1

Filed 6/16/20

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

CARLOS GUTIERREZ,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

BRAND ENERGY SERVICES OF

CALIFORNIA, INC.,

Defendant and Respondent. A154604

(Alameda County

Super. Ct. No. RG17846239)

This is an appeal from final judgment entered against plaintiff Carlos

Gutierrez after the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment

filed by defendant Brand Energy Services of California, Inc. (Brand).

Plaintiff, a former Brand employee, sued Brand for nonpayment of his pre

shift employer

- mandated travel time in violation of several Labor Code and

Business and Professions Code provisions. Pla intiff brought this lawsuit on

his own behalf and on behalf of a proposed class of similarly situated persons.

In granting summary judgment for Brand prior to class certification,

the trial court found a complete defense existed with respect to each of

pl aintiff’s causes of action under California Industrial Welfare Commission

Wage Order No. 16

- 2001, section 5(D) (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11160(5)(D)).

According to the trial court, this provision permitted union

- represented

employees and their employers to enter into collective bargaining agreements

(CBA’s) that waived the right to all compensation for employer

- mandated

travel time. The trial court further found that the applicable CBA’s in this2

case, as amended by a June 2017 letter of understanding (L OU), confirmed a

bargained

- for practice wherein Brand compensated its employees for post

shift mandatory travel time but not pre

- shift mandatory travel time. The

trial court thus entered judgment for Brand.

On appeal, plaintiff contends the trial court’s order was based on an

erroneous interpretation of the applicable wage order. For reasons that

follow, we agree with plaintiff and therefore reverse the judgment and

remand for further proceedings.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff was a journe yman scaffold worker at gasoline refineries owned

and operated by Brand between 2010 and November 2015. Brand contracted

for the erection and dismantling of scaffolding at various Northern California

refineries, including the Chevron refinery in Richmond, the ConocoPhillips

refinery in Rodeo, the Tesoro refinery in Martinez, and the Valero refinery in

Benicia. This scaffolding was used by Brand employees to perform

maintenance and construction work. During his employment with Brand,

plaintiff performed t his work at the Tesoro refinery, the ConocoPhillips

refinery and, lastly, the Chevron refinery, where he spent the final five years

of his employment.

Brand was a signatory to the CBA’s at issue in this case with the

Carpenters 46 Northern California Counties Conference Board. These CBA’s

applied to several building and construction trade associations, which

included plaintiff’s union, Carpenters Local Union 152 (hereinafter,

Carpenters Union). The terms of plaintiff’s employment were gove rned by

these CBA’s.

According to plaintiff’s deposition testimony, for the last three months

of his employment with Brand, plaintiff generally worked 10

- or 12

- hour3

shifts that began at 5:30 p.m. Plaintiff would arrive at the Chevron refinery

30 or 40 m inutes before the start of his shift and, after parking his vehicle in

the refinery lot at about 4:45 p.m., would walk three to five minutes to the

refinery gate. At this electronic gate, plaintiff “badge[d] in” with his

employee access card. Once throug h the gate, plaintiff was required to walk

to a shuttle bus stop, where he would then wait with other workers about five

to seven minutes for the shuttle bus to arrive. Plaintiff would then ride this

shuttle bus five to 10 minutes to the lunch tent, where he would put on

mandatory safety gear before attending a mandatory safety meeting.

Brand deemed the official start of plaintiff’s shift to be the scheduled

start time of this daily mandatory safety meeting. According to plaintiff, he

was required to tak e the Brand shuttle bus to this meeting site instead of

driving his own vehicle or being dropped off by a friend or relative.

After working his 10

- or 12

- hour shift, plaintiff would reboard the bus

to return to the refinery gate between 2:45 and 3:15 a.m. , where he would

badge out no later than 3:30 a.m.

Under a practice referred to by Brand as “ ‘in on the employee’s time,

out on the Company’s,’ ” scaffold workers including plaintiff were not paid for

the time they spent each work day before their shift: (1) badging in at the

electronic gate, (2) walking to the shuttle bus stop and waiting for the bus,

(3) traveling by bus to the mandatory safety meeting site, and (4) donning

mandatory safety gear before the start of this meeting (hereinafter,

collective ly referred to as employer

- mandated travel time). Plaintiff alleged

that Brand’s failure to pay any wages, including minimum wage, for this

employer

- mandated travel time, which amounted to about 30 to 40 minutes

each work day, violated Labor Code provisio ns requiring timely payment of

due wages and accurate wage statements (Lab. Code, §§ 201

– 203, 226, 1194,4

1194.2), and constituted an unfair business practice under the Business and

Professions Code (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.).

Accordingly, plaint iff sought by his first amended complaint, which is

the operative complaint, statutory penalties, recovery of unpaid wages,

restitution and restoration of sums owed and property unlawfully withheld,

interest and attorney fees and costs. Plaintiff brought these claims on his

own behalf and on behalf of a proposed plaintiff class of all hourly nonexempt

on

- site workers employed by Brand at sites within the State of California

during the four

- year period preceding the original filing date of the complaint

to the present

.

On March 29, 2017, Brand filed a first amended answer to the first

amended complaint in which it asserted as its 10th affirmative defense that

each of plaintiff’s claims was barred by the exemption set forth in Industrial

Welfare Commission ( IWC) Wage Order No. 16

- 2001, section 5(D) (Cal. Code

Regs., tit. 8, § 11160) (hereinafter, Wage Order 16, § [__]). 1

On November 2, 2017, Brand moved for summary judgment based on

its 10th affirmative defense, asserting there were no triable issues of

material fact because a complete defense existed as to each of plaintiff’s

causes of action under Wage Order 16 section ( 5)(D). In making this

assertion, Brand relied on a recent LOU entered into by Brand and the

Carpenters Union on June 23, 2017, after it filed its first amended answer,

that was intended to amend the CBA’s governing plaintiff’s employment with

respect to t he practice of “ ‘in on the employee’s time, out on the Company’s.’ ”

Specifically, this LOU provided in relevant part:

1 The IWC and its authority to enact wage orders such as Wage Order

16 are discussed post at pages 6

– 8

.5

“Pursuant to this practice, the employees’ time spent traveling from the

refinery gates to their first places of work within the refine ries is considered

to be non

- compensable commuting time within the refineries. The employees

are then required to be compensated at their applicable hourly rate(s) for the

time spent traveling from their last place(s) of work back to the refinery

gate(s) at the end of the work day. By its payment of such compensation, an

Employer is deemed to have satisfied its obligation to pay its employees for

the time spent traveling between the refinery gate(s) and their work sites on

any given day.

“This letter is i ntended to constitute a collectively bargained agreement

between an employer and a labor organization with respect to employer

mandated travel time within the meaning of California Industrial Welfare

Commission Wage Order 16, Section 5(D).”

Following a co ntested hearing, the trial court granted Brand’s motion

for summary judgment by order dated May 21, 2018, and thereafter entered

judgment for Brand. Plaintiff timely appealed.

DISCUSSION

The standard of review of an order granting summary judgment in the

defendant’s favor is well settled. We “independently assess the correctness of

the trial court’s ruling by applying the same legal standard as the trial court

in determining whether any triable issues of material fact exist, and whether

th e defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” ( Rubin v. United

Air Lines, Inc . (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 364, 372.)

Here, the relevant facts are undisputed and the correctness of the trial

court’s summary judgment ruling hinges on purely legal iss ues: (1) whether

California law permits an employer and its union

- represented employees to

execute a CBA that expressly waives the right to be paid minimum wage for6

otherwise compensable pre

- shift employer

- mandated travel time ; and (2) if

so, whether the CBA between Brand and the Carpenters Union in this case,

as amended by the June 2017 LOU, expressly provided for the waiver of this

right by plaintiff and other covered employees.

I. Wage and Hour Claims: Legal Framework.

In California, “wage and hour claim s are

. . . governed by two

complementary and occasionally overlapping sources of authority: the

provisions of the Labor Code, enacted by the Legislature, and a series of 18

wage orders, adopted by the IWC.” ( Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior

Court (2 012) 53 Cal.4th 1004, 1026 ( Brinker ).)

The IWC has “ ‘broad statutory authority’ ” to issue industry

- and

occupation

- wide wage orders specifying minimum requirements with respect

to wages, hours, and working conditions. ( Brinker

, supra

, 53 Cal.4th at p.

1 026.) Applicable here, Wage Order 16, enacted in 2001, governs employers

and employees in the construction industry. (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11160.)

“The IWC’s wage orders are to be accorded the same dignity as

statutes. They are ‘presumptively valid’ legislative regulations of the

employment relationship [citation], regulations that must be given

‘independent effect’ separate and apart from any statutory enactments

[citation].” ( Brinker

, supra

, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1027.) “Wage orde rs take

precedence over the common law to the extent they conflict.” ( Troester v.

Starbucks Corp . (2018) 5 Cal.5th 829, 839 ( Troester ).) However, “ because the

Legislature is the source of the IWC’s authority, a provision of the Labor Code

will prevail ov er a wage order if there is a conflict

. ” ( Gerard v. Orange Coast

Memorial Medical Center (2018) 6 Cal.5th 443, 448, italics added.)

This appeal raises issues concerning the proper interpretation of

provisions of both Labor Code section 1194 and Wage Orde r 16. Ordinary7

principles of statutory interpretation apply. (See Gonzalez v. Downtown LA

Motors, LP (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 36, 43 ( Gonzalez ) [wage orders are

construed in accordance with the principles of statutory interpretation].)

Accordingly, our ta sk is to independently construe the statutory and

regulatory language in the context of the entire legal framework, striving to

discern the statute’s or wage order’s underlying purpose and to harmonize its

different components. ( Ardon v. City of Los Angel es (2016) 62 Cal.4th 1176,

1183; Gonzalez

, supra, at p. 44 [appellate court reviews the meaning of a

wage order de novo] .)

The underlying purpose of this particular legal framework is well

established: “ ‘When construing the Labor Code and wage orders, we adopt

the construction that best gives effect to the purpose of the Legislature and

the IWC. [Citations.] Time and again

, we have characterized that purpose

as the protection of employees

— particularly given the extent of legislative

concern about working conditions, wages, and hours when the Legislature

enacted key portions of the Labor Code. [Citations.] In furtherance o f that

purpose, we liberally construe the Labor Code and wage orders to favor the

protection of employees. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” ( Troester

, supra , 5 Cal.5th

at p. 839; see Frlekin v. Apple Inc . (2020) 8 Cal.5th 1038, 1045 [“ ‘Wage and

hour laws “ar e to be construed so as to promote employee protection.”

[Citations.] These principles apply equally to the construction of wage

orders’ ”].)

With these principles in mind, we begin our statutory construction with

the relevant text. “ ‘If it “is clear and unambiguous our inquiry ends.”

[Citation.]’ ” ( Frlekin v. Apple Inc

., supra , 8 Cal.5th at p. 1046.) If, on the

other hand, “the language can be interpreted to have more than one

reasonable meaning, a court may consider ‘ “a variety of extrinsic aids

,8

including the ostensible objects to be achieved, the evils to be remedied, the

legislative history, public policy, contemporaneous administrative

construction, and the statutory scheme of which the statute is a part.”

[Citation.]’ [Citation.]” ( Flower s v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan

Transportation Authority (2015) 243 Cal.App.4th 66, 73 ( Flowers ).) “ Judicial

construction that renders any part of the wage order meaningless or

inoperative should be avoided. ” ( Gonzalez

, supra

, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 44.)

A. The Right to Minimum Wage.

“The Labor Code .

. . contemplates that employees will be paid for all

work performed.” ( Troester

, supra , 5 Cal.5th at p. 840.) Employees’ right to

minimum wage is provided for in Labor Code section 1194, which states in

relevant part: “Notwithstanding any agreement to work for a lesser wage,

any employee receiving less than the legal minimum wage or the legal

overtime compensation applicable to the employee is entitled to recover in a

civil action the unpaid ba lance of the full amount of this minimum wage or

overtime compensation, including interest thereon, reasonable attorney’s

fees, and costs of suit.” (Lab. Code, § 1194, subd. (a).)

Consistent with this Labor Code provision, section 4 of Wage Order 16

requ ires “[e]very employer” to pay a specified minimum wage to its employees

“per hour for all hours worked

. . . .” (Wage Order 16, § 4.) Section 4 applies

“to all persons employed in the on

- site occupations of construction

. . . .” ( Id

.,

§ 1.) There are s pecific exemptions from this minimum wage requirement

that are not relevant here. For example, there are exemptions for certain

categories of employees, including “persons employed in administrative,

executive, or professional capacities” ( id. , § 1(A)) an d “outside salespersons”

( id. , § 1(C)).9

“ ‘ Hours worked’ ” for purposes of Wage Order 16, including section 4,

means “the time during which an employee is subject to the control of an

employer, and includes all the time the employee is suffered or permitted to

work, whether or not required to do so. ” (Wage Order 16, § 2(J).)

B. The Right to Compensation for Employer

- mandated

Travel.

Addressing the same definition of “hours worked” that applies in this

case (see Wage Order 16, § 2(J)), the California Supreme Court has held that

“[employees’] compulsory travel time, which includes the time they spent

waiting for [their employer’s] buses to begin transporting them, was

compensable” because, during this time, the employees remained under their

employer’s “control

. . . .” ( Morillion v. Royal Packing Co . (2000) 22 Cal.4th

575, 587, 588 ( Morillion ) .)

Consistent with this holding, Wage Order 16 section 5(A) provides: “ All

employer

- mandated travel that occurs after the first location where the

employee’s pr esence is required by the employer shall be compensated at the

employee’s regular rate of pay or, if applicable, the premium rate that may be

required by the provisions of Labor Code § 510 and Section 3, Hours and

Days of Work, above .”

Wage Order 16 section 5(D), in turn, provides: “This section shall apply

to any employees covered by a valid collective bargaining agreement unless

the collective bargaining agreement expressly provides otherwise.”

As the trial court noted in its summary judgment orde r, the IWC’s

“ ‘Statement as to the Basis for Wage Order 16,’ ” section 5, dated October 23,

2000, refers to Morillion when describing section 5’s requirement that

employers compensate employees for all employer

- mandated travel time at10

the regular or premi um rate of pay, but lacks any citation or other indication

of the IWC’s intention behind Wage Order 16 section 5(D)’s exemption. 2

With this legal context, we begin our analysis.

II. Statutory Construction.

A. Plain Language.

The parties agree this appeal turns on the meaning of Wage Order 16

section 5(D). Plaintiff contends there is no language in section 5(D)

permitting employers and employees to enter into a CBA that waives

employees’ right to minimum wage for employer

- mandated travel time.

Rather, pla intiff contends that section 5(D) has nothing to do with the

minimum wage requirements of section 4(B). Section 5(D) authorizes an

employer and its union

- represented employees to enter into a CBA that

“expressly provides” for the waiver of the employees’ rights under section 5,

including the right under subdivision (A) to be compensated at the “regular

rate of pay or, if applicable,” the premium rate. However, an employee’s right

to be compensated at least the minimum wage for every hour worked, which

ari ses from section 4(B), remains in force.

Brand, on the contrary, contends section 5(D) permits union

represented employees and their employers to opt out of paying any

compensation for travel time that would otherwise be compensable under

Morillion and se ction 5(A). According to Brand, t he plain language of section

5(D) supports its position that “employees whose employment is governed by

a construction industry CBA is not required to be paid for travel time at any

rate, because the ‘section’ [5(A)] requi ring compensation for such time ‘does

2 The parties agree the legislative history of Wage Order 16 section 5

sheds no light on whether the IWC or the Legislature intended to require

employers with a section 5(D)

- compliant CBA to pay employees minimum

wage for employer

- mandated travel time.11

not apply’ if a CBA expressly so provides.” Further, with respect to the two

types of rates mentioned in section 5(A), the regular rate and the premium

rate, Brand argues they “have nothing to do with the purpose or e ffect of the

CBA exemption in Section 5(D)

. . . .”

We conclude plaintiff’s position, which accounts for all of section 5’s

language, is better reasoned. First, we accept plaintiff’s point that Wage

Order 16 section 5 does not state that union

- represente d employees and

employers can opt out of paying any compensation whatsoever for employer

mandated travel time. Rather, section 5(A) identifies two particular rates of

pay, the employee’s regular rate and, if applicable, the premium rate. Section

5(D) the n provides: “This section”

— meaning section 5, including section

5(A)’s two pay rates

— applies to any employees covered by a valid CBA

“unless the [CBA] expressly provides otherwise.” (Wage Order 16, § 5(D).)

“This section”

— again, meaning section 5

— does n ot mention, much less

override, the separate requirement under section 4(B) that employees receive

compensation “not less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours

worked

. . . .” ( Id. , § 4(B).) As the California Supreme Court has warned,

substituti ng other words for the express language contained in a statute or

regulation “amounts to improper judicial legislation.” ( Morillion

, supra

, 22

Cal.4th at p. 585.) Moreover, “ [j]udicial construction that renders any part of

the wage order meaningless or i noperative should be avoided. ” ( Gonzalez

,

supra

, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 44.)

Applying these rules here, we conclude Brand’s interpretation of

section 5(D) is unsupported by section 5’s plain language, which limits its

own scope to section 5 and says nothi ng about waiving the right to minimum

wage. Brand’s interpretation also directly conflicts with the express terms of

Wage Order 16 sections 1 and 4. These sections, subject to exceptions not12

applicable here, expressly apply to “all persons employed in th e on

- site

occupations of construction ” (Wage Order 16, § 1) and require payment of “ not

less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours worked in the payroll

period ” ( id

., § 4(B)). 3

B. Harmonizing California Labor Laws.

In reading the text of Wage Order 16 section 5(D) in this manner, we

acknowledge its ambiguities. As such, we resort to other indicia of the IWC’s

intent, making sure to heed the California Supreme Court’s instruction that

“c ourts must seek to harmonize IWC wage orders with statutes to the extent

possible [citation].” ( Stoetzl v. Department of Human Resources (2019) 7

Cal.5th 718, 725 ( Stoetzl ).) And, as mentioned, where a wage order conflicts

with a Labor Code statute, the statute “will prevail

. . . . ” ( Gerard v. Orange

Coast Me morial Medical Center

, supra

, 6 Cal.5th at p. 448.)

Applying these rules, we find another fundamental problem with

Brand’s position. Were we to accept Brand’s argument that Wage Order 16

section 5(D) permits CBA

- covered parties to “opt out” of compensati ng

employees for employer

- mandated travel time notwithstanding Wage Order

section 4, we would also undermine Labor Code section 1194, subdivision (a),

the statute bestowing on California employees the right to minimum wage

subject to exceptions not relevan t here.

3 During oral argument, Brand argued that Wage Order 16 section 5(B)

further demonstrates the ICW’s intent to permit parties to a valid CBA to

choose to mak e employer

- mandated travel time noncompensable. This

provision does not mention, much less purport to govern, employer

- mandated

travel time. Rather, it applies to the quite different circumstance when “an

employee is required to report to the work site a nd does report, but is not put

to work or is furnished less than half of his/her usual or scheduled day’s

work

. . . .” (Wage Order 16, § 5(B), italics added.)13

Numerous California courts have interpreted Labor Code section 1194,

subdivision (a) to preclude employers from contracting with its employees for

a rate of pay less than minimum wage. As our appellate colleagues in the

Second Appellate District recently explained: “ [P]laintiffs

. . . are entitled to

be paid at or above the minimum wage regardless of any agreement to work

for less, because their right to the minimum wage cannot be waived by

contract. Under California law, ‘employees may not agre e to waive their

entitlement to the minimum wage [citations], nor may a collective bargaining

agreement waive that right.’ ( Flowers

, supra

, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 82

[concluding Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority must

comply with minimum wage law notwithstanding operative collective

bargaining agreement]; accord, [Lab. Code,] § 1194 [‘Notwithstanding any

agreement to wor k for a lesser wage, any employee receiving less than the

legal minimum wage or the legal overtime compensation applicable to the

employee is entitled to recover in a civil action

. . . .’]; Gentry v. Superior

Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443, 455 [citations] [ ‘By its terms, the rights to the

legal minimum wage

. . . conferred by the statute are unwaivable.’],

disapproved on another ground in Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los

Angeles, LLC (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348, 360 [citations]; Hoover v. American

Income Life In s. Co. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1208 [citation] [rights

accorded by § 1194 ‘may not be subject to negotiation or waiver’].) Thus, any

agreement by plaintiffs to work for less than the minimum wage does not

relieve the [defendant] of its duty to pay pl aintiffs at or above the minimum

wage.” ( Marquez v. City of Long Beach (2019 ) 32 Cal.App.5th 552, 577

– 578;

see Armenta v. Osmose, Inc. (2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 314, 324 [holding that,

based on “a strong public policy in favor of full payment of wages for al l hours14

worked,” the “minimum wage standard applies to each hour worked by [the

employees] for which they were not paid” ].) 4

Rather than address this case law, Brand directs us to cases

recognizing that union

- represented workers may bargain away their rig hts to

4 Recently, the California Supreme Court considered the distinct issue

of whether a certified c lass of state correctional employees could enter into

“memoranda of understanding” or “MOUs” with the State waiving

compensation for time spent on pre

- and postwork activities that included

traveling from the prison’s outermost gate to their work post with in the

prison. ( Stoetzl

, supra

, 7 Cal.5th at pp. 722, 730

– 731 .) Upholding this

waiver of compensation, the court reasoned: “[T]he MOUs [containing

specific provisions for compensating pre

- and postwork activities] were all

approved by the Legislature, w ith this approval signed by the Governor and

chaptered into law.” ( Id

. at p. 740.) Accordingly, the MOUs became

“legislative enactments” that superseded the more general state laws,

including the state minimum wage laws that were the basis for the plaint iffs’

claims. ( Ibid. )

In so holding, the Stoetzl court distinguished cases like ours involving

private labor agreements not signed into law: “ This is not a case in which a

party to a labor agreement agreed to waive state law protections that are not

subj ect to waiver. (Cf. Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443, 455

[citations] [‘By its terms, the rights to the legal minimum wage and legal

overtime compensation conferred by the statute are unwaivable.’]; Hoover v.

American Income Life Ins. Co. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1208 [citation]

[‘[T]he rights accorded by [Labor Code] section[]

. . . 1194

. . . may not be

subject to negotiation or waiver.’]; Grier v. Alameda

- Contra Costa Transit

Dist. (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 325, 335 [citation] [‘[F]ull p ayment of accrued

wages is an important state policy, enacted for protection of employees

generally. As such, it is not to be avoided by the terms of a private

agreement.’].) Rather, [ Stoetzl ] is a case in which a party to a labor

agreement agreed, subje ct to legislative approval, to certain specified terms

of employment, and the Legislature then enacted a special law approving the

agreed

- upon terms

. ” ( Stoetzl

, supra

, 7 Cal.5th at pp. 740

– 741.)

Stoetzl is therefore inapposite. There is no dispute the CB A’s and LOU

in this case were not approved by the Legislature much less chaptered into

law.15

overtime pay and meal periods. 5 (See Vranish v. Exxon Mobil Corp

. (2014)

223 Cal.App.4th 103, 111; Araquistain v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (2014)

229 Cal.App.4th 227, 238 .) These cases are inapposite because, in each, the

reviewing court relied on an express statutory exemption for CBA

- covered

employees relating to the particular right at issue. For example, in Vranish

,

the reviewing court upheld a CBA exemption from the overtime pay

requirements in Labor Code section 510 based on language in Labor Code

section 514 providing: “ ‘Section[] 510 .

. . do[es] not apply to an employee

covered by a valid collective bargaining agreement if the agreement expressly

provides for t he wages, hours of work, and working conditions of the

employees, and if the agreement provides premium wage rates for all

overtime hours worked and a regular hourly rate of pay for those employees

of not less than 30 percent more than the state minimum wa ge.’ ” ( Vranish

,

at p. 109; see Wage Order 16, § 3(H) [same].) Similarly, in Araquistain the

reviewing court relied on Labor Code section 512, subdivision (e)(2), which

provides “an exception to the ordinary rule that an employer must provide

meal period s of a specified time after a specified amount of work; that is, it

provides that where a collective bargaining agreement meets certain

requirements, subdivision (a) ‘do[es] not apply.’ ” ( Araquistain , at p. 236 .)

There is no equivalent statutory language in our case. As discussed,

Wage Order 16 section 5(D) contains no express exemption from the

5 Brand does cite federal authority, Burnside v. Kiewit Pacific Corp

. (9th Cir. 2007) 491 F.3d 1053, 1064, for the proposition that a CBA may

waive the right to be paid minimum wage for mandatory travel time.

However, as the trial court noted, Burnside did not confront the question of

whether a CBA may exempt any employer from paying any compensation

(including minimum wage) for travel time. Nor did Burnside addres s or even

mention the California case law holding that the right to minimum wage

under Labor Code section 1194 is not waivable.16

minimum wage requirements in Labor Code section 1194, subdivision (a) and

Wage Order 16 section 4 for the employer

- mandated travel time of CBA

covered employees. Nor has Brand presented a valid basis for inferring such

an exemption based on the legal scheme as a whole. (See, e.g., Plastic Pipe &

Fittings Assn. v. California Building Standards Com. (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th

1390, 1413 [absent an express statutory ex emption, court cannot infer

exemption from statutory requirements unless it discerns a clear legislative

intent to provide an exemption]; Flowers

, supra

, 243 Cal.App.4th at p. 80

[same]). Indeed, as Brand recognizes t he IWC has time and again

demonstrated that it understands how to draft CBA exemptions from specific

Labor Code requirements, including Labor Code section 1194’s minimum

wage requirement, but it has not done so here. (E.g., Wage Order 16,

§§ 3(H)(1) [CBA exemption from overtime pa y requirements: “ Subsections

A, B, C, D, and E of Section 3, Hours and Days of Work, shall not apply to

any employee covered by a valid collective bargaining agreement if the

agreement expressly provides for the wages, hours of work, and working

condition s of the employees, and if the agreement provides premium wage

rates for all overtime hours worked and a regular hourly rate of pay for those

employees of not less than thirty (30) percent more than the state minimum

wage. (See Labor Code § 514) ”], 3(H)(2 ) [CBA exemption from make

- up time

requirements], 11(E) [CBA exemption from rest break rules].)

Brand relies on the IWC’s silence with respect to whether Wage Order

16 section 5(D) was intended to override Labor Code section 1194,

subdivision (a) and Wage Order 16 section 4 as proof that employers with

section 5(D)

- compliant CBA’s need not pay minimum wage for employees’

mandatory travel time. The trial court reached the same conclusion in its

summary judgment order: “This would have been a significant is sue and if17

the IWC and the legislature had that intent [to require payment of minimum

wage] then the court would expect the intent to be visible. ( In re Christian S.

(1994) 7 Cal.4th 768, 782 [‘We are not persuaded the Legislature would have

silently, or at best obscurely, decided so important and controversial a public

policy matter’]; [citation].)”

This reasoning, we conclude, begs a fundamental question: Would the

IWC have acted to override our Legislature’s statutory grant of the right to at

least min imum wage for all hours worked with the bare language in Wage

Order 16 section 5(D) that “[t]his section”

— meaning only section 5

— “shall

apply to any employees covered by a valid [CBA] unless the [CBA] expressly

provides otherwise”? We decline to assume th e IWC intended to override this

important state right in the absence of actual evidence.

The law is clear that “ ‘ “ ‘[w]hatever may be thought of the wisdom,

expediency, or policy of the act’ ” ’ [citation], we have no power to rewrite the

statute to make it conform to a presumed intention that is not expressed.”

( County of Santa Clara v. Perry (1998) 18 Cal.4th 435, 446.) Moreover,

because “ ‘[r]eview of the [IWC]’s wage orders is properly circumscribed,’ ” the

“ ‘ “reviewing court does not superimpose its own policy judgment upon a

quasi

- legislative agency in the absence of an arbitrary decision

. . . .” ’

[Citation].” ( Morillion

, supra , 22 Cal.4th at p. 587.) Accordingly, we decline

to rewrite Wage Order 16 section 5(D) to conform to the intention presumed

by Brand and the trial court, and yet nowhere expressed

— to wit, that the

IWC intended to authorize employers with compliant CBA’s to opt out of

compensating their employees for employer

- mandated travel time. 6

6 We need not decide for purposes of this appeal whether the IWC has

the authority to enact a wage order provision authorizing a n employer and its

employees to enter into a CBA that waives the right to minimum wage for

employer

- mandated travel time notwithstanding Labor Code section 1194,18

C. Public Policy Considerations.

Lastly, when deciding how best to interpret Wage Order 16 section

5(D), we are careful to uphold our duty to “harmonize and reconcile

[potentially conflicting statutory provisions] so as to carry out the overriding

legislative purpose of th e statutory scheme as a whole.” ( Flowers

, supra

, 243

Cal.App.4th at p. 82.) As we stated at the start: “State wage and hour laws

‘reflect the strong public policy favoring protection of workers’ general welfare

and “society’s interest in a stable job ma rket.” [Citations.]’ [Citations.]”

( Cash v. Winn (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1285, 1297.) For this reason, “ ‘ the

statutory provisions are to be liberally construed with an eye to promoting

such protection.’ [Citations.]” ( Brinker

, supra

, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 1026

– 1027;

see also, Flowers

, at p. 82.) Our interpretation of Wage Order 16 section 5(D)

as providing an exemption for compliant CBA’s from the requirement to pay

employees their regular or premium rate of pay for employer

- mandated

travel time, but not the requirement to pay at least minimum wage, comports

with these principles.

Brand would have us focus on a different public policy

— protecting the

right of union

- represented employees and their employers to execute and

enforce CBA’s covering their wages, hours, and working conditions.

According to Brand, “the principal reason for the Section 5(D) exemption” is

the fact that “union

- represented employees working under a CBA are

afforded superior pay and working conditions” as compared to other

employees. Describing their particular CBA as “overly generous,” Brand

suggests its employees have little need for minimum wage protection.

subdivision (a). We simply hold that Wage Order 16 section 5(D), as

currently drafted, does n ot afford this right to an employer and its employees.19

While enforcing valid CBA’s and encouraging labor relations are no

doubt important public policies, they do not tr ump in this instance the

significant public policy underlying these particular statutes and wage

orders, which is protecting the economic and social welfare of employees.

California Supreme Court authority makes this amply clear. ( Morillion

,

supra

, 22 Ca l.4th at p. 594; see Frlekin v. Apple Inc.

, supra

, 8 Cal.5th at pp.

1045, 1056

– 1057 [based on a liberal construction of Wage Order 7 (Cal. Code

Regs., tit. 8, § 11070), which requires employers to pay their employees a

minimum wage for all “ ‘hours worked, ’ ” the court held that the plaintiffs

“ ‘must be paid’ ” for the time required for defendant’s mandatory end

- of

- shift

exit searches]. )

The same is true for Brand’s and the trial court’s concerns about the

practicability and workability of requiring “an em ployer with a [Section 5(D)]

compliant CBA to separately track and then differentiate between regular

‘hours worked’ and employer

- mandated travel ‘hours worked,’ paying the

regular rate for the former and minimum wage for the latter.” In Troester

,

the California Supreme Court rejected a similar argument by the employer

that it should not be required to pay employees for “de minimis” amounts of

work due to “ ‘the practical administrative difficulty of recording small

amounts of time for payroll purposes. ’ ” ( Troester

, supra , 5 Cal.5th at p. 848.)

In rejecting this argument, the court pointed to “ the wage order’s remedial

purpose requiring a liberal construction, its directive to compensate

employees for all time worked, the evident priority it accorded that mandate

notwithstanding customary employment arrangements, and its concern with

small amounts of time

. . . .” ( Id. at p. 847.)

We reach the same conclusion here. In light of Wage Order 16’s and

the Labor Code’s remedial purposes requiring liberal c onstruction and their20

directives to compensate employees at a rate no less than minimum wage for

all hours worked notwithstanding any agreement or customary arrangement

to the contrary ( Lab. Code, §§ 1194, 219; Wage Order 16, §§ 1, 4 ), we conclude

section 5(D) provides no authority for employers and employees to waive all

compensation for employer

- mandated travel time. We therefore reverse the

judgment against plaintiff and in favor of Brand and remand this matter to

the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In light of this conclusion, we need not consider plaintiff’s alternative

argument that the CBA in this case, as amended by the post

- lawsuit LOU,

failed to meet Wage Order 16 section 5(D)’s exemption requirements.

DISPOSITION

The judgment in favor of Brand is reversed. The matter is remanded to

the trial court for further consideration in light of this opinion.21 _________________________ Jackson, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________ Fujisaki, Acting P. J.

_________________________ Petrou, J.

A154604/ Gutierrez v. Brand Energy Services of California, Inc.22

A15 4604/Gutierrez v. Brand Energy Services of California, Inc.

Trial Court: Superior Court of the C ounty of Alameda

Trial Judge: Robert McGuiness , J.

Counsel: K eller Grover

, Eric A. Grover

, Robert W. Spencer ; Law

Offices of Scot D. Bernstein and Scot D. Bernstein;

Legal Aid of Marin and Ellyn L. Moscowitz for

Plaintiff and Appellant.

Atkinson, Andelson, Loya, Ruud & Romo

, Ronald W.

Novotny and Brian M. Wheeler for Defendant and

Respondent.