IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. AP-77,020

THE STATE OF TEXAS

V.

LARRY RAY SWEARINGEN, Appellee

ON DIRECT APPEAL

FROM THE 9th JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY

Womack, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which Keller, P.J., Meyers, Price,

Keasler, Hervey, Cochran, and Alcala, JJ. joined. Johnson, J., concurred.

The appellee, Larry Ray Swearingen, was convicted in 2000 of the capital murder of

Melissa Trotter and sentenced to death. We affirmed the judgment and sentence. He then filed 1

seven applications for writs of habeas corpus, which were denied. Here, the State appeals the

Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89 (2003).

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decision of the trial court to grant the appellee’s fourth Article 64 motion for DNA testing. In

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this appeal, as in a prior action, the appellee has not established that biological evidence exists or

that, where it does, exculpatory test results would have affected his trial. We shall reverse the

trial court’s order.

Background Facts

The victim, Melissa Trotter, disappeared on December 8, 1998, after last being seen with

the appellee. On December 11, 1998, the appellee was arrested on unrelated charges. On January

2, 1999, hunters found Trotter’s decomposing body in the Sam Houston National Forest. The

appellee was convicted of her murder primarily on circumstantial evidence. We have

summarized this evidence previously:

On the evening of December 7, 1998, two of the appellee’s acquaintances,

the Fosters, witnessed a phone conversation in which [the appellee] arranged for a

lunch meeting with a girl at a library the following day, and the appellee then told

the Fosters that the girl was Melissa Trotter, a college student from Willis.

Three witnesses saw the appellee sitting with Melissa in the Montgomery

College library between 11:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. the following day, December 8,

1998.

 Melissa’s Biology teacher saw her leave the Montgomery College library

with a male shortly after 1:30 p.m. that day.

 Melissa’s car remained in the Montgomery College parking lot following

her disappearance on December 8, 1998.

At 2:05 p.m. on December 8, 1998, [the appellee] called Sarah Searle and

said that he was at lunch with a friend.

Sometime around 3:00 p.m. on December 8, 1998, [the appellee’s]

landlord saw [the appellee’s] truck leaving from behind his home.

The State argues that (1) the trial court erred in finding that the appellee would not have been convicted if

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exculpatory results from this testing were available at his trial; (2) the trial court erred in ignoring our previous

decision on the same issues; (3) the trial court erred by finding that the appellee had shown that “biological

evidence” exists on the items he seeks to have tested; (4) the trial court erred in finding that the appellee’s motion

was not made to unduly delay his execution; (5) the trial court erred in finding that the evidence had been subjected

to a sufficient chain of custody to show a lack of tampering; (6) the trial court erred in finding the evidence had been

subjected to a chain of custody sufficient to establish its integrity; (7) the trial court erred in requiring retesting of

fingernail scrapings.
3

At 3:03 p.m. on December 8, 1998, [the appellee] placed a cell phone call

that utilized a cell tower near FM 1097 in Willis, Texas, which would be

consistent with [the appellee] driving from his home to the Sam Houston National

Forest.

[The appellee’s] wife testified that she found their home in disarray on the

evening of December 8, 1998, but none of the Swearingens’ property was

missing.

[The appellee’s] wife observed Melissa’s cigarettes and lighter in [the

appellee’s] house that evening, and those items were subsequently recovered from

[the appellee’s] home during the investigation.

Hair and fiber evidence, as well as other physical evidence, showed that

Melissa had been in [the appellee’s] car and his home on the day of her

disappearance.

[The appellee] filed a burglary report falsely claiming that he had been out

of town and his home was broken into on the day of Melissa’s disappearance.

Between the time of Melissa’s disappearance and [the appellee’s] arrest,

[the appellee] told two acquaintances on two different occasions that he believed

police would be after him. 

When the Fosters heard that Melissa Trotter was missing on December 9,

1998, they contacted [the appellee], who claimed he did not remember the last

name of the girl with whom he had met the day before.

When Mrs. Foster told [the appellee] that she recalled him saying the last

name was “Trotter,” and that a girl named Melissa Trotter was now missing, the

phone went dead.

[The appellee] led a Sheriff’s deputy on a high speed chase.

Following [the appellee’s] arrest, law enforcement authorities observed

and photographed red marks on [the appellee’s] neck, cheek, and back.

On December 17, 1998, two neighbors of [the appellee’s] mother and

stepfather collected numerous pieces of torn paper from along their street, which

turned out to be Melissa Trotter’s class schedule and some health insurance paper

work Melissa’s father had given to her.

Melissa’s body was discovered in an area of the Sam Houston National

Forest with which [the appellee] would have been familiar from previous time

spent there.

Melissa’s body showed signs of significant decomposition when it was

discovered in the woods 25 days after her disappearance.

The ligature found around Melissa’s neck matched the remainder of a pair

of pantyhose found within [the appellee’s] home.

The Harris Country Chief Medical Examiner testified that during the

digestive process, a person’s stomach will usually not empty in less than two

hours, and any food within the stomach at death will remain there.

The contents of Melissa’s stomach at the autopsy, which included what

appeared to be chicken and a french fry-like form of potato, were consistent with
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the tater tots she had eaten at Montgomery College shortly before leaving with

[the appellee] and the Chicken McNuggets she and [the appellee] had apparently

purchased at the nearby McDonald’s on the day of her disappearance.

While in jail, [the appellee] attempted to create an exculpatory letter

written in Spanish in which he claimed to be someone else who had knowledge of

Melissa’s murder.

Within that letter, [the appellee] detailed specifics of the offense that

accurately corroborated the physical and medical evidence in the case.

While in jail awaiting trial, [the appellee] told a cell mate that he had

committed the capital murder and his only objective was to escape the death

penalty.

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Law of The Case Doctrine

The appellee is seeking to have DNA testing performed on several pieces of evidence: the

pantyhose leg used to strangle the victim, the other leg of the pantyhose found at the appellee’s

home, four cigarette butts recovered near the victim’s remains, various pieces of the victim’s

clothing, and scrapings from under the victim’s fingernails. 

In 2010, we reviewed another Article 64 motion from the appellee which requested

testing of the fingernail scrapings, the ligature, and the victim’s clothes (the cigarette butts were

also considered in a separate, previous motion). We sustained the trial court’s decision to deny

testing on that motion because the appellee could not establish that any of the pieces of evidence

were not tested through no fault of his own, that new technology would lead to more accurate or

probative results (in regards to the evidence that had already been tested), that the evidence

contained biological material, and that there was a 51% chance or higher that he would have been

acquitted had any exculpatory results been available at trial.4

Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728, 737–38 (Tex. Cr. App. 2010).

3

See id.

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The State argues (among other things) that our 2010 resolution of these issues is

dispositive of the appellee’s current motion under the law of the case doctrine. 

The “law of the case” doctrine provides that an appellate court’s resolution of questions

of law in a previous appeal are binding in subsequent appeals concerning the same issue. In

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other words, when the facts and legal issues are virtually identical, they should be controlled by

an appellate court’s previous resolution. This is a court-made doctrine designed to promote 6

judicial consistency and efficiency.

The appellee, however, argues that since Article 64 was amended in 2011, the law has

changed and he is entitled to another review of the merits. 

Although the law has been amended, these amendments did not affect all of our previous

determinations. In the instances where the amendment did not impact our analysis, the trial court

erred by failing to adhere to our previous determinations. 

Chapter 64 Motions Generally

Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows a convicted person to “submit to

the convicting court a motion for forensic DNA testing of evidence containing biological

material.” This motion may request testing of evidence that was secured in relation to the 7

offense comprising the underlying conviction and was in the possession of the State during the

trial but either was not previously tested or, although previously tested, can be tested with newer

Carroll v. State, 101 S.W.3d 454, 461 n.35 (Tex. Cr. App. 2003); Howlett v. State, 994 S.W.2d 663, 667

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(Tex. Cr. App. 1999).

Ware v. State, 736 S.W.2d 700, 701 (Tex. Cr. App. 1987).

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TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 64.01(a-1).

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techniques which can provide more accurate and probative results. A convicting court may order 8

testing if the evidence in question “(i) still exists and is in a condition making DNA testing

possible; and (ii) has been subjected to a chain of custody sufficient to establish it has not been

substituted, tampered with, replaced, or altered in any material respect; and identity was or is an

issue in the case.” Further, the convicted person has the burden of showing by a preponderance 9

of the evidence that “the person would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been

obtained through DNA testing; and the request for the proposed DNA testing is not made to

unreasonably delay the execution of sentence....”10

Article 64 has changed in two major ways since the appellee’s last round of DNA

requests. First, the legislature added a definition of “biological material.” Now, biological

material means “an item in the possession of the state and that contains blood, semen, hair,

saliva, skin tissue or cells, fingernail scrapings, bone, bodily fluids, or other identifiable

biological evidence....” Second, the legislature eliminated a requirement that the lack of 11

previous testing had not been the convicted person’s fault.12

“Containing Biological Material”

As a threshold matter, we address the statute’s requirement that the evidence requested to

be tested contain “biological material.” In our previous decision, we held that the appellee had

Id., art. 64.01(b).

8

Id., art. 64.03(a)(1).

9

Id., art. 64.03(a)(2).

10

See Act of May 23, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., § 1, 2011 Tex. Gen. Laws 366.

11

See ibid.

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not shown that most of the evidence he now wants tested contained biological material. The

appellee’s motion relies on the first legislative change (defining biological material) to support

his assertion that the law of the case is not dispositive. He claims that the amendment corrected a

problem with the statute that we identified in our last opinion. We stated: 

Article 64.01(a) reads in part, “A convicted person may submit to the convicting

court a motion for forensic DNA testing of evidence containing biological

material” (emphasis added). A literal reading of the statute unequivocally

mandates that all evidence to be tested must first be proven to contain biological

material. When interpreting a statute, this court is limited to its plain meaning

unless the language is ambiguous or its plain meaning leads to absurd results that

the Legislature could not possibly have intended. Because Chapter 64 does not

describe a method for determining the existence of biological material, a plain

reading of the statute, as [appellee] points out, could lead to the deprivation of

DNA testing in the rare case simply because of the inability to ascertain whether

or not biological material exists. As an appellate court, we must give effect to the

plain meaning of the statute. It is incumbent upon the Legislature, not this Court,

to provide statutory means, if appropriate, for determining whether the defendant

meets the burden of showing that evidence contains biological material. However,

this court has held that a mere assertion or a general claim that existence of

biological material is probable will fail to satisfy the [appellee’s] burden.13

The recent amendments have not fixed this problem in most cases. No part of the amendments

addresses a method for determining the existence of biological material.

In this case, the only effect the amendments had was to relieve the appellee’s burden as to

the fingernail scrapings. Because fingernail scrapings are now defined as biological material perse, the appellee no longer needs to show that they contain biological material. However, the

appellee still cannot prove the existence of biological material in the case of the ligature, the

other half of the pantyhose, the cigarette butts, or the victim’s clothing. The most recent

Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 732.

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amendments do not affect our previous analysis in those cases, and the law-of-the-case doctrine

controls.

In support of his motion, the appellee offers the affidavit of Huma Nasir, a DNA analyst

at Cellmark Forensics. He claims that even if the law has not changed, Ms. Nasr’s affidavit

changes the facts. Ms. Nasr’s affidavit states that touch-DNA from the victim’s murderer would

likely be contained on the pantyhose ligature, the victim’s clothing, and the cigarette butts.

However, we have explicitly held that appellee must prove biological material exists and not that

it is merely probable. This burden was neither changed by the legislature’s amendments nor met 14

by Ms. Nasir’s affidavit. Consequently, the appellee is not entitled to testing on the victim’s

clothing, the cigarette butts, or the ligature. 

Since we have previously held that, as a matter of law, the appellee had not met his

burden of proof as to the existence of biological material, and because the legislature’s

amendment did not alter this result except in the case of the fingernail scrapings, the trial court

erred under the law of the case doctrine when it disregarded our previous holding. The appellee 15

is not entitled to testing of the ligature, the victim’s clothing, or the cigarette butts.

See id.;Routier v. State, 273 S.W.3d 241 (Tex. Cr. App. 2008).

14

Because the cigarette butts were not mentioned in our published opinion, we note that, even without the

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law of the case doctrine, the trial court abused its discretion in finding the evidence contained biological material.

The only evidence that the cigarettes contained biological material was Ms. Nasr’s affidavit stating that it was

“likely.” Our precedent is clear that the presence of biological material must be proven. The appellee has not done

so.
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Fingernail Scrapings

Because of the law-of-the-case doctrine and the requirement that evidence “contain

biological material,” the only evidence that the appellee can show to contain biological materials

are the fingernail scrapings from both of the victim’s hands.16

As an initial matter, we must determine if the evidence the appellee is requesting (1) was

obtained in relation to the underlying offense, (2) was in the possession of the State during the

trial of the offense, and (3) either was not previously subjected to DNA testing or, although it

was previously tested, testing could produce more accurate and probative results through newer

technology. Neither party contests the first two prongs.

Before the original trial, both the scrapings from the left and right hands were examined

by the Texas Department of Public Safety. It appears that some of the scrapings were tested for

DNA while some were not. Given this mixed record, we shall assume without deciding that the

evidence qualifies under this subsection. 

In order to be entitled to DNA testing, the appellee must show by a preponderance of the

evidence (51%) that he would not have been convicted if the exculpatory results were available

at trial. We have clarified that this requires the convicted person to show that he, more likely 17

than not, would not have been convicted with exculpatory results. In the past, we have held

The State also argues that the blood flecks can no longer be found, that chain of custody was not

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sufficient for testing any of the evidence, and that the request is made to unreasonably delay the sentence. However,

since our finding is dispositive, we do not reach these other issues.

See Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Tex. Cr. App. 2005).

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“exculpatory results” to mean only results “excluding [the convicted person] as the donor of this

material ....”18

We are not persuaded that results showing the presence of another DNA donor in the

fingernail scrapings would overcome the “mountain of evidence” of the appellee’s guilt. 19

Primarily, this is because the victim’s having encountered another person would not factually

exclude the appellee from having killed her. There are many ways someone else’s DNA could

have ended up in the victim’s fingernails. Such results would not require an inference that the

appellee would been acquitted.

Further, before the appellee’s trial, DPS analysts conducted a microscopic review of the

scrapings and discovered blood flakes in the fingernail scrapings. Criminologists were able to

create a full DNA profile from those blood flakes. Both the appellee and Trotter were excluded

as contributors of the blood. These results were available at trial and presented to the jury. Since

the jury already was aware that an unidentified male’s DNA was found under the victim’s

fingernails, we fail to see how other such results would have changed its verdict. The jury chose

to believe that the foreign DNA either was contamination or that it came from outside the context

of the crime. If the jury already knew of exculpatory results obtained from under the victim’s

nails and disregarded them, we have no reason to believe that it would be any different with

regards to the remainder of the fingernail scrapings. As to the blood itself, the appellee cannot

show that new testing would lead to a different result.

Blacklock v. State, 235 S.W.3d 231, 232 (Tex. Cr. App. 2007).

18

Swearingen, 303 S.W.3d at 736.

19
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The appellee argues that because the legislature’s amendment requires DNA results to be

run through CODIS (Combined DNA Index System), we should now construe an “exculpatory

result” to mean DNA results that are not from the convicted person and which generate a CODIS

hit. The appellee’s argument goes too far.

A requirement to assume that the results of testing were not only from someone other

than the convicted person but that the other person was a repeat offender (or as the appellee

argued before this court, a repeat offender with a similar modus operandi), makes it hard to

imagine a case in which we would not grant DNA testing. Such compelling DNA results would

certainly overcome any mountain of inculpatory evidence. We believe that had the legislature

meant to so drastically lower the barrier for Chapter 64 testing, they would have said so

explicitly. The statute requires only that the results be run through CODIS. It does not set a

standard for exculpatory results.

Conclusion

We reverse the order of the trial court and remand for proceedings in accordance with this

opinion. 

Delivered February 5, 2014.

Publish.