# Engineering Controls Database

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## Guidelines for the Control and Monitoring of Methane Gas on Continuous Mining Operations – Effect of Water Sprays on Face Airflow and Methane – Effect of Nozzle Direction

| Problem:                | The introduction of conventional mining methods, which increased the rate of mining, was an important step in the mechanization of mining. The intermittent nature of the conventional mining process halted the extraction process for ore-loading and usually allowed time for methane gas to be dispersed. However, the introduction of continuous mining machines in the 1940s produced a constant flow of ore from the working face of the mine and resulted in an increase in methane levels.The number of face ignitions increased as more continuous mining machines were placed underground. Methane levels were found to be dangerously high. In some cases, methane concentrations measured 20 ft from the mining face exceeded the lower explosive limit (5% by volume) [USBM 1958].  The need for better face area ventilation was recognized to reduce the potential for explosions.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
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| What this means to you: | Excessive levels of methane gas can affect the safety of the underground work force. Available methane control systems have been challenged in recent years by mining developments which include the use of continuous mining machines.  Most mining accidents today generally involve only a few individuals. However, the infrequent occurrence of gas explosions puts the lives of the entire underground workforce at risk. In the past 10 years, explosions have led to 65 fatalities and 18 injuries with major explosions occurring at the Sago Mine in West Virginia in 2006 (12 fatalities and 1 injury), the Darby No. 1 Mine in Kentucky in 2006 (5 fatalities and 1 injury) and, most recently, at the Upper Big Branch Mine in West Virginia in 2010 (29 fatalities) [NIOSH 2011].                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Description of control: | The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was formed in 1910 following a series of underground explosions that resulted in many fatalities and injuries [Kirk 1996]. The agency was responsible for conducting scientific research and disseminating information on the extraction, processing, use, and conservation of mineral resources. The USBM research program for mining health and safety was transferred to NIOSH in 1996.  Since that time, NIOSH has established a ventilation test gallery where techniques for methane control and monitoring are evaluated under a variety of conditions that simulate airflow near the working face of a continuous mining section. Airflow patterns and methane concentrations are studied in a detailed manner that is not possible in a working underground mine.Effect of Water Sprays on Face Airflow and MethaneMachine-mounted water spray systems are used primarily for dust control. The water delivered through the spray nozzles wets the coal and helps prevent suspension of dust. However, Kissell [1979] demonstrated that water sprays act as small fans and move air. This airflow helps dilute and remove methane from the face area. Water sprays can be grouped to direct airflow across the mining face. These “spray fan systems” are now installed on many mining machines. Research conducted in the ventilation test gallery examined how sprays installed on the mining machine affect airflow patterns and methane distributions in the face area [Chilton et al. 2006].Effect of Nozzle DirectionMachine-mounted water sprays were mounted on the mining machine, which was located at the center of a 13-ft wide entry. The blowing curtain setback distance was 35 ft, and the intake flows were either 4,000 or 6,000 ft3/min. For one series of tests, only the two top-mounted spray manifolds with hollow cone nozzles were used. The nozzles in one manifold were directed straight toward the face. In the second manifold, the ten nozzles were directed 30 degrees to the right (Figure 1), toward the return side of the entry. Tests were conducted using high (174 psi) and low (70 psi) water pressures. Ultrasonic anemometers were used to monitor airflow at the three locations shown in Figure 2. Location 3 was in the mouth of the blowing curtain.**Figure - 1 - Water sprays on model mining machine.****Figure - 2 - Sampling locations for water spray tests.**NOTE:  The above control information is taken directly from the following publication:NIOSH [2010]. Information circular 9523.  Guidelines for the control and monitoring of methane gas in continuous mining operations. Morgantown, WV: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2010-141.     |
| References:             | Chilton JE, Taylor CD, Hall EE, Timko RJ [2006]. Effect of water sprays on airflow movement and methane dilution at the working face. In: Mutmansky JM, Ramani RV, eds. 11th U.S./North American Mine Ventilation Symposium. Leiden, The Netherlands: Taylor & Francis/Balkema, pp. 401–406.Kirk WS [1996]. The history of the Bureau of Mines. In: U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Mines. Kissell FN [1979]. Improved face ventilation by spray jet systems. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual Mining Institute. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama.NIOSH [2011]. Ventilation and explosion prevention highlights.  [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/highlights/programareahighlights16.html]USBM [1958]. Auxiliary ventilation of continuous miner places. By Stahl RW. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations, No. 5414.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Keywords:               | coal miningcontinuous mining operationsdeep-cut miningminers                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |

November 16, 2018
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health