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State of New York

Court of Appeals

OPINION

This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision 

before publication in the New York Reports.

No. 61 

In the Matter of the Hon. Robert 

J. Putorti, a Justice of the Whitehall Town 

Court and the Whitehall Village Court, 

Washington County.

Robert J. Putorti,

 Petitioner;

New York State Commission on 

Judicial Conduct,

 Respondent.

Nathaniel V. Riley, for petitioner.

Robert H. Tembeckjian, for respondent. 

Per Curiam:

Petitioner, a Justice of the Whitehall Town Court and Whitehall Village Court, 

Washington County, seeks review of a determination of the State Commission on Judicial 

Conduct that he committed certain acts of misconduct and should be removed from office 
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(see NY Const, art VI, § 22; Judiciary Law § 44). Upon our independent review of the 

record, we conclude that the charges are sustained by the evidence, and that the sanction 

of removal is appropriate.

Petitioner has been a Justice of the Whitehall Town Court since 2014. He took 

office as a Justice of the Whitehall Village Court in 2018, having served in that office in 

an acting capacity since 2014. One day in late 2015, while presiding over Whitehall 

Village Court, petitioner brandished a loaded firearm at a litigant who was waiting for his 

case to be called. In 2020, the Commission served petitioner with a formal written 

complaint containing a single charge arising from that incident (Charge I). In 2021, the 

Commission served petitioner with a second formal written complaint containing an 

additional charge, which alleged that he had engaged in improper fundraising (Charge II). 

In lieu of a hearing, petitioner entered into an agreed statement of facts (see Judiciary Law 

§ 44 [5]). 

I.

Agreed-upon facts as to Charge I

Petitioner has been licensed to carry a firearm since 2003 and had been advised at a 

2013 judicial training course that he could legally carry a concealed firearm at the bench. 

Petitioner’s practice was to keep the firearm attached to the underside of the bench using a 

magnet while he was presiding over his courtroom. The courtroom had no assigned 

security personnel, though the courtroom was adjacent to the Whitehall Village Police 

Department. There was an entrance to the police station several feet from the bench, and 

a police officer was occasionally present in the courtroom. Indeed, petitioner identified a 
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police officer who he claimed had been present at the time he brandished his firearm at the 

litigant.

The litigant, a six-foot, 165-pound Black man, had been in Whitehall Village Court 

earlier in the year on a felony charge based on allegations that he brandished a knife at his 

wife and another man while they sat in a parked car. The felony charge was dismissed on 

consent of the prosecution, and the litigant pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge in 

exchange for a one-year conditional discharge and fines and surcharges totaling $555. The 

litigant was later jailed for failing to pay the fine; however, his wife told petitioner that the 

litigant could not afford to pay the fine. In response, petitioner went to the courthouse on 

his lunch hour from his other employment, reduced the fine to community service, and 

released the litigant. It was at a later appearance that petitioner brandished the firearm. 

Although petitioner claims that he “subjectively feared for his safety,” he admits that he 

had “no reasonable basis” to believe that the litigant “was about to use imminent deadly 

force,” and that he was “not justified” in brandishing the firearm.

Petitioner repeatedly recounted his story of the incident to others, at least once in an 

apparently boastful manner. In fall 2015, he recounted the incident to his cousin, a Hofstra 

University journalism student, for an article that was eventually published in a Long Island 

news source. During the interview, he described his practice of carrying a firearm on the 

bench and said that he once brandished his firearm at “ ‘someone’ who came running up 

to him at the bench and to whom he said, ‘whoa, whoa, whoa, slow down.’ ” As petitioner 

stipulated, however, neither the police officer nor an assistant district attorney who 
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petitioner claimed had been present at the time would have corroborated this version of 

events if called to testify at a hearing.

In early 2016, petitioner showed the article to another judge, telling her about a time 

he drew his firearm on an “ ‘agitated’ ‘big Black man’ ” when the man approached the 

bench too quickly. From petitioner’s “manner and tone,” the judge had the “impression” 

that petitioner “was bragging about his actions and that he was expressing pride about being 

featured in the article.” The judge also overheard petitioner tell other judges about the 

article and incident at a 2016 Washington County Magistrates Association meeting.

At another Association meeting in 2018, while seeking advice about courtroom 

security, petitioner told the judges in attendance, including his supervising judge, that he 

once pointed his firearm at a “ ‘large [B]lack man’ ” who had passed the stop line and came 

within “a couple” feet of the bench while a police officer was standing at the bench. 

Petitioner recounted that the litigant stated that he “just wanted to talk,” and he added that 

the officer made a joke about how quickly petitioner had been able to draw the gun.

One of the judges in attendance expressed concern to petitioner’s supervising judge, 

who then had a phone conversation with petitioner. Petitioner explained to his supervising 

judge that the incident occurred when he called the litigant’s case, and the litigant “ran 

quickly to the bench, past a line where defendants are supposed to stand.” Petitioner added 

that the officer, who was serving as “ ‘security,’ ” allowed the litigant to approach “within 

two feet” of the bench. Petitioner described the litigant to his supervising judge as “a ‘large 

[B]lack man,’ about 6’9” tall and ‘built like a football player,’ ” saying nothing about the 

litigant’s criminal charges. Petitioner told his supervising judge that he drew his firearm 
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and “ ‘pointed it at’ ” the litigant. He explained that, although a bullet was not in the 

chamber, it takes “ ‘a split second’ ” to load. Petitioner further told his supervising judge 

that the litigant said he “ ‘just wanted to talk’ ” to petitioner, who said that he would talk 

once the litigant moved back behind the line, at which point the litigant stepped back behind 

the line, and petitioner put his gun away. After this phone conversation, petitioner signed 

a counseling memorandum agreeing never to display a firearm in court unless confronted 

with deadly physical force. Indeed, he also claims that, after the phone conversation, he 

stopped carrying a firearm in the courtroom. 

Petitioner stipulated that his conduct violated sections 100.1, 100.2 (A), 100.3 (B) 

(3), 100.3 (B) (4), and 100.4 (A) (1) and (2) of the Rules Governing Judicial Conduct (22 

NYCRR). With respect to section 100.3 (B) (3), petitioner agreed that he “failed to perform 

judicial duties without bias or prejudice against or in favor of any person and without 

manifesting in words or conduct bias or prejudice based upon race.” In addition, although 

he maintained that he mentioned the litigant’s race “merely to describe him,” he 

acknowledged that in doing so he “may have created the appearance of racial bias.”

Agreed-upon facts as to Charge II

Petitioner engaged with eight Facebook posts promoting nonprofit fundraising 

events during the period October 2019 through November 2020—after he had become 

aware that the Commission was investigating the misconduct that resulted in Charge I. 

During that period, petitioner’s page was viewable by the public, and he had over 1,300 

“friends,” many of whom knew he was a judge. These included the Washington County 

District Attorney, other attorneys, and police officers.
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In October 2019, petitioner was “tagged” in a post promoting a spaghetti dinner to 

raise money for the purpose of covering medical expenses that petitioner had incurred in a 

motorcycle accident. Rather than delete the post from his page to avoid any appearance of 

impropriety, petitioner wrote, “I hope to see as many people as I can.” Over 500 people 

attended, raising $9,400. Some of petitioner’s “friends” saw the post, but none of them felt 

pressure to attend due to his status as a judge. One police investigator, who was also 

associated with petitioner through the Elks Lodge, attended the event and bought raffle 

tickets, but he did not remember if he saw the Facebook post.

Petitioner also shared and commented on Facebook posts promoting seven 

fundraising events to benefit the Elks Lodge, in which he held office. These fundraisers 

included two barbecues, each of which was attended by over 200 members of the general 

public. The barbecues raised nearly $3,500 in total. The other five events were restricted 

to Lodge members and raised under $1,000 in total.

Petitioner stipulated that his conduct violated sections 100.1, 100.2 (A), 100.2 (C), 

and 100.4 (C) (3) (b) (i) of the Rules.

Commission’s determination

The Commission, with one Commissioner dissenting, determined that removal was 

appropriate for petitioner’s “extreme breach of judicial decorum” in brandishing a loaded 

firearm at a litigant in court, for creating the appearance of racial bias by repeatedly 

mentioning the litigant’s race in his retellings of the incident, for his apparent pride in and 

lack of remorse for his misconduct, and his lack of attention to his ethical responsibilities. 

Contrary to the dissent, the Commission found that there was evidence of racial bias, 
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including petitioner’s own admission that he may have created the appearance of racial 

bias when he repeatedly referred to the litigant’s race.

II.

Contrary to petitioner’s contention, the investigation was procedurally proper. The 

Commission may on its own motion initiate an investigation of a judge (see Judiciary Law 

§ 44 [2]; 22 NYCRR 7000.2) and, if in the course of an investigation the Commission’s 

staff becomes aware of unrelated acts that may constitute misconduct, the Commission 

may then authorize an investigation of that conduct in a separate complaint (see New York 

State Commission on Judicial Conduct Policy Manual § 2.6 [A], at 7 [May 2022]). There 

is no dispute that the investigation into the firearm incident was properly authorized in this 

manner. The Commission’s staff appropriately searched petitioner’s public social media 

account to investigate whether he had made any additional remarks about that incident, and 

there is no dispute that the investigation into the improper fundraising was properly 

authorized in the same manner thereafter.

III.

Petitioner challenges the Commission’s finding of racial bias. While we have the 

authority to review findings of fact as well as the determined sanction (see NY Const, art 

VI, § 22 [d]; Matter of Marshall, 8 NY3d 741, 743 [2007]), we note that the Commission 

was bound to make its determination upon the agreed statement of facts (see Judiciary Law 

§ 44 [5]). The agreed-upon facts included an admission by petitioner that he failed to 

perform his judicial duties “without manifesting in words or conduct bias or prejudice 

based upon race, in violation of [s]ection 100.3 (B) (4) of the Rules.” Moreover, judges 
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have a “continuing obligation to avoid even the appearance of impropriety” (Matter of 

George [State Commn. on Jud. Conduct], 22 NY3d 323, 331 [2013]) and, here, petitioner 

acknowledged that his conduct “may have created the appearance of racial bias.” We stress 

that the “appearance of such impropriety is no less to be condemned than is the impropriety 

itself” (Matter of Spector v State Commn. on Jud. Conduct, 47 NY2d 462, 466 [1979]; see 

Matter of Duckman, 92 NY2d 141, 152-153 [1998]).

Despite these conclusive admissions, petitioner now argues that he was not acting 

with racial bias and that his repeated reference to the litigant as a “ ‘big Black man’ ” was 

meant merely to describe him. But this is not a mere physical description of the litigant. 

By repeatedly referring to the litigant in the manner that he did, petitioner exploited a 

classic and common racist trope that Black men are inherently threatening or dangerous, 

exhibiting bias or, at least, implicit bias* (see Mikah K. Thompson, Bias on Trial: Toward 

an Open Discussion of Racial Stereotypes in the Courtroom, 2018 Mich St L Rev 1243, 

1249-1250). For these reasons, we see no basis to set aside the finding of racial bias.

 * New York’s judicial system recognizes the pernicious effect that implicit bias often has 

on the fair and equal administration of justice (see CJI2d Model Instructions: Implied Bias, 

available at https://www.nycourts.gov/judges/cji/1-General/CJI2d.Implicit_Bias.pdf [last 

accessed Oct. 13, 2023]; Pamela M. Casey et al., Addressing Racial Bias in the Courts, 49 

Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association 64, 64-70, available at

https://ww2.nycourts.gov/sites/default/files/document/files/2018-

11/ARTICLE_ADDRESSING%20IMPLICIT%20BIAS%20IN%20THE%20COURTS.p

df [last accessed Oct. 13, 2023]).
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IV.

We also uphold the sanction of removal. Judges must observe higher standards of 

conduct than members of the general public, so that the integrity of the judiciary will be 

preserved (see 22 NYCRR 100.1; Matter of Kuehnel v State Commn. on Jud. Conduct, 49 

NY2d 465, 469 [1980]). Judges must “act at all times in a manner that promotes public 

confidence in the integrity and impartiality of the judiciary” (22 NYCRR 100.2 [A]). 

Judges must “be patient, dignified and courteous” to all persons with whom they deal in a 

judicial capacity (22 NYCRR 100.3 [B] [3]). Judges must perform their judicial duties 

“without bias or prejudice against or in favor of any person” and, in the performance 

thereof, must not “by words or conduct, manifest bias or prejudice” based upon race, color, 

or any other protected characteristic (22 NYCRR 100.3 [B] [4]). While the extreme 

sanction of removal is warranted only in the event of “ ‘truly egregious circumstances’ that 

extend beyond the limits of ‘even extremely poor judgment’ ” (Matter of Restaino [State 

Commn. on Jud. Conduct], 10 NY3d 577, 589 [2008]), we measure this “truly egregious” 

standard “with due regard to the fact that Judges must be held to a higher standard of 

conduct than the public at large” (Matter of Collazo [State Commn. on Jud. Conduct], 91 

NY2d 251, 255 [1998]; see Restaino, 10 NY3d at 589-590). 

What constitutes “truly egregious” circumstances is a fact-specific inquiry (see 

Matter of Ayres [State Commn. on Jud. Conduct], 30 NY3d 59, 64 [2017]). We consider 

both the gravity of the wrongdoing and the “effect of petitioner’s conduct upon public 

confidence in his character and judicial temperament” (Matter of Going, 97 NY2d 121, 

127 [2001]). While removal is often reserved for a judge who engages in a pattern of 
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misconduct (see Matter of Jung [State Commn. on Jud. Conduct], 11 NY3d 365, 374 

[2008]), there are rare cases where the misconduct is so inexcusable that no amount of 

mitigation can be “sufficient to restore the public’s trust” in the judge’s ability to discharge 

the responsibilities of judicial office “in a fair and just manner” (Restaino, 10 NY3d at 

590).

This is such a case. While presiding over his courtroom, petitioner brandished a 

loaded firearm at a litigant who presented no threat to anyone. Rather than show remorse, 

he described his conduct in a press interview and boasted about it to his colleagues, while 

repeatedly, and gratuitously, referring to the litigant’s race. Also troubling is petitioner’s 

denial in this Court of facts to which he previously stipulated. Petitioner’s unfitness for 

office is further demonstrated by his improper use of social media to solicit donations. 

Although the improper fundraising would not by itself warrant removal, its timing and the 

circumstances under which it occurred—while petitioner was under investigation on 

Charge I—evince an unwillingness or inability to abide by the Rules of Judicial Conduct. 

For these reasons, “the record amply supports the conclusion that petitioner’s 

misconduct ‘transcends poor judgment’ and warrants removal” (Going, 97 NY2d at 127). 

Accordingly, the determined sanction should be accepted, without costs, and Honorable 

Robert J. Putorti removed from the offices of Justice of the Whitehall Town Court and 

Whitehall Village Court, Washington County.
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Determined sanction accepted, without costs, and Honorable Robert J. Putorti removed 

from the offices of Justice of the Whitehall Town Court and Whitehall Village Court, 

Washington County. Opinion Per Curiam. Chief Judge Wilson and Judges Garcia, 

Cannataro, Troutman and Halligan concur. Judges Rivera and Singas took no part.

Decided October 19, 2023