FI RST DI VI SI ON

BA RNES, P. J.

, M C M I LLI A N and M ERCI ER, JJ.

N O T IC E : M otions for r e c ons i de r a tion m us t be

ph y sic a l ly r e ce iv ed i n our c le r k ’s offic e w ithin te n

da y s of the da te of de c is ion to be de e m ed tim e ly file d.

http://w w w .ga a ppe a l s .us /r ule s

M ar ch 7, 2018



# I n th e Co u r t o f

A p p eals o f

G eo r g ia

A1 7 A1 53 2 . J O NES v . THE STATE.

M C M ILLI A N , J u dg e.

W e g ran t ed An t av i o u s J o n es ’ i n t erl ocu t o ry ap peal s eek i n g rev i ew o f t h e t ri al

c o urt ’ s o rd er g ran t i n g t he St at e’ s m o t i o n i n l i m i n e to i n t ro d u ce a l o g s h e e t w i t h

h an dwri t t en In t o x i l y zer 5 0 0 0 r e s ul t s at h i s t ri al o n ch arg es of d ri v i n g u n d er t h e

i n fl u en ce (“ DUI”). Becau s e we fi n d t h at t h e l o g s h eet was ad m i s s i bl e un d er t h e

b u s i n es s reco rd s ex cep t i o n t o t h e h ears ay ru l e, we n o w affi rm

.

“ On ap p eal

, we rev iew t he t ri al co u rt ’ s g ran t of a m o t i o n i n l i m i n e fo r ab u s e o f

d i s cret i o n .” (Ci t at i o n s an d p u n ct u at i o n o m i tt ed .) S t a t e v. W i l ki n s

, 3 0 2 Ga. 1 5 6 , 1 6 0

(8 0 5 SE2 d 8 6 8 ) (2 0 1 7 ). See al s o Ma r ch m an v. S ta t e

, 2 9 9 Ga. 5 3 4

, 5 3 9 (2 ) (7 8 7 SE2 d

7 3 4 ) (2 0 1 6 ). “ An ab u se o f d i s cret i o n o ccu rs w h e r e a ru l in g u ns u p p ort ed b y an y

e v i d e n ce o f reco rd o r wh ere t h at ru l i n g m i s s tat es o r m i s ap p l i es t h e rel ev an t l aw. ”(Ci t at i o n an d p u n ct u at io n o m i t t ed .) Lewi s v. Lewi s

, 3 1 6 G a. Ap p

. 6 7, 6 8 (7 2 8 SE2 d

7 4 1 ) (2 0 1 2 ).

Th e reco rd s ho ws t h at th e St at e ch arg ed J o n es i n Au gu s t 2 0 1 5 wi t h DUI-l es s

s afe, DUI p er se, an d d ri v i n g wi t h o u t h ead l i g ht s an d su b s eq u en t l y fi l ed a m o t i o n i n

l i m i ne t o i n t ro d u ce a lo g sh eet t hat i n cl u d ed t h e h an d wri t t en res u l ts o f t wo In t o x i l y zer

5 0 0 0 t es t s o f J o n es ’ s b reat h co n d u ct ed at t h e s h eri ff’ s offi ce o n t h e d at e o f h i s arres t

.

Th e St at e s u b m it t ed an affi d av i t s t a t i n g t h at t h e o ri gi n al p ri n t o u t o f t h e t es t res u l t s

h ad b een m i s p laced an d arg u ed t h at t h e l o g s h eet was ad m i s s i bl e u n d er th e b u s i n es s

an d p u b l i c-reco rd s ex cep ti o n s t o t h e h ears ay ru l e.

Th e St at e’ s affi d av it was p ro v i d ed b y an i n ves t i g at o r wi t h t h e Fay et t e Co u n t y

So l i ci t o r Gen eral ’ s O ffi ce an d fo rm er d ep u ty wi t h t h e Fay et t e Co u n t y Sh eri ff’ s

Offi ce, wh o was t as ked wi t h l ocat i n g t h e i n t o x i l y zer p ri n t o ut card o n ce t h e s o l i ci to r’ s

o ffi ce d i s co v ered t h at t h e pri n t o u t was m i s s i n g fro m Jo n es ’ f i l e

. Th e in v es t i g at o r

ex p lai n ed t h at t h e In to xi l y zer 5 0 0 0 u s ed i n t h i s cas e i s lo cat ed at t h e Fay et t e Co u n t y

J ai l faci li t y

. Th e m ach in e i s s u es t es t res u l t s on a m u l ti -co p y fo rm

, o n e o f w h i ch i s

g i v en t o t h e d efen dan t

, an o t h er i s g i v en t o t h e arres ti n g o ffi cer, an d t h e rem ai n i n g

co p ies are p l aced in a fi l e, wh i ch i s t ran s ferred t o t h e cl erk ’ s o ffi ce an d u l t i m at el y to

t h e s o l i ci t o r’ s o ffi ce. In t h is cas e, t h e p ri n t o u t w as n ot i n cl u d ed i n t h e fi l e s en t t o t h e

2cl erk ’ s o ffi ce a n d t h e arres t in g o ffi cer h ad n ot ret ai ned h i s co p y

. Th e in v es t i g at o r

ret raced ev ery s t ep i n t h i s p ro ces s b ut was un ab le t o lo ca t e t h e pri n t o u t i n co u n t y

rec o r d s

. H o wev er, t h e i nv es t i g at o r was ab l e t o l o cat e a co p y o f th e i n t o xi l y zer l o g

s h eet s h o wi n g J o n es ’ t es t res u lt s

. T h e i n v es t i g at o r ex p l ai ned t h e l o g i s k ep t n ex t to

t h e i nt o xi l y zer m ach in e a t t h e jai l

, an d t h e o ffi cer co nd u ct in g t h e t es t i s req u i red

i m m ed i at el y aft er t h e t es t s are co m p l et ed t o reco rd cert ai n i n fo rm at i o n, i n cl ud i n g t h e

n u m eri cal res u l t s o f t h e two i nt o x i l y zer tes t s ad m i ni s t ered t o t h e d efen d an t

. Bas ed o n

t h i s ev i d en ce an d aft er h eari n g arg u m en t fro m th e p art i es

, t h e tri al co u rt gran t ed t h e

St at e’ s m o ti o n

.

In reach in g t h i s d eci s io n

, t h e t ri al co u rt fi rs t fo u nd t h at t h e i n t ro du ct i o n o f t h e

l o g s h eet wo u l d n o t v i o lat e t h e b es t ev i d en ce ru l e becau s e n o ev i d en ce ex i s t ed t h at

t h e o ri gi n al p ri n t o u t h ad b een l o s t o r d es t ro y ed i n b ad fai t h

. Th e co u rt t h en ru l ed t h at

t h e lo g s h eet was ad m i s s i b l e u nd er t h e b u si n es s reco rd ex cep t i o n t o t h e h ears ay ru l e

an d fo u n d n o d i s co v ery vi o l at i on t o p rev en t i t s i nt ro d u ct i on

. Ho wev er, t h e t ri al co u rt

s t at ed t h at i t was “ m i n d fu l t h at an ex cep ti o n t o t he h ears ay ru l e i s n o t au t o m at i cal l y

an ex cep ti o n t o t h e co n fro n tat i o n cl au s e[; ] ” t h erefo re, t h e t ri al co u rt “ res erv e[d ] t h e

ri gh t t o rev i s i t [i t s ] ru l i n g i n t he ev en t t h e St at e d o es n o t i nt ro d uce as a w i t nes s at t ri al

t h e o ffi cer wh o t ran s cri b ed t h e res u lt s i n t o t he l o g s h eet .”

3J o n es arg u es o n ap p eal t hat t h e tri al co u rt erred i n g ran t in g t h e St at e’ s m o t i o n

b ecau s e t h e l o g s h eet (1 ) i s n ot ad m is s i b l e as ei t her a b u s i n es s reco rd o r as a p u b l i c

reco rd ; (2 ) i s ex cl u d ed b y t h e b es t ev id en ce ru l e; (3 ) v i o l at es Geo rg i a d i s co v ery

req u i rem en t s ; an d (4 ) v i o l at es t h e ru l e o f co m p l et en es s

. 1 W e d i sag ree.

1

. W e t u rn fi rs t to J on es ’ arg u m en t t hat t he ad m i s s io n o f t h e l o g s h eet v i o l at es

t h e b es t ev id en ce ru l e.

I n G e o r g i a, p ro o f of “ t h e co n t en t s o f a wri ti n g

, reco rd i n g

, o r p ho t o g rap h [

g en eral l y req u ires ] t h e o ri g i n al w ri t i n g

, reco rd i n g

, or p ho t og rap h [.] ” OCGA § 2 4 -1 0

-

1 0 0 2

. Ho wev er, O CGA § 24 -1 0 -1 0 0 4 s et s o u t s ev eral ex cep t i o n s to t h i s g en eral ru l e,

i n cl u d i n g an ex cep t i o n ap p l i cab l e in t hi s cas e, wh ere th e o ri g i n al can no t b e l o cat ed

.

OCGA § 2 4-1 0 -1 0 0 4 (1 ) p ro v i des t h at “ [t ] h e o ri g i n al sh al l n o t be req u i red an d o t h er

ev i d en ce o f t h e co n t en ts o f a wri t i n g

, reco rd i n g, or p h ot o g rap h s h al l b e ad m i s s i b l e i f

. . . [a] l l o ri g i n al s are l o st or h av e b een d es t ro y ed

, u nl es s t h e pro p o n en t l o s t o r

d es t ro y ed t h em

i n b ad fai t h [.] ”

1 Al t h o u g h J o n es ph ras es h i s so l e e nu m erat i o n o f erro r as a Co n fro n t at i o n Cl au s e

ch al l en g e, h e el ab orat es n o arg u m en t an d ci t es n o au t h o ri t y co n cern in g t h e ap p l i cat i o n o f

t h e Co n fro n t at i on Cl au s e to t he l o g s h eet

. Co n s eq u en t l y

, he h as ab an d o n ed an y s u ch cl ai m

. See Co u rt of Ap p eal s Ru l e 2 5 (c) (2 ) (“ An y en u m erat i on o f erro r t h at i s n o t s u p p o rt ed i n

t h e b ri ef b y ci t at i on o f au th o ri t y o r arg u m en t m ay be d eem ed ab an d o ned .”); Ca p i t a l La n d

US A, In c. v. Mi t

s ub i s h i Mo t o r

s Cr ed i t o f A mer i ca

, In c.

, 30 8 Ga. A p p

. 7 1

, 7 3 (2 ) (7 0 6 SE2 d

5 9 0 ) (2 01 1 ) (s am e).

4Th e o ri g i nal in t o x i ly zer p ri n t o u t s i n t h i s cas e co u l d n o t b e l o cat ed ev en aft er

t h e i n ves ti g at o r co n d u ct ed a m u l t i -s ou rce search

, an d Jo n es h as n o t p o i nt ed us t o an y

ev i d en ce i n t h e reco rd s u g g es t i n g an y b ad fai th on t h e part o f t h e St at e in co n n ect i o n

wi t h t h e m i s s i n g d o cu m en t s

. Un d er t h es e ci rcu m st an ces

, t h e t ri al co u rt d i d n o t ab u s e

i t s di s cret i o n i n f

i n d i n g t h a t ad m i s s i o n o f t h e l o g s heet wo u l d n o t v i o l at e t h e b es t

ev i d en ce ru l e. See Pa t ch v. S t a t e

, 3 3 7 Ga. Ap p

. 2 3 3, 2 4 2 -4 3 (7 8 6 SE2 d 8 8 2 ) (2 0 1 6 ).

Co m p are Lu ml ey v. S t a t e

, 28 0 Ga. Ap p

. 8 2

, 83 (6 3 3 SE2 d 4 1 3 ) (2 00 6 ) (fi nd i n g co py

o f i n t o x i l y zer p ri n t o u t in ad m i s s i b l e u n d er fo rm er ev i d en ce co d e, wh ere “ t h e

p ro s ecu to r ap p aren t l y m ad e n o effo rt -m u ch les s a di l i g en t o n e

- t o as cert ai n t h e

o ri g i nal ’ s wh ereab ou t s ”).

2

. J o n es al s o arg u es th at t h e b u s i n es s

- r e co rd s ex cep t i o n t o t h e h ears ay ru l e 2

d o es n ot ap p l y t o t h e lo g s h eet b ecau s e (i ) t h e l o g s h eet was p rep ared an d m ai n t ai n ed

f o r t h e pu rp o s e o f li t i g at i o n an d (i i ) t he St at e h as i n su ffi ci en tl y cert ifi ed i t u n d e r

OCGA § 2 4 -9 -9 0 2 (1 1 ).

(a) In o rd er fo r h ears ay t o b e ad m i ss i b l e, i t m u s t fal l w i th i n o n e of t h e st at u t o ry

h ears ay ex cep ti o n s

, an d t he m o v i n g p art y h as t h e bu rd en o f es t ab l i s h i ng t h at o n e o f

2 Th e St at e d o es n o t d i s p u t e t hat t h e n ot at io n s on t h e lo g s h eet are h ears ay

. See

OCGA § 2 4 -8 -8 0 1 (c).

5t h e ex cep t io n s ap p li es

. See Ph i l l i p s v. S t a t e

, 2 7 5 G a

. 5 9 5

, 5 9 8 (5 7 1 SE2 d 3 6 1 )

(2 0 0 2). Un d er G eo rg ia’ s Ev i d en ce Co d e, a b u s i nes s reco rd i s a d m i s s i b l e as an

ex cep t i o n t o t h e ru l e b arri ng h ears ay i f t h e reco rd was :

(A) m ad e at o r n ea r t h e t i m e o f t h e d es cri b ed act s

, ev en t s

, co n d i t i o ns

,

o p i n i o n s

, or d i ag n o ses ; (B) m a de by

, o r fro m i n fo rm at i o n t ran s m i t t ed by

,

a p ers o n wi t h p ers o n al kn o wl ed g e an d a b u s i n es s du t y t o rep o rt ; (C)

k ep t i n t h e co u rs e o f a reg u l arl y co n d uct ed b u si n es s act i v i t y ; an d (D) i t

was t h e reg u l ar pract ice o f t h at b u s i n es s act i vi t y t o m ak e th e

m em o ran du m

, rep o rt

, r e c o r d

, o r d at a co m p il at i o n

, al l as s h o wn b y th e

t es t i m o n y o f t h e cu st o di an o r o t h er q u al i fi ed wi t n es s or b y cert i fi cat i o n

t h at co m p l i es wi t h p arag rap h (1 1 ) or (1 2 ) o f Co d e Sect i o n 24 -9 -9 0 2 o r

b y an y o t her s tat u t e p erm i t t i n g cert i fi cat i o n

.

OCGA § 2 4 -8 -8 03 (6 ). Ho we v e r

, “ a reco rd prep ared i n an t ici p at io n o f p ro s ecu t i o n

i s n o t m ad e i n t h e reg ul ar co u rs e o f b u s i n es s .” Th o m p s o n v. S t a t e

, 3 3 2 Ga. Ap p

. 2 0 4,

2 0 8 (1 ) (7 7 0 SE2 d 3 6 4 ) (2 0 15 ). See Br o wn v. S t a t e

, 2 7 4 Ga. 3 1, 3 3 -3 4 (1 ) (5 4 9 SE2 d

1 0 7 ) (2 0 01 ) (h o l di n g t h at a p o l i ce rep o rt p rep ared i n a p r o s e c u t i o n fo r co cai n e

p o s s es s i o n was i n ad m i s si b le u n d er t h e b u s i n es s -reco rd s h ears ay ex cep t i on i n fo rm er

OCGA § 2 4 -3 -1 4 ).

Here, th e i n v es t i g at or av erred th at ev ery o ffi cer at t h e Fay et te Co u n t y J ai l wh o

p erfo rm s i n t ox i l y zer b reat h t es t s i s req u i red t o reco rd t h e fo l l o w i n g in fo rm at i o n i n to

6t h e l og im

m ed i at el y aft er t h e t es t i s co m pl et ed : h i s o r h er n am e, t h e n a m e o f t h e

o ffen d er, t he d a t e o f th e t es t

, t h e offen d er’ s d ri v er’ s l icen s e n u m b er, t h e arres t i n g

o ffi cer’ s n am e, t h e res u l t s o f t h e t wo s am p l es m ak i n g u p t he tes t

, an d w h et her b l o o d

was d rawn

. Th i s ev i d en ce s u p p o rt s a fi n d i n g t h at th e l o g s h eet w as (a) m ad e at o r n ear

t h e t i m e o f t h e i nt o x i l y zer t es t s; (b ) m ad e b y

, o r fro m i n fo rm at i o n t ran s m i tt ed b y

, a

p ers o n w i t h p ers o nal k n o wl ed ge an d a b u si n es s d u t y t o rep o rt ; (c) k ep t i n t h e co u rs e

o f t h e reg u l arl y co nd u ct ed s heri ff’ s o ffi ce’ s act i v it y o f t es t i n g o ffen d ers ch arg ed wi th

DUI; an d (d ) i t was th e reg u l ar pract i ce o f t h e s h eri ff’ s o ffi ce t o k eep t h e lo g b o o k o f

t h at t es t in g act i v i t y

. Th erefo re, th e ev i d en ce m eet s t h e cri t eri a s et fo rt h u n d er

Geo rg i a’ s b u s i n es s reco rd s ex cep t i o n

.

M o reo v e r

, al t h o u gh th e St at e i s s eek i n g t o u se t h e l o g s heet at J o nes ’ t ri al in

t h i s cas e, t h e reco rd s u p p o rt s a fi n d i n g t h at i t was n ot m ad e i n an t i ci p at i o n o r

p rep arat i o n fo r l i t i g at io n

. Rat her, t h e St at e g en eral ly rel i es on t h e o ri g i nal in t o x i l y zer

p ri n t ou t s t h em s el v es t o s u pp ly p ro o f o f i n t o x i ca t i o n at t ri al

, an d t h e l o g sh eet was

u s u al l y k ep t at t h e s h eri ff’ s o ffi ce. Acco rd in g l y

, we fi n d n o ab us e o f d is cret i o n i n t h e

t ri al co u rt ’ s d eci s i o n t o ad m i t t h e l o g s h eet s h o wi ng J o nes ’ in to x il y zer res u l t s u n d er

7t h e b u s i n es s reco rd ex cep t i o n

. 3 See g en eral l y Th omp s o n v. S t a t e

, 3 3 2 Ga. Ap p

. 2 0 4,

2 0 8 (1 ) (7 7 0 SE2 d 3 6 4 ) ( 2 0 1 5 ) (l o s t p rev en t i o n rep ort n o t p rep ared fo r l i t i g at i o n

p u rp os es wh e r e co rp o rat i o n p rep ared t h em i n ev ery i n s t an ce o f s ho p l i ft i n g,

m i n i m i zi n g co n cern s ab o u t rel iab i l i t y an d tru s two rt h i n es s ); Ra cko f f v. S t a t e

, 2 8 1 Ga.

3 0 6

, 3 0 9 (2 ) (6 3 7 SE2 d 70 6) (2 0 0 6 ) (h ol di n g u n d er fo rm e r e v i d e n c e co d e t h at an

i n s p ect i on cert ifi cat e o f an in s t ru m en t u sed t o co n d u ct b reat h t es t s i s a reco rd m ad e

i n t h e reg u l ar co u rs e o f b u s i n es s b ecau s e “ [i ] t i s no t m a d e i n an i n v es t i g at o ry o r

ad v ers ari al s et t i n g; n or i s i t gen erat ed i n an t i ci p at i o n o f t he p ro secu t i o n o f a p art i cu l ar

d efen d an t ”); DA Rea l t

y Ho l d i n g

s v

. Ten n es see La n d Co n s u l t a n t s

, 6 3 1 Fed

. Ap p ’ x

8 1 7 , 8 2 2 (1 1 t h Ci r. 2 0 1 5 ) (h an dwri tt en l ed g er ad m i s si bl e as a b u s i n es s reco rd ). 4

(b ) J o nes al s o co n ten d s t hat t h e St at e fai l ed to s u ffi ci en t l y au t h en t i cat e t h e l o g

s h eet un d er OCGA § 2 4 -9 -9 0 2 (1 1 ), wh ich req u i res a wri t t en cert ifi cat io n fro m “ i t s

3 A cco rd i n g ly

, we n eed n o t ad d res s J o n es ’ arg u m en t t h a t t h e ev i den ce was n o t

ad m i ss i b le as a p ub l i c reco rd

.

4 W h ere, as i n t h e cas e o f OCGA § 2 4-8 -8 0 3 (6 ), Geo r g i a ’s ev i d en ti ary s t at u t es

cl o s el y t rack t h e l an g u ag e o f t h e Fed eral Ru l es o f Ev id en ce, we l o o k t o th e fed eral co u rt s ’

i n t erp ret at i o n o f t h o se ru l es fo r g ui d an ce. See Pa r ker v. S t a t e

, 2 9 6 Ga. 5 8 6

, 5 92 (3 ) (7 6 9

SE2 d 3 2 9) (2 01 5 ); Ro n al d L. Carl s o n & M i ch ael Sco tt Carl so n

, Carl so n o n Ev i d en ce, 5 0 9

-

1 0 (5 t h ed . 2 0 1 6 ).

8cu s t o d i an or ot her q u al i fi ed p e rs o n ,” becau s e t h e St at e fai l ed t o s h o w t h at t h e

i n v es t i g at o r was ei th er a cu s to d i an o r o t h erwi s e a q u al i fi ed p ers o n.

As wi t h m o s t ev i d en t i ary m at t ers , “ [i ] t i s wi t h i n t he t ri al co u rt ’ s d i s cret i o n to

d et erm i n e wh et h e r a pro per fo u n d at i o n w as l ai d fo r ap p li cat i o n o f t h e b u s i n es s

reco rd s ex cep t i o n to a part i cu l ar d o cu m en t an d wh et h er th e ci rcu m s t an ces o f t h e

d o cu m e nt’ s pr e pa

r a tion indic a te tr

ustw or thine ss. ” ( C ita

t i o n an d p u n ct u at io n o m i t t ed .)

Ro b er t s v. Co mmu n i t

y & S o u t h er n Ba n k

, 3 3 1 G a. Ap p. 3 6 4 , 3 6 9 (2 ) (7 7 1 SE2 d 6 8 )

(2 0 1 5). T h u s, we r e v i ew t h e co u rt ’ s ru l in g i n t h i s reg ard fo r an ab u s e o f t h at

d i s cret i o n

.

J o n es i s co rrect t h at t h e i nv es t i g at o r i n th is cas e di d no t cl ai m t o b e a cu s t o d i an

o f t h e l o g b o o k

, s o we m

u st d et erm i n e w h et her h e was o t herwi s e q ual i fi ed t o cert i fy

t h e l og s h eet un d er OCGA § 2 4 -9 -9 0 2 (1 1 ). Al t h o ug h we co u ld fi n d n o Geo rg i a

au t h o ri t y ad d res s i n g t h e t erm

“ o t her q u al i fi ed p ers o n ,”

[t he fed eral co u rt s ] i n t erp ret t h e t erm “ q ual i fi ed wi t n es s ” [i n t h e s i m i l ar

fed eral ru l e] 5 b ro ad l y

, req u i ri n g o n l y s o m eo n e fam i li ar wi t h t he creat i o n

5 Th e b u s i n es s reco rd ex cep t i o n u n d er t h e fed eral ru l es p ro v i d es t h at th e h ears ay ru l e

d o es n o t ex cl u d e:

(6 ) Reco rd s o f a Reg u l arl y Co n d u ct ed Act i vi t y

. A rec o r d o f an act

, ev en t

,

co nd i t i o n , o p in io n , o r d i ag no s i s i f:

9an d m ai n t en an ce o f t h e reco rd s

. A n “ o t herwi s e q u al i fi ed wi t n es s ” m ay

l ay t h e fo u n dat i o n f

o r reco rd s ’ i n t ro d uct i o n d es p i t e lack i ng p ers o nal

k n o wl ed g e o f t h e p rep a r a t i o n o f th e reco rd s, b u t h e o r s he m u s t be

fam i l i ar wi t h t he creat i o n an d reco rd k eep i n g p ro c e d ures of th e

o rg an i zat i o n i n o rd er t o es t ab li s h t h e reco rd s ’ t ru s t wo rt h i n es s

.

Un i ted S t a t es v. Ba ca s

, 6 6 2 FSu p p 2 d 4 81

, 48 6 -8 7 (E.D. V a. 20 0 9 ). See al s o Pen d er

v. Ba n k o

f Amer i ca Co r

p

. , 2 01 6 U.S. Di s t

. LEXIS 1 73 6 3 6

, at * 19 -2 0 (II) (a)

(A) t h e re c o r d w a s m ad e at o r n ear t h e t i m e by

– o r fro m in fo rm at i o n

t ran s m i t t ed b y

– s o m eo n e wi t h k n o w led g e;

(B) t he reco rd was kep t i n t h e co u rs e o f a reg u l arl y c o n d u ct ed act i v i t y o f a

b u si n es s , o rg an i zat i on , o ccu p at i o n

, o r cal l i n g , wh et h er o r n o t fo r p ro fi t ;

(C) m ak in g t h e reco rd was a reg u l ar p ract i ce o f t h at act i vi t y ;

( D ) a l l t h es e co n d i t i o n s are s h o wn b y th e t es t i m o ny o f t h e cu s t o d i an o r

a n ot h er qu a l i

f i ed wi t n es s

, or b y a cert i fi cat i o n th a t c o m p l i es wi t h Ru le 9 0 2

(1 1 ) o r (1 2 ) o r wi t h a s t at u te p erm i t t i n g cert i fi cat i o n ; an d

(E) t h e o p p o n en t d o es n ot s h o w t h at t h e s o u rce o f i n fo rm at i o n or t h e m et h o d

o r ci rcu m s t an ces o f p rep arat i o n i n d icat e a l ack o f t ru s t wo rt h i n es s

.

(Em ph as i s s u p p l ied .) Fed . R. Ev i d. 8 0 3 (6 ).

10(W

. D.N.C. 20 1 6 ) (“ [W ] het h er t h e decl aran t i s a ‘ q u al i fi ed pers o n ’ is a l eg al

co n cl u s i o n , n o t a fact t o wh i ch t h e d ecl aran t i s req u i red t o at t es t .”)

Th e i n v es t i g at o r i n t h i s cas e was a fo rm er Fay et t e Co u n t y Sh eri ff’ s d ep u t y wh o

av erred t h at h e was fam i l i ar wi t h t h e p ro ced u res o f th e s h eri ff’ s o ffi ce reg ard i n g t h e

h an dl i n g o f t he in t o x i l y zer p ri n t o ut card s

. H e in v es ti g at ed t h e m i ss i n g p ri n t o u t s in

t h i s cas e, an d aft er h e was u n su cces s fu l in l o cat i n g t h em

, h e as k ed fo r t h e in t o x i l y zer

l o g s h eet an d ex p l ai n ed t h e p ro ced u re fo r co m p let i n g an d m ai n t ai n i ng t h e l o g b o o k

at t h e jai l faci l i t y i n d et ai l

. Un der t h es e ci rcu m s t an ces

, we fi n d n o ab u s e of d i s cret i o n

i n t he t ri al co u rt ’ s d et erm i nat i o n t h at t he i n v es t i gat o r was a “ q u al i fi ed p ers o n ” u n d er

OCGA § 2 4 -9 -9 0 2 (1 1 ) t o p ro p erl y au t h en t icat e t h e l o g b o o k en t ry

.

3

. J o n es fu rt h er arg u es t h at t h e lo g s h eet s ho u ld b e ex cl u d ed b ecau s e t h e St at e

v i o l at ed G eo rg i a’ s di s co v ery req u i rem en t s et o u t i n OCGA § 1 7-1 6 -2 3 by fai l i n g to

p ro d uce t h e i nt ox i l y zer p r i n t o u t

. Th at s t at u te p ro v i d es

, “ In al l cri m i nal t ri al s t h e

d efen d an t s h al l b e en t i t l ed to h av e a co m p l et e co p y

o f an y wri t ten s ci en t i fi c rep o rt s

i n t h e p o s s es s io n o

f t h e p r o s ecu t i o n wh i ch wi l l b e i n t ro d u ced i n wh o l e o r i n p art

ag ai n s t t h e d efen d an t b y t h e p ro s ecu t i o n i n i ts cas e-i n -ch i ef o r in reb u tt al .” (Em p h as i s

s u p p li ed .) OCGA § 1 7 -1 6 -2 3 (b ). An d t h i s Co urt h as fo u n d t h at “ an i n t o x i l y zer

p ri n t ou t s h o wi n g t h e res u lt s o f t h e i n s t ru m en t ’ s an al y s is o f th e b lo od al co h ol

11co n cen t rat io n in a d efen dan t ’ s b reat h wo u l d b e s u bject t o d i s co v ery u n der OCGA §

1 7 -6 -2 3

. ” S t a t e v. Ta n

, 3 0 5 Ga. A p p

. 5 5

, 5 8 (6 9 9 SE2 d 7 4) (2 0 1 0 ). See al s o

Ba z emo r e v. S t a t e

, 2 4 4 Ga. Ap p

. 4 6 0

, 4 6 2 (1 ) (5 3 5 SE2 d 8 30 ) (2 0 0 0 ); OCGA § 1 7 -6

-

2 3 (a) (“ wri t t en s ci en t i fi c rep o rt s ” i n cl u des “ b lo o d al co h o l t es t res ul ts d o ne b y a l aw

en fo rcem en t ag en cy” )

. T h e fai l u re t o fu rn i s h s u ch a rep o rt t o t h e d efen d an t at l eas t

t en d ay s p ri o r t o t ri al “ s h al l res u l t i n s uch rep o rt b ei n g ex cl u d ed an d s u p p res s ed fro m

ev i d en ce i n t he p ro s ecu ti o n ’ s cas e-i n -ch i ef o r i n reb u t t al .” OCGA § 1 7-6 -2 3 (c).

Ho wev er, as h i g h l i gh t ed ab o v e, t h e d i sco v ery s t at u t e o n l y req u i res p ro d u ct i o n

o f an y s u ch rep o rt s “ i n th e p o s s es s i o n o f t h e p ro s ecu t i o n

, ” a n d th e u n d i s p u t ed

ev i d en ce i n t h i s cas e i s t hat t h e p ri n t o u t s are lo s t

, wi t h o u t an y ev i d en ce o f i nt en t i o n al

d es t ru ct io n o r bad fai t h o n t h e p art o f t h e St at e. Co m p are Ra yb u r n v. S t at e

, 2 3 4 Ga.

Ap p

. 4 8 2, 4 8 3 (2 ) (5 0 6 SE2 d 8 76 ) (1 9 9 8) (s tat e v i ol at ed d i s co ver y s t a t u t e by

p ro d uci n g o n l y a r e d act ed co py of p o li ce o ffi cer’ s rep o rt o n t h e h o ri zo n t al gaze

n y s t ag m us t es t ad m i n i s t ered t o d efen d an t ). Acco rd i n g l y

, we fi n d n o ab u s e o f

d i s cret i o n i n t h e t ri al co u rt ’ s fi n d i n g t h at t h e St at e d i d n o t v i o l at e i t s o b l i g at i o n s u n d er

OCGA § 1 7 -6 -2 3

.

4

. J o n es al s o as s ert s th at t h e lo g s h eet s h o u l d b e ex cl u ded u nd er t h e r u l e o f

co m p l et en es s b ecau s e i t o n l y co n t ai n s p o rt i o n s o f wh at th e i n to x i l y zer p ri n to u t wo u ld

12h av e s h own an d th at t h e m i s si n g i n fo rm at i o n h am p ers hi s ab i li t y t o d efen d ag ai n s t t h e

DUI ch arg es

.

Un d er OCGA § 24 -1 -1 0 6

, “ [w] h en a w ri t i n g o r reco rd ed s t at e m e n t o r p art

t h ereo f i s i n t ro d u ced b y a p art y

, an ad v ers e p art y m ay req u i re t h e i n t ro d u ct i o n at t h at

t i m e o f an y

o t h er part or an y o t h er wri t i ng o r reco rd ed s t at em en t wh i ch

, i n fai rn es s

,

s h o u ld b e co n si d ered co n tem p o ran eo u s l y wi t h t he wri t i n g o r r e c o r ded s t at em en t .”

M o reo v er, Geo rg i a l a w p ro v i d es t h at “ [u ] p o n t h e req u es t o f t h e p ers o n w h o s h al l

s u b m i t t o a ch em i cal t es t o r t es t s at t h e req u es t o f a law en fo rcem en t o ffi cer, fu l l

i n fo rm at i o n co n cern in g t h e t es t o r t es t s s h al l be m ad e av a i l a b l e t o h im o r h i s

at t o rn ey .” O.C.G.A. § 4 0 -6 -3 9 2 (a) (4 ).

Bu t

, h ere, i t i s u n di s pu t ed t h at t h e St at e had p ro v i d ed ev er yt h i n g i t h as wi th

reg ard t o t h e i n t ox i l y zer res u l t s an d th at t h ere i s n o th i n g l eft i n t h e St at e’ s p o s s es s i o n

t o co m p l et e t h at ev id en ce. To t h e ex t en t t h at t h e S t at e h as fai l ed t o p ro v i d e

i n fo rm at i o n in t h e d et ai l pro v i d ed o n an i n t o x i l y zer p r i n to u t, we fi n d t hat s u ch

o m is s i o n s g o t o t h e w ei gh t an d n o t t h e ad m i s s ib l i t y o f t h e i n t o x i ly zer res u l t s

. See

g en eral l y Ka r i m v. St a t e

, 2 4 4 Ga. A p p

. 2 8 2

, 2 8 5 (5 3 5 SE2 d 2 96 ) (2 0 00 ) (i n ab i l i t y o f

St at e t o ex act l y recreat e t he o ri g i n al p i ct ori al l i n eu p g o es t o t h e wei g h t an d n o t t h e

ad m i s s i b i l i t y o f s eco nd ary ev i d en ce o f th at l i n eu p). Cro s s -ex am i n at io n o f t h e o ffi cer

13wh o ad m i n i s t ered t h e t es t wi l l al l o w J o n es ’ co un s el t h e o pp o rt u n i t y t o tes t t h e n at u re

o f t h e St at e’ s ev id en ce, an d t h e t ri al co u rt h as i n d i cat ed t h at i t wi l l rev is i t t h e m o t i o n

i n l i m i n e s h o u l d t h e St at e n ot offer t h e t es t i m o ny of t h at o ffi cer. Acco rd in g l y

, we fi n d

n o g ro un d s fo r rev ers al

.

Ju d g men t a f f i r m ed . Ba r nes , P. J., a n d

Mer ci er , J., co n cu r

.

14