No. 02-347

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2004 MT 91N

PHILIP MILANOVICH,

Plaintiff, Appellant, and Counterdefendant,

v.

JOHN DWYER,

Defendant, Respondent, and Counterclaimant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Second Judicial District,

In and for the County of Silver Bow, Cause No. DV-01-18

The Honorable Loren Tucker, Judge presiding.

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Jonathan R. Motl, Reynolds Motl Sherwood, Helena, Montana

For Respondent:

Dolphy O. Pohlman and Timothy M. Dick, Corette Pohlman & Kebe, Butte,

Montana

 Submitted on Briefs: March 6, 2003

Decided: April 13, 2004

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk
2

Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court 1996 Internal

Operating Rules, the following decision shall not be cited as precedent. It shall be filed as

a public document with the Clerk of the Supreme Court and shall be reported by case title,

Supreme Court cause number and result to the State Reporter Publishing Company and to

West Group in the quarterly table of noncitable cases issued by this Court.

¶2 Dr. Philip Milanovich (Milanovich) appeals the judgment of the Second Judicial

District Court, Silver Bow County, concluding that Dr. William F. O’Brien (O’Brien)

abandoned his property and that O’Brien’s former landlord, John H. Dwyer (Dwyer),

asserted ownership over that property prior to that property being claimed by its true owner.

¶3 We address the following issues on appeal and affirm:

¶4 1. Was the District Court’s conclusion that O’Brien had abandoned his

property supported by substantial evidence?

¶5 2. Did the District Court err in concluding that Dwyer had asserted ownership

over the property prior to that property being claimed by its true owner?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶6 O’Brien, a practicing dentist for 35 years, worked in various cities, the last of which

was Townsend, Montana. Having lived before in Butte, Montana, O’Brien wished to return

to Butte to open a dental practice there. 

¶7 O’Brien looked at commercial property for rent in Butte and viewed a free-standing

space that Dwyer had available to lease. This free-standing space previously had been a
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carpet showroom, and, therefore, was an open space without interior divider walls. 

¶8 After viewing this commercial property, O’Brien rented the space from Dwyer for

approximately six weeks before signing a lease agreement with Dwyer. On October 30,

1999, O’Brien then entered into a lease agreement with Dwyer. This lease agreement stated

that O’Brien, the tenant, agreed to pay Dwyer, the landlord, $1,600 per month for rent. Rent

was due on or before the first day of each month. 

¶9 Before seeing dental patients, O’Brien performed extensive remodeling on the rented

commercial space, transforming the space from its previous carpet showroom to a functional

dental office. O’Brien took out a loan from Citicorp in order to fund the transformation of

this rented commercial space. Hence, Citicorp had a security interest, which it did not

perfect, in the dental property that O’Brien purchased with the money Citicorp lent to him.

¶10 Dwyer greatly assisted O’Brien’s endeavor in transforming the open space to a

functional dental office, spending in total around $44,000 in construction costs. 

¶11 O’Brien saw his first patient in April 2000 and continued to see patients until August

2000, when he traveled to Louisiana for an evaluation. O’Brien had been experiencing

various personal difficulties which prompted his trip to Louisiana. This trip, however,

created a financial hardship. O’Brien notified his creditors that he would have difficulty in

meeting his financial obligations. 

¶12 As a result of this financial hardship, O’Brien was late in paying the August 2000 rent

and did not pay the September 2000 rent that was due on the first of the month. O’Brien also

defaulted on his payment obligations to Citicorp.
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¶13 As a result of O’Brien’s delinquent September 2000 rent payment, Dwyer told

O’Brien that he was going to change the locks to the office. Dwyer gave O’Brien 24 hours

to remove his personal effects. O’Brien did so, removing his diplomas, some plants, chairs,

tables, and a microwave. The office space then was vacant. 

¶14 On October 9, 2000, Milanovich, also an established dentist in Butte, met with

Dwyer. Milanovich was very interested in renting O’Brien’s former dental office.

Milanovich toured the office space and had his staff do the same. Milanovich then gave

Dwyer a check for $1300, which Dwyer cashed. 

¶15 Milanovich testified that he believed he had successfully rented the office space from

Dwyer, since Dwyer cashed Milanovich’s check. Dwyer, however, testified that he did not

consider Milanovich a tenant, as the rent for the office space was $1,600 per month, although

Dwyer could not explain the reasoning behind why he cashed Milanovich’s check. 

¶16 After O’Brien vacated the office space upon Dwyer’s request, Dwyer sought legal

counsel regarding the money O’Brien owed him in recoupment of delinquent rent and

remodeling costs. 

¶17 After Dwyer retained legal counsel, on November 10, 2000, O’Brien was served, via

certified mail, with a notice of abandonment and termination regarding his leased property.

On November 28, 2000, O’Brien was again served via certified mail, this time with a notice

of plan to sell his leased property. O’Brien did not respond to either of these notices, nor did

he file any action to assert ownership of the property. 

¶18 In the meantime, Milanovich met with O’Brien informally, as they were long-time
5

friends. During this meeting, O’Brien told Milanovich that he would sell to Milanovich the

dental property remaining in O’Brien’s former office space for $10,000. Milanovich

accepted O’Brien’s offer, and on December 12, 2000, Milanovich and O’Brien entered into

a bill of sale agreement that reflected their previous discussions. Milanovich gave Dwyer

a copy of the bill of sale agreement on December 13, 2000. 

¶19 Dwyer then met with Milanovich on December 14, 2000. At this meeting, Dwyer

returned to Milanovich the $1,300 that Dwyer had previously accepted. Dwyer told

Milanovich that he, and not O’Brien, owned the dental property remaining in O’Brien’s

former office space. Dwyer then removed the dental property remaining in O’Brien’s former

office space. Dwyer placed this dental property in his storage room and proceeded to rent

out the vacant office space to another tenant. 

¶20 In January 2001, Milanovich filed a claim against Dwyer for possession of the

property he purchased from O’Brien. After a bench trial, the District Court concluded that

O’Brien had abandoned his property and that Milanovich had no interest in the property.

The District Court dismissed with prejudice both Milanovich’s claims and Dwyer’s

counterclaims. 

¶21 Milanovich now appeals the District Court’s judgment. 
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STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶22 We review a district court’s findings of fact to determine whether they are clearly

erroneous. Galassi v. Lincoln County Bd. of Com’rs, 2003 MT 319, ¶ 7, 318 Mont. 288, ¶ 7,

80 P.3d 84, ¶ 7. In making this determination, we utilize a three part test, wherein we review

(1) whether the findings are supported by substantial evidence; (2) whether the effect of the

evidence was misapprehended; or (3) whether a mistake was committed. Galassi, ¶ 7. We

review a district court’s conclusions of law to determine whether they are correct. Galassi,

¶ 7. 

DISCUSSION

¶23 1. Was the District Court’s conclusion that O’Brien had abandoned his

property supported by substantial evidence?

¶24 Milanovich argues that because Dwyer admitted that “at no time” did O’Brien ever

tell Dwyer that O’Brien had abandoned his property, the District Court needed to analyze

O’Brien’s actions to infer O’Brien’s intent to abandon. And, this inference, Milanovich

maintains, was not that O’Brien intended to abandon his property. Rather, Milanovich

argues: (1) that no substantial evidence existed to prove that O’Brien even received the

notice of abandonment or the notice of sale; (2) that O’Brien met with Milanovich less than

three months after Dwyer changed the locks on O’Brien’s property, thereby asserting

ownership of the property; (3) that Dwyer threatened Milanovich, thereby implicitly

asserting that Dwyer did not have rights to the property; and (4) that O’Brien did not

voluntarily relinquish his property since he attempted to bring a criminal action against
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Dwyer, but was turned away. 

¶25 Dwyer argues that because abandonment is “the absolute relinquishment of a known

right,” O’Brien’s intent to abandon is “the first and paramount object of inquiry.” As such,

Dwyer argues that substantial evidence existed to prove that O’Brien abandoned his

property, namely: (1) that he moved out of the leased office space; (2) that he was in default

of several financing agreements secured by the property, and, therefore, if he had retained

ownership, the property would have been seized by the secured party; (3) that he gave up all

means of access to the building and made no attempt to retrieve property through a court

action; (4) that he never requested or demanded permission to retrieve the property; (5) that

he ignored notices that were delivered via certified mail and were addressed to the address

O’Brien listed on his lease with Dwyer; and (6) that by the time he contacted and entered

into an agreement with Milanovich, he did not have an interest in the property he tried to

sell. 

¶26 We conclude that Dwyer’s arguments are correct.

¶27 Abandonment is the “concurrence of act and intent,” wherein the act is “the

relinquishment of possession and the intent is a manifestation not to resume beneficial use

of [the property].” Shammel v. Vogl (1964), 144 Mont. 354, 359, 396 P.2d 103, 106.

Neither act nor intent alone is sufficient to establish abandonment. Shammel, 144 Mont. at

359, 396 P.2d at 106. If no express intent exists, intent not to resume beneficial use may be

inferred by the acts of the owner. Hawkins v. Mahoney, 1999 MT 296, ¶ 16, 297 Mont. 98,

¶ 16, 990 P.2d 776, ¶ 16. 
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¶28 In Rieman v. Anderson (1997), 282 Mont. 139, 935 P.2d 1122, abandonment existed

where the owner “plugged” the diversion to his side of the ditch, plowed in his ditches, and

made statements that he no longer intended to irrigate. Rieman, 282 Mont. at 146, 935 P.2d

at 1126. In Hawkins, however, abandonment did not exist where the prisoner, upon his

return to prison and before anyone claimed his belongings, requested return of his property

and where the prison labeled his property with the prisoner’s name and selectively returned

it to him. Hawkins, ¶¶ 17, 19.

¶29 Like the facts presented here, the issue in Whalen v. Taylor (1996), 278 Mont. 293,

925 P.2d 462, concerned whether the tenant abandoned his apartment. We held that nothing

in the evidence indicated “absolute relinquishment” because (1) the tenant kept his

belongings in the apartment; (2) the tenant contacted his landlord as to his delinquent rent

and requested more time to pay; and (3) the tenant ultimately tendered the late rent payment,

albeit on the same day the landlord changed the locks. Whalen, 278 Mont. at 300, 925 P.2d

at 466. In so holding, we discussed another abandonment case, namely Napier v. Adkison

(1984), 209 Mont. 163, 678 P.2d 1143, wherein we held that the tenants there showed an

intent to abandon (1) by not making rental payments on time; (2) by never being at the

apartment; and (3) by leaving their dogs unattended on the premises. Napier, 209 Mont. at

167, 678 P.2d at 1145. 

¶30 Here, O’Brien made no express statements that he intended to abandon his property,

as did the individual in Rieman. However, unlike the prisoner in Hawkins, O’Brien did not

attempt to reclaim his property, although he knew a sale of the property was pending. In
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addition, unlike the tenant in Whalen, O’Brien took from his office his personal belongings;

he did not request of Dwyer additional time to pay his September rent; nor did O’Brien pay

the September rent due, as did the tenant in Whalen. Rather, much like the tenant in Napier,

O’Brien defaulted on his rental obligation to Dwyer as well as his payment obligation to

Citicorp; he gave up all means of access to the property; and he neither attempted to return

to the property nor requested to retrieve additional belongings from the property. Further,

he did not respond to either the notice of abandonment and termination or the notice of sale

served upon him. We conclude that O’Brien’s actions demonstrate that he intended to

relinquish his interest to the property. 

¶31 Therefore, we hold that substantial evidence supported the District Court’s conclusion

that O’Brien abandoned his property. 

¶32 2. Did the District Court err in concluding that Dwyer had asserted

ownership over the property prior to that property being claimed by its

true owner?

¶33 Milanovich argues that O’Brien did not abandon the property. But, alternatively, if

O’Brien did abandon the property, Milanovich argues that the District Court still erred

because when Dwyer accepted Milanovich’s rental check, Milanovich, “as the true property

owner, removed any stigma of abandonment.” Milanovich claims that because he paid

money for the property, he is, in fact, the true owner under this Court’s holding in Hawkins.

In addition, Milanovich argues that Dwyer only took possession of the property with the

intent to sell it in order to collect remodel costs and not to claim ownership over the

property. Hence, Milanovich maintains that Dwyer only claimed the right to possess the
10

property, the right to sell the property, and the right to keep some of the proceeds from the

sale of the property. Dwyer did not, according to Milanovich, claim ownership over the

property. 

¶34 Dwyer argues that because O’Brien abandoned the property, O’Brien had nothing to

assign to Milanovich. However, in the alternative, should this Court hold that O’Brien was

able to transfer his rights in the property, Dwyer argues that Milanovich still has not proven

any damages. Specifically, Dwyer maintains that O’Brien was prohibited from assigning

his rights to the property because of Citicorp’s security agreement, and, therefore,

Milanovich, as an assignee, took the property subject to that security interest--a fact which

Milanovich does not dispute. Further, Dwyer argues that under this Court’s holding in

Ragen v. Weston (1981), 191 Mont. 546, 625 P.2d 557, O’Brien made no effort to remove

his equipment during the term of his lease and, therefore, lost his right to remove any

fixtures. 

¶35 Because we hold that the District Court did not err in concluding that O’Brien

abandoned his property, Dwyer, and not O’Brien, had possession of the property at the time

O’Brien met with Milanovich and entered into a bill of sale agreement. Hence, O’Brien had

no interest to sell to Milanovich and the District Court did not err in concluding that

“Milanovich could not acquire from O’Brien property which O’Brien no longer owned.” 

¶36 Affirmed.

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
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We Concur:

/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER

/S/ JIM REGNIER

/S/ JIM RICE
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Justice W. William Leaphart dissenting. 

¶37 I dissent. In determining whether there has been an abandonment of property,

intention is the first and paramount object of inquiry. Conway v. Fabian (1939), 108 Mont.

287, 306, 89 P.2d 1022, 1029. There was no proof that O’Brien intended to abandon

property worth over $200,000. Although noting a lack of proof that O’Brien received either

of the two notices, the District Court concluded that he “ignored” the notices. He cannot be

said to have “ignored” notices which he may not have received. 

¶38 The District Court found that O’Brien took no steps to assert ownership. This finding

is contrary to the evidence that, less than three months after being locked out on September

15, O’Brien attempted to file a criminal complaint, he called Dwyer to protest his possession

of the property and then, seven days later on December 12, 2000, he sold the property to

Milanovich. These were all steps to assert ownership. 

¶39 In this case, the District Court presumed abandonment based upon O’Brien’s acts or

failures to act. A presumption or inference of intent to abandon one’s property, based solely

on the acts of the owner, is a rebuttable presumption. Hawkins v. Mahoney, 1999 MT 296,

¶ 18, 297 Mont. 98, ¶ 18, 990 P.2d 776, ¶ 18. Here, any presumption of abandonment was

rebutted when O’Brien sold to Milanovich, who, in turn, made requests for his property

before it was claimed by anyone else. 

¶40 Finally, Dwyer did not claim ownership of the property. Rather, he took possession

with intent to sell some of the property to collect a self-determined amount of remodeling
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costs. The November 10 notice stated that O’Brien had fifteen days “to pay all outstanding

rents and remove your property.” The notice refers to removing “your [O’Brien’s]

property.” Likewise, the November 28 notice states that “[y]ou can get the property back

at any time before it is sold by paying the full amount you owe . . . .” Obviously, if Dwyer

were asserting ownership, he would be not offering O’Brien the opportunity to take his

property back. Dwyer was merely taking the position of a landlord in possession, claiming

the right to sell pursuant to § 70-24-430, MCA. 

¶41 I would reverse. 

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

Chief Justice Karla M. Gray concurs in the dissent of Justice Leaphart.

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY