No. 18-3616 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT 

DEBORAH VIGEANT, et al., 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 

MICHAEL MEEK, et al., 

Defendants-Appellees. 

On Appeal from the United States District Court for the 

District of Minnesota 

BRIEF FOR THE SECRETARY OF LABOR AS AMICUS CURIAE IN

SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS FOR REVERSAL

KATE S. O’SCANNLAIN 

Solicitor of Labor 

G. WILLIAM SCOTT

Associate Solicitor

for Plan Benefits Security

THOMAS TSO 

Counsel for Appellate 

and Special Litigation 

KIRA L. HETTINGER 

Trial Attorney 

Office of the Solicitor 

Plan Benefits Security Division 

U.S. Department of Labor 

200 Constitution Ave., N.W., N-4611 

Washington, D.C. 20210 

(202) 693-5803
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................... iii 

STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES............................................................................... 1 

STATEMENT OF IDENTITY, INTEREST, AND AUTHORITY TO FILE .......... 2 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE .................................................................................. 4 

I. Factual Allegations and Fiduciary Breach Claims......................................... 4 

II. Decision Below .............................................................................................. 6 

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ........................................................................ 7 

ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................. 9 

I. Allegations of Providing Inaccurate and Misleading Information Alone 

Does Not Trigger Rule 9(b)’s Heightened Pleading Standard ....................... 9 

A. The District Court’s Broad Rule Contravenes this Court’s Failed to 

Make a Pleading-Specific Inquiry Focusing on the Elements of the 

Claim as Required by this Court ............................................................ 9 

B. Eighth Circuit Precedents Confirms That The Provision of 

Inaccurate or Misleading Information Alone Is Insufficient to 

Trigger Rule 9(b) .................................................................................. 16 

II. An Annual Valuation Does Not Satisfy a Fiduciary’s Duty to Monitor 

Investments; Nor Is That Duty Triggered Only When The Company Is 

On the Verge of Collapse ............................................................................. 18 

A. An ERISA Fiduciary Does Not Fulfill His Duty to Monitor 

By Merely Conducting an Annual Valuation ....................................... 19 

i
 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS-(continued) 

B. The Duty to Monitor Stock Investments is not Triggered Only When 

 a Company is on the Brink of Collapse ............................................... 21 

C. Dudenheoffer’s Standard is Inapplicable to Lifetouch Because it is 

Privately Held Stock ............................................................................. 22 

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 23 

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO LAR 31.1 

ii
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES 

Federal Cases: 

Allen v. GreatBanc Tr. Co., 

835 F.3d 670 (7th Cir. 2016) ......................................................................... 20, 22 

Anderson v. Alpha Portland Indus., Inc., 

752 F.2d 1293 (8th Cir. 1985) (en banc)................................................................ 3 

Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

588 F.3d 585 (8th Cir. 2009) .................................................................... 7, 11, 18 

Bussian v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 

223 F.3d 286 (5th Cir. 2000) ................................................................................ 20 

Chao v. Hall Holding Co., Inc., 

285 F.3d 415 (6th Cir. 2002) ......................................................................... 13, 14 

CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, 

563 U.S. 421 (2011) ............................................................................................. 12 

Concha v. London,

62 F.3d 1493 (9th Cir. 1995) ......................................................................... 10, 12 

Crowley v. Corning, Inc., 

234 F. Supp. 2d 222 (W.D.N.Y. 2002) ................................................................ 13 

Donovan v. Cunningham, 

716 F.2d 1455 (5th Cir. 1983) .............................................................................. 20 

Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 

134 S. Ct. 2459 (2014) ................................................................................. passim 

Fulghum v. Embarq Corp., 

785 F.3d 395 (10th Cir. 2015) .............................................................................. 12 

iii
Federal Cases-(continued):

Gamez v. Ace Am. Ins. Co., 

638 F. App’x 850 (11th Cir. 2016)(unpublished) ................................................ 15 

Griggs v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 

237 F.3d 371 (4th Cir. 2001) ................................................................................ 15 

Hanjy v. Arvest Bank, 

94 F. Supp.3d 1012 (E.D. Ark. 2015) .................................................................. 17 

Howard v. Shay, 

100 F.2d 1484 (9th Cir. 1996) .............................................................................. 20 

IAS Servs. Grp., L.L.C. v. Jim Buckley & Assocs., Inc., 

900 F.3d 640 (5th Cir. 2018) ................................................................................ 12 

In re NationsMart Corp. Sec. Litig., 

130 F.3d 309 (8th Cir. 1997) ..................................................................... 2, 16, 17 

Jander v. Ret. Plans Comm. of IBM, 

910 F.3d 620 (2d Cir. 2018) ................................................................................. 11 

Katsaros v. Cody., 

744 F.3d 270 (2d Cir. 1984) ................................................................................. 13 

Keach v. U.S. Tr. Co., 

419 F.3d 626 (7th Cir. 2005) ................................................................................ 14 

Learning Works, Inc. v. The Learning Annex, Inc., 

830 F.2d 541 (4th Cir. 1987) ................................................................................ 12 

Leckey v. Stefano, 

501 F.3d 212 (3d Cir. 2007) ................................................................................. 14 

Martin v. Feilen, 

965 F.2d 660 (8th Cir. 1992) ................................................................................ 14 

iv
Federal Cases-(continued):

Meiners v. Wells Fargo & Co., 

898 F.3d 820 (8th Cir. 2018) .................................................................................. 2 

Moench v. Robertson, 

62 F.3d 553 (3d Cir. 1995) ............................................................................ 21, 23 

Murphy v. Aurora Loan Servs., LLC, 

699 F.3d 1027 (8th Cir. 2012) .............................................................................. 12 

Olin v. Dakota Access, LLC, 

910 F.3d 1072 (8th Cir. 2018) ............................................................................2, 9 

Perez v. Bruister,

823 F.3d 250 (5th Cir. 2016) ......................................................................... 14, 19 

Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 

481 U.S. 41 (1987) ............................................................................................... 17 

Romine v. Acxiom Corp., 

296 F.3d 701 (8th Cir. 2002) ................................................................................ 16 

Roth v. Sawyer-Cleator Lumber Co., 

16 F.3d 915 (8th Cir. 1994) .................................................................................. 13 

Secretary of Labor v. Fitzsimmons,

805 F.2d 682 (7th Cir. 1986)(en banc) ............................................................ 2, 18 

Streambend Properties II, LLC v. Ivy Tower Minn., LLC, 

781 F.3d 1003 (8th Cir. 2015) ............................................................... 3, 9, 10, 15 

Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 

135 S. Ct. 1823 (2015) ................................................................................ passim 

Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 

843 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2016)(en banc) .......................................................... 2, 20 

v
 

Federal Cases-(continued):

Vigeant v. Meek, 

No. 18-CV-577, 2018 WL 5839792 (D. Minn. Nov. 7, 2018) ................... passim 

Vivien v. Worldcom, Inc., 

No. C02-01329, 2002 WL 31620557 (N.D. Cal. July 26, 2002) ......................... 13 

Federal Statutes:

Securities Act of 1933: 

Section 11, 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a) ............................................................................. 16 

Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,

 as amended, 29 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.: 

Section 2, 29 U.S.C. § 1001 ............................................................................ 1, 10 

Section 2(b), 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b) ................................................................... 3, 17 

Section 404, 29 U.S.C. § 1104 ...................................................................... 10, 21 

Section 405, 29 U.S.C. § 1105 ........................................................................ 6, 10 

Section 406, 29 U.S.C. § 1106 ............................................................................. 10 

Section 502, 29 U.S.C. § 1132 ............................................................................... 2 

Section 505, 29 U.S.C. § 1135 ............................................................................... 2 

Miscellaneous: 

Fed. R.App. Proc. 29(a) ............................................................................................. 4 

Fed. R.Civ. Proc. 8................................................................................................... 11 

 9(b) ................................................................................... 1 passim

Miscellaneous-(continued):

vi
26 C.F.R. § 54.4975-11(d)(5) .................................................................................. 20 

Amy M. Hess, George G. Bogert, & George T. Bogert, Law of Trusts and 

 Trustees § 684 (3d ed. 2009) ..........................................................................201 

vii
STATEMENT OF THE ISSUES

The Lifetouch Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) was a retirement

plan that invested primarily in Lifetouch Inc. stock and was covered by the 

Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. 

ESOP Participants sued the ESOP’s fiduciaries after Lifetouch stock lost 50% of 

its appraised value between 2015 and 2018. The Participants allege the 

fiduciaries violated their ERISA fiduciary duties by failing to monitor and 

properly value the Lifetouch stock and to take appropriate action to minimize the 

ESOP’s losses. One factual allegation is that the fiduciaries inflated the plan’s 

annual valuation of its stock in 2015 and 2016, before its precipitous decline, by 

“providing inaccurate and misleading information to the ESOP’s independent 

appraiser.” Vigeant v. Meek, No. 18-CV-577, 2018 WL 5839792, at *3 (D. 

Minn. Nov. 7, 2018). 

The district court concluded that “providing inaccurate and misleading 

information to the independent appraiser . . . sounds in fraud” and struck the 

underlying allegations because they did not meet the heightened pleading 

requirement of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) to state the circumstances 

with particularity. Vigeant, 2018 WL 5839792, at *3. Based on the remaining 

allegations, the court dismissed the Participants’ claims because (1) the trustees 

satisfied their duty to monitor the stock by conducting an annual valuation of the 
stock and (2) the Participants did not plausibly allege that Lifetouch was on the 

brink of collapse. The Secretary’s brief addresses two questions:

1. Whether allegations that an ERISA fiduciary provided inaccurate 

and misleading information to an appraiser of plan assets, by themselves, trigger 

the heightened pleading standard in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b)? 

 In re NationsMart Corp. Sec. Litig., 130 F.3d 309 (8th Cir. 1997). 

 Meiners v. Wells Fargo & Co., 898 F.3d 820 (8th Cir. 2018).

 Olin v. Dakota Access, LLC, 910 F.3d 1072 (8th Cir. 2018). 

2. Whether an ERISA fiduciary fulfills his duty to monitor a plan’s 

stock investments under Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 135 S. Ct. 1823 (2015), by 

conducting an annual valuation of the stock and has no further duty to monitor or 

take action to minimize losses unless the company issuing the stock is on the 

brink of collapse? 

 Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. 409 (2014).

 Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 135 S. Ct. 1823 (2015). 

 Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 843 F.3d 1187 (9th Cir. 2016). 

STATEMENT OF IDENTITY, INTEREST, 

AND AUTHORITY TO FILE 

The Secretary of Labor has primary authority to enforce and interpret the 

provisions of Title I of ERISA. 29 U.S.C. §§ 1132, 1135. Secretary of 

Labor v. Fitzsimmons, 805 F.2d 682, 688-91 (7th Cir. 1986) (en banc). First, the 

Secretary has an interest in ensuring allegations that a fiduciary provided 

misleading information do not alone trigger Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading 

2 
  

standard. Such a rule would impose Rule 9(b)’s strictures on a wide swath of 

ERISA complaints, which frequently include allegations that a fiduciary provided 

incorrect or incomplete information. Because participants and beneficiaries 

cannot be expected to know all of the specific circumstantial details of fiduciary 

misconduct, such a rule risks insulating breaching fiduciaries from liability by 

prematurely dismissing potentially meritorious claims for lack of specifics, even 

though their allegations do “not implicate an important purpose of Rule 9(b), 

[which is] to ensure that defendants may promptly respond to specific allegations 

of immoral conduct,” Streambend Properties II, LLC v. Ivy Tower Minneapolis, 

LLC, 781 F.3d 1003, 1013 (8th Cir. 2015). That result contravenes Congressional 

intent to provide “ready access to the Federal courts” to protect the interests of the 

participants and beneficiaries. See 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b); Anderson v. Alpha 

Portland Indus., Inc., 752 F.2d 1293, 1300 (8th Cir. 1985) (en banc). 

Second, the Secretary has an interest in correcting the district court’s 

anomalous views on the fiduciary’s duty to monitor investments that are 

inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s decisions in Tibble v. Edison, 135 S. Ct. 

1823 (2015) and Fifth Third Bancorp v. Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. 409 (2014). 

Both holdings on Rule 9(b) and the fiduciary’s duty to monitor would implicate 

the Secretary’s own enforcement actions. 

3 
The Secretary files this brief as amicus curiae under Federal Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 29(a). 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE 

I. Factual Allegations and Fiduciary Breach Claims

Lifetouch is a photography company that “focused primarily on the school 

picture business” and was “employee owned” through an employee stock 

ownership plan. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 4-5, 55. In 2015, Lifetouch’s value began to 

decline. Am. Compl. ¶ 5. In 2015 and 2016, Lifetouch closed many “of their J.C. 

Penney and Target portrait studios” and closed its “Charlotte, North Carolina 

production facility” in November 2015. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 59. 

During this time, “Lifetouch senior executives . . . inflated [the] value of

Lifetouch stock.” Am. Compl. ¶ 61. Because Lifetouch is not a publicly traded 

stock, the share price “is determined by the Trustee[s] with an opinion of an 

independent appraiser.” Am. Compl. ¶ 54. “One of the metrics used to calculate” 

the stock’s value is the number of “photo sittings” or “sits.” Am. Compl. ¶ 61. 

“Lifetouch’s practice during [2015 and 2016] was to manipulate this figure to 

make the value of the Company look greater than it actually was,” which 

“inflated” the company’s valuation. Am. Compl. ¶ 61. Also in 2015 and 2016, 

multiple “senior executives . . . [began] to retire . . . benefit[ing] from the 

overvalued stock price when their Plan accounts were distributed upon 

4 
retirement,” and they received the inflated value of the stock in cash. Am. 

Compl. ¶ 77. 

Plan Participants were cashed out by Lifetouch upon separation, and, 

during this period, they were cashed out at inflated prices. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19, 55. 

Consequently, “more than $1 billion was paid out to former Plan Participants 

during the Class Period at inflated prices— including to senior executives . . . . 

These payouts deprived the Plan of funds that rightfully should be shared 

proportionately among all Plan Participants.” Am. Compl. ¶ 72. Due to the 

inflated prices, the Plan overpaid for shares “and thus Plan Participants received 

fewer shares in their individual accounts” than if the Plan had paid at the proper 

price. Am. Compl. ¶ 16. 

Lifetouch stock’s value decreased by 10% in fiscal year 2015, 5% in fiscal 

year 2016, and 36% in fiscal year 2017. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 58, 61. “[D]espite the 

36% drop in share price, Defendants bought even more shares of Lifetouch for 

the Plan,” Am. Compl. ¶ 17, even though they knew or had reason to know of “an 

upcoming sale of the company due to slowed growth and cash flow problems . . . 

and that further stock price declines were in the offing.” Am. Compl. ¶ 67. On 

January 30, 2018, Lifetouch announced its “acquisition by Shutterfly for $825 

million, which [] indicates a further decrease of 17.5%.” Am. Compl. ¶ 6. 

5 
Participants alleged the ESOP’s fiduciaries breached their fiduciary duties 

in three ways. Count one alleges the ESOP’s trustees breached their duty of 

prudence by failing to “conduct an appropriate investigation of the merits of 

continued investment in Lifetouch stock,” despite knowing or having reason to 

know the ESOP’s value was artificially inflated in 2015 and 2016. Am. Compl. 

¶¶ 58-61, 99(e). Count two alleges certain members of Lifetouch’s board of 

directors (the “Board Defendants”) failed to monitor the trustees and are liable for 

the trustees’ breaches as co-fiduciaries under ERISA section 405, 29 U.S.C. § 

1105. Am. Compl. ¶ 106. Count three alleges the Board Defendants and 

Lifetouch breached their duty of loyalty by failing to “avoid conflicts of interest” 

that arose when they artificially inflated the value of Lifetouch stock “to 

financially enrich retiring senior executives.” Am. Compl. ¶ 115. 

II. Decision Below

The district court granted the fiduciaries’ motion to dismiss. It applied 

Rule 9(b) to the complaint’s allegation that Lifetouch executives “manipulated 

data provided to the independent appraiser.” Vigeant, 2018 WL 5839792, at *3-4 

& n.2. But in explaining its reasoning, the court broadly described the “alleged 

conduct” that triggered Rule 9(b) as “providing inaccurate and misleading 

information to the independent appraiser,” which it said “sounds in fraud.” Id. at 

*4. The court then concluded the allegation in the Complaint’s paragraph 61 did 

6 
 

not meet Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading standard because it failed to allege the 

circumstances with particularity. Id.

The court held the remaining allegations failed to state a claim that the

trustees violated its duty of prudence (Count 1) for two reasons. Id. at *5. First, 

Participants’ “own allegations . . . that the Trustee[s] annually determined the fair 

market value of Lifetouch stock” was “inconsistent with [their] assertion that 

[fiduciaries] conducted absolutely no monitoring of the Plan’s investment in the 

face of changed financial circumstances.” Id. Second, “Lifetouch stock was not 

so risky as to make the company stock an imprudent investment” because 

Participants failed to allege Lifetouch was “on the verge of collapse.” Id. at *6. 

The Court then dismissed the duty-to-monitor claim against the Board Defendants 

(Count 2), concluding it was derivative of the failed prudence claim. Id. Finally, 

the court dismissed the duty-of-loyalty claim (Count 3), reasoning the “Trustees 

relied on an independent appraiser to evaluate the stock value” and Participants 

did not “plausibly allege that senior executives manipulated the financial data.” 

Id. The district court concluded that company executives left Lifetouch when it 

was experiencing financial difficulty, which did not “suggest malfeasance” but 

was an “action[] that ‘one would expect.’” Id. (quoting Braden v. Wal-Mart 

Stores, Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 595 (8th Cir. 2009)). 

7 
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT 

1. The district court incorrectly held allegations of “providing 

inaccurate and misleading information to the independent appraiser,” without 

more, are subject to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). This rule contravenes 

both the text of Rule 9(b) and Eighth Circuit law. Moreover, such a rule would 

inappropriately apply a heightened pleading standard to many ERISA cases 

because such claims are common. But they do not, based on those allegations 

alone, “sound in fraud.” 

2. The district court also erred in dismissing Participants’ duty-tomonitor claim. First, it conflated an Internal Revenue Code requirement to 

conduct an annual valuation of an ESOP’s stock with a fiduciary’s duty to 

monitor investments. In evaluating appraised values, the unanimous case law 

requires fiduciaries to conduct an independent review of stock valuations. 

Second, the court erroneously limited the plan fiduciaries’ duty to monitor 

investments under Tibble, 135 S. Ct. at 1828, to situations where the company 

sponsoring the ESOP is on the verge of collapse. Both Tibble, 135 S. Ct. at 1828, 

and Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. at 422-23, rejected such rigid rules that limit the 

fiduciary’s duty only to specific circumstances, such as a verge of collapse. 

8 
 

 

ARGUMENT 

I. Allegations of Providing Inaccurate and Misleading Information Alone 

Do Not Trigger Rule 9(b)’s Heightened Pleading Standard 

Rule 9(b) provides: “In alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with 

particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.” “Claims ‘grounded 

in fraud’ must meet this heightened pleading requirement.” Streambend 

Properties II, LLC v. Ivy Tower Minneapolis, LLC, 781 F.3d 1003, 1010 (8th Cir. 

2015). Whether a claim is grounded in fraud is a “pleading-specific inquiry in 

which the focus is on the elements of the claims asserted.” Olin v. Dakota 

Access, LLC, 910 F.3d 1072, 1076 (8th Cir. 2018). This Court has noted, 

however, that even where fraud is not an essential element of a claim, Rule 9(b) 

applies to particular allegations of fraud. See Streambend Properties II, 781 F.3d 

at 1011, 1013 (considering whether claim based on statutory provision “not 

explicitly grounded in fraud” had any “specific averments of fraud” or “only 

allegations of innocent or negligent misrepresentations and omissions”). 

A. The District Court’s Broad Rule Contravenes this Court’s 

Requirement to Make a Pleading-Specific Inquiry That 

Examines Whether General Allegations of Providing Inaccurate 

or Misleading Information Are Grounded in Fraud 

The district court ruled broadly that Rule 9(b) applies to allegations of 

“providing inaccurate and misleading information to the independent appraiser” 

because the conduct “sounds in fraud.” Vigeant, 2018 WL 5839792, at *4. If 

9 
upheld, this rule applies Rule 9(b) to a wide swath of fiduciary conduct without 

making a pleading-specific inquiry that focuses on the elements of the specific 

claim and whether the claim has any “specific averments of fraud.” Its broad rule 

that applies Rule 9(b) to any fiduciary-breach claim arising from inaccurate and 

misleading statements, without more, contravenes Eighth Circuit precedent. 

While plaintiffs may assert fraud in support of a fiduciary breach claim—and 

those allegations would be subject to Rule 9(b) under Streambend II—fraud is not 

an essential element of an ERISA fiduciary-breach claim. See, e.g., Streambend 

Properties II, 781 F.3d at 1010, 1013; Concha v. London, 62 F.3d 1493, 1502 (9th

Cir. 1995) (“In fact, the London Defendants cite no case from any jurisdiction 

requiring plaintiffs to comply with Rule 9(b) when they allege breaches of 

fiduciary duty—under ERISA or any other law—but do not plead the commission 

of fraud.”). 

In the ERISA context, Rule 9(b) does not generally apply to the elements 

of fiduciary breach claims, because fiduciary breach claims do not include any 

element of fraud. Indeed, the word “fraud” appears nowhere in ERISA’s 

description of fiduciary breaches or the elements of such claims. See 29 U.S.C. 

§§ 1104-06. Nor did Congress mention fraud in declaring the purpose of 

ERISA’s fiduciary responsibility rules. 29 U.S.C. § 1001. While nothing in 

ERISA condones fraud by fiduciaries, of course, fiduciary-breach claims under 

10 
ERISA are not “grounded in fraud,” because they are based on the affirmative 

duty to serve plan participants with prudence and loyalty, whereas fraud is only 

based on the general duty to refrain from harming others. See, e.g., Jander v. Ret.

Plans Committee of IBM, 910 F.3d 620, 632 (2d Cir. 2018) (distinguishing 

between ERISA breach of fiduciary duty and fraud claims). 

Notably, this Court applied the less stringent standard required by Rule 8 to 

ERISA breach of fiduciary duty claims, including those based on a failure to 

“disclose details about [] revenue sharing payments.” Braden v. Wal-Mart Stores, 

Inc., 588 F.3d 585, 599 (8th Cir. 2009). In Braden, this Court held the district 

court “misapplied” Rule 8 to an ERISA fiduciary breach claim by requiring the 

plaintiff to “describe directly the ways in which [fiduciaries] breached their 

fiduciary duties,” that is, to meet a heightened standard of pleading. Id. In 

applying Rule 8 to ERISA fiduciary breach claims without any heightened 

standard, this Court was expressly guided by “ERISA’s remedial purpose and 

evident intent to prevent through private civil litigation ‘misuse and 

mismanagement of plan assets.’” Id. at 597. “If plaintiffs cannot state a claim 

without pleading facts which tend systemically to be in the sole possession of 

defendants, the remedial scheme of the statute will fail, and the crucial rights 

secured by ERISA will suffer.” Id. at 598. The Court must consider these 

11 
purposes when applying pleading standards to ERISA fiduciary breach claims, 

and the district court’s broad rule overlooks those purposes.

Importantly, ERISA claims do not require one of the bedrock elements of 

fraud claims subject to Rule 9(b) – detrimental reliance. The Supreme Court has 

made clear that “there is no general principle that ‘detrimental reliance’ must be 

proved before a remedy is decreed” for fiduciary misrepresentations. CIGNA

Corp. v. Amara, 563 U.S. 421, 443 (2011). In contrast, “[r]easonable, detrimental 

reliance upon a misrepresentation is an essential element of a cause of action for 

fraud.” Learning Works, Inc. v. The Learning Annex, Inc., 830 F.2d 541, 546 

(4th Cir. 1987) (citing Rule 9(b)); see also Murphy v. Aurora Loan Servs., LLC, 

699 F.3d 1027, 1032 (8th Cir. 2012); IAS Servs. Grp., L.L.C. v. Jim Buckley & 

Assocs., Inc., 900 F.3d 640, 648 (5th Cir. 2018) (“Rule 9(b)’s particularity 

requirements are tied to the elements of fraud, specifically detrimental reliance.”). 

Accordingly, courts consistently reject the argument that Rule 9(b) broadly 

applies to all ERISA fiduciary breach claims because they are grounded in fraud. 

E.g., Fulghum v. Embarq Corp., 785 F.3d 395, 417 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[T]he 

district court erred when it dismissed Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claims

based on Rule 9(b).”); Concha v. London, 62 F.3d 1493, 1503 (9th Cir. 1995) 

(“Rule 9(b) is not applicable in cases in which the complaint alleges breaches of 

fiduciary duty under ERISA, and does not allege fraud or mistake.”). Some 

12 
courts have applied Rule 9(b) to specific allegations of fraud in ERISA fiduciary 

breach claims; others have not. Compare, Vivien v. Worldcom, Inc., No. C 02-

01329, 2002 WL 31640557, at *7 (N.D. Cal. July 26, 2002) (applying Rule 9(b) 

to an ERISA fiduciary-breach claim that “point[ed] to nine generic improper 

business practices to demonstrate falsity and misrepresentations” without 

providing specifics), with Crowley v. Corning, Inc., 234 F. Supp. 2d 222, 230-31 

(W.D.N.Y. 2002) (allegations that fiduciary breached its duty by providing 

information that is “false or misleading” is not fraud claim and not subject to Rule 

9(b)’s requirements). 

In any case, an allegation of the provision of inaccurate and misleading 

information by itself is not fraudulent for two reasons. First, any allegation of a 

provision of inaccurate information to the appraiser must be analyzed within its 

context. As ERISA fiduciaries, the Trustees must “employ[ ] the appropriate 

methods to investigate the merits of the investment” Roth v. Sawyer-Cleator 

Lumber Co., 16 F.3d 915, 918 (8th Cir. 1994) (quoting Katsaros v. Cody, 744 

F.2d 270, 279 (2d Cir. 1984)), including the basis for its valuation of Lifetouch 

stock, e.g., Chao v. Hall Holding Co., 285 F.3d 415, 434 (6th Cir. 2002). 

Plausible claims that a fiduciary failed to prudently investigate the factual basis 

for a valuation, and thereby overvalued the stock to the detriment of the plan, 

13 
 

only require an assertion that the basis was inaccurate or flawed, not that it was 

fraudulent. E.g., Chao, 285 F.3d at 434. 

In other words, the mere allegations that fiduciaries imprudently used or 

supplied inaccurate data in their overvaluation is separate and independent from

allegations that fraud created the underlying inaccuracies.1

 The Court may assess 

the plausibility of the former without considering the allegations of fraudulent 

conduct. In fact, a central obligation of an ESOP fiduciary tasked with 

determining the fair market value of privately held stock is to “provide [the 

ESOP’s appraiser] with complete and accurate information.” Hall Holding Co., 

285 F.3d at 430; Leckey v. Stefano, 501 F.3d 212, 225 (3d Cir. 2007); Perez v. 

Bruister, 823 F.3d 250, 263 (5th Cir. 2016); Keach v. U.S. Tr. Co., 419 F.3d 626, 

637 (7th Cir. 2005); see also Martin v. Feilen, 965 F.2d 660, 666-68 (8th Cir. 

1992) (recognizing the breach as failing to correct the impairment or 

1 Here, the complaint alleges the Trustees breached their fiduciary duties by 

“overvalu[ing] Lifetouch stock on the June 30, 2015 and June 30, 2016 fair 

market value determination dates.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 56, 62 (“The Trustee[s]

should not have overvalued Lifetouch stock in the first place.”). “The Trustee[s’] 

improper valuation of Lifetouch stock in 2015 and 2016 harmed Plan 

participants . . . . Because the shares were overvalued by the Trustee[s], the 

contribution that Lifetouch made to the Plan in those years was not able to 

purchase as many shares of Lifetouch stock, which resulted in fewer shares of 

stock available to distribute to Plan participant accounts.” Am. Compl. ¶ 60. The 

Participants alleged that “[h]ad the Trustee[s] properly utilized the extensive 

professional resources available for determining the value of Lifetouch stock, 

perhaps the stock price would not have been so grossly overvalued in 2015 and 

2016.” Am. Compl. ¶ 57. 

14 
manipulation of a plan’s investment). Allegations that the fiduciary provided 

misleading or inaccurate statements to the independent fiduciary or that those 

statements impaired the ESOP’s investment suffice to allege a fiduciary breach 

and do not require fraud. 

Second, to state a claim for a fiduciary breach based on alleged 

misrepresentations, such as providing inaccurate information to the appraiser, one 

need not allege the elements of common-law fraud subject to Rule 9(b), including 

detrimental reliance, supra p. 12-13, and scienter. Negligent misrepresentations 

suffice to state an ERISA claim for breach of fiduciary duties. Griggs v. E.I. 

DuPont de Nemours & Co., 237 F.3d 371, 383 (4th Cir. 2001) (permitting 

negligent misrepresentation claim as the breach of an ERISA fiduciary’s duty). 

This Court explicitly declined to apply Rule 9(b) to allegations of “innocent or 

negligent misrepresentation and omissions,” which are not “averments of fraud.” 

Streambend Properties II, 781 F.3d at 1013. “[N]ot every misstatement qualifies 

as a fraud.” Gamez v. Ace Am. Ins. Co., 638 F. App’x 850, 852 (11th Cir. 2016) 

(unpublished); see Streambend Properties II, 781 F.3d at 1013. The district 

court’s broad rule that applies Rule 9(b) to any fiduciary-breach claim arising 

from any statement of inaccurate or misleading information contravenes these 

precedents. 

15 
B. Eighth Circuit Precedents Confirm That The Provision of 

Inaccurate or Misleading Information Alone Is Insufficient to 

Trigger Rule 9(b) 

Eighth Circuit decisions addressing the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities 

Act) support the conclusion that an ERISA fiduciary breach claim alleging 

fiduciaries provided inaccurate or misleading information alone is not grounded 

in fraud and should not trigger Rule 9(b). See In re NationsMart Corp. Sec. 

Litig., 130 F.3d 309, 315 (8th Cir. 1997); Romine v. Acxiom Corp., 296 F.3d 

701, 704 (8th Cir. 2002). In those cases, the allegation that misleading 

information was provided in securities registration statements sufficiently states a 

claim for violation of Section 11 of the Securities Act, 15 U.S.C. § 77k(a). 

“Section 11 imposes civil liability on persons preparing and signing materially 

misleading registration statements. . . . A registration statement is materially 

misleading if it contains an untrue statement of material fact or if it omits a 

material fact necessary to prevent the statement from being misleading. . . . Any 

person who purchases a registered security is entitled to sue under this section.” 

NationsMart, 130 F.3d at 314-15. 

This Court rejected the application of Rule 9(b) to Section 11 claims. Id. at 

315 (“To establish a prima facie § 11 claim, a plaintiff need show only that he 

bought the security and that there was a material misstatement or omission. 

Scienter is not required for establishing liability under this section.”). In 

16 
NationsMart, plaintiffs “alleged that the defendants omitted material information 

[by] failing to disclose adverse trends the company was experiencing in the 

months immediately preceding the public offering.” Id. at 317. Still, “Rule 9(b) 

does not apply to claims brought under § 11. The allegations of false statements 

of historical fact and of material omissions were sufficient to state a claim.” Id.; 

see also Hanjy v. Arvest Bank, 94 F. Supp. 3d 1012, 1030 (E.D. Ark. 2015) 

(refusing to apply Rule 9(b) to claims that defendant “provided inaccurate balance 

information to plaintiffs and other customers through its electronic network”). 

 Similarly, allegations that fiduciaries provided inaccurate or misleading 

information to the plan, especially to the appraiser of an ESOP’s stock, may be 

sufficient by themselves to state a claim. See supra p. 15. If the district court’s 

overly broad rule is upheld and an allegation that a fiduciary provided inaccurate 

or misleading information triggers Rule 9(b), then a large swath of ERISA 

fiduciary duty claims would suddenly be subject to a heightened pleading 

standard even though fraud allegations are unnecessary to state a claim. Such a 

result undermines ERISA’s remedial purposes and its promise of providing 

“participants in employee benefit plans . . . ready access to the Federal Courts.” 

Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 44 (1987) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 

1001(b)). It also would be contrary to “ERISA’s . . . evident intent to prevent . . . 

misuse and mismanagement of plan assets” and would subvert congressional 

17 
 

 

intent to impose stringent duties on ERISA fiduciaries by prematurely dismissing 

otherwise meritorious claims. See Braden, 588 F.3d at 597-98; Fitzsimmons, 805 

F.2d at 690 (discussing the “remedial and protective purposes of ERISA”). In 

short, the district court erred in holding that allegations of providing inaccurate 

and misleading information to the independent appraiser alone was enough to 

trigger Rule 9(b). 

II. An Annual Valuation Does Not Satisfy A Fiduciary’s Duty To Monitor 

Investments; Nor Is That Duty Triggered Only When The Company Is 

On the Verge of Collapse.

Participants allege the fiduciaries breached their duty to monitor the 

ESOP’s investment in Lifetouch stock by (1) failing to determine if it remained a 

prudent investment when it rapidly lost appraised value between 2015 and 2018 

and (2) failing to take appropriate action to minimize losses. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 

16-21, 97-102. The district court dismissed this claim, reasoning Participants’ 

allegations that the “Trustee[s] annually determined the fair market value of 

Lifetouch stock with the opinion of an independent appraiser” contradicted the 

claim that the fiduciaries “conducted absolutely no monitoring of the Plan’s 

investment in the face of changed financial circumstances.” Vigeant, 2018 WL 

5839792, at *5. 

The court also reasoned that the Participants failed to state a claim for 

imprudence and disloyalty because the level of Lifetouch’s financial hardship 

18 
alleged in the complaint was not high enough to trigger a duty to monitor the 

stock and take appropriate action to minimize the Plan’s loss. The court found 

that Plaintiffs did not allege that Lifetouch was on the verge of “financial 

collapse” and cited two cases holding that ESOP fiduciaries breached their duties 

only after the companies incurred losses of over 90%. Id. Both lines of reasoning 

are wrong. 

A. An ERISA Fiduciary Does Not Fulfill His Duty to Monitor 

By Merely Conducting an Annual Valuation 

An ESOP’s trustee does not satisfy his duty to monitor by merely 

conducting an annual valuation of the ESOP’s stock. The Internal Revenue Code 

requires an annual valuation of the company’s stock “to be an ESOP” within the 

meaning of the Code. 26 C.F.R. § 54.4975-11(d)(5). Meeting the bare minimum

requirements to be an ESOP in no way demonstrates that a fiduciary fulfilled its 

duties. A contrary conclusion would insulate all ESOP fiduciaries from ERISA 

liability because an ESOP fiduciary must conduct an annual valuation. 

Additionally, this conclusion undermines the unanimous case law that 

valuations can be flawed, particularly valuations of stock in closed corporations, 

which are not traded on public stock exchanges. See, e.g., Bruister, 823 F.3d at 

262. Stock that is publicly traded in a stock exchange has a value set by the 

market and can be readily bought or sold for that amount. On the other hand, the 

value of stock in closed corporations is not determined by a market but by a 

19 
 

fallible appraisal expert. See, e.g., id. It is long-established law that fiduciaries 

may not blindly rely on expert valuations in determining a fair market value; 

rather, they must conduct a prudent investigation and must independently 

scrutinize the valuations to make certain they are reasonably justified. See, e.g., 

Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455, 1462-63 (5th Cir. 1983); Howard v. 

Shay, 100 F.3d 1484, 1490 (9th Cir. 1996); Hall Holding, 285 F.3d at 435-37; see 

also Bussian v. RJR Nabisco, Inc., 223 F.3d 286, 301 (5th Cir. 2000). 

The Supreme Court in Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 135 S. Ct. at 1828, also 

confirmed the fiduciary’s “duty to monitor trust investment.” On remand, the 

Ninth Circuit noted that, in evaluating participants’ claims, the district court 

should recognize that the “scope of [a] fiduciary duty to monitor investments” is 

defined by analogous trust law. Tibble v. Edison Int’l, 843 F.3d 1187, 1197 (9th 

Cir. 2016) (en banc). “Under trust law, a trustee must ‘systematic[ally] conside[r]

all the investments of the trust at regular intervals’ to ensure that they are 

appropriate.” Id. (quoting A. Hess, G. Bogert, & G. Bogert, Law of Trusts and 

Trustees § 684, pp. 147–48 (3d ed. 2009)). The district court in this case did not 

consider whether the complaint plausibly alleges a violation of this duty and 

focused exclusively on the mere fact that the fiduciaries conducted an annual 

valuation. It should do so on remand. See Allen v. GreatBanc Tr. Co., 835 F.3d 

670, 678–79 (7th Cir. 2016) (“These facts support an inference that [the 

20 
independent fiduciary] breached its fiduciary duty, either by failing to conduct an 

adequate inquiry into the proper valuation of the shares or by intentionally 

facilitating an improper transaction.”). 

B. The Duty to Monitor Stock Investments is not Triggered 

Only When a Company is on the Brink of Collapse 

The district court’s reliance on Dudenhoeffer fails to justify its broad rule

that annual valuations of the stock in closed corporations are sufficient to satisfy 

the fiduciary’s duties of prudence. In Dudenhoeffer, the Supreme Court reversed 

many circuit courts’ application of a presumption that ESOP fiduciaries act 

prudently when purchasing company stock. 573 U.S. 409 (abrogating Moench v. 

Robertson, 62 F.3d 553, 571 (3d Cir. 1995)). In some circuits this “Moench 

presumption” required a plaintiff to “allege and ultimately prove that the 

company faced ‘impending collapse.’” Dudenhoeffer, 573 U.S. at 418. The 

Supreme Court concluded ERISA “makes no reference to a special 

‘presumption’” and “[i]t does not require plaintiffs to allege that the employer 

was on the ‘brink of collapse.’” Id. Rather, ERISA section 404’s standards, 29 

U.S.C. § 1104, not extra-statutory tests, governed these claims. Id.

While the district court did not cite to Moench directly, its rationale – that 

the “facts demonstrate financial hardship, but not a company on the verge of 

collapse,” Vigeant, 2018 WL 5839792, at *5 – is the same rationale Dudenhoeffer

rejected. 573 U.S. at 417. As with the lower courts in Dudenhoeffer, the district 

21 
court improperly presumed the fiduciaries satisfied their duties to monitor 

Lifetouch stock as long as Lifetouch was not on the verge of collapse. 

The district court’s reliance on a broad rule that would presume prudence 

in monitoring investments absent a company’s collapse also contravenes Tibble. 

The Supreme Court admonished the Ninth Circuit in Tibble when the Ninth 

Circuit assumed only “significant changes” that occurred with plan investments 

could trigger a fiduciary’s duty to monitor investments. 135 S. Ct. at 1827–28. 

“The Ninth Circuit did not recognize that under trust law a fiduciary is required to 

conduct a regular review of its investment with the nature and timing of the 

review contingent on the circumstances.” Id. The district court failed to consider 

the specific circumstances when adopting a simplistic rule that only a collapse 

triggers the fiduciary’s duty to monitor and take any corrective actions. 

C. Dudenhoeffer’s Standard is Inapplicable to Lifetouch 

Because it is Privately Held Stock 

Further, the application of Dudenhoeffer’s standard here is inapt. 

Dudenhoeffer involved stock that is publically traded in an exchange. This case 

concerns an expert’s opinion and prediction about the value of privately held 

stock. Dudenhoeffer does not speak to ESOPs that hold closely held stock, where 

the duty of prudence requires the fiduciary to monitor and determine for himself 

the proper value for the stock using the valuation only as a tool for that 

determination. See Allen, 835 F.3d 679. 

22 
Moreover, in Dudenhoeffer, “where a stock is publicly traded, allegations 

that a fiduciary should have recognized from publicly available information alone 

that the market was over- or undervaluing the stock are implausible as a general 

rule.” 573 U.S. at 426. Here, the fiduciary is responsible for assessing the ESOP 

stock’s value, and cannot point to a market price in defense. Unlike publicly 

traded stock, a fiduciary’s failure to ensure private stock is properly valued will 

cause serious harm to the plan, including the cashing out of Participants at 

inflated values and the misuse of plan assets to purchase stock at inflated values. 

The court’s implicit application of the Moench presumption directly contravenes 

Dudenhoeffer and Tibble.

CONCLUSION 

The Secretary respectfully requests this Court reverse the district court’s 

holdings on the two issues presented in this brief. 

Respectfully submitted, 

KATE S. O'SCANNLAIN 

Solicitor of Labor 

G. WILLIAM SCOTT

Associate Solicitor 

Plan Benefits Security Division 

23 
 

THOMAS TSO 

Counsel for Appellate and Special

Litigation 

/s/ Kira L. Hettinger 

KIRA L. HETTINGER

Attorney 

U.S. Department of Labor, Room N-4611

200 Constitution Ave., N.W., 

Washington, DC 20210 

(202) 693-5803 

24 
 

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 32(a) 

Certificate of Compliance with Type-Volume Limitation,

Typeface Requirements and Type Style Requirements 

FOR CASE NO. 86-3616

1. This brief complies with the type-volume limitation of Fed. R. App. P.

32(a)(7)(B) because:

This brief contains 5,287 words, excluding parts of the brief exempted by

Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(7)(B)(iii), half of the maximum length authorized by

these rules for a party's principal brief.

2. This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Fed. R. App. P.

32(a)(5) and the type-style requirements of Fed. R. App. P. 32(a)(6) because: 

This brief has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using

Microsoft Word 2010, Times New Roman, 14 point font.

/s/ Kira L. Hettinger

Attorney for the U.S. Department of Labor, Plan Benefits Security Division

Dated: February 22, 2019 

CERTIFICATE OF VIRUS CHECK 

I hereby certify that a virus check, using McAfee Security Virus Scan Enterprise

8.0, was performed on the PDF file and paper version of this brief, and no viruses

were found. 

/s/ Kira L. Hettinger

Attorney for the U.S. Department of Labor, Plan Benefits Security Division

Dated: February 22, 2019 
 

 

 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I hereby certify that on February 22, 2019, I electronically filed the 

foregoing with the Clerk of the Court for the United States Court of Appeals for 

the Eighth Circuit by using the appellate CM/ECF system. 

/s/ Kira L. Hettinger

Kira L. Hettinger 

Plan Benefits 

Security Division 

U.S. Department of Labor

Room N-4611 

200 Constitution Avenue, N.W. 

Washington DC, 20210 

(202) 693-5803 – Phone 

(202) 693-5610 – Fax 

hettinger.kira.l@dol.gov