NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LORI MYERS, an individual, on behalf of

herself and all others similarly situated,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

STARBUCKS CORPORATION, a

Washington Corporation,

Defendant,

 and

MARS WRIGLEY CONFECTIONERY

US, LLC, A Delaware Corporation,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 22-55930

D.C. No. 

5:20-cv-00335-JWH-SHK

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

John W. Holcomb, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted June 12, 2024

Pasadena, California

Before: W. FLETCHER, CHRISTEN, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.

FILED

JUN 24 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Plaintiff-Appellant Lori Myers sued Defendant-Appellee Mars Wrigley

Confectionary US, LLC (“Mars”) under the California Consumers Legal Remedies

Act and California’s Unfair Competition Law. Myers claimed the label of Mars’s

Dove Dark Chocolate products misled her to believe the products were made

without employing child slave labor or contributing to rainforest deforestation. 

According to Myers’s complaint, “Child slavery is undisputably endemic in cocoa

harvesting in West Africa,” and “it is also well-settled that the ‘Chocolate industry

drives rainforest disaster in [the] Ivory Coast.’” (Citation omitted.) “[A]t the

current pace of deforestation there will be no forest left in the Ivory Coast by

2030.”

Myers alleges that Mars places the following label on its Dove Dark

Chocolate products but not on its other chocolate products: “We buy cocoa from

Rainforest Alliance CertifiedTM farms, traceable from the farms into our factory.”

Myers claims this label led her to believe the company’s Dove Dark Chocolate

products contain some amount of cocoa traceable to farms that do not employ child

slave labor or contribute to deforestation in West Africa. According to Myers’s

complaint, however, Mars in fact can trace only a fraction of the cocoa it buys to

the farms where the cocoa beans originated, and it intermingles these traceable

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beans with untraceable beans in its factories “so that no product can be guaranteed

to contain any fair trade beans at all.”

The district court dismissed Myers’s claims against Mars. We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and may affirm on any ground supported

by the record. Silk v. Bond, 65 F.4th 445, 456 (9th Cir. 2023). We affirm.

The district court incorrectly dismissed Myers’s complaint on the ground

that the label on Mars’s Dove Dark Chocolate products is “carefully worded” and

“technically true.” Under California law, literal truth is not a defense. As our

circuit and the California courts have recognized, “California laws ‘prohibit “not

only advertising which is false, but also advertising which[,] although true, is

either actually misleading or which has a capacity, likelihood or tendency to

deceive or confuse the public.”’” Moore v. Mars Petcare US, Inc., 966 F.3d 1007,

1017 (9th Cir. 2020) (emphasis and alteration in original) (quoting Williams v.

Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir. 2008)); see also Kasky v. Nike,

Inc., 45 P.3d 243, 250 (Cal. 2002) (same).

We nonetheless affirm the dismissal of Myers’s claims. Chocolate

consumers might reasonably assume from the language of the label and its

exclusive placement on Dove Dark Chocolate products that some amount of beans

from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms were used in the production of Dove Dark

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Chocolate. However, Mars’s Dove Dark Chocolate label does not represent that

Rainforest Alliance Certified farms avoid deforestation and the use of child labor. 

Nor does Myers allege that Rainforest Alliance Certified farms do so. “[A]

significant portion” of reasonable chocolate consumers thus would not be led to

believe that Dove Dark Chocolate contained cocoa beans produced without child

labor and deforestation. Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838 F.3d 958, 965 (9th Cir. 2016)

(quoting Lavie v. Procter & Gamble Co., 129 Cal. Rptr. 2d 486, 495 (Cal. Ct. App.

2003)).

AFFIRMED.

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