NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CRAIG KEYON WHITE, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

 v. 

ROBERT W. FOX, Warden, 

Respondent-Appellee.

No. 17-56307 

D.C. No. 

5:14-cv-02480-R-GJS 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted December 9, 2019**

Pasadena, California

Before: O'SCANNLAIN, PAEZ, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.

Craig White appeals the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of 

habeas corpus following his conviction for first degree robbery, attempted robbery, 

and first degree burglary in California state court. As the facts are known to the 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

DEC 13 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

parties, we repeat them only as necessary to explain our decision.1

I

The district court did not err in determining that the pretrial identification 

procedures were not unduly suggestive and thus did not violate due process. 

Although Deputy Bodnar did not read the admonishment aloud to Estevez and 

asked him to take his time when viewing the six-pack photo lineup, such actions 

did not direct Estevez’s attention to one photo in particular and did not render the 

procedure impermissibly suggestive. Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 

383–84 (1968). Bodnar’s additional comments to Estevez did not suggest to 

Estevez that White was “the man.” See Foster v. California, 394 U.S. 440, 443 

(1969). The record does not support the claim that Bodnar suggested to Estevez 

that White was the correct choice or even that there was any evidence that any of 

the men pictured had committed the crime. See Simmons, 390 U.S. at 383–84; see 

also United States v. Bagley, 772 F.2d 482, 493 (9th Cir. 1985). Bodnar’s 

assertion that the report mentioned a man with braids did not prompt Estevez to 

choose White because all of the photos depicted men with braids. Finally, the poor 

quality of the photos did not make the procedure impermissibly suggestive. See 

United States v. Burdeau, 168 F.3d 352, 357 (9th Cir. 1999). 

1 Appellant’s Request for Judicial Notice, filed with this court December 10, 2018, 

is GRANTED.
3 

Even if there were any suggestiveness in the procedure, the witness 

identifications were independently reliable based on the Biggers factors. Manson 

v. Braithwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114 (1977). First, all four victims had adequate 

opportunity to view White during the crime, which occurred in a lighted house and

lasted about 45 minutes. Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972). Second, 

the witnesses paid a fair degree of attention to White and were able to recall these 

details at trial. Id. Third, despite the slight variations in descriptions of White’s 

hair and clothing, the witnesses gave an accurate physical description of White. Id. 

Fourth, the witnesses were fairly certain to very certain in their pretrial 

identifications of White. Id. Fifth, the time between the crime and identifications 

was relatively short. Id.; see also United States v. Barron, 575 F.2d 752, 755 (9th 

Cir. 1978).

Because the procedure was not impermissibly suggestive and was

independently reliable, the district court did not err in concluding that the state 

court’s decision was not contrary to clearly established federal law and was not 

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. Harrington v. Richter, 562 

U.S. 86, 98 (2011). 

II

The district court did not err in determining White’s counsel was not 

ineffective for failing to challenge the identification procedure or failing to 
4 

introduce audio recordings of the witness identifications. White has not 

demonstrated deficient performance and so his claim fails. Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). First, White failed to demonstrate that the 

pretrial identification procedures were impermissibly suggestive or unreliable. 

Therefore, counsel’s motion to suppress would have been futile. Counsel was not 

deficient under Strickland for failing to file a meritless motion. Ceja v. Stewart, 97 

F.3d 1246, 1253 (9th Cir. 1996). Second, counsel’s decision to impeach the 

witnesses with the written transcripts rather than the audio recordings was a 

tactical decision that falls under the “wide range of reasonable professional 

assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. 

Because there was, in fact, a reasonable argument that counsel did satisfy 

Strickland, the district court did not err in concluding that the state court’s decision 

was not contrary to clearly established law. Richter, 562 U.S. at 105. 

AFFIRMED.