1 The Honorable Linda R. Reade, Chief J udge, United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa. 

## United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________ No. 06-1785

___________ United States of America, *
* Appellee, * * Appeal from the United States v. * District Court for the * Northern District of Iowa. Terrence K. Gladney, also known * as D.J., *
* Appellant. *

__________ Submitted: October 17, 2006 Filed: February 2, 2007

___________ Before WOLLMAN, RILEY, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

___________ RILEY, Circuit Judge.
Terrence Gladney (Gladney) was charged with conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine and distribution of crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)-(C), and 846. After trial commen ced, and just before closing arguments, Gladney made an oral motion to dismiss the indictment, arguing the government’s nineteen-month delay in bringing his federal indictment had resulted in a due process violation. The district court 1 declined to address the motion at that time and directed-2- Gladney to submit his motion in writing after trial. The jury convicted Gladney and, thereafter, the district court denied his motion to dismiss the indictment. Gladney appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss. In addition, Gladney appeals the district court’s refusal to give an addict-informer jury instruction. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND On April 21, 2005, a grand jury returned a superseding indictment charging Gladney and co-defendant Sylv ester Watkins (Watkins) with conspiracy to distribute crack cocaine and distribution of crack cocaine . At trial, John Sa ldivar (Saldivar), a confidential informant, testified Gladney and Watkins were engage d in a partnership to distribute crack cocaine in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Saldivar testified Gladney sold him crack cocaine on August 12, 2003, and on September 11, 2003.

With respect to the August 12, 2003 sa le, Special Agent Josh Lupkes (Agent Lupkes) and Investigator Anthony Robinson (Investigator Robinson), both with the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Drug Task Force (DEA), testified Saldivar made a phone call to arrange the purchase of one -half ounce of crack cocaine from Gladney. Agent Lupkes and Investigator Robinson tes tified they searched Saldivar, provided him with pre-serialized currency, and eq uipped Saldivar with a transmitting device. Investigator Robinson testified Saldivar di d not appear to be under the influence of any illegal substances during this or any other encounter he had with Saldivar.

Saldivar then met Gladney and Watkins at a parking lot where Saldivar entered their car. Saldivar testified once inside the car, Gladney and Watkins told him they had already sold the one-half ounce of crack cocaine they promised Saldivar. Thus, Gladney and Watkins sold Saldivar only one gram of crack cocainefor which Saldivar paid Watkins $100. Saldivartestified Gladney and Watkins told him they were leaving for Chicago to obtain more crack cocaine. Special Agent Greg Brugman (Agent Brugman), also with the DEA, tes tified he heard the conversation regarding-3- the trip to Chicago over the transmitti ng device as Agent Brugman was conducting surveillance of the drug transaction.

After the drug transaction, Gladney and Watkins drove away and DEA agents followed them for approximately twenty-five miles on Interstate 380 South. When Gladney and Watkins drove onto Interstate 80 East, J ohnson County (Iowa), Deputy Chris Langenberg (Deputy Lange nberg) stopped their vehicle. Investigator Robinson testified he requested the traffic stop by Deputy Langenberg in order to identify Gladney and Watkins.

During the traffic stop, Coralville, Iowa , Police Officer Maleah Droll (Officer Droll) assisted Deputy Langenberg. Neither Deputy Langenberg nor Officer Droll knew the details of the drug transaction, nor were they given the serial numbers of the currency used in the drug transaction. Deputy Langenberg c onducted a canine search of the car, but did not find any drugs. Offi cer Droll testified the search was underway when she arrived and that she did not participate in the search of the car. Officer Droll, however, testified she conducted a pat-down for weapons on either Gladney or Watkins, but she could not remember which one.

With respect to the September 11, 2003 drug transaction, Saldivar testified he arranged to purchase one ounce of crack co caine from Gladney. Saldivar placed a recorded call to Gladney from the DEA offi ce. Again, Agent Lupkes and Investigator Robinson testified regarding the preparations for this drug transaction, i.e., searching Saldivar, giving Saldivar pre-serializedcurrency, and fitti ng Saldivar with a transmitting device.

For this drug transaction, Saldivar met Gladney in an alley where he entered a car with Illinois plates driven by Gladne y. Gladney drove ar ound the block, stopped the car, and handed Saldivar nineteen baggi es of crack cocaine for which Saldivar paid Gladney $1,000.2 The jury, however, was unable to reach a verdict with respect to a third count charging Gladney with distri bution of crack cocaine within 1,000 feet of a school. This charge was dismissed.
-4- During trial, Gladney assert ed an alibi defense with regard to the events of September 11. Gladney called his girlfrie nd Shelneka Benton (Benton) to testify as to Gladney’s whereabouts on that day. Ben ton testified Gladney was with her on the afternoon of September 11, paying a security deposit at Park Place Apartments in Portage, Indiana. Benton also testified th at, after paying the security deposit, she and Gladney went to his parents’ home.

Gladney also called Lori Smith (Smith), the manager of Park Place Apartments, as a witness. Smith testified a security deposit receipt for the Benton and Gladney apartment was written on September 11, 2003. The receipt was introduced into evidence. Smith testified the Park Place Apartments are comprised of 216 units, some of which have multiple tenant s. Thus, Smith testified she did not know exactly who paid the security deposit on September 11, nor did Smith’s paperwork indicate who made the payment.

After the first day of tria l, Gladney filed a proposed jury instruction regarding the credibility of an addict-informer. Th e district court refused to use Gladney’s proposed jury instruction in its final instru ctions. After two days of trial, and just before the jury was to ente r the courtroom to hear closing arguments, Gladney made an oral motion to dismiss the indictment based upon pre-indictment delay. The district court declined to address the mo tion, and directed Gladney to submit his motion in writing after trial.

The jury convicted Gladney on the c onspiracy and distribution charges, 2 and the district court denied Gladney’s motion to di smiss the indictment. Gladney appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to di smiss and the court’s rejection of his proposed jury instruction regarding the credibility of an addict-informer.3 We assume, without deciding, as did Farmer , 312 F.3d at 936, a delay in filing an indictment constitutes a defect in the indictment.
-5- II. DISCUSSION A. Motion to Dismiss the Indictment Gladney argues the district court erre d in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment based upon pre-indictment delay. We review the district court’s denial of Gladney’s motion to dismiss for clear error. United States v. Haskell , 468 F.3d 1064, 1070 (8th Cir. 2006). The Fifth Amendment’ s Due Process Clause protects a criminal defendant against unreasonable pre-indictment delay. Id. To prove a violation of his due process rights, Gladney must establish the delay resulted in actual and substantial prejudice to the presentation of the defens e and the government intentionally delayed Gladney’s indictment either to gain a t actical advantage or to harass him. Id. The court will inquire into the reasons for delay only where actual prejudice has been established. United States v. Sturdy , 207 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir. 2000). To establish actual prejudice, a defendant must identify witnesses or documents lost during the delay period. Id. However, actual prejudice cannot be established by defendant’s speculative or conclusory claims of possi ble prejudice as a result of the passage of time. Id. The defendant carries the burden to show the lost testimony or information is not available through other means. Id.

The government contends the district court did not err indenying Gladney’s motion to dismiss because his motion was untimely. We agr ee. Gladney had sufficient time to raise the pre-indictmentdelay issue earlier than he did. See United States v. Farmer , 312 F.3d 933, 936 (8th Cir. 2002). In Farmer , we found the defendant’s claim of pre-indictment delay 3 made after trial had commenced was untimely; thus, we did not consider the merits of the claim. Id. Similarly, Gladney did not object to the delay until immediately before closing arguments. Gladney alleges he was unable to pr operly raise his motion earlier because he had to wait until the last witness concluded her testimony. However, Gl adney does not indicate with-6- any degree of specificity what informati on or testimony prevented him from raising the delay issue until just prior to closing arguments.

As an alternative explanation for his de lay, Gladney states he became aware of his alleged alibi witness, Smith, after th e deadline for motions had passed; thus, he was unable to make his motion earlier. Howe ver, the record indicates Gladney filed motions to continue deadli nes and, in fact, Gladney obtained a continuance based upon the discovery of his alleged alibi a few days before trial. Gladney could have raised the pre-indictment delay issue at th at time or shortly thereafter. Gladney’s argument that he had to wait until a few minutes before closing arguments, as his case was going to the jury, in order to raise the pre-indictment delay issue is without merit.

However, even if Gladney’s delay c ould be considered timely, Gladney’s motion still must be denied because he faile d to establish any de lay resulted in actual and substantial prejudice to the presentation of his defense. As previously stated, actual prejudice cannot be established by a defendant’s speculative or conclusory claims of possible prejudice as a result of the passage of time. Sturdy , 207 F.3d at 452. Here, Gladney claims the passage of time prejudiced him because his witnesses were not able to recall even ts. Specifically, Gladney claims Officer Droll (the second officer who assisted in Gladney’s traffic stop) and Smith (his alleged alibi witness) were unable to recall precisely their encounters with Gladney.

Gladney states the passage of time impaired Officer Droll’s ability to remember whether she searched Gladney or found pre-serialized currency in Gladney’s possession. However, Officer Droll tes tified that, although she could not remember which defendant she questione d in her patrol car, OfficerDroll only conducted a patdown for weapons, not a search. In additi on, nothing in the record indicates Officer Droll knew any specific details of the drug transaction that took place prior to Gladney’s traffic stop nor did Officer Dro ll know the serial numbers of the currency used in the drug transaction. Gladney’ s claim regarding Officer Droll’s memory is without merit.-7- Gladney also states the passage of tim e impaired Smith’s ability to remember who paid the security deposit on September 11, 2003. Gladney cont ends that, had the indictment been filed timely, Smith could have remembered Gladney and Benton were together when the deposit was paid. Howeve r, this claim is, at best, speculative and conclusory. Smith testifie d she manages 216 units at Park Place Apartments and some units have multiple tenants. To determin e whether Smith would have been able to recall exactly who appeared to pay the security deposit that day is speculative. Gladney cannot establish actual prejudice based on such conjecture.

Furthermore, to establish prejudice, a defendant must show the missing testimony was not available through other sources. Id. Gladney presented the testimony of his girlfriend, Benton, who st ated that on September 11, Gladney was with her at Park Place Apartments paying the security deposit. Here, Gladney presented the desired testimony through Benton, thus, actual prejudice cannot be established. See id.

The district court did not commit clear error in denying Gladney’s motion to dismiss for pre-indictment delay.

B. Addict-Informer Jury Instruction Gladney also argues the district court erred in rejecting his proposed addictinformer jury instruction. We disagree. We review a district court’s rejection of a defendant’s jury instruction for abuse of discretion. United States v. Davis , 237 F.3d 942, 945 (8th Cir. 2001).

This circuit has not adopted the rule thatan addict-informer instruction must be given if requested. The needfor such an instruction depends on the circumstances of each case. United States v. Dempewolf, 817 F.2d 1318, 1321 (8th Cir. 1987); see United States v. Gardner , 139 F. App’x. 762, 765 (8th Cir. 2005) (per curiam) (unpublished). The presence of any of th e following factors may make an addict--8- informer instruction unnecessary: (1) a disput e as to whether the informant is actually an addict, (2) cross-examination concer ning the informant’s addiction, (3) an instruction alerting the jury to view th e informant’s testimony with care, and (4) corroboration of the informant’s testimony. Dempewolf, 817 F.2d at 1321.

Here, nothing in the record indicates Saldivar used drugs during the dates in question. In fact, Investigator Robinson te stified Saldivar did not appear to be under the influence of illegal drugs at the time th e drug transactions occurred. In addition, although Saldivar admitted to using cocaine “for like a day or tw o” while on probation and tested positive for cocaine on Septembe r 16, 2003, Saldivar denied using drugs on August 12 and September 11, 2003.

Furthermore, Gladney’s counsel cross-examined Saldivar about his drug use. The district court told Gladney’s counsel he could ask the jury to consider Saldivar’s alleged drug use when evaluating Saldivar’s memory. In addition, the district court instructed the jury that Saldivar had a cooperation agreement with the government, through which Saldivar received money and othe r benefits, and that Saldivar had prior convictions, which the jury could consider in deciding whether to believe Saldivar. Moreover, much of Saldivar’s testimony was reinforced by the testimony of other government witnesses, namely, Agent Brugman, Agent Lupkes, and Investigator Robinson.

Based on this evidence, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give an addict-informer instruction.

III. CONCLUSION Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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