NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0230n.06

No. 20-3460

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

SAIYDAH WEEMS SHOLANKE, et al.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND 

IMMIGRATION SERVICES, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES 

DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN 

DISTRICT OF OHIO

OPINION

BEFORE: STRANCH, LARSEN, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Saiydah Weems Sholanke and Abdulafeez 

Sholanke (Sholanke) appeal the district court’s grant of judgment as a matter of law to the United 

States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for its denial of immigration benefits to 

Abdulafeez Sholanke. Sholanke had previously married Christina Yoder, who had similarly filed 

for immigration benefits on his behalf. USCIS determined that Sholanke’s marriage to Yoder was 

fraudulent, and then denied Weems Sholanke’s petition based on the permanent bar in 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1154(c) (INA § 204(c)). The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed. The Sholankes 

filed suit in district court, claiming that the BIA’s decision violated the Administrative Procedure 

Act (APA). The district court found for USCIS. The Sholankes now argue that the panel should 

reverse the district court and find that the BIA and USCIS acted arbitrarily and capriciously. We 

AFFIRM. 
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I. BACKGROUND

Abdulafeez Sholanke is a citizen of Nigeria. In Nigeria, he married a woman named Surat 

Jimoh. In August 2013, the two divorced, after about a year and a half of marriage, and Sholanke 

was admitted to the United States on an F-1 nonimmigrant student visa. 

On September 5, 2014, Sholanke married Christina Yoder, a United States citizen. Yoder 

filed an I-130, a Petition for Alien Relative, for Sholanke on October 17, 2014, and at the same 

time, Sholanke filed an I-485, for adjustment of status. With their I-130, the couple submitted 

evidence that the marriage was bona fide, including photographs of the couple together, a lease 

document signed by the landlord but not Yoder or Sholanke, Sholanke and Jimoh’s divorce decree, 

a joint utility bill, their marriage certificate, the affidavits of witnesses to the ceremony, and an 

affidavit from Yoder’s father in support of Sholanke’s petition. 

USCIS interviewed Yoder and Sholanke separately on January 13, 2015. At the interview, 

Yoder stated that she and Sholanke discussed marriage starting in February 2014, but Sholanke 

said those conversations did not occur until July 2014. The couple was inconsistent about who 

attended their marriage ceremony. Yoder could not recall Sholanke’s father’s name. The couple 

did not provide the same answer as to how many of Yoder’s brothers Sholanke had met; Sholanke 

said one, and Yoder said four.

On May 14, 2015, USCIS conducted a home visit at the address on the lease Yoder and 

Sholanke had listed and found Sholanke. He stated that Yoder was not there because she had gone 

to work. Officers claim Sholanke said that he and Yoder had first met at a Burger King, rather 

than online as he had stated in his prior interview. (Id.) The only personal items of Yoder’s in the 

apartment were a contact lens case and solution, a red article of clothing that Sholanke 

characterized as a bathrobe, a black undergarment, a pair of slippers, and a pair of broken flipflops. Sholanke claimed that Yoder took their laundry to work, where she could do it for free at 
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the nursing home where she worked. He was unclear about the length of a trip Yoder had recently 

taken. He knew Yoder’s father’s name, but not her mother’s, and he misidentified her mother’s 

birthday. 

The officers traveled to Yoder’s parents’ home and spoke to Yoder’s father, who stated 

that he and his wife had been against the marriage because they thought Sholanke only wanted a 

green card, but that he had written his affidavit for the application in support of his daughter. He 

said he did not know why Yoder and Sholanke did not live together. 

When the officers interviewed Yoder at her parents’ home, she said that she did not own 

anything like the black undergarment they described. She indicated that the red garment was her 

wedding dress, not a bathrobe. She also stated she took only her own laundry, and she did it at her 

parents’ home where she lived, not where she worked. Yoder said that she knew they had already 

spoken to Sholanke, and that he told her he had just woken up and was not thinking clearly when 

he was interviewed. She stated that they had met online, that she wanted to live with him, but he 

did not want to live close to where she worked, so she lived at her parents’ most of the time. Yoder 

said that on occasion she wanted to visit Sholanke but he told her not to come. Based on these 

interviews, USCIS officers concluded that the marriage was not bona fide: they determined that 

Yoder was credible and had entered the marriage in good faith, but that Sholanke had not. 

On June 3, 2015, USCIS issued a Notice of Intent to Deny (NOID). In response, the couple 

submitted an affidavit from Yoder which attempted to clarify some of the inconsistencies in their 

interview testimony. Yoder stated that she and Sholanke had lived together from the date of their 

marriage; she had stayed at her parents’ house two days per week for work but had put in a request 

to transfer closer to Sholanke’s apartment. Some of the family resistance, she claimed, was 

because she and Sholanke had not been married in a church, and they planned to do so. Yoder 
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also explained the misunderstandings over the number of brothers Sholanke had met and the 

undergarment, which was old, and she had forgotten about. Sholanke also submitted an affidavit, 

affirming Yoder’s clarifications. 

The couple submitted additional documentation in response to the NOID, including their 

2014 joint tax return, a signed lease extension, a letter documenting Yoder’s post-NOID request 

for a work transfer, bank statements, and photos. Yoder moved out of Sholanke’s apartment on 

July 15, 2015. On July 23, 2015, USCIS denied both applications, finding that the additional 

documentation was insufficient to change its preliminary determination that the marriage was not 

bona fide. Yoder did not appeal. On September 9, 2015, Sholanke filed for divorce from Yoder 

in Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, which was finalized on November 2, 2015. In the

divorce decree, the court stated that the couple “had a bona fide marriage and marital relationship.”

Yoder was deposed during the divorce proceedings and, contrary to what she had stated in her 

affidavit, she said that she moved in to Sholanke’s apartment in June 2015. On October 22, 2015, 

USCIS issued a Notice to Appear to Sholanke and placed him in removal proceedings. 

Sholanke married Weems Sholanke on February 20, 2016. The couple filed an I-130 on 

March 7, 2016. They submitted much more substantial documentation than provided for 

Sholanke’s marriage to Yoder. USCIS interviewed the couple separately on August 23, 2016. 

USCIS issued a NOID on December 20, 2016, and the couple submitted additional 

documentation, primarily a brief from their attorney, on January 19, 2017. USCIS ultimately 

denied the application on April 12, 2017, on the basis that Sholanke had tried to evade immigration 

law by entering a sham marriage with Yoder and was therefore barred from any future immigration 

benefits under INA 204(c), 8 U.S.C. § 1154(c), regardless of whether his marriage to Weems

Sholanke was bona fide. USCIS explained that while the Cuyahoga County Court had 
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characterized the couple as having a bona fide marital relationship, it was not clear what evidence 

was presented to the court and whether the court had reviewed the conflicting testimony and 

inconsistencies before USCIS. USCIS also concluded that the other inconsistencies in the record 

had not been adequately addressed. The couple appealed, but the BIA affirmed, finding that there 

was “substantial and probative” evidence in the record that Sholanke’s marriage to Yoder was 

fraudulent. 

Sholanke and Weems Sholanke then filed in federal court, seeking mandamus and 

declaratory relief that the BIA’s decision violated the APA, 5 U.S.C. §§ 701–06. USCIS moved 

for judgment as a matter of law, and the Sholankes filed a combined opposition and counter-motion 

for summary judgment. The district court granted USCIS’s motion and denied the counter-motion 

for summary judgment, holding that the Sholankes had not demonstrated that the BIA’s decision 

was arbitrary and capricious. The district court rejected the Sholankes’ argument that the Ohio 

court’s determination that the marriage and marital relationship were valid was binding on USCIS. 

The court found that the record contained conflicting evidence and, taken in totality, contained 

substantial and probative evidence that Sholanke’s marriage to Yoder was entered into to obtain 

an immigration benefit. This appeal followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

We review the grant of judgment as a matter of law de novo. Mys v. Mich. Dep’t of State 

Police, 886 F.3d 591, 599 (6th Cir. 2018). Reviewing courts are required to evaluate the agency 

action under a “deferential standard” and “may not set aside or hold unlawful an agency action 

unless that action is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or otherwise not in accordance 

with law.” Bangura v. Hansen, 434 F.3d 487, 502 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)). 
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“An agency decision is arbitrary and capricious if the agency fails to examine relevant evidence 

or articulate a satisfactory explanation for the decision.” Id. (citing Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. 

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 42–43 (1983)). But “[e]ven when an agency explains 

its decision with ‘less than ideal clarity,’ a reviewing court will not upset the decision on that 

account ‘if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.’” Alaska Dep’t of Env’t Conservation 

v. EPA, 540 U.S. 461, 497 (2004) (quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys, 

Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974)). 

B. Discussion

A United States citizen spouse may apply on behalf of a non-citizen spouse for permission 

to adjust their status using Form I-130. See 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(i). However, 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1154(c) states: 

[N]o petition shall be approved if (1) the alien has previously been accorded, or has 

sought to be accorded, an immediate relative or preference status as the spouse of 

a citizen of the United States or the spouse of an alien lawfully admitted for 

permanent residence, by reason of a marriage determined by the Attorney General 

to have been entered into for the purpose of evading the immigration laws, or (2) the 

Attorney General has determined that the alien has attempted or conspired to enter 

into a marriage for the purpose of evading the immigration laws.

When evaluating whether a marriage is fraudulent, i.e., having been entered into for the 

purpose of evading the immigration laws, “[t]he ‘central question’ in determining whether a sham 

marriage exists is whether the parties ‘intended to establish a life together at the time they were 

married.’” Matter of Singh, 27 I&N Dec. 598, 601 (B.I.A. 2019) (quoting Matter of Laureano, 

19 I&N Dec. 1, 2–3 (B.I.A. 1983)). The agency applies the “substantial and probative” evidence 

standard. Id. at 602. A reasonable inference of fraud is not sufficient to meet this standard, and 

the standard is “higher than a preponderance of the evidence and closer to clear and convincing 

evidence.” Id. at 607. It must be “more than probably true that the marriage is fraudulent.” Id. 
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Direct evidence of fraud is not required. Id. at 608. The USCIS officer examining whether the 

§ 1154(c) bar applies ordinarily “should not give conclusive effect to determinations made in a 

prior proceeding” regarding whether the individual had entered or attempted to enter into a 

marriage for the purpose of evading immigration law, “but, rather, should reach his own 

independent conclusion based on the evidence before him.” Matter of Tawfik, 20 I&N Dec. 166, 

168 (B.I.A. 1990).

Where “there is evidence in the record to indicate that the beneficiary has been [involved] 

in a marriage fraud conspiracy, . . . USCIS must advise the petitioner of any derogatory evidence.” 

Matter of Singh, 27 I&N Dec. at 605 (quoting Matter of Kahy, 19 I&N Dec. 803, 806–07 (B.I.A. 

1988)) (alteration in Singh). The burden then shifts to the petitioner “to establish that the 

beneficiary did not seek . . . status based on a prior fraudulent marriage” by submitting additional 

evidence showing there was not substantial and probative evidence in the record of marriage fraud. 

Id. The petitioner must do so by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. “Minor inconsistencies” 

and “limited” documentary evidence should be considered when assessing whether the marriage 

is fraudulent, but without more, these factors are likely insufficient to constitute substantial and 

probative evidence. Id. at 609. On the other hand, evidence of deliberate deception regarding 

cohabitation “strongly indicate[s] fraud.” Id. 

The Sholankes argue that the evidence in the administrative record does not amount to 

“substantial and probative” evidence that the marriage between Sholanke and Yoder was 

fraudulent. They argue that the type of documentation they produced—including bank statements, 

tax forms, insurance policies, photographs, and statements from friends and family—are all 

probative of a bona fide marital relationship. The Sholankes contend that the Ohio court’s finding 

that the marital relationship between Sholanke and Yoder was bona fide was, even if not 
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dispositive, weighty evidence that should have prevented USCIS from concluding the marriage 

was fraudulent. And they argue that the BIA and the district court failed to credit Yoder and 

Sholanke’s corrective affidavits. 

USCIS counters that it was not acting arbitrarily and capriciously when it determined that 

the evidence in the record was substantial and probative that the marriage was not bona fide. It 

argues that the discrepancies between Yoder and Sholanke’s statements to investigators, as well 

as the unsigned lease and the fact that investigators determined Yoder did not really reside with 

Sholanke, reasonably outweighed the evidence provided by the couple. USCIS also characterizes 

its decision not to credit the corrective affidavits over the evidence in the record as reasonable and

contends that the Sholankes are asking the panel to re-weigh the evidence by giving more weight 

to the Ohio court’s decree. 

The record contains some evidence of deception on the part of Yoder and Sholanke. Yoder 

submitted an affidavit that stated that she and Sholanke had lived together as husband and wife 

from the time of their wedding in 2014. However, when deposed under oath during their divorce 

proceedings, Yoder stated that she moved into Sholanke’s apartment in June 2015. The couple 

submitted an unsigned lease from 2014 as evidence of cohabitation, but it appears that Yoder may 

not actually have been on the lease until the renewal in 2015. Yoder and Sholanke also did not 

know basic information about each other and each other’s families at their interviews. Because 

deception is strongly suggestive of fraud, USCIS is on firm ground. 

Weems Sholanke had the opportunity to rebut USCIS’s derogatory evidence concerning 

Sholanke’s earlier marriage to Yoder by a preponderance of the evidence. In response to the 

NOID, Weems Sholanke submitted a brief from her attorney. The brief itself emphasized the Ohio 

court’s finding and summarized the evidence already in the record. It did not, however, provide 
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any new evidence about the marriage in response to the NOID. USCIS did not act arbitrarily and 

capriciously when it determined that Weems Sholanke had failed to rebut the evidence of fraud in 

the record by a preponderance of the evidence. 

The Sholankes essentially argue that USCIS, the BIA, and the district court should have 

afforded greater weight to both the Ohio court’s finding that Sholanke and Yoder had a “bona fide 

marital relationship” and to the supplemental affidavits they submitted attempting to clarify 

previous conflicting testimony after the first NOID. As to the Ohio court’s finding, “[i]t is well 

established that a State court’s recognition of a marriage as valid under State law does not 

conclusively mean that immigration benefits will be conferred based on that marriage.” Matter of 

Huang, 26 I&N Dec. 627, 633 (B.I.A. 2015). While the Ohio court’s determination that Sholanke 

and Yoder had a bona fide marital relationship is certainly evidence, it is not dispositive evidence, 

as “immigration and naturalization law ‘exists independent of state family law.’” Id. at 633 

(quoting Bustamante-Barrera v. Gonzales, 447 F.3d 388, 399–400 (5th Cir. 2006)). Similarly, the 

supplemental affidavits submitted in response to the first NOID are evidence, but the agency is 

permitted to weigh the evidence, and USCIS determined the affidavits were not sufficient to 

overcome the other evidence in the record that indicated that Sholanke and Yoder were not 

cohabitating. 

Both USCIS and the BIA reviewed the evidence and provided extensive reasoning for their 

decisions. The decisions of the agencies are not arbitrary and capricious under the applicable

deferential standard.
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III. CONCLUSION

Because USCIS did not act in an arbitrary and capricious manner when determining there 

was substantial and probative evidence that the marriage between Yoder and Sholanke was 

fraudulent, the district court is AFFIRMED.