1

 Once again, the Court uses the terms Secretary and Labor interchangeably.

Slip Op. 00-23

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Before: Judge Judith M. Barzilay

----------------------------------------------------- x

FORMER EMPLOYEES OF CHAMPION :

AVIATION PRODUCTS,

:

 Plaintiffs, Court No. 98-02-00299

:

v.

:

HERMAN, SECRETARY OF LABOR,

:

 Defendant.

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[Secretary of Labor’s remand determination affirmed.]

Decided: February 25, 2000 

Dewey Ballantine, L.L.P. (John A. Ragosta, Bradford L. Ward, Michael R. Geroe, David A. Bentley), for

Plaintiffs.

David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney General, David M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation

Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Katherine A. Barski), Scott Glabman,

Attorney, Office of the Solicitor, United States Department of Labor, of counsel, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM

BARZILAY, J.

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the Court following a remand determination by the Secretary of Labor1 that

Plaintiffs are ineligible for trade adjustment assistance under the North American Free Trade Agreement

Transitional Adjustment Assistance program (“NAFTA-TAA”). In Former Employees of Champion
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Aviation v. Herman, slip op. 99-48 (June 4, 1999) (“Champion I”), familiarity with which is presumed, the

Court ordered Labor to reconsider its two prior negative determinations of Plaintiffs’ eligibility for NAFTATAA. The Court remains dissatisfied with these current results, but is constrained from further action and

therefore affirms the remand determination.

II. DISCUSSION

The Court remanded the case to Labor for two reasons. First, the Court was not satisfied that Labor

had considered an important aspect of the problem, i.e., whether the statute spoke to a “two-step” shift in

production. See Motor Vehicles Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29,

43 (1983). A corollary concern was that the agency did not explain why it did not adopt an arguably

consonant interpretation of the statute put forth by the Plaintiffs. See International Union v. Reich, 20 F.

Supp. 2d 1288, 1293 (CIT 1998) (quoting International Union v. Marshall, 584 F.2d 390, 396 (D.C. Cir.

1978)).

Second, the Court was not satisfied that Labor conducted an adequate investigation. “[T]he nature

and extent of the investigation are matters resting properly within the sound discretion of the administrative

officials.’”Former Employees of CSX Oil and Gas Corp. v. United States, 720 F. Supp. 1002, 1008 (CIT

1989) (quoting Cherlin v. Donovan, 585 F. Supp. 644, 647 (CIT 1984)). However, failure by Labor to

make reasonable inquiries constitutes good cause to remand for additional evidence gathering. See Former

Employees of Komatsu Dresser v. United States Secretary of Labor, 16 CIT 300, 303 (1992).
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2

 Labor did, however, rely on something more than product lines alone to determine what

constituted the appropriate subdivision in this instance. See discussion infra at 7. 

A. The Remand Determination Addresses a Two-step Shift in Production.

In Champion I, the Court expressed its concern that Congress’ intent was not being fulfilled by

Labor’s shift in production analysis. See Champion I at 7 (“Reliance by the Secretary on product lines alone

to determine what constitutes the appropriate subdivision . . . does not effectuate the expressed desire of

Congress.”). In the negative remand determination, Labor expressed its disagreement with the Court that a

new methodology for determining the appropriate subdivision was warranted. See SAR 39.2 While the Court

remains wary of potential shortcomings in Labor’s analysis, it cannot say that it is clearly at odds with the

statute. See Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842-43 (1984);

see also Kelley v. Secretary, United States Dep’t of Labor, 812 F.2d 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (“A

reviewing court must accord substantial weight to an agency’s interpretation of a statute it administers.”).

Despite the Court’s initial pronouncement that additional consideration of Congress’ intent to expand worker

coverage by adding the shift in production component to the statute was required, Labor maintains that the

intent to expand the program does not mean Congress intended to abrogate terms with a well-established

judicial meaning. See SAR at 39. Accordingly, the Court has further examined the legislative history in light

of Labor’s position and determined that it is not sufficiently clear to enable the Court to determine that Labor’s

methodology is contrary to Congress’ will expressed through use of the term “articles” in the statute. See

Japan Whaling Ass’n v. American Cetacean Soc’y, 478 U.S. 221, 233 (1986).

Since the Court is faced with an executive agency’s interpretation of a statute it is entrusted to
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administer,Chevron requires first looking at the words of the statute. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842. Section

222 of the Trade Act of 1974 (as amended by NAFTA Transitional Adjustment Assistance Act (19 U.S.C.

§ 2331 (1994))), contains a provision that provides relief to workers who lose jobs because of a shift in

production to Canada or Mexico. See 19 U.S.C. § 2331(a)(1)(B). The Secretary of Labor is directed to

certify workers as eligible to apply for trade adjustment assistance if “there has been a shift in production by

such workers’ firm or subdivision to Mexico or Canada of articles like or directly competitive with articles

which are produced by the firm or subdivision.” Id. (emphasis added).

Plaintiffs made a forceful argument that Labor should consider the traditional factors of production,

land, labor and capital, in determining what constitutes the appropriate subdivision in a shift in production case.

In Champion I, the Court expressed its belief that such an approach would be consistent with the statutory

purpose of providing relief to workers whose firms or subdivisions shifted production to Canada or Mexico.

Plaintiffs argue that the present statutory framework does not account for situations when a shift in production

occurs in more than one step. If a company moves production of articles that are neither like nor directly

competitive from Plant A to Plant B in the United States and from Plant B to Plant C in Mexico then closes

Plant A, the workers in Plant A will not be eligible for trade adjustment assistance even though their jobs were

lost through a “two-step” shift in production. Labor asserts that workers at Plant A would not be eligible for

trade adjustment assistance because the statute limits the comparison to the articles being produced and

requires that they be like or directly competitive. See 19 U.S.C. § 2331(a)(1)(B). Plaintiffs respond that the

result is absurd and that Congress could not have intended it, and therefore, Labor must look at shifts in land,

labor and capital in determining whether a shift in production occurred. 

While this is a case of first impression as to the proper interpretation of the shift in production criteria
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of the statute, the provision at issue contains language that has received judicial construction. The court has

interpreted the relevant language in section 222 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. § 2272) to mean that

a “determination of what constitutes the appropriate subdivision must be made along product lines.” Abbott

v. Donovan, 570 F. Supp. 41, 48 (CIT 1983) (and cases cited). Labor maintains that absent clear legislative

history to the contrary, Congress, by placing identical language in 19 U.S.C. § 2331(a)(1)(B), is presumed

to have adopted these judicial constructions, thereby requiring shifts in production to be measured along

product lines. See Francis v. Southern Pac. Co., 333 U.S. 445, 450 (1948); see also Fluor Corp. &

Affiliates v. United States, 126 F.3d 1397, 1404 (Fed. Cir. 1997). While this is merely a rule of statutory

construction, and like any other should yield when the clear purpose of the statute requires it, in this instance

the construction sought by Plaintiffs is simply too different absent some indication by Congress that it so

intends.

Although the Court has scoured the legislative history, it was unable to find any reference to such an

approach. The Employment, Housing and Aviation Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government

Operations held hearings on trade adjustment assistance. Although a few statements touch upon the subject,

none definitively suggest that Congress intended to change the program in the manner advocated by the

Plaintiffs. 

First, it should be noted that the amendments to the trade adjustment assistance portions of the Trade

Act of 1974 were intended to be temporary and a comprehensive worker adjustment assistance program was

supposed to be implemented later. See, e.g., Trade Adjustment Assistance: A Failure for Displaced

Workers: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Employment, Housing and Aviation of the House Comm.

on Gov’t Operations, 103rd Cong. 103-05, 182 (“Hearing”). An administration official testified that the
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bridge program uses TAA as the legislative vehicle with some significant differences. See id. at 182 (statement

of Douglas Ross, Assistant Secretary, Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor).

Importantly, Mr. Ross’ prepared statement, along with various fact sheets and the proposed statement of

administrative action, note that the NAFTA program was transitional and a precursor to the comprehensive

worker readjustment proposal that was to be submitted in 1994. See id. at 103-05, 189. To the Court’s

knowledge a comprehensive plan has not passed Congress, but there is a proposal to consolidate NAFTATAA with TAA. See H.R. 1491, 106th Cong. (1999). 

Nevertheless, the statements indicate that the legislation presented to Congress did not address every

aspect of the problems faced by dislocated workers. See, e.g.,Hearing at 139 (statement of Linda G. Morra,

Director, Education and Employment Issues, Human Resources Division, U.S. General Accounting Office)

(“As Congress debates NAFTA and considers how best to assist those workers who will be affected, as well

as other dislocated workers, it may wish to consider a simplified approach that assists workers regardless of

the reason for their dislocation.”). The Court is aware of the perils of using witnesses’ statements as evidence

of Congress’ legislative intent. See, e.g., Heartland By-Products, Inc. v. United States, 74 F. Supp. 2d

1324, 1336 (CIT 1999). However, in this instance the legislation was submitted by the Clinton

Administration, and thus, statements by Ross express Labor’s understanding.

Since nothing in the legislative history evinces a clear intent to attribute a different meaning to the term

articles, the Court is constrained by the language of the statute to conclude that Labor is acting in accordance

with that statute. It is for Congress to address the problem presented by a two-step shift in production and

hopefully it will when it consolidates the NAFTA-TAA with TAA. But for now, Labor’s position, which is

borne out by the language of the statute, precludes providing relief to workers who do not produce articles
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like or directly competitive with those being produced abroad, although the devastating effect to the worker

who loses his or her job is obviously the same as it would have been had the shift in production occurred in

one step only.

B. Substantial Evidence Supports Labor’s Remand Determination.

In addition to ordering Labor to reconsider its position with respect to two-step shifts in production,

the Court also required Labor to provide a more detailed explanation of whether the articles produced at the

Pennsylvania facility were like or directly competitive with those produced in Mexico and to describe the

amount and types of equipment that moved from Pennsylvania to Mexico. See Champion I at 10. Labor has

done so and the Court concludes that the decision now rests upon substantial evidence.

19 U.S.C. § 2395(b) provides that like the initial review, Labor’s new or modified findings of fact are

conclusive if supported by substantial evidence. Substantial evidence, in turn, “is something less than the

weight of the evidence, and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not

prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.” Consolo v. Federal

Maritime Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966).

In its supplemental investigation, Labor contacted individuals with knowledge of the various facilities

and acquired certain Cooper Industry organizational charts. As a result, Labor was able to determine that

production equipment did not move from Pennsylvania to Mexico. See Supplemental Administrative Record

at 23, 43 (“SAR”). This evidence negates the possibility that a direct shift in production may have occurred,

albeit over an extended time period. Additionally, one of the individuals contacted stated that the shift of

production from Pennsylvania to Tennessee could have happened absent any shift to Mexico and that the two

events were totally unrelated. See SAR at 24. Although the evidence is inconsistent on this point, see SAR
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at 23, the Court may not draw its own conclusion. See Consolo, 383 U.S. at 619-20. Here, the agency has

chosen to credit the statement made by one individual over another as support for its determination that a twostep shift in production did not occur. See SAR at 42. Further, Labor obtained information providing a more

detailed explanation of the articles produced at the facilities in Pennsylvania and Mexico and found them to

be neither like nor directly competitive. See SAR at 17-18, 24, 34, 40-41. Finally, the organizational charts

show that Cooper Industries did not consider the Pennsylvania and Tennessee facilities to be part of the same

subdivision. Compare SAR at 29 with SAR at 31. This fulfills Labor’s duty, cited by the Court, to make

inquiries into the corporation’s organizational structure. Champion I at 8. Thus, the Court finds Labor’s

remand determination as to the appropriate subdivision and whether the articles were like or directly

competitive to be supported by substantial evidence. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed herein, the Court finds that Labor’s remand determination is supported by

substantial evidence and is in accordance with law. The Court will enter judgment accordingly.

Dated: _____________ _________________________________

New York, N.Y. Judith M. Barzilay, Judge