F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

APR 5 2005

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. No. 04-2145

MCQUADE Q. (a juvenile),

Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO

(D.C. No. CR-03-2155-JP)

Kyle T. Nayback, Assistant United States Attorney (David C. Iglesias, United

States Attorney, with him on the briefs), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for PlaintiffAppellee.

Alonzo J. Padilla, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Albuquerque, New Mexico,

for Defendant-Appellant.

Before EBEL, BALDOCK, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.

The Government filed a sealed superceding information charging Defendant

McQuade Q., a juvenile, with two counts of aggravated sexual abuse in violation

of the Federal Juvenile Delinquency Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 5031-5042. Count I
1

 “When determining whether to transfer a juvenile to adult status, the court

may assume the truth of the government’s allegations regarding the defendant’s

commission of the crime.” United States v. Anthony Y., 172 F.3d 1249, 1251 n.1

(10th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation omitted).

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charged McQuade with forcibly raping a thirteen-year old girl when he was

seventeen years old. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), 2246(2)(A). Count II charged

McQuade with forcibly raping an eleven-year old girl when he was sixteen years

old. See id.1 

The Government moved to proceed against McQuade as an adult under 

18 U.S.C. § 5032. The district court held an evidentiary hearing and found that

transferring McQuade to adult status would be “in the interest of justice.” See

18 U.S.C. § 5032. The court specifically found that: (1) neither of McQuade’s

parents provided parental support or guidance, both drank heavily, and were

neglectful; (2) the offense McQuade was charged with involved the forcible rape

of different young girls and one offense was particularly violent; (3) McQuade

has an extensive juvenile criminal history; (4) McQuade suffers from, among

other things, a low IQ, extreme anti-social personality disorder, and may suffer

from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; (5) McQuade’s treatment for his psychological

problems has been minimal but his educational efforts and behavior have

improved since his incarceration in the Santa Fe County Youth Detention Center

(SFCYDC); and (6) although McQuade’s behavior in the SFCYDC has improved,
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he has not shown any improvement with his extensive psychological problems. 

The court further found that neither the SFCYDC nor any other juvenile

facilities have the appropriate programs to treat McQuade’s psychological

problems. Instead, the court found that a federal correctional institution would

have the best programs to treat McQuade. The court concluded “[i]t will be

necessary to provide intensive, expert treatment of McQuade Q.’s psychological

factors for a period that will extend beyond McQuade Q.’s twenty-first birthday.” 

Accordingly, the court, after indicating “this to be a most difficult decision,”

granted the Government’s motion to proceed against McQuade as an adult.

On appeal, McQuade argues the district court erred when it: (1) failed to

give proper weight to McQuade’s upbringing and failed to find the first four

statutory factors under § 5032 weighed in favor of juvenile treatment and

rehabilitation; (2) failed to recognize the significance of McQuade’s educational

and behavioral improvement at the SFCYDC; and (3) improperly focused on the

unavailability of psychological therapy in juvenile treatment facilities. We have

jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine, see United States v. Angelo D., 

88 F.3d 856, 857-58 (10th Cir. 1996), and review the district court’s decision for

an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Leon, D. M., 132 F.3d 583, 589-90

(10th Cir. 1997). 

Our review of § 5032 transfer decisions is highly deferential. The
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defendant bears “a heavy burden” in seeking to overturn the district court’s

decision. Id. at 590. “A district court abuses its discretion in deciding whether to

transfer a juvenile to adult status when it fails to make the required factual

findings or when its factual findings are clearly erroneous.” Id. The district

court’s decision may not be overturned simply because an appellate court might

have reached a different conclusion had it considered the matter in the first

instance. Id. Applying this standard, and after carefully reviewing the record, we

affirm. 

 I.

“The purpose of the federal juvenile delinquency process ‘is to remove

juveniles from the ordinary criminal process in order to avoid the stigma of a

prior criminal conviction and to encourage treatment and rehabilitation.’” United

States v. Anthony Y., 172 F.3d 1249, 1251-52 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting United

States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 220 (10th Cir. 1990)). The district court must

balance this important interest against the need to protect the public from

dangerous individuals. Id. Juvenile adjudication is presumed appropriate unless

the government establishes that prosecution as an adult is warranted in the interest

of justice. Id.; see also Leon, D. M., 132 F.3d at 589.

Section 5032 provides six factors to guide district courts in determining

whether transfer to adult status is “in the interest of justice”: (1) the age and
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social background of the juvenile; (2) the nature of the alleged offense; (3) the

extent and nature of the juvenile’s prior delinquency record; (4) the juvenile’s

present intellectual development and psychological maturity; (5) the nature of past

treatment efforts and the juvenile’s response to such efforts; and (6) the

availability of programs designed to treat the juvenile’s behavioral problems. 

18 U.S.C. § 5032. A district court must consider and make findings with respect

to each factor. Id. The district court is not required, however, to give equal

weight to each factor. Leon, D. M., 132 F.3d at 589. Instead, the court “may

balance them as it deems appropriate.” Id. (internal citation omitted). “Also, the

court is not required to state whether each specific factor favors or disfavors

transfer.” Id. 

II.

In this case, McQuade asks us to re-weigh the six statutory factors such that

we might reach a different result than the district court. We decline to do so. The

district court carefully considered each of the factors listed in § 5032, and as the

Government opines, “did exactly what the Juvenile Delinquency Act requires.” 

The court balanced each of the factors and concluded they weighed in favor of

McQuade’s transfer to adult status. The court was not required to give particular

weight to one factor over another nor was the court required “to state whether

each specific factor favors or disfavors transfer.” See id. 
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In examining each factor, the court first recognized that McQuade has

suffered an unfortunate background and has spent “the majority of his upbringing

. . . in foster care or in a school dormitory.” The court found McQuade’s mother

provided no parental support and that his father “served as a bad adult example.” 

The court then recognized that “[t]he lack of parental love and support has

resulted in a number of McQuade Q.’s severe psychological problems.” The

record fully supports the court’s findings.

When discussing the second and third factors, the court found the offense

for which McQuade was charged involved “the forcible rape of different young

girls” and one offense “was particularly violent and resulted in significant,

multiple injuries to the girl.” The court also throughly reviewed McQuade’s prior

delinquency record and found that he has been charged with numerous juvenile

offenses. Although the court indicated most of McQuade’s prior offenses were

non-violent, McQuade has a history of regular fighting at school. Again, the

record fully supports the court’s findings.

Next, the court made explicit findings under the fourth factor involving

McQuade’s present intellectual development and psychological maturity. The

record shows McQuade was diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome at the age of

six and testimony at the transfer hearing indicated that such a diagnosis may

render McQuade “less amenable to treatment, especially in juvenile treatment
2

 The Supreme Court recently noted in Roper v. Simmons, __ U.S. __, __,

125 S.Ct. 1183, 1197 (2005), that general rules of psychiatry prohibit psychiatrists

“from diagnosing any patient under 18 as having antisocial personality disorder.” 

The Court’s dicta is irrelevant in this case for three reasons. First, Dr. Roll

explicitly testified at the transfer hearing that the rules of psychiatry do not

prohibit anything; rather, it “is a guideline for clinicians.” Second, Dr. Roll

testified that McQuade was never actually diagnosed with an anti-social

personality disorder; instead, he simply possesses “all of the behavioral

requirements, even though he is not 18.” Lastly, McQuade, in his opening brief,

admits he “suffers from severe anti-social personality disorder.”

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facilities.” Further, relying upon the report and testimony of Dr. Samuel Roll, a

clinical psychologist, the court found McQuade suffers from, among other things,

“an extreme anti-social personality disorder, is unable to appreciate the

wrongfulness and harmfulness of his actions, exhibits frequent loss of control of

sexual and aggressive impulses, [and] has narcissistic tendencies.”2

 Dr. Roll

testified that juveniles suffering from narcissism are more difficult to treat than

juveniles who do not exhibit narcissistic tendencies.

The record further supports the court’s findings under the fifth statutory

factor involving the nature of past treatment and McQuade’s response to such

treatment. Specifically, the court noted that efforts to treat McQuade’s

psychological problems have been minimal. The record shows McQuade briefly

attended anger management and alcohol abuse counseling in the past but stopped

attending for personal reasons. Although the court recognized McQuade’s

educational efforts have improved at the SFCYDC and McQuade “has not shown
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the pattern of misconduct that preceded his incarceration,” McQuade’s

“incarceration at the [SFCYDC] has not corrected or improved his psychological

problems, especially his extreme anti-social personality disorder.” Dr. Roll

testified that even after eight months of treatment at the SFCYDC, McQuade “still

shows severe deficiencies” and that his “prognosis is very bad.” 

Lastly, the court found under the sixth factor that juvenile facilities are not

equipped to handle McQuade’s necessary long-term psychological treatment. 

Although McQuade argues the sixth factor only requires the unavailability of

programs to treat a juvenile’s “behavioral” problems rather than psychological

problems, the district court logically concluded McQuade’s psychological

problems are directly related to his behavioral problems. Accordingly, the

treatment of one over another would not facilitate McQuade’s recovery. 

See Anthony Y, 172 F.3d at 1252-53 (indicating the sixth statutory factor simply

addresses the availability of “treatment programs” in general and does not

distinguish between “behavioral” or “psychological” treatment programs). 

Further, the record supports the court’s finding that juvenile facilities are

not capable of handling McQuade’s psychological treatment. Dr. Roll testified:

I think this man who has suffered this much, including separation

from his mother right at the age when you begin to develop a

conscience at three years old, really is going to need long-term

treatment. And I think he is going to need treatment by highly

trained people. Usually, unfortunately, at juvenile centers we spend

less on our juveniles than we do on the adults, we don’t have people
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who are well-trained, who have PhDs, who have long-term

internships and post doctorates.

Dr. Roll continued and testified that McQuade will require treatment one to three

times a week by a licensed psychologist for at least four to five years and juvenile

facilities are simply not equipped to handle that need. The testimony of Dr.

Elliott J. Rapaport, also a clinical psychologist, supports Dr. Roll’s conclusions. 

Dr. Rapaport testified that juvenile facilities “don’t have the kind of licensed

psychologist on staff that would be required to engage in three-day-a-week

intensive psychotherapy towards the end of changing personality.” Accordingly,

the court properly concluded, based upon the report and recommendation of Dr.

Roll, that the interest of justice required the transfer of McQuade to adult status

because federal correctional institutions have the best programs and staffing to

treat McQuade.

III.

The record establishes that the district court carefully considered each of

the statutory factors and made a difficult decision as to how to weigh them. Even

if the decision might not have been our own, in light of the deference we afford

the district court, the court’s decision must stand. Accordingly, we hold the

district court did not abuse its discretion in granting the Government’s motion to

transfer McQuade to adult status. 

AFFIRMED.