Identifying High-Risk

Small Business Industries

The Basis for Preventing Occupational Injury,

Illness, and Fatality

NIOSH Special Hazard Review

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

May 1999
Disclaimer

Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted.

Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Publications Dissemination

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To receive other information about occupational safety and health problems, call

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on the World Wide Web at http://www.cdc.gov/niosh

DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 99–107

ii
Foreword

The United States has a long, proud tradition of entrepreneurship. Small businesses in particular are a vital component of our economy and provide employment for more than half the workers in American industry. Often, occupational safety and health issues are only one of a multitude of concerns with which a

small business owner must contend. Promoting occupational safety and health

through appropriate prevention programs is often a difficult task for small business

because of the dispersion of worksites, the variability of work settings, and the

small number of workers who can be reached at any one worksite.

As a result, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

has prepared this report to characterize the risk of occupational injury, illness, and

fatality in industries composed mostly of small business establishments. Identifying these risks will provide essential information to practitioners in occupational safety and health, the small business community (owners, managers, and

employees), labor officials, trade associations, insurers, product suppliers, local

and State agencies, and others involved with small business. This document will be

of special interest to researchers in occupational safety and health as a first step

toward identifying the underlying causes of injuries and illnesses in small business industries and designing effective and appropriate prevention strategies for a

hard-to-reach target audience.

Linda Rosenstock, M.D., M.P.H.

Director, National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

iii
Abstract

More than half of the U.S. workforce is employed in business establishments

with fewer than 100 employees. Prevention of occupational illness and injury is often difficult in these small business establishments because they have few

safety and health resources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and health

activities, and often lack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct

surveillance. This investigation was conducted to identify high-risk small business

industries from national data on occupational injury, illness, and fatality. Both the

total number of cases and incidence rates were considered. Small business industries were identified as those with standard industrial classification (SIC) codes in

which at least 80% of the employees work in business establishments with fewer

than 100 employees.

In this report, 253 small business industries were identified with data from the

U.S. Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for the years

1994–1995. These industries represent nearly 4 million establishments and more

than 30 million employees—roughly one-third of all employees in private industry. Occupational injury, illness, and fatality data were available for 105 of these

industries. From the data for these industries, the top 25% (n=26) were ranked

according to their injury, illness, and fatality experience. A combined risk index

(i.e., the combined risk of occupational injury, illness, and fatality) was also used to

rank these small business industries. The highest-ranked small business industries

include Logging (SIC 241); Cut Stone and Stone Products(SIC 328); Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423); Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176);

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703); Landscape and Horticultural

Services (SIC 708); Animal and Marine Fats and Oils(SIC 2077); Concrete, Gypsum, and Plastic Products (SIC 327); and Taxicabs (SIC 412). This information

can be used by the small business community, labor officials, occupational safety

and health practitioners and agencies, and others to target prevention activities to

small business industries with the greatest need.

iv
Executive Summary

More than half (56%) of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed in

business establishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the

Census 1997; Wiatrowski 1994]. Of the approximately 6.5 million private industry establishments operating in the United States, more than 6.3 million (98%)

employ fewer than 100 employees, and more than 5.6 million (87%) employ

fewer than 20 employees. Prevention of occupational illness and injury is often difficult in these establishments because small businesses generally have few safety

and health resources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and health activities, and often lack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct surveillance [Wiatrowski 1994; Pedersen and Sieber 1988]. Given limited Federal,

State, and local resources available in the United States for occupational safety and

health, public and occupational health practitioners must focus prevention activities on industries that have the greatest need. Identifying and understanding the

risks associated with such industries will also prove useful to employers, employees, and insurers involved in small business. Therefore, this report provides information about high-risk small business industries identified from national data

sources. Included are both the total number of cases and incidence rates (IRs) of

occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in small business industries.

For this report, small business industries were identified as those with standard industrial classification (SIC) codes in which at least 80% of the employees work in

business establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

According to County Business Patterns 1994* [Bureau of the Census 1996], 253

industries were identified as meeting the criterion for small business industries.

The 253 small business industries include

 1 industry at the two-digit SIC level,

 102 industries at the three-digit SIC level, and

 150 industries at the four-digit SIC level.

Of the 150 small business industries identified at the four-digit SIC level, 96

existed within a broader (three-digit) small business industry.

Occupational injury and illness data by SIC code for small business industries were

obtained from the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 1995 [BLS 1997c]

(the SOII). Information about fatal occupational injuries was derived from the

*The most recent year available at the time this report was prepared.

v
Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1994 [BLS 1995] (the CFOI). The small

business industries identified in this study include nearly 4 million establishments

and more than 30 million employees—roughly one-third of all employees in private industry. Small business industries accounted for more than 1.5 million

nonfatal occupational injury cases and 56,000 illness cases in 1995 (total cases,

with and without lost workdays), and 1,924 fatal occupational injuries (including

356 self-employed workers) in 1994. Detailed occupational injury, illness, and fatality data were available for 105 of the 253 identified small business industries;

that is, data were not available for most of the four-digit SIC codes because the

1995 SOII [BLS 1997c] is designed to generate industry estimates at this level

only for manufacturing industries, and at the three-digit level for nonmanufacturing industries.

The 105 small business industries with available data were ranked according to the

total number of cases and IRs for occupational nonfatal injuries, illnesses, lost

workdays, and fatal injuries. They were also ranked by a combined risk index for

each industry. This combined risk index was the total of the scores for the rankings

of the IRs for nonfatal occupational injuries, occupational illnesses, and fatal occupational injuries. For each small business industry, the total number of cases and

IRs for occupational illnesses, injuries, and fatalities reflect the extent and severity

of the risk. However, the number of illnesses, injuries, or fatalities in a particular

small business industry reflects both the risk associated with that industry and the

number of workers in the industry.

The highest IRs (per 100 full-time employees) for nonfatal injuries occurred in the

following industries:

IR

Manufacturing Wood Containers (SIC 244) ............ 16.9

Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448) ................ 16.5

Manufacturing Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077). . . 16.4

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) ......... 14.8

Truck Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) ................ 14.7

By comparison, the average IR for nonfatal injuries in all private industry was 7.5

per 100 full-time employees. All of the top 26 small business industries (the top

25%) exceeded this rate. The largest numbers of nonfatal injuries occurred among

employees in the following industries:

Number

Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) ............. 365,600

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) ..... 102,700

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) ...... 84,900

Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (SIC 508) ........ 53,600

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501) ......... 46,000

vi
The highest-ranking small business industries by occupational illness IR (per 100

full-time workers) included employees involved with the following industries:

IR

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9

Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501) . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7

Manufacture of Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) . . . 0.7

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) . . . . . . . . . 0.6

By comparison, the average illness IR for all private industry was 0.6 per 100

full-time employees. The highest numbers of illness cases occurred among workers in the following small business industries:

Number

Eating and Drinking Establishments (SIC 581) ......... 13,600

Offices and Clinics of Medical Doctors (SIC 801)........ 5,200

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501).......... 2,900

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) ..... 2,000

Real Estate Operators and Lessors (SIC 651) .......... 1,500

Fatal occupational injury cases were examined as a measure of the most severe

consequences of exposure to occupational hazards. For fatal occupational injuries,

the highest IRs (per 100,000 full-time workers) occurred among employees involved with the following small business industries:

IR

Taxicabs (SIC 412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) ............. >159†

Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)............. 49.6

These rates were more than 10 times the average fatal occupational injury rate for

all private industry (4.8 deaths per 100,000 workers), and all small business industries in the top quartile exceeded this rate. The greatest numbers of fatalities occurred among the following small business industries:

Number

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) . . . . . . . 161

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . . . . . . . 158

Employees in Eating Places (SIC 5812) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Taxicab Drivers (SIC 412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

†> indicates uncertainty about the employment total for the industry, resulting in a conservative IR.

vii
The leading causes of fatal occupational injuries among various small business industries were as follows:

Cause of fatal injury

Number of small business

industries in which it

is a leading cause Comment

Transportation incidents . . . . . . . . . 26 This trend persists for

all private industry.

Assaults and violent acts . . . . . . . . . 17 Primarily retail service

industries.

Contact with objects and equipment . . 6 Construction, specialty

trades, logging, mining.

Falls ................... 6 Primarily construction

industries.

Exposure to harmful substances

and environments ........... 1

Manufacture of Wood

Containers (SIC 244);

also associated with

deaths in 15 other small

business industries.

When morbidity and mortality measures are combined into a single index, the

highest-risk small business industries include the following:

Logging (SIC 241)

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703)

A brief discussion of each small business industry is included in the Appendix. The

purpose of this discussion is to provide an understanding of the activities involved

with each small business industry and possible factors that may contribute to the

occupational injury and illness experience.

viii
Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Executive Summary ............................. v

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

1  Introduction ................... 3

Objectives ............................. 3

Background ............................. 4

Targeting Small Business Industry ................ 4

Incidence of Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities .......... 6

Consequences of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses ...... 6

Occupational Health Services Provided by Small Businesses . . 7

Strategies for Increasing Occupational Health Services ..... 8

2  Defining and Identifying Small Business

Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Small Business Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Description of the County Business Patterns 1994 . . . . . . . . . 13

SIC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Criterion for Small Business Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3  Small Business Industries and Related

Measures of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Small Business Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) . . . . . 34

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) . . . . . . . . 35

Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statistics for All

Small Business Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

4  Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due to Nonfatal

Occupational Injury and Illness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Fatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

High-Risk Small Business Industries:A Combined Risk Index . . . 74

ix
5  Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

The Next Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Study Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Appendix  Descriptions of SIC Codes

for Small Business Industries . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.0 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.1 Division A–Agriculture, Forestry, and

Fishing (SIC 01–09). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.2 Division B–Mining (SIC 10–14). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

A.3 Division C–Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . . . . . . . 108

A.4 Division D–Manufacturing (SIC 20–39) . . . . . . . . . . 112

A.5 Division E–Transportation, Communications,

Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40–49) . . . . . 117

A.6 Division F–Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . . . . . . 120

A.7 Division G–Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . . . . . . 128

A.8 Division H–Finance, Insurance, and

Real Estate (SIC 60–67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

A.9 Division I–Services (SIC 70–89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

x
Abbreviations

BLS U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

CFOI Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries

hr hour(s)

IR incidence rate

MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration

NAICS North American Industry Classification System

NEC not elsewhere classified

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

NOES National Occupational Exposure Survey

NSC National Safety Council

OMB Office of Management and Budget

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

SAFE Safety Actions for Europe

SBA U.S. Small Business Administration

SIC Standard Industrial Classification

SOII Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

xi
Acknowledgments

This document was prepared by Thomas J. Lentz (NIOSH, Education and Information Division), Andrea H. Okun (NIOSH, Deputy Director of the Education and Information Division), Paul A. Schulte (NIOSH, Director of the Education and Information Division), and Leslie T. Stayner (NIOSH, Education and

Information Division, Risk Evaluation Branch Chief). The authors are grateful to

all who contributed timely and relevant information to this investigation, in particular Guy Toscano (Bureau of Labor Statistics), Elyce Biddle (NIOSH, Division of

Safety Research), Carol Burnett (NIOSH, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies), and Robert Mason (NIOSH, Education and Information Division). For their critical reviews and comments, the following technical advisers are gratefully acknowledged:Lynn Jenkins (NIOSH, Office of the

Director), Marie Haring Sweeney (NIOSH, Education and Information Division,

Document Development, Branch Chief), Ralph Zumwalde (NIOSH, Education

and Information Division), Lee Sanderson (NIOSH, Office of the Director), Kitty

Townsend (NIOSH, Division of Safety Research), Leela Murthy (NIOSH, Education and Information Division), and Randy Young (NIOSH, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies). The authors also wish to thank

Vanessa Becks, Susan Feldmann, Anne Hamilton, Susan Kaelin, and Jane Weber

(all of NIOSH, Education and Information Division) for their editorial support

and contributions to the design and layout of this document.

Also important to the development of this document were the external reviews

and comments provided by the following:Kathy Condit and Marthe Kent (Occupational Safety and Health Administration); Letitia Davis (Massachusetts Department of Public Health); J. Paul Leigh (San Jose State University); Thomas M.

Sullivan (National Federation of Independent Business); Ted R. Miller (National

Public Services Research Institute); Earl S. Pollack (Center to Protect Workers’

Rights); Sara Rice (Small Business Administration); Steve C. Smith (California

Department of Industrial Relations); William L. Weber (Bureau of Labor Statistics); and Paul T. Zeisset (Bureau of the Census).

xii
Introduction

1

Objectives ....... 3

Background ...... 4

The consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses are significant. In

addition to causing pain, suffering, and loss of productivity for affected

employees and their families, occupational injuries and illnesses exact a

hefty toll on U.S. industry.
2 Introduction
Introduction

Objectives

More than half (56%) of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed in

business establishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the

Census 1997; Wiatrowski 1994]. Of all U.S. private industry establishments, 98%

employ fewer than 100 employees, and more than 87% employ fewer than 20 employees. revention of occupational injury and illness is often difficult in these establishments because small businesses generally have few safety and health resources, cannot usually hire staff devoted to safety and health activities, and often

lack the ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct surveillance

[Wiatrowski 1994; edersen and Sieber 1988]. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recognizes these special challenges to safety

and health in small business establishments. As a result, this investigation was conducted to characterize the risk of occupational injury, illness, and fatality associated with industries composed mostly of small business establishments. The three

primary objectives of this investigation were as follows:

1. To identify standard industrial classification (SIC) codes meeting the definition of a small business industry

2. To identify the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by ranking them according to total cases and incidence rates (IRs) of occupational

injuries, illnesses, and fatalities

3. To identify the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by ranking them according to a combined risk index (achieved by combining data on

injuries, illnesses, and fatalities).

Ranking small business industries on the basis of occupational injury, illness, and fatality data should prove useful to a broad audience, including occupational safety

and health practitioners, the small business community (owners, managers, and employees), labor officials, trade associations, product suppliers, and local and State

health agencies. This document is especially intended for identifying high-risk small

business industries that may warrant further investigation, additional hazard characterization, or risk assessment. Ultimately, this information is intended to promote

prevention activities targeting industries with the greatest need.

Small business industries are those with SIC codes in which at least 80% of the employees work in

business establishments with fewer than 100 workers.

Introduction 3
Background

As stated, 56% of the U.S. workforce in private industry is employed in business

establishments with fewer than 100 employees [Bureau of the Census 1997;

Wiatrowski 1994]. In 1994 in the United States, 6.5 million private industry establishments were operating, and they employed more than 96.7 million employees [Bureau of the Census 1997]. These private industry establishments represent

all major divisions of the economy except self-employed persons, domestic service

employees, railroad employees, agricultural production workers, most government employees, and employees in oceanborne vessels in foreign countries.

Of all private industry establishments operating in 1994 in the United States, 98%

(6.38 million) employed fewer than 100 employees, and more than 87% (5.66

million) employed fewer than 20 workers. Table 1 shows the number and percentage of employees in establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees in

1994.

These statistics are given in terms of business establishments—not companies. An

establishment is an individual business location such as a fast-food restaurant. In

contrast, a company consists of all establishments under common ownership or

control, such as a chain of fast-food restaurants owned by a single employer. The

Bureau of the Census [1998] reports that the 6.5 million private establishments

operating in the United States in 1994 were owned by 5.3 million companies. This

figure indicates that most companies own only a single establishment, but multiestablishment companies may have a disproportionate impact. Although 56% of

the U.S. private workforce is employed by establishments with fewer than 100

employees, only 38% is employed by companies with fewer than 100 employees

[Bureau of the Census 1997].

Statistics about establishment size are generally the most appropriate for this report, since regulations and guidelines usually apply to individual establishments

at a given business location. When we refer to resources available to an employer,

company size might be more relevant. This distinction is important when comparing statistics from different agencies. For example, the U.S. Small Business

Administration (SBA) defines small business in terms of company size, not establishment size.

Targeting Small Business Industry

Small business establishments (those with fewer than 100 employees at a single

business location) are found in all industrial segments. Occupational safety and

health prevention activities (including inspections and other enforcement strategies of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]) have often

focused on the 2% of private industry establishments with 100 or more employees—though the agency has established a number of programs designed to provide

consultation and other services specifically to small businesses [DOL 1993, 1996].

As noted earlier, small business establishments generally have few safety and

4 Introduction
TABLE 1. Number and percentage of employees in establishments with fewer than

100, 20, and 10 employees, by industry division in 1994

Industry

division

Number of

employees *

<100 employees <20 employees <10 employees

Number % Number % Number %

AgricultureH551,507 478,147 87 336,800 61 215,612 39

Mining 607,721 >272,655 >45I >100,747 >17I >47,306 >8I

Construction 4,709,379 3,716,851 79 2,150,840 46 1,336,954 28

Manufacturing 18,098,123 5,393,542 30 1,501,576 8 684,653 4

Transportation,

communications,

and public utilities 5,713,515 2,637,978 46 1,024,351 18 551,853 10

Wholesale trade 6,365,973 4,681,038 74 2,254,753 35 1,193,682 19

Retail trade 20,320,266 15,457,780 76 6,929,207 34 3,770,063 19

Finance, insurance,

and real estate 7,002,431 4,149,983 59 2,262,835 32 1,388,866 20

Services 33,253,032 16,616,313 50 8,726,606 26 5,370,812 16

Total 96,733,300 >53,404,287 >55I >25,287,715 >26I >14,559,801 >15I

Source: Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns 1994.

*

Includes salary and wage-earning employees in all private industry.

HAgricultural services only (SIC 07).

I

Indicates that it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in all size categories, as employment information is routinely

withheld from County Business Patterns (CBP) data by the Bureau of the Census to assure confidentiality of operations for

some establishments. It was still possible to calculate at least the minimum percentages of workers in the desired categories for

every industry.
health resources, few if any staff devoted to safety and health activities, and limited ability to identify occupational hazards and conduct surveillance [Wiatrowski

1994; edersen and Sieber 1988]. Because more than 98% (6.3 of the approximately 6.5 million) of the private industry establishments operating in the United

States are classified as small business establishments, it is difficult to determine

where best to use limited Federal, State, and local resources available for occupational safety and health. Thus a decision was made to target small business industries—that is, those with SIC codes in which 80% of the employees work in

business establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

Employers, employees, and insurers involved with small businesses can all benefit

from a heightened awareness of the risks and hazards within various small business

industries. Other accounts have noted that providing this information (possibly in

the form of industry report cards) would spur market-adjusting forces to reduce

injuries and illnesses as employees are made aware of risks and as employers strive

to provide safer workplaces or pay a higher compensating wage [Schroeder and

Shapiro 1984; Leigh 1998]. This report focuses on identifying high-risk small business industries using national injury, illness, and fatality data (both total cases and

IRs).

Incidence of Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the incidence of nonfatal

work-related injuries and illnesses in private industry fell in 1995 to the lowest rate

this decade, continuing a 3-year decline in these rates [BLS 1997a]. A total of 6.6

million work-related injuries and illnesses were reported during 1995. This figure

translates into an average rate for all private industry of 8.1 cases per 100 full-time

equivalent workers (i.e., per 200,000 hr, based on 40 hr per week for 50 weeks per

year per worker), compared with a high of 8.9 cases per 100 full-time equivalent

workers in 1992. Although this trend is encouraging, nearly 6.1 million injuries

alone in 1995 resulted in lost work time, medical treatment other than first aid,

loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, or transfer to another job. An

estimated half million occupational illnesses occurred in 1995. However, this

estimate is uncertain, as it is generally more difficult to determine whether an illness is work-related. Therefore, occupational illnesses tend to be underreported.

Work-related fatalities in private industry totaled 5,495 in 1995 and 5,521 in 1996

[BLS 1997b]. These figures also indicate that serious hazards are still associated

with many workplaces.

Consequences of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

The consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses are significant. In addition

to causing pain, suffering, and loss of productivity for affected employees and their

families, occupational injuries and illnesses exact a hefty toll on U.S. industry. The

National Safety Council (NSC) estimates that occupational injuries and fatalities

in the United States in 1996 cost $121 billion, or $790,000 per death and $26,000

6 Introduction
per disabling injury [NSC 1997]. These data do not include costs associated with

occupational illness. Another study places employers’ costs of occupational injuries alone at $155 billion annually (in December 1990 dollars) [Miller 1997].

Leigh et al. [1997] estimate the total annual costs of occupational injuries, illness,

and fatalities in the United States to be greater than $170 billion in 1992, noting

that these estimates are conservative because (1) they ignore costs associated with

pain and suffering and home care provided by family members and (2) the numbers of work-related injuries and illnesses are likely to be undercounted. Underreporting of occupational injuries and illnesses, especially among small business establishments, has been recognized as a major source of bias in the Federal statistics

[Mendeloff and Kagey 1990; Nelson et al. 1992; Oleinick et al. 1995; Murphy et

al. 1996; Leigh et al. 1997; Leigh and Miller 1998a].

Occupational Health Services Provided by Small Businesses

Over the last half century, devising strategies to provide a safe workplace and to

protect the health of workers have been common goals of government agencies, labor organizations, and industry groups. roviding for the safety and health of workers was identified as a priority in a 1965 report to the U.S. Surgeon General

entitled Protecting the Health of Eighty Million Americans A National Goal for

Occupational Health [DHEW 1966]. The report recognized that with a few exceptions, minimal or no occupational health surveillance or services were provided

by small business establishments—a fact that was later verified by the National

Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) [ edersen and Sieber 1988]. Significant

differences found by NOES between small business establishments (8 to 99 employees) and large ones (500 or more employees) include the percentage of establishments that provide the following:

Small

establishments

( )

Large

establishments

( )

On-site occupational health units:

With a physician in charge. . . . . . . . . . 0.1 30

With a staff person in charge . . . . . . . . 1.9 78

One or more medical screening tests

for all employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 54

replacement physicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 82

Industrial hygiene or safety personnel . . . . . 2 59

Industrial hygiene consultants . . . . . . . . . 14 56

OSHA conducted a similar but broader survey of more than 7,000 establishments

in 1990 [ORA 1993]. They determined that of 5.3 million establishments with

85 million employees, only 6.3% had a medical surveillance program. The category

of smallest business establishments (1 to 19 employees) had the fewest establishments with a medical surveillance program (3.8 %), followed by those with 20 to

Introduction 7
99 employees (14.4%), those with 100 to 249 employees (33.4%), and those with

250 or more employees (55.8%).

Strategies for Increasing Occupational Health Services

Recognizing occupational safety and health challenges for small businesses is an

important first step toward determining effective strategies for addressing these

concerns. In drafting the national public health agenda published in Healthy People

2000 National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives [DHHS

1990], the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services expressed the need to

“establish in 50 States either public health or labor department programs that provide consultation and assistance to small businesses to implement safety and

health programs for their employees.”

On an international level, the importance of setting safety and health priorities for

small businesses has also been recognized. Within the European Union, increasing

emphasis is being placed on providing education, training, and additional support

to small and medium-sized enterprises for improving the recognition, communication, and prevention of hazards in these establishments [Hunter et al. 1995].

Rather than introducing legislation and enforcing regulations, the European Commission for a Fourth European Union Action rogramme on Safety, Hygiene, and

Health at Work has focused on information campaigns for small and medium-sized

enterprises in a program called Safety Actions for Europe (SAFE) [Rogers 1995].

More than 30 years ago, the Surgeon General suggested that to provide occupational health services, health surveillance, and industrial hygiene and safety support to small business establishments, occupational safety and health programs

should be established at the local level in county and city health departments

[DHEW 1966]. Despite this recommendation, a 1992–93 survey conducted by

the National Association of County and City Health Officials found that only 20%

of local health departments provided occupational safety and health services directly; 4% did so by contract, and 76% provided no occupational safety and health

services [NACCHO 1995].

Although the report to the Surgeon General focused on providing workers with

occupational health services, others have addressed small business establishment

owners, operators, and franchise managers [Finch 1977; Frazis et al. 1995;

ersonick and Windau 1995; Tuskes and Key 1988; Wiatrowski 1994]. In 1984,

OSHA established a program to consult with employers about establishing effective occupational safety and health programs [29 CFR 1908]. The program is

active in all 50 States and emphasizes businesses with the most hazardous operations. rimary attention is given to smaller businesses (i.e., those with fewer than

250 workers). The OSHA Targeted Training rogram (recently renamed the Susan

Harwood Training Grant rogram) provides grants for safety and health training

Code of Federal Regulations. See CFR in references.

8 Introduction
programs in small businesses and for specialized training in ergonomics, scaffolding, and workplace violence [OSHA 1997]. To reduce the burden of regulatory

compliance for small businesses, the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 requires Federal agencies to help small businesses comply with

government regulations and to develop policies that reduce or eliminate fines for

small businesses. In implementing the statutes of the Act, the U.S. Department of

Labor reported that 88% of small businesses fined by OSHA between March and

December 1997 had fines reduced by a total of $110 million [AIHA 1998].

Introduction 9
Defining and Identifying

Small Business Industries

2

Small Business Establishments . . . 13

Description of the

County Business Patterns . . . . . 13

SIC Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Criterion for Small Business

Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Ninety-eight percent of all private industry workplaces

met the definition of small business establishments.
Defining and Identifying

Small Business Industries

Small Business Establishments

Definitions for small business establishments vary slightly among agencies,as

shown in Table 2. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines an establishment as “an economic unit,generally at a single physical location,

where business is conducted or where services or industrial operations are performed” [OMB 1987]. The BLS recognizes small business establishments in one

citation as those having fewer than 100 employees [Wiatrowski 1994] and in another as those having fewer than 50 employees [BLS 1997c]. NOES defines small

business establishments as those having fewer than 100 employees [Pedersen and

Sieber 1988],whereas the OSHA Susan Harwood Training Grants Program defines them as those having 250 or fewer employees.

The SBA defines a business on the basis of company* size (i.e.,the number of employees or the maximum annual revenue) to determine its eligibility for Federal

assistance. Employment totals are used to determine eligibility in the following

classifications: mining (fewer than 500 employees); manufacturing (fewer than

500 to 1,000 employees, depending on the industry); transportation and public

utilities (fewer than 500 to 1,500 employees, depending on the industry); and

wholesale trade (fewer than 100 employees) [SBA 1997].

In this report,a small business establishment is considered a regional or branch office,storage facility,family-operated store,or any other business with fewer than

100 employees at a single site. Special trade contractors such as carpenters would

also meet this definition when operating as a distinct economic unit with fewer

than 100 employees at a single site.

Description of the County Business Patterns 1994

The number of small business establishments and the number of employees who

work in these establishments were obtained from the County Business Patterns

1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. These data are compiled annually by the U.S.

Bureau of the Census. Data in the County Business Patterns series are presented

by industry as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual:1987

[OMB 1987]. All major economic divisions within private industry are represented in

*A company is all business establishments under a common ownership.

Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries 13
TABLE 2. Definitions of small business establishments cited in the literature

Agency/source Definition of small business establishments

BLS [Wiatrowski 1994] —100 employees (per establishment)

BLS [1997c] In the1995 SOII*

: —50 employees (per establishment)

NIOSH [Pedersen and Sieber 1988] For the National Occupational Exposure Survey: —100 employees (per

establishment)

OSHA [1997]

For the OSHA Susan Harwood Training Grant Program:  ̃250 employees (per

establishment)

SBA [1997] To determine the eligibility of small business establishments for federal

assistance, definitions vary by SIC code and are established as a maximum

number of employees or millions of dollars in annual revenue per company as

follows:

C Agriculture [SIC 0111B0971]: ranges from $0.5 to $5 million, depending

on specific industry

C Mining [SIC 1011B1499]: 500 employees or $5 million, depending on

specific industry

C Construction Trades [SIC 1521B1799]: ranges from $7 to $17 million,

depending on specific industry

C Manufacturing [SIC 2011B3999]: ranges from 500 to 1,000 workers,

depending on specific industry

C Transportation and Public Utilities [SIC 4011B4971]: ranges from 500 to

1,500 employees or $5 to $25 million, depending on specific industry

C Wholesale Trade [SIC 5012B5199]: 100 employees

C Retail trade [SIC 5211B5999]: ranges from $5 to $21 million, depending

on specific industry

C Finance, Insurance, Real Estate [SIC 6021B6799]: ranges from $5 to $15

million in annual revenue, or $100 million in assets, depending on specific

industry

C Services [SIC 7011B8999]: ranges from $5 to $21.5 million, depending on

specific industry

C Nonclassifiable establishments [SIC 9999]: $5 million 

*Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses [BLS 1997c].
County Business Patterns,although the series does not include data on selfemployed persons,domestic service employees,railroad employees,agricultural

production workers,most government employees,and employees on oceanborne

vessels in foreign countries.

According to the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996],

all private industry for that year consisted of 6.5 million establishments with

96.7 million employees. Allowing that small business establishments are those

with fewer than 100 employees,

− more than 6.3 million small business establishments employed 53 million

employees in private industry in 1994,

− 98% of all private industry workplaces met the definition of small business

establishments,and

− 56% of the entire U.S. workforce in private industry was employed in such

establishments [Bureau of the Census 1996].

SIC Codes

The U.S. Government SIC codes group business establishments by the type of

activity they perform or the product they manufacture [OMB 1987]. This multilayer system proceeds from general industrial groupings (divisions) to specific industries. The 11 major industrial divisions include the following:

Division A—Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (SIC 01–09)

Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14)

Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17)

Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)

Division E—Transportation, Communications, and

Public Utilities (SIC 40–49)

Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51)

Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59)

Division H—Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (SIC 60–67)

Division I—Services (SIC 70–89)

Division J—Public Administration (SIC 91–97)

Division K—Nonclassifiable Establishments (SIC 99)

The broad division categories (e.g.,Division B, Mining) are divided into (1) major

groups with two-digit codes (e.g.,Major Group 14, Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals Except Fuels),(2) industry groups with three-digit codes (e.g.,

SIC 142, Crushed and Broken Stone),and (3) individual industries with four-digit

codes (e.g.,SIC 1422, Crushed and Broken Limestone). Activities or products associated with business establishments are most similar for establishments in the

same four-digit SIC code. At this level,hazards and their effects are most likely to

be similar among establishments. Preventive measures are also more likely to be

Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries 15
generally applicable to the establishments classified together at the four-digit

level. However,within some four-digit classifications,the types of activities

performed are still significantly variable. An example of this variability occurs in

SIC code 7539, Automobile Repair Shops,not elsewhere classified (NEC). This

four-digit SIC code includes radiator repair shops as well as frame repair and automotive electrical repair.

OMB has developed a new classification system that will replace the SIC codes.

The manual for the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)—

United States, 1997 [OMB 1998] was released in 1998. The NAICS uses a

six-digit classification code that allows for greater flexibility in the coding structure compared with the four-digit SIC codes. The new system also provides more

detail for newly developed service industries such as information services,health

care provision,and high-tech manufacturing at the most basic level of industrial aggregation [Murphy 1998]. However,the transition from SIC codes to NAICS is

expected to be difficult and is only in the initial stages. Therefore,data used for

this investigation are limited to the four-digit SIC level and in many cases are available only at the three-digit SIC level.

In the County Business Patterns data as well as in the occupational injury,illness,

and fatality data prepared by the BLS,data are not consistently available for each

of the more than 900 four-digit SICs. Often data are available only at the

three-digit level and occasionally at the two-digit level. The BLS annual Survey of

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) [BLS 1997c] is designed to provide information at the four-digit SIC level for manufacturing industries only and at the

three-digit SIC level for all other industries. Despite the decreasing specificity of

activities and hazards at the three-digit SIC level,occupational injury,illness,and

fatality data for certain three-digit codes may nevertheless be important for this

investigation when information at the four-digit level is lacking.

Criterion for Small Business Industries

Small business establishments (those with fewer than 100 employees) are more

prominent in some industry divisions than others (Table 1). Among the major industrial divisions, Services (SIC 70–89), Retail Trade (SIC 52–59),and Manufacturing (SIC 20–39) have the greatest numbers of employees in establishments

with fewer than 100 employees (33.2 million,20.3 million,and 18 million workers,respectively). Agriculture (SIC 01–09) (87%), Construction (SIC 15–17)

(79%), Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) (76%),and Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) (74%)

have the highest percentages of employees in small business establishments.

Although the figures in Table 1 demonstrate that small business establishments

exist in all major industry groups,this report distinguishes between a small business establishment and a small business industry. To identify industries that consist predominantly of small business establishments,small business industries

were defined as those with SIC codes in which at least 80% of the employees work in

establishments with fewer than 100 employees.The concept of a small business

16 Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries
industry was used to help provide information about industrial segments consisting primarily of small business establishments and to determine which of these

may be in greatest need of occupational safety and health prevention activities.

By convention,100 employees was used as the cut-off for defining small business

establishments—as previously established for NIOSH surveillance projects

(Table 2). Many of the small business establishments with fewer than 100 employees are also much smaller,with fewer than 20 or even 10 employees. Small

business establishments exist in all industries,but the intent of this investigation is

to identify industries that are predominantly composed of small business establishments. Somewhat more arbitrary was the decision to limit small business industries to industries with SIC codes in which at least 80% (versus 70%,75%,or

90%) of the employees work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

Although choosing one of the latter numbers might have excluded some SIC codes

or included others,it is unlikely that it would have had much influence on which

small business industries were identified using this criterion. Ultimately,253 SIC

codes were identified as small business industries from a total of 936 four-digit

SIC codes.

Defining and Identifying Small Business Industries 17
Small Business Industries

and Related Measures of Risk

3

Small Business Industries. . . . . . . . . 21

BLS Survey of Occupational

Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) . . . . . . 34

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational

Injuries (CFOI). . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statistics

for All Small Business Industries . . . . 36

The 253 small business industries that meet the criterion

for a small business industry consist of nearly 4 million

establishments with more than 30 million employees.
Small Business Industries

and Related Measures of Risk

Small Business Industries

Data for all SIC codes listed in the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of

the Census 1996] were examined to identify industries meeting the criterion

for a small business industry. Of 253 SIC categories determined to be small business industries, 1 was identified at the two-digit SIC level, 102 at the three-digit

level, and 150 at the four-digit level. Of the 150 at the four-digit level, 96 were

contained within a broader three-digit small business industry, which was also

identified. Each of the SIC codes identified as a small business industry is described in the Appendix of this report. These 253 small business industries consist of nearly 4 million establishments with more than 30 million employees. They

represent 62% of all private industry establishments and 33% of all private industry employees. The distribution of these 253 small business industries by major industry division is as follows:

Number of industries

Division A—Agriculture (SIC 01–09) .......... 4

Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14) . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . . . . . 17

Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39) . . . . . . . . 21

Division E—Transportation, Communications,

and Public Utilities (SIC 40–49) . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . . . . 45

Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . . . . 61

Division H—Finance, Insurance,

and Real Estate (SIC 60–67) ............. 8

Division I—Services (SIC 70–89) . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Table 1 lists the number and percentage of employees in establishments with

fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by major industry division. Table 3 lists the

number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries who are in establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees. In

some cases it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in specific size

categories, as employment information is routinely withheld from County Business Patterns data by the Bureau of the Census to assure confidentiality of operations for some establishments. For these industries, it was still possible to calculate

the minimum percentages of employees in the desired categories. For example, at

Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk21
TABLE 3. Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in establishments with fewer 

100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

All private industry C 6,509,276 96,733,300 >55H >26 >15

Division A, Agriculture [SIC 07 only]:

Soil preparation services 071 630 4,339 >81 53 35

Veterinary services 074 21,549 153,309 >98 80 44

Animal services, except veterinary 075 9,375 39,241 >91 71 54

Landscape and horticultural services 078 62,228 294,854 85 56 39

Division B, Mining [SIC 10B14]:

Uranium-radium-vanadium ores 1094 57 1,023 >94 >16 >7

Natural gas liquids 132 627 14,288 >78 >19 >6

Dimension stone 141 196 1,475 >87 >52 28

Crushed and broken stone 142I

 2,001 37,644 >83 >30 >8

Crushed and broken limestone 1422 1,316 24,312 >84 >31 >8

Crushed and broken granite 1423 238 5,180 >89 >24 >3

Sand and gravel 144I 2,459 28,552 >91 45 21

Construction sand and gravel 1442 2,295 25,501 >91 >44 >19

Industrial sand 1446 148 2,872 >90 >21 >8

Nonmetallic mineral services, except fuels 148 143 1,618 >80 >37 >17

Division C, Construction [SIC 15B17]:

General contractors and operative builders 15I

187,470 1,134,095 81 52 35

Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 171 79,636 645,621 83 49 29

Painting and paper hanging 172 34,627 160,160 92 63 43

Masonry, stonework, and plastering 174I

48,960 397,536 82 44 27

Masonry, stone setting, and other stone work 1741 23,550 144,400 88 56 36

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division C, Construction [SIC 15B17] (Continued):

Terrazzo, tile, marble, and mosaic work 1743 5,882 31,319 96 61 40

Carpentry and floor work 175I

49,464 230,154 90 65 45

Carpentry work 1751 37,468 178,713 88 64 45

Floor laying and other floor work, NEC§

1752 10,652 50,223 96 66 45

Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 176 28,420 215,608 90 49 25

Concrete work 177 26,911 188,941 89 53 32

Water well drilling 178 3,672 18,816 97 73 50

Miscellaneous special trade contractors 179I

60,768 477,190 83 48 28

Glass and glazing work 1793 4,529 31,997 97 67 38

Excavation work 1794 18,768 93,383 94 66 44

Wrecking and demolition work 1795 945 11,615 82 >32 >14

Special trade contractors, NEC 1799 27,869 214,386 82 49 29

Division D, Manufacturing [SIC 20B39]:

Prepared feeds and feed ingredients for animals and fowls,

except dogs and cats 2048 1,702 35,110 >81 >24 >8

Animal and marine fats and oils 2077 253 8,366 100 >7 >3

Manufactured ice 2097 552 4,454 100 60 27

Fur goods 237 161 686 >80 66 46

Logging 241 13,962 84,624 93 67 42

Special products sawmills, NEC 2429 177 1,714 100 >40 >19

Wood containers 244I

2,546 42,069 >84 >28 >12

Nailed and lock corner wood boxes and shook 2441 299 5,152 92 31 12

Wood pallets and skids 2448 2,009 31,920 >88 >30 >10

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division D, Manufacturing [SIC 20B39] (Continued):

Wood preserving 2491 474 11,218 85 16 7

Industrial gases 2813 600 7,789 92 31 16

Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 458 7,400 85 32 13

Printing ink 2893 518 12,262 87 21 7

Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks 2951 1,073 11,065 92 43 28

Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 327I

9,350 173,474 81 29 10

Concrete block and brick 3271 952 15,978 >93 >32 >9

Ready-mixed concrete 3273 5,058 81,214 90 35 12

Cut stone and stone products 328 931 12,097 >80 38 17

Industrial patterns 3543 651 7,824 >82 >41 >19

Industrial and commercial machinery and equipment, NEC 3599 23,073 271,999 86 40 20

Marking devices 3953 623 8,077 80 36 20

Division E, Transportation, communications, and public

utilities [SIC 40B49]:

Taxicabs 412 3,378 26,516 81 43 24

Bus charter service, except local 4142 885 18,106 >81 >19 >7

Bus terminal and service facilities 417 35 182 100 >63 36

Farm product warehousing and storage 4221 567 6,052 >81 >44 >19

Trucking terminal facilities 423 52 533 80 >24 >14

Ferries 4482 117 1,606 >80 >28 >14

Marinas 4493 3,763 18,496 99 73 47

Pipelines, NEC 4619 59 264 100 >73 >47

Passenger transportation arrangement 472I

32,160 207,423 81 59 43

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division E, Transportation, communications, and public

utilities [SIC 40B49] (Continued):

Travel agencies 4724 28,118 162,795 87 66 49

Freight transportation arrangement 473 13,388 117,767 86 47 28

Irrigation systems 497 325 1,673 >80 59 38

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51]:

Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies 501I

46,423 504,484 84 45 24

Motor vehicle supplies and new parts 5013 27,140 274,902 87 52 28

Tires and tubes 5014 3,930 47,053 92 50 21

Motor vehicle parts, used 5015 6,976 42,485 98 76 48

Furniture and home furnishings 502I

16,267 169,461 82 39 21

Furniture 5021 7,197 72,037 86 40 21

Home furnishings 5023 8,824 97,024 80 39 21

Lumber and construction materials 503I

20,473 232,555 >86 >39 >17

Lumber, plywood, millwork, and wood panels 5031 8,604 122,835 >84 >29 >12

Brick, stone, and related construction materials 5032 4,618 35,532 97 63 35

Roofing, siding, and insulation materials 5033 2,902 33,514 >89 >46 >18

Construction materials, NEC 5039 3,982 39,930 88 49 24

Commercial equipment, NEC 5046 5,039 45,117 88 52 28

Metals and minerals, except petroleum 505I

11,137 144,449 81 33 17

Metals service centers and offices 5051 10,246 138,724 81 32 16

Coal and other minerals and ores 5052 766 5,557 >89 >50 34

Electrical apparatus and equipment, wiring supplies, and

construction materials 5063 18,264 195,300 91 47 24

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51] (Continued):

Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment 507I

24,808 254,822 87 48 26

Plumbing and hydronic heating supplies 5074 9,341 92,224 93 54 27

Warm-air heating and air-conditioning equipment and

supplies 5075 5,506 49,661 92 54 31

Refrigeration equipment and supplies 5078 1,421 12,152 >88 >49 >28

Machinery, equipment, and supplies 508I

73,344 707,226 88 50 26

Farm and garden machinery and equipment 5083 10,280 103,375 96 59 25

Industrial machinery and equipment 5084 29,854 268,073 89 49 28

Industrial supplies 5085 15,678 153,968 91 53 28

Service establishment equipment and supplies 5087 7,392 65,316 >84 >45 >24

Sporting and recreational goods and supplies 5091 5,730 56,056 82 43 24

Scrap and waste materials 5093 9,079 102,395 88 39 19

Industrial and personal service paper 5113 5,388 67,972 80 36 18

Piece goods, notions, and other dry goods 5131 5,827 52,100 84 45 25

Fish and seafoods 5146 3,223 29,511 >85 >38 >20

Farm-product raw materials 515I

11,142 104,274 >91 >47 >23

Grain and field beans 5153 6,960 58,117 98 67 36

Livestock 5154 2,372 31,127 99 30 13

Farm-product raw materials, NEC 5159 1,717 14,688 >80 43 26

Chemicals and allied products 516I

14,436 150,985 85 44 22

Plastic materials and basic forms and shapes 5162 3,524 35,112 >86 >42 >19

Chemicals and allied products, NEC 5169 10,695 115,680 83 42 22

Petroleum and petroleum products 517I

14,636 162,814 >84 >43 >19

Petroleum bulk stations and terminals 5171 10,562 124,661 91 47 22

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division F, Wholesale trade [SIC 50B51] (Continued):

Petroleum and petroleum products wholesalers, except

bulk stations and terminals 5172 3,864 37,663 >80 >40 >20

Farm supplies 5191 16,835 145,383 >80 60 33

Flowers, nursery stock, and florists' supplies 5193 4,277 47,618 86 41 20

Paints, varnishes, and supplies 5198 3,544 29,051 86 60 39

Nondurable goods, NEC 5199 17,778 117,097 82 50 32

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59]:

Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores 523 10,081 47,939 100 90 70

Hardware stores 525 18,227 140,019 98 66 37

Retail nurseries, lawn/garden supply stores 526 11,017 72,757 98 67 38

Mobile home dealers 527 4,294 28,632 >92 >70 >39

Variety stores 533 13,197 106,709 >95 67 43

Meat and fish (seafood) markets, including freezer

provisioners 542 8,480 44,536 95 74 49

Fruit and vegetable markets 543 3,108 17,268 >91 56 35

Candy, nut, and confectionery stores 544 4,940 27,829 >99 87 59

Dairy products stores 545 2,338 8,967 100 >82 61

Miscellaneous food stores 549 9,316 46,362 >97 78 53

Motor vehicle dealers (used only) 552 19,569 72,847 >98 84 64

Auto and home supply stores 553 41,338 294,733 99 78 43

Gasoline service stations 554 99,250 692,240 >96 82 50

Boat dealers 555 4,778 28,925 100 78 45

Recreational vehicle dealers 556 2,850 25,593 97 56 29

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59] (Continued):

Motorcycle dealers 557 3,605 24,984 >98 78 41

Automotive dealers, NEC 559 936 4,357 100 >69 >42

Men’s and boys' clothing/accessory stores 561 14,646 106,542 98 76 47

Women's clothing stores 562 47,715 419,793 95 67 34

Women's accessories and specialty stores 563 8,291 45,485 98 90 60

Children's and infants' wear stores 564 5,264 38,368 97 64 36

Shoe stores 566 34,795 184,533 99 91 71

Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores 569 9,458 47,451 98 79 51

Furniture and home furnishings stores 571I

66,783 451,368 94 67 41

Furniture stores 5712 32,828 252,493 92 61 35

Floor covering stores 5713 14,165 72,792 >98 80 54

Drapery, curtain, and upholstery stores 5714 2,670 10,867 100 >83 64

Miscellaneous home furnishings stores 5719 16,813 114,772 95 70 43

Household appliance stores 572 9,642 60,676 87 65 43

Radio, television, and computer stores 573I

37,496 277,437 94 60 41

Radio, television, and consumer electronics stores 5731 16,901 135,170 92 54 39

Computer and computer software stores 5734 7,479 47,635 >85 >54 >38

Record and prerecorded tape stores 5735 8,714 69,209 98 68 42

Musical instrument stores 5736 4,138 24,916 >89 >63 37

Eating and drinking places 581I

449,089 6,928,226 91 28 11

Eating places 5812 367,205 6,476,992 91 25 10

Drinking places 5813 52,874 310,238 95 64 43

Drug stores and proprietary stores 591 45,676 583,486 98 49 19

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division G, Retail trade [SIC 52B59] (Continued):

Liquor stores 592 29,554 128,727 99 88 66

Used merchandise stores 593 21,622 111,719 95 69 47

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores 594I

126,594 785,116 96 71 45

Sporting goods stores and bicycle shops 5941 24,456 157,121 96 62 37

Book stores 5942 13,520 102,380 92 66 38

Stationery stores 5943 4,179 23,081 >97 76 50

Jewelry stores 5944 26,995 141,748 95 86 62

Hobby, toy, and game shops 5945 10,402 93,976 97 39 26

Camera and photographic supply stores 5946 2,958 17,704 100 83 58

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 5947 34,402 179,249 97 81 54

Luggage and leather goods stores 5948 1,921 11,031 >94 83 64

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 5949 7,497 58,579 98 77 30

Direct selling establishments 5963 13,207 119,526 82 44 24

Fuel dealers 598I

11,142 89,262 >93 68 40

Fuel oil dealers 5983 4,859 45,632 >88 55 29

Liquefied petroleum (bottled gas) dealers 5984 5,940 42,705 >99 82 50

Fuel dealers, NEC 5989 309 876 100 >79 >67

Retail stores, NEC 599I

90,164 421,359 98 78 57

Florists 5992 26,757 120,354 99 85 62

Tobacco stores and stands 5993 1,655 7,146 >95 81 63

News dealers and newsstands 5994 2,310 9,247 95 79 63

Optical goods stores 5995 14,318 73,120 99 76 57

Miscellaneous retail stores, NEC 5999 44,558 210,825 97 75 54

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division H, Finance, insurance, and real estate [SIC

60B67]:

Credit unions 606 15,142 151,685 86 47 27

Insurance agents, brokers, and service 641 123,998 661,685 83 59 43

Real estate operators and lessors 651 99,852 483,250 87 61 45

Title abstract offices 654 4,881 42,593 >86 >49 >27

Subdividers and developers 655I

16,912 106,235 81 45 30

Cemetery subdividers and developers 6553 6,263 43,929 >86 >43 >25

Oil royalty traders 6792 698 2,436 100 >71 58

Investors, NEC 6799 4,975 23,261 82 57 42

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89]:

Rooming and boarding houses 702 1,627 8,192 >93 65 43

Camps and recreational vehicle parks 703I

6,645 31,418 90 60 40

Sporting and recreational camps 7032 3,018 15,238 92 57 37

Recreational vehicle parks and campsites 7033 3,611 16,173 88 63 43

Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 721I

56,536 433,926 83 51 31

Garment pressing and cleaners’ agents 7212 3,159 12,159 >98 82 63

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaning 7215 12,906 47,458 97 85 69

Drycleaning plants, except rug cleaning 7216 22,024 165,823 97 67 37

Carpet and upholstery cleaning 7217 8,289 39,576 97 69 45

Laundry and garment services, NEC 7219 3,665 20,353 85 55 39

Photographic studios, portrait 722 12,436 74,990 80 63 37

Beauty shops 723 82,478 388,925 >99 86 56

Barber shops 724 4,629 14,237 >99 88 71

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89] (Continued):

Shoe repair shops and shoeshine parlors 725 2,438 6,109 >96 88 76

Funeral services and crematories 726 15,912 93,562 98 80 52

Miscellaneous personal services, NEC 7299 17,296 97,224 83 61 42

Outdoor advertising services 7312 1,251 12,589 91 42 22

Adjustment and collection services 7322 5,649 76,016 >78 >32 >15

Commercial photography 7335 3,964 16,321 >80 >52 >39

Commercial art and graphic design 7336 12,401 53,026 96 71 51

Secretarial and court reporting services 7338 7,349 32,968 92 61 43

Disinfecting and pest control services 7342 10,716 76,208 97 63 32

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing 735I

25,138 215,956 86 54 33

Medical equipment rental 7352 3,292 33,313 >81 >44 >22

Heavy construction equipment rental 7353 3,661 37,253 88 48 22

Equipment rental and leasing, NEC 7359 17,564 143,828 86 57 37

Computer rental and leasing 7377 812 7,780 >85 >36 >19

Truck rental and leasing, no drivers 7513 4,577 37,421 89 56 34

Utility trailer rental 7519 479 1,989 100 >66 >46

Automobile parking 752 8,879 58,475 89 54 36

Automotive repair shops 753I

133,335 557,862 99 87 64

Tops and body repair and paint shops 7532 35,030 177,811 >98 82 53

Automotive exhaust system repair shops 7533 5,502 24,720 100 96 82

Tire retreading and repair shops 7534 1,913 14,050 92 60 34

Automotive glass replacement shops 7536 4,938 22,786 100 85 64

Automotive transmission repair shops 7537 6,391 25,578 >99 93 77

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89] (Continued):

General automotive repair shops 7538 68,419 249,981 99 89 70

Automotive repair shops, NEC 7539 9,931 41,687 99 88 69

Automotive services, except repair 754I

24,299 184,328 96 56 32

Carwashes 7542 12,197 106,719 95 40 23

Automotive services, except repair 7549 11,704 77,119 98 79 43

Radio and television repair shops 7622 5,611 28,384 94 64 45

Refrigeration and air-conditioning service and repair shops 7623 3,687 24,160 >80 >52 >29

Watch, clock, and jewelry repair 763 1,642 5,140 >95 85 72

Reupholstery and furniture repair 764 6,735 21,796 >97 87 69

Miscellaneous repair shops 769I

42,189 257,741 90 59 39

Welding repair 7692 5,714 25,305 >94 73 53

Armature rewinding shops 7694 2,332 25,021 >81 >41 >19

Repair shops and related services, NEC 7699 34,136 207,396 89 59 39

Motion picture distribution services 7829 188 1,099 100 >51 >40

Motion picture theaters, except drive-ins 7832 6,155 108,358 >96 >34 >8

Drive-in motion picture theaters 7833 435 3,195 >80 38 19

Video tape rental 784 21,562 144,644 98 69 42

Dance studios, schools, and halls 791 5,255 24,430 98 83 57

Bowling centers 793 5,855 92,962 >96 >31 >9

Physical fitness facilities 7991 9,813 154,692 >82 >23 >9

Public golf courses 7992 4,021 47,993 >89 >31 >13

Coin-operated amusement devices 7993 4,722 31,418 90 64 43

See footnotes at end of table. (Continued)
TABLE 3 (Continued). Number and percentage of employees in the 253 identified small business industries*

 who are in

establishments with fewer than 100, 20, and 10 employees, by SIC in 1994

Industry name SIC

Number of

establishments

Number

of employees

% employees

in workplaces with

 <100 <20 <10

Division I, Services [SIC 7011B89] (Continued):

Offices and clinics of medical doctors 801 198,538 1,621,384 80 53 34

Offices and clinics of dentists 802 110,559 594,259 99 92 66

Offices and clinics of doctors of osteopathy 803 8,385 48,908 99 83 54

Offices of other health practitioners 804I

79,002 314,788 95 82 64

Offices and clinics of chiropractors 8041 28,768 89,121 >99 96 83

Offices and clinics of optometrists 8042 17,080 72,027 99 93 73

Offices and clinics of podiatrists 8043 7,981 26,805 100 97 83

Offices and clinics of health practitioners, NEC 8049 24,817 126,300 88 63 42

Dental laboratories 8072 7,417 39,309 96 67 47

Schools and educational services, NEC 829 14,927 119,070 84 47 27

Child day care services 835 51,191 526,000 95 54 22

Labor organizations 863 19,264 171,996 82 52 29

Religious organizations 866 146,527 1,265,938 82 47 30

Architectural services 8712 18,295 126,421 86 54 35

Surveying services 8713 8,870 49,752 >96 71 47

Public relations services 8743 5,404 30,305 84 53 34

Services, NEC 899 14,632 85,030 >82 >46 >29

All small business industries combined C 3,849,586 30,835,590 C C C

Source: Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns, 1994.

*Small business industries are those with 80% or more of their workers in establishments employing fewer than 100 workers.

H

(>)indicates that it was not possible to determine the exact percentages in all size categories, as employment information is routinely withheld from CBP data by the Bureau of the

Census to assure confidentiality of operations for some establishments. It was still possible to calculate at least the minimum percentages of workers in the desired categories for

every industry.

I

Indicates that the SIC category is followed by at least one additional subcategory.

§Not elsewhere classified.
least 81% of the employees in Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, thereby satisfying the definition of a

small business industry. But the exact number of employees in establishments

with fewer than 100 employees is not provided.

Many of the industrial classifications that meet the definition of a small business

industry are also characterized as having the majority of their employees in establishments with fewer than 20 employees. In more than half (157) of the 253 small

business industries, 50% of the employees worked in establishments with fewer

than 20 employees. The small business industries with the largest number of employees working in establishments with fewer than 20 employees include the following: offices of Podiatrists (SIC 8043) (97%), Chiropractors (SIC 8041) (96%),

Optometrists (SIC 8042) (93%), Dentists (SIC 802) (92%), and automotive shops

specializing in Exhaust System Repair (SIC 7533) (96%) and Transmission Repair

(SIC 7537) (93%).

BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

(SOII)

The BLS conducts its annual SOII in private industry. Data from the most recent

survey year (1995) were used for this investigation [BLS 1997c]. The survey sample includes 250,000 establishments and is designed to provide detailed industry

information about nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses. Data for coal, metal

and nonmetal mining, and railroad transportation are provided by the Mine Safety

and Health Administration (MSHA) and the Federal Railroad Administration,

Department of Transportation. The survey excludes self-employed workers and

workers on farms with fewer than 11 employees. The survey includes the following private industry divisions:

Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing (SIC 01–09)

Oil and Gas Extraction (SIC 13)

Sulfur Mining (part of SIC 14)

Construction (SIC 15–17)

Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)

Transportation, Communications, and

Public Utilities (SIC 41–42 and 44–49)

Wholesale and Retail Trade (SIC 50–59)

Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate (SIC 60–67)

Services (SIC 70–87 and 89)

Estimated IRs of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses are based on logs kept

by private industry employers in accordance with recordkeeping guidelines of the

U.S. Department of Labor. The BLS survey data on nonfatal occupational injuries

and illnesses are reported by industry as follows:

 Total number of cases

34 Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk
 Total number of cases involving lost workdays

 Injury IRs per 100 full-time employees

 Combined injury and illness IRs per 100 full-time employees

BLS reports IRs for illnesses per 10,000 employees. For this investigation, illness

IRs are reported per 100 employees to maintain consistency.

The annual survey sample is selected to represent all private industries and all employment class sizes in these industries in the United States and its territories. The

national sample is designed to provide data at the two-digit SIC level for agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Data are provided at the three-digit SIC level for oil and

gas extraction; transportation, communications, and public utilities; wholesale and

retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. The survey provides

data at the four-digit SIC level for manufacturing industries. Employers who are

selected to participate in the survey are obligated to complete and return the Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Survey Form, as specified in 29 CFR 1904.21. If

selected to participate in the survey, small employers (those with no more than

10 employees at a single business establishment) are also obligated to maintain a

log of occupational injuries and illnesses for completing the survey form [29 CFR

1904.15].

BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)

The BLS also conducts the CFOI annually [BLS 1997b]. A variety of data sources

(including death certificates, workers’ compensation reports, news media, and records of Federal, State, and local agencies) are used to compile a comprehensive,

verifiable count of fatal work-related injuries in the United States. Data from the

1994 survey were used for this investigation, since fatality rates for each small

business industry had to be calculated from (1) the number of fatalities identified

through the survey [BLS 1997c] and (2) the population at risk within each small

business industry identified from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of

the Census 1996]. For each of the small business industries by SIC, a fatality rate

was calculated as follows:

Fatality rate = [(number of fatal work injuries/number employed) × 100,000 employees]

The number of fatal occupational injuries by SIC for salaried and wage-earning

employees in private industry was derived from the 1994 CFOI [BLS1995]. The

employment totals by SIC code were determined from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. The BLS Current Population Survey

[BLS 1996] and the BLS employment data from the SOII [BLS 1997c] were also

considered. However, employment information was not consistently available for

all small business industries by SIC from these sources.

Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk35
The use of numerator data (i.e., number of fatalities by SIC for 1994) and denominator data (i.e., number of persons employed by SIC for 1994) allowed for the calculation of fatality rates by SIC for small business industries in 1994. A potentially

major inconsistency between these two data sources (which could significantly affect the fatality rate calculations) involves the inclusion or exclusion of data on

self-employed workers. Because the CFOI survey data include fatalities among

self-employed workers and the County Business Patterns data exclude this group

from employment totals, using the two without adjustment would introduce bias

into the calculation of industry-specific IRs, resulting in artificially high rates

[Biddle and Kisner 1998]. To adjust for this inconsistency, we excluded fatal injury cases involving self-employed workers reported in the CFOI data, thereby

bringing the numerator data more closely in line with the denominator data. The

fatality rates calculated by SIC reflect the IR for fatal injury cases among the salaried and wage-earning sectors of small business industries within private industry;

therefore, these rates do not necessarily characterize the fatality experience for

self-employed workers in the same small business industries. In this report, the

numbers of fatalities for self-employed workers within each small business industry from the 1994 CFOI [BLS 1995] are presented separately. Still, with insufficient data on self-employed workers by industry, this segment of the U.S.

workforce could potentially be the least understood with respect to employment

totals and occupational hazards—and therefore the most difficult to address with

appropriate hazard intervention and prevention strategies. The need to adjust for

these missing data illustrates the importance of characterizing self-employment in

future employment surveillance projects. For example, certain construction and

transportation industries tend to have a high proportion of self-employed workers

[Biddle and Kisner 1998]; and other industries in the service division may experience rapid growth in the number of self-employed workers with the increasing reliance on temporary services, independent consulting, and limited contract work.

Injury, Illness, and Fatality Statistics for All Small

Business Industries

Table 4 lists by SIC the small business industries for which occupational injury, illness, or fatality data were available. The table presents data on the numbers and

IRs for combined occupational injury and illness cases, lost workday cases, and occupational injury, illness, and fatality cases.

Information was available for 105 of the 253 small business industries identified at

either the three- or four-digit SIC level (and 1 at the two-digit SIC level). Most of

the small business industries lacking data are in the Service (SIC 70–89), Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51), and Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) industry divisions, with 54,

36, and 30 small business industries lacking information, respectively. The reason

for this lack of information is that the BLS survey is designed to generate industry

estimates at the four-digit SIC level only for manufacturing industries, and at the

three-digit SIC level for nonmanufacturing industries.

36 Small Business Industries and Related Measures of Risk
TABLE 4. Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small business 

by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only F

F

 Number IR Number IR Number IR Number IR Number IR To

All private industry —‡ 6,575,400 8.1 2,972,100 3.6 6,080,600 7.5 494,800 0.6 5,

All small business

industries — 1,561,300 — 644,950 — 1,507,500 — >55,850 — 1,

Soil preparation services 071 — — — — — — — — Veterinary services 074 9,700 7.9 2,900 2.4 9,500 7.7 600 0.2 — Animal services, except

veterinary 075 3,400 8.6 1,400 3.6 3,300 8.3 100 0.3 — 

Landscape and

horticultural services 078 33,300 10.5 14,700 4.6 32,000 10.1 1,300 0.4 

Uranium-radiumvanadium ores 1094 — — — — — — — — — Natural gas liquids 132 — — — — — — — — — Dimension stone 141 300 9.1 200 5.6 300 9.0 <50 0.1 — Crushed and broken stone 142§ 3,600 5.8 2,100 3.4 3,600 5.7 <50 0.1 

Crushed and broken

limestone 1422 — — — — — — — — — 

Crushed and broken

granite 1423 — — — — — — — — — 

Sand and gravel 144§ 1,700 4.9 1,000 3.1 1,600 4.8 100 0.1 Construction sand and

gravel 1442 — — — — — — — — — 

Industrial sand 1446 — — — — — — — — — Nonmetallic mineral

services, except fuels 148 — — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) in small bu

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

 Number IR Number IR Number IR NumberIR Number IR T

General contractors and

operative builders 15 104,700 9.8 47,100 4.4 102,700 9.6 2,000 0.2 

Plumbing, heating, and air

conditioning 171 86,000 12.9 36,100 5.4 84,900 12.7 1,100 0.2 

Painting and paper

hanging 172 11,200 7.3 6,100 4.0 11,000 7.2 200 0.1 

Masonry, stonework, and

plastering 174§ 37,300 10.8 19,100 5.5 36,900 10.7 400 0.1 

Masonry, stone setting,

and other stone work 1741 — — — — — — — — 

Terrazzo, tile, marble, and

mosaic work 1743 — — — — — — — — 

Carpentry and floor work 175§ 20,100 10.8 10,200 5.4 19,600 10.5 500 0.3 Carpentry work 1751 — — — — — — — — Floor laying, and other

work, NEC** 1752 — — — — — — — — 

Roofing, siding, and sheet

metal work 176 25,600 14.8 13,400 7.8 25,200 14.6 400 0.2 

Concrete work 177 21,800 10.6 10,400 5.0 21,100 10.2 700 0.4 Water well drilling 178 1,900 9.4 900 4.2 1,900 9.3 <50 0.1 Miscellaneous special

trade contractors 179§ 45,700 9.6 21,400 4.5 44,800 9.4 900 0.2 

Glass and glazing work 1793 — — — — — — — — Excavation work 1794 — — — — — — — — Wrecking and demolition

work 1795 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Special trade contractors,

NEC 1799 — — — — — — — — 

Prepared feeds, NEC 2048 4,400 10.0 2,000 4.6 4,200 9.6 200 0.4 Animal and marine fats

and oils 2077 1,500 17.1 800 9.3 1,400 16.4 100 0.7 

Manufactured ice 2097 — — — — — — — — Fur goods 237 — — — — — — — — Logging 241 7,700 10.5 4,900 6.7 7,300 10.0 400 0.5 Special products sawmills,

NEC 2429 — — — — — — — — 

Wood containers 244§ 8,200 17.1 4,000 8.4 8,100 16.9 100 0.2 

Nailed and lock corner

wood boxes 2441 — — — — — — — — 

Wood pallets and skids 2448 6,200 16.7 3,000 8.2 6,100 16.5 100 0.2 Wood preserving 2491 1,500 12.6 600 5.6 1,400 12.1 100 0.1 Industrial gases 2813 600 2.4 300 1.0 500 2.1 100 0.3 Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 1,000 10.2 500 4.8 1,000 10.1 <50 0.1 Printing ink 2893 1,200 8.0 400 2.7 1,200 7.9 <50 0.1 Asphalt paving mixtures

and blocks 2951 1,300 9.4 600 3.9 1,300 9.2 <50 0.2 

Concrete, gypsum, and

plaster products 327§ 26,600 12.5 12,800 6.0 25,700 12.0 900 0.5 

Concrete block and brick 3271 2,200 11.8 1,100 5.9 2,100 11.6 100 0.2 Ready-mixed concrete 3273 12,200 11.7 6,000 5.7 12,100 11.5 100 0.2 Cut stone and stone

products 328 1,200 9.6 500 3.8 1,100 8.7 900 0.9 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Industrial patterns 3543 — — — — — — — — Industrial and commercial

machinery andequipment, NEC 3599 32,400 12.3 12,500 4.7 31,100 11.8 1,300 0.5 

Marking devices 3953 500 6.2 300 3.3 500 5.7 <50 0.5 Taxicabs 412 1,700 6.1 1,000 3.5 1,700 6.1 <50 0.0 Bus charter service, except

local 4142 — — — — — — — — 

Bus terminal and service

facilities 417 — — — — — — — — 

Farm product warehousing

and storage 4221 — — — — — — — — 

Trucking terminal

facilities 423 600 14.9 300 8.8 600 14.7 <50 0.2 

Ferries 4482 — — — — — — — — Marinas 4493 — — — — — — — — Pipelines, NEC 4619 — — — — — — — — Passenger transportation

arrangement 472§ 1,700 0.9 700 0.4 1,500 0.8 200 0.1 

Travel agencies 4724 — — — — — — — — Freight transportation

arrangement 473 9,300 6.1 5,500 3.6 9,200 6.0 100 0.1 

Irrigation systems 497 — — — — — — — — Motor vehicles, parts, and

supplies 501§ 48,900 10.7 23,400 5.1 46,000 10.0 2,900 0.7 

Motor vehicle supplies and

new parts 5013 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Tires and tubes 5014 — — — — — — — — Motor vehicle parts, used 5015 — — — — — — — — Furniture and home

furnishings 502§ 9,200 6.5 4,600 3.3 9,000 6.3 200 0.2 

Furniture 5021 — — — — — — — — Home furnishings 5023 — — — — — — — — Lumber and construction

materials 503§ 24,900 10.5 12,000 5.0 24,700 10.4 200 0.1 

Lumber, plywood,

millwork, and woodpanels 5031 — — — — — — — — 

Brick, stone, and related

construction materials 5032 — — — — — — — — 

Roofing, siding, and

insulation materials 5033 — — — — — — — — 

Construction materials,

NEC 5039 — — — — — — — — 

Commercial equipment,

NEC 5046 — — — — — — — — 

Metals and minerals,

except petroleum 505§ 18,300 12.5 8,500 5.8 18,000 12.3 300 0.2 

Metals service centers and

offices 5051 — — — — — — — — 

Coal and other minerals

and ores 5052 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Electrical apparatus and

equipment, wiringsupplies, andconstruction materials 5063 — — — — — — — — 

Hardware, plumbing, and

heating equipment 507§ 17,800 6.4 8,800 3.2 17,300 6.3 500 0.1 

Plumbing and hydronic

heating supplies 5074 — — — — — — — — 

Warm-air heating and air

conditioning equipmentand supplies 5075 — — — — — — — — 

Refrigeration equipment

and supplies 5078 — — — — — — — — 

Machinery, equipment,

and supplies 508§ 54,800 7.1 21,800 2.8 53,600 7.0 1,200 0.1 

Farm and garden

machinery andequipment 5083 — — — — — — — — 

Industrial machinery and

equipment 5084 — — — — — — — — 

Industrial supplies 5085 — — — — — — — — Service establishment

equipment and supplies 5087 — — — — — — — — 

Sporting and recreational

goods and supplies 5091 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Scrap and waste materials 5093 — — — — — — — — Industrial and personal

service paper 5113 — — — — — — — — 

Piece goods, notions, and

other dry goods 5131 — — — — — — — — 

Fish and seafoods 5146 — — — — — — — — Farm-product raw

materials 515§ 6,700 7.1 2,900 3.1 6,500 7.0 200 0.1 

Grain and field beans 5153 — — — — — — — — Livestock 5154 — — — — — — — — Farm-product raw

materials, NEC 5159 — — — — — — — — 

Chemicals and allied

products 516§ 8,100 5.5 3,700 2.5 7,800 5.4 300 0.1 

Plastic materials and basic

forms and shapes 5162 — — — — — — — — 

Chemical and allied

products, NEC 5169 — — — — — — — — 

Petroleum and petroleum

products 517§ 9,300 6.1 4,000 2.6 8,900 5.8 400 0.3 

Petroleum bulk stations

and terminals 5171 — — — — — — — — 

Petroleum and petroleum

products wholesalers,except bulk stations andterminals 5172 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

 Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number Number NumberIR Number IR 

Farm supplies 5191 — — — — — — — — Flowers, nursery stock,

and florists’ supplies 5193 — — — — — — — — 

Paints, varnishes, and

supplies 5198 — — — — — — — — 

Nondurable goods, NEC 5199 — — — — — — — — Paint, glass, and wallpaper

stores 523 3,600 6.2 1,600 2.6 3,600 6.2 <50 0.0 

Hardware stores 525 7,100 5.2 2,800 2.1 6,900 5.1 200 0.1 Retail nurseries, lawn, and

garden supply stores 526 5,000 6.7 2,200 3.0 4,700 6.5 300 0.2 

Mobile home dealers 527 2,200 6.6 900 2.7 2,200 6.5 <50 0.1 Variety stores 533 9,000 8.9 4,400 4.4 8,900 8.8 100 0.1 Meat and fish (seafood)

markets, includingfreezer provisioners 542 1,600 4.1 600 1.5 1,600 4.0 <50 0.1 

Fruit and vegetable

markets 543 1,200 5.7 600 2.8 1,200 5.6 <50 0.1 

Candy, nut, and

confectionery stores 544 900 4.7 600 2.8 900 4.6 <50 0.1 

Dairy products stores 545 500 4.7 300 2.5 400 4.0 100 0.7 Miscellaneous food stores 549 1,800 3.6 800 1.6 1,800 3.5 <50 0.1 Motor vehicle dealers

(used only) 552 1,700 2.3 700 1.0 1,700 2.3 <50 0.0 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Auto and home supply

stores 553 33,300 9.2 14,300 4.0 32,800 9.1 500 0.1 

Gasoline service stations 554 23,700 4.4 10,100 1.9 23,100 4.3 600 0.1 Boat dealers 555 1,800 5.9 700 2.4 1,800 5.9 <50 0.0 Recreational vehicle

dealers 556 2,200 9.3 600 2.7 2,200 9.3 <50 0.0 

Motorcycle dealers 557 700 2.5 300 1.0 700 2.3 <50 0.2 Automotive dealers, NEC 559 — — — — — — — — Mens’ and boys’ clothing

and accessory stores 561 1,400 2.1 800 1.1 1,300 2.0 100 0.1 

Women’s clothing stores 562 6,900 3.3 2,700 1.3 6,700 3.2 200 0.1 Women’s accessories and

specialty stores 563 — — — — — — — — 

Children’s and infants’

wear stores 564 700 2.9 400 1.7 700 2.9 <50 0.0 

Shoe stores 566 4,000 2.7 2,100 1.4 3,800 2.6 200 0.1 Miscellaneous apparel and

accessory stores 569 1,800 2.9 700 1.1 1,700 2.8 100 0.1 

Furniture and home

furnishings stores 571§ 30,900 7.2 15,300 3.5 30,500 7.0 400 0.2 

Furniture stores 5712 — — — — — — — — Floor covering stores 5713 — — — — — — — — Drapery, curtain, and

upholstery stores 5714 — — — — — — — — 

Miscellaneous home

furnishings stores 5719 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

 Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR 

Household appliance

stores 572 5,200 7.2 2,100 2.9 5,100 7.2 100 0.0 

Radio, television, and

computer stores 573§ 10,500 3.3 4,600 1.4 10,300 3.2 200 0.1 

Radio, television, and

consumer electronicsstores 5731 — — — — — — — — 

Computer and computer

software stores 5734 — — — — — — — — 

Record and prerecorded

tape stores 5735 — — — — — — — — 

Musical instrument stores 5736 — — — — — — — — Eating and drinking places 581§ 379,200 7.6 121,700 2.4 365,600 7.4 13,600 0.2 

Eating places 5812 — — — — — — — — Drinking places 5813 — — — — — — — — Drug stores and

proprietary stores 591 13,300 3.2 5,300 1.3 12,800 3.0 500 0.2 

Liquor stores 592 2,000 2.5 700 0.9 2,000 2.5 <50 0.0 Used merchandise stores 593 3,600 4.5 2,100 2.6 3,500 4.4 100 0.1 Miscellaneous shopping

goods stores 594§ 26,200 3.8 10,500 1.5 25,400 3.7 800 0.1 

Sporting goods stores and

bicycle shops 5941 — — — — — — — — 

Book stores 5942 — — — — — — — — See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number IR NumberIR Number IR 

Stationery stores 5943 — — — — — — — — Jewelry stores 5944 — — — — — — — — Hobby, toy, and game

shops 5945 — — — — — — — — 

Camera and photographic

supply stores 5946 — — — — — — — — 

Gift, novelty, and souvenir

shops 5947 — — — — — — — — 

Luggage and leather goods

stores 5948 — — — — — — — — 

Sewing, needlework, and

piece goods stores 5949 — — — — — — — — 

Direct selling

establishments 5963 — — — — — — — — 

Fuel dealers 598§ 7,400 8.0 3,600 3.9 7,200 7.8 200 0.2 

Fuel oil dealers 5983 — — — — — — — — Liquefied petroleum

(bottled gas) dealers 5984 — — — — — — — — 

Fuel dealers, NEC 5989 — — — — — — — — Retail stores, NEC 599§ 12,000 3.3 4,900 1.3 11,400 3.1 600 0.2 

Florists 5992 — — — — — — — — Tobacco stores and stands 5993 — — — — — — — — News dealers and

newsstands 5994 — — — — — — — — 

Optical goods stores 5995 — — — — — — — — See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number IR NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Miscellaneous retail stores,

NEC 5999 — — — — — — — — 

Credit unions 606 3,000 2.2 1,000 0.7 2,700 1.9 300 0.3 Insurance agents, brokers,

and service 641 7,600 1.2 2,700 0.4 6,400 1.0 1,200 0.2 

Real estate operators and

lessors 651 32,100 7.1 16,100 3.6 30,600 6.8 1,500 0.3 

Title abstract offices 654 200 0.9 100 0.3 200 0.8 <50 0.1 Subdividers and

developers 655§ 7,300 7.7 3,400 3.6 7,000 7.5 300 0.2 

Cemetery subdividers and

developers 6553 — — — — — — — — 

Oil royalty traders 6792 — — — — — — — — Investors, NEC 6799 — — — — — — — — Rooming and boarding

houses 702 — — — — — — — — 

Camps and recreational

vehicle parks 703§ 3,100 10.8 1,000 3.5 2,900 10.2 200 0.6 

Sporting and recreational

camps 7032 — — — — — — — — 

Recreational vehicle parks

and campsites 7033 — — — — — — — — 

Laundry, cleaning, and

garment services 721§ 26,400 7.2 13,000 3.5 25,300 6.9 1,100 0.3 

Garment pressing and

cleaners’ agents 7212 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Coin-operated laundries

and drycleaning 7215 — — — — — — — — 

Drycleaning plants, except

rug cleaning 7216 — — — — — — — — 

Carpet and upholstery

cleaning 7217 — — — — — — — — 

Laundry and garment

services, NEC 7219 — — — — — — — — 

Photographic studios,

portrait 722 1,600 2.9 800 1.4 1,500 2.7 100 0.2 

Beauty shops 723 5,000 1.7 1,900 0.7 3,700 1.3 1,300 0.4 Barber shops 724 — — — — — — — — Shoe repair shops and

shoeshine parlors 725 — — — — — — — — 

Funeral services and

crematories 726 2,400 3.2 1,100 1.5 2,300 3.1 100 0.1 

Miscellaneous personal

services, NEC 7299 — — — — — — — — 

Outdoor advertising

services 7312 — — — — — — — — 

Adjustment and collection

services 7322 — — — — — — — — 

Commercial photography 7335 — — — — — — — — Commercial art and

graphic design 7336 — — — — — — — — 

Secretarial and court

reporting services 7338 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number Number NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Disinfecting and pest

control services 7342 — — — — — — — — 

Miscellaneous equipment

rental and leasing 735§ 16,100 7.9 6,500 3.2 15,600 7.6 500 0.3 

Medical equipment rental 7352 — — — — — — — — Heavy construction

equipment rental 7353 — — — — — — — — 

Equipment rental and

leasing, NEC 7359 — — — — — — — — 

Computer rental and

leasing 7377 — — — — — — — — 

Truck rental and leasing,

no drivers 7513 — — — — — — — — 

Utility trailer rental 7519 — — — — — — — — Automobile parking 752 2,900 5.7 1,200 2.4 2,800 5.6 100 0.1 Automotive repair shops 753§ 35,400 6.6 13,900 2.6 34,400 6.4 1,000 0.2 Top, body and upholstery

repair shops, and paintshops 7532 — — — — — — — — 

Automotive exhaust

system repair shops 7533 — — — — — — — — 

Tire retreading and repair

shops 7534 — — — — — — — — 

Automotive glass

replacement shops 7536 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number Number NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Automotive transmission

repair shops 7537 — — — — — — — — 

General automotive repair

shops 7538 — — — — — — — — 

Automotive repair shops,

NEC 7539 — — — — — — — — 

Automotive services,

except repair 754§ 12,000 7.1 5,900 3.5 11,700 6.9 300 0.2 

Carwashes 7542 — — — — — — — — Automotive services,

except repair 7549 — — — — — — — — 

Radio and television repair

shops 7622 — — — — — — — — 

Refrigeration and air

conditioning service andrepair shops 7623 — — — — — — — — 

Watch, clock, and jewelry

repair 763 — — — — — — — — 

Reupholstery and furniture

repair 764 1,000 5.3 600 3.0 1,000 5.2 <50 0.1 

Miscellaneous repair shops 769§ 19,700 9.5 9,100 4.4 19,300 9.3 400 0.2 Welding repair 7692 — — — — — — — — Armature rewinding shops 7694 — — — — — — — — Repair shops and related

services, NEC 7699 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number Number NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Motion picture distribution

services 7829 — — — — — — — — 

Motion picture theaters,

except drive-ins 7832 — — — — — — — — 

Drive-in motion picture

theaters 7833 — — — — — — — — 

Video tape rental 784 1,100 1.3 300 0.3 1,100 1.3 <50 0.0 Dance studios, schools,

and halls 791 100 0.9 <50 0.5 100 0.9 <50 0.0 

Bowling centers 793 2,000 3.8 600 1.2 1,900 3.7 100 0.2 Physical fitness facilities 7991 — — — — — — — — Public golf courses 7992 — — — — — — — — Coin-operated amusement

devices 7993 — — — — — — — — 

Offices and clinics of

medical doctors 801 37,900 2.8 9,800 0.7 32,700 2.4 5,200 0.4 

Offices and clinics of

dentists 802 10,100 2.4 700 0.2 9,000 2.1 1,100 0.3 

Offices and clinics of

doctors of osteopathy 803 — — — — — — — — 

Offices of other health

practitioners 804§ 6,000 1.9 2,700 0.8 5,400 1.7 600 0.2 

Offices and clinics of

chiropractors 8041 — — — — — — — — 

Offices and clinics of

optometrists 8042 — — — — — — — — 

Offices and clinics of

podiatrists 8043 — — — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 4 (Continued). Injuries, illnesses, and lost workday cases (1995) and fatal occupational injuries (1994) i

industries, by SIC

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC

Illnesses and

injuries combined

Lost workday

cases Injuries only cases Injuries only Injuries only Illnesses only Illnesses only Illnesses only 

Number IR Number IR Number Number Number IR Number Number NumberIR Number Number Number IR 

Offices and clinics of

health practitioners,NEC 8049 — — — — — — — — 

Dental laboratories 8072 — — — — — — — — Schools and educational

services, NEC 829 2,800 3.1 1,000 1.1 2,600 2.9 200 0.2 

Child day care services 835 14,800 3.8 6,700 1.7 13,800 3.5 1,000 0.3 Labor organizations 863 — — — — — — — — Religious organizations 866 2,000 2.6 900 1.2 1,900 2.5 100 0.1 Architectural services 8712 — — — — — — — — Surveying services 8713 — — — — — — — — Public relations services 8743 — — — — — — — — Services, NEC 899 900 2.4 500 1.2 800 2.1 100 0.3 

*SW = the number of fatal occupational injuries associated with self-employed workers; this number is included in the total number of fatal occupatio

in the calculation of the fatality rate. †Fatal occupational injuries associated with self-employed workers are excluded from the calculations in this column. Denominator data were derived 

SIC in the Bureau of the Census County Business Patterns 1994. ‡— indicates that too few data were reported or available for the industry at this SIC level. §Indicates that the SIC category listed is followed by at least one additional subcategory.

**Not elsewhere classified.

††A wide discrepancy exists between the BLS estimate and the Bureau of the Census data on the number of persons employed in Trucking terminal fac

1995 estimates employment for this industry to be 4,400, whereas data from the CBP 1994 shows employment to be 553. The larger estimate was use

calculate the fatality rate for this particular SIC category. The fatality rate for this category, though high compared with other SIC categories, is proba
Results

4

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . 57

Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses . . . . . . . . 60

Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due to

Nonfatal Occupational Injury and Illness . . 63

Fatal Occupational Injuries . . . . . . . . . . 66

High-Risk Small Business Industries:

A Combined Risk Index . . . . . . . . . . . 74

At least one-third of all occupational fatalities occurred

in establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and at

least half occurred in establishments with fewer than

100 employees.
56 Results
Results

Of the 253SIC codes that met the definition of small business industry, 105

had available occupational injury, illness, and fatality data. These industries

included 101 small business industries with available injury and illness data: 1 at

the two-digit SIC level, 88 at the three-digit level, and 12 at the four-digit level.

Of the 150 small business industries identified at the four-digit SIC level, 96 SIC

codes were contained within a broader small business industry code at the

three-digit level. Data indicated that there were 62 small business industries in

which at least one fatal occupational injury had occurred. These included 58 small

business industries with available injury and illness data and 4 without such data.

Nonfatal Occupational Injuries

The BLS defines occupational injury as a laceration, fracture, sprain, amputation,

etc. that results from a work-related event or from a single instantaneous exposure

in the work environment [BLS 1997c]. In all private industry, an estimated 6.1

million nonfatal occupational injury cases occurred in 1995. This number translates to an IR of 7.5 injuries per 100 full-time employees. Figures 1 through 6 identify the highest-risk small business industries (top 25%) for which data are

available with regard to nonfatal occupational injuries, nonfatal occupational illnesses, and lost workday cases for injuries and illnesses [BLS 1997c]. Figure 1 lists

the top quartile of small business industries according to the total number of cases

of nonfatal occupational injuries. This ranking does not take into account differences in the number of employees associated with a particular SIC (as with the injury rates in Figure 2), but it is important for showing the number of employees

affected. This ranking on the basis of total number of injury cases is also important

for recognizing occupational populations to target with interventions that have a

broader impact (i.e., those that affect a larger number of employees). Leading the

list are two of the largest small business industries—Eating and Drinking Places

(SIC 581) and General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15)—with

365,600 cases and 102,700 cases, respectively.

In Figure 2, the top 25% of small business industries are listed by the IRs for

nonfatal occupational injury cases. When considering the total number of employees for each SIC, Eating and Drinking Places drops out of the top 25% with an IR

of 7.4, and General Contractors and Operative Builders drops to number 22 with

an IR of 9.6. Topping the list are the manufacturing categories of Wood Containers

(SIC 244), the subcategory Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), and Animal and

Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), with rates of 16.9, 16.5, and 16.4, respectively.

Results 57
(Number of cases)

Child day care services [SIC 835]

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]

Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Furniture and homefurnishings stores [SIC 571]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]

Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]

Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Machinery, equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]

All private industry

10000 100000 1000000

Figure 1. Small business industries with the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational injury cases (top

25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

10,000 100,000 1,000,000

6,080,600

365,600

102,700

84,900

53,600

46,000

44,800

36,900

34,400

32,800

32,700

32,000

31,100

30,600

30,500

25,700

25,400

25,300

25,200

24,700

23,100

21,100

19,300

18,000

17,300

15,600

13,800
(Per 100 full-time workers)

Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Recreational vehicle dealers [SIC 556]

Water well drilling [SIC 178]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Logging [SIC 241]

Fertilizers, mixing only [SIC 2875]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Ready-mixed concrete [SIC 3273]

Concrete block and brick [SIC 3271]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Wood preserving [SIC 2491]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]

Wood pallets and skids [SIC 2448]

Wood containers [SIC 244]

All private industry

0 5 10 15 20

Figure 2. Small business industries with the highest nonfatal occupational injury IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

7.5

16.9

16.5

16.4

14.8

14.7

12.9

12.3

12.1

12.0

11.8

11.6

11.5

10.7

10.5

10.4

10.2

10.2

10.1

10.1

10.0

10.0

9.6

9.6

9.4

9.3

9.3

9.3
All small business industries in the top quartile in Figure 2 have IRs for nonfatal

occupational injuries that exceed the average rate for all private industry (i.e.,

7.5 cases per 100 full-time employees).

Nonfatal Occupational Illnesses

The BLS defines occupational illness as any abnormal condition or disorder (other

than one resulting from an occupational injury) caused by exposure to factors associated with employment [BLS 1997c]. This BLS definition includes acute and

chronic illness or disease that may be caused by inhalation, absorption, ingestion,

or direct contact. Of the estimated 6.5 million cases of nonfatal occupational illness and injury in private industry reported by the BLS for 1995, roughly 495,000

(7.5%) were cases of occupational illness. Additional information about occupational illnesses at the two- and three-digit SIC level is available from the BLS, including data for the following illness categories:

 Skin diseases or disorders (e.g., contact dermatitis, eczema, oil acne, and

chemical burns)

 Dust diseases of the lungs (e.g., silicosis, asbestosis, byssinosis, and siderosis)

 Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents (e.g., pneumonitis, farmer’s lung,

and acute congestion)

 Poisoning (e.g., by exposure to metals, organic solvents, carbon monoxide,

and insecticide sprays)

 Disorders due to physical agents (e.g., heatstroke, heat exhaustion, frostbite,

freezing, and ionizing and nonionizing radiation)

 Disorders associated with repeated trauma (e.g., musculoskeletal disorders,

noise-induced hearing loss, Raynaud’s phenomenon, synovitis, bursitis, and

tenosynovitis)

 All other occupational illnesses (e.g., infectious hepatitis, food poisoning,

and histoplasmosis)

Because most of the small business industries examined for this study were identified at the three- and four-digit SIC levels, no analysis was performed of occupational illnesses by the categories listed above for two- and three-digit SIC codes.

Instead, SIC codes were identified with the greatest total cases and IRs for occupational injury and illness. Subsequent analyses can be performed to determine

the nature of these illnesses, identify related hazards, and determine prevention

strategies for priority industries.

The data on nonfatal occupational illnesses in Table 4 and in Figures 3and 4 may

be useful in targeting industries where the morbidity rate reflects illnesses that are

60 Results
(Number of cases)

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]

Drug stores and proprietary stores [SIC 591]

Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Offices of other health practitioners [SIC 804]

Retail stores, N.E.C. [SIC 599]

Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Veterinary services [SIC 074]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Child day care services [SIC 835]

Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]

Offices and clinics of dentists [SIC 802]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Insurance agents, brokers and service [SIC 641]

Machinery equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Beauty shops [SIC 723]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]

Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]

All private industry

100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

Figure 3. Small business industries with the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational illness cases (top 25%).

(Source: BLS 1997c.)

494,800

13,600

5,200

2,900

2,000

1,500

1,300

1,300

1,300

1,200

1,200

1,100

1,100

1,100

1,000

1,000

900

900

800

700

600

600

600

600

500

500

500

500

100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
(Per 100 full-time workers)

Services, N.E.C. [SIC 891]

Child day care services [SIC 835]

Offices and clinics of dentists [SIC 802]

Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing [SIC 735]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

Petroleum and petroleum products [SIC 517]

Industrial gases [SIC 2813]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Animal services, except veterinary [SIC 075]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]

Beauty shops [SIC 723]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]

Logging [SIC 241]

Wood preserving [SIC 2491]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Marking devices [SIC 3953]

Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]

Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Dairy products stores [SIC 545]

Cut stone and stone products [SIC 328]

All private industry

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure 4. Small business industries with the highest nonfatal occupational illness IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

0.6

0.9

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3
caused by exposure to known hazards. Table 4 lists data on the number of occupational illnesses and the corresponding rates for small business industries (when

available). In Figure 3, the top 25% of small business industries are ranked by total

cases of occupational illnesses. Leading this list is Eating and Drinking Places (SIC

581), with 13,600 cases of occupational illness. Next are Offices and Clinics of

Medical Doctors (SIC 801), with 5,200 cases, and Wholesale Trade of Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501), with 2,900 cases. In Figure 4, the top 25% of

small business industries are ranked according to IRs for cases of occupational illness. This list is headed by Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328), with an IR of

0.9 cases per 100 full-time employees. Next are Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545),

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501), and Animal and Marine Fats and

Oils (SIC 2077), each with an IR of 0.7. Only the top four small business industries in Figure 4 have occupational illness IRs that exceed the average rate for all

private industry (i.e., 0.6 cases per 100 full-time employees).

Cases of occupational injury and illness (especially the latter) are likely to be

underreported [Leigh et al. 1997]. The data from the annual SOII [BLS 1997c]

are collected from private firms that (as some have argued) face an economic incentive to underreport [Ruser and Smith 1991; Leigh et al. 1997]. One study of

work-related cumulative trauma disorders (which are considered an occupational

illness) indicates a 60% undercount based on illness reporting by private industry

[Nelson et al. 1992].

Cases Involving Lost Workdays Due to Nonfatal

Occupational Injury and Illness

Figures 5 and 6 present lost workday cases and IRs as measures of more severe occupational illnesses and injuries combined ( i.e., cases requiring days away from

work, days of restricted work activity, or both) [BLS 1997c]. Figure 5 lists the top

25% of small business industries ranked by total number of lost workday cases due

to occupational injury and illness. The ranking in Figure 5 for cases involving lost

work time is very similar to that in Figure 1, which shows all cases of nonfatal occupational injuries (with or without lost work time). This similarity is due to the high

percentage of occupational injuries (92.5%) in the combined category. Again, with

no consideration of the number of employees in a given SIC, Eating and Drinking

Places (SIC 581) tops the list with 121,700 cases. General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) follows with 47,100 cases. The comparison of the ranking

based on IRs for lost work time injuries and illnesses (Figure 6) with the ranking involving IRs for all nonfatal injuries (Figure 2) again indicates remarkable similarity.

In Figure 6, rankings by IRs for lost workday cases due to occupational injuries and

illnesses show that the manufacturing category of Animal and Marine Fats (SIC

2077) leads the list with a rate of 9.3cases per 100 full-time employees. Next are

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423), with an IR of 8.8; Wood Containers (SIC

244), with an IR of 8.4; and Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), with an IR of 8.2.

All small business industries within the top quartile shown in Figure 6 have lost

Results 63
(Number of cases)

Child day care services [SIC 835]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment [SIC 507]

Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Offices and clinics of medical doctors [SIC 801]

Gasoline service stations [SIC 554]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Miscellaneous shopping goods stores [SIC 594]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Laundry, cleaning and garment services [SIC 721]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Automotive repair shops [SIC 753]

Auto and home supply stores [SIC 553]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Furniture and homefurnishings stores [SIC 571]

Real estate operators and lessors [SIC 651]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Machinery, equipment and supplies [SIC 508]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Eating and drinking places [SIC 581]

All private industry

1000 10000 100000 1000000

2,972,10

0

121,700

47,100

28,400

23,400

21,800

21,400

19,100

16,100

15,300

14,700

14,300

13,900

13,400

13,000

12,800

12,500

12,000

10,500

10,400

10,200

10,100

9,800

9,100

8,800

Figure 5. Small business industries with the highest numbers of lost workday cases (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
(Per 100 full-time workers)

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Miscellaneous repair shops [SIC 769]

Variety stores [SIC 533]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Prepared feeds, N.E.C. [SIC 2048]

Industrial/commercial machinery and equipment, N.E.C. [SIC 3599]

Fertilizers, mixing only [SIC 2875]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies [SIC 501]

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Carpentry and floor work [SIC 175]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Dimension stone [SIC 141]

Wood preserving [SIC 2491]

Ready-mixed concrete [SIC 3273]

Metals and minerals, except petroleum [SIC 505]

Concrete block and brick [SIC 3271]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

Logging [SIC 241]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Wood pallets and skids [SIC 2448]

Wood containers [SIC 244]

Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]

Animal and marine fats and oils [SIC 2077]

All private industry

0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 6. Small business industries with the highest lost workday IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997c.)

3.6

9.3

8.8

8.4

8.2

7.8

6.7

6.0

5.9

5.8

5.7

5.6

5.6

5.5

5.4

5.4

5.1

5.0

5.0

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.4
workday IRs that exceed the average rate for all private industry—3.6 lost workday cases per 100 full-time employees.

Fatal Occupational Injuries

In 1994, the BLS [1995] reported 6,588 fatal occupational injuries for the entire

U.S. workforce, including 665 fatalities among government employees and 1,252

deaths involving self-employed workers. Excluding these two latter groups, the

number of fatalities among salaried/wage-earning employees in private industry

totaled 4,671 [BLS 1995]. For this investigation, we examined the 1994 CFOI

data [BLS 1995] to determine which of the small business industries identified for

this study had experienced fatal occupational injuries. Although fatality data for

more recent years (1995 and 1996) were available, 1994 CFOI data were used to

permit calculation of fatality rates by SIC using the employment data from the

County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] as a denominator. Of

the 253industries identified in Tables 3and 4 as small business industries, 62 were

listed in the 1994 CFOI with associated fatal injuries. In Table 5, the small business industries are listed by number of fatal occupational injuries in 1994 associated with each SIC for both salaried/wage-earning employees and self-employed

workers. Table 5 also includes a breakdown of the percentage of fatal occupational

injuries attributed to a major event or exposure (i.e., transportation incidents, assaults and violent acts, contact with objects and equipment, falls, exposure to

harmful substances or environments, and fires and explosions). The total number

of reported fatal occupational injuries associated with the small business industries

identified in this investigation was 1,924—or 32% of all fatal occupational injuries

in private industry. Among small business industries, 356 of the fatal occupational

injury cases involved self-employed workers. Fatal occupational injuries for all

private industry totaled 5,923, with 1,252 fatal injuries occurring among selfemployed workers.

Fatal occupational injuries in the salaried/wage-earning sector of private industry

among small business industries (excluding self-employed workers) totaled

1,568—or 34% of the fatal occupational injuries in this sector of private industry in

1994. On the basis of CFOI data for all industries in 1994, the BLS noted that at

least one-third of all work-related fatal occupational injuries occurred in establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and at least half occurred in establishments

with fewer than 100 employees. The size of the establishment was unknown for

38% of fatal occupational injuries [BLS 1995].

As shown in Table 5, the greatest numbers of fatal occupational injuries among salaried/wage-earning employees occurred with General Contractors and Operative

Builders (SIC 15) (n=161), Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179)

(n=158), Eating Places (SIC 5812) (n=98), Logging (SIC 241) (n=91), Taxicabs

(SIC 412) (n=86), Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) (n=77), and

Landscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078) (n=64). Figure 7 ranks the top

25% of small business industries with recorded fatal occupational injuries by IRs

for fatal occupational injury. For these injuries, the highest IRs (per 100,000

66 Results
TABLE 5. Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by number of fata

1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fatal occupat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

 Exposu

harm

harm

substa

Total HW Total HW environm

environ

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Private industry — —§ 4,671 1,252 41 20 5 20 16 14 16 10 10 

General

contractors andoperativebuilders 15 1 161 30 22 14 4 5 4 4 16 42 12 

Miscellaneous

special tradecontractors 179 2 158 24 20 8 5 — — — 31 32 9 

Eating places 5812 3 98 21 12 10 2 77 74 61 — 4 3 Logging 241 4 91 39 19 6 5 — — — 79 — — Taxicabs 412 5 86 17 12 10 — 86 85 82 — — — Roofing, siding,

and sheet metalwork 176 6 77 12 9 7 — — — — 6 67 15 

Landscape and

horticulturalservices 078 7 64 36 33 17 7 7 — — 23 24 17 

Plumbing,

heating, and airconditioning 171 8 57 14 30 21 — 6 — — 23 24 14 

Gasoline service

stations 554 9 50 4 15 11 — 82 76 65 — — — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Masonry, stonework,

and plastering 174 10 42 11 34 25 — — — — — 53 

Excavation work 1794 11 39 8 36 13 11 — — — 53 — Special trade

contractors, NEC 1799 12 36 10 20 13 — — — — 24 15 

Automotive repair

shops 753 13 33 28 10 5 — 34 21 18 28 — 

Painting and paper

hanging 172 14 31 9 13 — — — — — — 63 

Concrete work 177 15 30 4 27 15 — — — — 35 12 Machinery,

equipment, andsupplies 508 16 28 — 57 39 — — — — 25 — 

Drinking places 5813 17 27 11 — — — 92 92 76 — — Real estate operators

and lessors 651 17** 27 4 — — — 45 39 32 16 13 

Religious

organizations 866 17 27 — 56 26 — 19 19 — — — 

Lumber and

constructionmaterials 503 20 25 — 48 36 — — — — 20 — 

See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Concrete, gypsum,

and plasterproducts 327 21 24 — 50 33 13 — — — 33 — 

Motor vehicles, parts,

and supplies 501 21 24 — 58 38 — — 13 — 17 — 

Carpentry and floor

work 175 23 20 11 23 16 — — — — — 55 

Farm-product raw

materials 515 23 20 — 35 20 — — — — 25 — 

Miscellaneous repair

shops 769 25 18 11 21 21 — 21 14 10 24 — 

Auto and home

supply stores 553 26 16 — 50 31 — 38 25 25 — — 

Used merchandise

stores 593 27 15 7 — — — 77 73 55 — — 

Retail stores, NEC 599 27 15 11 31 23 — 58 54 35 — — Petroleum and

petroleum products 517 29 14 — 69 62 — — — — — — 

Miscellaneous

equipment rentaland leasing 735 29 14 — 57 36 — — — — — — 

See footnote at end of table. 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Automobile services,

except repair 754 29 14 — 64 21 43 — — — — — 

Crushed and broken

stone 142 32 13 — 39 — — — — — 39 — 

Laundry, cleaning,

and garmentservices 721 32 13 — 23 23 — 39 39 39 — — 

Insurance agents,

brokers, and service 641 34 11 — 55 46 — — — — — — 

Offices and clinics of

medical doctors 801 34 11 — 36 — — 55 27 — — — 

Freight transportation

arrangement 473 36 10 — 80 30 30 — — — — — 

Motor vehicle dealers

(used only) 552 36 10 — 60 — — — — — — — 

Radio, television, and

computer stores 573 36 10 5 40 — — 60 60 60 — — 

Liquor stores 592 36 10 12 — — — 100 100 86 — — Fuel dealers 598 36 10 — 40 30 — — — — — — See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Schools and

educationalservices, NEC 829 36 10 — 80 — — — — — — — 

Industrial and

commercialmachinery andequipment, NEC 3599 42 9 4 — — — — — — 31 31 

Passenger

transportationarrangement 472 42 9 4 39 23 — 39 31 31 — — 

Hardware, plumbing,

and heatingequipment 507 42 9 — 67 33 — — — — — — 

Furniture and home

furnishings stores 571 42 9 7 25 — — 69 50 38 — — 

Sand and gravel 144 46 8 — 38 — — — — — — — Metals and minerals,

except petroleum 505 46 8 — — — — — — — 50 — 

Miscellaneous

shopping goodsstores 594 46 8 11 — — — 90 79 63 — — 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Trucking terminal

facilities 423 49 7 — 43 — — — — — — — 

Drug stores and

proprietary stores 591 49 7 — 57 57 — — — — — — 

See footnotes at end of table.Camps and

recreational vehicleparks 703 49 7 — 71 — — — — — — — 

Video tape rental 784 49 7 — — — — 100 100 100 — — Services, NEC 899 49 7 — 71 — — — — — — — Wood containers 244 54 6 — — — — — — — — — Cut stone and stone

products 328 54 6 — — — — — — — — — 

Furniture and home

furnishings 502 54 6 — — — — — — — — — 

Soil preparation

services 071 57 5 — 100 60 — — — — — — 

Barber shops 724 57 5 — — — — 100 100 100 — — Child day care

services 835 57 5 — 60 — — — — — — — 
TABLE 5 (Continued). Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by n

Number and type of fatal occupational injuries in small business industries, ranked by noccupational injuries for 1994

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC Rank†

Number of fatal Number of fatal

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

occupational injuries Type of event or exposure as % of total fat

Total,

excluding

selfemployed

In selfemployed

workers

Transportation

incidents

Assaults/

violent acts Contact with

objects and

equipment Falls equipment Falls

Total HW Total HW 

‡ WS Total WS Total AH HS

Water well drilling 178 60 4 4 38 — — — — — 35 12 Hardware stores 525 60 4 — — — — — — — — — Offices and clinics of

dentists 802 62 2 4 — — — 83 — — — — 

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 1994.*Numbers within the event or exposure columns represent the percentage of fatalities within the SIC associated with that event or exposure. †NOTE: Totals for industries at the three-digit SIC-level may include subcategories. ‡Abbreviations: HW=highway accidents; WS=workers struck by vehicle; AH=all homicides; HS=homicides by shooting; NEC=not elsewhere §Dash indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet publication criteria.

**Identical numbers indicate a tie in the ranking.
(Per 100,000 workers)

Plumbing, heating and air conditioning [SIC 171]

Masonry, stonework and plastering [SIC 174]

Lumber and construction materials [SIC 503]

Fuel dealers [SIC 598]

Motor vehicle dealers (used only) [SIC 552]

Concrete, gypsum and plaster products [SIC 327]

General contractors and operative builders [SIC 15]

Wood containers [SIC 244]

Concrete work [SIC 177]

Special trade contractors, N.E.C. [SIC 1799]

Farm-product raw materials [SIC 515]

Painting and paper hanging [SIC 172]

Water well drilling [SIC 178]

Landscape and horticultural services [SIC 078]

Camps and recreational vehicle parks [SIC 703]

Sand and gravel [SIC 144]

Miscellaneous special trade contractors [SIC 179]

Crushed and broken stone [SIC 142]

Barber shops [SIC 724]

Roofing, siding and sheet metal work [SIC 176]

Excavation work [SIC 1794]

Cut stone and stone products [SIC 328]

Logging [SIC 241]

Soil preparation services [SIC 071]

Trucking terminal facilities [SIC 423]

Taxicabs [SIC 412]

All private industry

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Figure 7. Small business industries with the highest fatal occupational injury IRs (top 25%). (Source: BLS 1997b.)

*Based on employment estimates from the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c] rather than data from the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the

Census 1996] (which shows employment at only 553 for this SIC code). 

4.8

324 

159*

115 

108 

49.6

41.8

35.7

35.1

34.5

33.1

28.0

22.2

21.7

21.3

19.4

19.2

16.8

15.9

14.3

14.2

13.8

13.7

11.2

10.8

10.6

8.8
full-time employees) occurred among employees involved with Taxicabs (SIC

412) (IR=324), Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) (IR=>159), Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) (IR=115), Logging (SIC 241) (IR=108), and Cut Stone

and Stone Products (SIC 328) (IR=49.6). These rates were significantly higher

than the average fatal injury rate for all private industry (4.8 per 100,000 employees), and all small business industries in the top quartile exceeded this rate. The

leading causes of fatal occupational injuries among small business industries were

also reviewed. Transportation incidents (reported as percentage of all fatal occupational injuries by SIC, percentage associated with highway incidents, and percentage associated with worker struck by vehicle) were the leading cause of fatal

occupational injury in 26 of the 62 small business industries reporting at least 1 fatal occupational injury. Transportation incidents were the leading cause of fatal occupational injury for all private industry as well. Assaults and violent acts (reported

as percentage of all fatal occupational injuries by SIC, percentage associated with

all homicides, and percentage associated with homicides by shooting) were the

leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in 17 of the 62 small business industries, predominantly in the Retail and Service divisions. Assaults and violent acts

include violence by persons, self-inflicted injury (suicide), and assaults by animals.

The vast majority of all fatalities from assaults or violent acts were due to homicides; homicides by shooting were the leading cause. Contact with objects and

equipment was the leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in 6 small business

industries. Fatal falls were the leading cause in 6 other small business industries,

primarily Construction Industries. Exposure to harmful substances and environments was a leading cause in 1 industry (Manufacture of Wood Containers [SIC

244]); this cause was also associated with deaths in 15 other small business industries. Fires and explosions were cited for causing deaths in 7 small business industries.

High-Risk Small Business Industries: A Combined

Risk Index

The small business industry rankings by injury or illness measures in the previous

sections are useful for devising and delivering various prevention campaigns. However, ranking these industries by combining data on occupational injury, illness,

and fatality is also informative. To determine an overall ranking of the highest-risk

small business industries, a combined risk index was calculated. The combined risk

index uses the rankings of small business industries according to

 IRs for cases of nonfatal occupational injury per 100 full-time employees

(Figure 2),

 IRs for cases of nonfatal occupational illness per 100 full-time employees

(Figure 4), and

 IRs for cases of fatal occupational injury per 100,000 full-time employees

(Figure 7).

74 Results
For every small business industry listed in each of the three figures above, a score

was assigned from 0 to 5 based on the individual ranking of the industry in the figure. Scores were assigned to rankings as follows:

 A ranking of 1 to 5 was assigned a score of 5.

 A ranking of 6 to 10 was assigned a score of 4.

 A ranking of 11 to 15 was assigned a score of 3.

 A ranking of 16 to 20 was assigned a score of 2.

 A ranking of 21 to the last ranking was assigned a score of 1.

 A score of 0 was assigned if a specific small business industry was not in the

top 25% and therefore did not appear in the rankings.

To calculate the combined risk index, rankings based on IRs for nonfatal occupational injuries (Figure 2) and illnesses (Figure 4) were chosen rather than the rankings for total number of cases. Because the IR is derived from the number of cases

by SIC divided by the number employed by SIC and is standardized per 100

full-time employees, it may be compared among different small business industries, which may not (and need not) be similar in size.

Rankings based on fatality IRs were also included in the calculation of the combined risk index. Because these cases involve the most extreme consequences of a

work-related injury (i.e., death), it was determined that a fatality measure might

deserve more weight in identifying hazardous industries. Therefore, a weighting

factor was used to increase the relative value placed on fatal injuries in the calculation of the combined risk index. Such an approach was used previously in calculating an “index of harm” for comparing occupational risk of radiation exposures

across industries [Solomon and Abraham 1980]. The score assigned to each SIC

for fatal occupational injury IR was multiplied by 2 when calculating the combined

risk index, thus giving the ranking based on fatality IRs a weighting equal to the

rankings for nonfatal injuries and illnesses combined.

For each small business industry SIC, the three scores were totaled to achieve the

combined risk index. The highest possible score was 20 (i.e., 4 × 5). Each small

business industry SIC was viewed as independent of the others in the rankings and

in the calculation of the combined risk index. No adjustment was made for subcategories contained within larger small business industries (e.g., Wood Pallets and

Skids [SIC 2448] within Wood Containers [SIC 244]). All small business industries that achieved a combined risk index greater than or equal to 1 are presented

by rank in Table 6.

Among the highest-ranking small business industries using the combined risk index was Logging (SIC 241), with a combined risk index of 16, followed by Cut

Results 75
TABLE 6. Small business industries ranked according to combined risk index

Risk scores assigned to the 

industries by injury, illness, a

and 

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC 

Rank by combined

risk index

Combined

risk index†

Nonfatal Nonfatal

occupational occupational

injury IR

Occupati

Occupati

illness 

Logging 241 1 16 2 4 Cut stone and stone products 328 2 15 0 5 Trucking terminal facilities 423 2§ 15 5 0 

Roofing, siding, and sheet metal work 176 4 13 5 0 Camps and recreational vehicle parks 703 4 13 2 5 Landscape and horticultural services 78 6 11 2 3 Animal and marine fats and oils 2077 7 10 5 5 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 327 7 10 4 4 Taxicabs 412 7 10 0 0 Concrete work 177 10 9 2 3 Miscellaneous special trade contractors 179 10 9 1 0 Wood containers 244 10 9 5 0 Crushed and broken stone 142 13 8 0 0 Excavation work 1794 13 8 0 0 Wood preserving 2491 13 8 4 4 Industrial and commercial machinery and

equipment, NEC 3599 13 8 4 4 

Barber shops 724 13 8 0 0 Water well drilling 178 18 7 1 0 Motor vehicles, parts, and supplies 501 18 7 2 5 Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning 171 20 6 4 0 See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 6 (Continued). Small business industries ranked according to combined risk index

Risk scores assigned to the 

industries by injury, illness, a

and 

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC 

Rank by combined

risk index

Combined

risk index†

Nonfatal Nonfatal

occupational occupational

injury IR

Occupati

Occupati

illness 

Painting and paper hanging 172 20 6 0 0 Masonry, stonework, and plastering 174 22 5 3 0 Carpentry and floor work 175 22 5 3 2 Wood pallets and skids 2448 22 5 5 0 Lumber and construction materials 503 22 5 3 0 Dairy products stores 545 22 5 0 5 Special trade contractors, NEC 1799 27 4 0 0 Prepared feeds and feed ingredients for

animals and fowls, except dogs and cats 2048 27 4 1 3 

Marking devices 3953 27 4 0 4 Metals and minerals, except petroleum 505 27 4 4 0 General contractors and operative builders 15 31 3 1 0 Concrete block and brick 3271 31 3 3 0 Ready-mixed concrete 3273 31 3 3 0 Beauty shops 723 31 3 0 3 Offices/clinics of medical doctors 801 31 3 0 3 Animal services, except veterinary 75 36 2 0 2 Industrial gases 2813 36 2 0 2 Fertilizers, mixing only 2875 36 2 2 0 Petroleum and petroleum products 517 36 2 0 2 See footnotes at end of table. 
TABLE 6 (Continued). Small business industries ranked according to combined risk index

Risk scores assigned to the 

industries by injury, illness, a

and 

Industry name SIC Industry name SIC 

Rank by combined

risk index

Combined

risk index†

Nonfatal Nonfatal

occupational occupational

injury IR

Occupati

Occupati

illness 

Motor vehicle dealers (used) 552 36 2 0 0 Real estate operators and lessors 651 36 2 0 2 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 721 36 2 0 2 Miscellaneous equipment rental and leasing 735 36 2 0 2 Offices/clinics of dentists 802 36 2 0 2 Child day care services 835 36 2 0 2 Services, NEC 891 36 2 0 2 Recreational vehicle dealers 556 47 1 1 0 Miscellaneous repair shops 769 47 1 1 0 *Scores of 0 to 5 were assigned as follows: a ranking of 1–5 in Figures 2, 4, or 7 was assigned a score of 5; a ranking of 6–10 was assigned a sco

assigned a score of 3; a ranking of 16–20 was assigned a score of 2; a ranking of 21–last ranking was assigned a score of 1; no ranking was as

†The combined risk index is the total of the risk scores assigned to the rankings of small business industries by injury, illness, and fatality IRs in ‡2=weighting factor. §Identical numbers indicate a tie in the ranking.
Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) and Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423),

with scores of 15. Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) and Camps

and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) had combined risk indices scores of 13,

and Landscape and Horticultural Services(SIC 078) had a score of 11. Animal and

Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products

(SIC 327), and Taxicabs(SIC 412) each had a combined risk indices score of 10.

Although fatalities were a major contributor to the combined risk index, they did

not always drive the rankings in Table 6. The calculation of a combined risk index

is another strategy for considering the injury, illness, and fatality data. However,

this calculation is not necessarily the most important measure of risk, since prevention efforts can also be implemented on the basis of any of the individual occupational injury and illness measures.

Results 79
Discussion

5

The Next Step . . . . . . . . 89

Study Limitations. . . . . . . 91

This report serves as a starting point for identifying the

small business industries that are most likely to require

additional attention and intervention to improve safety

and health conditions.
Discussion

By drawing from the available data sources for information about the employment totals and the injury, illness, and fatality experiences of various industries, it was possible to determine which small business industries involve the highest risks to the safety and health of workers. This report serves as a starting point

for identifying the small business industries that are most likely to require additional attention and intervention to improve safety and health conditions. The report also points out the lack of data for many of the small business industries, indicating a need for better surveillance of these industries.

As part of this report, the morbidity and mortality indices are presented both as

absolute measures (estimated number of cases) and IRs. The total counts of injury,

illness, and fatality cases by industry indicate the number of employees affected by

hazards within given SIC codes. These counts also focus attention on industries in

which interventions and hazard controls could affect the greatest number of employees. For example, Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) leads all other small

business industries in the number of nonfatal injuries (365,600) and lost workday

cases from injuries and illnesses combined (121,700); this SIC is also the largest

small business industry, with more than 449,000 establishments and more than

6.9 million employees. Because the total number of cases do not account for differences in the number of employees in various SIC codes, they do not allow risk

comparisons across SIC codes. However, the IRs represent the number of employees affected divided by the number of employees in a given SIC per 100 full-time

employees for nonfatal injuries and illnesses and per 100,000 workers for fatal injuries. For example, employees in Manufacturing of Wood Containers (SIC 244)

experienced 8,100 nonfatal injuries in 1995—16.9 cases per 100 full-time employees. This industry ranks first among all small business industries with data

available for injury IR. By comparison, Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) has

an injury IR of 7.4 cases per 100 full-time employees and does not rank in the top

25% of the highest-risk small business industries for nonfatal injuries. Although

IRs allow for comparisons across small business industries, they must also be qualified. A case in point is the category of Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071). This industry has the third highest fatality rate (115 cases per 100,000 employees) but it

is based on only 5 fatal injuries (all associated with transportation incidents) that

occurred in 1994 in an industry with only 4,300 employees. This industry also

lacks a ranking for occupational injury and illness because too few data were reported for these outcomes. In contrast, employment in Plumbing, Heating, and

Air Conditioning (SIC 171), which accounted for 57 fatal occupational injuries

plus 14 deaths for self-employed workers, ranked only 26th among all small business industries on the basis of its fatal occupational injury IR (8.8 cases per

Discussion 83
100,000 employees) as a reflection of the number of persons employed in this SIC

code (645,000). Thus for the most complete representation of the risks associated

with each small business SIC code, both total numbers of cases and IRs should be

considered.

Of all small business industries, those in the Construction Trades (Division C)

were most consistently listed in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by total cases and IRs for occupational injury, lost workday cases, and fatal

occupational injuries. Eight of the 17 small business construction trades were in

the top 25% for nonfatal occupational injury IR. Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal

Work (SIC 176) ranked fourth, with 14.6 cases per 100 full-time employees; and

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) ranked sixth, with 12.7 cases

per 100 full-time employees. Seven construction trades were also within the top

25% by IR for lost workdays from injuries and illnesses combined. Again, the leading construction industry was Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176),

ranking fifth, with 7.8 lost workday cases per 100 full-time employees. Construction Trades represented 10 of the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries based on fatal injuries (for both numbers of cases and IRs). General

Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) and Miscellaneous Special Trade

Contractors (SIC 179) together accounted for 373 fatal occupational injuries in

1994, including 54 deaths of self-employed construction workers. Falls, contact

with objects and equipment, and transportation incidents (both highway incidents

and worker struck by vehicle) were the leading causes of fatal occupational injuries

in the small business construction trades. Fewer of the construction trades were

listed among the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries by occupational illnesses (either total cases or IRs). Concrete Work (SIC 177) had an illness

IR of 0.4 cases per 100 full-time employees (a tie for 12th place), and Carpentry

and Floor Work (SIC 175) had an illness rate of 0.3 cases per 100 full-time employees (a tie for 16th place).

Many of the 21 small business industries identified in the Manufacturing Division

(Division D) were listed in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries based on IRs for nonfatal injuries (11 manufacturing SIC codes), nonfatal illnesses (9 manufacturing SIC codes), and lost workdays (11 manufacturing SIC

codes). Leading the list for nonfatal injury IR was the Manufacture of Wood Containers (SIC 244), with a rate of 16.9 cases per 100 full-time employees, followed

by the subgroup of Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448), with a rate of 16.5 cases

per 100 employees, and Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077), with a rate

of 16.4 cases per 100 employees. Each of these three SIC codes was listed within

the top five of the highest-risk small business industries based on lost workday

cases from injuries and illnesses combined, with rates of 9.3, 8.4, and 8.2 cases per

100 full-time employees for SICs 2077, 244, and 2448, respectively. Manufacture

of Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) also tied for second place based

on the IR for nonfatal illness alone (0.7 cases per 100 employees), behind the manufacturing small business industry of Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328),

with a rate of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time employees. Fewer manufacturing small

business industries numbered among the top 25% based on fatal occupational

84 Discussion
injuries. Logging (SIC 241) had the fourth highest fatal occupational injury IR,

with 108 cases per 100,000 employees; Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)

followed in fifth place, with 49.6 cases per 100,000 employees.

Of the four small business SIC codes in Agriculture (Division A), one was listed

more frequently within the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries

based on both morbidity and mortality measures. Landscape and Horticultural

Services (SIC 078) tied for the following places: 11th place, based on nonfatal illness IR (0.4 cases per 100 full-time employees); 18th place, based on nonfatal injury IR (10.1 cases per 100 full-time employees); and 21st place, based on IR for

lost workday cases from injuries and illnesses combined (4.6 cases per 100

full-time employees). SIC 078 also experienced 64 fatal occupational injuries

(plus 36 self-employed workers) in 1994, earning a rank of 7th among small business industries by total cases, and 13th based on a fatal occupational injury IR of

21.7 cases per 100,000 employees. An important note is the underrepresentation

of agricultural industries in this report. Agricultural Production Industries Dealing

with Crops (SIC 01) and Livestock (SIC 02) were not represented because these

industries are excluded from the County Business Patterns data collected by the

Bureau of the Census [1996]. However, estimates from the 1995 SOII [BLS

1997c] indicate that these two major industry groups combined contained more

than 734,000 employees, experienced 51,600 occupational injuries and illnesses

(with and without lost workdays) in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and reported 613 fatal occupational injuries in 1994 [BLS 1995].

Within the Transportation, Communications, and Public Utilities Division (Division E), Taxicabs (SIC 412) rated the highest among all small business industries

for fatal occupational injury IR (324 cases per 100,000 employees), followed by

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) (159 cases per 100,000 employees).

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) was also listed among the top five small

business industries based on IRs for nonfatal injuries and lost workday cases from

injuries and illnesses combined.

From the remaining industry divisions (Mining, Division B; Wholesale Trade, Division F; Retail Trade, Division G; Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate, Division H;

and Services, Division I), several SIC codes appeared more frequently within the

25% of the highest-risk small business industries. Within the Services Division,

Laundry, Cleaning, and Garment Services (SIC 721) ranked among the top 25%

for total cases of nonfatal illnesses, injuries, and lost workday cases. Employment in

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks(SIC 703) also ranked in the top 25% based

on IRs for illness (0.6 cases per 100 full-time employees), nonfatal injury (10.2

cases per 100 full-time employees), and fatal occupational injury (22.2 cases per

100,000 employees). Barber Shops (SIC 724) recorded five occupational injuries

in 1994 for an IR of 35.1 cases per 100,000 employees. In the Retail Trade Division, Employment in Gasoline Service Stations (SIC 554) ranked in the top quartile

based on total cases of illness (600 cases), nonfatal injury (23,100 cases), fatal occupational injury (50 cases plus 4 self-employed worker deaths), and lost workday

cases from injury and illness combined (10,100 cases). Dairy Products Stores

Discussion 85
(SIC 545) tied for the second highest occupational illness IR, with 0.7 cases per

100 full-time employees. The fact that some SIC codes from major industry divisions are underrepresented in the rankings may indicate that the workplaces and

associated activities for these industries involve fewer occupational hazards. However, it may also indicate that small business industries in these divisions require

better surveillance or are less familiar with reporting requirements for occupational injuries and illnesses. As noted previously, data on injuries and illnesses are

not available for many of the SIC codes because the SOII is not designed to provide information for them at the four-digit SIC level.

Finally, to consider the three measures of occupational risk together, a combined

risk index was calculated by adding the scores assigned to the rankings of small

business industries by IRs for nonfatal injuries, illnesses, and fatal occupational injuries in Figures 2, 4, and 7 (see Chapter 4 and Table 6). Under this system, 1 illness is equivalent to approximately 12 injuries, and 1 death is roughly equivalent to

1,301 injuries. Although this combined method of ranking is subjective, it appears

to be reasonable based on the recognition that injuries are the most common measure of occupational risk reported, illnesses are grossly underreported, and fatalities are the least common and most severe consequence of exposure to

occupational hazards. Among the top 25% of small business industries ranked in

Table 6, the following SIC codes appeared consistently, whether the industries

were ranked by combined or separate risk scores:

 Division A (Agriculture)—Landscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078)

 Division B (Mining)—Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142)

 Division C (Construction)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Concrete Work (SIC 177)

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179)

Excavation Work (SIC 1794)

Water Well Drilling (SIC 178)

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)

Painting and Paper Hanging (SIC 172)

Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174)

Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175)

 Division D (Manufacturing)

Logging (SIC 241)

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)

Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077)

Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327)

Wood Containers (SIC 244)

Wood Preserving (SIC 2491)

Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (SIC 3599)

Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448)

 Division E (Transportation, Communications, and Public Utilities)

Trucking Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)

Taxicabs (SIC 412)

86 Discussion
 Division F (Wholesale Trade)

Motor Vehicles, Parts, and Supplies (SIC 501)

Lumber and Construction Materials (SIC 503)

 Division G (Retail Trade)—Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545)

 Division H (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate)

 Division I (Services)

Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703)

Barber Shops (SIC 724)

The combined risk index is not intended as the paramount measure for ranking

and comparing small business industries. However, it does reflect SIC codes that

appear more frequently in the top 25% of the highest-risk small business industries

based on reported injury, illness, and fatality experience. The ranking by this index

may be useful in prioritizing the industries and SIC codes that deserve further investigation to identify and characterize hazards and to develop strategies for their

prevention and control. Note that in the ranking by the combined risk index

(Table 6), only two small business industries have ranks that are untied. One possible suggestion for breaking the ties would be to consider the number of workers in

the competing small business industries listed in Table 3 and to give higher priority

to the industry with the greater number of workers. Another method for breaking

the ties would be to consider the total cases of injury, illness, and fatal occupational injury and to give priority to industries in which more cases of occupational

morbidity and mortality are reported. A third strategy would be to investigate further the nature of the occupational morbidity to determine the severity using lost

work time, total compensation costs by industry, average cost per injury or illness,

the degree of disability associated with the injuries, and other information.

Costs of job-related injuries and illnesses have also been used previously as an index for ranking industries. Total costs by industry and average costs per employee

have been calculated from BLS data for 1985–86 for 8 broad industry divisions and

up to as many as 395 specific industries at the three-digit SIC level [Leigh and

Miller 1998]. The authors used BLS injury and illness data with workers’ compensation data for 8 States from 1985 and 1986. Of the top 100 most costly industries

listed, 14 were small business industries identified in this report. The top 5 small

business industries based on total cost by industry annual average (1986 dollars)

included the following:

Rank

Average

annual costs

(in millions)

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 423) ........ 1 $241.1

Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581).......... 2 205.8

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . . 7 84.8

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171) . . 8 80.2

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 76.7

Discussion 87
The 5 small business industries with the highest average annual cost for injury and

illness per employee (1986 dollars) were as follows:

Rank

Average

annual

cost/employee

Logging (SIC 241)................... 1 $5,703

Carpentry and Flooring (SIC 175) .......... 9 1,375

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 423) . . . . . . . 16 1,115

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) . . 28 935

Manufacturing of Wood Containers (SIC 244) . . . . 30 917

Industry rankings vary depending on which index is used (total industry cost by

SIC, average annual cost per employee by SIC, and the combined risk index in

Table 6), yet many of the small business industry SIC codes appear consistently at

the top of each ranking. The comparability of the rankings is noteworthy, as nearly

10 years separate the comparison periods for which data were collected (1985–86

versus 1994–95). The following small business industry SIC codes were listed at

the top of the rankings for all three independent measures (total industry cost by

SIC from 1985–86 data, average annual cost per employee by SIC from 1985–86

data, and the combined risk index in Table 6):

Logging (SIC 241)

Trucking and Terminal Facilities (SIC 423)

Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)

Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327)

Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174)

General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15)

In examining the relative costs of occupational hazards by industry, Leigh et al.

[1996] ranked the top 50 industries with the highest costs at the three-digit SIC

level. The ranking was based on a calculation of the average compensation cost per

worker by industry for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 1992. Of the

50 highest-cost industries, 8 were small business industries, including the following:

Logging (SIC 241)

Taxicabs (SIC 412)

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328)

Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176)

Meat and Fish (Seafood) Markets (SIC 542)

Water Well Drilling (SIC 178)

Concrete Work (SIC 177)

Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning (SIC 171)

88 Discussion
One additional reference worth noting is an assessment of causes of death in the

workplace by Leigh [1995]. This investigation used BLS data from 11 States collected for 6 years between 1979 and 1986. Fatality rates were determined and

used to rank 323 industries. Of the 10 industries with the highest fatality rates for

that period, the following 6 were also small business industries recognized in this

report:

Deaths/

100,000

employees Rank

Logging (SIC 241) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 1

Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328) . . . . . . . . 103 2

Taxicabs (SIC 412). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3

Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142). . . . . . . . . . 37 5

Trucking and Truck Terminals (SIC 421). . . . . . . . 32 8

Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) . . 32 9

Again, these rankings are comparable with those shown in Figure 7: all 6 of the industries above are also ranked among the top 10 small business industries according to occupational fatality rates for 1994. These similarities indicate that many

small business industries continue to experience higher numbers and rates of occupational fatalities and reportable injuries and illnesses.

The Next Step

This investigation of high-risk small business industries does not evaluate the variations in injury, illness, and fatality counts and rates by establishment size within industries. For example, injury and illness IRs (with or without lost work time) for

Trucking and Terminal Facilities (SIC 423) are listed by establishment size for

1995, as follows:

Injury and illness cases/100 employees

11–49 employees ................. 12.6

50–249 employees ................ 17.8

All establishments in this industry ........ 14.9

According to the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c], the nonfatal occupational injury IR for

all private industry was 7.5 cases per 100 full-time employees, with the following

IRs by establishment size groups:

Injury cases/100 employees

1–10 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0

11–49 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5

50–249 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6

250–999 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5

1,000 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8

Discussion 89
Generally, this pattern holds true in each of the major industry divisions—with

the smallest establishments (1 to 10 employees) recording the lowest injury and

illness rates, the medium-size establishments (50 to 249 employees) recording the

highest rates, and the largest establishments recording rates that fall somewhere in

between. This pattern contradicts that seen with fatal occupational injuries, which

occur at higher rates in small business establishments. This difference has been attributed to better reporting of occupational fatalities. Fatality rates by establishment size are shown below:

Fatal injury cases/100,000 employees

1–19 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9

20–49 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

50–99 employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3

>100 employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7

These rates were determined using 1994 CFOI data [BLS 1995] for total fatal occupational injuries and County Business Patterns 1994 data [Bureau of the Census

1996] for employment totals. The fatality rates (which are shown for slightly different establishment size categories because of reporting differences) exclude

self-employed worker deaths. For 1,971 of the fatal occupational injuries (37%),

the employee’s establishment size was not known. For comparison, the fatality

rate for all private industry (excluding self-employed workers) was 4.8 fatal occupational injuries per 100,000 employees.

Further investigation and better surveillance may be required to obtain more accurate measures of injury and illness for industries within the various established size

categories. This type of inquiry is a logical next step and could provide useful insight about work processes, equipment, controls, level of training, and other factors that influence worker safety and health and may differ by establishment size.

Additional research within various industries might also indicate the types of hazards and associated injuries for particular occupations and activities. For example,

data from the 1995 SOII show that sprains and strains accounted for most (more

than a fourth [n=1,167]) of the nonfatal occupational injuries reported in the

Logging Industry (SIC 241). Sprains and strains were followed by cuts and punctures (815 cases) [BLS 1997c]. The leading event associated with fatal injuries in

Logging was contact with objects and equipment (79%); more specifically, 75% of

deaths in Timber Cutting and Logging Operations were caused by being caught in

or compressed by objects [BLS 1995]. These objects included plants, trees and

vegetation, logs, and industrial vehicles [Leigh 1995]. The literature contains several investigations of job-related diseases and deaths [Leigh 1987; Toscano 1997;

Leigh and Miller 1998b] as well as estimated working lifetime risks of fatal occupational injuries by occupation [Fosbroke et al. 1997]. Determining hazards with

these and other sources will help focus prevention activities and lead to the development of control strategies, targeted training, and hazard communication efforts.

90 Discussion
Study Limitations

The goals of this analysis are straightforward: to identify small business industries

and to determine those with the highest risk of occupational injury and illness.

However, the means for accomplishing these goals have limitations.

Differing Definitions

An important limitation for accomplishing the study goals is that various agencies

define small business establishments differently. This report considers small business establishments to be those with 100 or fewer employees. A review of the literature revealed that this definition recurs frequently and is comparable with the

criteria used by several Federal agencies.

Additional investigation may be required to determine differences in the hazards

that may exist for “very small establishments”—those with fewer than 20 or even

10 employees. Because establishments with fewer than 100 employees are found

in all industries, the criteria for identifying small business industries were further

limited to the SIC codes in which 80% of workers were employed in small establishments. This requirement eliminated more than two-thirds of the SIC codes,

many of which are likely to contain numerous small business establishments. One

example is Fishing, Hunting, and Trapping (SIC 09), which in 1994 had a majority

of establishments with fewer than 100 employees (n=2,148). Yet this industry

also had 20 larger establishments with 40% of the employees in the industry. To

identify small business industries consistently according to the criteria established,

certain industries with bimodal distributions by establishment size have been

omitted.

Regional Differences

This investigation did not account for regional differences by industry. Therefore,

the analysis of data at the national level obscures differences in injury and illness

rates for industries in various geographical areas of the United States. Such differences are likely and require further investigation for prioritizing high-risk small

business industries on a local, State, or regional level.

Information Gaps

County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] was chosen as the

most comprehensive recent survey of U.S. businesses for providing employment

information by SICs at the four-digit level. Even so, this survey does not include

information about self-employed workers, domestic service employees, agricultural production workers, or several other work groups (see Section 2). Newer

industries such as those associated with communication and information technologies are not specifically recognized under the present SIC system and therefore

cannot be characterized with the existing national databases. In addition, nontraditional employees (mobile or multilocation employees, temporary employees, contractual workers, family members, and volunteers) are not likely to be included in

Discussion 91
conventional surveys of the workforce. Addressing these information gaps would

more accurately characterize all small business industries, some of which may have

been excluded from this investigation as a result of these deficiencies.

Similar limitations were associated with the 1995 SOII [BLS 1997c], which also

excludes self-employed workers and farms with fewer than 11 employees (see

Section 3). Again, this survey was chosen because it provided the most recent data

characterizing the occupational injury and illness experience of industries identified from County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. The annual BLS survey is one of the best instruments for characterizing occupational

morbidity; yet underreporting of work-related injuries and illnesses is likely because of economic incentives, lack of familiarity with reporting requirements, or

other factors [Leigh et al. 1997; Ruser and Smith 1991; Nelson et al. 1992].

The BLS survey data have consistently shown lower morbidity rates for smaller establishments with fewer than 50 employees. Investigations of this phenomenon

and comparisons with other data sources (e.g., OSHA fatality records and the

1994 CFOI [BLS 1995]) indicate that underreporting of occupational injuries

and especially illness is a substantial possibility among smaller establishments

[Mendeloff and Kagey 1990; Oleinick et al. 1995; Murphy et al. 1996; Leigh and

Miller 1998a]. The extent and effect of underreporting are difficult to quantify.

Acute injuries are more easily recognizable and therefore are probably reported

more often. However, conditions related to chronic exposures are least likely to be

reported. Recognizing that an illness is work-related or reporting it as such is especially difficult; as a result, estimates of the prevalence of occupational diseases in

private industry are especially suspect. Although nonoccupational factors (e.g.,

smoking habits, substance abuse, physical fitness, and recreational activities) also

affect the health of the working population, it is not possible to determine from

the BLS data whether morbidity associated with these factors influences estimates

of occupational illness. Further epidemiologic investigations of industries would

be required to address these issues.

Fatal occupational injury data from the 1994 CFOI [BLS 1995] include information about fatalities among self-employed, agricultural, and other workers (see

Chapter 3, subsection entitled BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI).

This fact required some adjustment to compare data among surveys. To calculate

the fatality IR, fatality cases for self-employed workers by each SIC had to be subtracted from the total number of fatality cases for that SIC to allow comparison

with the denominator (i.e., employment totals from the County Business Patterns

1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]). Elaboration on this topic is provided in

Chapter 3 and in the article by Biddle and Kisner [1998].

Finally, characterizing hazards associated with small business industries is further

complicated by the lack of data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities

for many of the small business industries at the three- and four-digit SIC levels.

However, the data are sufficient for this investigation to characterize the highest-risk small business industries because of the numbers of injuries and illnesses

92 Discussion
associated with these industries. The difficulties expressed here emphasize the

challenge of accurately characterizing small business industries and identifying associated occupational hazards.

Discussion 93
References
References

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BLS [1995]. Census of fatal occupational injuries, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

BLS [1996]. Current population survey.

http: www.bls.census.gov cps overmain.htm

BLS [1997a]. Workplace injuries and illnesses in 1995. News release via internet,

March 12, USDL 97–76, http: stats.bls.gov oshhome.htm.

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Appendix

Descriptions of SIC Codes for

Small Business Industries

A.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.1 Division A–Agriculture, Forestry,

and Fishing (SIC 01–09). . . . . . . . . . . . 105

A.2Division B–Mining (SIC 10–14) . . . . . . . . . 106

A.3 Division C–Construction (SIC 15–17) . . . . . 108

A.4 Division D–Manufacturing (SIC 20–39). . . . . 112

A.5 Division E–Transportation,

Communications, Electric, Gas, and

Sanitary Services (SIC 40–49). . . . . . . . . 117

A.6 Division F–Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51) . . . . 12 0

A.7 Division G–Retail Trade (SIC 52–59) . . . . . . 12 8

A.8 Division H–Finance, Insurance, and

Real Estate (SIC 60–67). . . . . . . . . . . . 138

A.9 Division I–Services (SIC 70–89). . . . . . . . . 139
Descriptions of SIC Codes

for Small Business Industries

A.0 Introduction

In this appended section, small business industries are reviewed by industry division. For each small business industry, a description of size characteristics (number

and distribution of employees and establishments) is provided as determined from

the County Business Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. Information

about nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses [BLS 1997c] and fatal occupational injuries [BLS 1995] is also summarized. Providing a comprehensive profile

of each industry is beyond the scope of this report; however, potential hazards and

health effects of concern are highlighted for some industries, and additional references are cited.

A.1 Division A—Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing

(SIC 01–09)

The SIC for the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Division consists of 58 industries at the four-digit level. Within the entire division in 1995, there were 120,800

nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases, with an IR of 9.7 per 100 full-time

employees [BLS 1997c]. The total number of occupational fatalities in this division in 1994 was 847; of these, 518 were identified as self-employed. The number

of fatalities within this division among the salaried/wage-earning sector of private

industry (n=329) constitutes 7.1% of the total for private industry (n=4,617)

[BLS 1995].

Only those small business industries identified within the major group Agricultural Services (SIC 07) were included in this investigation, as the County Business

Patterns 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996] data exclude information about farm

establishments. The BLS annual survey of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses also excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees. The major group, Agricultural Services, describes establishments primarily engaged in performing

services for others on a contract or fee basis—soil preparation services, crop services, veterinary services, other animal services, farm labor and management services, and landscape and horticultural services. Agricultural Services contain 14

subcategories, of which four were identified as small business industries. These

four industries are described below.

Appendix 105
 Soil Preparation Services (SIC 071) refers to establishments primarily engaged in land breaking, plowing, application of fertilizer, seed bed preparation, and other services for improving the soil for crop planting. This industry

was made up of 630 establishments and 4,339 employees in 1994 [Bureau of

the Census 1996]. No data on occupational injury and illness cases for 1995

were reported for this industry by the BLS [BLS 1997c]. Five fatal occupational injury cases were reported for this industry in 1994; all were attributed to transportation incidents [BLS 1995].

 Veterinary Services (SIC 074) includes establishments of licensed practitioners of veterinary medicine, dentistry, or surgery for cattle, hogs, sheep,

goats, and poultry. This industry consisted of 21,549 establishments and

153,309 employees in 1994 [Bureau of the Census 1996]. In 1995, this industry experienced 9,700 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illness

[BLS 1997c]. A breakdown of fatal occupational injury cases was not available for SIC 074 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Animal Services, Except Veterinary (SIC 075) describes livestock and animal specialty services other than veterinary services, including grooming,

training, boarding, breeding, and pedigree record services. This industry consisted of 9,375 establishments and 39,241 employees in 1994. This industry

experienced 3,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, resulting in

an IR of 8.6 cases per 100 workers [BLS 1997c]. A breakdown of

work-related fatalities was not available for this industry in the 1994 CFOI

[BLS 1995].

 Landscape and Horticultural Services (SIC 078) encompasses landscape

planning, lawn and garden services, and ornamental shrub and tree services.

In 1994, this industry consisted of 62,228 establishments employing

294,854 workers. Occupational injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled

33,300 for this industry, or an IR of 10.5 per 100 full-time employees. Fatal

occupational injury cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 100 (including 36

self-employed workers) associated with the following causes: transportation

incidents (33%), contact with objects and equipment (23%), falls (24%),

and exposure to harmful substances or environments (17%) [BLS 1995].

A.2Division B—Mining (SIC 10–14)

This division covers industries that involve the extraction of minerals occurring

naturally, including coal and ores, crude petroleum, and natural gas. Division B also

describes quarrying, well operations, milling, and other preparation done at a mine

site or as a mining-related activity. The Mining Division consists of 31 industries at

the four-digit SIC level that are grouped according to type of mining: Metal

Mining (SIC 10), nine industries; Coal Mining (SIC 12), four industries; Oil and

Gas Extraction (SIC 13), five industries; and Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals Except Fuels (SIC 14), 13 industries. As a division, the Mining industry experienced an estimated 37,800 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,

106 Appendix
resulting in an IR of 6.2per 100 full-time employees [BLS 1997c]. Occupational

fatality cases totaled 180 (including 8 self-employed worker deaths), with leading

causes being contact with objects and equipment (34%), transportation incidents

(31%), and exposure to harmful substances or environments (15%) [BLS 1995].

For this investigation, a total of 10 small business industries (including four subcategories of larger small business industry categories) were identified in the Mining

division, as listed below.

 Uranium-Radium-Vanadium Ores (SIC 1094) describes establishments

and employees engaged in mining, milling, and other preparations of these

particular ores. There were 57 such establishments and 1,023 employees in

this industry in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injury and illness cases

was not available for this industry in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and no occupational

fatalities were reported in the 1994 CFOI.

 Natural Gas Liquids (SIC 132) covers establishments and employees engaged in producing liquid hydrocarbons from oil and gas field extractions.

This small business industry consisted of 627 establishments employing

14,288 workers in 1994. There was no breakdown of cases of occupational

injury and illness for this industry in 1995 [BLS 1997c], and no fatal occupational injury cases were reported in the 1994 CFOI.

 Dimension Stone (SIC 141) as an industry includes establishments that

mine or quarry for dimension stone (e.g., granite, marble, sandstone, and

others), and/or are involved in producing rough blocks and slabs. There were

196 such establishments employing 1,475 workers in 1994. There were 300

occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, resulting in an IR of 9.1 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. No occupational fatalities were listed for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Crushed and Broken Stone (SIC 142) encompasses the activities related to

Mining or Quarrying Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422), Granite

(SIC 1423), and Other Stone (SIC 1429). This industry was comprised of

2,001 establishments and 37,644 employees in 1994. There were 3,600 occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995 and an

IR of 5.8 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 13 recorded

fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (39%) and contact with objects and equipment (39%)

[BLS 1995].

 Crushed and Broken Limestone (SIC 1422) is a subcategory of SIC 142

that describes specifically the mining and quarrying of this type of stone.

There were 1,316 establishments and 24,312 employees in this industry in

1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported

at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

Appendix 107
 Crushed and Broken Granite (SIC 1423) is another small business industry subcategory of SIC 142that refers to mining and quarrying of crushed

and broken granite exclusively. There were 238 establishments and 5,180

employees in this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry

during the reference period.

 Sand and Gravel (SIC 144) encompasses the activities of Operating Sand

and Gravel Pits and Dredges for Use in Construction (SIC 1442) and Other

Industrial Applications(SIC 1446). This small business industry consisted of

2,459 establishments and 28,552 employees in 1994. There were 1,700

work-related injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995, indicating an

IR of 4.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1997c]. There were 8 fatal injury

cases recorded for this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (38%). There are concerns about the health effects of exposures to crystalline silica for workers in these industries.

 Construction Sand and Gravel (SIC 1442) is a small business industry

subcategory of SIC 144 limited to products used in construction. There

were 2,295 establishments and 25,501 employees associated with this industry in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were

reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Industrial Sand (SIC 1446) is another small business industry subcategory

of SIC 144 limited to products for industrial applications other than construction (e.g., glassmaking, molding, and abrasives). This industry was comprised of 148 establishments and 2,872 employees in 1994. No cases of

occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Nonmetallic Mineral Services, Except Fuels (SIC 148) is a small business

mining industry that involves the removal of overburden, strip mining, and

other services for non-metallic minerals for others on a contract or fee basis

(e.g., geophysical exploration, boring test holes, mine development, or drainage). There were 143 establishments and 1,618 employees in this industry in

1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were recorded

for this industry during the reference period.

A.3 Division C—Construction (SIC 15–17)

The Construction Division is composed of 26 industries at the four-digit SIC level.

The industries are grouped by the following categories:

 Building Construction (SIC 15), five industries

108 Appendix
 Heavy Construction Other than Building Construction (SIC 16), four industries

 Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17), 17 industries

According to the definition for small business industries used for this investigation,

both Building Construction (SIC 15) and Special Trades Contractors (SIC 17) are

small business industries at the two-digit SIC level. Within these two industries

there are 17 subcategories that are small business industries. The construction

small business industries are described below.

 General Contractors and Operative Builders (SIC 15) describes construction of residential, farm, industrial, commercial, or other buildings. This

is a large small business industry with 187,470 establishments and 1,134,095

employees in 1994. There were 104,700 occupational injury and illness cases

in 1995 for this industry, which translates to an IR of 9.8 per 100 full-time

workers [BLS 1997c]. Fatal occupational injury cases totaled 191 (including

30 self-employed) in 1994, the leading causes being falls (42%) and transportation incidents (22%).

 Special Trade Contractors (SIC 17) is a group of 17 industries that collectively employ 2,871,613 workers in 398,568 establishments. Eight subcategories at the three-digit SIC level and eight subcategories at the four-digit

SIC level also met the criteria for a small business industry. The number of

occupational injuries and illnesses (309,600) and corresponding IR (11.1 per

100 full-time employees) for Special Trade Contractors were among the

highest of all the small business industries [BLS 1997c]. This industry also

had the highest number of fatal injury cases in 1994 with 592(including 105

self-employed) [BLS 1995]. As with fatalities among SIC 15, the leading

causes of fatalities for SIC 17 were falls (39%) and transportation incidents

(21%), followed by contact with objects and equipment and exposure to

harmful substances or environments (17% each).

 Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning (SIC 171) is a small business

industry that employed 645,621 workers in 79,636 workplaces in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995 totaled 86,000 for

an IR of 12.9 per 100 full-time workers [BLS 1995c]. Fatal injury cases for

this industry in 1994 numbered 71 (including 14 self-employed) with more

than half (57%) attributed to transportation incidents. This industry ranks

among the top 50 industries for average compensation cost per worker by industry for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1992[Leigh et al.

1996].

 Painting and Paperhanging (SIC 172) is a small business industry with

34,627 establishments employing 160,160 workers in 1994. Nonfatal

occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995 totaled

11,200, with an IR of 7.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were 40 fatal

Appendix 109
injury cases (9 were self-employed) recorded for this industry in 1994, the

leading cause being falls (63%). In addition to the fall hazards associated with

this industry, exposures to paint pigments and solvents is also an occupational health concern.

 Masonry, Stonework, and Plastering (SIC 174) is composed of three subcategories at the four-digit SIC level that include: Masonry, Stone Setting,

and Other Stonework (SIC 1741); Plastering, Drywall, Acoustical, and Insulation Work (SIC 1742); and Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (SIC

1743). Within SIC 174 there were 48,900 establishments and 397,536 employees in 1994. The industry experienced 37,300 work-related injury and

illness cases with an IR of 10.8 in 1995 [BLS 1997c]. Occupational fatalities

numbered 53 (11 self-employed) in 1994, with more than half (53%) due to

falls and one-third (34%) due to transportation incidents.

 Masonry, Stone Setting, and Other Stone Work (SIC 1741) is a subcategory of SIC 174 that consisted of 23,550 establishments and 144,400 employees in 1994. There are no cases of occupational injury and illness or

fatalities recorded at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Terrazzo, Tile, Marble, and Mosaic Work (SIC 1743) refers to special

trade workers involved in setting and installing ceramic tile, marble, and mosaic. This small business industry consisted of 5,882establishments and

31,319 employees in 1994. No cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities were reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the

reference period.

 Carpentry and Floor Work (SIC 175) consists of two related special trades

industries (SIC 1751 and SIC 1752) containing a total of 230,154 employees in 49,464 establishments in 1994. This industry was characterized by

20,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995 for an IR of 10.8 per 100

full-time workers. There were 31 (including 11 self-employed) work-related

fatal injury cases reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. The leading

cause of fatalities in this industry was falls (55%), followed by transportation

incidents (23%). The following sub-categories of SIC 175 were also identified as small business industries.

 Carpentry Work (SIC 1751) describes activities such as building and installing cabinets at the job site, framing, store fixture installation, and window and door installation. In 1994, this special trade consisted of 178,713

employees in 37,468 establishments. A breakdown of cases of occupational

injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for

this industry during the reference period.

 Floor Laying and Other Work, NEC (SIC 1752) is another subcategory of

SIC 175 that comprised of special trade contractors engaged in the

110 Appendix
installation of asphalt tile, carpeting, linoleum, and resilient flooring. The industry also includes the activities of laying, scraping, and finishing parquet

and other hardwood flooring. The industry employed 50,223 workers in

10,652establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury

and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work (SIC 176) is a small business industry comprised of 215,608 employees in 28,420 establishments in 1994.

This industry experienced 25,600 work-related injury and illness cases in

1995, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries (14.8 per

100 full-time workers). Fatal injury cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 89

(including 12self-employed); more than two-thirds were associated with

falls. This industry also ranks 24th among all three-digit SIC industries based

on injury and illness cost per employee in 1992[Leigh et al. 1996].

 Concrete Work (SIC 177) is a small business industry describing special

trade contractors who work with concrete, Portland cement, and asphalt,

primarily in the construction of private drive- and walk-ways. The industry

consisted of 16,384 establishments with 26,911 employees in 1994. There

were 21,800 occupational injury and illness cases recorded for this industry

in 1995, resulting in an IR of 10.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases numbered 34 (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, the

leading causes being contact with objects and equipment (35%) and transportation incidents (27%). This industry ranks 39th among all three-digit

SIC industries based on injury and illness cost per employee in 1992[Leigh

et al. 1996].

 Water Well Drilling (SIC 178) is a small business industry comprised of

18,816 employees in 3,672establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 1,900 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, for an IR of 9.4 per

100 full-time workers. Eight work-related fatalities (including 4 self-employed)

were recorded in the 1994 CFOI for this industry. The leading cause of fatalities was exposure to harmful substances or environments (63%), followed

by transportation incidents (38%). The water well drilling industry ranked

32nd among all three-digit SIC industries for workers’ compensation costs

per employee in 1992[Leigh et al. 1996].

 Miscellaneous Special Trade Contractors (SIC 179) is comprised of

6 four-digit SIC industries; four are small business industries (Table 3). In

1994, SIC 179 consisted of 477,190 workers in 60,768 establishments. This

industry experienced 45,700 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

for an IR of 9.6 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases numbered 182

(including 24 self-employed worker deaths) in 1994. Leading causes of fatal

injuries were falls (32%), contact with objects and equipment (31 percent),

and transportation incidents (20%). The four subcategories of SIC 179 that

are small business industries are listed below.

Appendix 111
 Glass and Glazing Work (SIC 1793) is a small business industry comprised of 4,529 establishments and 31,997 employees in 1994. A breakdown

of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Excavation Work (SIC 1794) includes persons and establishments engaged

in digging foundations, performing incidental concrete work, grading (except

for transportation thoroughfares), and general excavation and loading. This

industry consisted of 18,768 establishments with 93,383 employees in

1994. This industry experienced 47 fatal injury cases (including 8 selfemployed persons) in 1994. The leading causes of fatalities were contact

with objects and equipment (53%) and transportation incidents (36%). A

breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Wrecking and Demolition Work (SIC 1795) includes activities such as

breaking concrete for streets and highways, dismantling steel oil tanks (except oil field work), and demolition and wrecking of buildings or other structures (except marine). This small business industry employed 11,615

workers in 945 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Special Trade Contractors, NEC (SIC 1799) covers a broad range of construction activities including construction of swimming pools and fences,

erection and installation of ornamental metal work, house moving, shoring

work, waterproofing, dampproofing, fireproofing, sandblasting, and steam

cleaning of building exteriors. This industry employed 214,386 workers in

27,869 establishments in 1994. There were 46 fatal injury cases (including

10 self-employed persons) in SIC 1799 in 1994, the leading causes being

contact with objects and equipment (24%), exposure to harmful substances

or environments (24%), and transportation incidents (20%). A breakdown of

cases of occupational injury and illness was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

A.4 Division D—Manufacturing (SIC 20–39)

The Manufacturing Division, which employed nearly 18.1 million workers (excluding self-employed persons) in 1994, is dominated by large industries; only

30% of manufacturing workers are employed in workplaces with fewer than 100

employees, 8% in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, and 4% in places

with fewer than 10 employees (Table 2). The Manufacturing Division consists of

459 four-digit SIC industries. Only 21 small business industries were identified in

this division, 6 at the three-digit SIC-level and 15 at the four-digit SIC-level (Tables 3 and 4).

112 Appendix
In 1995, the Manufacturing Division experienced 2.1 million nonfatal

work-related injuries and illnesses. The division recorded 789 fatal injuries (including 69 self-employed persons) in the 1994 CFOI. Of these fatalities, 188

(24%) occurred in small business industries. Descriptions of the 21 small business

industries in the Manufacturing Division are provided below.

 Prepared Feeds and Feed Ingredients for Animals and Fowls, Except

Dogs and Cats (SIC 2048) is a small business manufacturing industry that

employed 35,110 workers in 1,702establishments in 1994. This industry

experienced 4,400 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR

of 10.0 cases per 100 full-time workers. Information on fatal injuries was not

available at the four-digit SIC level for this prepared feeds industry. In the

larger category of Grain Mill Products (SIC 204), there have traditionally

been elevated illness rates for dust diseases of the lungs (pneumoconiosis)

and disorders associated with repetitive motion.

 Animal and Marine Fats and Oils (SIC 2077) describes the production of

animal oils, including fish oil and other marine animal oils and fish and animal

meal. This small business industry employed 35,110 workers in 1,702establishments in 1994. One hundred percent of the employees in this industry

work in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. There were 1,500

work-related injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with

the highest IR among small business industries (17.1 cases per 100 full-time

workers). A breakdown of occupational fatality cases was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Manufactured Ice (SIC 2097) describes establishments primarily involved

in manufacturing ice for sale. In 1994, 552such establishments existed employing 4,454 workers. One hundred percent of the employees in this industry work in establishments with fewer than 100 persons. A breakdown of

cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Fur Goods (SIC 237) includes establishments that manufacture coats and

other clothing, accessories, and trimmings made of fur. This industry consisted of only 686 employees in 161 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of

cases of occupational injury and illness or fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Logging (SIC 241) describes establishments engaged in cutting timber and

in producing rough, round, hewn, or riven primary forest or wood raw materials, or in producing wood chips in the field. This industry employed 84,624

workers in 13,962establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 7,700

occupational injury and illness cases with an IR of 10.5 in 1995. There were

130 fatal injury cases (including 39 self-employed workers) in this industry

in 1994. The leading cause of fatalities was contact with objects and equipment (79%), followed by transportation incidents (19%). In 1994, NIOSH

Appendix 113
issued an ALERT publication entitled Request for Assistance in Preventing

Injuries and Deaths of Loggers [NIOSH 1994]. In addition to this document,

NIOSH has also performed fatality assessment and control evaluations in response to fatalities in this field [NIOSH 1993a,b]. In an analysis of fatal injury risk by industry in the United States, the logging industry was

determined to have the highest lifetime (45-year work life) injury risk

(47/1,000 full-time workers) of any industry [Fosbroke et al. 1997]. Among

all three-digit SIC industries, logging ranks number one based on costs for

workers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992[Leigh et al. 1996].

 Special Products Sawmills, NEC (SIC 2429) is a small business industry

comprised of 177 workplaces and 1,714 employees in 1994, 100% of whom

work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. It is one of three industries within the larger category of Sawmills and Planing Mills (SIC 242)

and the only small business industry in the group. Information on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities were not reported separately for Specialty Product Sawmills, but the three-digit group experienced 35 fatalities

(including four self-employed workers) in 1994, the leading cause being contact with objects and equipment (60%).

 Wood Containers (SIC 244) is comprised of three subcategories that include Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441), Wood

Pallets and Skids(SIC 2448), and Wood Containers, NEC (SIC 2449). Only

the first two subcategories are also small business industries. The manufacture of wood containers in 1994 employed 42,069 workers in 2,546 establishments. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry in 1995

totaled 8,200, with one of the highest IRs among small business industries

(17.1 cases per 100 full-time workers). There were six reported fatalities for

SIC 244 in 1994, four of which were associated with exposure to harmful

substances or environments.

 Nailed and Lock Corner Wood Boxes and Shook (SIC 2441) is a small

business industry involved in the manufacture of lumber or plywood boxes

and shook for nailed and lock corner boxes. This industry had 299

workplaces and 5,152employees in 1994. Information on occupational injury and illness cases and fatalities was not reported separately for SIC 2441.

 Wood Pallets and Skids (SIC 2448) is a small business manufacturing industry comprised of 2,009 workplaces and 31,920 employees in 1994. This

industry experienced 6,200 work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,

and also had one of the highest IRs among small business industries (16.7 per

100 full-time workers). Information was not available on fatalities at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Wood Preserving (SIC 2491) is a small business manufacturing industry

that includes establishments engaged in treating wood, sawed or planed in

other establishments, with creosote or other preservatives to prevent decay

114 Appendix
and to protect against fire and insects. This industry contained 474 workplaces and 11,218 employees in 1994. Fatal occupational injuries were not

reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

 Industrial Gases (SIC 2813) describes establishments engaged in the manufacture of industrial gases in compressed, liquid, and solid forms, including

acetylene, argon, carbon dioxide, dry ice, helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen,

nitrous oxide, and oxygen. This industry had 600 establishments and 7,789

employees in 1994, 92% of whom worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. Industrial gases experienced 600 injury and illness cases in 1995,

with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries

were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

 Fertilizers, Mixing Only (SIC 2875) is a small business industry comprised

of 458 establishments and 7,400 employees engaged in mixing fertilizers

from purchased fertilizer materials. This industry experienced 1,000

work-related injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.2cases per

100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this

industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

 Printing Ink (SIC 2893) employed 12,262 workers in 1994 in 518 establishments engaged in the manufacture of gravure ink, screen process ink, and

lithographic ink. SIC 2893 had 1,200 work-related injury and illness cases in

1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries

were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994. Printing ink is the only small business industry among the five industries that comprise the group Miscellaneous Chemical Products (SIC 289). For this

industry group at the three-digit SIC level, there have traditionally been

problems of skin disorders and diseases associated with dermal exposures to

chemicals.

 Asphalt Paving Mixtures and Blocks (SIC 2951), comprised of 1,073 establishments with 11,065 workers in 1994, is the only small business industry within the major group of Petroleum Refining and Related Industries

(SIC 29). There were 1,300 occupational injury and illness cases in SIC

2951 in 1995, with an IR of 9.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in 1994. For workers in the petroleum manufacturing industries,

there is concern for exposure to carcinogens and coke dust [Lee et al. 1986;

Lipscomb and Lee 1983].

 Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster Products (SIC 327) consists of five subcategories that include Concrete Block and Brick (SIC 3271); Concrete Products, Except Block and Brick (SIC 3272); Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC

3273); Lime (SIC 3274); and Gypsum Products (SIC 3275). In 1994, SIC

327 had 9,350 establishments with 173,474 employees. There were 26,600

work-related injury and illness cases associated with this industry in 1995,

Appendix 115
with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. This industry experienced 24 fatal occupational injuries in 1994, the major causes being transportation incidents (50%) and contact with objects and equipment (33%).

The following two subcategories of SIC 327 are also small business industries.

 Concrete Block and Brick (SIC 3271) employed 15,978 workers in 952establishments in 1994 primarily engaged in manufacturing concrete building

block and brick from a combination of cement and aggregate. The number of

injury and illness cases for this industry in 1994 totaled 2,200, with an IR of

11.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

 Ready-Mixed Concrete (SIC 3273) covers establishments engaged in manufacturing Portland cement concrete that is delivered to a purchaser in a

plastic and unhardened state. There were 5,058 such establishments in 1994

that employed 81,214 workers. This industry reported 12,200 work-related

injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 11.7 cases per 100 full-time

workers. Fatal occupational injuries were not reported for this industry at

the four-digit SIC-level in 1994.

 Cut Stone and Stone Products (SIC 328), employing 12,097 workers in

931 establishments in 1994, describes the cutting, shaping, and finishing of

granite, marble, limestone, slate, and other stone for building and miscellaneous uses. There were 1,200 occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 9.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fatal

occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994. Causes of fatalities

were not specified [BLS 1995]. Among all three-digit SIC industries, Cut

Stone and Stone Products ranks 12th based on workers’ compensation costs

per employee in 1992[Leigh et al. 1996]. In this industry, there are concerns

about the health effects of exposures to airborne silica and other dusts.

 Industrial Patterns (SIC 3543), covering establishments engaged in manufacturing foundry cores and patterns, is the only small business industry

among the nine subcategories comprising the group Metalworking Machinery and Equipment (SIC 354). This industry employed 7,824 workers in 651

establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, NEC (SIC

3599) is a small business industry with 271,999 employees in 23,073 establishments engaged in manufacturing machinery and equipment and parts

such as amusement park equipment and flexible metal hose and tubing. This

industry experienced 32,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

with an IR of 12.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatalities reported for the

three-digit category of Miscellaneous Industrial and Commercial Machinery

116 Appendix
and Equipment (SIC 359) in 1994 totaled 13, the leading causes being contact with objects and equipment (31%) and falls (31%). A breakdown of fatal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this

industry during the reference period.

 Marking Devices (SIC 3953) is a small business industry comprised of

623 establishments and 8,077 employees engaged in manufacturing rubber

and metal hand-stamps, dies, seals, steel letters and figures, and stencils for

use in painting or marking. There were 500 injury and illness cases reported

for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 6.2cases per 100 full-time workers. A

breakdown of fatal occupational injuries was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

A.5 Division E—Transportation, Communications, Electric,

Gas, and Sanitary Services (SIC 40–49)

This division employed more than 5.7 million workers (excluding self-employed

persons) in 1994, almost half (46%) of whom were in establishments with fewer

than 100 workers (Table 2). The Division consists of 67 four-digit SIC industries

and includes establishments providing to the general public or business enterprises

passenger and freight transportation, communications services, or electricity, gas,

steam, water, or sanitary services, and all establishments of the U.S. Postal Service. Among all industries in this division, 523,600 work-related injury and illness

cases occurred in 1995, with an IR of 9.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Occupational fatalities for the division totaled 1,001 (including 57 government workers

and 83 self-employed workers) in 1994. Roughly two-thirds of the fatalities were

associated with transportation incidents.

Within the Transportation and Public Utility Industries Division, 12small business

industries were identified (6 at the three-digit SIC level and 6 at the four-digit SIC

level). Of these, one is a subcategory of a larger small business industry (i.e., Travel

Agencies[SIC 4724] within Passenger Transportation Arrangement[SIC 472]). Descriptions of the 12small business industries in the Transportation and Public Utilities Division are provided below.

 Taxicabs (SIC 412) is a small business industry with 3,378 workplaces and

26,516 employees in 1994, 81% of whom worked in places with fewer than

100 employees and 43% in places with fewer than 20 employees (Table 3). In

1995, this industry experienced 1,700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 103

occupational fatalities (including 17 self-employed workers) among persons

employed in SIC 412. Only 12% of the fatalities were associated with transportation incidents; however, 86% were associated with assaults and violent

acts. Among all three-digit SIC-level industries, Taxicabs ranks eighth based

on workers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992[Leigh et al. 1996]. In

a previous NIOSH document characterizing violence in the workplace

[Jenkins 1996], Taxicab Services were determined to have the highest rate

Appendix 117
of work-related homicide (41.4 homicides/100,000 workers), nearly 60

times the national average rate of work-related homicides (0.70 homicides/

100,000 workers).

 Bus Charter Service, Except Local (SIC 4142) consisted of 885 establishments and 18,106 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational

injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level

for this industry during the reference period. SIC 4142makes up more than

half of the employment total for the three-digit SIC level group of Bus Charter Service (SIC 414) that experienced 1,500 work-related injury and illness

cases in 1995 and an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers.

 Bus Terminal and Service Facilities (SIC 417) employed 182workers in

35 workplaces in 1994. Workers in this industry operate bus terminals and

provide maintenance for motor vehicle passenger transportation; these

establishments are not operated by companies that also furnish motor

vehicle passenger transportation. All of these workplaces had fewer than 100

workers, and more than 63% had fewer than 20 workers (Table 3).

Occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported at the

three-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Farm Product Warehousing and Storage (SIC 4221) is the only small

business industry among four subcategories that comprise Public Warehousing and Storage (SIC 422). SIC 4221 had 567 workplaces and 6,052

employees in 1994, more than 81% of whom were in workplaces with fewer

than 100 employees (Table 3). A breakdown of cases of occupational injury

and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this

industry during the reference period.

 Trucking Terminal and Joint Terminal Maintenance Facilities for Motor Freight Transportation (SIC 423) is a small business industry that describes establishments engaged in the operation of terminal facilities used by

highway-type property carrying vehicles. There is some discrepancy between the County Business Patterns data and the SOII data concerning this

industry: according to the County Business Patterns, there were 52such establishments employing 533 employees in 1994. However, in the 1995

SOII, this industry was estimated to have an average employment of 4,400,

with a reported 600 injury and illness cases and an IR of 14.9 per 100

full-time workers. Seven fatalities were reported for this industry in 1994,

43% of these due to transportation incidents.

 Ferries (SIC 4482) employed 1,606 workers in 117 workplaces in 1994 for

operating vessels in the transportation of passengers or vehicles. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

In the larger category of Water Transportation of Passengers (SIC 448),

there were 30 fatalities in 1994, the leading cause being transportation

118 Appendix
incidents (50%), followed by exposure to harmful substances or environments (30%). The IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in

SIC 448 was 11.0 cases per 100 full-time workers.

 Marinas (SIC 4493) is a small business industry that includes operation of

yacht and boat yards, marine basins, and other marinas where boat slips are

rented and other boat services such as cleaning and repair are performed.

There were 3,763 such facilities employing 18,496 workers in 1994, 99% of

whom worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, with 73%

in establishments with fewer than 20 workers, and 47% in establishments

with fewer than 10 employees. Occupational injury and illness and fatalities

were not reported at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Pipelines, NEC (SIC 4619) is a small business industry comprised of 59

establishments and 264 employees in 1994 engaged in the pipeline transportation of commodities, except crude petroleum, refined products of petroleum, and natural gas. All employees worked in establishments with

fewer than 100 workers; more than 73% worked in establishments with

fewer than 20 workers; and more than 47% worked in establishments with

fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and

illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Passenger Transportation Arrangement (SIC 472) is a small business industry comprised of the following three subcategories: Travel Agencies (SIC

4724); Tour Operators (SIC 4725); and Arrangement of Passenger Transportation, NEC (SIC 4729). This industry employed 207,423 workers in

32,160 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995 totaled 1,700, with an IR of less than 1 case

per 100,000 workers. Occupational fatalities for SIC 472totaled 13 (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, with 39% of these associated with

transportation incidents and another 39% associated with assaults and violent acts.

 Travel Agencies (SIC 4724) is a small business industry comprised of establishments furnishing travel information and acting as agents in arranging

tours, transportation, rental of cars, and lodging for travelers. There were

28,118 travel agencies employing 162,795 workers in 1994; 87% worked in

establishments with fewer than 100 workers. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Freight Transportation Arrangement (SIC 473) covers establishments

engaged in furnishing shipping information and acting as agents in arranging

transportation for freight and cargo. This small business industry employed

117,767 workers in 13,388 establishments in 1994. There were 9,300

Appendix 119
nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases reported for SIC 473 in 1995,

with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Ten occupational fatalities

were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI; 80% were associated with

transportation incidents.

 Irrigation Systems (SIC 497) describes the activities of water distribution

or operating supply systems and impounding reservoirs for irrigation. In

1994, this industry consisted of 325 establishments and 1,673 employees.

Cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities were not reported for

this industry during the reference period.

A.6 Division F—Wholesale Trade (SIC 50–51)

The Division of Wholesale Trade is comprised of 18 three-digit SIC industry

groups containing 69 four-digit SIC industries. In 1994, Wholesale Trade employed more than 6.3 million workers; nearly 4.7 million (74%) were employed in

establishments with fewer than 100 workers. Work-related injury and illness

cases among all Wholesale Trade industries in 1995 totaled more than 1.6 million, with an IR of 7.5 per 100 full-time workers. There were 270 (including 22

self-employed workers) fatal occupational injuries in Wholesale Trade recorded in

the 1994 CFOI. Transportation incidents accounted for half of the fatalities, and

contact with objects and equipments was responsible for one-fifth of the fatal injury cases.

For this investigation, 45 subcategories of Wholesale Trade were identified as

small business industries: 9 at the three-digit SIC-level, 36 at the four-digit

SIC-level, and 25 of which are subcategories of a larger small business industry.

These small business industries within the Wholesale Trade are described below.

 Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies (SIC 501) consists

of 4 four-digit SIC industries; 3 are small business industries. The industry

employed a total of 504,484 workers in 46,423 establishments in 1994.

There were 48,900 work-related injury and illness cases reported for SIC

501 in 1995, with an IR of 10.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. The industry experienced 24 fatal injury cases recorded in the 1994 CFOI, the leading

causes being transportation incidents (58%) and contact with objects and

equipment (17%).

 Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts (SIC 5013) is a small business

wholesale trade industry that employed 274,902 workers in 27,140 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness

and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry

during the reference period.

 Tires and Tubes (SIC 5014) consisted of 3,930 establishments and 47,053

employees in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribution of tires and

tubes for passenger and commercial vehicles. A breakdown of cases of

120 Appendix
occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Motor Vehicle Parts, Used (SIC 5015) was comprised of 6,976 establishments and 42,485 employees in 1994 involved with the distribution at

wholesale or retail of used motor vehicle parts. Nearly all (98%) of the employees in this industry worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, with 76% in establishments with fewer than 20 workers and 48% in

workplaces with fewer than 10 workers. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Furniture and Homefurnishings (SIC 502) is a small business industry

comprised of two subcategories, Furniture (SIC 5021) and Homefurnishings

(SIC 5023); both are also small business industries. Furniture and Homefurnishings employed 169,461 persons in 16,267 establishments in 1994.

Work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995 totaled 9,200, with an IR of 6.5

cases per 100 full-time workers. Six fatal occupational injuries within this industry were recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The causes of the fatalities were

not specified.

 Furniture (SIC 5021) refers to establishments primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of household furniture, office furniture, and furniture for

public parks and buildings. This industry employed 72,037 workers in 7,197

establishments in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Homefurnishings (SIC 5023) is the second subcategory of SIC 502and refers to establishments engaged in the wholesale distribution of homefurnishings and housewares such as antiques, china, glassware, lamps, draperies, linens, and floor coverings. This industry consisted of 8,824 establishments

with 97,024 employees in 1994. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury

and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this

industry during the reference period.

 Lumber and Other Construction Materials (SIC 503) consists of 4

four-digit SIC industries; all are small business industries. The industry designated by SIC 503 employed a total of 232,555 workers in 20,473

workplaces in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases reported by the industry in 1995 numbered 24,900, with an IR of 10.5 cases per 100 full-time

workers. The industry experienced 25 fatal occupational injuries in 1994,

the leading causes being transportation incidents (48%), contact with objects

and equipment (20%), and exposure to harmful substances or environments

(20%). A breakdown of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was not

available at the four-digit level for the following subcategories in either the

1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 121
 Lumber, Plywood, Millwork, and Wood Panels (SIC 5031), which employed 122,835 workers in 8,604 establishments in 1994, describes establishments primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of rough, dressed, and

finished lumber; plywood; reconstituted wood fiber products; doors, windows, and their frames; and wood fencing.

 Brick, Stone, and Related Construction Materials (SIC 5032) consisted

of 4,618 establishments with 35,532employees in 1994; 97% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. This small business industry

involves the wholesale distribution of stone, cement, lime, construction sand

and gravel, asphalt, and concrete mixtures.

 Roofing, Siding, and Insulation Materials (SIC 5033) is a small business

wholesale industry with 2,902 workplaces and 33,514 employees in 1994.

 Construction Materials, NEC (SIC 5039) is a small business industry with

3,982workplaces and 39,930 employees in 1994. This industry involves the

wholesale distribution of mobile homes and of Construction Materials,

NEC, including prefabricated buildings and glass.

 Commercial Equipment, NEC (SIC 5046) is one of seven subcategories of

Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies (SIC 504). The only

small business industry within SIC 504, Commercial Equipment, NEC employed 45,117 workers in 5,039 establishments in 1994. These establishments are primarily engaged in wholesale distribution of commercial

machines and equipment such as food service equipment, partitions, lockers,

store fixtures, electrical signs, and shelving. A breakdown of cases of occupational injury and illness and fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry during the reference period.

 Metals and Minerals, Except Petroleum (SIC 505) consists of two smallbusiness wholesale trade industries that collectively employ 144,449 employees in 11,137 workplaces. The industry recorded 18,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 12.5 cases per 100

full-time workers. Eight fatal occupational injuries occurred in 1994; half

were attributed to contact with objects or equipment.

The following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 505. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the

four-digit level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI.

 Metals Service Centers and Offices (SIC 5051) is a small business industry with 10,246 workplaces and 138,724 employees in 1994. These employees are primarily engaged in marketing semifinished metal products, except

precious metals.

122 Appendix
 Coal and Other Minerals and Ores (SIC 5052) is a small business industry employing 5,557 workers in 766 establishments in 1994. This industry

involves the wholesale distribution of coal and coke, metal ores, and crude

nonmetallic minerals, except crude petroleum.

 Electrical Apparatus and Equipment, Wiring Supplies, and Construction Materials (SIC 5063) is one of four subcategories of Electrical Goods

(SIC 506). This small business industry employed 195,300 workers in

18,264 establishments in 1994. These establishments perform wholesale

distribution of electrical power equipment. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit level for this industry in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of

Electrical Goods (SIC 506), there were 6 fatal occupational injuries in 1994

(4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers.

 Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating Equipment (SIC 507) is comprised of

four subcategories; three are also small business industries. In 1994, there

were 254,822 employees and 24,808 establishments in SIC 507. Workrelated injury and illness cases for this wholesale trade industry totaled

17,800 in 1995, with an IR of 6.4 cases per 100 full-time workers. Nine fatal

occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (67%). The following three small business industries are subcategories of SIC 507. A breakdown of occupational injuries,

illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these

subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

 Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies (Hydronics) (SIC

5074) is a small business wholesale industry that employed 92,224 workers

in 9,341 workplaces in 1994.

 Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Supplies (SIC

5075) consisted of 5,506 establishments and 49,661 employees in 1994 engaged in wholesale distribution of furnaces, air pollution control equipment,

and air-conditioning equipment.

 Refrigeration Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5078) employed 12,152

workers in 1,421 establishments in 1994 engaged in the wholesale distribution of refrigeration equipment and supplies.

 Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies (SIC 508) is a small business industry comprised of six subcategories; four are also small business industries.

This specialty wholesale industry was responsible for employing 707,226

workers in 73,344 establishments in 1994. With a total of 54,800 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, SIC 508 had an IR of 7.1 cases per 100

full-time workers. There were 28 work-related fatalities recorded in the

Appendix 123
1994 CFOI for this industry; 57% were due to transportation incidents, and

25% were due to contact with objects and equipment.

The following four small business industries are subcategories of SIC 508. A

breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC level for these subcategories in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994

CFOI.

 Farm and Garden Machinery and Equipment (SIC 5083) is a smallbusiness wholesale industry with 10,280 workplaces and 103,375 employees

in 1994; 96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees.

 Industrial Machinery and Equipment (SIC 5084) is a small business industry with 29,854 workplaces and 268,073 employees in 1994. This industry is involved in the wholesale distribution of equipment such as conveyor

systems, industrial cranes, elevators, derricks, and cement making machinery.

 Industrial Supplies (SIC 5085) is a small business wholesale industry with

153,968 employees in 15,678 workplaces in 1994. Types of supplies included in this category are abrasives, barrels, bottles, drums, gaskets, hose,

industrial fittings, rope, and twine.

 Service Establishment Equipment and Supplies (SIC 5087) is a small

business industry with 7,392workplaces and 65,316 employees in 1994. Establishments in this industry are engaged in wholesale distribution of equipment and supplies for barber shops, beauty parlors, power laundries,

drycleaning plants, upholsterers, undertakers, and related personal service

establishments.

 Sporting and Recreational Goods and Supplies (SIC 5091) is one of

5 four-digit SIC industries contained in Miscellaneous Durable Goods (SIC

509). In 1994, SIC 5091 employed 56,056 workers in 5,730 establishments

engaged in wholesale distribution of sporting goods and accessories. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the

four digit-level for this subcategory during the reference period. In the larger

category of SIC 509, there were 36 fatal occupational injuries (including

6 self-employed workers) in 1994 and a nonfatal occupational injury and illness IR of 8.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

 Scrap and Waste Materials (SIC 5093) describes establishments engaged

in assembling, breaking up, sorting, and wholesale distributing of scrap and

waste materials. There were 9,079 such establishments in 1994, with

102,395 workers. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this subcategory of SIC

509 in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

124 Appendix
 Industrial and Personal Service Paper (SIC 5113) describes the wholesale distribution of wrapping and other coarse paper, paperboard, and converted paper and related disposable plastics products, such as bags, boxes,

dishes, eating utensils, napkins, and shipping supplies. There were 5,388 establishments with 67,972employees in this industry in 1994. No breakdown

of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level for

this subcategory was provided in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994 CFOI. In

the larger category of Paper and Paper Products (SIC 511), there were 6 fatalities in 1994 (4 associated with transportation incidents) and an IR for

nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 4.9 cases per 100 full-time

workers.

 Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods (SIC 5131) is a smallbusiness wholesale industry consisting of 52,100 employees in 5,827 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this category in either the

1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Apparel, Piece Goods

and Notions (SIC 513), there were no occupational fatalities recorded for

1994 and an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 4.6 per

100 full-time workers.

 Fish and Seafoods (SIC 5146) is a small business wholesale industry that

employed 29,511 workers in 3,223 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this category in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the

larger category of Groceries and Related Products (SIC 514), comprised of

9 four-digit SIC industries, there were 39 fatal occupational injury cases in

1994 (70% were due to transportation incidents) and an IR for work-related

injury and illness of 11.6 cases per 100 full-time workers.

 Farm-Product Raw Materials (SIC 515) consists of 3 four-digit wholesale

industries; all are also small business industries. As a group, the three industries employed 104,274 workers in 11,142 establishments in 1994. In 1995,

the industry experienced 6,700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness

cases, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 20

work-related fatal injuries in this industry in 1994; 35% were related to

transportation incidents, and 25% attributed to contact with objects or

equipment.

The following three small business industries are subcategories of SIC 515. A

breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

 Grain and Field Beans (SIC 5153) is a small business wholesale industry

that employed 58,117 workers in 6,960 workplaces in 1994. All but 2% of

the employees in this industry worked in establishments with fewer than

Appendix 125
100 employees, and two-thirds worked in establishments with fewer than 20

employees.

 Livestock (SIC 5154) is a small business wholesale industry with 2,372

workplaces and 31,127 employees in 1994; 99% worked in places with fewer

than 100 employees.

 Farm Product Raw Materials, NEC (SIC 5159) is a small business wholesale industry with 1,717 workplaces and 14,688 employees in 1994. Examples of materials covered by this industry include hops, horses, unprocessed

peanuts, furs, pelts, skins, wool, and raw cotton.

 Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC 516) is a small business wholesale

trade industry comprised of two subcategories that are also small business industries. Within SIC 516, there were 150,985 employees in 14,436 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry

totaled 8,100 in 1995, with an IR of 5.5 cases per 100 full-time workers.

There were no fatalities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. The

following two small business industries are subcategories of SIC 516. A

breakdown of occupational injuries and illness was not available at the

four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories in the 1995 SOII, and there were

no fatalities recorded by the 1994 CFOI.

 Plastic Materials and Basic Forms and Shapes (SIC 5162) is a small

business industry that involves wholesale distribution of plastic materials,

film, sheets, rods, tubes, and other basic forms and shapes. In 1994, this industry employed 35,112persons in 3,524 establishments.

 Chemicals and Allied Products, NEC (SIC 5169) is a small business industry involving the wholesale distribution of chemicals and allied products such

as acids, industrial and heavy chemicals, dyestuffs, industrial salts, rosin, and

turpentine. In 1994, 115,680 workers were employed in 10,695 establishments in this industry.

 Petroleum and Petroleum Products (SIC 517) consists of 2four-digit SIC

subcategories; both are also small business industries. This small business

wholesale industry employed 162,814 workers in 14,636 establishments in

1994. The occupational injury and illness case total for this industry was

9,300 in 1995, with an IR of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. This industry experienced 14 fatal occupational injuries in 1994; 70% were linked to

transportation incidents. The following two small business industries are

subcategories of SIC 517. A breakdown of occupational injuries, illness, and

fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for these subcategories

in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI.

126 Appendix
 Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals (SIC 5171) describes establishments engaged in the wholesale distribution of crude petroleum and petroleum products, including liquefied petroleum gas, from bulk liquid storage

facilities. There were 10,562such establishments in 1994, employing

124,661 workers.

 Petroleum and Petroleum Products Wholesalers, Except Bulk Stations

and Terminals (SIC 5172) includes wholesale distributors of bottled petroleum products such as kerosene, lubricating oils and greases, aircraft fueling services, and petroleum brokers. This industry employed 37,663 persons

in 3,864 establishments in 1994.

 Farm Supplies (SIC 5191) is a small business wholesale industry consisting

of 16,835 workplaces and 145,383 employees in 1994. There are no data on

injury, illness and fatality cases reported for this industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. In the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), which consists of 6 four- digit SIC

industries including SIC 5191, there were 24 fatal injury cases (including

four self-employed workers) recorded in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for

nonfatal work-related injury and illnesses for SIC 519 in 1995 was 8.1 cases

per 100 full-time workers.

 Flowers, Nursery Stock, and Florists’ Supplies (SIC 5193) is a smallbusiness wholesale industry with 4,277 workplaces and 47,618 employees in

1994. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this

industry at the four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 SOII or the 1994

CFOI. This industry is 1 of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in

Farm Supplies (SIC 5191).

 Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies (SIC 5198) is a small business wholesale

industry with 3,544 workplaces and 29,051 employees in 1994. There are no

data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at the

four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1

of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous

Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC

5191).

 Nondurable Goods, NEC (SIC 5199) is a small business wholesale industry with 17,778 workplaces and 117,097 employees in 1994. There are no

data on injury, illness, and fatality cases reported for this industry at the

four-digit SIC-level in either the 1995 or the 1994 CFOI. This industry is 1

of 6 four-digit SIC categories within the larger category of Miscellaneous

Nondurable Goods (SIC 519), described above in Farm Supplies (SIC

5191).

Appendix 127
A.7 Division G—Retail Trade (SIC 52–59)

The Retail Trade Division is the second largest division with more than 20 million

total employees; 75% work in small business establishments. In 1995, Retail

Trades experienced more than 1.1 million nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses and an IR of 7.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injuries in 1994

totaled 797, of which 233 were self-employed workers. The leading causes of fatalities in Retail Trades were assaults and violent acts (70%), followed by transportation incidents (20%). Within the Retail Trades Division there are 64 four-digit

SIC industries. For this investigation, 61 small business industries were identified

within the Retail Trades Division as follows: 33 three-digit SIC industries and 28

four-digit SIC industries. Of the 61 small business industries, 27 were subcategories of a broader small business industry. The small business retail industries are

discussed in the following paragraphs.

 Paint, Glass, and Wallpaper Stores (SIC 523) is a small business retail industry comprised of 10,081 establishments and 47,939 employees in 1994;

all worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, with 90% in

establishments with fewer than 20 employees and 70% in workplaces with

fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 3,600 work-related injury

and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 6.2cases per 100 full-time workers.

There were no fatalities for SIC 523 recorded in the 1994 CFOI.

 Hardware Stores (SIC 525) describes retail establishments that specialize

in basic hardware items, such as tools, builders’ hardware, paint and glass,

housewares, and household appliances. In 1994, there were 18,827 such establishments with 140,019 employees; 98% worked in stores with fewer

than 100 employees. This retail industry experienced 7,100 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 5.2cases per 100

full-time workers. There were four fatal occupational injury cases recorded

for Hardware Stores in the 1994 CFOI. Causes of the fatalities were not

specified.

 Retail Nurseries; Lawn and Garden Supply Stores (SIC 526) is a small

business retail industry with 11,017 workplaces and 72,757 employees in

1994; 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There were

5,000 work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases for SIC 526 in 1995,

with an IR of 6.7 per 100 full-time workers. No fatal injuries were recorded

for this industry in the1994 CFOI.

 Mobile Home Dealers (SIC 527) is a small business industry that involves

the retail sale of new and used mobile homes, parts, and equipment. In 1994,

there were 4,294 establishments in this industry and 28,632 employees.

Work-related injury and illness cases among mobile home dealers totaled

2,200 in 1995, with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were

seven fatal occupational injury cases reported for SIC 527 in the1994 CFOI.

Causes were not specified.

128 Appendix
 Variety Stores (SIC 533) is a small business industry consisting of retail establishments specializing in a variety of merchandise in the low and popular

price ranges. There were 13,197 such establishments in 1994, employing

106,709 workers. This industry experienced 9,000 occupational injury and

illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 8.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No

fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Meat and Fish (Seafoods) Markets, Including Freezer (SIC 542) is a small

business industry consisting of 44,536 employees in 8,480 establishments in

1994. Work-related nonfatal injury and illness cases in this industry totaled

1,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. Among all

three-digit SIC-level industries, Meat and Fish Markets (SIC 542) ranks

28th based on workers’ compensation costs per employee in 1992 [Leigh et

al. 1996]. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994

CFOI.

 Fruit and Vegetable Markets (SIC 543) is a small business industry specializing in the retail sale of fresh fruits and vegetables. There were 3,108

such establishments in 1994 employing 17,268 workers. This industry reported 1,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an

IR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this

specific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Historically, skin disorders and allergies

have been health concerns associated with this industry.

 Candy, Nut, and Confectionary Stores (SIC 544) is a small business retail

industry consisting of 4,940 establishments and 27,829 employees in 1994;

more than 99% worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees; 87% were

in shops smaller than 20 employees. In 1995, there were 900 occupational

injury and illness cases recorded for this industry, with an IR of 4.7 cases per

100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in

the 1994 CFOI.

 Dairy Products Stores (SIC 545), referring specifically to the retail sale of

butter, cheese, packaged ice cream, milk ,and other dairy products, is a small

business industry comprised of 2,338 establishments and 8,967 employees

in 1994. All Dairy Products Stores in 1994 were smaller than 100 employees;

more than 82% of all employees were found in establishments with fewer

than 20 workers; and 61% of all workers were employed in stores with fewer

than 10 employees (Table 3). An estimated 500 nonfatal work-related injury

and illness cases occurred in SIC 545 in 1995, with an IR of 4.7 per 100

full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the

1994 CFOI.

 Miscellaneous Food Stores (SIC 549) is another small business food industry that involves the retail sale of specialized foods such as eggs, poultry,

health foods, spices, herbs, coffee, and tea. There were 9,316 such food

stores in 1994, employing 46,362employees; more than 97% worked in

Appendix 129
stores with fewer than 100 employees. This industry experienced 1,800 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.6 per 100

full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC 549 in the 1994

 Motor Vehicle Dealers (Used Only) (SIC 552) is a small business retail industry consisting of 19,569 establishments and 72,847 employees in 1994;

nearly two-thirds work in places with fewer than 10 employees. This industry experienced 1,700 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in 1995,

with an IR of 2.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fatal work

injuries in this industry in 1994, 60% of these related to transportation incidents.

 Auto and Home Supply Stores (SIC 553) describes establishments that

specialize in the retail sale of new automobile tires, batteries, and other automobile parts and accessories. These establishments frequently sell home appliances, radios, and television sets as well. In 1994, there were 294,733

persons employed in this industry in 41,338 establishments. Nearly all

(99%) employees worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees, and 78%

worked in stores with fewer than 20 employees. There were 33,300 nonfatal

occupational injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of

9.2cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 16 fatal work injuries in SIC

553 in 1994, the leading causes being transportation incidents (50%) and assaults and violent acts (38%).

 Gasoline Service Stations (SIC 554) is a small business industry consisting

of 99,250 stations and 692,240 employees in 1994; more than 96% work in

stations with fewer than 100 employees; half work in places with fewer than

10 employees. In 1995, the Gasoline Service Station industry experienced

23,700 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses, with an IR of 4.4 cases

per 100 full-time workers. There were 54 (including 4 self-employed workers) fatal work injury cases recorded for SIC 554 in 1994; 80% of these were

due to assaults and violent acts, and 15% were due to transportation incidents.

 Boat Dealers (SIC 555) employed 28,925 persons in 1994 in 4,778 establishments; all were smaller than 100 employees. Work-related injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled 1,800 for SIC 555, with an IR of 5.9 cases per 100

full-time workers. No fatal occupational injury cases were recorded for this

industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Recreational Vehicle Dealers (SIC 556), describing establishments engaged in the retail sale of new and used motor homes, recreational trailers,

and campers, employed 25,593 persons in 2,850 establishments in 1994.

This industry experienced 2,200 nonfatal occupational injury and illness

cases in 1995, with an IR of 9.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities

were listed for this SIC 556 in the 1994 CFOI.

130 Appendix
 Motorcycle Dealers (SIC 557) consisted of 3,605 workplaces and 24,984

employees in 1994, more than 98% of whom were in places with fewer than

100 employees and 78% in establishments smaller than 20 employees. This

industry experienced 700 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in

1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were

listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Automotive Dealers, NEC (SIC 559) is a small business industry engaged

in the retail sale of automotive vehicles, utility trailers, and automotive

equipment and supplies such as snowmobiles, dunebuggies, go-carts, and aircraft. In 1994, there were 936 establishments and 4,357 employees in this

industry; all were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers. Information

on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 559 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Men’s and Boy’s Clothing and Accessory Stores (SIC 561) employed

106,542persons in 14,646 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 2,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.1

cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were indicated for this specific

industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Women’s Clothing Stores (SIC 562) consisted of 47,715 stores employing

419,793 persons in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for

this industry totaled 6,900 in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per 100 full-time

workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994

CFOI.

 Women’s Accessory and Specialty Stores (SIC 563) consisted of 8,291

stores and 45,485 employees in 1994. Nearly all (98%) employees were in

stores with fewer than 100 workers, with 90% in stores with fewer than 20

workers and 60% in stores with fewer than 10 employees. Information on

nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry,

and no fatalities were listed for SIC 563 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Children’s and Infants’ Wear Stores (SIC 564) employed 38,368 persons

in 5,264 establishments in 1994. This industry recorded 700 nonfatal work

injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Shoe Stores (SIC 566) consisted of 34,795 establishments and 184,533 employees in 1994; 91% were in stores with fewer than 20 employees, and 71%

were in stores with fewer than 10 workers. There were 4,000 nonfatal work

injury and illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.7 cases per

100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in

the 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 131
 Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Stores (SIC 569) numbered 9,458

establishments with 47,451 employees in 1994. This industry experienced

1,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.9

cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Home Furniture and Homefurnishings Stores (SIC 571) is a small business

industry comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. SIC 571 employed 451,368 persons in 66,783 establishments

in 1994. This retail industry experienced 30,900 nonfatal occupational injury

and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.2cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal injury cases in 1994 totaled 16 (including 7 self-employed persons) for this

industry, the leading causes being assaults and violent acts (69%) and transportation incidents (25%).

 Furniture Stores (SIC 5712), engaged in the retail sale of household furniture, included 32,828 establishments in 1994 with 252,493 employees. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for

this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC

5712in the 1994 CFOI.

 Floor Covering Stores (SIC 5713) is a small business retail industry with

14,165 workplaces and 72,792 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked

in places with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in

places with fewer than 10 employees. Information on nonfatal work injury

and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities

were listed for SIC 5713 in the 1994 CFOI. For workers in this industry who

may incidentally perform installation, health concerns include developing

musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to solvents as a result of laying floor

coverings [Evans and Wilcox 1978].

 Drapery, Curtain, and Upholstery Stores (SIC 5714) is a small business

retail industry consisting of 2,670 establishments and 10,867 employees in

1994; all worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. Information on

nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry,

and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5714 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Miscellaneous Homefurnishings Stores (SIC 5719) includes establishments engaged in the retail sale of miscellaneous homefurnishings such as

kitchen ware; bedding and linen; brooms and brushes; lamps, mirrors and

pictures; and window shades. This industry employed 114,772workers in

16,813 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases

in 1995 was not listed for this industry, and no fatalities were listed for SIC

5719 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Household Appliance Stores (SIC 572) is a small business retail industry

comprised of 9,642workplaces and 60,676 employees in 1994. Nonfatal

132 Appendix
work injury and illness cases in 1995 totaled 5,200 for this industry, with an

IR of 7.2cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were listed for SIC

572in the 1994 CFOI.

 Radio, Television, and Computer Stores (SIC 573), a small business

retail industry, contains 4 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small

business industries. This industry group employed 135,170 persons in

16,901 stores in 1994. There were 10,500 nonfatal occupational injury and

illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 3.3 cases per

100 full-time workers. SIC 573 experienced 15 fatal injury cases (including

5 self-employed workers) in 1994, most due to assaults and violent acts

(60%) and the remainder related to transportation incidents (40%).

 Radio, Television, and Consumer Electronics Stores (SIC 5731) employed 135,170 persons in 16,901 stores in 1994. Information on nonfatal

work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the

four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC 5731 in the 1994

CFOI.

 Computer and Computer Software Stores (SIC 5734) is a small business

retail industry consisting of 7,479 stores and 47,635 employees in 1994. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995 was not listed for

this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and no fatalities were listed for SIC

5734 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Record and Prerecorded Tape Stores (SIC 5735) included 8,714 establishments that employed 135,170 persons in 1994; 98% worked in stores

with fewer than 100 persons. Information on nonfatal work injury and illness

cases in 1995 was not listed for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level, and

no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5735 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Musical Instrument Stores (SIC 5736) is a small business retail industry

consisting of 4,138 stores and 24,916 employees in 1994. A breakdown of

nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry, and the fatal injury cases for SIC 573 do not specify cases by four-digit SIC-level in the 1994 CFOI.

 Eating and Drinking Places (SIC 581) is a small business industry comprised of 2four-digit SIC subcategories, both of which are small businesses.

Within SIC 581, which includes retail establishments selling prepared foods

and drinks for consumption on the premises, there were 449,089 establishments with 6,928,226 employees in 1994. This group experienced 379,200

work-related injuries and illnesses in 1995, with an IR of 7.6 per 100

full-time employees. SIC 581 was second only to the major group of Special

Trades Contractors (SIC 17) in the total number of work-related fatalities

with 181 (including 33 self-employed workers); 75% of these were due to

assaults and violent acts.

Appendix 133
 Eating Places (SIC 5812) is a small business industry that employed

6,476,992workers in 367,205 establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 119 fatal injury cases in 1994 (including 21 self-employed workers);

73% were due to assaults and violent acts. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry.

 Drinking Places (SIC 5813), a subcategory of the small business industry

designated by SIC 581, includes establishments primarily engaged in the retail sale of alcoholic drinks (i.e., beer, ale, wine, and liquor) for consumption

primarily on the premises. In 1994, there were 52,874 such establishments

with 310,238 employees; 95% were in establishments with fewer than 100

workers. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry. There were 38 fatal work injuries (including 11 self-employed workers) recorded for Drinking Places in

1994, 92% of these were attributed to assaults and violent acts.

 Drug Stores and Proprietary Stores (SIC 591), engaged primarily in the

retail sale of prescription drugs, proprietary drugs, and non-prescription

medicines, employed 583,486 persons in 45,676 stores in 1994. This industry recorded 13,300 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

with an IR of 3.2cases per 100 full-time workers. Seven fatal work injuries

occurred in Drug Stores in 1994, with 57% of these due to transportation incidents.

 Liquor Stores (SIC 592) included 29,554 establishments with 128,727

employees in 1994; nearly all (99%) worked in stores with fewer than 100

workers, and two-thirds were in stores with fewer than 10 employees.

Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for Liquor Stores totaled 2,000 in 1995, with an IR of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There

were 22fatal injuries (including 12self-employed workers) that occurred in

this industry in 1994; all were attributed to assaults and violent acts.

 Used Merchandise Stores (SIC 593) is a small business retail industry involving the retail sale of used merchandise, antiques, and secondhand goods.

This industry was comprised of 21,622 stores and 111,719 employees in

1994. Nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for SIC 593 totaled

3,600 in 1995, with an IR of 4.5 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were

22 fatal work injury cases (including 7 self-employed workers) in Used Merchandise Stores in 1994, the leading cause being assaults and violent acts

(77%).

 Miscellaneous Shopping Goods Stores (SIC 594) is a small business industry with 9 four-digit subcategories; all are also small business industries. In

1994, these miscellaneous retail stores numbered 126,594 and employed

785,116 persons. Among all types of Miscellaneous Shopping Goods Stores, a

total of 26,200 nonfatal injury and illness cases occurred in 1995, with an IR

134 Appendix
of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 19 fatal injury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) recorded for this industry in 1994, 90%

due to assaults and violent acts.

 Sporting Goods Stores and Bicycle Shops (SIC 5941) consisted of 24,456

stores and 157,121 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury

and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry

in 1995, and no fatalities were listed specifically for SIC 5941 in the 1994

CFOI.

 Book Stores (SIC 5942) consisted of 13,520 stores and 102,380 employees

in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities

were listed specifically for SIC 5942in the 1994 CFOI.

 Stationery Stores (SIC 5943) employed 23,081 workers in 4,179 stores in

1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC level for this industry in 1995, and no fatalities are

listed specifically for SIC 5943 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Jewelry Stores (SIC 5944) consisted of 26,995 stores and 141,748 employees in 1994, 86% of whom worked in stores with fewer than 20 persons. A

breakdown of nonfatal work injuries and illnesses and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS surveys.

 Hobby, Toy, and Game Shops (SIC 5945) employed 93,976 workers in

10,402workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness

cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,

and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5945 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Camera and Photographic Supply Stores (SIC 5946) consisted of 2,958

stores and 17,704 employees in 1994; all worked in establishments with

fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness

cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,

and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5946 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Gift, Novelty, and Souvenir Shops (SIC 5947) employed 179,249 persons

in 34,402workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in

1995, and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5947 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Luggage and Leather Goods Stores (SIC 5948) included 1,921 stores and

11,031 employees in 1994. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness

cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,

and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5948 in the 1994 CFOI.

Appendix 135
 Sewing, Needlework, and Piece Goods Stores (SIC 5949) consisted of

7,497 stores with 58,579 employees in 1994, 98% of whom worked in stores

smaller than 100 employees. A breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness

cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in 1995,

and no fatalities are listed specifically for SIC 5949 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Direct Selling Establishments (SIC 5963) is a small business industry

within the larger category of Nonstore Retailers (SIC 596). Direct Selling Establishments involve the retail sale of merchandise by telephone, by

house-to-house canvass, or from trucks, wagons, or other temporary locations. There were 13,207 such establishments with 119,526 employees in

1994. While a breakdown of nonfatal work injury and illness cases or fatal injury cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry during the reference period, the larger category of Nonstore Retailers (SIC 596)

had an IR of 7.4 nonfatal injury and illness cases per 100 workers in 1995.

SIC 596 recorded 32fatal injury cases (including 22self-employed workers)

in 1994; 63% were due to transportation incidents, and the remainder were

due to assaults and violent acts.

 Fuel Dealers (SIC 598) contains 3 four-digit subcategories; all are small

business industries. In 1994, Fuel Dealers included 11,142establishments

with 89,262 employees. There were 7,400 nonfatal occupational injury and

illness cases for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 8.0 per 100 full-time

workers. Ten fatal injury cases occurred in this industry in 1994, the leading

cause being transportation incidents (40%). The subcategories of SIC 598

are described below.

 Fuel Oil Dealers (SIC 5983) is a small business industry consisting of establishments engaged in the retail sale of fuel oil. This industry had 4,859

workplaces and 45,632employees in 1994. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this

industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

 Liquified Petroleum (Bottled Gas) Dealers (SIC 5984) is a small business

retail industry with 5,940 workplaces and 42,705 employees; more than

99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 82% worked in

places with fewer than 20 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries,

illness, or fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLS data during

the reference period.

 Fuel Dealers, NEC [5989) is a small business industry describing establishments engaged in the retail sale of coal, wood, or other fuels, NEC. This industry employed 876 persons in 309 workplaces in 1994. A breakdown of

workplace injuries, illness, or fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

136 Appendix
 Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 599) is a small business industry comprised of

5 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are small business industries. SIC 599 employed 421,359 persons in 90,164 establishments in 1994. Occupational injury and illness cases for this industry totaled 12,000 in 1995, with an IR of

3.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. Retail Stores, NEC recorded 26 fatal injury cases (including 11 self-employed workers) in 1994; the leading causes

were assaults and violent acts (58%) and transportation incidents (31%).

Subcategories of SIC 599 are described below.

 Florists (SIC 5992), specializing in the retail sale of cut flowers and growing

plants, included 26,757 workplaces and 120,354 employees in 1994; 99%

work in places with fewer than 100 employees and more than 60% work in

places with fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries,

illness, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

 Tobacco Stores and Stands (SIC 5993) is a small business industry specializing in the retail sale of cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, and smokers’ supplies.

There were 1,655 such stores with 7,146 employees in 1994; more than 95%

worked in stores with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of workplace

injuries, illness, and fatalities was not available for this industry in the BLS

data during the reference period.

 News Dealers and Newsstands (SIC 5994), specializing in the retail sale

of newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals, consisted of 2,310 establishments and 9,247 employees in 1994; nearly two-thirds worked in stores

with fewer than 10 employees. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness,

and fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC- level for this industry in

the BLS data during the reference period.

 Optical Goods Stores (SIC 5995) consisted of 14,318 establishments and

73,120 employees in 1994 engaged in the retail sale of eyeglasses and contact

lenses to prescription for individuals. Nearly all (99%) employees in this industry worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, with 76% in stores

with fewer than 20 workers. A breakdown of workplace injuries, illness, and

fatalities was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the

BLS data during the reference period.

 Miscellaneous Retail Stores, NEC (SIC 5999) describes establishments

engaged in retail sale of specialized lines of merchandise such as artists’ supplies, orthopedic and artificial limbs, rubber stamps, pets, religious goods,

and monuments and tombstones. There were 210,825 persons employed in

44,558 such retail stores in 1994. More than half (54%) of the employees in

this industry were in establishments with fewer than 10 workers, and 97%

were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of

workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data during the reference period.

Appendix 137
A.8 Division H—Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate

(SIC 60–67)

This industry division, which consists of 30 three-digit SIC subcategories and 53

four-digit industries, employed more than 7 million persons in 1994; nearly 60%

worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. Within this division in

1994, there were 5 three-digit SIC industries and 3 four-digit SIC subcategories

identified as small business industries, 1 of which is a subcategory of a broader

small business industry. The eight small business industry categories within Division H are discussed below.

 Credit Unions (SIC 606) is the only small business industry within the major group of Depository Institutions (SIC 60). Credit Unions is comprised of

2four-digit SIC subcategories: Credit Unions, Federally Chartered (SIC

6061) and Credit Unions, Not Federally Chartered (SIC 6062). Collectively, Credit Unions employed 151,685 employees in 15,142establishments in 1994. This industry experienced 2,200 nonfatal occupational injury

and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR among small business industries of 2.2 cases per 100 full-time workers. Fatal occupational injury

cases were not recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Insurance Agents, Brokers, and Services (SIC 641) is a major group comprised of only 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 6411) designated by the

same industry name. This industry is comprised of agents primarily

representing one or more insurance carriers or performing the placement of

insurance contracts with carriers. In 1994, there were 123,998 such establishments employing 661,685 persons. This industry experienced 7,600

nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR

among small business establishments of 1.2cases per 100 full-time workers.

Eleven fatal injury cases occurred in SIC 641 in 1994; 54% were attributed

to transportation incidents.

 Real Estate Operators and Lessors (SIC 651) consisted of 99,852establishments with 483,250 employees in 1994. Nonfatal occupational injury

and illness cases for this industry totaled 32,100 in 1995, with an IR of 7.1

cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 31 fatal work injury cases (including 4 self-employed workers) among Real Estate Operators and Lessors

in 1995; the leading causes were assaults and violent acts (45%), followed by

contact with objects and equipment (16%), exposure to harmful substances

or environments (16%), and falls (13%).

 Title Abstract Offices (SIC 654) includes establishments engaged in

searching real estate titles. There were 4,881 such establishments with

42,593 employees in 1994. Nonfatal work injury and illness cases for SIC

654 totaled 200 in 1995, with one of the lowest recorded IRs among small

business industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were

recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

138 Appendix
 Land Subdividers and Developers (SIC 655) is a small business industry

comprised of 2four-digit SIC subcategories; 1 is also a small business industry. SIC 655 employed 106,235 workers in 16,912 workplaces in 1994. This

industry experienced 7,300 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

with an IR of 7.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatalities were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Cemetery Subdividers and Developers (SIC 6553), a subcategory of SIC

655, is a small business industry engaged in subdividing real property into

cemetery lots and in developing the property for resale on their own account.

This industry employed 43,929 persons in 6,263 establishments in 1994. A

breakdown of injury and illness cases was not available at the four-digit

SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for

this specific industry or the broader category of SIC 655 in the 1994 CFOI.

 Oil Royalty Traders (SIC 6792) is a small business industry that consisted

of 698 establishments with 2,436 employees in 1994; all worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. A breakdown of injury and illness

cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS

data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the broader category of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal injury and illness

cases for the broader category of Miscellaneous Investing (SIC 679) was 1.1

cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

 Investors, NEC (SIC 6799) is a small business industry that includes commodity contract pool operators, investment clubs, venture capital companies, and commodity contract trading companies. There were 4,975 such

establishments employing 23,261 employees in 1994. A breakdown of injury

and illness cases was not available at the four-digit SIC-level for this industry

in the BLS data. No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry or the

broader category of SIC 679 in the 1994 CFOI. The IR for nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases for the broader category of Miscellaneous Investing (SIC 679) was 1.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

A.9 Division I—Services (SIC 70–89)

This is the largest industry division included in the County Business Patterns 1994,

employing more than 33 million persons; 16.6 million (50%) work in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. The Services Division consists of 150

four-digit SIC industries. For this investigation, 75 small business industries were

identified in the Services Division, either at the three- or four-digit SIC-level.

Among all Service Division industries, there was an IR of 6.4 cases of nonfatal work

injuries and illness per 100 full-time workers in 1995. Fatal occupational injury

cases totaled 905 (including 61 government workers and 143 self-employed workers) in 1994; 42% were due to transportation incidents, and 30% were due to assaults and violent acts. The small business industries within the Services Division

are discussed below.

Appendix 139
 Rooming and Boarding Houses (SIC 702) consists of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7021) designated by the same name. This industry, engaged in

renting rooms with or without board on a fee basis, employed 8,192workers

in 1,627 establishments in 1994. A breakdown of injury and illness cases was

not available at the three-digit SIC-level for this industry in the BLS data. No

fatalities were reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Camps and Recreational Vehicle Parks (SIC 703) is a small business industry comprised of 2four-digit SIC subcategories; both are also small business industries. In 1994, there were 6,645 Camps and Recreational Vehicle

Parks employing 31,418 persons. This industry experienced 3,100 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 10.8 cases per 100

full-time workers. Seven occupational fatality cases occurred in this industry

in 1994, the leading cause being transportation incidents (71%).

 Sporting and Recreational Camps (SIC 7032) is a small business industry

with 3,018 workplaces and 15,238 employees; 92% worked in places with

fewer than 100 employees; over half worked in places with fewer than 20

employees. The BLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illness

data for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995. Likewise, a breakdown was not available of the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the

2four-digit SIC subcategories.

 Recreational Vehicle Parks and Campsites (SIC 7033) is a small business

industry that employed 16,173 persons in 3,611 workplaces in 1994. The

BLS did not report nonfatal occupational injury and illness data for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in 1995, and a breakdown was not available

of the 7 fatalities that occurred in SIC 703 among the 2four-digit SIC subcategories.

 Laundering, Cleaning, and Garment Services (SIC 721) is composed of

8 four-digit SIC industries; 5 are also small business industries. In 1994, the

industry employed 433,926 workers in 56,536 establishments. SIC 721 experienced 26,400 occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of

7.2cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 13 fatal work injury cases in

1994; 39% were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Among the health

concerns for workers in this industry are the potential health effects of exposures to and other solvents. The five subcategories of SIC 721, for which

there are no individual data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in the BLS

data at the four-digit SIC-level, are described below.

 Garment Pressing and Cleaners’ Agents (SIC 7212) are establishments

engaged in providing laundry and drycleaning services but which have the

laundry and drycleaning work done by others. There were 3,159 such establishments with 12,159 employees in 1994; more than 98% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; 82% worked at workplaces with

140 Appendix
fewer than 20 workers; and 63% worked at sites with fewer than 10 employees.

 Coin-Operated Laundries and Drycleaning (SIC 7215) describes establishments that provide coin-operated or similar self-service laundry and

drycleaning equipment for use on the premises or in apartments, dormitories, and similar locations. In 1994, there were 12,906 such establishments

with 47,458 employees; 97% were in establishments with fewer than 100

workers, and 69% were at sites with fewer than 10 employees.

 Drycleaning Plants, Except Rug Cleaning (SIC 7216) is a small business

industry with 22,024 establishments and 165,823 employees in 1994; 97%

worked in places with fewer than 100 employees; and 67% worked in places

with fewer than 20 employees.

 Carpet and Upholstery Cleaning (SIC 7217) is a small business industry

consisting of 8,289 workplaces and 39,576 employees in 1994; 97% worked

in places with fewer than 100 employees; and 45% worked in places with

fewer than 10 employees.

 Laundry and Garment Services, NEC (SIC 7219) is a small business industry comprised of establishments engaged in furnishing laundry and garment services such as repair, alteration, and storage of apparel and providing

diaper services. In 1994, there were 3,665 such establishments with 20,353

employees.

 Photographic Studios, Portrait (SIC 722) is a small business industry comprised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7221) designated by the same

name. This industry, which includes establishments engaged in still or video

portrait photography for the general public, employed 74,990 persons in

12,436 establishments in 1994. There were 1,600 occupational injury and

illness cases in this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.9 cases per 100 full-time

workers. No fatalities were reported for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Beauty Shops (SIC 723) is a small business service industry comprised of

1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7231) designated by the same name. In

1994, there were 82,478 Beauty Shops with 388,925 employees; more than

99% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 persons; and 56%

worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. In 1995, this industry experienced 5,000 work injury and illness cases, with a relatively low IR among

small business industries of 1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were

no fatalities recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Barber Shops (SIC 724) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit

SIC subcategory (SIC 7241) designated by the same name. In 1994, there

were 4,629 Barber Shops with 14,237 employees; more than 100% were employed in shops with fewer than 100 workers; and 71% were employed in

Appendix 141
shops with fewer than 10 workers. There is no listing of nonfatal occupational

injury and illness cases for Barber Shops in the BLS data for 1995; however,

there were 5 fatal occupational injury cases in Barber Shops in 1994, all of

which occurred as a result of assaults or violent acts.

 Shoe Repair Shops and Shoeshine Parlors (SIC 725) is a small business industry containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory designated by the same name.

In 1994, this industry included 2,438 workplaces and 6,109 employees;

more than 96% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers; and

76% worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees. The BLS data does not

list nonfatal injury and illness data for this industry in 1995. Likewise, there

are no occupational fatalities reported for this specific industry in the 1994

CFOI. Occupational hazards historically associated with this industry include exposures to dyes and repetitive motion that can lead to musculoskeletal disorders.

 Funeral Services and Crematories (SIC 726) is a small business industry

containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7261) designated by the same

name. In 1994, this industry was comprised of 15,912establishments with

93,562employees; 98% in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers and

80% in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees. This industry experienced 2,400 nonfatal injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.2 cases

per 100 full-time workers. No occupational fatalities were reported for this

specific industry in the 1994 CFOI. Occupational hazards identified for this

industry include exposure to formaldehyde and infectious agents [Seitz and

Decker 1992] and musculoskeletal disorders and stress.

 Miscellaneous Personal Services, NEC (SIC 7299) is a small business industry engaged in providing personal services such as babysitting, blood pressure testing, costume rental, dating services, tanning salons, tattoo parlors,

and other personal services NEC. In 1994, there were 17,296 such establishments with 97,224 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses,

and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit

SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, in the broader category of Miscellaneous Personal Services (SIC 729) there was a work injury and illness IR of

1.7 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995 and 6 fatal injury cases in 1994;

83% were due to assaults and violent acts.

 Outdoor Advertising Services (SIC 7312) is a small business industry

specializing in the preparation of poster displays and painted and electric

displays on billboards, panels, bulletins, and frames, principally outdoors.

There were 1,251 such establishments with 12,589 employees in 1994.

No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific

industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

Working on billboards and with other types of outdoor advertising is associated with increased risk for falls and electrocutions. NIOSH has investigated 5 fatal injuries associated with outdoor advertising [Bradee et al.

142 Appendix
1995; Conroy et al. 1989; Manwaring et al. 1991; Pettit et al. 1985a,

1985b]. NIOSH also conducted a health hazard evaluation of billboard

painters exposed to solvents [McManus 1984].

 Adjustment and Collection Services (SIC 7322) is a small business industry specializing in the collection or adjustment of claims, other than insurance. In 1994, this service industry employed 76,016 persons in 5,649

establishments. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for

this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS

surveys.

 Commercial Photography (SIC 7335) is a small business service industry

engaged in providing commercial photography services for advertising agencies, publishers, and other business and industrial users. There were 3,964

such establishments with 16,321 employees in 1994; more than half worked

in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupational

injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Commercial Art and Graphic Design (SIC 7336) is a small business industry consisting of 12,401 establishments with 53,026 employees in 1994;

96% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data on

occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the

four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Secretarial and Court Reporting Services (SIC 7338) is a small business

industry with 7,349 workplaces and 32,968 employees; 92% worked in

places with fewer than 100 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities were reported for this specific industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Disinfecting and Pest Control Services (SIC 7342) is a small business service industry consisting of 10,716 workplaces with 76,208 employees in

1994; 97% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees. No data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry were reported at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Miscellaneous Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 735) is composed of

3 four-digit SIC subcategories; all are also small business industries. In 1994,

this industry employed 215,956 employees in 25,138 workplaces. Occupational injury and illness cases for the industry totaled 16,100 in 1995, with an

IR of 7.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC 735 recorded 14 fatal injury

cases in 1994; 57% were due to transportation incidents. The four-digit SIC

subcategories of this industry, for which there are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys,

are described below.

Appendix 143
 Medical Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7352) is a small business industry consisting of 3,292 workplaces and 33,313 employees.

 Heavy Construction Equipment Rental and Leasing (SIC 7353) is a

small business industry specializing in the renting or leasing of equipment

such as bulldozers, cranes, earth moving equipment, and other heavy construction equipment. In 1994, there were 3,661 such establishments with

37,253 employees.

 Equipment Rental and Leasing, NEC (SIC 7359) is a small business industry specializing in the rental or leasing of equipment NEC, such as airplanes,

appliances, furniture, party supplies, vending machines, and electrical equipment. In 1994, this industry employed 143,828 persons in 17,564 establishments.

 Computer Rental and Leasing (SIC 7377) is a small business service industry that employed 7,780 persons in 812establishments in 1994. There

are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific

industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Truck Rental and Leasing, No Drivers (SIC 7513) is a small business industry consisting of 4,577 workplaces and 37,421 employees in 1994; more

than half worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There were

no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Utility trailer and recreational vehicle rental (SIC 7519) is a small business industry consisting of 479 workplaces and 1,989 employees; all worked

in places with fewer than 100 employees; and more than two-thirds worked

in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on occupational

injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this specific industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Automobile Parking (SIC 752) is a small business service industry comprised of 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7521) designated by the same

name. In 1994, this industry consisted of 8,879 establishments with 58,475

employees. Automobile Parking recorded 2,900 nonfatal occupational injury

and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers.

No fatalities were recorded for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 753) is comprised of 7 four-digit SIC subcategories describing automobile repair industries; all have been identified as

small business industries (Table 3). In 1994, Automotive Repair Shops numbered 133,335 with 557,862employees, 97% were in shops with fewer than

100 workers, 87% worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers, and 64%

worked in the smallest shops with fewer than 10 employees. This industry

experienced 35,400 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995,

144 Appendix
with an IR of 6.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 61 fatal work

injuries (including 28 self-employed workers) that occurred in Automotive

Repair Shops in 1994; the causes were assaults and violent acts (34%), contact with objects and equipment (28%), fires and explosions (13%), exposure to harmful substances or environments (10%), and transportation

incidents (10%). A breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases was not

available in the BLS data among the following subcategories of Automotive

Repair Shops.

 Top, Body, Upholstery Repair Shops, and Paint Shops (SIC 7532) is a

small business industry with 35,030 shops and 177,811 employees in 1994;

more than 98% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and more

than half worked in shops with fewer than 10 employees.

 Automotive Exhaust System Repair Shops (SIC 7533), a small business industry, had 5,502 shops and 24,720 employees in 1994; all worked in shops

with fewer than 100 employees and 82% in shops with fewer than 10 employees.

 Tire Retreading and Repair Shops (SIC 7534) is a small business industry

consisting of 1,913 shops and 14,050 employees in 1994; 92% worked in

places with fewer than 100 employees.

 Automotive Glass Replacement Shops (SIC 7536) is a small business industry comprised of 4,938 shops and 22,786 employees in 1994; all worked

in places with fewer than 100 employees, and nearly two-thirds worked in

places with fewer than 10 employees.

 Automotive Transmission Repair Shops (SIC 7537) is a small business industry with 6,391 shops and 25,578 employees in 1994; more than 99%

worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, 93% worked in shops with

fewer than 20 workers, and 77% worked in the smallest shops with fewer

than 10 workers.

 General Automotive Repair Shops (SIC 7538) is a small business industry

primarily engaged in the activities of gasoline and diesel truck engine repair,

except industrial trucks. This industry included 68,419 shops and nearly

250,000 employees in 1994; 99% worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, 89% worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees, and 70%

worked in places with fewer than 10 employees.

 Automotive Repair Shops, NEC (SIC 7539) is a small business industry engaged in specialized Automotive Repair, NEC, such as fuel service (carburetor repair), brake relining, front-end and wheel alignments, and radiator

repair. In 1994, this industry had 9,931 shops and 41,687 employees; 99%

worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 69% worked in places

with fewer than 10 employees.

Appendix 145
 Automotive Services, Except Repair (SIC 754) is a small business industry

comprised of 2four-digit SIC subcategories, both are small business industries also. In 1994, this industry included 24,299 establishments employing

184,328 persons; 96% were in workplaces with fewer than 100 workers.

This industry group experienced 12,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 7.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. SIC

754 recorded 14 fatal occupational injury cases in 1994, nearly two-thirds

(64%) were due to transportation incidents. A breakdown of injury, illness,

and fatality cases was not available in the BLS data among the following

four-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 754.

 Carwashes (SIC 7542) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in washing, waxing, polishing and/or detailing cars, buses, and

trucks. In 1994, there were 12,197 such Carwashes with 106,719 employees; 95% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees.

 Automotive Services, Except Repair and Carwashes (SIC 7549) is a small

business industry consisting of establishments providing automotive services

such as emissions testing, diagnostic centers, lubricating service, towing,

rustproofing, window-tinting, and do-it-yourself garages. In 1994, there

were 11,704 such automotive service shops with 77,119 employees; 97%

worked in places with fewer than 100 employees, and 79% worked in places

with fewer than 20 employees.

 Radio and Television Repair Shops (SIC 7622) is a small business industry comprised of 5,611 shops and 28,384 employees in 1994; 94% worked in

shops with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly two-thirds (64%) worked in

shops with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on injury, illness, and

fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys; however, the

broader category of Electrical Repair Shops (SIC 762) experienced an IR for

nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses of 6.1 cases per 100 full-time

workers in 1995. SIC 762also recorded 9 fatal occupational injury cases (including 4 self-employed workers) in 1994, two-thirds were due to exposure

to harmful substances or environments.

 Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Service and Repair Shops (SIC

7623), also a subcategory of SIC 762, is a small business industry that included 3,687 shops and 24,160 employees in 1994. More than half of these

employees worked in shops with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data

on injury, illness, and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys. Electrocution is a potential hazard associated with the Electrical Repair

Industries. NIOSH has investigated a fatal injury of a refrigerator repair

worker [Smith et al. 1992].

 Watch, Clock, and Jewelry Repair (SIC 763) is a small business industry

containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7631) designated by the same

name. This industry consisted of 1,642shops and 5,140 employees in 1994;

146 Appendix
more than 95% worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 72% were

employed in shops with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on injury, illness and fatality cases for this specific industry in the BLS surveys.

 Reupholstery and Furniture Repair (SIC 764) is a small business industry

that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7641) designated by the

same name. In 1994, this industry included 6,735 establishments with

21,796 employees; more than 97% were in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 69% worked in shops with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 1,000 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of

5.3 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatal injury cases reported for this specific industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Miscellaneous Repair Shops and Related Services (SIC 769) is a small

business industry comprised of 3 four-digit SIC industries; all are also small

business industries. In 1994, this industry included 42,189 repair shops with

257,741 employees; 90% in shops with fewer than 100 employees, and 59%

in shops with fewer than 20 employees. This industry reported 19,700

nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 9.5 cases

per 100 full-time workers. There were also 29 fatal injury cases (including 11

self-employed workers) that occurred in Miscellaneous Repair Shops in

1994; the causes being contact with objects and equipment (24%), fires and

explosions (21%), assaults and violent acts (21%), and transportation incidents (21%). There was no breakdown of injury, illness, and fatality cases in

the BLS data among the following four-digit SIC subcategories of SIC 769.

 Welding Repair (SIC 7692) is a small business industry that includes welding shops and establishments engaged in brazing and welding repair of

cracked castings. In 1994, there were 5,714 such welding repair shops with

25,305 employees; more than 94% worked in shops with fewer than 100

workers, and more than half in shops with fewer than 10 employees. Burns

and exposures to fumes generated during welding operations are among the

occupational hazards associated with this industry.

 Armature Rewinding Shops (SIC 7694) is a small business industry involving rewinding armatures, coil winding, electric motor repair, hermetics repair, and rebuilding motors (not automotive). In 1994, this included 2,332

shops and 25,021 employees, more than 81% of whom worked in places

with fewer than 100 employees.

 Repair Shops and Related Services, NEC (SIC 7699) is a small business

industry comprised of establishments primarily engaged in specialized repair

services such as bicycle repair, leather goods repair, lock and gun repair, musical instrument repair, septic tank cleaning, farm machinery repair, furnace

cleaning, motorcycle repair, tank truck cleaning, taxidermists, tractor repair,

and typewriter repair. In 1994, this industry of diverse repair shops and services included 34,136 establishments employing 207,396 employees; 89%

Appendix 147
worked in shops with fewer than 100 workers, and 59% worked in shops

with fewer than 20 employees.

 Services Allied to Motion Picture Distribution (SIC 7829) is a small business industry that includes establishments primarily engaged in performing

auxiliary services to motion picture distribution, such as film delivery service, film purchasing and booking agencies, and film libraries. In 1994, this

industry had 188 establishments with 1,099 employees; all worked in workplaces with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There are no data on occupational

injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at the four-digit

SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Motion

Picture Distribution and Allied Services (SIC 782), there was an IR for injuries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

 Motion Picture Theaters, Except Drive-ins (SIC 7832) is a small business

industry engaged in the indoor exhibition of motion pictures. In 1994, this

industry consisted of 6,155 theaters with 108,358 employees; more than

96% worked in theaters with fewer than 100 employees. There are no data

on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported for this industry at

the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Motion Picture Theaters (SIC 783), there was an IR for occupational

injuries and illnesses of 4.6 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

 Drive-In Motion Picture Theaters (SIC 7833), the other subcategory of

SIC 783, is a small business industry comprised of commercially-operated

theaters engaged in the outdoor exhibition of motion pictures. This industry

included 435 drive-in theaters with 3,195 employees in 1994, more than

80% of whom were employed in theaters with fewer than 100 employees.

There are no data on occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities reported

for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys.

 Video Tape Rental (SIC 784) is a small business industry primarily engaged

in renting recorded video tapes and disks to the general public for personal or

household use. In 1994, there were 21,562 video tape rental stores with

144,644 employees; 98% worked in stores with fewer than 100 workers, and

more than two-thirds worked in shops with fewer than 20 employees. This

industry recorded 1,100 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in

1995, with an IR of 1.3 per 100 full-time workers. There were also 7 fatal occupational injury cases in this industry in 1994, all related to assaults and violent acts.

 Dance Studios, Schools, and Halls (SIC 791) is a small business industry

containing 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 7911) designated by the same

name. In 1994, this industry consisted of 5,255 establishments employing

24,430 persons; 98% worked in studios or halls with fewer than 100 employees, 83% were in workplaces with fewer than 20 employees, and 57%

148 Appendix
were in workplaces smaller than 10 employees. This industry recorded 100

nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with a relatively low IR among

small business industries of 0.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. No fatal injury cases were recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Bowling Centers (SIC 793) is a small business industry containing 1 fourdigit SIC subcategory (SIC 7933) designated by the same name. In 1994,

there were 5,855 Bowling Centers (also referred to as lanes or alleys) employing 92,962 persons; more than 96% worked in centers with fewer than

100 employees. This industry recorded 2,000 nonfatal occupational injury

and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers.

There were no fatal injury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI.

 Physical Fitness Facilities (SIC 7991) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in operating reducing and other health clubs,

spas, and similar facilities featuring exercise and other active physical fitness

conditioning, whether or not on a membership basis. In 1994, there were

9,813 such facilities with 154,692employees; more than 82% were in establishments with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.

 Public Golf Courses (SIC 7992), is a small business industry, that included

4,021 establishments with 47,993 employees in 1994; more than 89%

worked at courses with fewer than 100 workers. There were no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS surveys.

 Coin-operated Amusement Devices (SIC 7993) is a small business industry that includes establishments engaged in operating coin-operated amusement devices, either in their own or in other places of business. In 1994,

there were 4,722 establishments with 31,418 employees in SIC 7993; 90%

were in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and nearly

two-thirds were in workplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were no

data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities recorded for this industry in the BLS

surveys.

 Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Medicine (SIC 801) is a small business

industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8011) designated

by the same name. This industry consists of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of M.D. and engaged in the practice of general or

specialized medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were 198,538 such offices

and clinics with 1,621,384 employees. Employees of these offices experienced 37,900 nonfatal work injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.8

cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 11 fatal injury cases recorded

for this industry in 1994, 55% as the result of assaults and violent acts and

36% due to transportation incidents.

Appendix 149
 Offices and Clinics of Dentists (SIC 802) is a small business industry that

contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8021) designated by the same

name. This industry is comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners

having the degree of D.M.D. or D.D.S. (or D.D.Sc.) and engaged in the

practice of general or specialized dentistry, including dental surgery. In

1994, there were 110,559 dental offices and clinics employing 594,259 persons; 99% worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 92% were in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 66% were in the smallest offices

with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 10,100 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an IR of 2.4 cases per 100

full-time workers. There were 6 fatal occupational injury cases (including

4 self-employed persons) that occurred in dental offices and clinics in 1994.

Five were attributed to assaults and violent acts. Occupational hazards for

workers in this industry include exposures to nitrous oxide and mercury, as

well as musculoskeletal disorders.

 Offices and Clinics of Doctors of Osteopathy (SIC 803) is a small business industry that contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8031) designated by the same name. This industry includes establishments of licensed

practitioners having the degree of D.O. and engaged in the practice of general or specialized osteopathic medicine and surgery. In 1994, there were

8,385 such offices with 48,908 employees; 99% worked in offices with

fewer than 100 employees, and 83% worked in offices with fewer than 20

workers. There are no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases recorded for

this industry in the BLS surveys.

 Offices of Other Health Practitioners (SIC 804), a small business industry, is comprised of 4 four-digit SIC subcategories that are also small business industries. Offices of other health practitioners numbered 79,002in

1994 with 314,788 employees; 95% worked in offices with fewer than 100

employees, and 64% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers. This industry experienced 6,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in

1995, with an IR of 1.9 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were no fatalities recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI. A breakdown of the work

injuries and illnesses was not available among the following subcategories of

SIC 804 in the BLS data.

 Offices and Clinics of Chiropractors (SIC 8041) is a small business industry that includes establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree

of D.C. and engaged in the practice of chiropractic medicine. In 1994, there

were 28,768 chiropractic offices employing 89,121 persons; more than 99%

worked in offices with fewer than 100 employees, 96% worked in offices

with fewer than 20 employees, and 83% worked in the smallest offices with

fewer than 10 workers.

 Offices and Clinics of Optometrists (SIC 8042) is a small business industry comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree

150 Appendix
of O.D. and engaged in the practice of optometry. In 1994, there were

17,080 such offices with 72,027 employees; 99% worked in offices with

fewer than 100 workers, 93% worked in offices with fewer than 20 workers,

and 73% worked in offices with fewer than 10 workers.

 Offices and Clinics of Podiatrists (SIC 8043) is a small business industry

comprised of establishments of licensed practitioners having the degree of

D.P. and engaged in the practice of podiatry. In 1994, there were 7,981 podiatry offices with 26,805 employees; all worked in offices with fewer than

100 employees, 97% were in offices with fewer than 20 employees, and 83%

were in offices with fewer than 10 employees.

 Offices and Clinics of Health Practitioners, NEC (SIC 8049), a small

business industry, includes establishments of the following health practitioners: acupuncturists, audiologists, Christian Science practitioners, dental hygienists, dieticians, hypnotists, midwives, nurses, occupational therapists,

paramedics, clinical psychologists, speech pathologists, and other health

practitioners NEC. In this industry of diverse health disciplines, there were

24,817 offices in 1994 with 126,300 employees; 88% were in offices with

fewer than 100, and nearly two-thirds were in offices of fewer than 20 employees.

 Dental Laboratories (SIC 8072) is a small business industry with 7,417

workplaces and 39,309 employees in 1994; 96% worked in places with fewer

than 100 employees, and 47% worked in places with fewer than 10 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at

the four-digit level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of

Medical and Dental Laboratories (SIC 807), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 4.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995.

SIC 807 also recorded 4 fatal work injury cases in 1994, all due to transportation incidents.

 Schools and Educational Services, NEC (SIC 829) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in offering educational courses and services

NEC, including: music, drama, language, and short-term examination preparatory schools, student exchange programs, and vocational counseling. In

1994, there were 14,927 such schools and services employing 119,070 persons; 84% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees. This

industry recorded 2,800 nonfatal work-related injury and illness cases in

1995, with an IR of 3.1 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 10 fatal

occupational injury cases that occurred in this industry in 1994; 80% were

due to transportation incidents.

 Child Day Care Services (SIC 835), a small business industry, contains

1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8351) designated by the same name. This

industry is comprised of establishments engaged in the care of infants or children or in providing prekindergarten education where medical care or

Appendix 151
delinquency correction is not a major element. In 1994, there were 51,191

child day care service establishments with 526,000 employees; 95% were in

establishments with fewer than 100 employees, and more than half were in

establishments with fewer than 20 workers. Workers in this industry experienced 14,800 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an

IR of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 5 fatal occupational injury cases recorded for this industry in the 1994 CFOI, the leading cause being transportation incidents (60%).

 Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations (SIC 863), a small business industry, contains 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8631) designated

by the same name. This industry includes membership organizations of

workers for the improvement of wages and working conditions. In 1994,

these organizations totaled 19,264 and employed 171,996 persons, 82% of

these in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and more than half in

workplaces with fewer than 20 workers. There were no data on injury, illness, and fatality cases for this industry reported in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader major group of Membership Organizations (SIC 86),

there was an IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.9 cases per

100 full-time workers.

 Religious Organizations (SIC 866), a small business industry, contains

1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC8661) designated by the same name. This

industry includes establishments of religious organizations operated for worship, religious training or study, government or administration of an organized religion, or for promotion of religious activities. In 1994, this industry

was comprised of 146,527 establishments employing 1,265,938 persons;

82% of these in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, and nearly half

in establishments smaller than 20 workers. Employees in this industry experienced 2,000 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases in 1995, with an

IR of 2.6 cases per 100 full-time workers. There were 27 fatal occupational

injuries recorded that occurred among Religious Organizations in 1994, the

leading causes being transportation incidents (56%) and assaults and violent

acts (19%).

 Architectural Services (SIC 8712) is a small business industry comprised

of establishments that provide architectural engineering services such as residential and commercial building design. In 1994, there were 18,295 establishments providing Architectural Services and employing 126,421 persons;

86% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 employees, 54% worked

in establishments with fewer than 20 employees, and 35% worked in establishments with fewer than 10 workers. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS

surveys; however, for the broader category of Engineering, Architectural,

and Surveying Services (SIC 871), there was an IR for nonfatal occupational

injuries and illnesses of 2.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1995. SIC

871, which contains 3 four-digit subcategories, also experienced 35 fatal

152 Appendix
work injury cases in 1994. The leading causes were transportation incidents

(80%) and exposure to harmful substances or environments (11%).

 Surveying Services (SIC 8713) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in providing professional land, water, and aerial surveying services. In 1994, there were 8,870 establishments providing Surveying

Services and employing 49,752employees; more than 96% worked in establishments with fewer than 100 workers, 71% worked in establishments with

fewer than 20 workers, and 47% worked in establishments with fewer than

10 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this

industry at the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, there is information for the broader category of SIC 871, described above in Architectural Services.

 Public Relations Services (SIC 8743) is a small business industry of establishments engaged in the preparation of materials—written or spoken—

designed to influence the general public or other groups in promoting the interests of their clients. In 1994, there were 5,404 such establishments with

30,305 employees; more than 82% worked in places with fewer than 100

workers, and more than 86% worked in places with fewer than 20 employees. There are no data on injuries, illnesses, and fatalities for this industry at

the four-digit SIC-level in the BLS surveys; however, for the broader category of Management and Public Relations Services (SIC 874), there was an

IR for nonfatal occupational injuries and illness of 3.0 cases per 100 full-time

workers. In SIC 874, which contains 5 four-digit SIC subcategories including SIC 8743, there were also 18 fatal work injury cases in 1994; 80% were

due to transportation incidents.

 Services, NEC (SIC 899), a small business industry, contains 1 three-digit

SIC subcategory (SIC 899) and 1 four-digit SIC subcategory (SIC 8999),

both of which are also designated by the same name. This industry includes

the following services, NEC: authors, lecturers, radio commentators, song

writers, weather forecasters, writers, and artists working on their own account. In 1994, this industry of diverse services included 14,632establishments employing 85,030 persons; more than 82% worked in establishments

with fewer than 100 employees, and more than 46% worked in establishments with fewer than 20 workers. There were 900 nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases reported for this industry in 1995, with an IR of 2.4

cases per 100 full-time workers. Among the Services, NEC, there were 7 fatal occupational injury cases recorded in the 1994 CFOI, 71% were due to

transportation incidents.

Appendix 153