16 hr of incubation, the cultures were fed 1.5 ml 50% glucose and 0.278 ml 12.5% yeast extract. 24 hr after the initial feed, the cultures were fed 2.5 ml 50% glucose and 0.470 ml 12.5% yeast extract. 48 hr after the initial feed, the cultures were fed 3.6 ml 50% glucose and 0.667 ml 12.5% yeast extract. The pH of the cultures was adjusted to 4.5 every 24 hrs with the addition of 30% NaOH.
After approximately 88 hours of incubation, 0.1 ml of IGEPAL CA-630 was added and the culture was incubated with shaking to fully homogenize the vegetable oil. After 30 minutes, a 2 mL culture sample was taken. The sample was extracted with 2 mL acetone/PSD solution (20 mg/L PSD) and then extracted with 4 mL hexane/hexadecane solution (10 mg/L hexadecane). An aliquot was analyzed by GC and the amount of santalene and other terpene products was determined. Alternatively, hexadecane (10 mg/L) was added to the vegetable oil to a concentration of 2 g/L, and the hexadecane-spiked vegetable oil was added to each shake flask, and the sample was extracted with 2 mL acetone, followed by extraction with 4 mL hexanes.
B. Results
Transformants that at least retained total terpene production of the codon-optimized variant, had a modified product profile, or retained total terpene production of the codon-optimized variant and had a modified product profile were selected.
1. Total Production
Table 11 also sets forth the total production for each of the SaSSy variants as assessed in the shake flasks assay. All variants were grown using ALX7-95 cells with the exception of variants SaSSy-62, SaSSy-63, SaSSy-66, SaSSy-64 and SaSSy-67, which were grown using ALX11-30 cells. A percentage greater than 100% indicates an increase in production as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy and a percentage less than 100% indicates a decrease in production as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. A difference of greater than 5% in total production is considered to be significant.
The results in Table 11 show that the majority of the variants had a total terpene production that was at least equivalent (or improved) versus codon-optimized SaSSy (encoded by SEQ ID NO:3), which itself has approximately 15% higher total terpene production than the wild type SaSSy enzyme (encoded by SEQ ID NO:2) (see Example 2 above). For example, the total terpene production of the SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrid (SaSSy-2 variant) was 99.9% (average of 2 flasks) of that of codon-optimized SaSSy total production. Hence, these variants exhibit improved terpene production compared to wild type SaSSy.
Some of the variants containing the amino acid replacement V346A (e.g., SaSSy-1, SaSSy-6, SaSSy-50 and others; see Table 11) have repeatedly shown total terpene production increases of 25-50% compared to the codon-optimized SaSSy. The V346A mutation itself was responsible for much of the increase in production, since the total production was increased from 15-40% when this mutation was introduced compared to parental strains not including the mutation. For example, the total terpene production of SaSSy-1 was approximately 9% higher than that of SaSSy-37, and the total terpene production for SaSSy-6 was approximately 18% higher than that of SaSSy-3. SaSSy-6 contains three amino acid changes (V346A, K350R and N353D) in comparison to SaSSy-3, but the other two changes had no significant effect on production.
The results also show that variants containing amino acid replacements corresponding to the residue N183 (e.g., SaSSy-46, 135, 136, and 137) also catalyze an increase of total terpene production by 25-73% compared to the codon-optimized SaSSy. For example, the total terpene production of SaSSy-46, which contains an additional N183E mutation compared to SaSSy-6, was approximately 54% higher than that of SaSSy-6.
The results also show that certain “silent” changes can impact enzymatic production. For example, SaSSy-8 exhibits a greater increased total terpene production compared to SaSSy-9 due to a silent codon change encoding amino acid residue G123. SaSSy-11, which differs from SaSSy-12 by two silent codon changes encoding amino acids 270 and 536, also exhibits a greater increased total terpene production compared to SaSSy-12. SaSSy-39 contains a silent codon change compared to SaSSy-3 encoding amino acid L411L, SaSSy-4 has a silent codon change compared to SaSSy-3 encoding P225, and SaSSy-62 has four silent codon changes encoding amino acid residues V340V, S344S, C345C or V346V. SaSSy-66 exhibits a less increased terpene production compared to SaSSy-63, and differs from SaSSy-63 via a silent codon change encoding amino acid 476.







TABLE 11







Identified Santalene Synthase Variants









Total



Terpene



Production



(% codon-












Amino Acid
Nucleotide
SEQ ID NO
optimized













Variant
Description
Changes
Changes
aa
nuc
SaSSy)














codon-
codon-optimized
1
3
100  


optimized


SaSSy







Random Mutagenesis













SaSSy-17
1 aa change
F101L
TTT→CTC
145
61
n/d shake








flask







Modified N-terminus













SaSSy-10
32 aa changes
M1→——
ATG→———
139
54
74  



Contains one domain
D2→——
GAT→———



Swap:
S3→——
TCT→———



1-31 replaced with 1-16 of
S4→——
TCC→———



HVS and
T5→——
ACC→———



one additional amino acid
A6→——
GCC→———



change
T7→——
ACC→———




A8→——
GCC→———




M9→——
ATG→———




T10→——
ACA→———




A11→——
GCT→———




P12→——
CCA→———




F13→——
TTC→———




I14→M1
ATT→ATG




D15→A2
GAT→GCC




P16→——
CCT→———




T17→——
ACT→———




D18→P3
GAT→CCA




H19→A4
CAT→GCT




V20→I5
GTG→ATA




N21→V6
AAT→GTG




L22→M7
CTC→ATG




K23→S8
AAA→AGT




T24→N9
ACT→AAC




B25→Y10
GAT→TAC




T26→E11
ACG→GAA




B27→E12
GAT→GAG




A28→E13
GCC→GAG




S29→E14
TCA→GAG




E30→I15
GAG→ATT




N31→V16
AAT→GTT




S329→F314
TCA→TTC







Domain Swaps













SaSSy-8
7 aa changes
K73R
AAG→AGG
138
52
148.17


SaSSy-9
Contains one domain
F74I
TTT→ATA
138
53
124.35



swap:
M75L
ATG→CTG



AA 73-79 replaced with
F76L
TTT→CTA



94-100 of BDS
G77K
GGG→AAG




A78E
GCA→GAA




P79K
CCA→AAA


SaSSy-7
3 aa changes
A78E
GCA→GAG
137
51
129.96



Contains one domain
P79K
CCA→AAA



swap:
K85Q
AAG→CAG



AA 78-81 replaced with



99-102 of BDS; and



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-11
4 aa changes
L97V
CTA→GTT
140
55
124.49


SaSSy-12
Contains one domain
N98A
AAC→GCT
140
56
107.95



swap:
H99Y
CAC→TAC



97-100 replaced with 74-
L100H
CTA→CAT



77 of Citrus valencene



synthase V19


SaSSy-22
10 aa changes
T103K
ACA→AAA
150
66
 58.52



Contains one domain
K106E
AAG→GAA



swap:
E107D
GAA→GAT



103-115 replaced with 80-
L109I
CTG→ATT



92 of Citrus valencene
F110Q
TTT→CAA



synthase V19
S111Q
AGT→CAA




I112L
ATT→TTG




Y113C
TAC→TGT




K114P
AAG→CCA




D115I
GAT→ATT


SaSSy-37
9 amino acid changes
G116H
GGG→CAT
288
287
130.32



Contains one domain
S117I
AGC→ATT



swap;
N118D
AAT→GAT



116-124 replaced with 93-
G119S
GGA→TCT



100 of Citrus valencene
W120D
TGG→GAT



synthase V19
W121———
TGG→———




F122→K121
TTT→AAA




G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT


SaSSy-1
11 amino acid changes
G116H
GGG→CAT
131
45
139.16



Identical to SaSSy-37,
S117I
AGC→ATT



except includes V346A
N118D
AAT→GAT



and F385L
G119S
GGA→TCT




W120D
TGG→GAT




W121→——
TGG→———




F122→K121
TTT→AAA




G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT




V346→A345
GTG→GCT




F385→L384
TTT→CTT


SaSSy-13
10 aa changes
K73E
AAG→GAG
141
57
133.21



Contains one domain
G116F
GGG→TTT



swap:
S117H
AGC→CAT



116-124 replaced with
N118D
AAT→GAC



104-113 of VvCVS; and
——→C119
———→TGC



one additional amino acid
G119→N120
GGA→AAT



change
W120→D121
TGG→GAT




W121→M122
TGG→ATG




F122→D123
TTT→GAT




H124→D125
CAC→GAT


SaSSy-14
13 aa changes
M9V
ATG→GTG
142
58
118.29



Contains one domain
G116H
GGG→CAC



swap:
S117K
AGC→AAA



116-124 replaced with
——→C118
———→TGC



137-149 of BDS; and
——→F119
———→TTT



one additional amino acid
——→H120
———→CAC



change
——→N121
———→AAT




G119→E123
GGA→GAA




W120→V124
TGG→GTA




W121→E125
TGG→GAG




F122→K126
TTT→AAA




G123→M127
GGC→ATG




H124→D128
CAC→GAT


SaSSy-25
18 aa changes
C138H
TGT→CAT
153
69
 88.79



Contains one domain
L140H
CTT→CAT



swap:
F141H
TTT→CAT



138-166 replaced with
I142V
ATT→GTT



109-136 of bergamotene
D145E
GAT→GAG



synthase
K148C
AAA→TGC




T149S
ACG→AGT




Q151M
CAA→ATG




N152D
AAC→GAC




K153D
AAG→GAT




T154V
ACT→GTA




E156N
GAA→AAT




D158R
GAT→AGG




M159A
ATG→GCG




K160W
AAA→TGG




D163E
GAC→GAA




N164D
AAC→GAC




K166R
AAA→AGA


SaSSy-26
20 aa changes
C138Q
TGT→CAA
154
70
105.78



Contains one domain
L140I
CTT→ATT



swap:
F141K
TTT→AAG



138-168 replaced with
P143S
CCC→TCT



114-144 of Citrus
Q144C
CAA→TGT



valencene synthase V19
K148E
AAA→GAA




T149Q
ACG→CAA




Q151K
CAA→AAG




N152D
AAC→GAT




K153D
AAG→GAT




T154E
ACT→GAA




E156R
GAA→AGA




D158K
GAT→AAA




M159S
ATG→AGT




K160S
AAA→TCT




C162I
TGT→ATT




D163N
GAC→AAT




N164D
AAC→GAT




K166Q
AAA→CAA




L168M
CTG→ATG


SaSSy-16
11 aa changes
S198A
AGT→GCC
144
60
n/d no shake



Contains one domain
A199M
GCA→ATG


flask



swap:
W200V
TGG→GTA



198-207 replaced with
N202S
AAT→AGT



187-195 of VvCVS; and
I203L
ATA→TTA



additional amino acid
S204G
TCC→GGA



changes
E205Y
GAA→TAT




K206→——
AAG→———




W207→H206
TGG→CAT




K350→R349
AAG→AGG




N353→D352
AAC→GAC


SaSSy-15
13 aa changes
I330L
ATC→TTG
143
59
n/d no shake



Contains one domain
D331E
GAC→GAA


flask



swap:
D334Q
GAT→CAA



330-348 replaced with
Y336F
TAC→TTC



302-320 of bergamotene
S338Q
AGC→CAA



synthase; and
S339T
TCC→ACA



one additional amino acid
V340I
GTT→ATC



change
S344D
AGC→GAT




C345I
TGT→ATT




V346N
GTG→AAT




E347S
GAA→TCT




I348L
ATT→CTG




N367S
AAT→AGC







Santalum album santalene synthase/Santalum spicatum santalene synthase (SaSSy/SspiSSy) hybrids













SaSSy-2
A hybrid of SaSSy and
N152S
AAC→TCT
132
46
 99.93



SspiSSy.
G155D
GGG→GAT



Contains 19 aa changes
V165I
GTA→ATC




Y176F
TAC→TTT




T192A
ACC→GCC




C195Y
TGC→TAC




S198N
AGT→AAT




E205Q
GAA→CAA




A240E
GCG→GAA




G323A
GGA→GCT




I330M
ATC→ATG




L335H
CTC→CAT




S338Y
AGC→TAC




S381G
AGC→GGT




S395A
TCA→GCC




F403Y
TTC→TAT




V433I
GTG→ATT




I465M
ATA→ATG




V502I
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-28
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
GCA→CCA
156
72
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
A473P



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-32
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
GCA→CCG
156
76
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
A473P



one additional amino acid



change;



Same aa sequence as



SaSSy-28


SaSSy-33
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
GCA→GAG
160
77
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
A473E



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-34
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
GCA→CTC
161
78
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
A473L



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-35
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
GCA→GTT
162
79
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
A473V



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-36
21 aa changes
SaSSy-2
AAC→GAC
163
80
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +
GCA→GTA


flask



SaSSy-2
N364D



two additional amino acid
A473V



changes


SaSSy-29
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
TCA→CTG
157
73
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
S329L



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-31
20 aa changes
SaSSy-2
TTT→CTT
159
75
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +



flask



SaSSy-2
F385L



one additional amino acid



change


SaSSy-30
21 aa changes
SaSSy-2
AAT→AGC
158
74
n/d no shake



Same aa changes as
mutations +
TTT→CTT


flask



SaSSy-2
N255S



two additional amino acid
F385L



changes


SaSSy-27
2 aa changes
M9T
ATG→ACT
155
71
n/d no shake




Q262R
CAG→CGA


flask







SaSSy/SspiSSy Hybrid Replacements, modified N-terminus and domain swaps













SaSSy-3
91 aa changes
M1→——
ATG→———
133
47
101.23



Contains multiple domain
D2→——
GAT→———



swaps:
S3→——
TCT→———



AA 1-31 replaced with 1-
S4→——
TCC→———



16 of HVS
T5→——
ACC→———



AA 73-79 replaced with
A6→——
GCC→———



94-100 of BDS
T7→——
ACC→———



AA 116-124 replaced with
A8→——
GCC→———



93-100 of Citrus valencene
M9→——
ATG→———



synthase V19
T10→——
ACA→———



AA 138-168 replaced with
A11→——
GCT→———



114-144 of Citrus
P12→——
CCA→———



valencene synthase V19
F13→——
TTC→———



(with variations)
I14→M1
ATT→ATG



AA 198-207 replaced with
D15→A2
GAT→GCT



187-195 of VvCVS; and
P16→——
CCT→———



additional amino acid
T17→——
ACT→———



changes
D18→P3
GAT→CCA


SaSSy-39
91 aa changes
H19→A4
CAT→GCT
133
83
120.80



Same aa changes as
V20→I5
GTG→ATC



SaSSy-3
N21→V6
AAT→GTT


SaSSy-40
91 aa changes
L22→M7
CTC→ATG
133
84
104.11



Same aa changes as
K23→S8
AAA→TCT



SaSSy-3
T24→N9
ACT→AAC


SaSSy-62
91 aa changes
D25→Y10
GAT→TAC
133
106
140.32



Same aa changes as
T26→E11
ACG→GAA



SaSSy-3
D27→E12
GAT→GAA




A28→E13
GCC→GAA




S29→E14
TCA→GAA




E30→I15
GAG→ATC




N31→V16
AAT→GTT




K73→R58
AAG→AGA




F74→I59
TTT→ATC




M75→L60
ATG→TTG




F76→L61
TTT→TTG




G77→K62
GGG→AAA




A78→E63
GCA→GAA




P79→K64
CCA→AAG




K85→Q70
AAG→CAA




F101→L86
TTT→TTG




G116→H101
GGG→CAT




S117→I102
AGC→ATC




N118→D103
AAT→GAT




G119→S104
GGA→TCT




W120→D105
TGG→GAT




W121→——
TGG→———




F122→K106
TTT→AAG




G123→A107
GGC→GCT




H124→D108
CAC→GAC




C138→Q122
TGT→CAA




L140→I124
CTT→ATC




F141→K125
TTT→AAG




P143→S127
CCC→TCC




Q144→C128
CAA→TGC




K148→E132
AAA→GAA




T149→Q133
ACG→CAA




Q151→K135
CAA→AAG




N152→D136
AAC→GAT




K153→D137
AAG→GAC




T154→E138
ACT→GAA




G155→D139
GGG→GAT




E156→R140
GAA→AGA




D158→K142
GAT→AAG




M159→S143
ATG→TCC




K160→S144
AAA→TCC




C162→I146
TGT→ATT




D163→N147
GAC→AAC




N164→D148
AAC→GAC




V165→I149
GTA→ATC




K166→Q150
AAA→CAA




L168→M152
CTG→ATG




Y176→F160
TAC→TTT




T192→A176
ACC→GCC




C195→Y179
TGC→TAC




S198→A182
AGT→GCT




A199→M183
GCA→ATG




W200→V184
TGG→GTT




N202→S186
AAT→TCT




I203→L187
ATA→TTG




S204→G188
TCC→GGT




E205→——
GAA→———




K206→Y189
AAG→TAC




W207→H190
TGG→CAT




A240→E223
GCG→GAA




G323→A306
GGA→GCT




S329→H312
TCA→CAT




I330→M313
ATC→ATG




V433→I416
GTG→ATT




H446→R429
CAC→AGA




I465→M448
ATA→ATG




V502→I485
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-38
91 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
165
82
107.40



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



C162→V146 instead of
C162→V146
TGT→GTT



C162→I146


SaSSy-63
92 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
185
107
182.21



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
C345→T328
TGT→ACG



C345→T328


SaSSy-66
92 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
185
110
125.65



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
C345→T328
TGT→ACC



C345→T328


SaSSy-64
92 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
186
108
188.67



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
C345→L328
TGT→TTG



C345→L328


SaSSy-67
92 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
188
111
127.27



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
C345→P328
TGT→CCT



C345→P328


SaSSy-65
93 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
187
109
n/d in



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations +
mutations +


ALX7-95



except also contains
C345→T328
TGT→ACT


strain



C345→T328 and
S381→P364
AGC→CCT



S381→P364


SaSSy-4
97 aa changes
SaSSy-3
SaSSy-3
134
48
 73.67



Identical to SaSSy-3
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
S329→T312 +
but



S329→T312 instead of
L335→H318
TCA→ACT +



S329→H312, and also
S338→Y321
CTC→CAT



contains L335→H318,
N367→S350
AGC→TAC



S338→Y321,
S381→G364
AAT→TCC



N367→S350,
F385→L368



S381→G364,
S395→A378
AGC→GGT



F385→L368,
F403→Y386
TTT→TTG



S395→A378

TCA→GCC



and F403→Y386

TTC→TAT


SaSSy-6
94 aa changes
M1→——
ATG→———
136
50
119.87



Identical to SaSSy-3,
D2→——
GAT→———



except also contains
S3→——
TCT→———



V346→A329,
S4→——
TCC→———



K350→R333 and
T5→——
ACC→———



N353→D336
A6→——
GCC→———


SaSSy-41
94 aa changes
T7→——
ACC→———
136
85
112.04



Same aa changes as
A8→——
GCC→———



SaSSy-6
M9→——
ATG→———


SaSSy-52
94 aa changes
T10→——
ACA→———
136
96
137.13



Same aa changes as
A11→——
GCT→———



SaSSy-6
P12→——
CCA→———


SaSSy-56
94 aa changes
F13→——
TTC→———
136
100
111.20



Same aa changes as
I14→M1
ATT→ATG



SaSSy-6
D15→A2
GAT→GCT


SaSSy-61
94 aa changes
P16→——
CCT→———
136
105
117.27



Same aa changes as
T17→——
ACT→———



SaSSy-6
D18→P3
GAT→CCA


SaSSy-68
94 aa changes
H19→A4
CAT→GCT
136
112
123.05



Same aa changes as
V20→I5
GTG→ATC



SaSSy-6
N21→V6
AAT→GTT


SaSSy-69
94 aa changes
L22→M7
CTC→ATG
136
113
116.75



Same aa changes as
K23→S8
AAA→TCT



SaSSy-6
T24→N9
ACT→AAC


SaSSy-70
94 aa changes
D25→Y10
GAT→TAC
136
114
110.49



Same aa changes as
T26→E11
ACG→GAA



SaSSy-6
D27→E12
GAT→GAA


SaSSy-71
94 aa changes
A28→E13
GCC→GAA
136
115
117.48



Same aa changes as
S29→E14
TCA→GAA



SaSSy-6
E30→I15
GAG→ATC


SaSSy-73
94 aa changes
N31→V16
AAT→GTT
136
117
108.94



Same aa changes as
K73→R58
AAG→AGA



SaSSy-6
F74→I59
TTT→ATC


SaSSy-75
94 aa changes
M75→L60
ATG→TTG
136
119
128.40



Same aa changes as
F76→L61
TTT→TTG



SaSSy-6
G77→K62
GGG→AAA


SaSSy-79
94 aa changes
A78→E63
GCA→GAA
136
123
125.04



Same aa changes as
P79→K64
CCA→AAG



SaSSy-6
K85→Q70
AAG→CAA


SaSSy-87
94 aa changes
F101→L86
TTT→TTG
136
219
158.12



Same aa changes as
G116→H101
GGG→CAT



SaSSy-6
S117→I102
AGC→ATC


SaSSy-88
94 aa changes
N118→D103
AAT→GAT
136
220
157.00



Same aa changes as
G119→S104
GGA→TCT



SaSSy-6
W120→D105
TGG→GAT


SaSSy-115
94 aa changes
W121→——
TGG→———
136
81
159.82



Same aa changes as
F122→K106
TTT→AAG



SaSSy-6
G123→A107
GGC→GCT


SaSSy-114
94 aa changes
H124→D108
CAC→GAC
136
265
137.02



Same aa changes as
C138→Q122
TGT→CAA



SaSSy-6
L140→I124
CTT→ATC




F141→K125
TTT→AAG




P143→S127
CCC→TCC




Q144→C128
CAA→TGC




K148→E132
AAA→GAA




T149→Q133
ACG→CAA




Q151→K135
CAA→AAG




N152→D136
AAC→GAT




K153→D137
AAG→GAC




T154→E138
ACT→GAA




G155→D139
GGG→GAT




E156→R140
GAA→AGA




D158→K142
GAT→AAG




M159→S143
ATG→TCC




K160→S144
AAA→TCC




C162→I146
TGT→ATT




D163→N147
GAC→AAC




N164→D148
AAC→GAC




V165→I149
GTA→ATC




K166→Q150
AAA→CAA




L168→M152
CTG→ATG




Y176→F160
TAC→TTT




T192→A176
ACC→GCC




C195→Y179
TGC→TAC




S198→A182
AGT→GCT




A199→M183
GCA→ATG




W200→V184
TGG→GTT




N202→S186
AAT→TCT




I203→L187
ATA→TTG




S204→G188
TCC→GGT




E205→——
GAA→———




K206→Y189
AAG→TAC




W207→H190
TGG→CAT




A240→E223
GCG→GAA




G323→A306
GGA→GCT




S329→H312
TCA→CAT




I330→M313
ATC→ATG




V346→A329
GTG→GCC




K350→R333
AAG→AGG




N353→D336
AAC→GAC




V433→I416
GTG→ATT




H446→R429
CAC→AGA




I465→M448
ATA→ATG




V502→I485
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-96
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
250
228
124.48



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
F385→L368
TTT→CTT



F385→L368


SaSSy-42
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
166
86
121.64



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
S381→P364
AGC→CCT



S381→P364 and
F385→L368
TTT→CTT



F385→L368


SaSSy-45
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
169
89
108.36



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
K213→R196
AAG→AGG



K213→R196


SaSSy-46
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
170
90
173.75



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
N183→E167
AAC→GAA



N183→E167


SaSSy-47
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
171
91
150.39



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
F363→Y346
TTC→TAT



F363→Y346


SaSSy-48
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
172
92
122.58



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



A28→G13 instead of
A28→G13
GCC→GGA



A28→E13


SaSSy-50
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
174
94
139.52



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
R342→Q325
AGG→CAG



R342→Q325


SaSSy-51
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
175
95
118.19



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
A436→C419
GCT→TGT



A436→C419


SaSSy-57
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
181
101
 83.96



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
I313→L296
ATC→CTG



I313→L296 and
H404→Y387
CAC→TAC



H404→Y387


SaSSy-58
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
182
102
113.78



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
R342→H325
AGG→CAC



R342→H325


SaSSy-59
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
183
103
111.84



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
R342→T325
AGG→ACT



R342→T325


SaSSy-60
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
184
104
112.11



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
G70→T55
GGC→ACT



G70→T55


SaSSy-72
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
189
116
107.44



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
I112→N97
ATT→AAC



I112→N97


SaSSy-74
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
190
118
146.33



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains Y379
Y379→I362
TAC→ATC



→I362


SaSSy-77
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
192
121
125.43



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



N31→A16 instead of
N31→A16
AAT→GCT



N31→V16


SaSSy-78
93 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
193
122
125.12



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except does not contain
with
but with



T192→A176
T192→T176
ACC→ACC


SaSSy-80
93 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
193
124
134.64



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except does not contain
with
but with



T192→A176
T192→T176
ACC→ACA


SaSSy-81
93 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
193
125
130.32



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except does not contain
with
but with



T192→A176
T192→T176
ACC→ACG


SaSSy-83
93 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
194
127
156.67



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except does not contain
with
but with



G155→D139
G155→G139
GGG→GGT


SaSSy-116
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6, but
SaSSy-6
164
93
166.54



Identical to SaSSy-6
with
mutations +



except contains F74→V59
F74→V59
TTT→GTC



instead of F74→I59 + also
and
TTT→CTC



contains F110→L95
F110→L95


SaSSy-117
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
GGG→AGT
196
99
190.42



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
G405→S388



G405→S388


SaSSy-118
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6
TTA→TGG
233
130
127.78



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
GCA→CCA



except also contains
L268→W251



L268→W251 and
and



A269→P252
A269→P252







SaSSy/SspiSSy Hybrid replacement(s), beta-farnesene synthase equivalent


replacement(s), modified N-terminus, domain swaps













SaSSy-104
93 aa changes
A28→G13
GCC→GGA
255
236
126.04



Identical to SaSSy-6
S117→ S102
AGC→AGT



except does not contain



S117→I102; and contains



A28→G13 instead of



A28→E13


SaSSy-53
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
177
97
155.90



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→S189 instead of
K206→S189
AAG→TCC



K206→Y189


SaSSy-97
94 aa changes




n/a



same amino acid changes



as SaSSy-53


SaSSy-84
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
177
128
126.43



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→S189 instead of
K206→S189
AAG→TCA



K206→Y189


SaSSy-91
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
177
223
147.54



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→S189 instead of
K206→S189
AAG→AGC



K206→Y189


SaSSy-54
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
178
98
144.78


SaSSy-89
Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,


n/a



except contains
with
but with



K206→G189 instead of
K206→G189
AAG→GGT



K206→Y189


SaSSy-82
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
178
126
150.13



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→G189 instead of
K206→G189
AAG→GGA



K206→Y189


SaSSy-85
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
195
129
132.14



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→Q189 instead of
K206→Q189
AAG→CAG



K206→Y189


SaSSy-92
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
246
224
143.87



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



K206→T189 instead of
K206→T189
AAG→ACG



K206→Y189 and also
K213→R196
AAG→AGG



contains



K213→R196


SaSSy-55
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
179
304
110.67


SaSSy-101
Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,
179
304
108.00



except contains
with
but with



K206→T189 instead of
K206→T189
AAG→ACC



K206→Y189 and also
F282→W265
TTT→TGG



contains F282→W265


SaSSy-119
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
AAT−>GCT
247
225
110.53



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
AAG→ACC



except contains
N31→A16
TTT→TGG



N31→A16 instead of
K206→T189



N31→V16 and
F282→W265



K206→T189 instead of



K206→Y189, and also



contains F282→W265


SaSSy-102
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
180
234
 73.66



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
F282→W265
TTT→TGG



F282→W265


SaSSy-94
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
248
226
131.85



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
R342→S325
AGG→AGT



R342→S325


SaSSy-111
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
266
262
156.07



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
I112→Q97
ATT→CAA



I112→Q97


SaSSy-95
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
249
227
127.82



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



L140→Y124 instead of
L140→Y124
CTT→TAC



L140→I124


SaSSy-90
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
245
222
151.92



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
E487→S470
GAA→TCA



E487→S470


SaSSy-113
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6
SaSSy-6
243
264
145.51



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations, but
mutations,



except contains
with
but with



S117→E102
S117→E102
AGC→GAG


SaSSy-131
94 aa changes

AGC→GAA
243
279
134.13



Identical to SaSSy-6



except contains



S117→E102 instead of



S117→I102


SaSSy-130
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AGC→GAT
283
278
131.99



Identical to SaSSy-6
with



except contains
S117→D102



S117→D102 instead of



S117→I102


SaSSy-132
94 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AGC−>AAT
285
280
136.64



Identical to SaSSy-6
with



except contains
S117→N102



S117→N102 instead of



S117→I102


SaSSy-120
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
ATT−>AGG
251
229
121.80



Identical to Sassy-6 except
mutations +



also contains I56→R41
I56→R41


SaSSy-121
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
ATT−>AAA
252
230
215.14



Identical to Sassy-6 except
mutations +



also contains I56→K41
I56→K41


SaSSy-122
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
AGC→GCG
253
231
132.27



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
S170→A154



S170→A154


SaSSy-123
95 aa changes
SaSSt-6
ACG→GCA
254
232
154.76



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
T548→A531



T548→A531


SaSSy-124
95 aa changes
SaSSt-6
ACG−>AGT
256
235
128.32



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
T548→A531



T548→S531


SaSSy-125
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6
ACG→GCT
257
237
177.72



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +
TCA→GCG



except also contains
T408→A391



T408→A391 and
and



S480→A463
S480→A463


SaSSy-126
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
TCT→GAA
259
238
175.30



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
S518→E501



S518→E501


SaSSy-127
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
CTA→CAA
260
240
162.29



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
L64→Q49



L64→Q49


SaSSy-128
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
CTA→GAG
261
241
211.94



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
L64→E49



L64→E49


SaSSy-129
95 aa changes
SaSSy-6
CTG→ATT
277
242
144.26



Identical to SaSSy-6
mutations +



except also contains
L452→I435



L452→I435


SaSSy-133
100 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AAG→ACG
286
281
115.14



Identical to SaSSy-6
with
AAG→AGG



except contains
K206→T189 +
TAC→ATC



K206→T189 instead of
K213→R196,
TTT→TTG



K206→Y189, and also
Y379→I362,
TCA→GCC



contains K213→R196,
F385→L368,
TTC→TAT



Y379→I362,
S395→A378,
GAA→GCT



F385→L368,
F403→Y386



S395→A378,
and



F403→Y386 and
E487→A470



E487→A470


SaSSy-135
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AAG→GGT
309
306
125.97



Identical to SaSSy-6
with
AAC→AAA



except contains
K206→G189 +
and



K206→G189 instead of
N183→K167
TTT→TGG



K206→Y189, and also
and



contains N183→K167 and
F282→W265



F282→W265


SaSSy-136
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AAG→TCT
310
307
144.92



Identical to SaSSy-6
with
AAC→AAA



except contains
K206→S189 +
and



K206→S189 instead of
N183→K167
TTT→TGG



K206→Y189, and also
and



contains N183→K167 and
F282→W265



F282→W265


SaSSy-137
96 aa changes
SaSSy-6 but
AAG→GCT
311
308
141.61



Identical to SaSSy-6
with
AAC→GAC



except contains
K206→A189 +
and



K206→A189 instead of
N183→D167
TTT→TGG



K206→Y189, and also
and



contains N183→D167 and
F282→W265



F282→W265







SaSSy/SspiSSy Hybrid replacement(s), N-terminal deletion and domain swaps













SaSSy-44
99 aa changes
M1→——
ATG→———
168
86
106.04



Contains N-terminal
D2→——
GAT→———



deletion of aa 1-33 due to
S3→——
TCT→———



M1V amino acid
S4→——
TCC→———



replacement
T5→——
ACC→———



Contains multiple domain
A6→——
GCC→———



swaps:
T7→——
ACC→———



AA 73-79 replaced with
A8→——
GCC→———



94-100 of BDS
M9→——
ATG→———



AA 116-124 replaced with
T10→——
ACA→———



93-100 of Citrus valencene
A11→——
GCT→———



synthase V19
P12→——
CCA→———



AA 138-168 replaced with
F13→——
TTC→———



114-144 of Citrus
I14→——
ATT→———



valencene synthase V19
D15→——
GAT→———



(with variation)
P16→——
CCT→———



AA 198-207 replaced with
T17→——
ACT→———



187-195 of VvCVS; and
D18→——
GAT→———



additional amino acid
H19→——
CAT→———



changes
V20→——
GTG→———




N21→——
AAT→———




L22→——
CTC→———




K23→——
AAA→———




T24→——
ACT→———




D25→——
GAT→———




T26→——
ACG→———




D27→——
GAT→———




A28→——
GCC→———




S29→——
TCA→———




E30→——
GAG→———




N31→——
AAT→———




R32→——
CGA→———




R33→——
AGG→———




K73→R40
AAG→AGA




F74→I41
TTT→ATC




M75→L42
ATG→TTG




F76→L43
TTT→TTG




G77→K44
GGG→AAA




A78→E45
GCA→GAA




P79→K46
CCA→AAG




K85→Q52
AAG→CAA




F101→L68
TTT→TTG




G116→H83
GGG→CAT




S117→184
AGC→ATC




N118→D85
AAT→GAT




G119→S86
GGA→TCT




W120→D87
TGG→GAT




W121→———
TGG→———




F122→K88
TTT→AAG




G123→A89
GGC→GCT




H124→D90
CAC→GAC




C138→Q104
TGT→CAA




L140→I106
CTT→ATC




F141→K107
TTT→AAG




P143→S109
CCC→TCC




Q144→C110
CAA→TGC




K148→E114
AAA→GAA




T149→Q115
ACG→CAA




Q151→K117
CAA→AAG




N152→D118
AAC→GAT




K153→D119
AAG→GAC




T154→E120
ACT→GAA




G155→D121
GGG→GAT




E156→R122
GAA→AGA




D158→K124
GAT→AAG




M159→S125
ATG→TCC




K160→S126
AAA→TCC




C162→I128
TGT→ATT




D163→N129
GAC→AAC




N164→D130
AAC→GAC




V165→I131
GTA→ATC




K166→Q132
AAA→CAA




L168→M134
CTG→ATG




Y176→F142
TAC→TTT




T192→A158
ACC→GCC




C195→Y161
TGC→TAC




S198→A164
AGT→GCT




A199→M165
GCA→ATG




W200→V166
TGG→GTT




N202→S168
AAT→TCT




I203→L169
ATA→TTG




S204→G170
TCC→GGT




E205→——
GAA→———




K206→Y171
AAG→TAC




W207→H172
TGG→CAT




A240→E205
GCG→GAA




G323→A288
GGA→GCT




I330→M295
ATC→ATG




V346→A311
GTG→GCC




K350→R315
AAG→AGG




N353→D318
AAC→GAC




S381→G346
AGC→GGT




F385→L350
TTT→TTG




S395→A360
TCA→GCC




F403→Y368
TTC→TAT




V433→I398
GTG→ATT




H446→R411
CAC→AGA




I465→M430
ATA→ATG




V502→I467
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-112
96 aa changes
SaSSy-44
SaSSy-44
267
263
 68.15



Contains N-terminal
mutations, but
mutations,



deletion of aa 1-33
with
but with



also contains amino acid
S381→S346,
AGC→TCT,



replacements similar to as
F385→F350,
TTT→TTT,



SaSSy-44 except also
S395→S360
TCA→TCT



contains S329→H294 but
and
and



does not contain
F403→F368 +
TTC→TTC +



S381→G346,
S329→H294
TCA→CAT



F385→L350,



S395→A360 and



F403→Y368







SaSSy/SspiSSy Hybrids containing domain swaps and additional amino acid replacements













SaSSy-5
68 aa changes
M9T
ATG→ACT
135
49
 89.66



Contains multiple domain
D18N
GAT→AAT



swaps:
T24I
ACT→ATC



AA 73-79 replaced with
T26N
ACG→AAC



94-100 of BDS
A28S
GCC→TCC



AA 116-124 replaced with
K73R
AAG→AGA



93-100 of Citrus valencene
F74I
TTT→ATC



synthase V19
M75L
ATG→TTG



AA 138-168 replaced with
F76L
TTT→TTG



114-144 of Citrus
G77K
GGG→AAA



valencene synthase V19
A78E
GCA→GAA



(with variation)
P79K
CCA→AAG



AA 198-207 replaced with
K85Q
AAG→CAA



187-195 of VvCVS; and
F101L
TTT→TTG



additional amino acid
G116H
GGG→CAT



changes
S117I
AGC→ATC




N118D
AAT→GAT




G119S
GGA→TCT




W120D
TGG→GAT




W121→——
TGG→———




F122→K121
TTT→AAG




G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAC




C138→Q137
TGT→CAA




L140→I139
CTT→ATC




F141→K140
TTT→AAG




P143→S142
CCC→TCC




Q144→C143
CAA→TGC




K148→E147
AAA→GAA




T149→Q148
ACG→CAA




Q151→K150
CAA→AAG




N152→D151
AAC→GAT




K153→D152
AAG→GAC




T154→E153
ACT→GAA




G155→D154
GGG→GAT




E156→R155
GAA→AGA




D158→K157
GAT→AAG




M159→S158
ATG→TCC




K160→S159
AAA→TCC




C162→I161
TGT→ATT




D163→N162
GAC→AAC




N164→D163
AAC→GAC




V165→I164
GTA→ATC




K166→Q165
AAA→CAA




L168→M167
CTG→ATG




Y176→F175
TAC→TTT




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→A197
AGT→GCT




A199→M198
GCA→ATG




W200→V199
TGG→GTT




N202→S201
AAT→TCT




I203 →L202
ATA→TTG




S204→G203
TCC→GGT




E205→——
GAA→———




K206→Y204
AAG→TAC




W207→H205
TGG→CAT




A240→E238
GCG→GAA




G323→A321
GGA→GCT




I330→M328
ATC→ATG




S381→G379
AGC→GGT




F385→L383
TTT→TTG




S395→A393
TCA→GCC




F403→Y401
TTC→TAT




V433→I431
GTG→ATT




H446→R444
CAC→AGA




I465→M463
ATA→ATG




V502→I500
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-43
72 aa changes
SaSSy-5
SaSSy-5
167
87
 98.95



Identical to SaSSy-5,
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
V346→A344
GTG→GCC



V346→A344,
K350→L348
AAG→CTA



K350→L348,
N353→P351
AAC→CCC



N353→P351 and
C483→R481
TGT→CGC



C483→R481


SaSSy-76
71 aa changes
SaSSy-5
SaSSy-5
191
120
102.34



Identical to SaSSy-5,
mutations +
mutations +



except also contains
V346→A344
GTG→GCC



V346→A344,
K350→R348
AAG→AGG



K350→R348 and
N353→D351
AAC→GAC



N353→D351


SaSSy-134
69 aa changes
M9T
ATG→ACT
244
282
126.81



Contains multiple domain
D18N
GAT→AAT



swaps:
T24I
ACT→ATC



AA 73-79 replaced with
T26N
ACG→AAC



94-100 of BDS
A28S
GCC→TCC



AA 116-124 replaced with
K73R
AAG→AGA



93-100 of Citrus valencene
F74I
TTT→ATC



synthase V19
M75L
ATG→TTG



AA 138-168 replaced with
F76L
TTT→TTG



114-144 of Citrus
G77K
GGG→AAA



valencene synthase V19
A78E
GCA→GAA



(with variation)
P79K
CCA→AAG



AA 198-207 replaced with
K85Q
AAG→CAA



187-195 of VvCVS; and
F101L
TTT→TTG



additional amino acid
G116H
GGG→CAT



changes
S117I
AGC→ATC




N118D
AAT→GAT




G119S
GGA→TCT




W120D
TGG→GAT




W121→——
TGG→———




F122→K121
TTT→AAG




G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAC




C138→Q137
TGT→CAA




L140→I139
CTT→ATC




F141→K140
TTT→AAG




P143→S142
CCC→TCC




Q144→C143
CAA→TGC




K148→E147
AAA→GAA




T149→Q148
ACG→CAA




Q151→K150
CAA→AAG




N152→D151
AAC→GAT




K153→D152
AAG→GAC




T154→E153
ACT→GAA




G155→D154
GGG→GAT




E156→R155
GAA→AGA




D158→K157
GAT→AAG




M159→S158
ATG→TCC




K160→S159
AAA→TCC




C162→I161
TGT→ATT




D163→N162
GAC→AAC




N164→D163
AAC→GAC




V165→I164
GTA→ATC




K166→Q165
AAA→CAA




L168→M167
CTG→ATG




Y176→F175
TAC→TTT




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→A197
AGT→GCT




A199→M198
GCA→ATG




W200→V199
TGG→GTT




N202→S201
AAT→TCT




I203 →L202
ATA→TTG




S204→G203
TCC→GGT




E205→——
GAA→———




K206→G204
AAG→GGT




W207→H205
TGG→CAT




A240→E238
GCG→GAA




G323→A321
GGA→GCT




S329→H327
TCA→CAT




I330→M328
ATC→ATG




R342→G340
AGG→GGA




V346→A344
GTG→GCC




K350→R348
AAG→AGG




N353→D351
AAC→GAC




V433→I431
GTG→ATT




H446→R444
CAC→AGA




I465→M463
ATA→ATG




V502→I500
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-18
19 aa changes
G116H
GGG→CAT
146
62
119.46



Contains one domain
S117I
AGC→ATT



swap:
N118D
AAT→GAT



116-124 replaced with 93-
G119S
GGA→TCT



100 of Citrus valencene
W120D
TGG→GAT



synthase V19; and
W121→——
TGG→———



additional amino acid
F122→K121
TTT→AAA



changes
G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→N197
AGT→AAT




E205→Q204
GAA→CAA




A240→E239
GCG→GAA




G323→A322
GGA→GCT




I330→M329
ATC→ATG




L335→H334
CTC→CAT




S338→Y337
AGC→TAC




V346→A345
GTG→GCC


SaSSy-19
27 aa changes
T5S
ACC→TCT
147
63
115.05



Contains one domain
G116H
GGG→CAT



swap:
S117I
AGC→ATT



116-124 replaced with 93-
N118D
AAT→GAT



100 of Citrus valencene
G119S
GGA→TCT



synthase V19; and
W120D
TGG→GAT



additional amino acid
W121→——
TGG→———



changes
F122→K121
TTT→AAA




G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→N197
AGT→AAT




E205→Q204
GAA→CAA




A240→E239
GCG→GAA




G323→A322
GGA→GCT




I330→M329
ATC→ATG




L335→H334
CTC→CAT




S338→Y337
AGC→TAC




V346→A345
GTG→GCC




S381→G380
AGC→GGT




F385→L384
TTT→CTT




S395→A394
TCA→GCC




F403→Y402
TTC→TAT




V433→I432
GTG→ATT




I465→M464
ATA→ATG




V502→I501
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-20
25 aa changes
G116H
GGG→CAT
148
64
117.14



Contains one domain
S117I
AGC→ATT



swap:
N118D
AAT→GAT



116-124 replaced with 93-
G119S
GGA→TCT



100 of Citrus valencene
W120D
TGG→GAT



synthase V19; and
W121→——
TGG→———



additional amino acid
F122→K121
TTT→AAA



changes
G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT




Y176→H175
TAC→CAC




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→N197
AGT→AAT




E205→Q204
GAA→CAA




A240→E239
GCG→GAA




G323→A322
GGA→GCT




I330→M329
ATC→ATG




L335→H334
CTC→CAT




S338→Y337
AGC→TAC




S381→G380
AGC→GGT




S395→A394
TCA→GCC




F403→Y402
TTC→TAT




V433→I432
GTG→ATT




I465→M464
ATA→ATG




V502→I501
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-21
24 aa changes
G116H
GGG→CAT
149
65
102.85



Contains one domain
S117I
AGC→ATT



swap:
N118D
AAT→GAT



116-124 replaced with 93-
G119S
GGA→TCT



100 of Citrus valencene
W120D
TGG→GAT



synthase V19; and
W121→——
TGG→———



additional amino acid
F122→K121
TTT→AAA



changes
G123→A122
GGC→GCT




H124→D123
CAC→GAT




T192→A191
ACC→GCC




C195→Y194
TGC→TAC




S198→N197
AGT→AAT




E205→Q204
GAA→CAA




A240→E239
GCG→GAA




G323→A322
GGA→GCT




I330→M329
ATC→ATG




L335→H334
CTC→CAT




S338→Y337
AGC→TAC




S381→G380
AGC→GGT




S395→A394
TCA→GCC




F403→Y402
TTC→TAT




V433→I432
GTG→ATT




I465→M464
ATA→ATG




V502→I501
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-23
35 aa changes
C138Q
TGT→CAA
151
67
109.44



Contains one domain
L140I
CTT→ATT



swap:
F141K
TTT→AAG



138-168 replaced with
P143S
CCC→TCT



114-144 of Citrus
Q144C
CAA→TGT



valencene synthase V19;
K148E
AAA→GAA



and
T149Q
ACG→CAA



additional amino acid
Q151K
CAA→AAG



changes
N152D
AAC→GAT




K153D
AAG→GAT




T154E
ACT→GAA




E156R
GAA→AGA




D158K
GAT→AAA




M159S
ATG→AGT




K160S
AAA→TCT




C162I
TGT→ATT




D163N
GAC→AAT




N164D
AAC→GAT




K166Q
AAA→CAA




L168M
CTG→ATG




T192A
ACC→GCC




C195Y
TGC→TAC




S198N
AGT→AAT




E205Q
GAA→CAA




A240E
GCG→GAA




G323A
GGA→GCT




I330M
ATC→ATG




L335H
CTC→CAT




S338Y
AGC→TAC




S381G
AGC→GGT




S395A
TCA→GCC




F403Y
TTC→TAT




V433I
GTG→ATT




I465M
ATA→ATG




V502I
GTA→ATC


SaSSy-24
36 aa changes
C138Q
TGT→CAA
152
68
106.00



Contains one domain
L140I
CTT→ATT



swap:
F141K
TTT→AAG



138-168 replaced with
P143S
CCC→TCT



114-144 of Citrus
Q144C
CAA→TGT



valencene synthase V19;
K148E
AAA→GAA



and
T149Q
ACG→CAA



additional amino acid
Q151K
CAA→AAG



changes
N152D
AAC→GAT




K153D
AAG→GAT




T154E
ACT→GAA




E156R
GAA→AGA




D158K
GAT→AAA




M159S
ATG→AGT




K160S
AAA→TCT




C162I
TGT→ATT




D163N
GAC→AAT




N164D
AAC→GAT




K166Q
AAA→CAA




L168M
CTG→ATG




T192A
ACC→GCC




C195Y
TGC→TAC




S198N
AGT→AAT




E205Q
GAA→CAA




A240E
GCG→GAA




G323A
GGA→GCT




I330M
ATC→ATG




L335H
CTC→CAT




S338Y
AGC→TAC




S381G
AGC→GGT




S395A
TCA→GCC




F403Y
TTC→TAT




V433I
GTG→ATT




I465M
ATA→ATG




V502I
GTA→ATC




Q521R
CAG→CGA







Other













SaSSy-93
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
142.70


SaSSy-49
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
130.85


SaSSy-86
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
116.19


SaSSy-98





118.12


SaSSy-99





116.37


SaSSy-100





115.28









2. Product Profile
Tables 12-19 below set forth the product profiles of SaSSy variants set forth in Table 11 above compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. The Tables indicate the percent production of α-santalene, β-santalene and α-exo-bergamotene as a percentage of the production of α-santalene, β-santalene and α-exo-bergamotene for the codon-optimized SaSSy enzyme. A percentage greater than 100% indicates an increase in production as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy and a percentage less than 100% indicates a decrease in production as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy for the noted terpene product.
As shown in the Tables below, the control codon-optimized SaSSy enzyme produced: 45.7% alpha-santalene, 26.12% beta-santalene and 30.40% alpha-exo-bergamotene. A difference in product profile of greater than 3% is significant, and smaller percent changes also can represent important differences in product profile. For example, comparing the product profile produced from 16 flasks of wild type SaSSy to 16 flasks of codon-optimized SaSSy, the alpha-santalene percent of production by codon-optimized SaSSy was 97% of alpha-santalene percent production by wild-type SaSSy. By Student's t-test comparing the product profiles of the two groups of flasks, this difference was significant with p<<0.01. A similar comparison of the beta santalene data showed that a difference of 4% was very highly significant (about p<<10−6).
Tables 12-19 below indicate that some variants had no change in product profile compared to the codon-optimized SaSSy (see Table 12), whereas other variants had altered product profiles, such as increased or decreased production of α-santalene, β-santalene or α-exo-bergamotene (see Tables 13-19).
a. No Change in Product Profile
The SaSSy variants in Table 12, while exhibiting an increase in total production (see Table 11 above), generally exhibited the same product profile as codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 12







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile 


as a % of production of codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., 


codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-
Beta-
Alpha-exo-





santalene
santalene
bergamotene





45.7% of
26.12% of
30.40% of





production =
production =
production =











Name

100%(27
100%(27
100%(27


Codon-
SEQ ID NO
experiments, 
experiments, 
experiments, 












optimized
aa
nuc
std
std
std


SaSSy
1
3
dev = 1.03)
dev = 0.64)
dev = 1.43)















SaSSy-8
138
52
100.36
98.61
100.67


SaSSy-9

53
100.51
98.76
100.32


SaSSy-63
185
107
101.8
96.7
100.3


SaSSy-66

110
102.2
96.2
100.0


SaSSy-49
n/a
n/a
100.83
101.00
98.54


SaSSy-51
175
95
101.31
103.47
96.64


SaSSy-7
137
51
99.25
97.97
102.83


SaSSy-85
195
129
99.57
96.88
102.60


SaSSy-50
174
94
99.11
98.44
101.84


SaSSy-46
170
90
99.19
97.78
102.13


SaSSy-47
171
91
99.44
97.65
101.92


SaSSy-26
154
70
99.80
99.57
100.68


SaSSy-92
246
224
100.22
96.87
101.86


SaSSy-94
248
226
100.18
98.25
100.97


SaSSy-111
266
262
100.04
98.70
101.08


SaSSy-120
251
229
99.37
98.96
102.05


SaSSy-121
252
230
100.56
100.45
98.70


SaSSy-122
253
231
99.80
100.20
100.15









b. Increased Production of α- and/or β-Santalene and Decreased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
The variants in Table 13 produced increased amounts of both alpha- and beta-santalene and decreased amounts of alpha-exo-bergamotene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy.
For example, the results show that mutants that incorporate the V346A mutation (e.g., SaSSy-1) have an improved santalene product profile compared to the same variants that do not contain the V346A mutation (e.g., SaSSy-37). For example, incorporation of the V346A mutation into SaSSy-1 resulted in increased proportion of β-santalene such that SaSSy-1 produced 123.01% β-santalene versus 105.74% by SaSSy-37 not containing V346A.
Also, amino acid replacement F282W confers a substantial reduction in the proportion of bergamotene, thus increasing the overall proportion of alpha- and beta-santalene with the profile (see e.g., SaSSy-55, SaSSy-101, SaSSy-102, SaSSy-135).
The results also show that SaSSy-10, containing a modified N-terminus, produced 15.79% and 31.04% more α- and β-santalene, respectively, and 49.44% less α-exo-bergamotene than codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 13







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product 


profile as a % of production of codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., 


codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-
Beta-
Alpha-exo-





santalene
santalene
bergamotene





45.7% of
26.12% of
30.40% of





production =
production =
production =


Name


100%(27
100%(27
100%(27











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
experiments, 
experiments,
experiments, 












optimized
aa
nuc
std
std 
std


SaSSy
1
3
dev = 1.03)
dev = 0.64)
dev = 1.43)















SaSSy-101
179
304
116.11
152.67
49.73


SaSSy-55


108.24
142.64
55.98


SaSSy-102
180
234
115.52
150.50
51.71


SaSSy-10
139
54
115.79
131.04
50.56


SaSSy-1
131
45
107.80
123.01
70.80


SaSSy-48
172
92
110.29
114.99
80.50


SaSSy-19
147
63
107.71
106.51
80.56


SaSSy-104
255
236
104.73
111.82
82.44


SaSSy-67
188
111
105.5
105.2
86.2


SaSSy-14
142
58
104.53
105.03
89.72


SaSSy-134
244
282
109.60
171.69
36.58


SaSSy-119
247
225
112.27
138.72
56.59


SaSSy-133
286
281
104.10
113.85
84.84


SaSSy-135
309
306
110.16
145.69
48.45









c. Knock Out or Significantly Reduce Production of α- and β-Santalene
The variants in Table 14 produced significantly smaller amounts of alpha- and beta-santalene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. These variants produced predominantly alpha-exo-bergamotene. For example, SaSSy-43, which is the only identified variant containing a replacement at position 483 (e.g., C483R), produced only 8.53% and 5.37% α- and β-santalene, respectively, as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. For SaSSy-44, which is presumed to lack amino acids 1-33 at the N-terminus due to the amino acid replacement M1V, 78% of the total product was alpha-exo-bergamotene. SaSSy-112, which was generated to be an N-terminal truncation lacking amino acids 1-33 at the N-terminus, also produced predominantly alpha-exo-bergamotene as the product. Also, variants SaSSy-123 and SaSSy-124, which each contain a replacement at position 548 (T548A and T548S, respectively), also show predominant production of alpha-exo-bergamotene compared to the other products, although they exhibit a lesser increased production of alpha-exo-bergamotene than the above variants.







TABLE 14







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-
Beta-
Alpha-exo-





santalene
santalene
bergamotene





45.7% of
26.12% of
30.40% of


Name


production =
production = 100%
production = 100%











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
100%
(27 experiments, 
(27 experiments,












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments, 
std dev = 
std dev = 


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03)
0.64)
1.43)















SaSSy-43
167
87
8.53
5.37
86.10


SaSSy-44
168
86
30.07
27.74
289.47


SaSSy-112
267
263
11.58
6.29
319.05


SaSSy-123
254
232
41.46
35.90
260.03


SaSSy-124
256
235
77.50
74.87
161.97









d. Decreased Production of α- and/or β-Santalene and Increased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
The variants in Table 15 produced increased amounts of α-exo-bergamotene and decreased amounts of α- and β-santalene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. For example, SaSSy-12 produced 24.70% more α-exo-bergamotene and 9.82% and 13.91% less α- and β-santalene, respectively, as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 15







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-santalene

Alpha-exo-





45.7% of
Beta-santalene
bergamotene


Name


production = 
26.12% of
30.40% of











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
100%
production = 100%
production = 100%












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments, 
(27 experiments, std


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03) 
std dev = 0.64)
dev = 1.43)















SaSSy-3
133
47
95.31
96.07
112.08


SaSSy-39

83
96.19
98.08
107.00


SaSSy-40

84
97.36
95.94
108.08


SaSSy-62

106
101.1
96.0
102.0


SaSSy-4
134
48
96.05
100.22
106.61


SaSSy-6
136
50
97.45
98.49
105.82


SaSSy-41

85
98.10
97.02
104.69




96
97.52
95.54
106.83


SaSSy-56

100
95.91
96.44
108.93


SaSSy-61

105
95.29
96.70
109.64


SaSSy-68

112
96.31
94.09
111.35


SaSSy-69

113
98.08
94.02
108.60


SaSSy-70

114
97.63
93.32
109.95


SaSSy-71

115
97.26
93.93
109.98


SaSSy-73

117
95.18
96.12
110.26


SaSSy-75

119
97.83
94.18
105.62


SaSSy-79

123
99.61
97.36
102.04


SaSSy-87

219
97.12
93.26
106.89


SaSSy-88

220
97.63
93.76
106.08


SaSSy-115

81
95.19
93.00
111.99


SaSSy-114

265
97.23
97.22
106.73


SaSSy-11
140
55
90.93
88.64
121.63


SaSSy-12

56
90.18
86.09
124.70


SaSSy-38
165
82
95.64
98.60
107.30


SaSSy-53
177
97
96.80
95.14
108.13


SaSSy-84

128
99.00
96.33
103.63


SaSSy-91

223
99.14
95.61
103.96


SaSSy-54
178
98
97.19
94.58
108.02


SaSSy-82

126
98.86
95.06
104.65


SaSSy-59
183
103
96.74
94.66
109.17


SaSSy-60
184
104
96.39
93.45
110.68


SaSSy-64
186
108
95.5
88.6
118.0


SaSSy-72
189
116
96.47
95.89
108.56


SaSSy-74
190
118
97.09
93.77
106.64


SaSSy-77
192
121
92.29
88.21
115.91


SaSSy-78
193
122
97.66
95.13
105.62


SaSSy-80

124
99.00
96.95
102.99


SaSSy-81

125
97.53
95.06
105.81


SaSSy-83
194
127
96.83
93.20
108.26


SaSSy-90
245
222
95.78
98.28
108.19


SaSSy-95
249
227
95.44
92.33
110.46


SaSSy-125
257
237
83.45
86.45
138.18


SaSSy-117
196
99
94.33
89.98
117.77


SaSSy-127
260
240
97.48
95.92
107.57


SaSSy-128
261
241
97.83
96.12
106.84


SaSSy-118
233
130
97.31
94.91
107.60


SaSSy-129
277
242
92.19
86.82
120.84


SaSSy-130
283
278
96.60
93.85
109.38


SaSSy-131
243
279
97.25
94.91
107.68


SaSSy-113

264
96.91
96.92
107.49


SaSSy-132
285
280
96.98
94.45
108.39









e. No Change in Production of α- and β-Santalene and Increased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
The variants in Table 16 produced increased amounts of alpha-exo-bergamotene with no change in the production of alpha- and beta-santalene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 16







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-santalene
Beta-santalene
Alpha-exo-





45.7% of
26.12% of
bergamotene


Name


production
production = 100%
30.40% of











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
= 100%
(27 experiments,
production = 100%












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments,
std dev = 
(27 experiments, std


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03)
0.64)
dev = 1.43)















SaSSy-45
169
89
97.92
96.52
106.92


SaSSy-58
182
102
96.58
98.03
106.64


SaSSy-25
153
69
97.82
99.21
104.03


SaSSy-116
164
93
98.51
97.01
104.98


SaSSy-126
259
238
98.37
97.40
104.86









f. No Change in Production of α-Santalene, Increased Production of β-Santalene and Decreased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
The variants in Table 17 produced increased amounts of β-santalene and decreased amounts of α-exo-bergamotene with no change in the amount of α-santalene produced. For example, SaSSy-57, which contains the amino acid replacements I313L and H404Y, produced 27.37% more β-santalene and 23.91% less α-exo-bergamotene than codon-optimized SaSSy. SaSSy-136, which contains amino acid replacements K206S/N183K/F282W, produced 34.73% more β-santalene and 44.43% less α-exo-bergamotene than codon-optimized SaSSy. SaSSy-137, which contains amino acid replacements K206A/N183D/F282W, produced 34.50% more β-santalene and 44.63% less α-exo-bergamotene than codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 17







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)















Alpha-







santalene

Alpha-exo-





45.7% of
Beta-santalene
bergamotene


Name


production = 
26.12% of
30.40% of











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
100%
production = 100%
production = 100%












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03)
std dev = 0.64)
std dev = 1.43)















SaSSy-57
181
101
100.95
127.37
76.09


SaSSy-5
135
49
101.85
119.31
78.46


SaSSy-76
191
120
101.23
112.54
85.74


SaSSy-42
166
86
99.08
106.95
95.92


SaSSy-86
n/a
n/a
100.78
106.74
93.53


SaSSy-37
288
287
101.28
105.74
93.63


SaSSy-96
250
228
99.63
105.27
96.88


SaSSy-13
141
57
101.92
104.55
93.71


SaSSy-22
150
66
101.96
103.07
93.65


SaSSy-136
310
307
101.55
134.73
55.57


SaSSy-137
311
308
101.91
134.50
55.37









g. Increased Production of α-Santalene, No Change in Production of β-Santalene and Decreased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
Variant SaSSy-18 in Table 18 produced increased amounts of alpha-santalene and decreased amounts of alpha-exo-bergamotene, with no change in the production of beta-santalene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy.







TABLE 18







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)

















Alpha-exo-





Alpha-santalene
Beta-santalene
bergamotene


Name


45.7% of
26.12% of
30.40% of











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
production = 100%
production = 100%
production = 100%












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03)
std dev = 0.64)
std dev = 1.43)





SaSSy-18
146
62
112.67
102.83
75.86









h. Increased Production of α-Santalene, Decreased Production of β-Santalene and Increased Production of α-Exo-Bergamotene
The variants in Table 19 produced increased amounts of alpha-santalene and alpha-exo-bergamotene and decreased amounts of beta-santalene as compared to codon-optimized SaSSy. For example, the SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrid (SaSSy-2) had a slightly different terpene product profile than the codon-optimized SaSSy enzyme. The total of the α-santalene and β-santalene production was approximately 2% lower in the SaSSy/SspiSSy hybrid than in the codon-optimized SaSSy enzyme.







TABLE 19







Product Profiles for SaSSy Variants (product profile as a % of production of


codon-optimized SaSSy, e.g., codon-optimized SaSSy production = 100%)

















Alpha-exo-





Alpha-santalene
Beta-santalene
bergamotene


Name


45.7% of
26.12% of
30.40% of











Codon-
SEQ ID NO
production = 100%
production = 100%
production = 100%












optimized
aa
nuc
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,
(27 experiments,


SaSSy
1
3
std dev = 1.03)
std dev = 0.64)
std dev = 1.43)





SaSSy-21
149
65
104.77
86.89
105.01


SaSSy-20
148
64
104.96
87.10
104.47


SaSSy-2
132
46
103.76
84.52
109.06


SaSSy-23
151
67
102.77
83.53
111.71


SaSSy-24
152
68
102.74
83.21
112.08









Example 5
Santalene Synthase Variants with Increased Total Terpene Production and Altered Profile
This example summarizes data for modified synthases that the catalyze increased total terpene production and also have an altered terpene profile, producing increased α- and/or β-santalene and decreased α-exo-bergamotene and other products compared to the production of wild-type SaSSy encoded by codon-optimized nucleic acid (codon-optimized SaSSy, set forth in SEQ ID NO:3). The clones and terpene production data are from the above examples.







TABLE 20







Structure of SaSSy variants that catalyze increased terpene production


and increased α-santalene and β-santalene











Variant
Amino Acid Replacement(s) or





Name
Deletions
Domain Swap(s)
aa
na














SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
179 
304


 55
K206T/A240E/F282W/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/




&
I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-
179
304


SaSSy-
H446R/I465M/V502I
100/




101

SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206T)




SaSSy-1
V356A/F385L
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
131
45


SaSSy-
A28G/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31 swapHVS1-16/
172
92


 48
C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
T5S/T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100 
147
63


 19
A240E/G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/






V346A/S381G/F385L/S395A/F403Y/






V433I/I465M/V502I





SaSSy-
A28G/K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16(**A28G)/
255 
236


104
C195Y/A240E/G323A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
100(**S117S)I






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
188 
111


 67
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/C345P/ 
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-






100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
M9V
SaSSy116-124swapBDS137-149
142
58


 14






SaSSy-
M9T/D18N/T24I/T26N/A28S/K85Q/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
244 
282


134
F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





G323A/S329H/I330M/R342G/V346A/
100/





K350R/N353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
247 
225


119
K206T/A240E/F282W/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/V433I/ 
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





H446R/I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206T)




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
286
281


133
K206T/K213R/A240E/G323A/S329H/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/Y379I/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/H446R/
100/





I465M/E487A/V502I
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195






(K206T)




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183K/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
309
306


135
C195Y/K206G/A240E/F282W/G323
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N35
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





3D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206G)




SaSSy-
M9T/D18N/T24I/T26N/A28S/K85Q/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
191
120


 76
F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





G323A/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353D/
100/





S381G/F385L/S395A/F403Y/V433I/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-





H446R/I465M/V502I
144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
166
86


 42
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/S381P/F385L/V433I/ 
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





H446R/I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
—
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100 
288
287


 37






SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
250
228


 96
A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





K350R/N353D/F385L/V433I/H446R/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195




SaSSy-
K73E
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(Vv)104-113 
141
57


 13






SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183K/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
310
307


136
C195Y/K206S/A240E/F282W/G323A/
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N353
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K2065)




SaSSy-
K85Q/F101L/Y176F/N183D/T192A/
SaSSy1-31swapHVS1-16/
311
308


137
C195Y/K206A/A240E/F282W/G323
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/





A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N35
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-





3D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I
100/






SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-






144**/






SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-






195(K206A)




SaSSy-
T192A/C195Y/S198N/E205Q/A240E/ 
SaSSy116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100
146
62


 18
G323A/I330M/L335H/S338Y/V346A
















TABLE 21







Comparative production of total terpenes, α-santalene, β-santalene


and other products with the codon-optimized SaSSy in yeast














SEQ








ID
SEQ
α-
β-
other
total



NO:
ID
santa-
santa-
prod-
terpene


SaSSy #
aa
nuc
lene %
lene %
ucts %
production %
















codon
1
3
100
100
100
100


optimized


SaSSy


SaSSy-101
179
304
116.11
152.67
49.73
108


SaSSy-55
179
304
108.24
142.64
55.98
110.67


SaSSy-1
131
45
107.8
123.01
70.8
139.16


SaSSy-48
172
92
110.29
114.99
80.5
122.58


SaSSy-19
147
63
107.71
106.51
80.56
115.05


SaSSy-104
255
236
104.73
111.82
82.44
126.04


SaSSy-67
188
111
105.5
105.2
86.2
127.27


SaSSy-14
142
58
104.53
105.03
89.72
118.29


SaSSy-134
244
282
109.6
171.69
36.58
126.81


SaSSy-119
247
225
112.27
138.72
56.59
110.53


SaSSy-133
286
281
104.1
113.85
84.84
115.14


SaSSy-135
309
306
110.16
145.69
48.45
125.97


SaSSy-76
191
120
101.23
112.54
85.74
102.34


SaSSy-42
166
86
99.08
106.95
95.92
121.64


SaSSy-86
n/a
n/a
100.78
106.74
93.53
116.19


SaSSy-37
288
287
101.28
105.74
93.63
130.32


SaSSy-96
250
228
99.63
105.27
96.88
124.48


SaSSy-13
141
57
101.92
104.55
93.71
133.21


SaSSy-136
310
307
101.55
134.73
55.57
144.92


SaSSy-137
311
308
101.91
134.5
55.37
141.61


SaSSy-18
146
62
112.67
102.83
75.86
119.46









Amino acid replacements shared among many of these variant, including SaSSy-134, SaSSy-135, SaSSy-136 and SaSSy-137 include: K85Q/F101L/Y176F/T192A/C195Y/A240E/G323A/S329H/I330M/V346A/K350R/N 353D/V433I/H446R/I465M/V502I.
Mutations shared among modified synthases, such as SaSSy-135, SaSSy-136 and SaSSy-137, include replacements at positions corresponding to N183, K206, F282. Modified santalene synthases containing the amino acid replacement F282W exhibit altered product profile, particularly relatively increased production of the santalenes. Modified synthases that contain K206G/F282W, such as SaSSy-135, catalyze increased production of terpenes and altered product profile. The combination of K206, such as K206G or K206T, with F282W, or with F282W and N183K catalyze increased production of terpenes, and alter the product profile to produce more α- and/or β-santalene.
Domain swaps shared, for example, among SaSSy-134, SaSSy-135, SaSSy-136 and SaSSy-137, include:
SaSSy73-79swapBDS94-100/
SaSSY116-124swapCVS(V19)93-100/
SaSSy138-168swapCVS(V19)114-144**/
SaSSy198-207swapCVS(Vv)187-195 (SaSSy-135, SaSSy-136 and SaSSy-137 have additional K206 mutations within this domain swap).
Since modifications will be apparent to those of skill in the art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprising the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a synthase that has at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, wherein
the encoded modified santalene synthase polypeptide:
i) catalyzes the production of total terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of the same total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions; or
ii) catalyzes the production of terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell with an altered product profile compared to the profile of the terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions;

the host cell is a cell that produces FPP; and
the terpene product or products is a sesquiterpene.

2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the terpene product(s) comprise α-santalene, α-exo-bergamotene, epi-β-santalene, β-santalene, or stereoisomers or mixtures thereof.

3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein increased percentages of santalenes are produced.

4. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 3, wherein the santalenes are α- and β-santalenes.

5. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the altered product profile comprises production of at least one terpene product that is increased by at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more compared to the production of the terpene product by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

6. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the modified santalene synthase is at least about 105%, of the amount of total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

7. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 that is codon-optimized for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

8. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprising the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a synthase that has at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, wherein:
the modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of total terpene product(s) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell in an amount that is greater than the amount of the same total terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions, wherein:
the host cell is a cell that produces FPP; and
the terpene product or products is a sesquiterpene.

9. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified santalene synthase polypeptide comprising the sequence of amino acids set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, or a nucleic acid molecule encoding a synthase that has at least 95% sequence identity to the sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 244 or 309-311, wherein
the modified santalene synthase catalyzes the production of terpene products from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in a host cell with an altered product profile compared to the profile of the terpene products produced from FPP by the santalene synthase encoded by the sequence of nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 in the same host cell and under the same conditions, wherein:
the host cell is a cell that produces FPP; and
the terpene product or products is a sesquiterpene.

10. A host cell, comprising a nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein, if the cell is human, it is isolated.

11. A vector, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

12. The vector of claim 11, wherein the vector is a prokaryotic vector, a viral vector, or an eukaryotic vector.

13. The vector of claim 11, wherein the vector is a yeast expression vector.

14. A host cell, comprising the vector of claim 11, wherein, if the cell is human, it is isolated.

15. The host cell of claim 14 that is selected from among a bacterial, yeast, insect, plant and mammalian cell.

16. The host cell of claim 15 that is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell or an Escherichia coli cell.

17. The host cell of claim 15 that produces farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) or is modified to produce more FPP compared to an unmodified cell.

18. The host cell of claim 15, comprising a nucleic acid encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase and optionally a cytochrome P450 reductase.

19. A transgenic plant, comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

20. A method for producing a modified santalene synthase polypeptide, comprising:
culturing a cell comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 under conditions suitable for expression of the modified santalene synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule; and
optionally isolating the modified santalene synthase.

21. A modified santalene synthase polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1.

22. A method of producing a terpene product, comprising:
contacting an acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with a modified santalene synthase polypeptide of claim 21, under conditions suitable for the formation of terpene products from the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor to thereby catalyze production of a terpene product or a mixture of terpene products; and optionally isolating the terpene product(s).

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the step of contacting the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor with the modified santalene synthase polypeptide is effected in vitro or in vivo in an host cell.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the acyclic pyrophosphate terpene precursor is selected from among farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and geranyl-geranyl diphosphate (GGPP).

25. The method of claim 22, further comprising:
processing a resulting terpene or terpene mixture to its respective alcohol or mixture of alcohols; and
optionally isolating the alcohol or mixture of alcohols.