UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

_________________________________ 

KHALID MOHAMMAD, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

ALBUQUERQUE POLICE 

DEPARTMENT, 

 Defendant - Appellee. 

No. 17-2080 

(D.C. No. 1:17-CV-00319-RB-KBM) 

(D.N.M.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT* 

_________________________________ 

Before BRISCOE, HARTZ, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

This action grew out of an arrest and detention in Albuquerque, New 

Mexico. The arrestee, Mr. Khalid Mohammad, sued the Albuquerque Police 

Department, invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the New Mexico Tort Claims 

Act, N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-12. The district court dismissed the complaint 

without prejudice, and we affirm. 

 *

 Oral argument would not be helpful in this appeal. As a result, we 

are deciding the appeal based on the briefs. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 

10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). 

 

This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except 

under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. 

But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value under 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a) and 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

October 27, 2017

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
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I. Standard of Review 

“We review de novo the dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a 

claim . . . .” Childs v. Miller, 713 F.3d 1262, 1264 (10th Cir. 2013). 

II. The Albuquerque Police Department is not a “person” under 42 

U.S.C. § 1983. 

Mr. Mohammad invokes 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which covers “person[s].” 

42 U.S.C. § 1983. But the Albuquerque Police Department is not a 

“person” under § 1983. See, e.g., Martinez v. Winner, 771 F.2d 424, 444 

(10th Cir. 1985) (holding that the City of Denver Police Department “is not 

a separate suable entity”), modified on other grounds, 778 F.2d 553 (10th 

Cir. 1985), vacated on other grounds sub nom. Tyus v. Martinez, 475 U.S. 

1138 (1986). Thus, the police department cannot incur liability under 

§ 1983 and this claim was properly dismissed.

III. Mr. Mohammad failed to challenge the district court’s holding on 

notice with respect to the claim under the New Mexico Tort 

Claims Act. 

Mr. Mohammad also sued under the New Mexico Tort Claims Act. 

The district court dismissed this claim on grounds that the Albuquerque 

Police Department was not a suable entity and that Mr. Mohammad had 

failed to provide statutory notice under N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16(A). 

Mr. Mohammad challenges the district court’s holding on whether the 

police department was a suable entity, but he does not challenge the 

district court’s alternative holding on the issue of statutory notice. And 
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“[w]hen a district court dismisses a claim on two or more independent 

grounds, the appellant must challenge each of those grounds.” Lebahn v. 

Nat’l Farmers Union Unif. Pension Plan, 828 F.3d 1180, 1188 (10th Cir. 

2016). The failure to appeal the holding on notice is fatal. See id. 

(affirming because the appellants did not challenge one of the district 

court’s two reasons for a ruling).

IV. The district court did not err in ruling on the police department’s 

motion to dismiss without ruling on Mr. Mohammad’s discovery 

motion. 

Mr. Mohammad contends that the district court should have ruled on 

his discovery motion before dismissing the complaint. After the police 

department filed a motion to dismiss, Mr. Mohammad moved for an order 

seeking free service of a subpoena. At that point, the district court could 

rule on either the discovery motion or the motion to dismiss. Cf. LaFleur v. 

Teen Help, 342 F.3d 1145, 1153 (10th Cir. 2003) (approving the magistrate 

judge’s stay of discovery until after a motion to dismiss was decided 

because any discovery would become unnecessary if the motion to dismiss 

were granted). The court chose to rule on the motion to dismiss first, 

rendering the discovery motion moot. The court did not err in ruling on the 

motion to dismiss before the discovery motion. 
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V. Disposition 

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm. 

 Entered for the Court 

 Robert E. Bacharach 

 Circuit Judge