United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

Nos. 95-3591, 95-3616.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Larry D. BARNETTE, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Larry D. BARNETTE, Defendant,

Kathleen C. Barnette, Movant-Appellant.

Nov. 20, 1997.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (No. 83-131-CR-J16), John H. Moore, II, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge, and KRAVITCH and HENDERSON, Senior Circuit Judges.

EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:

This case is a consolidated appeal of a civil contempt order issued against Appellants for

failure to abide by a court order to enforce a previously entered forfeiture judgment against one of

them. The government has filed a motion to dismiss the appeal. Pursuant to the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine, we grant that motion.

Background

Defendant-appellant Larry Barnette was convicted in 1984 on criminal charges not at issue

in this appeal. That conviction resulted in a special verdict of forfeiture requiring Mr. Barnette to

forfeit specific shares of stock owned by him. Unknown to the government, Mr. Barnette had, two
 1

Although the Barnettes claim the stock was transferred on 19 August 1983, as part of a

separation agreement, Larry Barnette remained the record owner of the stock, as shown on

Treasury Form 5471, until 31 May 1984. And, the separation agreement entered into by the

parties did not specifically require the stock transfer. 

 2Kathleen and Larry Barnette were separated at the time of the conviction and divorced in

1995. 

 3

Both parties seemingly received actual notice because responses to these requests were filed

on behalf of Larry Barnette and Kathleen Barnette. 

weeks before his indictment, allegedly transferred these shares1

 to his then wife, Kathleen Barnette.2

A portion of the forfeiture judgment was paid by Mr. Barnette; but for the eleven years

following the original forfeiture judgment, the government made many attempts, through court

orders, to collect the unpaid portion of the judgment. One of the attempts was an application for

enforcement filed by the government in 1987. Both Appellants were properly served with notice

of this action. A ruling was never made on this application, however.

In 1991 the district court entered an order finding that Larry Barnette had not satisfied the

1984 forfeiture judgment and that he remained obligated on the unpaid portion, despite the purported

transfer of the stock to his wife. The basis for this decision was that the government's interest in

these shares vested upon the last offense for which Barnette was convicted and, thus, the stock

transfer was of no effect. At this point in the proceedings, the district court judge recognized that

a value needed to be placed on the shares to determine when the judgment would be satisfied.

Discovery requests and production orders were served on both of the Barnettes for records

needed to value the stock. In 1992, when neither Appellant complied3 the government filed a civil

contempt petition against Mr. Barnette. A second petition was filed in June 1994 seeking a

contempt judgment against both Appellants. Kathleen Barnette was served through her counsel, and
 4

Larry Barnette was properly served in all relevant proceedings and did not challenge service

or jurisdiction of the court. 

 5

Kathleen Barnette was ordered to provide information necessary to determine the value of

the stock transferred to her by her husband. She claims that this effectively held her responsible

for an in personam judgment against Larry Barnette which resulted from his criminal conviction

and that this judgment was being enforced against her without the proper procedural protections

afforded a criminal defendant and without trial or conviction. She says the court orders were

invalid on account of a lack of personal jurisdiction, and she argues that the contempt order

cannot stand. Thus, she contends that there is nothing from which she is a fugitive. The basis

for the district court's holding her in contempt, however, was not the conviction of her husband,

but instead her refusal to comply with clear orders from the court regarding property she claimed

to own that was the subject of the forfeiture judgment. Nonparties that actively aid and abet a

party in violating a court order may be held in contempt of court. See United States v. Paccione,

964 F.2d 1269, 1274-77 (2d Cir.1992); Waffenschmidt v. MacKay, 763 F.2d 711, 714-17 (5th

Cir.1985). According to the district court, Kathleen Barnette's lack of cooperation aided Larry

Barnette in his scheme to avoid enforcement of the forfeiture judgment. 

 6

Both Larry and Kathleen Barnette filed motions to stay the contempt judgment pending

appeal. Both the district court and this court denied the motions. 

a response was filed on her behalf.4

In April 1995 a show cause order was issued by the district court to each of the Barnettes

instructing them to appear before the court to show cause why they should not be held in contempt

for failure to comply with the prior discovery and production requests and orders and for evasion

of the terms of the criminal forfeiture judgment. Again, Kathleen Barnette was served through her

counsel; and she filed a response. She did not appear at the hearing.

In August 1995 both Larry and Kathleen Barnette were held in contempt and ordered to pay

the outstanding balance on the forfeiture judgment, including interest from the date of Larry

Barnette's conviction, fees (including attorneys fees), and expenses from the many years of

enforcement proceedings.5

 Neither complied with the order, and arrest warrants were issued for both

Appellants.6

 In addition, a temporary restraining order was issued against Larry Barnette requiring the
 7

Kathleen Barnette also challenged the contempt order claiming that it was criminal and not

civil in nature and that she was not accorded the requisite procedural protections. Whether a

contempt order is deemed criminal or civil depends upon the "character and purpose" of the

order. International Union, United Mine Workers of America v. Bagwell, 512 U.S. 821, 827,

114 S.Ct. 2552, 2557, 129 L.Ed.2d 642 (1994). A civil contempt order is compensatory and

coercive. Jove Engineering, Inc. v. I.R.S. (In re Jove Engineering), 92 F.3d 1539, 1546 n. 4

(11th Cir.1996). A criminal contempt order is punitive. See United States v. Mathews, 997 F.2d

848, 851 (11th Cir.1993) (distinguishing criminal from civil contempt by stating that criminal

contempt results in a sentence for a definite time without possibility of modification). The order

in this case was civil—incarceration was only to last, if necessary, until compliance. The ability

to issue civil contempt orders is an inherent power of the courts. Citronelle-Mobile Gathering,

Inc. v. Watkins, 943 F.2d 1297, 1301 (11th Cir.1991). 

surrender of his passport and enjoining travel away from his Florida home. Still, at the time of this

appeal the whereabouts of Larry Barnette were—and are now—unknown. Kathleen Barnette has

appealed the contempt judgment claiming, among other things, that the district court lacked personal

jurisdiction over her, because she resides outside the nation's borders and is no longer a citizen of

the United States.7

 But, she had remained a resident of Jacksonville, Florida throughout much of

this eleven year ordeal, paying taxes as a Florida resident through 1992. Not until November 1994

did she renounce her United States citizenship—after the government's filing of its second contempt

petition.

We stress that both Appellants have disobeyed court orders, have acted to effect a stay of the

contempt judgments against them (a stay denied by this court), and have continued to evade arrest

pursuant to the warrants issued by the district court.

Discussion

 Pursuant to the court's request the parties to this appeal submitted supplemental briefs on

the fugitive status of the Appellants and whether, given the circumstances, the court should even

entertain the appeal of two people who have thus far refused to abide by the orders of the United

States courts. We have the discretion to dismiss an appeal where the appellants are fugitives from
prior court orders and, in effect, refuse to acknowledge the courts' authority over them—the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine.

The Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine

 The United States Supreme Court has long recognized an appellate court's ability to exercise

its discretion by refusing to hear or to decide the appeal of a fugitive from justice. See Molinaro v.

New Jersey, 396 U.S. 365, 90 S.Ct. 498, 24 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970); Ortega-Rodriguez v. United States,

507 U.S. 234, 113 S.Ct. 1199, 122 L.Ed.2d 581 (1993). A connection between the fugitive status

and the course of the appellate proceedings is required. Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. at 242-48, 113

S.Ct. at 1205-07. Thus, to apply the fugitive disentitlement doctrine the appellant must be a fugitive

and his fugitive status must have a connection, or nexus, to the appellate process he seeks to utilize.

 "A fugitive from justice has been defined as "[a] person who, having committed a crime,

flees from [the] jurisdiction of [the] court where [a] crime was committed or departs from his usual

place of abode and conceals himself within the district.' " Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield v.

Finkelstein, 111 F.3d 278, 281 (2d Cir.1997) (citing Black's Law Dictionary 604 (5th ed.1979)).

Expanding this definition as it applies to the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, it has been held that

"a fugitive from justice need not be a fugitive in a criminal matter." Id. In Finkelstein, the Second

Circuit, looking at this definition of fugitive, ruled that defendants in an entirely civil matter, facing

a large judgment, were fugitives for purposes of the doctrine because they "continued to evade

arrest." Id. at 282 (defendants' whereabouts unknown after issuance of bench warrants for failing

to appear at depositions and to comply with court orders). See also Perko v. Bowers, 945 F.2d 1038

(8th Cir.1991) (doctrine can be applied in civil cases); United States v. Van Cauwenberghe, 934

F.2d 1048 (9th Cir.1991) (doctrine can be applied to quasi-criminal or civil cases). Under certain

circumstances the disentitlement doctrine may be even more applicable to civil than criminal cases:
because a defendant-appellant's liberty is not at stake, less harm can come from the refusal to

entertain the appeal. See Conforte v. Commissioner, 692 F.2d 587, 589 (9th Cir.1982).

The rationales for this doctrine include the difficulty of enforcement against one not willing

to subject himself to the court's authority, the inequity of allowing that "fugitive" to use the

resources of the courts only if the outcome is an aid to him, the need to avoid prejudice to the

nonfugitive party, and the discouragement of flights from justice. See Molinaro, 396 U.S. at 366,

90 S.Ct. at 498-99; see also Finkelstein, 111 F.3d 278, 280 (2d Cir.1997).

That any judgment rendered by this court can be viewed by the Barnettes as merely advisory

(and their compliance therewith optional) is our main concern in deciding the government's motion

to dismiss this appeal. Impossibility of enforcement was the initial reason for the establishment of

the fugitive disentitlement doctrine. See Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. 234, 239-40, 113 S.Ct. 1199,

1203-04, 122 L.Ed.2d 581, 590-93. In that first case the Supreme Court based its dismissal on the

fact that "there could be no assurance that any judgment it issued would prove enforceable."

Ortega-Rodriguez, 507 U.S. at 239-40, 113 S.Ct. at 1203 (citing Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97,

24 L.Ed. 32 (1876)). This lack of enforceability has been the rationale for dismissing appeals in

subsequent cases since the establishment of the doctrine. See, e.g., Bonahan v. Nebraska, 125 U.S.

692, 8 S.Ct. 1390, 31 L.Ed. 854 (1887); Eisler v. United States, 338 U.S. 189, 69 S.Ct. 1453, 93

L.Ed. 1897 (1949).

The Supreme Court has refused to allow application of disentitlement when enforcement is

possible despite the appellant's absence. See Degen v. United States, --- U.S. ----, ----, 116 S.Ct.

1777, 1781, 135 L.Ed.2d 102 (1996). Here, however, possession of the forfeited property, Old

Dominion stock, lies with Kathleen Barnette—outside the reach of the government. So, while in

Degen the property was present within the jurisdiction as a means of enforcement, that possibility
 8

No one disputes that Larry Barnette's whereabouts are unknown. No one has contended that

his absence is beyond his control. 

does not exist in this case. In this appeal, we seriously doubt any decision rendered against the

Barnettes could be enforced against them.

Larry Barnette

 That Larry Barnette is a fugitive from justice is clear.8 A criminal forfeiture judgment was

entered against him; and to avoid both its full enforcement and penalties associated with the

contempt judgment, Larry Barnette has effectively disappeared. He is also a fugitive from the

contempt order and the related bench warrant. He has either left the district or is concealing himself

within it, in either case acquiring fugitive status. See generally Finkelstein, 111 F.3d at 281.

 " "[I]ntent to flee from prosecution or arrest may be inferred from a person's failure to

surrender to authorities." In re Assets of Martin, 1 F.3d 1351, 1356 (3d Cir.1993). The defendant

need not leave the jurisdiction, but—while legally outside the jurisdiction—may constructively flee

by deciding not to return. Id. Larry Barnette knew of the forfeiture judgment, the show cause order,

the contempt order, and bench warrant; but by hiding, he has refused to surrender himself to the

jurisdiction of this court. So, he is, for the law's purposes, a fugitive from justice.

 The requisite nexus exists between Larry Barnette's fugitiveness and this appeal. Both

Appellants filed motions to stay the enforcement of the contempt orders against them; and both of

their motions were denied both by the district court and this court. But, their fugitive status, in

reality, effects a stay of that enforcement by making such enforcement impossible—in direct

contravention of this court's holding as to the appropriateness of a stay.

 No good reason exists to think that any decision in this case adverse to Mr. Barnette would

affect the satisfaction of his forfeiture judgment. Mr. Barnette only wishes to use this court in an
 9

Funds were transferred from Old Dominion, the corporation for which stock was ordered

forfeited, to accounts controlled by Kathleen Barnette. Both Larry and Kathleen Barnette

exerted control over Old Dominion's business, and Kathleen Barnette testified in a deposition

attempt to receive a favorable judgment—the only judgment by which, it appears, he will abide. We

decline to participate. "He who offends against the law seeks in vain the help of the law" is a very

old legal maxim.

Kathleen Barnette

 Kathleen Barnette poses a different situation. She has taken part in the many proceedings

throughout these eleven years—hiring attorneys, responding to requests and appearing before the

district court. She, however, is not and was not a criminal defendant at any point—no forfeiture

judgment was entered against her. This circumstance does not preclude application of the fugitive

disentitlement doctrine. See Finkelstein, 111 F.3d at 278 (judgment debtors in a civil case lost their

right to appeal due to their fugitive status).

The disentitlement doctrine is based on equitable principles. See United States v. Sharpe,

470 U.S. 675, 681 n. 2, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 1573 n. 2, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985). "While such [fugitive

status] does not strip the case of its character as an adjudicable case or controversy ... it disentitles

the defendant to call upon the resources of the Court for determination of his claims." Molinaro,

396 U.S. at 366, 90 S.Ct. at 499.

 Kathleen Barnette is not a clearly innocent party in the government's effort to collect the

shares of stock now owned by her. She acted in concert with Larry Barnette to hide assets and to

transfer funds, resulting in inaccessibility to these monies by the government. This practice was

shown by evidence put forward at the many hearings on the forfeiture of the stock in which Kathleen

Barnette participated and by documents received by the government about the whereabouts of the

stock and other assets.9

 She admitted, in a sworn statement, that she moved the assets of Old
that she often acted on the advice of Larry Barnette for the running of Old Dominion. Both

Appellants were implicated in a scheme to bribe Panamanian officials to remove the freeze on

Old Dominion assets so that the Barnettes could transfer them to Kathleen Barnette's accounts in

England and in Switzerland, out of the reach of the United States government. 

 10We choose to stop short of deciding today whether or not an appellate court can exercise

discretion to apply the fugitive disentitlement doctrine to decline to decide a contemnor's defense

of lack of jurisdiction over the person. Instead, we choose to decide directly the question of

personal jurisdiction. And we do conclude that the district court had personal jurisdiction over

Kathleen Barnette. Non-parties, despite a court's initial lack of personal jurisdiction, "may be

subject to that court's jurisdiction if, with actual notice of the court's order, they actively aid and

abet a party in violating that order." Waffenschmidt v. MacKay, 763 F.2d 711, 714-17 (5th

Cir.1985). In this case, Kathleen Barnette did just that, aiding and abetting Larry Barnette, every

step of the way—in hiding funds and financial information subject to the forfeiture judgment of

which she had notice, to the discovery requests of which she had notice, and to the show cause

order of which she had notice. 

 11That Kathleen Barnette's whereabouts are known does not change her status as a fugitive

when her location is beyond the jurisdictional reach of the court. See, e.g., Degen, --- U.S. at ----

, 116 S.Ct. at 1777, 135 L.Ed.2d at 102 (citizen of U.S. and Switzerland returned to Switzerland

before indictment—ultimately decided fugitive disentitlement did not apply because property

subject to forfeiture remained in the United States). See also Prevot v. Prevot (In re Prevot), 59

F.3d 556 (6th Cir.1995) (French citizen who returned to France before issuance of arrest warrant

for probation violation was disentitled). 

Dominion to avoid the criminal forfeiture judgment. The district court specifically found that

Kathleen Barnette "aided and abetted, or acted in concert with, Mr. Barnette in his scheme to evade

the criminal forfeiture judgment." The district court further found that Ms. Barnette had actual

notice of the forfeiture judgment against her husband on the stock, the restraining order addressing

any transfer of the stock, and the show cause order for the contempt hearing. She has fought the

stock forfeiture (as well as the forfeiture of funds from other sources) every step of the way; and

she now asks us (1) to hold that the district court had no personal jurisdiction to render a judgment

against her10 and (2) to reverse her civil contempt violation.

 Based upon her past conduct—including leaving the country11—and continued

noncompliance with court orders, Kathleen Barnette seems to intend not to submit herself to the
 12We recognize that means exist for attempting to gain the cooperation of foreign

governments, such as that of the United Kingdom, in the collection of some judgments. But

those means are dependent upon the cooperation of the foreign government, the actual means

available in the foreign system, and the person's compliance with the foreign proceedings—over

which United States courts have no control. 

authority of United States courts, including this one. Therefore, we have no confidence that, should

we decide this case on the merits and hold that the district court properly entered the contempt order

against her, Kathleen Barnette would recognize that court's authority and forfeit the stock at issue

or present herself for incarceration.12

Kathleen Barnette is a fugitive from the contempt order and the ensuing bench warrants. Her

status as a fugitive, like her husband's, flouts this court's authority by effecting the very stay that was

prohibited by this court's denial of her motion to stay the contempt judgment pending appeal.

Applying the principle of disentitlement, Kathleen Barnette should not be entitled to an

appeal in this court when she has repeatedly refused to abide by prior court orders, removed herself

to the United Kingdom (beyond our reach), and renounced her United States citizenship.

Conclusion

Both Appellants have, in fact, disobeyed court orders, acted to effect a stay of the contempt

judgment (a stay denied by this court), and continue to evade arrest warrants.

We have good reason to believe that a decision by this court would likely be ineffective

against either Larry or Kathleen Barnette, given their fugitive status. Considering all of the

rationales for the fugitive disentitlement doctrine, we believe the doctrine fits this case. So, we grant

the government's motion to dismiss the appeal.

APPEAL DISMISSED.