#### STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. GARLAND NEAS

No. 67

(Filed 14 April 1971)

1. Courts § 9; Constitutional Law § 30— order denying motion to dismiss — authority of another judge to set aside

Judge of the superior court was without authority to overrule an order entered in the case by another superior court judge denying defendant’s motion to dismiss the charges against him on the ground that he had not been afforded a speedy trial.

2. Constitutional Law § 30— speedy trial — delay in serving warrant or securing indictment

After a complaint has been filed, an inordinate delay in serving the warrant or in securing an indictment will violate the right to a speedy trial.

*5073. Constitutional Law § 30— speedy trial — good faith delays

The constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial does not preclude good faith delays which are reasonably necessary for the State to present its case, the proscription being against purposeful or oppressive delays which the State could have avoided by reasonable effort.

4. Constitutional Law § 30— speedy trial — delay in service of warrant and trial

Defendant was not deprived of his right to a speedy trial by a delay of some fifteen months between the time the warrants were issued and the time they were served and defendant was brought to trial, where the cause of the delay was that some of the evidence necessary for trial was held by officers in another county and could not be released until a case against defendant in that county had been terminated by decision of the Court of Appeals.

5. Criminal Law § 26— when jeopardy attaches

Jeopardy attaches when a defendant is placed on trial: (1) on a valid indictment or information, (2) before a court of competent jurisdiction, (3) after arraignment, (4) after plea, and (5) when a competent jury has been empaneled and sworn to malee true deliverance in the case.

6. Criminal Law § 23— effect of guilty plea

A plea of guilty, if accepted and entered by the court, is the equivalent of a conviction.

7. Criminal Law § 26— former jeopardy — guilty pleas accepted by solicitor but rejected by court — subsequent trial

Jeopardy did not attach when defendant, prior to the selection or empaneling of a jury, tendered pleas of guilty which were accepted by the solicitor but were rejected by the court because defendant refused to answer upon a “Transcript of Plea” that none of his constitutional rights had been violated.

8. Criminal Law § 91— continuance on court’s own motion

Where defendant’s pleas of guilty were accepted by the solicitor but rejected by the court, the court did not abuse its discretion in continuing the cases on its own motion until the next session, notwithstanding the continuance was opposed by defendant.

Appeal by defendant from *Seay,*/., January 1970 Session of Davie Superior Court.

On 16 June 1968 George Trexler and John O’Neill were guards and R. J. Myriek was a lieutenant employed by the Department of Corrections stationed at a unit located near Mocks-ville. Defendant Neas, John Engle, and Ronnie McQuaigue were prisoners at this unit. On the afternoon of 16 June 1968 Engle called Trexler into the prison clothes house and when Trexler entered, Engle stuck a knife in his back and demanded Trexler’s *508money and keys. Trexler refused, and defendant Neas, who was standing on top of a table with a baseball bat in his hand, struck Trexler with the bat and knocked him unconscious. On regaining consciousness Trexler found himself in a small room at the back of the clothes house with O’Neill. Trexler’s keys were gone, his money had been taken from his pocket book, and his watch removed from his arm. Engle and defendant, with the threatened use of a knife and baseball bat, had also robbed O’Neill of $4, his keys, a pocket knife, and cigarette lighter, before locking him in the small room with Trexler. The three prisoners then went to the unit’s office, where Myrick was threatened with a knife and attacked with mop or broom handles, knocked to the floor, and the keys to his car and his billfold containing $82 taken. The prisoners then forced Myrick to open the office safe and took two pistols and $136.84 from it. They handcuffed Myrick to the gun cabinet and then left in Myrick’s car. Later that night defendant and Engle robbed a store in Greensboro and were arrested and placed in jail. They were tried and convicted at the October 1968 Session of Guilford Superior Court. From sentences imposed, they appealed to the Court of Appeals, and that court, in an opinion filed 18 June 1969 and reported in 5 N.C. App. 101, 167 S.E. 2d 864, affirmed their conviction. While their case was on appeal, defendant and Engle were held in the State’s prison at Raleigh, where they continued to serve the sentences from which they had escaped on 16 June 1968.

On 17 June 1968 warrants charging Engle and defendant with three counts of armed robbery were issued and on 28 June 1968 another was issued charging each with nonfelonious escape. These warrants were served on 16 September 1969. Indictments were returned, and the cases came on for trial at the 5 November 1969 Session of Davie Superior Court. Engle entered pleas of guilty of common law robbery and was sentenced. Defendant moved that the charge against him be dismissed for the reason he had not been afforded a speedy trial. This motion was denied. Defendant then entered pleas of not guilty. Before a jury was selected, defendant withdrew his pleas of not guilty and tendered to the court pleas of guilty of common law robbery in each of the armed robbery cases and a plea of guilty to the escape charge. These guilty pleas were accepted by the solicitor for the State. For reasons stated in the opinion, the court refused to accept the guilty pleas, ordered that they be stricken out, and continued the cases' until the next term.

*509The three armed robbery charges against defendant were consolidated and tried before Seay, J., and a jury at the January 1970 Session of Davie Superior Court. The jury returned a verdict of “guilty as charged” in one case of armed robbery and verdicts of “guilty of common law robbery” in the other two cases. From sentences imposed, defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals. The cases come here under the transferral order of 31 July 1970.

*Attorney General Robert Morgan and Deputy Attorney General Ralph Moody for the State.*

*William E. Hall for defendant appellant.*

MOORE, Justice.

Defendant first contends he was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. When the cases came on for trial at the 5 November 1969 Session of Davie Superior Court before Beal, J., and before a jury was selected or empaneled, defendant moved that the charges be dismissed on the ground that he had not been given a speedy trial. Judge Beal then conducted an extended hearing. Witnesses for the State and for the defendant and the defendant himself testified. At the conclusion of this testimony, Judge Beal made detailed findings of fact, which in pertinent part may be summarized as follows:

Defendant was serving an active sentence in the Davie County prison unit on 16 June 1968, when he and Engle escaped and went to Greensboro in an automobile taken by force from an employee of the prison unit. On that same night defendant and Engle robbed a store in Guilford County, were arrested and placed in jail, and remained in jail until tried for this robbery in October 1968. On conviction defendant and Engle were given active sentences of 20 to 30 years, from which they appealed to the Court of Appeals. The trial court further found as a fact that Guilford County had in its possession certain evidence necessary for the trial in Davie, which was not released by the Guilford County officers until the Guilford County case was terminated by the decision of the Court of Appeals. Based on these findings Judge Beal concluded as a matter of law that none of defendant’s constitutional rights had been violated by reason of the failure to serve the warrants against defendant prior to 16 September 1969, that defendant had not been denied a speedy trial, and overruled defendant’s motion to dismiss.

*510To the findings of fact and conclusions of law, the defendant gave notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals. No appeal was perfected. The cases were continued until the January 1970 Session of Davie Superior Court.

When the cases were called for trial at the January 1970 Session, Seay, J., presiding, defendant again moved that the charges be dismissed for the reason that defendant had been deprived of the right to a speedy trial, in violation of his constitutional rights. Defendant then moved “that he be permitted to put on the same evidence and same witnesses that were presented to the Court at the November Session of Davie County Superior Court presided over by Judge Fate Beal and upon which he made certain findings of fact and entered an order.” This motion and defendant’s motion to dismiss were overruled.

[1-3] Judge Seay correctly held that he was without authority to overrule the order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss which had been entered in this case by Judge Beal at the November 1969 Session of Davie Superior Court. “ ‘. . . (O)rdinarily one Superior Court judge may not modify, overrule, or change the judgment of another Superior Court judge previously made in the same action. . . .’ 2 Strong’s N. C. Index 2d, Courts § 9, p. 446; *Bank v. Hanner,*268 N.C. 668, 151 S.E. 2d 579; *Stanback v. Stanback,*266 N.C. 72, 145 S.E. 2d 332; *In re Burton,*257 N.C. 534, 126 S.E. 2d 581.” *State v. Jones,*278 N.C. 259, 179 S.E. 2d 433. And Judge Beal correctly overruled defendant’s motion to dismiss at the November 1969 Session. The basic rules on a speedy trial are set out by Justice Sharp in *State v. Johnson,*275 N.C. 264, 167 S.E. 2d 274. The present case, as did *State v. Johnson, supra,*involves a pre-indictment delay. This Court in *Johnson*held that after a complaint had been filed an inordinate delay in serving the warrant or in securing an indictment will violate the right to a speedy trial, stating: “We can see little, if any, difference in the dilemma which unreasonable delay creates for the suspect who was belatedly charged, the accused named in a warrant promptly issued but belatedly served, and the indicted defendant whose trial has been unduly postponed.” The question for decision then in this case is: Did the pre-indictment delay deprive defendant of his constitutional right to a speedy trial? The probability of a delay is inherent in every criminal action, and the constitutional guarantee does not preclude good faith delays which are reasonably necessary for the State to present its case. The proscription is against purposeful or oppressive delays which the State could have avoided by reasonable *511effort. *Dickey v. Florida,*398 U.S. 30, 26 L. Ed. 2d 26, 90 S. Ct. 1564 (1970); *Pollard v. United States,*352 U.S. 354, 1 L. Ed. 2d 393, 77 S. Ct. 481 (1957); *State v. Ball,*277 N.C. 714, 178 S.E. 2d 377; *State v. Hatcher,*277 N.C. 380, 177 S.E. 2d 892; *State v. Johnson, supra.*

[4] The facts in this case negate any purposeful or oppressive delay. Rather, they show a delay reasonably necessary for the State to prepare and present its case. The warrants were issued promptly but were not served and defendant was not brought to trial for fifteen months. This delay was due to the conduct of defendant himself. After he committed the acts for which he is charged in these cases, and on the same date, he robbed a store in Greensboro. He was arrested and held for trial in Greensboro for that offense. Judge Beal found that some of the evidence necessary for the trial in Davie Superior Court was held by the officers in Greensboro and could not be released until the case in Greensboro was terminated by the decision of the Court of Appeals. These cases were delayed until that evidence was available for the trial in Davie County. As stated in *State v. Johnson, supra:*

> “The burden is on an accused who asserts the denial of his right to a speedy trial to show that the delay was due to the neglect or willfulness of the prosecution. A defendant who has himself caused the delay, or acquiesced in it, will not be allowed to convert the guarantee, designed for his protection, into a vehicle in which to escape justice. *State v. Hollars,*266 N.C. 45, 145 S.E. 2d 309; *State v. Lowry,*263 N.C. 536, 139 S.E. 2d 870, appeal dismissed, 382 U.S. 22, 15 L. Ed. 2d 16, 86 S. Ct. 227 (1965); *State v. Patton,*260 N.C. 359, 132 S.E. 2d 891, cert. denied, 376 U.S. 956, 11 L. Ed. 2d 974, 84 S. Ct. 977 (1964); *State v. Webb,*155 N.C. 426, 70 S.E. 1064.”

[7] Defendant next pleads former jeopardy and contends that for this reason these cases should have been dismissed. When these cases against defendant for armed robbery were called for trial at the November 1969 Session of Davie Superior Court, defendant entered pleas of not guilty. Thereafter, and before a jury was selected or empaneled, defendant withdrew his pleas of not guilty and tendered pleas of guilty of common law robbery in each case. These pleas were accepted by the solicitor for the State, but when a “Transcript of Plea” form was submitted to *512the defendant for his signature, defendant refused to answer that none of his constitutional rights had been violated. The trial court then refused to accept the pleas of guilty of common law robbery tendered by defendant, ordered that the tendered pleas be stricken out, and on its own motion continued the cases for the term.

[5] Double jeopardy attaches in North Carolina when a defendant is placed on trial: (1) On a valid indictment or information, (2) before a court of competent jurisdiction, (3) after arraignment, (4) after plea, and (5) when a competent jury has been empaneled and sworn to make true deliverance in the case. *State v. Brickhead,*256 N.C. 494, 124 S.E. 2d 838, 6 A.L.R. 3d 888; *State v. Crocker,*239 N.C. 446, 80 S.E. 2d 243; 2 Strong’s N. C. Index 2d, Criminal Law § 26, p. 516.

[6, 7] Defendant admits that no jury was selected or empaneled, and that under the usual rule no double jeopardy attached, but contends that when his pleas of guilty were accepted by the solicitor, he was fully exposed to the legal consequences of the charges and that double jeopardy then attached. Defendant further admits that the court did not accept the pleas of guilty of common law robbery tendered by the defendant. A plea of guilty, if accepted and entered by the court, is the equivalent of a conviction. *State v. Meadows,*272 N.C. 327, 158 S.E. 2d 638, and cases therein cited; 2 Strong’s N. C. Index 2d, Criminal Law § 23. In this case no plea was accepted or entered. Hence, double jeopardy could not attach. Annot., 75 A.L.R. 2d 683; 22 C.J.S., Criminal Law § 248; 21 Am. Jur. 2d, Criminal Law § 165. The trial court correctly overruled defendant’s motion to dismiss because of former jeopardy.

[8] Defendant next contends the trial court erred in continuing these cases at the November 1969 Session on its own motion. This continuance was for the protection of defendant. Defendant had tendered pleas of guilty of common law robbery in open court. Had the court proceeded to trial after refusing to accept these pleas, the tendered pleas could well have prejudiced defendant in his trial. A continuance is ordinarily in the discretion of the trial court, and its ruling thereon is not subject to review absent an abuse of discretion. *State v. Crump,*277 N.C. 573, 178 S.E. 2d 366; *State v. Baldwin,*276 N.C. 690, 174 S.E. 2d 526; *State v. Cavallaro,*274 N.C. 480, 164 S.E. 2d 168; *State v. Moses,*272 N.C. 509, 158 S.E. 2d 617; 2 Strong’s N. C. Index 2d, *513Criminal Law § 91, p. 620; 7 Strong’s N. C. Index 2d, Trials § 3. Defendant in this case did not make a motion for continuance and, in fact, opposed the continuance. However, courts have inherent power to grant continuances in criminal cases, *ex mero motu,*subject to the general rules of law governing the exercise of discretion. 22A C.J.S. Criminal Law § 481; 17 Am. Jur. 2d, Continuance § 2. No abuse of discretion is shown, and this assignment is overruled.

In the assignments brought forward we find no error.

No error.