F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 30 2001

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD NORMAN ROJEM,

Petitioner-Appellee/

Cross-Appellant,

v.

GARY GIBSON, Warden, Oklahoma

State Penitentiary,

Respondent-Appellant/

Cross-Appellee. 

Nos. 00-6056 & 00-6060

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

(D.C. No. CIV 96-CV-1337-M)

K. Leslie Delk, Norman, Oklahoma, for Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

Seth S. Branham, Assistant Attorney General (W.A. Drew Edmondson, Attorney

General of Oklahoma with him on the briefs), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for

Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

Before TACHA , Chief Judge, BALDOCK , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.

BALDOCK , Circuit Judge.
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Richard Norman Rojem was convicted of the first degree rape, kidnaping

and murder of seven-year-old Layla Dawn Cummings, his former step-daughter. 

He received the death penalty for the murder and one thousand years’

imprisonment for both the kidnaping and rape. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal

Appeals affirmed on direct appeal, Rojem v. State , 753 P.2d 359 (Okla. Crim.

App.), cert. denied , 488 U.S. 900 (1988), and denied post-conviction relief,

Rojem v. State , 829 P.2d 683 (Okla. Crim. App.), cert. denied , 506 U.S. 958

(1992); Rojem v. State , 925 P.2d 70 (Okla. Crim. App. 1996). On federal habeas

corpus review, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the district court upheld the convictions, but

conditionally granted relief from the death sentence because the trial court failed

to instruct the jury to weigh the aggravating and mitigating evidence when

deciding whether to impose the death penalty. Both parties appeal. We affirm. 

FACTS

Between 10:00 p.m. on July 6, 1984, and 1:15 a.m. on July 7, Layla was

abducted from the apartment where she lived with her mother, Mindy Cummings,

and her brother, Jason Cummings. Rick Quimby, who worked at a motel across

the street, notified Mindy at work that when he went to check on the children

Layla was missing. Jason went to sleep when his mother went to work, but he

woke up when he heard a noise. He testified that he heard no cries or struggle but
1 Rojem’s nickname was Rick. 

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saw “Rick.” 1

 Don Cummings, Layla’s and Jason’s father, testified that Jason told

him he thought Layla was with “Rick,” but he did not see or hear anything. 

A farmer found Layla’s body in a field the morning of July 7. She died of

stab wounds to her neck. She also had been stabbed in the vaginal area. There

was blood on the crotch area of her nightgown, and blood had soaked the soil two

to three inches under her neck and chest. Her buttocks skin was torn, consistent

with fingernail scratches. There was blunt force trauma to her hymen, but no

sperm were found in her body. 

Most evidence connecting Rojem to the crime was circumstantial. He

recently had been divorced from Mindy and had tried to reconcile with her. He

knew her work schedule and of the broken lock to the apartment door. A plastic

cup with his fingerprint on it was found near the apartment. Upon leaving a bar

between 11:50 p.m and 12:20 a.m., his beer had been placed in a similar cup. At

1:14 a.m., Rojem called his employer and asked the dispatcher to log the call at

12:35 a.m. Later, he requested the call be logged at the correct time. 

The police found the outer wrappings of a condom in the folds of Layla’s

nightgown. Also at the crime scene was an order form packed with that brand of

condoms. When police searched Rojem’s room, they found a condom package

and a used condom containing semen. All of this amounted to one complete
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condom package. This common brand of condoms was sold in a dispenser in the

restroom at the bar where Rojem had been. He had gone to the restroom

immediately before leaving the bar. 

Tire track impressions near the body were consistent with the two rear tires

and one front tire on Rojem’s car. The other front tire track impression was

inconsistent with the corresponding tire on Rojem’s car. The State, however,

presented evidence that Rojem had changed that tire the morning of July 7. That

tire was a fourteen inch radial, whereas the others were fifteen inch non-radials. 

Rojem had asked a co-worker to tell police that the co-worker and another

had changed Rojem’s tire after a blowout. Rojem told the co-worker that “‘[t]he

police have got a tire and it may be the tire they put me in jail with’” and if the

co-worker did not tell he had changed a tire it would be “capital punishment” and

“two lives instead of one.” Tr. vol. II at 211-12. The co-worker refused to lie. 

Rojem told another co-worker that his car was used in a homicide and that he had

the car the whole time. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA)

applies to this appeal. See Williams v. Taylor , 529 U.S. 362, 402 (2000). Under

AEDPA, if a claim is adjudicated on its merits in state court, a petitioner is

entitled to federal habeas relief only if he can establish that the state court
2 OUJI-CR 440 (now OUJI-CR 4-80) provided: “If you unanimously find

that one or more of the aggravating circumstances existed beyond a reasonable

doubt, unless you also unanimously find that any such aggravating circumstance

or circumstances outweigh the finding of one or more mitigating circumstances,

the death penalty shall not be imposed.” 

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decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established” Supreme Court precedent or “was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented.” 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1), (2). We presume state court factual findings are correct, absent

clear and convincing evidence rebutting that presumption. Id. § 2254(e)(1). “If

[a] claim was not heard on the merits by the state courts, and the federal district

court made its own determination in the first instance, [this court] review[s] the

district court’s conclusions of law de novo and its findings of fact, if any, for

clear error.” LaFevers v. Gibson , 182 F.3d 705, 711 (10th Cir. 1999). 

APPEAL NO. 00-6056

The trial court failed to give the Oklahoma uniform jury instruction 2

directing the jury to weigh the aggravating and mitigating circumstances when

deciding whether to impose the death penalty. The federal district court held the

failure to provide this instruction denied Rojem his Eighth Amendment right to a

reliable sentence and his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. The court

therefore ordered the State to provide Rojem with a new capital-sentencing
3 Because the state appellate court considered this claim on its merits, we do

not consider whether appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise this

claim until rehearing. 

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proceeding. The State argues that despite the omission of this instruction, the

instructions actually given and the context of the entire trial show no reasonable

probability the jury applied the instructions in a way that allowed it to ignore

mitigating evidence, act outside the scope of its sentencing authority, or sentence

Rojem to death without determining the aggravating circumstances outweighed

the mitigating evidence. 

On direct appeal rehearing, Rojem first argued the trial court violated his

constitutional rights by failing to give the weighing instruction. After

determining Rojem waived this claim because he failed to raise it on direct

appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals then rejected it on its merits. 3

Citing only Davis v. State , 665 P.2d 1186, 1203-04 (Okla. Crim. App. 1983), the

court decided the instructions properly informed the jury it was authorized to

consider imposing the death penalty if it found aggravating circumstances and

allowed the jury to fairly consider life or death punishment. 

Davis, however, is distinguishable. The trial court in that case gave a

proper weighing instruction. Id. at 1202. 

The federal district court found that Oklahoma law requires a weighing

instruction and its omission violated the Fourteenth Amendment, allowing the
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jury to act outside the scope of its statutory authority and permitting it to sentence

Rojem to death without finding the aggravating circumstances outweighed the

mitigating circumstances. The court interpreted the entire instructions as

indicating the jury could sentence Rojem to death once it unanimously agreed

upon the existence of at least one aggravating circumstance. Without a weighing

instruction, the court determined the mitigating instruction suggested

consideration of mitigating circumstances was optional. Also, the court decided

the instruction informing the jury to record the aggravating circumstances it found

may have suggested to the jury the aggravators, not the mitigators, were the

important consideration. The court found no reference to a weighing requirement

anywhere in the trial transcript which could have possibly cured the omission. 

In addition, the court found an Eighth Amendment violation because there

was a reasonable likelihood the jury applied the instructions in a way that it was

prevented from considering the mitigating evidence and in fact failed to consider

Rojem’s constitutionally relevant mitigating evidence. The court noted the

second-stage instructions did not inform the jury it should consider all evidence. 

Furthermore, it found no clarification of the jury’s obligation to consider

mitigating evidence within the entire context of the trial and the mitigating

evidence, comprising only twenty-nine pages of the transcript, was not so
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voluminous that there could be no reasonable likelihood the jury failed to

consider it. 

The State argues the district court’s finding of an Eighth Amendment

violation is contrary to Boyde v. California , 494 U.S. 370 (1990), and Buchanan

v. Angelone , 522 U.S. 269 (1998). Rather, it maintains there is no reasonable

likelihood the jury applied the instructions in a way that prevented consideration

of constitutionally relevant mitigating evidence. The State points to instructions

permitting the jury to select life imprisonment, even upon a finding of

aggravating circumstances; authorizing the jury to consider imposing a death

sentence only upon a unanimous finding of one or more aggravators; defining

mitigating circumstances as “those which, in fairness and mercy, may be

considered as extenuating or reducing the degree of moral culpability or blame,”

O.R. vol. II at 575; and informing the jury it must decide what circumstances are

mitigating under the facts and circumstances of the case. Also, the State suggests

the jury received indirect instruction to consider all of the evidence in reaching its

decision. See id. at 573 (Instruction No. 3: “If, upon consideration of all the

evidence, facts, and circumstances in the case, you entertain a reasonable doubt of

the guilt of the defendant of the charges made against him in the Bill of

Particulars, you must give him the benefit of that doubt and return a sentence of

life imprisonment.”), 577 (instructing jury to consider all appropriate first-stage
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instructions, which required jury to consider all evidence before making guilt

decision). Additionally, the State suggests the context of the proceedings, along

with the mitigation evidence and Rojem’s counsel’s closing argument that Rojem

should receive a life sentence, led the jury to consider Rojem’s background and

character in making its sentencing decision. 

“The Eighth Amendment requires that the jury be able to consider and give

effect to all relevant mitigating evidence offered by petitioner.” Boyde , 494 U.S.

at 377-78. The standard for determining whether the jury instructions, which

must be viewed in total, Cupp v. Naughten , 414 U.S. 141, 146-47 (1973), satisfy

these principles is “whether there is a reasonable likelihood that the jury has

applied the challenged instruction in a way that prevents the consideration of

constitutionally relevant evidence,” Boyde , 494 U.S. at 380; see also Buchanan ,

522 U.S. at 276. A state, however, need not structure in a particular way the

manner in which juries consider mitigating evidence. Buchanan , 522 U.S. at 276. 

The instructions here only expressly directed the jury to base its sentencing

decision on all of the evidence when considering whether the aggravators listed in

the Bill of Particulars had been proven. Cf. id. at 277 (instructing jurors to

consider all evidence gave them opportunity to consider mitigating evidence). No

instructions required the jury in this case to consider the mitigating evidence. 

Nor did the entire context in which the trial court gave the instructions expressly
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inform the jury to consider mitigating evidence. See id. at 278; Boyde , 494 U.S.

at 383. We agree with the language in Boyde , 494 U.S. at 384, that counsel’s

argument to spare Rojem’s life probably carried less weight with the jury than the

court’s instructions. In addition, the defense did not present extensive mitigating

evidence. Cf. Buchanan , 522 U.S. at 278 (two days of mitigation testimony);

Boyde , 494 U.S. at 383 (four days of mitigation testimony). And even the

presentation of that evidence did not guarantee the “jury w[ould] feel entitled to

consider” it. Boyde , 494 U.S. at 384. Rather, the jury must have a means to

consider and give effect to the mitigating evidence. See Penry v. Lynaugh ,

492 U.S. 302, 319 (1989). 

The trial court did not provide clear, objective standards providing specific,

detailed guidance to the jury to decide whether to impose the death penalty. See

Godfrey v. Georgia , 446 U.S. 420, 428 (1980) (citing cases). And a weighing

requirement was not inherent in the given instructions. Thus, the jury could have

based its decision to impose the death penalty on caprice or emotion, rather than

on reason. Zant v. Stephens , 462 U.S. 862, 885 (1983) (citing Gardner v. Florida ,

430 U.S. 349, 358 (1977)). We therefore conclude there is a reasonable

likelihood the jury applied the instructions in a way that prevented it from

considering the mitigating evidence. This violated the Eighth Amendment. 
4 The State argues any error in failing to provide the weighing instruction

was harmless under Brecht v. Abrahamson , 507 U.S. 619, 627, 637 (1993). We

will not review for harmless error. Cf. Mills v. Maryland , 486 U.S. 367, 375-77

384 (1988) (requiring resentencing if jury’s verdict was based on improper ground

or “jury conducted its task improperly,” such as failing to consider mitigating

evidence). 

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With respect to the district court’s finding of a Fourteenth Amendment

violation, the State argues Rojem received all the process he was due, despite the

absence of the weighing instruction, because the jury knew it must consider all of

the evidence in determining punishment and the jury was instructed that it must

decide whether to sentence Rojem to life or death. 4 “The defendant . . . has a

substantial and legitimate expectation that he will be deprived of his liberty only

to the extent determined by the jury in the exercise of its statutory discretion, and

that liberty interest is one that the Fourteenth Amendment preserves against

arbitrary deprivation by the State.” Hicks v. Oklahoma , 447 U.S. 343, 346 (1980)

(citation omitted); see also Williams v. Cain , 125 F.3d 269, 281, 284 (5th Cir.

1997) (holding capital defendant has constitutionally protected liberty interest in

having his sentence imposed by jury instructed to act within bounds of its

statutory discretion). 

Oklahoma requires weighing by the fact finder, in this case the jury. See

Okla. Stat. tit. 21, § 701.11; Rojem , 753 P.2d at 369. Thus, the trial court

deprived Rojem of his legitimate expectation under state law–he did not receive
5 The State argues no certificate of appealability (COA) was granted on this

claim and it therefore is not properly before this court. Rojem, however, received

a COA on the merits claims, and he did request an evidentiary hearing with

respect to those claims. Thus, we are not prohibited from considering this claim. 

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the assurance the death penalty would be imposed only if the aggravating

circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. See Hicks, 447 U.S. at

346. Instead, the trial court permitted the jury unguided discretion to impose the

death penalty. Nor did the state appellate court attempt to cure the deprivation. 

See id. at 347. The State therefore deprived Rojem of his liberty without due

process. 

We conclude the Oklahoma appellate court’s decision was contrary to and

an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent, see 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1), and the federal district court correctly held Rojem’s Eighth and

Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated. 

APPEAL NO. 00-6060

I. Denial of an Evidentiary Hearing

Rojem argues he should have received an evidentiary hearing due to newly

discovered evidence and allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. 5

 “His

attempt to develop the factual basis of these claims in state court frees him from

the limitations of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2).” Walker v. Gibson , 228 F.3d 1217,

1231 (10th Cir. 2000). Rojem, therefore, “is entitled to an evidentiary hearing if
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his allegations, if true and not contravened by the record, entitle him to habeas

relief.” Id. (quotation omitted). Based on the following discussion, we conclude

Rojem is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing. 

II. Denial of Funds for Investigative and Expert Assistance

Rojem argues the state courts and federal district court violated his

constitutional rights, including his right to effective assistance of counsel, by

denying him funds for investigative and expert assistance. He believes having an

investigator to pursue potential suspects and new evidence may prove someone

else committed the crime. Although the federal district court granted broad

discovery, Rojem contends this had limited value without assistance. 

On direct appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in part

concluded the trial court properly denied funds because (1) Rojem made

undeveloped assertions, insufficient to qualify for funds, Caldwell v. Mississippi ,

472 U.S. 320, 323-24 n.1 (1985); (2) counsel cross-examined state experts and

elicited the limitations of the tests and examinations performed and (3) the State

need not provide an indigent defendant with an investigator simply because a

wealthier defendant could afford one. Rojem , 753 P.2d at 364. On review of the

denial of Rojem’s first post-conviction application, the court found any

lack-of-funds argument unpersuasive, because Rojem did not assert newly

discovered evidence and the constitutional issues he raised did not require expert
6 This newly discovered evidence is discussed infra in section III. 

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witnesses to examine evidence. Rojem , 829 P.2d at 684. Also, because experts

were unnecessary and irrelevant, the court did not analyze counsel’s

effectiveness. Id. In reviewing denial of the second post-conviction application,

the court again refused to consider a funding issue, given the limited value of

Rojem’s newly discovered evidence. 6 Rojem , 925 P.2d at 76. 

A state must provide an indigent defendant with the basic tools to present

an adequate defense or appeal. Ake v. Oklahoma , 470 U.S. 68, 77 (1985). We

consider three factors to determine what tools are required: 

(1) the effect on [Rojem’s] private interest in the accuracy of the trial

if the requested service is not provided; (2) the burden on the

government’s interest if the service is provided; and (3) the probable

value of the additional service and the risk of error in the proceeding

if such assistance is not offered.

Moore v. Reynolds , 153 F.3d 1086, 1112 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted). 

The third factor is the critical factor, Johnson v. Gibson , 169 F.3d 1239, 1246-47

(10th Cir. 1999), and it is dispositive in this case. 

Rojem’s requests for experts and an investigator were speculative, merely

suggesting, without more, that such assistance would have been beneficial. 

Rogers v. Gibson , 173 F.3d 1278, 1287 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied , 528 U.S.

1120 (2000). He has not shown the value of the requested services or how their

denial caused him substantial prejudice. See Johnson , 169 F.3d at 1247. And
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counsel was not rendered ineffective. See Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S.

668, 687 (1984) (requiring petitioner to show counsel’s performance was

deficient and he was prejudiced thereby). Accordingly, we conclude the

Oklahoma appellate court’s determinations were not unreasonable. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1). 

In federal district court, Rojem was entitled to experts and an investigator

only upon a showing of reasonable necessity. See 21 U.S.C. § 848 (q)(4)(B),

(q)(9); McFarland v. Scott , 512 U.S. 849, 855 (1994). Because Rojem did not

show necessity, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying funding

for an investigator or experts. See, e.g. , Hill v. Johnson , 210 F.3d 481, 487 (5th

Cir. 2000), petition for cert. filed , (U.S. Aug. 28, 2000) (No. 00-5947); Bonin v.

Calderon , 59 F.3d 815, 837 (9th Cir. 1995). 

III. Brady Violation

Rojem argues the State withheld exculpatory, material evidence in violation

of Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and thereby interfered with his right to

effective assistance of counsel. First, Rojem contends the State failed to disclose

evidence of alleged suspects and an expert witness. He also contends the federal
7 The State has waived an exhaustion defense with respect to the Delp

Report. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(3). The federal district court denied any claim

based on this Report on its merits. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2). 

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district court incorrectly found that newly discovered evidence, the Delp Report,

was not material. 7 

To prove a Brady violation, a petitioner must establish that the State

suppressed exculpatory, material evidence. Strickler v. Greene , 527 U.S. 263,

281-82 (1999). Evidence is material if there is a reasonable probability that, had

the State disclosed the evidence, the result of the trial would have been different. 

Id. at 280. In assessing materiality, this court reviews the undisclosed evidence in

light of the record as a whole. Moore , 153 F.3d at 1112. 

A. Evidence Considered by State Courts

After finding undisclosed evidence, Rojem filed a second post-conviction

application based on this newly discovered evidence. The Oklahoma Court of

Criminal Appeals concluded the newly discovered evidence of alleged suspects

Carl Bounds and Bobby Schoonover was not exculpatory and material and did not

undermine confidence in the outcome of the trial. Rojem , 925 P.2d at 73-75. The

court further concluded Rojem knew or should have known about the expert

witness and Donald Cummings’ investigation of other alleged suspects at the time

Rojem filed his first application for post-conviction relief; therefore, the court
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refused to review these claims based on waiver and issue preclusion. Id. at

75-76. The court also rejected a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel

resulting from undisclosed evidence. Id. at 76. 

We review the state court’s materiality determination under § 2254(d)(1). 

Moore v. Gibson , 195 F.3d 1152, 1165 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied , 120 S. Ct.

2206 (2000). Upon review of the entire record, we conclude the state appellate

court’s rejection of the Brady claim with respect to Bounds and Schoonover was

not an unreasonable application of Supreme Court precedent. No record evidence

indicates the State considered these two suspects. 

Rojem recognizes the remainder of this claim is procedurally barred. But

we cannot determine if the State is arguing procedural bar. Regardless of whether

this portion of the claim is barred, we conclude, as did the district court, that the

State did not withhold exculpatory, material evidence. 

B. Delp Report

Rojem found the Delp Report after the federal district court granted

discovery. The Report indicated that between 2:55 a.m. and 3:25 a.m., when

Rojem allegedly was at home, Lawana Delp saw headlights of a vehicle she could

not identify by make or model one-third mile from the Delp home in the field

where Layla’s body was later found. The car was still there at 3:25 a.m. when she
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went to bed. Her husband stated that the road was used as a shortcut by people

coming and going from the bars. 

The federal district court agreed with Rojem that the State should have

given him this Report because it had exculpatory value. Nonetheless, the court

determined the Report was not material because there was no reasonable

probability disclosure would have resulted in a different outcome at trial. 

Reviewing de novo , see LaFevers , 182 F.3d at 711, we agree. Even if

someone was near the crime scene at the time noted, the Report does not preclude

Rojem as a suspect or even strongly suggest someone other than Rojem committed

the crime. Other than the timing and location of the headlights, Rojem presented

no evidence connecting the vehicle to the murder. 

In light of the Delp Report, Rojem argues counsel should have known to

investigate Schoonover and Bounds as potential suspects. No evidence connects

either one with the crime, however. In contrast, the evidence presented at trial

pointed to Rojem as the killer. Further, the possibility counsel could have

investigated other alleged suspects does not establish a reasonable probability the

trial’s outcome would have been different. 

Considering the undisclosed evidence collectively, the State did not fail to

disclose material evidence. See Johnson , 169 F.3d at 1255 (citing Kyles v.

Whitley , 514 U.S. 419, 436-37, 438-39 (1995)). We therefore conclude there is
8 Rojem also argues the failure to disclose evidence denied him his Sixth and

Fourteenth Amendment rights to confront and cross-examine witnesses. This

argument is so inadequately developed on appeal that we deem it waived. See

Thomas v. Gibson , 218 F.3d 1213, 1220 n.4 (10th Cir. 2000). 

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no reasonable probability the trial result would have been different if all of this

evidence had been disclosed before trial. Rojem had a fair trial resulting in a

verdict worthy of confidence. See Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434. And the alleged Brady

violation did not render his counsel constitutionally ineffective. 8 

IV. Sufficiency of the Evidence to Prove Guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

Rojem argues there is insufficient evidence to prove him guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt of murder or rape. In assessing sufficiency of the evidence, “the

relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia ,

443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). 

A. Murder 

Rojem challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the murder

conviction in his first application for post-conviction relief. The Oklahoma Court

of Criminal Appeals determined Rojem waived the claim. Rojem , 829 P.2d at

684. The federal district court found this claim procedurally barred because

Rojem did not argue either cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of
9 Even if we were to consider the newly discovered evidence, we would

conclude sufficient evidence supported the murder conviction. 

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justice. See Coleman v. Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991) (holding where “a

state prisoner has defaulted his federal claims in state court pursuant to an

independent and adequate state procedural rule, federal habeas review of the

claim is barred unless the prisoner” can satisfy either cause and prejudice

standard or fundamental miscarriage of justice standard). Relying on the newly

discovered evidence, Rojem argues on appeal, for the first time, that procedural

default would result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice. We will not

consider this argument. See Jones v. Gibson , 206 F.3d 946, 958 (10th Cir.)

(holding this court does not consider arguments raised for first time on appeal),

cert. denied , 121 S. Ct. 496 (2000). Accordingly, we conclude this claim is

procedurally barred. 

Even if it were not barred, we agree with the federal district court that

sufficient evidence presented at trial supported the murder conviction. 9

 See

Herrera v. Collins , 506 U.S. 390, 402 (1993) (holding newly discovered evidence

should not be considered). While there often are some unresolved questions in a

case based on circumstantial evidence, here, much evidence, viewed in the light

most favorable to the State, clearly points to Rojem as the murderer. 
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B. Rape

Rojem argues there is insufficient evidence of penetration to support the

rape conviction. On direct appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals

determined there was sufficient evidence of penetration:

Oklahoma law provides that rape requires actual penetration,

but that any sexual penetration, however slight, is sufficient to

complete the crime of rape. In the present case, the medical

examiner testified that the dead child’s hymen, labia minor, labia

major and vaginal wall were bruised. It was Dr. Choi’s opinion that

the bruising resulted from a blunt force trauma to the hymen

consistent with being caused by a male penis. She further stated the

injuries were inflicted while the victim was yet living. 

We find this evidence sufficient to allow any rational trier of

fact to find that penetration occurred beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . 

[M]edical testimony of the bruised and lacerated condition of the

victim’s hymen and labia minora would sufficiently prove sexual

penetration of at least one half inch, it being established that the

hymen is located approximately that distance within the vagina. 

Although the medical examiner herein was unwilling to render an

opinion whether “penetration in the legal sense” occurred, there was

adequate testimony from which the jury could deduce that it had in

fact occurred. 

Rojem , 753 P.2d at 362-63 (citations omitted). Recognizing the state court

correctly articulated and applied the Jackson standard, we conclude, after

reviewing the record, the state court’s determination was reasonable. See

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see also Valdez v. Ward , 219 F.3d 1222, 1237 (10th Cir.

2000) (declining to decide whether § 2254(d)(1) or (d)(2) applies), petition for

cert. filed , (U.S. Feb. 7, 2001) (No. 00-8528). 
-22-

V. Prosecutorial Misconduct

Rojem argues prosecutorial misconduct denied him a fair trial. 

A. First Stage

1. Opening Statement. Rojem challenges various prosecutorial

opening statement remarks. On post-conviction review, the Oklahoma Court of

Criminal Appeals found the claim waived. Rojem , 829 P.2d at 684. And the

federal district court found it procedurally barred. We agree. We do not consider

Rojem’s assertion made for the first time on appeal that counsel was ineffective

for failing to object to the comments. See Jones, 206 F.3d at 958. 

2. Closing Statement. Rojem argues the prosecutor (1) expressed

his opinion that Rojem was guilty, the State had met its burden of proof, Layla

had been killed in the field, it was an insult to the jury’s intelligence to suggest

Layla was killed elsewhere and Rojem was less than human; (2) attacked defense

counsel; (3) suggested the defense had labeled the prosecutor, Oklahoma State

Bureau of Investigation (OSBI) and sheriff’s office liars; (4) vouched for Jason’s

and an OSBI agent’s credibility and (5) went outside the record to speculate what

Rojem said to Layla when he abducted her. Rojem challenged these remarks in

his first application for post-conviction relief. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal

Appeals deemed these challenges waived. Rojem , 829 P.2d at 684. The federal

district court, however, reviewed each remark on its merits because the State did
-23-

not assert procedural bar. The State now asks this court to sua sponte apply

procedural bar. See Hardiman v. Reynolds , 971 F.2d 500, 504 (10th Cir. 1992). 

We decline to do so, and review de novo the district court’s conclusion that the

remarks did not render the trial fundamentally unfair, see LaFevers , 182 F.3d at

711. 

When, as here, prosecutorial misconduct does not implicate a constitutional

right, such misconduct does not warrant habeas relief unless it rendered the trial

fundamentally unfair. Donnelly v. DeChristoforo , 416 U.S. 637, 643, 645 (1974);

Paxton v. Ward , 199 F.3d 1197, 1217 (10th Cir. 1999). In reviewing this claim,

we assess the prosecutor’s conduct in context, considering the strength of the

State’s case and determining whether the prosecutor’s challenged remarks

“plausibly could have tipped the scales in favor of the prosecution.” Tillman v.

Cook , 215 F.3d 1116, 1129 (10th Cir.) (quotation omitted), cert. denied , 121 S.

Ct. 664 (2000). Ultimately, we consider the probable effect the prosecutor’s

remarks had on the jury’s ability to judge the evidence fairly. Id. After

reviewing the transcript, we are unable to conclude any of the challenged

comments, even if improper, influenced the jury’s decision and rendered the trial

fundamentally unfair. 
-24-

B. Second Stage 

Rojem argues the prosecutor engaged in name calling and attempted to

invoke a regional bias. Although this claim was never raised in state court, the

State does not argue failure to exhaust or procedural bar. Accordingly, we

proceed to the merits. Moore , 195 F.3d 1171 . In light of the considerable

evidence supporting guilt and the aggravating factors, the prosecutor’s comments

did not influence the jury’s verdict. Smallwood v. Gibson , 191 F.3d 1257,

1275-76 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied , 121 S. Ct. 88 (2000). 

C. Evidentiary Misconduct

Rojem challenges the prosecutor’s attempt to impugn his character by

telling the jury he was not a Christian and by eliciting testimony about his sexual

practices. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals found no fundamental error. 

Rojem , 753 P.2d at 366. This determination was reasonable. See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1). 

Rojem argues the prosecutor misled the jury by (1) having Sheriff Ferraro

testify about blood in the trunk of Rojem’s car; (2) stating the time of death could

not be estimated and (3) implying Layla had been found with panties in her

mouth. The prosecutor did not mislead the jury. Rojem’s counsel questioned

Sheriff Ferraro about the blood; the exact time of death cannot be established and

one witness testified it appeared panties were stuffed into Layla’s mouth. 
-25-

Rojem argues the prosecutor improperly presented evidence of extramarital

affairs and illegal drug use. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals

determined this evidence did not affect the outcome at trial. Rojem , 753 P.2d at

366. This determination was reasonable. See 28 U.S.C. §2254(d)(1). 

CONCLUSION

We have considered all of Rojem’s guilt stage arguments and are not

persuaded constitutional error affected that stage of his trial. Also, we agree

with the federal district court that the trial court violated Rojem’s constitutional

rights by failing to give the weighing instruction. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the

district court’s decision.