Attorneys for Appellant

Barry L. Standley

Evansville, Indiana

Attorneys for Appellee

Jeffrey A. Modisett

Attorney General of Indiana

Andrew L. Hedges

Deputy Attorney General

Indianapolis, Indiana

	IN THE

	INDIANA SUPREME COURT

STEPHEN R. POWERS

	Appellant (Defendant below),

	v.

STATE OF INDIANA,

	Appellee (Plaintiff below).

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)	Supreme Court No.

)	82S00-9706-CR-00389

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	APPEAL FROM THE VANDERBURGH CIRCUIT COURT

	The Honorable Richard L. Young, Judge

	Cause No. 82C01-9601-CF-101

	ON DIRECT APPEAL

	July 8, 1998

SULLIVAN,  Justice.

	Defendant Stephen R. Powers was tried before a jury and found guilty of Murder.1  Following the recommendation of the jury, the trial court sentenced defendant to life

imprisonment without parole.2

	Defendant appeals his conviction.  The life sentence gives this Court jurisdiction over

his direct appeal.3  We affirm.

	Background

	In January of 1996, defendant Stephen Powers was living in Evansville with his brother, David

Powers, David’s wife Tammy, and their three children.  The youngest child, Kyran, was five

months old.  On January 22, 1996, Laura and John Riger visited David and Tammy Powers. 

Defendant was also there.  At about 12:30 p.m., David and Tammy drove to Centertown,

Kentucky to inspect  the Rigers’ trailer, which they were considering renting.  The Rigers

and defendant stayed with the children.  Before leaving, Laura asked defendant  if he would

be okay with the children, and he assured her that he had babysat for them before.

	Some time thereafter, defendant went out onto the porch and cried “My baby’s dying, I need help!”  A neighbor came over, observed that Kyran had blood and bruising on his

face and was having difficulty breathing, and called 911.  When emergency medical techni

cians arrived, they noticed dried blood around the baby’s nostrils, bruising around the left

eye, and that Kyran was laboring to breathe.  There was a hematoma the size of a baseball

at the right parietal area of his skull.  His pupils were fixed and deviated to the left; he was

unresponsive, and appeared to be in shock.  The emergency room physician that treated

Kyran testified that he was near death with a severe head injury when he arrived at the

hospital.  His skull appeared crushed and was an abnormal shape.   A CAT scan revealed a

large skull fracture.  Kyran was transferred by helicopter to Riley Hospital in Indianapolis,

and died shortly thereafter.  

	Evansville police took a statement from defendant.  He told them that he became

annoyed and angry when Kyran began to cry, and struck him in the face with a baby bottle. 

He then hit Kyran in the back of the head with a metal toy car.  When the child continued

to cry, defendant lifted him up to shoulder level and dropped him to the floor.   Kyran hit the

floor head first.  Defendant dropped Kyran two more times, and hit the child’s head hard

against the floor.    

	Discussion

	I

	Defendant contends the trial court committed reversible error by denying his pro

posed jury instruction on Voluntary Manslaughter as a lesser included offense of Murder. 

	In Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563 (Ind. 1995), we set forth the proper analysis to determine when a trial court should, upon request, instruct the jury on a lesser included

offense of the crime charged.  We summarized the Wright analysis in Horan v. State, 682 N.E.2d 502, 506 (1997), reh’g denied, as follows:

	This analysis contains three steps: (1) a determination of whether the lesser

included offense is inherently included in the crime charged; if not, (2) a determination of whether the lesser included offense is factually included in the crime charged; and, if either, (3) a determination of whether a serious

evidentiary dispute existed whereby the jury could conclude the lesser offense

was committed but not the greater.  [Wright, 658 N.E.2d] at 566-67.  If the third step is reached and answered in the affirmative, the requested instruction

should be given.   

	We have previously concluded that Voluntary Manslaughter is an inherently lesser

included offense of Murder.  See Horan, 682 N.E.2d at 507.  We therefore turn to step three of the Wright analysis to determine whether defendant’s proposed instruction should have been granted.  

	The trial court made the following comments relating to its decision to reject defen

dant’s voluntary manslaughter instruction:

	. . .  The court is not going to allow the jury to consider voluntary manslaugh

ter.  The court finds that the evidence does not support that instruction.  The

court finds that the Court of Appeals opinions and the opinions of the Su

preme Courts of many states have found it’s a legal impossibility and incom

prehensible to fathom or to think of a situation where an infant could suffi

ciently provoke an ordinary person to commit the act.  This court agrees with

that and that is reason why we’re not going to send that to the jury.   [sic] (R.

1206-1208).

Where a trial court has made a factual finding on the existence or lack of a “serious eviden

tiary dispute,” our standard of review is abuse of discretion.  Champlain v. State, 681 N.E.2d 696, 700 (Ind. 1997).  We review the evidence accordingly.

	The crime of Voluntary Manslaughter is distinguishable from Murder by the presence

of the mitigating factor of sudden heat.4  A trial court should grant the requested Voluntary Manslaughter instruction if the evidence demonstrates a serious evidentiary dispute regard

ing the presence of sudden heat.  Horan, 682 N.E.2d at 507.  To establish sudden heat, the defendant must show “sufficient provocation to engender . . . passion.”  Johnson v. State, 518 N.E.2d 1073, 1077 (Ind. 1988).  Sufficient provocation is demonstrated by “such emotions as anger, rage, sudden resentment, or terror [that are] sufficient to obscure the

reason of an ordinary person, prevent deliberation and premeditation, and render the

defendant incapable of cool reflection.”  Id.   

	Defendant argues that Kyran’s crying made him angry and his anger rose to the level

of sudden heat.  The evidence that defendant claims establishes sudden heat is contained in

his statement made to police.  Defendant told police: 

		I went up to his baby bed and I heard him crying.  Then I picked him

up . . . I guess I must have snapped at the time when I was picking him

up that I hit him in the head with a bottle and he was crying . . . And he

started crying some more.  I just threw . . . uh . . . dropped him on the

floor.  (R. at 64.)

When asked what he intended to do, defendant responded:

		. . . when I picked him up he was still crying and I couldn’t take it.  I

just snapped . . . snapped!  And I hit him in the head with the bottle

and a car     . . . and that little toy car.  Then . . . dropped him on the

floor.  (R. at 81.)   

	Kyran’s crying did not constitute the provocation necessary to qualify defendant’s

actions as “sudden heat.”  See Patterson v. State, 532 N.E.2d 604, 607 (Ind. 1988) (an incident of bed-wetting by a six-year old child was insufficient provocation to give rise to

sudden heat); Robinson v. State, 453 N.E.2d 280, 283-84 (Ind. 1983) (three-year old child wetting the bed and refusing to respond to questioning by parents “clearly not sufficient

provocation” to give rise to sudden heat).  See also Commonwealth v. Azar, 588 N.E.2d 1352, 1364 (Mass. App. Ct. 1992) (where defendant claimed he was entitled to voluntary

manslaughter instruction because of evidence that 4 month old victim’s crying “caused [him]

to lose control of himself and take his daughter’s life,” the court held that “There was no

evidence presented of provocation adequate to mitigate the crime of murder to manslaugh

ter” (citations omitted)).    

	Defendant argues that a Voluntary Manslaughter instruction was required under our

decision in Hedrick v. State, 430 N.E.2d 1150 (Ind. 1982).  Hedrick had been charged with Murder for the killing of an eleven-month old girl.  The evidence showed that the child had

been crying and had gotten out of bed, that Hedrick picked her up, shook her, and threw her

back onto the bed.  The child’s head struck the wall, and she died.  The jury convicted

Hedrick of Voluntary Manslaughter.  On appeal, Hedrick argued that there was insufficient

evidence to support the conviction because there was no evidence of sudden heat.  We

affirmed the conviction, finding that “the jury could have inferred that appellant knowingly

or intentionally killed the child and might have concluded that appellant became angry with

the child and that this anger was sufficient to constitute ‘sudden heat’ under the circum

stances.”  Id. at 1156-57.

	Since the evidence in Hedrick showed that the appellant knowingly or intentionally killed the victim, it was sufficient to support a conviction for Murder or Voluntary Man

slaughter.  Our comment, on which defendant relies here, that the jury could have found sudden heat on the facts in Hedrick, was extraneous to our holding as the propriety of giving the instruction was not appealed in that case.  To the extent that the comment suggests that

an infant’s conduct can provoke behavior which qualifies as sudden heat, it is overruled. 

See Robinson v. State, 309 N.E.2d 833, 845 (Ind. Ct. App. 1974) (“it is beyond the capacity of our imagination to hypothesize any act of adequate provocation of which a fifteen-month

old baby could be guilty”), opinion modified on denial of reh’g, 311 N.E.2d 461 (Ind. Ct. App. 1974), judgment affirmed by 317 N.E.2d 850 (Ind. 1974).  See also State v. Brown, 836 S.W.2d 530, 553-54 (Tenn. 1992) (“we believe that it is a virtual legal impossibility for

a small child [4 years in this case] to commit an act [urinating and defecating on the floor]

that would amount to provocation sufficient to make his subsequent death voluntary man

slaughter rather than murder”); State v. Taylor, 452 N.W.2d 605, 606 (Iowa 1990) (“the prevailing view is that a child as young as this victim [8 month’s] cannot, as a matter of law,

provoke a defendant in such a way as to reduce the crime to voluntary manslaughter”);5 People v. Crews, 231 N.E.2d 451, 453 (Ill. 1967) (where defendant claimed that based on evidence presented there should have been a finding of voluntary manslaughter, the court

concluded that “It is ludicrous, however, to suggest that a ‘reasonable person’ could have

been provoked by the actions [turning on the hot water in the bath] of a 2-year-old child.”); State v. Vega, 253 S.E.2d 94, 98 (N.C.Ct. App. 1979) (“as a matter of law adequate provo cation could not be found to exist so as to justify submission of voluntary manslaughter

where the evidence showed that the defendant beat and abused a child unto its death”).

	The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of Voluntary Manslaughter. 

	II

	Defendant next argues that the evidence presented by the prosecution was insufficient

to support his conviction for murder.   

	To obtain a conviction for murder, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt

that the defendant knowingly or intentionally killed the victim.  Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1)

(1993); Davis v. State, 635 N.E.2d 1117, 1120 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994).  Defendant was charged with knowingly killing Kyran.  Defendant claims that the evidence introduced by

the State does not support the conclusion that he acted knowingly.  

	When examining the sufficiency of evidence, we neither reweigh the evidence nor

resolve questions of credibility; rather, we consider only the evidence most favorable to the

judgment together with all reasonable inferences to be drawn from that evidence.  Deckard v. State, 670 N.E.2d 1, 3 (Ind. 1996).  We affirm if, considering that evidence and those inferences, we find substantial evidence of probative value to support the judgment.  Minter v. State, 653 N.E.2d 1382, 1383 (Ind. 1995).

	To prove that defendant acted knowingly, the State had to prove that he was aware

of a high probability that his conduct would result in death.  Ind. Code §  35-41-2-2(b)

(1993).  In Anderson v. State, 681 N.E.2d 703, 708 (Ind. 1997), this Court concluded that a reasonable jury could infer that the defendant knowingly killed the twenty-one month old

victim from the severity of the beating, and from the defendant’s age and size relative to the

age and size of the victim.

	Here, the State introduced evidence that defendant hit Kyran in the head with a baby

bottle and a metal toy car, dropped him on his head three times from shoulder level, and

banged his head hard against the floor.  The emergency room physician that treated Kyran

testified that he was near death with a severe head injury when he arrived at the hospital. 

His skull was crushed and was an abnormal shape.  Kyran’s skull had a fracture so large that

brain tissue penetrated it.     

	Kyran was a five-month old child.  Defendant was a grown man.  A reasonable jury

could conclude that defendant was aware of a high probability that beating an infant across

the face and head and repeatedly dropping him on his head would result in his death.  See Anderson, 681 N.E.2d at 708.  See also Pilarski v. State, 635 N.E.2d 166, 172 (Ind. 1994) (evidence that defendant struck one-year old victim in the face five times sufficient to

support murder conviction); Kaufman v. State, 496 N.E.2d 90, 91 (Ind. 1986) (a knowing murder was proven with evidence that appellant intentionally squeezed, shook, and battered

seven-month old child); Horne v. State, 445 N.E.2d 976, 978-79 (Ind. 1983) (evidence that appellant struck thirteen-month old child several times because he was upset over its crying

sufficient to support conviction for knowing murder).

	Conclusion

	We affirm defendantPowers’s conviction for murder.

SHEPARD, C.J., and DICKSON, SELBY, and BOEHM, JJ., concur.