rEPORT OF NATIONAL CHILD

LABOUR SURV

uLAANBAAT

2013

2011-2012

NATIONAL STATISTICAL 

OFFICE OF MONGOLIA

Internat

Org
2011-2012

Copyright © International Labour Organization and National Statistical Office of Mongolia (NSO) 2013

First published 2013

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IPEC; NSO

Mongolia National Child Labour Survey Report 2011-2012 / International Labour Organization, International Programme

on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), National Statistical Office of Mongolia (NSO) Ulaanbaatar: 2013 - 1 v

ISBN: 978-99973-2-097-1 (print

International Labour Organization; ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour; National Statistical 

Office of Mongolia (NSO)

Child labour / child worker / employment / working conditions / survey / data collecting / methodology / definition 

/ Mongolia 

NOTE

The analysis presented here is based on data from the National Child Labour Survey 2011-2012 of Mongolia conducted 

by the National Statistical Office of Mongolia (NSO), with technical and financial assistance from the ILO›s International 

Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) through its Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme 

on Child Labour (SIMPOC).

Funding for this publication was provided by the United States Department of Labor (Project INT/08/93/USA

This publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does

mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government

The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of data there in do not imply the expression of any 

opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO and NSO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of 

its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.

ILO and NSO do not accept any responsibility in case of inaccuracy, error or mission of for any consequence related 

of the use of this data.

Printed in Mongolia
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

CONTENT

List of tables and figures 5

Foreword 8

Abbreviations 9

List of annex tables 10

Chapter 1. Executive Summary 

1.1 Overview 12

1.2 Survey objectives and rationale 12

1.3 Survey period 13

1.4 Report structure and conten  

1.5 Summary of findings 14

Chapter 2. Survey methodology, organization and definitions 

2.1 Survey coverage 20

2.2 Survey sampling 20

2.3 Survey questionnaire, training of senior researchers and data collection 21

2.4 Data processing 22

2.5 Definitions and concepts 23

Chapter 3. Demographic and household characteristics 

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Demographic profile 28

3.3 Population size, location and distribution by region 28

3.4 Population age and sex structure 29

3.5 Demographic dependency 30

3.6 Household structure 30

3.7 Female headed households 30

3.8 Education level 31 

3.9 School attendance and causes of school drop outs 32 

3.10 Literacy level 33

Chapter 4. Socio-economic characteristics of working children and their households, 

and school attendance 

4.1 Introduction 36

4.2 Number, sex and age groups of children aged 5-17 years and their 

 distribution by region 36

4.3 Characteristics of children aged 5-17 years and their households 38

4.4 Housing types and living conditions of children aged 5-17 39

4.5 School attendance and reasons of school drop outs of children aged 5-17 40

4.6 Economic activity of children aged 5-17 43

4.7 Number, sex, age groups of working children and their distribution by region 45

4.8 Characteristics of working children and their households 47

4.9 Socio-economic characteristics of households of working children 47 

4.10 Education level and school attendance of working children aged 6-17 years 50

4.11 free time of working children 5

Chapter 5. Profile of working children 

5.1 Introduction 56

5.2 Economic activity of the children 56

5.2.1. Number of working children by current economic activities 57

5.2.2. Number of working children, by economic sector 58
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5.2.3 Working children by employment status 60

5.2.4. Working children by occupation 61

5.2.5 Working children by years worked 62 

5.2.6 Monthly income of children engaged in paid employment 63

5.3. Children engaged in non economic activities 64

Chapter 6. Child labour and causes and consequences of child labour 

6.1 Introduction 70

6.2 Child labour estimates 70

6.3 Non-school activities 73 

6.4 School attendance of children engaged in economic activities 76

6.5 The reasons of being engaged in economic activities 78

6.5.1 The reasons to help households business, herding, production and services 78

6.5.2 The reasons for working outside of the household 80

6.6 Consequences of “if child does not working” 83

Chapter 7. Assessment of work place and work condition where children work 

7.1 Introduction 86 

7.2 Location of workplace where children aged 5-17 years engaged in work 86

7.3 Assessment of workplace 87

7.4 Provision of labour safety uniforms, tools and instruments for children in work 89

Chapter 8. Children in hazardous work 

8.1 Introduction 92 

8.2 children in hazardous work 9

Chapter 9. Seasonal variations of child labour 

9.1 Introduction 96

9.2 working children aged 5-17 years 9

 9.2.1. working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors 98

 9.2.2. working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status 98

 9.2.3 working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation 9

9.3 Free time of surveyed children aged 5-17 years 

Chapter 10. Comparative analysis of NCLS 2002-2003, 2006-2007, 2011-2012 findings

10.1 Introduction 102

10.2 economic activity of children aged 5-17 years 102

10.3 Working children 104

 10.4 Child Labour 107

Chapter 11. Sampling error 

11.1 Introduction 110 

11.2 Sampling 110 

11.3 Sampling errors 112

Annexes:

1. Statistical tables 119

2. Survey questionnaire 143
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE

TABLES:

Table 2.1. First-stage sampling units and number of households selected from each sampling 

unit of Labour Force Survey 21

Table 3.1. Number of households of which members absent for 6, and more months, 

by urban/rural location and region 28

Table 3.2. Total households and population, by urban/rural location, region and gender 29

Table 3.3. Demographic dependency, by urban/rural location and region 30

Table 3.4. Percentage share of households, by size, urban/rural location and region 30

Table 3.5 Share of female headed households, by size and urban/rural location 31

Table 3.6. Educational level of population aged 15, and above years, 

by sex and urban/rural location, in percentages 31

Table 3.7. School enrollment of children aged 6-18 years, by urban/rural location and gender 32

Table 3.8. Adult literacy rate by urban/rural location, region and gender 33

Table 3.9. Adult literacy rate, by age and gender distribution and urban/rural location 34

Table 4.1 Age and gender distribution of children, by urban/rural location and age groups 36

Table 4.2 Age and gender distribution of children aged 5-17 years, by urban/rural location in percentages 36

Table 4.3 Number of children aged 5-17 years who are living away from their 

households and the reasons of their absence, by urban/rural location 37

Table 4.4 Children aged 5-17 years, by household heads and household size, % 38

Table 4.4.а Children aged 5-17 years, by household head and its size, 

urban/rural location and region, in percentages 39

Table 4.5. Number of children aged 5-17 years and their school attendance, by age groups and gender 40

Table 4.5.а Age-sex structure of children aged 5-17 years by school attendance, in percentages 41

Table 4.5.б Age structure of children aged 5-17 years by school attendance and 

urban/rural location, in percentages 41

Table 4.6 Age-gender distribution of children aged 5-17 years who are not studying, by reasons 42

Table 4.7 Age-gender distribution of children aged 6-17 years who are not studying, by reasons 42

Table 4.8 Number of children in school and not in school during the reference week, 

by economic activity status, gender and age groups 43

Table 4.8а. Children in school and out of school during the reference week, 

by economic activity status, gender and age groups, in percentages 44

Table 4.9 Economic activity of children aged 5 -17 years, by household heads, 

size and urban/rural location 44

Table 4.10 Number of working children by age group, sex and urban and rural location 45

Table 4.11 Economic activity of children aged 5-17 years, by head of households and household size 47

Table 4.12 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by their education level, 

gender and urban/rural location, in percentages 50

Table 4.13 Literacy rate for children aged 6-17 years, by age groups, gender and urban/rural location 50 

Table 4.14 School attendance of working children aged 6-17 years,

by age groups and urban/rural location 51

Table 4.14.а School attendance of working children, by age groups and urban/rural location, 

in percentages 51

Table 4.15 Working children aged 6-17 years with no schooling, 

by reasons of school drop outs, in percentages 52

Table 4.16 Composition of working children and their free time, by average hours, 

age-gender distribution, in percentages in total 53

Table 5.1 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by age groups and gender 56

Table 5.2 Number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities 

during the reference week, by age groups, employment, 

average working hours a week and gender 57

Table 5.3 Number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities during 

the reference week, by age groups, employment, average working 

hours a week and urban/rural location 58

Table 5.4 Number of working children of age 5-17, by age groups, gender and economic sectors 59

Table 5.4.а Composition of working children aged 5-17 years, by gender, 

age groups and economic sectors 60

Table 5.5 Working children aged 5-17 years, by age groups, gender and occupation, in percentages 61 

Table 5.6 Number of working children, by duration of work, age groups and sex 62
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Table 5.7. Number of working children aged 5-17 years engaged in paid job, 

by sex, their income and school attendance 63

Table 5.8 Number of children currently engaged in household duties (non economic activities), 

by age groups, gender and type of work done 65

Table 5.8.а Children currently engaged in household duties (non economic activities), 

by age groups, gender and type of work done, in percentages 66

Table 5.9 Number of children engaged in household duties (non economic activities), 

by age groups, gender and hours spent for household duties 67

Table 6.1. Child labour estimates based on hours spent in economic activity, 

by age group and gender (according to the approved methodology) 71

Table 6.2. Child labour estimates based on hours spent in economic activity, 

by age group and sex (according to the Labour Law) 72

Table 6.3. Activities performed by children aged 5-17 years during the reference week, 

by age groups and gender 73

Table 6.4. Activities performed by children who are not studying, during the reference week, 

by age groups and gender 75

Table 6.5. Children performed household duties, by age groups of starting to help, 

school attendance, urban/rural location and gender 76

Table 6.6. School attendance of children engaged in work outside of households, 

by age groups and urban/rural location 77

Table 6.7. Reasons of children’s engagement in household activities, by age groups and gender 

Table 6.8.  Reasons of engaging in work outside of the household, by age groups and gender 

Table 6.9. Number of children engaged in work outside of the household and consequences of 

“if the child stops working“, by age groups, gender and urban/rural location 83

Table 8.1. Number of children in hazardous work, by age groups and gender 93

Table 9.1 Working children aged 5-17 years, number and percentages, by gender and quarters 96

Table 9.2 Working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors and quarters 98

Table 9.3 Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status 98

Table 9.4 Working children aged 5-17 years, by intervals of their free time and quarters 99

Table 10.1. Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities, 

by age groups and gender 103

Table 10.2. Number and percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, based on CLSs 104

Table 10.3. Working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors based on CLSs 105

Table 10.4. Working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status based on the 

Child Labour Surveys 106

Table 10.5. Working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation based on Child Labour Surveys 106

Table 10.6. Child Labour estimated based on hours worked during the reference week, 

by gender, based on Child Labour Surveys 107

FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Population age structure, by Population and Housing Census and Labour Force Surveys 29 

Figure 3.2 School drop outs, by reasons 33

Figure 4.1 Children aged 5-17 years with disabilities, by types of disabilities 37

Figure 4.2 Proportion of heads households, by sex and urban/rural location 38

Figure 4.3 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by type of houses 39

Figure 4.4 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by ownership type of houses 39

Figure 4.5 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by sources of electricity 39

Figure 4.6 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by sources of water supply 40

Figure 4.7 Children aged 5-17 years who are not studying, by reasons in percentages 45

Figure 4.8 Age structure of working children aged 5-17 years, in percentages 46

Figure 4.9 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by region 46

Figure 4.10 Working children aged 5-17 years with disabilities, by type of disabilities 46

Figure 4.11 Working children aged 5-17 years with disabilities, by type of disabilities 

and economic sectors, in percentages 47

Figure 4.12. Working children aged 5-17 years, by gender of household head, 

household size, in percentages 48 

Figure 4.13 Households with working children, by type of houses, in percentages 48

Figure 4.14 Households with working children, by housing ownership, in percentages 48

Figure 4.15 Households with working children, by electricity sources, in percentages 49

Figure 4.16 Households with working children, by water sources, in percentages 49
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Figure 4.17 Number of working children and household’s income 50

Figure 4.18 Number of working children, by working members, in percentages 52

Figure 5.1 Number of children engaged in economic activities, by age groups and gender 56

Figure 5.2 Working children, by economic sectors, in percentages 58

Figure 5.3 Working children, by employment status, in percentages 61

Figure 5.4 Working children, by occupation and urban/rural location, in percentages 62

Figure 5.5 Working children, by duration of work, in percentages 63

Figure 6.1. Activities performed by children aged 5-17 years during the reference week, 

by urban/rural location, in percentages 74

Figure 6.2. Activities performed by children who are not in school, during the reference week, 

by urban/rural location, in percentages 75

Figure 6.3. School attendance of children performed household duties, by age groups, 

percentage share 77

Figure 6.4. Number of children engaged in work outside of the households, 

by school attendance, urban/rural location and gender 78

Figure 6.5. Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in household 

activities, in percentage 80

Figure 6.6. Distribution of children engaged in household activities, by reasons and school attendance 80 

Figure 6.7. Percentage distribution of children by reasons for engaging in 

work outside of the household 81

Figure 6.8. Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the household, 

by gender, in percentages 82

Figure 6.9. Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the household, 

by urban/rural location, in percentages 82

Figure 6.10 Consequences of “if child stops working”, by urban/rural location and 

 Ulaanbaatar City, in percentage  

Figure 7.1 Location of work places where children aged 15-17 engaged in 

economic activities, in percentages 86

Figure 7.2 Location of work places where children aged 15-17 engaged in economic activities, 

by gender, in percentages 87

Figure 7.3 Assessment of workplace where children engaged in work outside of the 

households, in percentages 88 

Figure 7.4 Working children who dissatisfied with their workplace condition, by reasons 88

Chart 7.1 Number of children who suffer from physical or psychological abuse 

(accumulated numbers), types of abuse, in percentages 89

Chart 7.2  Use of labour safety uniforms, tools and instruments for children engaged i

work outside of the households 89

Figure 7.10 Children use labour safety uniforms, tools and instruments at work place, 

by occupation, in percentages 90

Figure 8.1 Age structure of children in hazardous work, in percentages 93

Figure 8.2 Number of children in hazardous work, by gender and age groups 94

Figure 8.3 Children in hazardous work, by occupation, in percentages 94

Figure 9.1 Working children aged 5-17 years by urban/rural location and quarters 97

Figure 9.2 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by gender, 

urban/rural location and quarters 97

Figure 9.3 Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation and quarters 99

Figure 9.4 Average free time of children aged 5 -17 years, by quarters 100

Figure 10.1. Distribution of children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities, 

by age groups based on CLSs of 2002/03, 2006/07 and 2011/12 103

Figure 10.2. Distribution of children engaged in economic activities during the reference week, 

by gender, based on CLSs of 2002/03, 2006/07 and 2011/12 104

Figure 10.3. Age structure of working children, based on CLSs 105

Figure 10.4. Working children, by occupation based on Child Labour Surveys 107

Figure 10.5. Child Labour, by gender, based on Child Labour Surveys 107

Figure 10.6. Child Labour, by age groups based on Child Labour Surveys 108

Figure 10.7. Age and gender distribution of children engaged in child labour based on 

Child labour Surveys 108
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

One of the societal negative phenomena occurred during the transition to market economy is child 

labour. Mongolia has ratified UN Convention on Rights of Child in 1990, ILO Convention No 182 on Wors

Forms of Child Labour in 2001 and the Convention No 138 on Minimum Age to Employment in 2002. As the 

country has ratified above conventions, Mongolia has been paying special attention to the development and 

implementation of national policy for eradication of the worst forms of child labour, including hazardous 

child labour. In connection with this, there is an increasing demand for accurate and reliable data and 

information on the scope, distribution and nature of child labour. 

The National Statistical Office of Mongolia has conducted the Child Labour Survey (CLS) as a module 

of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) twice using the internationally accepted methodologies. As a result, the 

Child Labour Survey became a large scale national baseline survey which reflects seasonal variations in the 

labour market. These surveys also enabled the collection of a wide range of child work data in conformity 

with the ILO concepts and methodologies and creation of a database on child economic activities, the scope, 

nature and characteristics of child work. It is needed to augment the statistical information required to 

develop further strategies on child protection and assess the implementation of programmes and strategies, 

and to enrich the labour statistics system with child labour data. On the request of the ILO International 

Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), the National Statistical Office has conducted third 

Child Labour Survey with financial and technical support of ILO starting from July 2011, for one year. 

The Third Child Labour Survey was important to collect comprehensive data on child labour, workplace 

condition and causes and consequences of child labour. It also enabled to initiate the assessment of the 

first phase of implementation of National Programe on Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour, which 

was approved in 2011. 

We believe that the survey offers valuable data and information for defining children at risk or 

children engaged in labour. It assesses the national programmes and projects towards elimination of child 

labour and worst forms of child labour. It provides the basis for development and implementation of the 

national policy targeted for protection of the rights of working children and eradication of child labour, 

and creates the valuable baseline information for policy and decision making.

Using this opportunity, I would like to express our gratitude to Project Director of Global Action

Program on Child Labour Issues at ILO Mr. Bijoy Raychaudhuri, officer Ms. N. Mongolmaa and nationa

consultant Ms.B. Davaakhuu for their valuable support in conducting Third Child Labour Survey in line with

internationally accepted methodologies under financial and technical support of IPEC-ILO. 

Moreover, I would like to express our thanks and best wishes to the members of NSO Chairman’s 

Council and Methodology Council for their professional advice and guidance and to the national and 

local survey teams for their effective cooperation in survey organization at national and local level, data 

collection and data processing.

FOREWO

S. MENDSAIKHAN

CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFIC
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ABBREVIATIO

ER Employment ra

LFS Labour Force Survey

CLS Child Labour Survey

NCLS National Child Labour Survey

NSO National Statistical Office

MSWL Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour

ILO International Labour Organization

UN United Nations

IPEC International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

SNA Systems of National Accounting

PHS Population and Housing Census

PSSD Population and Social Statistics Department

FSU First Stage Sampling Uni

SSU Second Stage Sampling Uni
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LIST OF ANNEX TABLES

Table 1. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by age group, gender, urban, rural, regions, 

aimags and the Capital, percentage share to total 120

Table 2. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by head of household and household size, 

by location, regions and aimags 121

Table 3. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by studying and not studying during reference week, 

by work status and age group, urban, rural and gender, percentage share to total 122

Table 4. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by studying and not studying during reference week, 

by work status, regions and aimags, percentage share to total 123

Table 5. Composition of children by education level, by age group and location 124

Table 6. Reasons of children aged 5-17 years for not studying, by age group and gender 1

Table 7. Reasons of children aged 6-17 years for not studying, by age group and gender 1

Table 8. Composition of children economically active and inactive during last week, 

by school attendance, by age group and gender, percentage 127

Table 9. Working children aged 5-17 years, by age group, location and gender, percentage 127

Table 10. Composition of working children aged 5-17 years, by age group, 

location and gender, percentage 127

Table 11. Working children aged 5-17 years, by head of household and household size, 

by location, regions and aimags 128

Table 12. Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by type of housing ownership, 

by location and regions 129

Table 13. Composition of working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status and 

economic sectors, percentage 130

Table 14. Composition of working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors, 

gender, regions and aimags, percentage 131

Table 15. children by hours of work spent in economic activities, by spent hours, age group, 

urban, rural, sex, regions, aimags, the Capital and districts 132

Table 16. Reasons of children’s engagement in household activities, by age group, sex

urban and rural, percentage 133

Table 17. Reasons of children’s engagement in household activities, by regions

aimags and the Capital, percentage 134

Table 18. Reasons of children engaging in work outside of the household, by age group

sex, urban and rural, percentage 135

 Table 19. Reasons of children engaging in work outside of the household, by regions

aimags, capital city and districts, percentage 136

Table 20. Number of children economically active and inactive during last week, 

by age group and sex, by result of the survey 137

Table 21. Structure location of work places where children engaged in economic activities, 

by urban, rural, age group, sex and regions, percentage 138

Table 22. Structure location of work places where children engaged in economic activities, 

by aimags, Capital city and districts, percentage 139

Table 23. Assessment of workplace where children engaged in work outside of the household, 

by age group, urban, rural, sex, region, aimags and Capital city, percentage 140

Table 24. Number of children for working of age 5-17, by divisions and quarter, percentage 141

Table 25. Average hours spent as free time by children, by age group, 

urban, rural and quarters 141
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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EXECUTIVE SUMMAR

I

CHAPTER
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

1.1 Ov

The National Statistical Office (NSO) of Mongolia, with financial and technical support of the 

International Labour Organization’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (ILOIPEC) conducted a Child Labour Survey (CLS) as a module of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2011-2012 of 

Mongolia. The survey was previously conducted twice in 2002/2003 and 2006/2007 on a quarterly basis in 

compliance with the standard methodology, which reflected the seasonal variations in the labour market 

and became a large scale national survey of child labour. These surveys allowed for the collection of a wide 

range of data on child labour, child economic activity, characteristics and coverage of child labour, etc., 

and also the creation of a database for these indicators. 

Mongolia ratified the UN Convention on Child Rights, in October 2002 the ILO Convention 13

on «Minimum age for labour» and in October 2000 the ILO Convention 182 on «Worst Forms of Child 

Labour.» Therefore, Mongolia has been paying special attention to the development and implementation 

of the national policy towards elimination of child labour and worst forms of child labour, and ending the 

involvement of children in harmful and hazardous work. 

The international conventions recommend that “Every country which ratified the above conventions is 

obliged to eliminate child labour in their respective countries and develop national policy, which would set 

the minimum age for labour in compliance with the child›s age when a child physiological as well as mental 

development would reach their full capacity.» Following these conventions, in 2008, the 18thConference 

of International Labour Statisticians adopted a resolution on the statistics of child labour. The resolution 

noted the importance of eliminating the worst forms of child labour, and of determining the number of 

children involved in hazardous work, which reflects children involved in work which may have adverse 

effects on health, safety and moral development. As a response to the above resolution, the Government 

of Mongolia has adopted “The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed,» by the 

Order of Minister of Social Welfare and Labour (former) of Mongolia in 2008. 

There is a rising demand for reliable statistics on the magnitude, distribution and characteristics of 

child labour. Based on previous research experiences to enrich child labour statistics, which will be required

for development and implementation of child protection strategies and programmers the NSO conducted 

the third Mongolia National Child Labour Survey (CLS) as a module of the Mongolia Labour Force Survey 

(LFS) with financial and technical support of ILO-IPEC during from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, for a total 

of one year. 

In order to analyze child labour it is required to use three sets of key indicators that are related to 

children, household and society. These three sets of indicators used for previous surveys were improved 

and enriched using additional questions related to the socio-economic characteristics of households, school 

attendance, working children’s characteristics and workplace conditions, health and safety hazards at 

the work[ place, engagement in household chores. etc. The survey questionnaire was developed using 

“Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force,» which was approved 

in 2009 for the purposes of estimating the main indicators of employment and labour force and compiling 

the labour force related annual reports and records. . 

1.2 Surve 

The main objectives of the survey are: to collect and analyze a wide range of information on the 

characteristics, nature, size and reasons for child labour, specifically, information on children engaged in 

hazardous and harmful work; to determine the workplace conditions and its impacts on education and 

normal development of working children; to provide required information for policy making; to compare 

the child labour status with other countries; and to enrich the database surveys.

The survey will provide inputs for assessing the changes that occurred in child economic activities and 

work conditions. In line with the ILO Convention 182 on “Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour,” 

the Government of Mongolia has issued a resolution to intensify the activities towards eliminating the worst 

forms of child labour in all sectors of the economy. Therefore, the survey will be used as an instrument 
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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for assessing the first phase of implementation of the “National Programme on Eliminating of the Worst 

Forms of Child Labour” which was approved in 2011 by the Government Resolution 303 targeted to 2016.

The importance of the survey can be defined as follows: 

•	 The survey is conducted in compliance with the ILO standards and methodologies on a quarterly

basis; therefore, it will enrich the database with information on child economic activities reflected 

in the seasonal variations in the labour market, child labour, child work magnitude, characteristics 

and nature. 

•	 Monitor and assess child labour status at the national and local level, define child labour trends

and the main reasons for child labour. 

•	 Estimate indicators for implementation of the “National Programme on Elimination of Worst

Forms of Child Labour”

•	 Create a database on basic information for prioritizing of the national interventions towards

modification and improvement of the legal framework related to reducing the child labour, 

eliminating and prohibiting of the worst forms of child labour

•	 Modification of monitoring and evaluation indicators of child labour

•	 Enrich Mongolia’s child labour information and database, which would in turn contribute to

expansion of the ILO child labour information and database.

1.3 Surv

The survey covered four quarters, or one year from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012. It should be noted 

that the survey quarterly rounds are not the same as calendar records as in the previous two surveys. 

Accordingly, the first quarterly round extended from July to September 2011; the second quarterly round 

covered October to December 2011; the third quarterly round lasted from January to March of 2012; and 

the fourth quarterly round continued from April to June 2012.

1.4. Rert

The current National Child Labour Survey report contains the following eleven chapters, namely: 

Chapter 1. Executive Summary

Chapter 2. Survey methodology, organization, concepts and definitions

Chapter 3. Demographic and household characteristics 

Chapter 4. Socio-economic characteristics of the working children and their households, and school 

attainment 

Chapter 5. Profile of working children

Chapter 6. Child labour, its causes and consequences 

Chapter 7. Workplace and assessment of children’s working condition 

Chapter 8. Children in hazardous work 

Chapter 9. Seasonal variations in child labour 

Chapter 10. Comparative analysis of findings of the National Child Labour Surveys of 2002/03, 2007/08 

and 2011/12

Chapter 11. Sampling errors
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National Statistical office of Mongolia

Chapter 1 presents the executive summary of the report which contains the survey objectives and a 

summary of the main findings of the survey. Chapter 2 explains about the methodology, survey organization, 

and the concepts and definitions used for the survey. Chapter 3 describes information about demographic 

and household indicators. Chapter 4 presents socio-economic characteristics of working children and 

their households. Chapter 5 focuses on the information on characteristics of working children. Chapter 6 

provides estimates of child labour using the concepts and definitions included in the resolution on “Child 

Labour Statistics” issued from ILO 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians, and discusses the 

issues of reasons for work and causes and consequences of child work. Chapter 7 provides findings of 

work place assessments. Chapter 8 contains estimates of children in hazardous work. Chapter 9 captures 

seasonal variations in child labour. Chapter 10 compares the main findings of all the previous surveys such 

as 2002/03 CLS, 2006/07 CLS with the findings of the current 2011/12 CLS. And the last Chapter 11 provides 

insights into the survey sampling and its errors. 

1.5 Sumy

The findings of the NCLS show that children aged 5-17 years are estimated at 589,076, of which about 

51 percent or 300,678 were boys; and 49.0 percent or 288,398 were girls. In terms of age groups, 34.2 

percent of surveyed children were aged between 5 and 9 years, 15.6 percent were aged between 10 and 

11 years; 24.5 percent were aged between 12 and 14 years, and 25.7 percent in 15-17 age groups. Of the 

estimated 589,076 children in the age-group 5-17 years, 93,968 children or 15.9 percent were engaged in 

economic activities during reference week.

Characteristics of children aged 5-17 years and their families

•	 Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 54.5 percent were in the urban area and 45.5 percent were

in the in rural area.

•	 Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 45.7 percent lived in gers, 33.8 percent lived in separate

dwellings and 17.5 percent lived in the apartments. 

•	 In terms of ownership types of the houses, 93.9 percent lived in own houses, 2.8 percent lived in others

houses with no rent fee, 2.6 percent lived in others houses with rent fee, and 0.7 percent lived in houses 

with different ownership types. 

•	 97.9 percent lived in a household with electricity, of which 78.1 percent connected with central electric

system. 

•	 16.5 percent of children were living in female headed household.

•	 1.7 percent of surveyed children were disabled, of which 67 percent were disabled from birth, and 33

percent were with acquired disabilities.

School attendance and economic activity

•	 88.3 percent or 519,900 children aged 5-17 years were in school during the reference week.

•	 Of the children in school during the reference week, 8.2 percent were studying in general education

schools, 1.1 percent were studying in vocational or technical schools and 0.9 percent was studying in 

universities. 

•	 Of the children in school during the reference week, 15.2 percent were economically active at the

same time, 62.8 percent were engaged only in non-economic activities or performed household duties, 

and 22.0 percent only studied and were not involved in neither in economic activities nor performed 

household duties. 

•	 11.7 percent of children aged 5-17 years or 69,200 children were not attending school during the

reference week, of which 26.1 percent performed household duties only. More than half of them were 

neither economically active nor helping household work. One fifth of nonschool children were engaged 

in economic activities. 
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•	 Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 55,400 children were living outside of their households, of

which 81.8 percent were in school, 6.6 percent were working and 12.0 percent were outside of their 

households due to other reasons.

•	 Nine out of ten rural children were outside of their households for study, while four out of ten urban

children were outside of their households for reasons other than study and work. The other reasons 

should be studied in greater depth.

Reasons for being out of schoo

•	 The survey results showed that out of all children who are not attending school, 63.4 percent or 39,900

children were of preschool age (five years old).

•	 Nine percent of the remaining children were sick and disabled, 4.7 percent were children engaged in

animal husbandry, 3.8 percent were not interested in schooling or had weak school performance, 2.8 

percent were poor with no support for school supplies and clothes, 1.9 percent of the children were 

taken out of school by their parents and 1.7 percent were taken out by parents to help with household 

duties. 

Number of working children and economic activities 

•	 15.9 percent of surveyed children or 93,968 children aged 5-17 years participated in economic activities,

of which 54.1 percent were boys and 45.9 percent were girls. 

•	 In terms of age groups, 16.8 percent of working children were aged between 5 and 9 years, 14.5 percent

were aged between 10 and 11 years, 30.8 percent were aged between 12 and 14 years, and 35.9 percent 

were in 15-17 years age group. 

•	 Out of ten working children, eight lived in rural areas and two lived in urban areas.

•	 Of working children, 0.9 percent was from female-headed households.

•	 One out of ten working children lived in households with monthly income of 140,000-200,000 togrogs,

while four out of ten working children lived in households with monthly income of 200,000-400,000 

togrogs. 

•	 Of working children, 0.7 percent was earning household income alone.

•	 Of working children, 84.1 percent were in school; however, 15.9 percent were out of school.

•	 One-fifth of working children left school for to pursue herding.

•	 Regarding sector of economic activity, eight out of ten working children were engaged in agriculture,

fishing, hunting and forestry, and one-tenth were involved in retail trading and auto-machinery 

maintenance and repair services. The remaining one-tenth children worked in other sectors. Generally, 

younger children tend to be engaged in agriculture, whole and retail trading, hotels, housing and 

restaurants related services. While children aged 15-17 years tended to be engaged in mining, quarrying, 

manufacturing, construction, entertaining, show and game services. 

•	 Concerning employment status, more than six out of ten working children (66 percent) aged 5-17

years were engaged in animal husbandry, while three out of ten working children (30 percent) were 

unpaid family workers. Among others, 2.5 percent were self-employed, and 1.5 percent was in paid 

employment). 

•	 In terms of occupation, 80.5 percent of working children were engaged as agriculture, forestry and

fishing workers, 12.3 percent were workers in shop and market sales, 3.6 percent were occupied in 

manufacturing, construction, and arts related work, 2.9 percent were engaged in elementary occupations, 

and 0.7 percent worked as operators, machinery technicians, and assemblers. 

•	 Nine out of ten rural working children were engaged in agriculture related works, while every second

urban working child was engaged in trade and service related works. 
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Monthly income of working children with pay

•	 Two percent of working children worked for pay, of which 84.6 percent were boys and 15.4 percent

were girls. 

•	 Three out of ten working children with pay were in school, while the other seven were out of school.

•	 Every second working child with schooling earned a monthly income up to 50,000 togrogs a month.

However, one-fourth of working children with no schooling earned income of 140,000-169,000 togrogs 

monthly.

•	 In terms of earned income, only boys earned a high monthly income, equivalent to more than 200,000

togrogs.

Children engaged in non-economic activities or in household duties 

•	 Of children from 5-7 years, 70.9 percent or 417,700 were engaged in non-economic activities, mainly

unpaid household services (also called household duties/ chores). It should be noted that a child can be 

engaged in a number of tasks falling within such household duties/ chores. 

•	 A majority of children (75.8 percent) were engaged in cooking, cleaning of utensils, cleaning of ger and

fences (68 percent), water fetching (53.7 percent), laundry services and ironing clothes (46.6 percent), 

firewood fetching (37.9 percent) and shopping for household needs (28.0 percent). 

•	 In regard to age and sex distribution of children engaged in non-economic activities or household duties,

some discrepancies were observed. 

•	 A majority of girls were engaged in cooking, cleaning of utensils, cleaning ger and fences, and laundry

services and ironing clothes, while boys were more likely to be involved in fetching water and firewood 

when compared to girls. 

•	 In regard to household duties, six out of ten children aged 5-17 worked less than 10 hours per week,

three out of ten worked for 10-25 hours per week, one out of ten worked for more than 25 hours 

weekly. 

Child labour 

Child labour is a narrower concept than children who are at work (working children), also termed as “the 

economically active children.» For this survey, the methodology on child labour estimates was developed 

and approved by the Joint Order of the Chairman of NSO and Minister of Social Welfare and Labour of 

Mongolia in 2009, in line with the recommendations of ILO Conventions No. 138 and 1821

. According to 

this methodology, child labour for statistical measurement purposes in Mongolia is defined as:

“Child labour” includes children aged 5-11 years engaged in economic activities; children aged 12-14 years 

in light work, but spend more than 14 hours a week; children aged 15-17 in work, but spend 43 or more 

hours a week. 

•	 Out of 93,968 estimated working children aged 5-17 years, about 43,545 children (46.3 percent) were

classified as child labour. 

•	 In other words, 7.4 percent of all children aged 5-17 years (43,545 children out of 589,076 estimated

population of the age group) were engaged in child labour. 

•	 Of the child laborers, 60.2 percent or 26,210 were boys, and 39.8 percent or 17,335 were girls.

1 Joint Order No. 01-68/94 dated 16 June 2009 and its Appendix dated 19 June 2009 (”Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force”, Section 2.14. NSO and MSWL,2009).
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Number of working children or children engaged in economic activities outside of their households 

•	 A total of 1,857 children aged 5-17 years worked or were engaged in economic activities outside of their

households, of which 65.4 percent were in schooling and 34.6 percent were out of school. 

•	 Eight out of ten working children outside of their households were boys, the other two were girls. A

majority of them were children aged 15-17 years.

•	 Two-fifths of children working outside of their households responded that they were working to

contribute to their household income. One-fifth was working outside of their household in self-interest. 

•	 Urban and rural differences in reasons for work outside households have been observed. For rural

children who worked outside of their household, t main reason for work was contributing to their 

household income (69 percent), while for urban children, the main reasons for work outside their 

household were self interest (32.9 percent) and desire to be economically independent (22.5 percent). 

•	 In response to the question: “What would be the impact for you or for your household, if you could stop

working outside your household”, 48.6 percent of children responded that there would be no impact, 

33.8 percent responded that their household living standard would worsen; 11.6 percent responded 

that they would have no household income, and 6 percent said it would affect adversely their work 

experience and practices.

•	 A total of 86.9 percent of children responded that they satisfied with their work place, 13.1 percent

were unsatisfied with their workplace due to high levels of dust, humidity, underground and confined 

workspaces, lack of satisfactory hygiene, etc.

•	 Four out of ten children working outside their households said, they have safety uniforms, tools and

instruments, while six out of ten said that they work with neither work uniforms, nor proper tools and 

instruments. 

Children engaged in hazardous work

The survey presents the estimates of children engaged in hazardous work, which was defined based on 

the approved “The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed” and “Statistical 

indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force”2

. Children engaged in hazardous 

work includes: (i) children aged 5-17 years who perform designated hazardous work; and (ii) children aged 

5-17 years in work not designated as hazardous but at work for 43 or more hours in the reference week. 

•	 Out of 93,968 working children aged 5-17 years, 11.1 percent or 10,398 children were engaged in

hazardous work. 

•	 Among the hazardous child labour, boys are 8,435 and girls are 1,963.

•	 Of the children engaged in hazardous work, 7.4 percent or 773 children aged 10-17 years were engaged

in hazardous economic activities which are prohibited by the legal act “The list of work prohibited to 

involve children” approved in 2008 by the order of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour.

•	 A total of 10.8 percent (1,118) of hazardous child labour were engaged in harmful and hazardous work

that is prohibited by the law. Of these children, 84.3 percent were aged 15-17 years. 

•	 Nine out of ten children who engaged in harmful and hazardous work were boys.

•	 During the reference week, over 8,500 children were engaged in work or economic activities for 43 or

more hours a week. 

2 (i) Joint Order of the Chairman of NSO Mongolia and Minister of Social Welfare and Labour of Mongolia No. 01-68/94 dated 16 June 2009; 

and (ii) Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour Order No. 107 dated 26 September 2009.
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SURVEY METHODOLOGY,

ORGANIZATION, CONCEPTS AND

DEFINITIONS

CHAPTER
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2.1 Surv

This survey was conducted simultaneously with the LFS using the same methodology and techniques 

as of the 2006/07 “Labour Force Survey and Supplementary Child labour Survey” (LFS+CLS).The sampling 

frame was drawn from total households of Mongolia taken from 2010 end year population and housing 

annual records and reports.

The survey was designed at the household level and covered children aged 5-17 years. Homeless 

children and children who live in prisons, orphanages, or special care facilities were not included in the 

survey. 

2.2 Sur

The survey sampling unit was a household. The household is defined as a person or a group of people 

who usually live together and have common arrangements for food and shelter, such as using a common 

kitchen or a common food budget. Persons absent from the household for more than 6 months (military 

servants, students, those living abroad and prisoners) were excluded from the household membership 

count. 

The same general techniques of the 2006/07 LFS+CLS were applied for the present CLS. In order 

to increase the probabilities of child labour coverage, sampling sub grouping was conducted. Sampling 

stratification of the current survey was done based on administrative units or all aimags and Ulaanbaatar

City Districts. This enables determination of key labour statistics indicators by aimags and districts for policy 

makers. In the survey, 21 strata’s were made on a single-grouping for each aimag, 8 strata’s for 9 districts 

of Ulaanbaatar City (two districts with smallest number of households were combined), for a total of 29

strata’s identified. Khesegs of khoroo and bags of aimags were selected as the first stage sampling units 

(FSUs). For the current survey, a total of 1,068 FSUs or 432 khesegs from Ulaanbaatar City and 636 ba

from aimags were identified as FSUs (See Table 2.1). For the purposes of improving the sampling coverage

and representativeness, as well as to limit potential sampling errors, 12 households were selected from each 

from FSU.
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2.3 Survey questionn

The previous 2006/07 LFS+CLS was conducted based on a questionnaire with 159 questions, which 

was divided into 7 topics. The current survey questionnaire was strengthened by 2 new sections and 

24 questions, and consisted of a total of 9 sections and 183 questions. The new sections and updated 

questions were related to the collection of data on population education, specifically, reasons for school 

drop outs, data on children engaged in hazardous work and workplace conditions, etc. A new section of 

data on household members engaged in activities with no pay during the reference week was also included 

in the survey questionnaire. 

Following the survey goals and objectives, as well as the scope and use of the concepts of current and 

usual economic activity, the questionnaire was designed to collect and analyze the following data: 

1. Socio-economic characteristics of households (housing types, heating, ownership, energy sources, 

water supply, durable goods, private livestock, land, monthly average income, etc.)

2. Demographic characteristics (relation to a head of the household, gender, date of birth, any disability, 

if so, reasons of disabilities, marital status, etc.).

3. Indicators related to education and training (education level, school attendance, reasons of non 

schooling and school drop outs, literacy, profession, attendance of training for new skills and 

professions, if so by types of training).

4. Current economic activity or employment during the last week (economic activities, hours spent for 

work, economic activity and in-activity, primary and secondary occupation, economic sector, entity 

type, employment status, occupation classification, pay frequency from primary job, wages, earnings, 

Table 2.1 First-stage sampling units and number of households selected from each sampling unit of Labour Force Survey 

Strata 

number Name of strata Total population Number of primary sampling units

Number of selected households

Total In a Quarter In a Mont

1 Arkhangai 89282 36 432 108 36

2 Bayan-Olgii 93931 36 432 108 3

3 Bayankhongor 82205 36 432 108 3

4 Bulgan 57874 24 288 72 2

5 Govi-Altai 55378 24 288 72 24

6 Dornogovi 55638 24 288 72 24

7 Dornod 74514 32 384 96 32

8 Dundgovi 47959 20 240 60 20

9 Zavkhan 76614 32 384 96 3

10 Ovorkhangai 110440 40 480 120 40

11 Omnogovi 47784 20 240 60 20

12 Sukhbaatar 53785 24 288 72 24

13 Selenge 94590 36 432 108 36

14 Tov 88889 32 384 96 32

15 Uvs 77184 32 384 96 3

16 Khovd 85897 36 432 108 36

17 Khovsgol 124036 48 576 144 48

18 Khentii 67770 24 288 72 24

19 Darkhan-Uul 91093 36 432 108 3

20 Orkhon 89875 36 432 108 36

21 Govisumber 13315 8 96 24 8

Aimags Total 1578053 636 7632 1908 636

22 Khan-Uul 98815 36 432 108 3

23 Baganuur Bagakhangai 29619 12 144 36 

24 Bayanzurkh 235192 96 1152 288 9

25 Nalaikh 29115 12 144 36 12

26 Bayangol 169278 72 864 216 7

27 Sukhbaatar 133108 48 576 144 48

28 Chingeltei 140019 60 720 180 60

29 Songinokhairkhan 232326 96 1152 288 96

Ulaanbaatar City Total 1067472 432 5184 1296 432

National Total 2645525 1068 12816 3204 1068
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income, types of contract, whether the organization or employer provides subsidies, allowances and 

incentives, etc.).

5. Willingness of and opportunities for being engaged in additional work (willingness to perform 

additional work, available opportunities, if no opportunities, what are the main reasons and ways of 

seeking additional work, no interest in seeking additional work, etc.).

6. Unemployment (availability of jobs, reasons for being economically in-active, searching for a jo

during the last 30 days, methods of job search, job preference, expected wages and earnings [daily 

and monthly], registration with labour and welfare services, etc.).

7. Usual economic activity status (economic activity status during last 12 months or usual activity

primary and secondary employment engaged in during the last 12 month period, employment status, 

occupation, economic sectors, entity types, duration of being unemployed, methods of job search, 

earnings and wages earned from primary and secondary job engaged in during the last 12 month 

period).

8. Previous employment (previous employment, occupation, employment status, engaged in economic 

activity, entity types, duration of last job, reasons of leaving the last job, means of living during the 

unemployed period, etc.).

9. Unpaid services of household members (non-economic activity or activities engaged in during th

reference week with no pay, hours spent for this work, etc.).

10. Work of children aged 5-17 years (child school attainment, reasons for school drop outs, whether to 

help with household business, if so, start age of being engaged in this work, reasons of becoming a 

helper, engaged in any work outside of household, if so, start age of being engaged in work outside of 

household, reasons for work outside of household, whether work is full time or part time, satisfaction 

with work place, reason for dissatisfaction of workplace, whether the work imposes physiological or 

psychological pressure, whether heavy or hazardous conditions are present at the work place, whether 

the child works at night or late hours, frequency of work, whether the child became ill because of his 

work, disease and injury types, who paid the cost of illness and injury treatment, for what the child 

spend his or her earnings, whether child has free time every day, etc.).

The minimum age for a household member to be surveyed was set at 5 years of age, in accordance 

with the internationally accepted standards. During the questionnaire design, comments of the Ministry 

of Social Welfare and Labour (former), National Center for Children, and ILO/IPEC were collected and 

integrated into the final draft of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was piloted in the field prior to its 

finalization. The survey questionnaire was approved by the Order No 01/84 of Chairman of NSO in 2011. 

The questionnaire is attached to this report.

The trainings for senior interviewers and interviewers were conducted twice. The first training was 

held during 15-16 June 2011. Since 2012, the NSO has introduced a new system of establishing survey teams 

in all aimags and in the capital, who have the responsibility to conduct data collection of sample surveys. In 

connection with the new system, the second training was conducted during 24-27 December 2011 for senior 

interviewers and interviewers. Although all senior interviewers of Labour Force Survey remained the same, 

most of the other interviewers were frequently changed. Therefore, from the beginning of the survey year, 

the NSO conducted close monitoring and provided instructions specifically for three aimags (Bulgan, GoviAltai, Selenge) and Ulaanbaatar City

During the data collection period, enumerators visited selected households and interviewed each 

eligible member who was over 5 years of age. In case of absence of household members during the 

interview period, enumerators needed to revisit the households 2-3 times to ensure full coverage of 

selected households. The supervisors frequently monitored whether all selected households participated in 

the survey. The monitoring and inspection team was established, and consisted of the survey lead team 

members and NSO management. The team frequently visited the survey field and provided necessary 

instructions and recommendations on proper and due implementation of the survey. 

Survey data was collected during the pre-designed periods: the first quarterly round (July-September 

2011), the second quarterly round (October-December 2011), the third quarterly round (January-March 

2012), and the fourth quarterly round (April-June 2012).

2.4 Dat

Data processing of the survey was organized in two stages. The survey questionnaire, data entry, 

editing and validation, processing, and cross tabulations were conducted centrally at the NSO. Editing, 
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checking, coding of collected data, entry of the collected data into the computer and transmission of 

collected data to the central office was conducted by the LFS statistical team at the aimag and city 

statistical divisions. 

Survey data entry, editing and validation, and consistency checks were conducted with the CSPro3.1 

package designed for censuses and surveys, while the actual data processing and production of final 

tables were conducted using the SPSS13.0 package. Upon completion of data processing, the survey team

conducted the statistical analysis of selected indicators, the results were checked, and all discovered errors 

were corrected. The survey team then prepared summary tables of the findings to be used in the report. 

2.5 Co

This section explains certain concepts and definitions used in the survey that were developed in line 

with the ”Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force”, which was 

approved in June 2009 by the Joint Order of the Chairman of NSO and Minister of Social Welfare and 

labour (former).These concepts are internationally accepted and include commonly used standards and 

definitions recommended by UN and ILO, which in turn enable the survey to be comparable with other NSO

surveys as well as with similar studies conducted by other countries. 

Child

A child is defined as an individual under the age of 18 years based on the ILO Convention on the Worst 

Forms of Child Labour, 1999 (No 182) and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. As it is commonl

accepted that a child under 5 years of age is too young to be engaged in work or to start schooling, it 

therefore considers only children aged 5-17 years for the purpose of NCLS. 

Age

Age is measured as the number of completed years at the child’s last birthday. Year, month, day of 

birth is used for the estimation of completed years. Therefore, it is estimated backwards from the date of 

survey. 

Age groups of children

Age groups of children for estimates used are 5-9, 10-11, 12-14 and 15-17. However, in accordance 

with the “Labour Law” of Mongolia, age groups of children for child labour estimates used are 5-14, 15 

and 16-17.

Household

The household is defined as a person or a group of people who usually live together and have a 

common arrangement for food such as, using a common kitchen or a common food budget. These people 

may be related to each other or may be non-relatives, including domestic workers and other employees 

staying with the employer. 

Head of household

The head of household is an adult member of the household who is accepted and recognized by other 

household members as a head. Where there is more than one household in a housing unit, each household 

should have its own head. 

Survey year (reference year)

The survey year was defined based on the data collection period from July 2011 to June 2012. 

Economic activity

Economic activity covers production and services for market and personal consumption. A system 

of national accounts covers all market production and certain types of non-market production, including 

production and processing of primary production for personal consumption, family business, personal 

account construction, and other production of fixed assets for personal use. Such activities may be paid 

or unpaid, and could occur within the formal or informal sectors. For example, people engaged in unpaid 

business activities of the household are considered as working in an economic activity. 

Non-economic activity

Unpaid activities of a domestic nature, for example, caring for children and elders, house cleaning,

cooking, etc., are considered as non-economic activities. These include:

•	 House cleaning, sewing and knitting clothing and other items

•	 Washing, laundering, ironing, maintaining dwellings and small repairs
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•	 Preparing and serving meals for the household, cleaning utensils

•	 Caring for siblings 

•	 Car for elders and sick persons

•	 Shopping for household consumption

Employed

Persons who are engaged in economic activity for pay (wages or salary) or profit, or as unpaid 

family worker in family business or farming, for at least one hour during the reference week and have an 

employment status. 

Child labour

Child labour includes all children involved in economic activities for children between 5-11 years old, 

children between 12-14 years and engaged in light work for more than 14 hours a week, and children 

between15-17 years old working for more than 43 hours a week.

Employment status

Status in employment refers to the status of an economically active person with respect to his or her 

employment, that is to say, the type of authority, duties and responsibilities related to their contact of 

employment with other persons or organizations within the person’s place of work. 

Paid employees

Refers to all person who furnish the supply of labour for production of goods and services for pay

during the specified period under employment and services contract or under oral agreement or bilateral 

agreement with an employer, whose labour relations are regulated by the Labour Law of Mongolia, Civil 

Code and other related legal acts, who receives payment in cash or in kind as return to his provision of 

services or production for an employer.

Employer

A person or entity who work on their own account in their own business for the purpose of earning 

a profit, and who employ one or more persons to work for him/her with pay on a continuous basis under 

an employment contract or other agreements.

Self employed

Persons who work on their account and operate their own business independently or cooperating with 

others using their own equipment, tools and other materials for the purpose of earning profit, and who 

employ no other persons on a continuous basis (only on short term basis). 

Member of producers’ cooperative

Persons with in producers cooperative who contribute their own assets or labour for the act of 

cooperatively producing goods and services. Each member takes equal part in determining the organization 

of production, sales and/or other work for the establishment, including the investments and the distribution 

of the proceeds of the establishment amongst members. 

Employed in animal husbandry

Persons who are employed in animal husbandry all around year, and get their means of subsistence 

from the income derived from animal or livestock products and raw materials.

Unpaid family workers 

Family members who are living together or separately and engaged without pay in household economic 

activities, production and services (apart from animal husbandry) to meet their personal needs. 

Persons not classifiable by status

Persons for whom insufficient relevant information is available, and/or who cannot be included in 

any of the preceding categories.

Children engaged in economic activities outside of their households

Children who work for pay and income outside of their households for more than one hour and 

children aged 5-17 years included in all above categories except those who work for their household’s 

business with no pay. 

Unemployed person

Refers to a working age person, who is available and capable of furnishing supply of labour for the

production of goods and services and is not working, but actively seeking a job. 
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a). “not employed” refers to persons who did not work for pay or under an employment contract, 

did not earn income from self-employed work or services during the reference week, as stated in 

the Labour Law or Claus 359 of the Civil Code. 

b). “available for work” refers to persons who were available for paid work and did not refuse to 

sign an employment contract or a work agreement as stipulated in the Labour law or Claus 359 

of the Civil Code. 

c). “actively seeks work” refers to person who is actively looking for a job by registering with 

government or private employment offices, have received information about vacancies at least 

once, or applied at least once to a job vacancies provider or via internet pages, placing job seeking 

advertisements in posters and/or mass media. 

Usual and reference period 

In this survey, the “reference period” and “usual period” were used. “Reference period” refers to the

last week of the survey period, and “usual period” refers to a 12 month period prior to the survey reference 

period. 

Economically active population (labour force) 

Economically active population comprises all persons available to furnish the supply of labour for the 

production of goods and services during a specified time-reference period, where goods and services are 

defined in accordance with the United Nations Systems of National Accounts (SNA). The economically

active population (labour force) may be classified as “usually active” or “ currently active” depending on the 

specified time-reference period. The economically active population (labour force) is the total of employed 

and unemployed persons. 

Economically usually active population 

Economically usually active population refers to the working age population who are unemployed or 

employed in economic activities during a long reference period or a 12 month period. 

Economically currently active population 

Economically currently active population comprises the working age population who are unemployed 

or employed by their primary activity for the reference week. 

Economically inactive population 

Economically inactive population comprises all the persons of working age who are not included in the 

economically active population and all the persons below and above the specified age. Economically inactive 

population also comprises the working age persons who retired early due to their working conditions and 

professional specifics, persons who partially or completely lost their work abilities for a period of 6 months 

or more, those of working age but full time attendants of educational institutions, those who do not work 

with valid or non valid reasons and the persons who have not yet reached working age. Economically inactive 

population (not in the labour force) is classified as “usually inactive” or “currently inactive” depending upon 

the specified time-reference period.

Economically usually inactive population 

Economically usually inactive population refers to all persons who are not included in the economically 

active population (employed and unemployed) in terms of engagement in the primary economic activities 

in relation to a long reference period or 12 months. For example, full-time students, pupils, engaged in 

family duties, and retired persons. 

Economically currently inactive population 

Economically currently inactive population comprises all persons who are neither employed nor 

unemployed during the reference week due to the reasons of full time attendance in educational institutions; 

engagement in family duties; retirement or old age; or other reasons such as infirmity or disablement, 

which may be specified. 

Economic sectors 

Economic sectors are defined as the main types of production and services delivered by enterprises 

and entities and follow the International Standard Classification, “Classification of all types of economic 

activities.”
26

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National Statistical office of Mongolia

Occupation 

Occupation refers to the type of work, profession or trade performed by the individual during the 

reference period for pay (wages or salaries) and profit. If the person is unemployed, occupation refers to 

the kind of work that the person will be doing when they report for work. 

Primary activity 

Primary activity refers to the job the person devotes most of his working time to if that person has 

two or more jobs. 

Primary occupation 

If a person is engaged during the reference period (last week or last 12 months) in more than one job, 

either in wage or self-employment, the primary occupation is defined by social and legal aspects, wage and 

working hours of the employment. If a person is engaged in one specific job during the reference period, 

it is considered as the primary occupation. 

Secondary occupation 

If a person is engaged during the reference period (last week or last 12 months) in more than one job, 

either in wage or self-employment, the secondary occupation is defined by social and legal aspects, wage 

and working hours of the employment other than the primary occupation. 

Earnings (wages and salaries)

Earnings relate to remuneration in cash and in kind for time worked, incentives, tea fee, and share 

from profit, pay for overtime, and pay from employers for food and housing, etc. 

Literacy 

Literacy is the ability to read and write (any language and dialect) with understanding a short, 

simple statement on his/her everyday life, and the maintenance of this ability for a certain time period. A 

person is considered illiterate if they are only able to read his/her own name, cannot read and write with 

understanding a short simple statement, or can read, but not write, and vice versa.

Student 

A person engaged in studies as the main activity is considered to be a student. The person may be 

attending school or some other educational institution, or may be studying as an independent student.

The Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL)

•	 All forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as sale and trafficking of children,

debt bondage, and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory 

recruitment of children for use in armed conflict; 

•	 The use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or

pornographic performance; 

•	 The use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, particularly for the production and

trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties; and

•	 Work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the

health, safety or morals of children. 

Hazardous work 

Hazardous work by children is any activity or occupation (hazardous sector and occupation) which, 

by its nature or type has, or leads to, adverse effects on the child’s health, safety and moral development. 

Working for long hours and at night is considered to be hazardous work. 

The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed

The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed was approved by Joint Order 

No 107 of the Minister of Social Welfare and Labour in 2008. The list consists of the following five main 

sections: 

1. Jobs and occupations dangerous to children’s health, life, morality, security and development

2. Jobs and occupations prohibited due to workplace conditions

3. Jobs and occupations prohibited due to industrial hazards

4. Other prohibited occupations

5. Jobs and occupations prohibited due to sectoral specialty
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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III

DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSEHOLD

CHARACTERISTI

CHAPTER
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 3.1.Number of households of which members were absent for 6 months or more, by urban/rural location and region

Urban and rural/ 

region

Number of 

households

Number of 

household 

members

Number of persons 

outside households

Of whom:

Studying Working Other

Urban 51913 165251 81704 41329 26365 1401

Rural 67654 227228 120838 88323 23224 929

 Central 24445 77072 40974 28614 8375 3985

 Eastern 8982 35467 14148 10563 2313 1272

 Western 26816 102040 47725 34938 7848 4939

 Khangai 36130 109575 61541 44252 13742 3547

 Ulaanbaatar 23194 68325 38154 11285 17310 955

Total 119567 392479 202542 129652 49588 23302

3.1. In

This chapter introduces the main findings from the LFS+CLS survey during the 4 rounds of quarterly 

data collection (started in July 2011 and completed in June 2012), which covered 1,068 sampling units and 

12,816 sample households. According to the sample design, 12 households were selected from each unit, 

which resulted in 12,816 sample households. The survey coverage rate was 100.0 percent. 

The current CLS is the third sample survey conducted in line with the ILO standard definitions, concepts and methodology. The NSO processed the data on a quarterly and annual basis. The report contains 

data and findings derived from the data from four quarterly rounds, and the tables that follow present 

summarized results. 

3.2. Demo

The 2011/12 LFS+CLS obtained information on main demographic characteristics such as population 

number, age and sex distribution, educational level, school attendance, the reasons for school dropouts, 

and the number of household members by urban and rural areas and by regions. Since the sample size was 

sufficient, the main output tables were produced by four regions, aimags and by the capital on a quarterly 

basis.

3.3. Poput

The survey covers neither the individuals living in various institutions, nor people absent for 6 months 

or more. Table 3.1 presents the household members who were absent for 6 months or more by urban/rural 

locations and regions.

The number of household members who were away from home for 6 months or more consists of 7.6 

percent of the total population (202,542 out of 2,666,550). Of these individuals, 30.4 percent belonged to 

the Khangai region, 23.6 percent to the Western region, 20.2 percent to the Central region, 7.0 percent to 

the Eastern region, and 18.8 percent belongs to the capital. Out of individuals who were away from their 

homes for 6 months or more, 64.0 percent or 129,652 persons were attending school or training, and 24. 

5 percent or 49,588 individuals left their home in search of employment
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Out of the total population, 38.1 percent belong to Ulaanbaatar City; 21.1 percent reside in the Khangai

region; 16.4 percent live in the Central region, 16.3 percent in the Western region and 8.1 percent in the 

Eastern region.

3.4. Poati

Figure 3.1 illustrates age structure of population based on Population and Housing census and LFS`

Figure 3.1. Population age structure, by Population and Housing Census and Labour Force Surveys

Population age structure is based on the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC), LFS+CLS 2002/03, 

2006/07 and 2011/12 series. According to the 2010 PHC, out of the total population, 69.0 percent are aged 

15-64 years, and only 3.7 percent are persons aged 65 and above years. However, the LFS shows that out 

of the total population, 67.9 percent are aged 15-64 years, and 4.1 percent are persons aged 65 and above. 

Table 3.2. Total households and population, by urban/rural location, region and gender

Location/Regio

Households Average 

household size

Population

Total Sex, %

Number % Male Female

Urban 418775 59.3 3.5 1454932 48.2 51.

Rural 286843 40.7 3.5 1009076 50.4 49.

Central 121036 17.2 3.3 404025 50.1 49.9

Eastern 55657 7.9 3.6 200211 48.8 51.2

Western 99431 14.1 4.0 400982 51.0 49.0

Khangai 158368 22.4 3.3 520416 48.7 51.3

Ulaanbaatar 271126 38.4 3.5 938374 48.2 51.

Total 705618 100.0 3.5 2464008 49.1 50.9

It should be noted that individuals located in institutions, such as military camps, prisons, school dormitories, hospitals and care facilities were not included in the surveyed population. Table 3.2 shows total 

households and population by urban/rural location and region. Approximately 59.3 percent of all households or 59.0 percent of the total population resided in urban settlements.

80.0

40.0

0.0

2010 ÕÀÎÑÒ

0-14 15-64 65+

27.3

69.0

3.7

30.9

65.3

3.8

27.8

68.4

3.8

28.0

4.1

67.9

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012
30

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 3.3. Percentage demographic dependency, by urban/rural location and region

Demographic dependency Total Urban Rural Central East Western Khanga

Young aged (0-14) 41.2 38.2 45.7 42.3 44.1 50.9 41.0 36.4

Old age (65+) 6.0 6.2 5.7 6.7 6.3 4.2 6.0 6.3

National average 47.2 44.4 51.4 49.0 50.4 55.1 47.0 42.7

Similar to the previous section, the dependency ratio is quite low due to the exclusion of persons 

residing away from home for 6 months or more for educational and employment purposes. 

3.6. Hous

Table 3.4 shows the household size by urban/rural location and region. The household size is underestimated because the population number excludes people absent for 6 months or more. Out of total 

households, 10.4 percent are single-member units. However, 3.1 percent of the households are households 

with 7 or more members. These multiple-member households are dominant in the Western region and 

consist of 7.5 percent of total households within the region. Their average household size is 4.0. 

Table 3.4. Percentage share of households, by size, urban/rural location and region 

Household size National 

total Urban Rural Central East Western Khangai U

1 10.4 10.5 10.2 11.5 9.7 6.7 11.1 11.0

2 17.1 16.6 18.0 19.0 14.5 12.8 20.2 16.7

3 23.7 24.8 22.2 24.5 22.8 18.9 25.2 24.5

4 24.9 25.7 23.7 24.0 25.0 24.5 24.7 25.6

5 14.4 13.5 15.8 14.2 19.6 18.3 12.5 13.2

6 6.4 5.7 6.9 4.9 5.7 11.3 4.7 5.8

7 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.3 1.6 4.7 1.1 1.8

8+ 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.1 2.8 0.5 1.4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Average household size 

excluding temporary absent 

members

3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.3 3.5

3.7. Fe

The survey results demonstrate that 21.3 percent of the households are female headed, with 24.7 

percent in the urban area and 16.4 percent in the rural areas. The percentage share of female-headed 

households to the total is shown in Table 3.5 by their size, rural and urban location. Usually, female-headed

households are families with a few members. As the size of household increases, the share of households 

with a female head decreases. For instance, out of total single-member households, 46.8 percent are 

female headed and 54.3 percent for households with 2-3 members, then it decreases to 35.7 percent for 

households with 4-6 members and 31.7 percent for households with 7 or more members.

 

3.5. Dem

The demographic dependency ratio is estimated by dividing the sum of the population below the 

age of15 and the population aged 65 and above to the total population between the ages of 15-64. For 

Mongolia, the demographic dependency ratio is 47.2 percent. From Table 3.3 on demographic dependency 

by urban/rural location and region, it is evident that the dependency ratio is lower in Ulaanbaatar City and

urban settlements, is similar to the national average in the Khangai and Central regions, and is higher than 

the national average rural areas. The demographic dependency ratio is highest in Western region by almost 

eight percent, demonstrating that there are many people who are ineligible for work due to young age or 

old age in this region. 
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Table 3.5 Share of female-headed households, by size and urban/rural location

Household members Female headed households

Total Urban Rura

1 46.8 46.0 48.1

2 33.9 39.2 26.8

3 20.4 24.7 13.4

4 11.6 14.2 7.5

5 11.0 13.6 7.8

6 13.1 18.7 6.3

7 13.0 19.7 4.2

8+ 18.7 23.1 11.0

National average 21.3 24.7 16.4

3.8. Ed

The survey collected information about the educational level, school attendance, the reasons for 

school drop outs and literacy among the population. The educational level of the population age 15and 

above is shown in Table 3.8. Out of total population, 1.1 percent possessed a master›s degree; 18.8 percent 

possessed a bachelor’s degree; 6.4 percent possessed university or special technical education diploma; 6.7 

percent were with primary vocational education; 31.6 percent were with complete secondary education; 

22.0 percent were with partial secondary education; 7.0 percent were with primary education, and 6.4 

percent were with no education. The data demonstrate that there is a broad similarity in educational 

attainments of females and males in both rural and urban areas, with marginally higher level of education, 

for instance, above university diploma and special technical education level, for females as compared 

to males. Table 3.6 shows that 7.5 percent of males and 5.5 percent of females have no education, 7.0 

percent of males and 6.9 percent of females have primary education only. The respective percentages for 

rural area, 10.3 percent of females and 14.4 percent of males have no education; 11.3 percent of females 

and 11.7 percent of males have primary education only. In urban settlements, 24.6 percent of males and 

29.5 percent of females possess bachelor or master’s degrees, while for rural areas; this rate is 7.0 percent 

for males and 11.0 percent for females. Overall, the educational level is lower in rural areas compared to 

the urban settlements.

Table 3.6. Educational level of population aged 15, and above, by sex and urban/rural location, in percentages

Education level Total Urban Rura

Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

No education 6.4 7.5 5.5 2.7 2.5 14.4 10.3

Primary 7.0 7.0 6.9 3.7 4.2 11.7 11.3

Incomplete secondary 22.0 23.9 20.2 16.0 13.5 35.4 30.7

Complete secondary 31.6 32.5 30.7 39.8 34.5 21.9 24.6

Primary vocational 6.7 7.0 6.4 7.5 6.9 6.3 5.6

Higher education with Diploma, 

vocational or professional middle 6.4 4.7 8.0 5.7 8.9 3.3 6.4

Higher/bachelor 18.8 16.4 21.1 23.1 27.5 6.8 10.8

Masters degree and above 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.5 2.0 0.2 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Population aged 15 and above 1774329 853347 920983 505041 564795 348306 356188
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National Statistical office of Mongolia

3.9 Scl t

According to the survey results, out of the population aged 6-18 years, 96.0 percent attend school, 

of whom 94.6 percent are males and 97.4 percent are females. Table 3.7 shows that the late enrollment 

of children into school affects the overall enrollment level. In both urban and rural areas, school enrollment 

for girls is higher compared to the boys. In urban settlements, school attendance rate for both sexes was 

similar, though it changes from age 13 with male enrollment faltering in relation to that of female. 

Table 3.7. School enrollment of children aged 6-18 years, by urban/rural location and gender

Complete age

National Urban Rur

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

% % % % % % % % %

6 81.6 78.3 85.0 83.4 80.4 86.4 79.3 75.6 83.1

7 98.2 98.7 97.5 98.8 98.6 98.9 97.4 98.8 95.7

8 98.9 97.7 100.0 99.2 98.4 100.0 98.4 97.1 100.0

9 99.1 98.8 99.3 99.8 100.0 99.6 98.2 97.3 98.9

10 99.2 98.6 100.0 99.3 98.7 100.0 99.1 98.4 100.0

11 98.1 97.7 98.6 99.3 99.3 99.4 96.8 96.0 97.6

12 99.0 98.5 99.4 99.8 100.0 99.7 98.1 97.0 99.1

13 97.2 95.6 98.8 99.7 99.5 100.0 94.4 91.3 97.7

14 97.4 96.0 98.9 98.6 97.6 99.7 96.0 94.5 98.0

15 95.9 93.2 98.4 98.1 97.5 98.6 93.4 88.8 98.2

16 95.4 93.7 97.0 97.7 97.0 98.5 92.4 89.3 95.3

17 93.3 90.1 96.6 97.2 95.9 98.3 88.5 83.7 94.4

18 94.5 93.1 96.1 98.3 98.6 98.0 88.9 85.8 92.9

School enrollment rate 

of children aged 6-18 

years 

96.0 94.6 97.4 97.7 97.1 98.3 94.0 91.8 96.4

Number of children 

enrolled in school 561015 282807 278209 155056 156604 311660 127750 121605 249355

Number of children 

aged 6-18 years 584169 297911 286258 160247 161752 321999 137664 124506 262169
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Figure 3.2 School dropout, non-attendance and their reasons

to help in animal husbandry

24.8%

Other 9.6%

Pre-school age 23.5%

Disabled 10.5% Weak peformance at school, 

not interested in schooling 

10.0%

Parents decided not to send 

child to school 9.6%

to help in household duties 

8.3%

sick 3.7%

The main reasons for school dropouts were various. For instance, 3.7 percent of children reported to 

be sick, 8.3 percent wanted to help in their household duties, 9.6 percent reported that parents decided not 

to send a child to school any longer, 10.0 percent reported that they performed weakly at school and were 

not interested in schooling, 10.5 percent were disabled; 23.5 percent were pre-school age, 24.8 percent 

wanted to help in animal husbandry, and 9.6 percent stated other reasons. 

3.10 Li

In this survey, literacy was defined as the ability to read and write with understanding a simple 

statement. A person is considered literate if he or she can both read and write a simple message. In 

contrast, if a person can only read own name or identify a simple figure, s/he is considered to be illiterate. 

The adult literacy rate is calculated as the ratio between persons who can read and write a simple statement 

to the population aged 15 and above. The 2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia estimated the 

adult literacy rate as 98.3 percent, and this survey identified literacy rate as the same. 

Table 3.8 shows that in the rural area, the literacy rate is 97.4 percent, while in urban area; this rate 

is higher by 1.5 percentage points or 98.9 percent.

Table 3.8. Percentage adult literacy rate by urban/rural location, region and gender

Urban, rural / region Total Male Femal

Urban 98.9 99.0 98.

Rural 97.4 97.5 97.

 Central 98.3 98.4 98.2

 East 97.1 97.0 97.2

 Western 97.2 97.6 96.7

 Khangai 98.0 98.0 98.0

 Ulaanbaatar 99.2 99.2 99.

National total 98.3 98.4 98.2
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

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Table 3.9. Adult literacy rate, by age and gender distribution and urban/rural location, in percentages

Age groups

National total Urban Rur

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

15 – 24 98.5 98.3 98.7 99.2 99.0 99.4 97.4 97.3 97.5

25 – 34 98.0 97.7 98.3 98.6 98.5 98.8 97.0 96.4 97.6

35 – 44 99.1 98.9 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.6 98.6 98.3 98.8

45 – 54 99.0 99.0 98.9 99.6 99.7 99.5 98.1 98.1 98.1

55 – 64 98.7 98.6 98.7 98.9 99.4 98.6 98.2 97.5 98.8

65+ 93.0 96.8 90.2 94.3 97.0 92.3 90.9 96.5 86.7

Total 98.3 98.4 98.2 98.9 99.0 98.8 97.4 97.5 97.4

Table 3.9 shows that the literacy rate among the male and female population below 64 years old is 

above 98 percent. 
35

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

IV

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS O

WORKING CHILDREN, THEIR HOUSEHOLD

AND SCHOOL ATTAINMENT

CHAPTER
36

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

4.1 In

The current NCLS aimed to analyze the participation of children aged 5-17 years in economic and non 

economic activities. This chapter analyzes the data on children aged 5-17 years, such as their age and sex 

distribution, urban and rural location, education level, school attendance, reasons for school drop outs, 

socio-economic characteristics and those of their households, availability of free time, etc. 

4.2 Numerof childreged 5

by

The survey results demonstrate that out of a total of 2.6 million individuals in the country, 34.1 

percent or 840,896 are children between 0-17 years. Of these children, 432,292 are boys, 408,604 are 

girls; the boys to girls sex ratio is 105.8, which is higher by 9.3 percentage points than that for the national 

population average of 96.5 male to female sex ratio. Out of children aged 0-17 years, 56.4 percent or 

468,054 lived in urban settlements, and 44.3 percent or 372,842 lived in rural areas. 

Table 4.1 Age and gender distribution of children, by urban/rural location and age groups

Age groups 

Total Urban Rur

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total 

population 2 464 008 1 210 117 1 253 891 1 454 932 701 088 753 844 1 009 076 509 029 500 047

Children aged 

0-17 years 840 896 432 292 408 604 468 054 236 527 231 527 372 842 195 765 177 077

0 – 4 251 820 131 614 120 206 147 157 76 017 71 140 104 663 55 597 49 066

5 – 9 201 840 102 276 99 564 111 954 55 416 56 538 89 886 46 860 43 026

10 – 11 91 630 48 058 43 572 51 112 26 190 24 922 40 518 21 868 18 650

12 – 14 144 390 74 823 69 567 74 875 38 425 36 450 69 515 36 398 33 117

15 – 17 151 216 75 521 75 695 82 956 40 479 42 477 68 260 35 042 33 218

Children aged 

5 - 17 years 589 076 300 678 288 398 320 897 160 510 160 387 268 179 140 168 128 011

Moreover, the age distribution data show that out of children aged 0-17, 70.1 percent or 589,076 

were of age 5-17, of which, 51.0 percent or 300,678 were boys, 49.0 percent or 288,398 were girls. Out 

of children aged 5-17 years, 54.5 percent or 320,897 lived in urban settlements, 45.5 percent or 268,179 

lived in rural areas. 

Table 4.2 Age and gender distribution of children aged 5-17 years, by urban/rural location, by percentages

Age groups 

Total Urban Rur

Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

Total population 2 464 008 1 210 117 1 253 891 1 454 932 701 088 753 844 1 009 076 509 029 500 047 

Children aged 

5-17 years 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 – 9 34.3 34.0 34.5 34.9 34.5 35.3 33.5 33.4 33.6

10 – 11 15.5 16.0 15.1 15.9 16.3 15.5 15.1 15.6 14.6

12 – 14 24.5 24.9 24.1 23.3 24.0 22.7 25.9 26.0 25.9

15 – 17 25.7 25.1 26.3 25.9 25.2 26.5 25.5 25.0 25.9

The age groups’ data shows that out of children aged 5-17 years, 34.3 percent or 201,840 were 

children of age group 5-9, 15.5 percent or 91,630 were children age group 10-11, 24.5 percent or 144,390 

were children age group 12-14, 25.7 percent or 151,216 were children age group of 15-17, respectively (See 

Table 4.2). 

The survey collected data on children aged 5-17 years who are living away from households for 6 

months or more, and their reasons for living outside of the household. Out of total survey population of 

589,076 children, 55,448 lived away from the household, which constitutes 9.4 percent.
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4.3 Number of children aged 5-17 years who are living away from their households and the reasons of their 

absence, by urban/rural location

Reasons Total

Of whom:

Urban Rur

Total 55 448 11 465 43 983

Studying 45 362 5 079 40 283

Working 3 437 1 304 2 133

Other 6 649 5 082 1 567

Percentage in total (urban and rural)

Studying 100.0 11.2 88.8

Working 100.0 37.9 62.1

Other 100.0 76.4 23.6

Total 100.0 20.7 79.3

Percentage in total

Studying 81.8 44.3 91.6

Working 6.2 11.4 4.8

Other 12.0 44.3 3.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 4.3 shows that the majority, or 79.3 percent, of children living away from their households for 6 

months or more were residents of rural areas, and 91.6 percent left their families for educational purposes. 

The main reasons could be the lack of education institutions, isolation and quality of education in rural 

areas. The main reason of living away from home was similar for urban settlements, where 44.3 percent 

of children lived away from households for educational purposes. Out of urban children living away from 

the households, 11.4 percent were employed, while 44.3 percent were living away from home for other 

purposes. This indicator requires further in-depth analysis.

Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 1.7 percent or approximately 9,900 were children with disabilities, of whom 56.4 percent were boys, and 43.6 percent were girls. Out of all children with disabilities, 

67.0 percent were disabled from birth and 33.0 percent had acquired disabilities. Types of disability are 

shown in the below figure in accumulated numbers. One-third of children with disabilities were those with 

language, physical and mental disabilities. 

Figure 4.1 Children aged 5-17 years with disabilities, by types of disabilities

1424

1214

2841

Blindness or vision

impairment

Deaf/Hearing

disabilities

Speech and

language

disabilities

Physical

disability

Psychiatric

disabilities

Other type of 

disabilities

2845

3742

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

1028
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

4.3 Charctristicsof

Out of surveyed children aged 5-17, 16.5 percent or approximately 97,300 children live in femaleheaded households. In the Eastern region and Ulaanbaatar City, this ratio was higher with a range of 0.8

7.5 percentage points. Overall, the female-headed households’ ratio is quite different for urban and rural 

households (Figure 4.2). In urban settlements, one of every five households with children aged 5-17 years 

is headed by a female, while in rural areas; one of ten households is the female-headed unit.

Figure 4.2 Proportion of heads households, by sex and urban/rural location, in percentages

Urban Rur

Female headed 

household 20.6%

Female headed 

household - 11.7%

Male headed 

household - 79.4%

Male headed 

household - 88.3%

In terms of household distribution by its size, the majority, or 44.4 percent, lived in households with 

3-4 members and 43.0 percent live in households with 5-6 members. This pattern remains similar for both 

urban and rural areas.

In Ulaanbaatar City and the Khangai region, out of children aged 5-17 years, 3.9/4.6 percent live

in households with 1-3 members; 48.4/50.2 percent belong to households with 3-4 members; 4.8/5.9 

percent live in households with 7-8 members, and 0.2/2.0 percent belong to households with 9 and more 

members, respectively. This shows that, the majority of the small size households are located in Ulaanbaatar

City, and the Khangai region. 

Table 4.4 Children aged 5-17 years, by household heads and household size, in percentages

Location, region Total

Household head Household size

Male headed Female headed < 3 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 +

Urban 100.0 79.4 20.6 4.2 49.4 38.0 6.6 1.

Rural 100.0 88.3 11.7 2.5 38.4 49.0 8.6 1.

Regio

Western 100.0 91.0 9.0 1.4 28.6 50.1 16.2 3.7

Khangai 100.0 85.0 15.0 3.9 48.4 42.7 4.8 0.2

Central 100.0 84.3 15.7 3.9 48.5 42.3 4.8 0.5

Eastern 100.0 82.9 17.1 2.0 43.0 49.1 4.6 1.3

Ulaanbaatar 100.0 77.2 22.8 4.6 50.2 37.3 5.9 2.

Total 100.0 83.5 16.5 3.4 44.4 43.0 7.5 1.7

In the Western region, only 1.4 percent of children are living in smaller size households with 1-3 

members, but 3.7 percent live in larger households with 9 or more members- the highest percentage when 

compare to the regions. One-tenth of female households with children aged 5-17 live in urban settlements. 
39

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4.4.а Children aged 5-17 years, by household head and its size, urban/rural location and region, in percentages

Location, region Total

Household head Household size

Male headed Female headed < 3 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 +

Urban 54.5 51.8 67.8 66.2 60.6 48.1 48.1 59.

Rural 45.5 48.2 32.2 33.8 39.4 51.9 51.9 40.

Regio

Western 21.0 23.0 11.3 8.5 13.6 24.4 45.4 46.6

Khangai 21.8 22.2 19.8 24.8 23.8 21.7 13.8 2.5

Central 16.8 16.9 16.0 18.9 18.3 16.5 10.8 5.6

Eastern 8.5 8.4 8.8 5.0 8.2 9.7 5.2 6.4

Ulaanbaatar 31.9 29.5 44.1 42.8 36.1 27.7 24.8 38.

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

A majority, or 42.8 percent, of households with children aged 5-17 and with less than 3 members 

reside in Ulaanbaatar City. A much smaller percentage (8.5 percent) of households with less than 3

members is found in the Western region. Of households with 9 or more members, more than half (46.6 

percent) are located in the Western region. 

4.4 Tyand conditi

Out of all children aged 5-17, 45.7 percent or approximately 268,900 lived in a ger; 33.8 percent 

or 199,200 lived in a single family house, and 17.5 percent or 102,900 lived in apartments. In terms of 

ownership of houses, 93.9 percent or 553,100 lived in own houses, 2.8 percent or 16,400 lived in other’s 

houses with no rent fee, 2.6 percent or 15,400 lived in other’s houses with rent fee, and 0.7 percent or 

4,200 lived in houses owned by others.

Convenient single family house 1.9%

Single family house 33.8%

Apartment 17.5%

Staff dormitory 0.5%

Other public dwelling 0.6%

Ger 45.7%

Figure 4.4 Families with children aged 5-17 years, 

by ownership of houses

Other 0.7%

Own 93.9%

Others apartment with 

no rent fee 2.8%

Rented apartment 2.6

The below figures show the living conditions and provision of electricity, water and sanitation facilities 

of families with children aged 5-17 years. Out of all children aged 5-17 years, 97.9 percent live in houses 

with electricity facilities, of which 78.1 percent are connected to the centralized system.

Figure 4.3 Families with children aged 5-17 years, 

by type of dwelling 

Disel generation plans 1.3%

Central power system 78.1%

Renewable energy system 17.8

Central power system 2.8%

Figure 4.5 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by sources of electricity 
40

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Figure 4.6 Families with children aged 5-17 years, by sources of water supply

River, lake, un protected

spring and sources 24.5%

Transported water 13.9%

central izedpipeline 18.8

Water distribution point 

connected with centralized 

pipeline 3%

Protected well 33.2%

Protected spring and 

sources 1.0%

Purified and bottled 

drinking water 0.1%

Water distribution point not 

connected with centralized pipleline 

5.5%

In terms of households’ water supply, 33.2 percent of the households had access to protected wells; 

24.5 percent used water from rivers, lakes and unprotected wells and springs; and 13.9 percent had access 

to portable water sources. The key issue that deserves attention is the high percentage of households using 

water sources from lakes, rivers and unprotected wells and springs.

4.5 Scolattendace o

d

This section explains the survey findings regarding school or training attendance of children aged 5-17 

year during 2011-12 by type of educational institutions, grades, age group, and urban/rural location (Table 

4.5, 4.5a and 4.5b).

Table 4.5 Number of children aged 5-17 years and their school attendance, by age groups and gender

Age groups/ 

sex Total 

Children not 

studying in 

any school or 

training

Preschool/ 

kindergarden

Grades Informal 

schooling, 

training

Vocational 

primary 

school

Vocational 

technical 

schools, noncomplete high

High 

institutions Primary 

/1-5/

Middle

/6-9/

High 

/10-12/

Total 589 076 69 152 59 239 368 178 979 89 759 387 4 839 1 519 5 014

5 - 9 201 840 49 538 59 151 207 859 125 0 0 52 0

10 - 11 91 630 1 247 0 73 929 16 117 220 60 57 0 0

12 - 14 144 390 3 393 0 12 278 124 384 4 131 83 121 0 0

15 - 17 151 216 14 974 0 1 954 37 619 85 283 244 4 661 1 467 5 014

Boys 300 678 40 723 59 121 117 90 454 41 649 273 2 751 1 162 2 490

5 - 9 102 276 26 609 59 74 935 563 58 0 0 52 0

10 - 11 48 058 911 0 38 944 8 090 113 0 0 0 0

12 - 14 74 823 2 612 0 6 241 63 817 2 023 83 47 0 0

15 - 17 75 521 10 591 0 997 17 984 39 455 190 2 704 1 110 2 490

Girls 288 398 28 429 0 118 251 88 525 48 110 114 2 088 357 2 524

5 - 9 99 564 22 929 0 76 272 296 67 0 0 0 0

10 - 11 43 572 336 0 34 985 8 027 107 60 57 0 0

12 - 14 69 567 781 0 6 037 60 567 2 108 0 74 0 0

15 - 17 75 695 4 383 0 957 19 635 45 828 54 1 957 357 2 524

Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, the majority, or 86.2 percent, attended general education 

school, 0.9 percent attended university, 0.8 percent attended primary vocational schools, and 0.3 percent 

attended professional technical schools and incomplete secondary schools. 
41

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4.5.а Age-sex structure of children aged 5-17 years, by school attendance, in percentages

Age groups/ 

sex total 

Children not 

studying in 

any school or 

training

Pre- school/

Kindergarden

Grades Informal 

schooling, 

training

Vocational 

primary 

school

Vocational 

technical schools, 

non-complete 

high

High 

Primary institutions

/1-5/

Middle

/6-9/

High 

/10-12/

Total 100.0 11.7 0.1 40.5 30.4 15.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.9

5 - 9 100.0 24.5 0.1 74.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 1.4 0.0 80.6 17.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 2.3 0.0 8.5 86.1 2.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 9.9 0.0 1.2 24.9 56.4 0.2 3.1 1.0 3.3

Boys 100.0 13.5 0.1 40.2 30.1 13.9 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.8

5 - 9 100.0 26.0 0.1 73.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 1.9 0.0 81.1 16.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 3.5 0.0 8.3 85.3 2.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 14.0 0.0 1.3 23.8 52.2 0.3 3.6 1.5 3.3

Girls 100.0 9.9 0.0 41.0 30.7 16.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.9

5 - 9 100.0 23.0 0.0 76.6 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.8 0.0 80.4 18.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 1.1 0.0 8.7 87.1 3.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 5.8 0.0 1.3 25.9 60.5 0.1 2.6 0.5 3.3

Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 11.7 percent did not study during the reference period (2011-

12), of which a majority, were children aged 5-9 years. This is connected to the minimum age for school, 

which is age 6 in Mongolia. 

In terms of school attendance, more children did not enter any type of school or training institution in 

rural regions when compared to urban regions. For instance, 9.8 percent of urban children had not studied, compared to 14.1 percent of rural children. The breakdown by age group demonstrates that children 

aged 15-17 years who are not in school comprised 5.0 percent of the total children in urban areas and 15.9 

percent in rural areas. This evidence highlights that there is an urgent need to focus on education for rural 

children in Mongolia.

Table 4.5.b Age structure of children aged 5-17 years, by school attendance and urban/rural location, in percentages

Age 

groups/ 

sex

total 

Children not 

studying in 

any school or 

training

Pre- school/

Kindergarden

Grades

Informal 

schooling, 

training

Vocational 

primary 

training

Vocational 

technical, non 

complete high

High 

Primary institutions

/1-5/

Middle

/6-9/

High 

/10-12/

Urban 100.0 9.8 0.0 41.5 29.3 16.6 0.0 1.1 0.4 1.3

5 - 9 100.0 23.6 0.0 75.9 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.7 0.0 81.2 17.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.7 0.0 7.4 88.0 3.7 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 5.0 0.0 1.3 22.6 60.5 0.1 3.9 1.4 5.2

Rural 100.0 14.1 0.0 39.6 31.7 13.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.

5 - 9 100.0 25.7 0.1 73.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 2.2 0.0 80.0 17.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 4.1 0.0 9.7 84.1 2.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 15.9 0.0 1.3 27.6 51.4 0.3 2.0 0.5 1.0
42

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Out of a total of 62,992 children who were not studying, 8.9 percent or approximately 6,100 were 

students who had graduated from schools. Therefore in Table 4.6, the distribution of the remaining 63,000 

children is shown by various reasons for not studying. Out of these children, 58.3 percent or approximately 

36,700 were boys, and 41.7 percent or approximately 26,300 were girls.

Table 4.6 Age-gender distribution of children aged 5-17 years, who are not attending school, by reasons

Age 

groups/

gender total

Reasons for not studyin

Pre-school 

age

Far from 

school

Unable

to afford 

school 

supplies 

and 

uniforms

Unable

to afford 

tuition fees

Poor 

performance 

and not 

interested in 

studying

Contribute 

to 

household 

income

migrated

Not enough 

space in 

dormitories

Help in 

household 

duties

herding

Demand and 

enforcement 

of parents

Sick and 

disabled Other

total 62 992 44 821 1 786 1 300 101 2 389 373 104 48 1 096 2 959 1 220 5 655 1 140

5 - 9 49 538 44 821 1 587 324 47 243 0 104 0 154 585 91 1 174 408

10 - 11 1 247 0 48 110 0 159 0 0 48 51 0 0 831 0

12 - 14 3 169 0 57 219 0 510 116 0 0 119 408 478 1 112 150

15 - 17 9 038 0 94 647 54 1 477 257 0 0 772 1 966 651 2 538 582

Boys 36 692 24 068 965 802 54 2 247 316 0 48 601 2 524 1 171 3 297 599

5 - 9 26 609 24 068 766 197 0 243 0 0 0 106 401 91 664 73

10 - 11 911 0 48 110 0 159 0 0 48 51 0 0 495 0

12 - 14 2 443 0 57 112 0 510 116 0 0 47 408 478 565 150

15 - 17 6 729 0 94 383 54 1 335 200 0 0 397 1 715 602 1 573 376

Girls 26 300 20 753 821 498 47 142 57 104 0 495 435 49 2 358 541

5 - 9 22 929 20 753 821 127 47 0 0 104 0 48 184 0 510 335

10 - 11 336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 336 0

12 - 14 726 0 0 107 0 0 0 0 0 72 0 0 547 0

15 - 17 2 309 0 0 264 0 142 57 0 0 375 251 49 965 206

The survey results showed that out of all children who are not attending school, 63.4 percent or 

39,900 children were preschool age (5 years). The reasons for not attending school for children aged 6-17 

are illustrated in Table 4.7. 

The table shows a total of 23,069 children aged 6-17 years were not studying. Out of this total, 19 

percent were children with disabilities, 11.3 percent of the children were assisting in livestock breeding, 10.1 

percent poorly performed at school or not interested in studying, 5.3 percent could not afford the costs of 

school supplies and a school uniform, 7.9 percent left school on the demand and enforcement of parents, 

4.8 percent were out of school to help in their household duties, 4.7 percent were sick, and 3.7 percent 

could not attend school due to long distance from their place of residence. It is important to note that 

one-fifth of all children in this age range did not attend school because of disability, marking a need for 

future programs and interventions for this group of children.

Table 4.7 Number of children aged 6-17 years, who are not studying, by reasons and age groups. 

Age 

groups

Totalchild-ren 

aged 

6-17

Reasons for not studyin

Preschool 

age

Far from 

school

Unable to

afford cost 

of school 

supplies and 

uniform

Unable to

afford 

tuition fee

Poor 

performance 

and not 

interested in 

studying

Contribute 

to 

household 

income

Not 

enough 

space in 

dormitories

Help in 

household 

duties

herdin

Demand and 

enforcement 

of parents

Sick Disabled Other

total 23070 6929 847 1218 54 2332 373 48 1095 2617 1130 1087 4373 96

6-9 9616 6929 648 242 185 154 244 46 933 235

10 - 11 1247 48 110 159 48 51 150 681

12 - 14 3170 57 218 510 116 119 408 478 197 915 152

15 - 17 9037 94 648 54 1478 257 771 1965 652 694 1844 580

Percentage in total

total 100,0 30,0 3,7 5,3 0,2 10,1 1,6 0,2 4,8 11,3 4,9 4,7 19,0 4,

6-9 100,0 72,1 6,7 2,5 0,0 1,9 0,0 0,0 1,6 2,5 0,0 0,5 9,7 2,4

10 - 11 100,0 0,0 3,8 8,8 0,0 12,8 0,0 3,8 4,1 0,0 0,0 12,0 54,6 0,0

12 - 14 100,0 0,0 1,8 6,9 0,0 16,1 3,7 0,0 3,8 12,9 15,1 6,2 28,9 4,8

15 - 17 100,0 0,0 1,0 7,2 0,6 16,4 2,8 0,0 8,5 21,8 7,2 7,7 20,4 6,4
43

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

4.6 Ecmi activ

The economic activity status of children of age group 5-17 is estimated as current (during the last 

week) and usual (during the last 12 months). To simplify understanding, the survey used the concept of 

current economic activity status. Thus, children were classified into categories such as; those engaged in 

economic activity (possibly also engaged in housekeeping activities); those engaged only in housekeeping 

activities (non-economic activity); those who only studied; and those being idle (including the sick and 

children with disability), attended schools or not attended schools.

Table 4.8 Number of children in school and not in school during the reference week, by economic activity status, 

gender and age groups

Age 

groups/

gender 

tota

Attended schools Not attended schools

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties

Only 

studied Total

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties

None of 

them Total

Total 589 076 78 992 326 631 114 300 519 923 14 976 18 049 36 128 69 153

5 - 9 201 839 14 827 73 620 63 853 152 300 2 850 12 987 33 702 49 539

10 - 11 91 630 13 207 58 600 18 575 90 382 417 107 724 1 248

12 - 14 144 390 26 536 95 920 18 541 140 997 2 409 524 460 3 393

15 - 17 151 217 24 422 98 491 13 331 136 244 9 300 4 431 1 242 14 973

Male 300 677 39 264 161 618 59 072 259 954 11 606 9 582 19 535 40 723

5 - 9 102 275 7 646 35 986 32 034 75 666 2 002 6 629 17 978 26 609

10 - 11 48 058 6 358 30 435 10 353 47 146 309 107 496 912

12 - 14 74 823 13 973 48 541 9 697 72 211 2 013 378 221 2 612

15 - 17 75 521 11 287 46 656 6 988 64 931 7 282 2 468 840 10 590

Female 288 399 39 728 165 013 55 228 259 969 3 370 8 467 16 593 28 430

5 - 9 99 564 7 181 37 634 31 819 76 634 848 6 358 15 724 22 930

10 - 11 43 572 6 849 28 165 8 222 43 236 108 0 228 336

12 - 14 69 567 12 563 47 379 8 844 68 786 396 146 239 781

15 - 17 75 696 13 135 51 835 6 343 71 313 2 018 1 963 402 4 383

Out of all children, 11.7 percent did not study, about half of them, or 52.2 percent, did not engage 

in economic activities nor performed any housekeeping duties. Another 26.1 percent participated only in 

housekeeping duties. Overall, one-fifth of children who did not study were engaged in economic activities. 
44

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4.8а.Children in school and out of school during the reference week, by economic activity status, gender and 

age groups, in percentages 

Age 

groups/ 

sex

Total

Attended schools Not attended schools

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

Only 

studied Total

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

None of Á¿ãä

Total 589 076 them Total 22.0 100. 0 21.7 26.1 52.2 100. 0

5 - 9 201 839 9.7 48.4 41.9 100. 0 5.8 26.2 68.0 100. 0

10 - 11 91 630 14.6 64.8 20.6 100. 0 33.4 8.6 58.0 100. 0

12 - 14 144 390 18.8 68.0 13.2 100. 0 71.0 15.4 13.6 100. 0

15 - 17 151 217 17.9 72.3 9.8 100. 0 62.1 29.6 8.3 100. 0

Male 300 677 15.1 62.2 22.7 100. 0 28.5 23.5 48.0 100. 0

5 - 9 102 275 10.1 47.6 42.3 100. 0 7.5 24.9 67.6 100. 0

10 - 11 48 058 13.5 64.5 22.0 100. 0 33.9 11.7 54.4 100. 0

12 - 14 74 823 19.4 67.2 13.4 100. 0 77.1 14.5 8.4 100. 0

15 - 17 75 521 17.4 71.8 10.8 100. 0 68.8 23.3 7.9 100. 0

Female 288 399 15.3 63.5 21.2 100. 0 11.8 29.8 58.4 100. 0

5 - 9 99 564 9.4 49.1 41.5 100. 0 3.7 27.7 68.6 100. 0

10 - 11 43 572 15.8 65.2 19.0 100. 0 32.1 0.0 67.9 100. 0

12 - 14 69 567 18.3 68.9 12.8 100. 0 50.7 18.7 30.6 100. 0

15 - 17 75 696 18.4 72.7 8.9 100. 0 46.0 44.8 9.2 100. 0

Table 4.9 shows, economically active children were dominant in rural areas. This fact is related to specific livestock herding activities in Mongolia. The majority of economically active children were those from 

households with a range of 3-6 members, and one-tenth of economically active children were those from 

female-headed households. 

Table 4.9 Economic activity of children aged 5 -17 years, by household heads, size and urban/rural location 

Total

Attended schools Not attended schools

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties

Only 

studied Total

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties

None of 

them Total

Total 589 076 78 992 326 631 114 300 519 923 14 976 18 049 36 128 69 153

< 3 20 179 1 196 13 711 3 444 18 351 494 542 792 1 828

3 - 4 261 400 25 588 150 765 51 966 228 319 5 702 8 089 19 290 33 081

5 - 6 253 315 43 269 133 495 50 888 227 652 5 800 7 202 12 661 25 663

7 - 8 44 351 7 685 23 208 6 777 37 670 2 303 1 876 2 502 6 681

9 + 9 831 1 254 5 452 1 225 7 931 677 340 883 1 900

Male headed 

household 491 813 72 535 264 911 95 649 433 095 13 003 14 711 31 004 58 718

Female headed 

household 97 264 6 457 61 720 18 651 86 828 1 973 3 339 5 124 10 436

Urban 320 896 16 536 210 671 62 238 289 445 1 359 10 173 19 919 31 45

Rural 268 179 62 456 115 960 52 062 230 478 13 617 7 876 16 208 37 70
45

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

In terms of household size, 8.4 percent of children were from households with 1-2 members, 12.0 

percent of children from households with 3-4 members, 19.4 percent of children from households with 5-6 

members, 22.5 percent of children from households with 7-8 members, and 19.6 percent of children from 

households with 9 and more members, respectively, were engaged in economic activities.

4.7 Worki chile

Out of surveyed children of age 5-17 years, 15.9 or 93,968 children were considered as working children, of whom 54.1 percent or 50,870 were boys and 45.9 percent or 43,098 were girls.

Table 4.10 Number of working children by age group, sex and urban and rural location

Age 

group 

Total Urban Rur

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Gi

5-9 17 677 9 648 8 029 1 783 626 1 157 15 894 9 022 6 872

10 - 11 13 624 6 667 6 957 2 521 1 211 1 310 11 103 5 456 5 647

12 - 14 28 945 15 986 12 959 5 403 2 899 2 504 23 542 13 087 10 455

15 - 17 33 722 18 569 15 153 8 188 4 390 3 798 25 534 14 179 11 355

Total 93 968 50 870 43 098 17 895 9 126 8 769 76 073 41 744 34 329

Out of working-age children, 19.0 percent or 17,895 resided in urban settlements and 81.0 percent or 

76,073 lived in rural areas. The age distribution of working children shows that 17,677 (18.8 percent) were 

of age of 5-9 years, 13,624 (14.5 percent) were of age 10-11 years, 28,945 (30.8 percent) were of age of 

12-14, 33,722 (35.9 percent) were of age 15-17 years. 

Figure 4.7 Age structure of working children aged 5-17 years, in percentages

In terms of sex distributions, the percentage of working girls aged 10-11 years to the total working 

children was higher by 2.1 percentage points when compared to boys of same age group. However, for 

other age groups, boys were dominant.

Out of total working children, 36,293 (38.6 percent) lived in Western region, 25,766(27.4 percent) 

lived in Khangai region, 18,320 (19.5 percent) lived in Central region and 8,446 (9.0 percent) lived in Eastern region and 5,143 (5.5 percent) lived in Ulaanbaatar City.

15-17 years 35.9%

5-9 years, 18.8%

10-11 years 14.5%

12-14 years 30.8%
46

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Figure 4.8 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by region 

Out of working children aged 5-17 years, 1.3 percent or approximately 1,200 were children with disabilities. Of which, 67.0 percent were boys and 33.0 percent were girls. Of these disabled children, 63.4 

percent had disabilities from birth, and 36.6 percent had acquired disabilities.

Figure 4.9 Working children aged 5-17 years, with disabilities, by type of disabilities

36293

25766

18320

8446

5143

0

1000

2000

4000

3000

Western Khangai Central Eastern ULaanbaata

Blindness o

vision 

impairmerent

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

108

198

636

252

400

0

Deaf/ 

Hearing

disabilities

Speech and 

language 

disabilities

Number of children

Physical 

disability

Psychiatric 

disabilities

In regards to the economic sector, 92.0 percent of disabled working children were engaged in 

agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing activities: 4.3 percent of disabled working children were engaged 

in manufacturing; and 3.6 percent were engaged in administrative and support service activities. 

Figure 4.10 Working children aged 5-17 years with disabilities, by type of disabilities and economic sectors, in 

percentages

Administrative and support service activities 3.6%

Manufacturing 4.3%

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 92.0%
47

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

4.8. The rofie 

Working children belonged to 8.6 percent of total households across the country. Table 4.11 shows that 

9.0 percent of working children or approximately 8,400 children were from female-headed households. 

Overall, the same pattern was observed for the Khangai, Eastern and Central regions. However, Ulaanbaatar

City had the highest proportion of working children from female-headed households, or 17.4 percent, while 

the Western region demonstrated the lowest, at 6.3 percent. 

Table 4.11.Working children aged 5-17 years, by gender of household head, household size, in percentages

Location, region 

and aimags

Households, by heads Household size

Total 

Male headed Female headed < 3 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 +

Urban 84.1 15.9 0.9 37.7 49.0 11.2 1.2 100.

Rural 92.7 7.3 2.0 32.3 53.0 10.5 2.2 100.

Regio

Western 93.7 6.3 1.1 22.3 54.1 18.3 4.2 100.0

Khangai 90.3 9.7 2.4 35.6 58.8 3.2 0.0 100.0

Central 89.7 10.3 3.3 43.3 44.9 7.3 1.2 100.0

Eastern 89.9 10.1 0.6 45.6 47.0 6.8 0.0 100.0

Ulaanbaatar 82.6 17.4 0.0 44.1 41.0 11.5 3.4 100.

Total 91.0 9.0 1.8 33.3 52.2 10.6 2.1 100.0

A substantial difference was observed in the number of working children aged 5-17 in female-headed 

households between rural and urban areas. Approximately 2 out of 10 households were headed by female 

in urban settlements, while around one-tenth of households were female headed rural settlements. Figure 

4.11 shows that a majority of working children belong to households with 5-6 members.

Figure 4.11 Working children, by household size and urban/rural location, in percentages

1-2

3-4

5-6

7-8

9 +

53.0%

10.5%

2.2%

2.0%

32.2%

49.0%

11.2%

1.2%

0.9%

37.7%

Urban Rur

4.9 Socioonom

This section focuses on the socio-economic characteristics of households with working children, 

including housing types and conditions; home ownership and household average monthly income.
48

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National Statistical office of Mongolia

Figure 4.12 Households with working children, by type of dwelling, in percentages 

 

Ger 70,5%

Convenient single family* house 2,2%

Single family house** 24,4%

Staff dormitory 0.1%

Other public dwelling 0.1%

Apartment 2,7%

In total, 70.5 percent of working children or approximately 66,200 lived in gers; 24.4 percent or approximately 22,900 lived in single family homes, 2.7 percent or approximately 2,500 live in apartments; 2.2 

percent or approximately 2,100 lived in convenient single family homes. 

In terms of housing ownership, 98.3 percent or approximately 92,400 lived in their own dwellings. 

Housing condition indicators, such as electricity and water facilities of households with working children 

aged 5-17 are shown in the figures below. A total of 35.8 percent of all working children aged 5-17 years 

lived in households were connected to centralized system.

Figure 4.14 Households with working children, by electricity sources, in percentages 

Renewal energy system 57.6

Small sized generator 4.9%

Centralized system 35.8%

Disel generation plans 1,7%

*Convenient single family house: Designed for one household, connected to the central engineering lines and system or with independent engineering 

lines or connected to heating, air conditioning, water supply, sanitation, electricity supply, information communication lines.

**Single-family house: It mainly builds in ger districts of urban areas and rural local places, made up of one or more rooms with entire or partial 

infrastructure facilities including a kitchen, a bath, a shower, heating, water supply system and sanitary facilities.

Figure 4.13 Households with working children, by housing ownership, in percentages

 

Own dwellings 98.3%

In others apartment with rent fee 0,7%

In others apartment with no rent fee 0,7%

Other 0.3%
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Figure 4.15 Households with working children, by water sources, in percentages

More than one-third, or a total of 35.8 percent, of all working children aged 5-17 years lived in households that were connected to the centralized electricity system. In regards to household water sources, 

more than half, or 53.6 percent, of working children aged 5-17 years lived in households that drew their 

water from rivers, lakes and unprotected springs and other sources. 

In terms of household average monthly income, a majority of working children aged 15-17 lived in 

households with income of 200,100-400,000 togrogs.

Out of all working children, 16.8 percent were living in households with monthly average income 

of 400,100-600,000 togrogs: 4.0 percent live in households with average monthly income of 140,100-

200,000 togrogs: one-tenth of children live in households with 600,100-800,000 togrogs and 7.8 percent 

or 7,300 children live in households with a monthly average income of less than 140,000 togrogs. 

Figure 4.16 Number of working children aged 5-17 by households’ monthly income

Water distribution point 

connected with centralized 

system 1,4%

centralized 3,3

Protected well 30,1%

Bottled, purified water 0,1

Water distribution 

point cоnnected with 

centralized system 1,4%

Transported water

7.2%

River, lake, not protected

spring and sources

53.6%

Protected spring and sources 2,9%

0 10000

Households income, in 

thousand togrogs

Number of children

1567

1212

2071

5258

9207

15825

13465

7302

38061

1400.1 and above

1200.1-1400.0

1000.1-1200.0

800.1-1000.0

600.1-800.0

400.1-600.0

200.1-400.0

140.1-200.0

140.0 until

20000 30000 40000

The number of working persons per household, including working children, is shown in the figure 

below. About 66.8 percent of working children aged 5-17 years belong to households of which fouror 

more members are working, while 26.8 percent belong to households with three working members, and 

5.7 percent belong to households with two working members. 
50

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

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Figure 4.17 Number of working children aged 5-17, by working members in the same household, in percentages

Working children in households with one working member 0.7%

Working children in households with 2 working members 5,7%

Working children in households with 3 working members 26,8%

Working children in households with 4 and more working members 66,8%

Surprisingly, 0.7 percent or 628 children aged 5-17 years were working alone for his/her household. 

In terms of household size, 45.1 percent of these households contained up to 3 members; 34.5 percent 

contained 3-4 members, and 20.4 percent contained 5-6 members. In terms of the household head, six 

out of ten working children who are household income makers were from female-headed households, and 

the remaining four out of ten were from male headed households 

4.10 Edion nd sch

Out of all working children aged 5-17, 1.6 percent or 1,537 children were five years of age, below the 

age of schooling in Mongolia. Thus, the analysis of education and school attendance of working children 

provided concerns only school age children, or children age 6-17, the findings are presented in Table 4.12. 

Out of surveyed school aged, working children, 32.5 percent or 30,000 children did not have any level of 

education.

Table 4.12 Working children aged 6-17, by education level, gender and urban/rural location, in percentages 

Total Location

Total Boys Girls Urban Ru

Boys Girls Boys Gir

No education 32.5 34.6 30.0 16.8 23.9 38.6 31.6

Primary 38.9 38.2 39.7 38.7 31.8 38.0 41.8

Secondary 26.5 26.0 27.2 41.3 36.0 22.5 24.9

Completed middle 1.9 1.2 2.7 2.5 7.2 0.9 1.6

Vocational and technical 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

In terms of education level of working children, out of all working children with without any level of 

education, 76.8 percent were children aged 6-11 years or primary school children; 12.8 percent were children 

aged 12-14 years and 10.4 percent were children aged 15-17 years. The survey findings show that the literacy 

rate for children aged 6-17 was 97.6 percent. 

Table 4.13 Literacy rate for children aged 6-17 years, by age groups, gender and urban/rural location 

Age groups 

National total Urban Rur

Total Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Gi

6 - 9 93.5 91.0 96.3 89.6 95.4 91.1 96.5

10 - 11 99.3 98.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.1 100.0

12 - 14 97.9 96.2 100.0 97.9 100.0 95.8 100.0

15 - 17 98.6 98.0 99.4 98.7 100.0 97.8 99.2

Total 97.6 96.3 99.1 98.0 99.4 95.9 99.0
51

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Table 4.14 and Table 4.14a demonstrate the data on school attendance of all working children aged 

6-17 years during the reference period, or the 2011/12 academic year, by their age groups, schools, grades, 

and urban/rural location. 

Out of working children aged 6-17 years, the majority, or 84.1 percent, were studying in general education schools; 0.7 percent were studying in basic vocational and technical schools, and 3.0 percent were 

studying in informal training programmers and higher education institutions. 

Table 4.14 School attendance of working children aged 6-17, by age groups and urban/rural location 

Age groups/gender Total

Not studying in 

any schools and 

training

Schools

Informal training 

programme

Basic vocational

and technical 

schools

High Primary institution

/1-5/

Middle 

/6-9/

High 

 /10-12/

Total children 

aged 6-17 years 92 431 13 486 29 136 32 718 15 935 245 647 264

6 - 9 16 139 1 360 14 729 50 0 0 0 0

10 - 11 13 624 416 10 787 2 361 0 60 0 0

12 - 14 28 946 2 409 3 203 22 848 439 47 0 0

15 - 17 33 722 9 301 417 7 459 15 496 138 647 264

Urban 17 894 1 359 4 083 6 634 5 306 0 392 120

6 - 9 1 783 118 1 665 0 0 0 0 0

10 - 11 2 521 0 1 829 692 0 0 0 0

12 - 14 5 403 126 477 4 715 85 0 0 0

15 - 17 8 187 1 115 112 1 227 5 221 0 392 120

Rural 74 537 12 127 25 053 26 084 10 629 245 255 14

6 - 9 14 356 1 242 13 064 50 0 0 0 0

10 - 11 11 103 416 8 958 1 669 0 60 0 0

12 - 14 23 543 2 283 2 726 18 133 354 47 0 0

15 - 17 25 535 8 186 305 6 232 10 275 138 255 144

Out of all working children aged 6-17 years, 14.6 percent or 13,500 children were not studying during 

the reference period or the 2011/12 academic year, and out of these children, 27.6 percent were children 

aged 15-17 years. Out of working children aged 15-17 who were not studying during the reference period, 

34.1 percent responded that they were assisting in livestock breeding. 

Table 4.14а School attendance of working children aged 6-17, in percentages 

Age groups/gender Total Not studying in any 

schools and training

Schools Informal 

training 

programme

Basic vocational

and technical 

schools

High 

institution Primary 

/1-5/

Middle 

/6-9/

High 

 /10-12/

Total children 

aged 6-17 years 100.0 14.6 31.5 35.4 17.2 0.3 0.7 0.3

6- 9 100.0 8.4 91.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 3.1 79.2 17.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 8.3 11.1 78.9 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 27.6 1.2 22.1 46.0 0.4 1.9 0.8

Urban 100.0 7.6 22.8 37.1 29.7 0.0 2.2 0.6

6 - 9 100.0 6.6 93.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 72.6 27.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 2.3 8.8 87.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 13.6 1.4 15.0 63.8 0.0 4.8 1.4

Rural 100.0 16.3 33.6 35.0 14.3 0.3 0.3 0.

6 - 9 100.0 8.7 91.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 3.7 80.7 15.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 9.7 11.6 77.0 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 32.1 1.2 24.4 40.2 0.5 1.0 0.6
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Table 4.15 Working children aged 6-17 years, who are not studying, by reasons in percentages 

Age 

groups/

gender

Total

Reasons for not studyin

Preschool 

age

Far from 

school 

Unable to

afford school 

supplies and 

uniform

Unable to

afford tuition 

fee 

Poorly 

performed 

and not 

interested in 

studying

Contribute 

to 

household 

income

Not enough 

space I 

dormitories

To help in 

household 

duties

herdin

Demand and 

enforcement 

of parents

Sick and 

disabled Other

Total 100.0 9.7 3.1 5.6 0.6 12.3 3.3 0.5 9.1 25.0 10.6 16.8 3.4

6 - 9 100.0 69.0 7.1 3.3 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 7.4 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0 38.2 0.0 11.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 38.8 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 2.6 7.5 0.0 17.5 5.2 0.0 5.3 16.5 16.7 21.9 6.8

15 - 17 100.0 0.0 1.7 5.8 1.0 10.2 3.5 0.0 11.6 34.1 11.5 17.4 3.2

Boys 100.0 8.6 3.9 4.3 0.7 15.5 4.1 0.6 5.8 26.8 12.8 13.2 3.7

6 - 9 100.0 72.0 10.5 4.9 0.0 6.8 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 15.6 0.0 0.0 51.6 0.0 15.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.2 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 3.0 5.9 0.0 20.6 6.1 0.0 2.5 19.5 19.8 14.6 8.0

15 - 17 100.0 0.0 2.1 3.8 1.2 12.7 4.4 0.0 7.6 37.2 13.3 14.9 2.8

Girls 100.0 13.8 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.5 18.2 2.4 31.2 2.5

6 - 9 100.0 62.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 26.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 0.0 16.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.2 0.0 0.0 62.3 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.9 22.1 4.3 27.6 4.5

In terms of school attendance, out of children not studying in any schools or training, 7.6 percent lived 

in urban settlements, while twice many, or 16.3 percent, lived in rural areas. Similarly, the percentage share 

of working children aged 15-17 years who were not studying was higher by 18.5 percentage points in rural 

areas than that in urban settlements. 

Out of working children aged 6-17 years who were not studying, 28.3 percent or approximately 3,800 

children had already graduated from school. Therefore, data concerning the remaining 9,700 children and 

their reasons for not studying is presented in Table 4.15. Approximately one-fourth of working children 

were engaged in livestock herding. Eight out of ten working children were boys, and the remaining were 

girls. 

Figure 4.18 Working children aged 6-17 years who were not studying, by gender and reasons for not studying 

Girls

Boy

279

659

295

329

54

316

48

437

442

369

49

976

456

247

550

51

280

386

2051

1187

210

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Pre-school age

Far from school

Unable to afford cost of school

supplies and uniform

Unable to afford tuition fe

Poorly performed, not 

interested in studying

To contribute to household income

Not enough space in dorm itories

To help in household duties

Herding

On demand and enforcement of parents

Sick

Disabled

Others
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2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4.16 Free time of working children aged 5-17, in percentages in total 

Age groups Total Average free hours a day

1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

Total 100.0 19.0 47.7 24.3 9.0

5 - 9 100.0 8.5 38.0 37.3 16.2

10 - 11 100.0 13.4 46.3 29.7 10.6

12 - 14 100.0 15.1 51.7 25.2 8.0

15 - 17 100.0 30.3 49.8 14.4 5.5

Boys 100.0 19.8 46.3 24.0 9.9

5 - 9 100.0 9.0 41.6 32.1 17.3

10 - 11 100.0 14.9 43.6 30.3 11.2

12 - 14 100.0 15.5 49.2 25.5 9.8

15 - 17 100.0 30.7 47.3 16.2 5.8

Girls 100.0 18.2 49.2 24.6 8.0

5 - 9 100.0 7.7 33.7 43.6 15.0

10 - 11 100.0 12.1 48.9 29.1 9.9

12 - 14 100.0 14.7 54.6 24.8 5.9

15 - 17 100.0 29.8 52.9 12.1 5.2

In terms of reasons for not studying reported by working children aged 6-17 years, boys mainly noted: poor school performance, lack of interest in schooling, desire to contribute to household income, far 

distances to school, inability to afford the cost of school supplies and uniform, and lack of space in school 

dormitories. Moreover, boys were more likely to leave school to assist in livestock breeding and due to 

the demands of their parents when compared to the responses of their girl peers. However, there was no 

gender difference in reasons of helping in household duties and caring for sick, family members etc. Figure 

4.19 demonstrates that of working children aged 6-17 who were not studying; boys were twice as likely to 

report disability as the main cause. 

4.11 Fretime

Free time represents very important prerequisites for childhood development. For this reason, the 

survey collected data on the average hours per day a child of age 5-17 enjoys free time. It is not surprising 

that every surveyed child responded that they do enjoy free time. The majority, or 47.7 percent, (47,800 

children) responded that they do enjoy at least 3-4 hours of free time per day. 

Out of surveyed children, 24.3 percent enjoyed free time for 5-6 hours a day; 19.0 percent enjoyed 

1-2 hours a day; and 9.0 percent enjoyed 7-8 hours a day as free time. There were not significant variations in terms of gender; however, age differentials were observed. As the age of the child increased, the 

hours for free-time decreased. Overall, the majority of all age groups on average enjoyed 3-6 hours a day 

as free time. 
54

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia
55

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

V

PROFILE OF WORKING CHILD

CHAPTER
56

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 5.1 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by age groups and gender 

Age groups/gender Total Working children Percentage share 

Total 589 076 93 968 15.9

5-9 201 840 17 677 8.8

10-11 91 630 13 624 14.9

12-14 144 390 28 945 20.0

15-17 151 216 33 722 22.3

Male 300 678 50 870 16.9

5-9 102 275 9 648 9.4

10-11 48 057 6 667 13.9

12-14 74 821 15 986 21.4

15-17 75 525 18 569 24.6

Female 288 398 43 098 14.9

5-9 99 565 8 029 8.1

10-11 43 573 6 957 16.0

12-14 69 569 12 959 18.6

15-17 75 691 15 153 20.0

Table 5.1 demonstrates that of all children engaged in economic activities, 8.8 percent were between 

the ages of 5-9, 14.9 percent were between the ages of10-11, 20.0 percent were between the ages of 12-

14, and 22.3 percent were in the oldest age group, betwen the ages of 15-17. 

Figure 5.1 Number of children engaged in economic activities, by age groups and gender 

5.1 In

This chapter introduces the findings of a detailed study of the economic activities of children aged 

5-17 years. The term “working child” represents a broad concept, and includes children who are engaged 

in work and labour activities. Self-employed children, children employed in family businesses, children engaged in paid and non-paid work, permanently and temporarily employed children, and children engaged 

in the formal and informal sectors are considered as economically active or employed. This also includes 

employed children who had a break from work during the reference week. Economic activity is an internationally accepted term for measurement of the labour force.

5.2 Ecm

Livestock breeding is one of the most important economic activities for Mongolia and children from 

herding households are likely to participate in herding activities to assist parents, even at an early age. The 

high number of children who participate in herding activities can therefore be attributed to the economic 

importance of this activity. The following section discusses and analyses the status of working children who 

were active in economic activities during the reference period. 

The survey findings show that out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 15.9 percent or 93,968 

children were engaged in economic activities or working during the reference period. 

5-9 10-11

20

15

10

5

0

12-14 15-17

Age groups

9.6

6.7

16.0

18.6

8.0

7.0

13.0

15.2

Number of children, thous

Male

Female
57

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

A comparative analysis of the Mongolia NCLS for 2006-07 and 2011-12 reveals that overall, the economic activity of children has increased, especially the share of children in the 10-17 age group. 

5.2.1. Number of working children, by current economic activities 

Based on economic activity and average hours spent in a primary occupation during the reference

week, a total of 93,968 children were found to be currently active. Of these, 19.3 percent or 18,113 were 

not employed or not engaged in economic activity during the reference week despite having a work or a 

job. Therefore, this report focuses on the 75,855 children working or employed during last week.

Table 5.2 Number of currently working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status, hours worked during last 

week, age group and gender 

Gender/

Age 

groups 

Total 

children

Worked 

during 

reference 

week

Currently working children Average hours spent on primary work 

during the last week.

Engaged in 

paid work

Self employed, and 

engaged in animal 

husbandry and unpaid 

family business

Engaged in 

both

Engaged in 

paid work

Self employed, and 

engaged in animal 

husbandry and unpaid 

family business

Total 

children 589076 75855 1622 74181 52 41.7 20.7

Male 300678 41906 1228 40626 52 42.9 23.8

5-9 102275 7599 48 7,551 0 3.0 13.4

10-11 48057 5231 56 5,175 0 21.0 17.2

12-14 74821 13392 101 13,291 0 33.5 21.1

15-17 75525 15684 1,023 14,609 52 46.9 34.1

Female 288398 33949 394 33555 0 37.8 21.4

5-9 99565 5879 66 5,813 0 10.0 12.2

10-11 43573 5763 66 5,697 0 10.0 13.3

12-14 69569 10017 0 10,017 0 0.0 16.6

15-17 75691 12290 262 12028 0 51.9 21.4

Table 5.2 shows that, out of 75,855 children who worked during the reference week, a total of 1,622 

were involved in paid jobs, and the majority, or 74,181 children, were self-employed or were engaged in 

unpaid household businesses and duties. A total of 52 children were simultaneously engaged in both economic activities and household businesses. The age and gender distribution suggests that a higher number 

of boys are engaged in paid work when compared to girls, and that a majority of working children with 

pay were children in the age group 15-17. 

Children in paid employment aged 15-17 years spent on average 46.9-51.9 hours per week at work, 

which is considered as child labour in accordance with the approved methodology1

 in Mongolia. 

Current economic activity distribution of children by age groups, sex, employment, hours spent on 

work during the reference week, and urban/rural location are shown in Table 5.3. The majority of working 

children (79.0 percent) lived in rural areas. However, it is interesting to note that the majority of children 

in paid work lived in urban settlements. Out of all urban working children, 6.6 percent were employed in 

a paid job, while children employed in a paid job in rural areas constituted only 0.9 percent (568 children 

out of 59,956). A majority of working children in rural areas were self-employed, or engaged in animal 

husbandry, household business and services with no pay.

1 “Methodology on measurement of employment and labour force statistical indicators”, NSO and MSWL, 2009.
58

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Table 5.3 Number of currently working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status, hours worked during last 

week, age group and location

Urban/rural

location and 

age groups 

Total 

children

Worked 

during 

last week

Currently working children Average hours spent on primary work 

during the last week.

Engaged 

in paid 

work

Self employed, 

and engaged in 

animal husbandry 

and unpaid family 

business

Engaged in 

both

Engaged in 

paid work

Self employed, 

and engaged in 

animal husbandry 

and unpaid family 

business

Total 

children 589 076 75 855 1 622 74 181 52 41.7 20.7

Urban 320 897 15 899 1 054 14 793 52 38.5 15.1

5-9 111 954 1 519 115 1 404 0 7.0 7.5

10-11 51 111 2 228 66 2 162 0 10.0 11.5

12-14 74 876 4 984 47 4 937 0 60.0 13.6

15-17 82 956 7 168 826 6 290 52 43.9 19.3

Rural 268 179 59 956 568 59 388 0 47.5 31.

5-9 89 886 11 960 0 11 960 0 0 13.5

10-11 40 519 8 767 56 8 711 0 21.0 16.1

12-14 69 514 18 425 54 18 371 0 10.0 20.6

15-17 68 260 20 804 458 20 346 0 55.2 31.2

5.2.2. Number of working children, by economic sector 

This section provides analysis of data on working children by their age, sex distribution and economic 

sectors. 

Figure 5.2 Working children, by economic sectors, in percentages 

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 81,7%

whole and retail trading, automobile or autobike repairi and services 11,8

manufacturing 3.0

Hotel, housing, restaurants services 0.9%

Construction 0,7%

Other services 0.4%

Mining and quarrying 0.3%

Other 1,2%

It is important to note that a majority, or eight out of ten children, were engaged in agricultural work. 

Out of all working children, 11.8 percent were engaged on whole and retail sales, and automobile/auto bike 

machinery repair and services; 3.0 percent worked in the manufacturing sector, 0.9 percent was involved 

in hotel, housing, and restaurant services, and 0.7 percent worked in the construction sector. 
59

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

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Table 5.4 Number of working children of age 5-17, by age groups, gender and economic sectors

Total children Male Female

Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17 Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17 Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17

Total 93968 17677 13624 28945 33722 50870 9648 6667 15986 18569 43098 8029 6957 12959 15153

Agriculture, forestry, 

fishing and hunting 76762 16523 11604 23570 25065 41280 9024 5537 13063 13656 35482 7499 6067 10507 11409

Mining and quarrying 328 0 0 0 328 222 0 0 0 222 106 0 0 0 106

Manufacturing 2845 53 345 740 1707 1510 0 103 360 1047 1335 53 242 380 660

Electricity, gas, steam 

and air conditioning 54 0 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 54 0 0 0 0 0

Water supply and 

sanitation, used water 

treatment system, 

waste management 

218 0 42 176 0 218 0 42 176 0 0 0 0 0 0

Construction 636 46 46 52 492 544 0 46 52 446 92 46 0 0 46

Whole and retail 

trading, automobile 

and auto bike repairing 

and services

11084 870 1540 3917 4757 5962 537 892 2063 2470 5122 333 648 1854 2287

Transportation, and 

storage 155 0 0 58 97 97 0 0 58 39 58 0 0 0 58

Hotel, housing and 

restaurants services 813 98 47 207 461 341 0 47 124 170 472 98 0 83 291

Information and 

communication 48 48 0 0 0 48 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Professional, science 

and technological 

activities 

133 0 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 0 0

Management and 

support services 149 0 0 44 105 52 0 0 0 52 97 0 0 44 53

Education 39 0 0 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 0 0 39 0

Human health, social 

welfare services 138 0 0 52 86 42 0 0 0 42 96 0 0 52 44

Culture, art, 

entertainment, game 

and show

155 0 0 0 155 55 0 0 0 55 100 0 0 0 100

Other services 411 39 0 90 282 312 39 0 90 183 99 0 0 0 99

In terms of age structure in agricultural sectors, 21.5 percent of children were 5-9 years old, 15.1 percent were 10-11 years old, 30.7 percent were 12-14 years old, and 32.7 percent were 15-17 years old. Overall, 

younger age groups worked for agriculture; manufacturing; construction; whole and retail trading; automobile and auto bike reparation and services; hotel, housing, restaurants and catering services; information, 

communication and other services. However, children aged 15-17 years were more likely to be engaged in 

mining and quarrying; electric, gas, steam and air conditioning; professional, scientific and technological 

activities; cultural, entertainment, show, gaming services, etc.
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Table 5.4.а Composition of working children aged 5-17 years, by gender, age groups and economic sectorsр 

Gender, age groups

Total children Male Female

Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17 Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17 Total 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17

Total 100.0 18.8 14.5 30.8 35.9 100.0 19.0 13.1 31.4 36.5 100.0 18.6 16.1 30.1 35.2

Agriculture, forestry, 

fishing and hunting 100.0 21.5 15.1 30.7 32.7 100.0 21.9 13.4 31.6 33.1 100.0 21.1 17.1 29.6 32.2

Mining and quarrying 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Manufacturing 100.0 1.9 12.1 26.0 60.0 100.0 0.0 6.8 23.8 69.3 100.0 4.0 18.1 28.5 49.4

Electricity, gas, steam and 

air conditioning 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Water supply and 

sanitation, used water 

treatment system, waste 

management 

100.0 0.0 19.3 80.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 19.3 80.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Construction 100.0 7.2 7.2 8.2 77.4 100.0 0.0 8.5 9.6 82.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 50.0

Whole and retail trading, 

automobile and auto bike 

repairing and services

100.0 7.8 13.9 35.3 42.9 100.0 9.0 15.0 34.6 41.4 100.0 6.5 12.7 36.2 44.7

Transportation, and 

storage 100.0 0.0 0.0 37.4 62.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 59.8 40.2 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Hotel, housing and 

restaurants services 100.0 12.1 5.8 25.5 56.7 100.0 0.0 13.8 36.4 49.9 100.0 20.8 0.0 17.6 61.7

Information and 

communication 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Professional, science and 

technological activities 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Management and support 

services 100.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 70.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 45.4 54.6

Education 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Human health, social 

welfare services 100.0 0.0 0.0 37.7 62.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 54.2 45.8

Culture, art, 

entertainment, game and 

show

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Other services 100.0 9.5 0.0 21.9 68.6 100.0 12.5 0.0 28.8 58.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

5.2.3. Working children by employment status

Out of working children, 65.9 percent or 62,000 children were engaged in animal husbandry, 29.7 

percent or 28,000 children were engaged in unpaid family businesses, 2.5 percent or 2,300 were engaged 

in self-employment. There was no significant difference in terms of sex distribution of employment status.
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5.2.4. Working children, by occupation 

The majority (80.5 percent or 75,600) of children were skilled agricultural and fishery workers, followed by shop and market sales workers (12.3 percent or 11,700 children), graft and related trades workers 

(3.6 percent or 3,300 children), elementary occupation (2.9 percent or 2,800 children) and plant and machine operators, assemblers and clerks (0.1-0.3 percent).

Figure 5.3 Working children, by employment status, in percentages 

Unpaid family workers 29.8

Workers not classifiable by status 0.3%

Paid employees 1.5%

Self employed 2,5%

Employed in animal husbandry 65,9%

Table 5.5 Working children aged 5-17 years, by age groups, gender and occupation, in percentages

Age groups/ 

sex Total Professionals Clerks

Shop and 

market sales 

workers

Skilled agricultural 

and fishery 

workers

Graft and related trades 

workers

Plant and machine 

operators and 

assemblers

Elementary 

occupation

Total 100.0 0.3 0.3 12.3 80.5 3.6 0.1 2.9

5-9 100.0 0.0 0.3 4.4 92.9 0.6 0.0 1.8

10-11 100.0 0.0 0.0 13.8 81.6 3.2 0.0 1.4

12-14 100.0 0.1 0.0 13.5 80.9 2.6 0.0 2.9

15-17 100.0 0.6 0.6 15.1 73.2 6.1 0.2 4.2

Male 100.0 0.3 0.5 11.1 80.4 3.3 0.1 4.3

5-9 100.0 0.0 0.5 5.0 93.1 0.0 0.0 1.4

10-11 100.0 0.0 0.0 14.9 80.5 2.3 0.0 2.3

12-14 100.0 0.0 0.0 12.1 81.1 2.1 0.0 4.7

15-17 100.0 0.9 1.1 12.0 73.2 6.4 0.3 6.1

Female 100.0 0.2 0.0 3.8 92.6 1.2 0.0 2.2

5-9 100.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 92.6 1.2 0.0 2.2

10-11 100.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 82.6 4.0 0.0 0.6

12-14 100.0 0.3 0.0 15.0 80.7 3.3 0.0 0.7

15-17 100.0 0.3 0.0 18.8 73.2 5.8 0.0 1.9

In terms of gender, occupational distribution was quite similar for both sexes; however, the main 

occupation for children of age 5-9 years was agriculture and service activities. Older children were mainly 

engaged in other occupations. Nine out of ten rural working children were engaged in agricultural works, 

while almost half of urban children were engaged in shop and market sales. 
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28.8%

Urban Rur

11.2%

11.3%

1.7%

47.0%

92.7%

4.3%

0.3%

1.0%

1.8%

Shop and market sales 

workers

Skilled agricultural and 

fishery workers

Craft and related trades 

workers

Elementary occupation

Other

Figure 5.4 Working children, by occupation and urban/rural location, in percentages

5.2.5. Working children by duration of work experiences

Table 5.6 presents the estimates of working children of age 5 -17 years by duration of work experience, age group and sex. The data suggest that many children started their economic activities at relatively 

early ages. For instance, out of children aged 15-17 years, 4.2 percent have worked for more than ten years. 

The same pattern holds for both boys and girls.

Table 5.6 Number of working children, by duration of work, age groups and sex

Age groups/sex 

Number of 

working 

children 

Work duration

Less than 

one month

1-5 

months 6-11 months 1-2 years 3-4 years 5-9 years

10 and more 

years

Total 93 968 10 306 25 949 6 695 25 368 15 467 8 518 1 665

 5-9 17 677 2 127 7 025 1 612 5 692 1 154 67 0

 10-11 13 624 1 676 4 047 1 309 4 416 1 736 387 53

 12-14 28 945 2 990 7 719 1 947 7 312 5 835 2 948 194

 15-17 33 722 3 513 7 158 1 827 7 948 6 742 5 116 1 418

Male 50 870 5 649 13 911 3 411 13 548 8 559 4 560 1 232

 5-9 9 648 1 124 3 669 1 073 3 072 710 0 0

 10-11 6 667 1 079 2 171 443 1 942 934 98 0

 12-14 15 986 1 645 4 446 977 4 246 2 776 1 748 148

 15-17 18 569 1 801 3 625 918 4 288 4 139 2 714 1 084

Female 43 098 4 657 12 038 3 284 11 820 6 908 3 958 433

 5-9 8 029 1 003 3 356 539 2 620 444 67 0

 10-11 6 957 597 1 876 866 2 474 802 289 53

 12-14 12 959 1 345 3 273 970 3 066 3 059 1 200 46

 15-17 15 153 1 712 3 533 909 3 660 2 603 2 402 334

One-tenth of working children aged 5-17 years have worked for five or more years, followed by two 

tenths of children who have worked for 3-4 years, and three tenths of children have worked for 1-2 years.
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Figure 5.5 Working children, by duration of work, in percentages 

5-9 years 9.1%

less than a month 11.0%

3-4 years 16.5%

and more years 1.8

1-5 months 27.6%

6-11 months 7.1%

1-2 years 27.0%

5.2.6. Monthly income of children in paid employment 

Only 2.0 percent of all working children were in paid jobs. The analysis of monthly income of these 

children is shown in the below Table 5.7.

Table 5.7.Number of working children aged 5-17 years engaged in paid jobs, by sex, their income and school attendance

Earned income during reference 

week (in cash and in kind)

Number of children engaged in paid job

Number Percentage share

Total In school No schooling Total In school No schooling

Total children 1871 511 1360 100.0 100.0 100.0

Below 50.000 373 217 156 19.9 42.5 11.

50.000-79.000 113 0 113 6.0 0.0 8.3

80.000-109.000 446 148 298 23.8 29.0 21.9

140.000-169.000 394 48 346 21.1 9.4 25.4

170.000-199.000 166 0 166 8.9 0.0 12.2

200.000 and above 379 98 281 20.3 19.1 20.7

Male 1582 378 1204 100.0 100.0 100.0

Below 50.000 287 131 156 18.1 34.7 13.

50.000-79.000 113 0 113 7.1 0.0 9.4

80.000-109.000 298 101 197 18.9 26.7 16.4

140.000-169.000 394 48 346 24.9 12.7 28.7

170.000-199.000 111 0 111 7.0 0.0 9.2

200.000and above 379 98 281 24.0 25.9 23.3

Female 289 133 156 100.0 100.0 100.0

Below 50.000 86 86 0 29.8 64.7 0.

50.000-79.000 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

80.000-109.000 148 47 101 51.2 35.3 64.7

140.000-169.000 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

170.000-199.000 55 0 55 19.0 0.0 35.3

200.000and above 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Three out of ten working children engaged in paid work were in school, while the remaining majority of 

children in paid jobs were out of school. Every second child who did both work, and attended school earned 

an income of less than 50,000 togrogs a month, while one-fourth of children who do did not attend school 

earned 14,000-169,000 togrogs a month. A substantial difference in regards to gender was not observed. 

However, only boys earned the highest monthly income, or income of 200,000 togrogs or more. 
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5.3. Chi

Out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 70.9 percent or 417,713 children were engaged in non-economic 

activities or in household duties. Tables 5.8 and 5.8а present the data on children engaged in non economic 

activities by their age groups and gender.

The current CLS included one additional type of household work task or non economic activity that is specific to Mongolia. That activity is the “moving, loading/unloading and making ger.” The current survey findings 

showed that 1.4 percent of all surveyed children were engaged in this household activity. 

Overall, the majority of children surveyed were engaged in non economic activities or household chores. 

It should be noted that children might be engaged in multiple household duties. Table 5.8a demonstrates 

that children were mainly engaged in cooking, cleaning utensils (75.8 percent), followed by ger and fence 

cleaning (68.0 percent), fetching water (53.7 percent), washing/laundering/ironing (46.6 percent), collecting fuel/wood (37.9 percent), and shopping for household consumption (28.0 percent). Children’s 

participation in non-economic activities or household chores was estimated by age group and gender. There 

were substantive gaps in terms of age groups and gender. Household chores such as cooking, cleaning of 

utensils and household, washing/laundering/ironing was mainly done by girls.

In terms of hours spent for household duties per week, six out of ten children aged 5-17 years spent less 

than 10 hours; three out of ten spent 10-24 hours, and one tenth spent more than 25 hours a week. Substantial gender based differences were observed. For example, 10.8 percent of girls, compared to only 5.6 

percent of boys spent more than 25 hours for household duties a week.
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Table 5.8 Number of children currently engaged in household duties (non economic activities), by age groups, gender and type of non-activities 

Age groups/

sex 

Total 

number of 

children 

engaged in 

work 

Type of household duties or non economic activities

Cooking, 

Serving 

food for 

household, 

cleaning 

utensils

Cleaning 

house and 

fence

Washing, 

laundering 

and ironing

Minor 

household 

repairs

Shopping for 

households 

consumption

Knitting 

and sewing

Fetching 

water for 

drinking 

and 

washing

Fetching 

fuel and 

preparing 

firewood

Caring for 

elders and 

sick

Looking 

after 

child

Caring for 

pets for 

nonprofit 

purposes

Moving, 

loading and 

making ger

Voluntary/

community 

services with 

no pay

Тotal 417713 316687 284034 194816 20766 116802 15432 224443 158406 7862 57863 22685 5771 11307

Of which: 5-9 98308 68062 55105 17477 1383 15940 1505 36275 27762 1051 17531 3580 863 1886

 10-11 69059 50156 46250 23720 2136 17247 1235 36424 24718 1057 11054 3860 921 1477

 12-14 119737 93168 85957 61946 6635 35788 4304 71983 49027 2234 14927 7119 1677 3636

 15-17 130609 105301 96722 91673 10612 47827 8388 79761 56899 3520 14351 8126 2310 4308

Male 210033 140347 121406 80700 15414 53945 4911 134752 95919 3347 25393 11942 3171 5410

 5-9 48548 30620 23366 7078 848 8604 656 22708 16690 600 7282 1882 402 1118

 10-11 35930 22941 20694 10346 1557 9188 570 22326 15184 449 5865 2181 387 490 12-14 61724 41805 37351 25503 4745 16454 1391 44226 31515 969 6402 3384 794 1835 15-17 63831 44981 39995 37773 8264 19699 2294 45492 32530 1329 5844 4495 1588 1967

Female 207680 176340 162628 114116 5352 62857 10521 89691 62487 4515 32470 10743 2600 5897

 5-9 49760 37442 31739 10399 535 7336 849 13567 11072 451 10249 1698 461 768

 10-11 33129 27215 25556 13374 579 8059 665 14098 9534 608 5189 1679 534 987 12-14 58013 51363 48606 36443 1890 19334 2913 27757 17512 1265 8525 3735 883 1801

 15-17 66778 60320 56727 53900 2348 28128 6094 34269 24369 2191 8507 3631 722 2341
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Table 5.8.а Children currently engaged in household duties (non economic activities), by age groups, gender and type of work done, in percentages

Age groups/sex 

Total 

number of 

children 

engaged in 

work

Type of household duties or non economic activities

Cooking, 

Serving 

food for 

household, 

cleaning 

utensils

Cleaning 

house and 

fence

Washing, 

laundering 

and ironing

Minor 

household 

repairs

Shopping for 

households 

consumption

Knitting and 

sewing

Fetching 

water for 

drinking 

and 

washing

Fetching 

fuel and 

preparing 

firewood

Caring 

for elders 

and sick

Looking 

after 

child

Caring for 

pets for 

nonprofit 

purposes

Moving, 

loading and 

making ger

Voluntary/

community 

services with 

no pay

Total 417713 75.8 68.0 46.6 5.0 28.0 3.7 53.7 37.9 1.9 13.9 5.4 1.4 2.7

Of which: 5-9 98308 69.2 56.1 17.8 1.4 16.2 1.5 36.9 28.2 1.1 17.8 3.6 0.9 1.9

 10-11 69059 72.6 67.0 34.3 3.1 25.0 1.8 52.7 35.8 1.5 16.0 5.6 1.3 2.1

 12-14 119737 77.8 71.8 51.7 5.5 29.9 3.6 60.1 40.9 1.9 12.5 5.9 1.4 3.0

 15-17 130609 80.6 74.1 70.2 8.1 36.6 6.4 61.1 43.6 2.7 11.0 6.2 1.8 3.3

Male 210033 66.8 57.8 38.4 7.3 25.7 2.3 64.2 45.7 1.6 12.1 5.7 1.5 2.6

 5-9 48548 63.1 48.1 14.6 1.7 17.7 1.4 46.8 34.4 1.2 15.0 3.9 0.8 2.3

 10-11 35930 63.8 57.6 28.8 4.3 25.6 1.6 62.1 42.3 1.2 16.3 6.1 1.1 1.4

 12-14 61724 67.7 60.5 41.3 7.7 26.7 2.3 71.7 51.1 1.6 10.4 5.5 1.3 3.0

 15-17 63831 70.5 62.7 59.2 12.9 30.9 3.6 71.3 51.0 2.1 9.2 7.0 2.5 3.1

Female 207680 84.9 78.3 54.9 2.6 30.3 5.1 43.2 30.1 2.2 15.6 5.2 1.3 2.8

 5-9 49760 75.2 63.8 20.9 1.1 14.7 1.7 27.3 22.3 0.9 20.6 3.4 0.9 1.5 10-11 33129 82.1 77.1 40.4 1.7 24.3 2.0 42.6 28.8 1.8 15.7 5.1 1.6 3.0

 12-14 58013 88.5 83.8 62.8 3.3 33.3 5.0 47.8 30.2 2.2 14.7 6.4 1.5 3.1

 15-17 66778 90.3 84.9 80.7 3.5 42.1 9.1 51.3 36.5 3.3 12.7 5.4 1.1 3.5
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Table 5.9 shows that a substantial number of children aged 5-9 were engaged in household duties. 

However, 81.4 percent of these children spent less than nine hours for household duties per week. It was 

observed that ass age of children increases, the hours per week spent on household duties increases. For 

instance, three out of ten children aged 10-11 years compared to four out of ten children aged 12-14 years 

spent 10-42 hours for household duties a week. 

The number of girls (3,628) who spent more than 43 hours a week for household chores were 

substantially higher than boys (1389). The above table shows that children aged 10-14 and 15-17 years have 

spent numerous hours contributing to household chores. Water and fuel fetching is mainly performed by 

boys. However, in household shopping tasks, both boys and girls participate. For activities such as minor 

household repairs, knitting, and sewing, older children are preferred. 

Table 5.9 Number of children engaged in household duties (non economic activities), by age groups, gender and 

hours spent for household duties

Hours spent in a 

week/sex

Children participated 

in household duties

Age groups

5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17 5-9 10-11 12-14 15-17

Number Percentage numbers percenta

Total children 417 713 100.0 98 308 69 059 119 737 130 609 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 hours 131 607 31.5 57 204 26 144 28 045 20 214 58.2 37.9 23.4 15.4

5-9 111 667 26.7 22 794 21 384 34 875 32 614 23.2 31.0 29.1 25.0

10-14 69 307 16.6 10 465 11 261 23 045 24 536 10.6 16.3 19.2 18.8

15-24 70 864 17.0 6 030 7 675 23 093 34 066 6.1 11.1 19.3 26.1

25-34 22 465 5.4 1 410 1 648 7 071 12 336 1.4 2.4 5.9 9.4

35-42 6 786 1.6 239 488 2 109 3 950 0.2 0.7 1.8 3.0

43-48 1 512 0.4 50 159 508 795 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6

49-55 1 837 0.4 63 228 565 981 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8

56+ 1 668 0.4 53 72 426 1 117 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.9

Male 210 033 100.0 48 548 35 930 61 724 63 831 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 hours 76 106 36.2 29 656 15 099 18 158 13 193 61.1 42.0 29.3 20.8

5-9 60 454 28.8 11 223 10 905 19 351 18 975 23.1 30.4 31.3 29.7

10-14 32 439 15.4 4 509 5 450 10 720 11 760 9.3 15.2 17.4 18.4

15-24 29 403 14.0 2 281 3 399 9 923 13 800 4.7 9.5 16.1 21.6

25-34 8 510 4.1 766 734 2 704 4 306 1.6 2.0 4.4 6.7

35-42 1 732 0.8 0 0 589 1 143 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.8

43-48 516 0.2 50 115 126 225 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4

49-55 739 0.4 63 228 100 348 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.5

56+ 134 0.1 0 0 53 81 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1

Female 207 680 100.0 49 760 33 129 58 013 66 778 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Less than 5 hours 55 501 26.7 27 548 11 045 9 887 7 021 55.3 33.4 17.1 10.6

5-9 51 213 24.7 11 571 10 479 15 524 13 639 23.3 31.6 26.8 20.4

10-14 36 868 17.8 5 956 5 811 12 325 12 776 12.0 17.5 21.2 19.1

15-24 41 461 20.0 3 749 4 276 13 170 20 266 7.5 12.9 22.7 30.3

25-34 13 955 6.7 644 914 4 367 8 030 1.3 2.8 7.5 12.0

35-42 5 054 2.4 239 488 1 520 2 807 0.5 1.5 2.6 4.2

43-48 996 0.5 0 44 382 570 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.9

49-55 1 098 0.5 0 0 465 633 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.9

56+ 1 534 0.7 53 72 373 1 036 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.6
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VI

CHILD LABOUR, AND CAUSES AND

CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABO

CHAPTER
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6.1 In

Mongolia is a country with a young population. In fact, almost half of its population is under that 

age of 24. For this reason, the Government of Mongolia has been taken many important measures to 

maintain the well-being of its population and to protect their rights. However, many challenges related to 

the violation of children’s rights still exist, including violence to children, poverty and malnutrition, lack of 

shelter, and child labour. These circumstances result in negative consequences for Mongolia’s children, such 

as detriments in health and well-being as well as in education. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess 

these survey results in order to understand the factors that compel children to seek work and the dangers 

that result from such work. 

Using the findings of the previous sections, the magnitude of child work and of child labour is analyzed in this chapter. In addition, causes and consequences of children’s engagement in economic and

non-economic activities are analyzed, including children’s own view on the consequences that would occur 

if they stopped working. 

6.2 Chil

Child labour is a narrower concept than children who are at work that is “the economically active 

children”. For this survey, the methodology on child labour estimates was developed and approved by the 

Joint Order of the Chairman of NSO and Minister of Social Welfare and Labour of Mongolia in 20091

, in 

line with the recommendations of ILO Conventions No. 138 and 182. According to this methodology, child 

labour for statistical measurement purposes is defined as follows:

“Child labour” includes children aged 5-11 years engaged in economic activities; children aged 12-14 

years in light work, but spend more than 14 hours a week; children aged 15-17 in work, but spend 43 or 

more hours a week. (”Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force”, 

Section 2.14. NSO and MSWL,2009).

For the estimate of child labour in Mongolia, this procedure has been followed as the official approved 

methodology (Table 6.1).

In this chapter, an alternate estimate is also made of ‘long hours of work’ by children according to the 

Labour Law (Table 6.2). It should be noted that the results of the two estimates are obviously different, 

due to variations in the criteria of, both, hours spent at work during the reference week, and the child 

age groups thresholds. This alternate estimate is provided for use by policy makers, and to highlight that a 

sizeable proportion of working children, who fall technically outside the official child labour count criteria, 

are in a vulnerable situation. 

Child labour estimate according to the approved official methodology: Child labour estimate 

made according to the approved methodology based on hours spent in economic activities during the reference week by children’s age groups is shown in Table 6.1.

1 Joint Order No. 01-68/94 dated 16 June 2009 and its Appendix dated 19 June 2009.
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Table 6.1.Child labour estimates based on hours spent in economic activity, by age group and gender 

(according to the approved methodology)

Hours spent in a week/gender Total Age groups

5-11 12 - 14 15 - 17

Number of working children 75 855 24 474 23 409 27 972

Less than 5 hours 5 047 2 641 1 507 899

5-9 15 183 6 873 4 641 3 669

10-14 19 213 8 058 6 469 4 686

15-24 13 753 3 699 4 844 5 210

25-34 7 105 1 509 2 123 3 473

35-42 7 046 1 108 2 291 3 647

43-48 836 204 162 470

49-55 1 406 133 362 911

56 and more hours 6 266 249 1 010 5 007

Of which: child labour 41 654 24 474 10 792 6 388

Male 41 905 12 830 13 392 15 683

Less than 5 hours 2 348 1,366 808 174

5-9 7 368 3,485 2,502 1,381

10-14 9 318 3,854 3,370 2,094

15-24 7 531 2,092 2,610 2,829

25-34 3 973 1,009 1,268 1,696

35-42 4 655 590 1,501 2,564

43-48 687 105 162 420

49-55 874 80 221 573

56 and more hours 5 151 249 950 3,952

Of which: child labour 24 487 12 830 6 712 4 945

Female 33 950 11 644 10 017 12 289

Less than 5 hours 2 699 1 275 699 725

5-9 7 815 3 388 2,139 2,288

10-14 9 895 4 204 3,099 2,592

15-24 6 222 1 607 2,234 2,381

25-34 3 132 500 855 1,777

35-42 2 391 518 790 1,083

43-48 149 99 0 50

49-55 532 53 141 338

Of which: child labour 1 115 60 1,055

Of which: child labour 17 167 11 644 4 080 1 443

The shaded area of Table 6.1 indicates that out of 75,855 children engaged in economic activities 

during the reference week, 54.9 percent or 41,654 children were in child labour. This survey report has 

estimated total child labour as consisting of (i) child labour estimate based on long hours at work (43 

hours and more) spent in the reference week, and (ii) estimates of children in hazardous activity and in 

hazardous work conditions2

. The estimate of children in hazardous work, which was defined based on the 

officially approved “List of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed”3 is provided in 

Chapter 8. 

2 Since the estimate of (ii) is rather small and its statistical classification by ISIC and ISCO codes is not as yet robust, the possible 

overlap of a few child labour belonging to both (i) and (ii) has not been attempted.

3 Ministry of Social Welfare and Labour Order No. 107 dated 26 September 2008.
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The overall survey finding is that of 93,968 working children aged 5-17 years, 46.3 percent or 43,545 

(41,654 + 1,891) children were engaged in child labour. In other words, 7.4 percent of all children aged 

5-17 (43,545 children of 589,076 estimated child populations in this age group) were engaged in child 

labour. Of these children, 60.2 percent or 26,210 (24,487+1,723) were boys and 39.8 percent or 17,335 

(17,167+168) were girls. 

Estimate of ‘long hours of work’ by children according to the Labour Code of Mongolia: The 

Labour Law of Mongolia states, among others, that4: 

•	 A citizen who has reached the age of 15 years old is eligible to make an employment contract with

consent of his or her parents or guardians. 

•	 It is permitted for a 15 year-old child to work up to 30 hours per week, and up to 36 hours per

week for a child aged 16-17 years. 

4 The Labour Law of Mongolia 2008, Articles 71.1, 109.2 and 109.3

Table 6.2. Estimates based on long hours spent by children in economic activity, by age group and sex 

(according to the Labour Law)

Hours spent in a week/gender Total Age groups

5-14 15 16-17

Number of working children 75 855 47 883 8 597 19 375

less than 29 hours 58 015 41 345 5 929 10 74

30-35 hours 4 577 2 372 621 1 584

36 and more hours 13 263 4 166 2 047 7 050

Of which: child labour 57 601 47 883 2 668 7 050

Male 41 905 26 223 4757 10926

less than 29 hours 29 276 21 664 2 737 4 87

30-35 hours 2 673 1 631 281 761

36 and more hours 9 957 2 928 1 739 5 290

Of which: child labour 33 533 26 223 2 020 5 290

Female 33 950 21 661 3 840 8 449

less than 29 hours 28 739 19 681 3 192 5 86

30-35 hours 1 904 741 340 823

36 and more hours 3 306 1 238 308 1 760

Of which: child labour 24 068 21 660 648 1 760

The alternate estimate of ‘long hours of work’ by children based on the above criteria is shown in 

Table 6.2. According to the survey findings, and by the criteria of the Labour Code of Mongolia, there 

were 57,601 (Table 6.2) children engaged work in excess of the permitted weekly work hours. This number 

constitutes 75.9 percent of all children engaged in economic activities during the reference week. Of these 

children, 58.2 percent were boys and 41.8 percent were girls. This ratio was similar to previous estimates. 

Of children so engaged in work hours not permissible under the Labour Code, 83.1 percent were children 

aged 5-14 years, 4.6 percent were children of age 15, and 12.2 percent were children aged 16-17 years. 

This estimate shows a higher percentage of children in excessive weekly work hours labour as compared to the estimate (by the official statistical measurement of child labour) and is due to two main 

factors. First, there is no ‘light work’ exemption provision for the child age group 12-14 years; and second, 

a lower cut-off threshold on weekly work hours for children aged 15 and over is applied.

This suggests that the existing official statistical estimation methodology of child labour should be 

improved in line with the recommendations issued by the resolution on “Child Labour Statistics” of ILO 18th 

Conference of Labour Statisticians and the Clauses of Labour Code of Mongolia. 
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It may also be noted that as the current survey excluded street children and children living in institutions, and therefore, the results presented in this report are an underestimation the prevailing child labour 

situation in Mongolia. Moreover, as the survey conducted was based on children living in households, it 

has not been able to estimate fully children engaged in the worst forms of child labour other than those 

undertaking hazardous work.

6.3 Non-school activitiDuring the reference week, out of 589,076 surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 93,96

were engaged in economic activities; 344,680 children or 58.5 percent were performed household duties 

only; 114,300 children or 19.4 percent studied only, and 6.1 percent were neither studied nor worked. Table 

6.3 presents data on activities performed by children during the reference week by age groups and gender.

There was no substantive gender difference for children who only studied and for children who neither studied nor worked among children aged 5-17 years. However, 16.9 percent of boys and 14.9 percent 

of girls were engaged in economic activities, while 56.9 percent of boys and 60.2 percent of girls performed household duties. This indicates that boys have more opportunities to earn income when compared 

to girls. The data further indicated that as age rises, the number of children that only study decreases, and 

the number of children (boys and girls) that engaged in economic and in non-economic activities, both with 

or without other activities, tends to increase.

Table 6.3. Activities performed by children aged 5-17 years during the reference week, by age groups and gender

Total

Economic activity

(with or without 

other activities)

Household duties

(with or without 

other activities)

Studied only None of them

Total children 589 076 93 968 344 680 114 300 36 128

5 - 9 201 839 17 677 86 607 63 853 33 702

10 - 11 91 630 13 624 58 707 18 575 724

12 - 14 144 390 28 945 96 444 18 541 460

15 - 17 151 217 33 722 102 922 13 331 1 242

Boy

Total 300 677 50 870 171 200 59 072 19 535

5 - 9 102 275 9 648 42 615 32 034 17 978

10 - 11 48 058 6 667 30 542 10 353 496

12 - 14 74 823 15 986 48 919 9 697 221

15 - 17 75 521 18 569 49 124 6 988 840

Girls

Total 288 399 43 098 173 480 55 228 16 593

5 – 9 99 564 8 029 43 992 31 819 15 724

10 - 11 43 572 6 957 28 165 8 222 228

12 - 14 69 567 12 959 47 525 8 844 239

15 - 17 75 696 15 153 53 798 6 343 402

Percentage share

Total children 100.0 16.0 58.5 19.4 6.1

5 - 9 100.0 8.8 42.9 31.6 16.7

10 - 11 100.0 14.9 64.0 20.3 0.8

12 - 14 100.0 20.0 66.8 12.8 0.4

15 - 17 100.0 22.3 68.1 8.8 0.8

Boy

Total 100.0 16.9 56.9 19.6 6.6

5 - 9 100.0 9.4 41.7 31.3 17.6

10 - 11 100.0 13.9 63.6 21.5 1.0

12 - 14 100.0 21.4 65.5 13.0 0.3

15 - 17 100.0 24.6 65.0 9.3 1.1

Girls

Total 100.0 14.9 60.2 19.1 5.8

5 – 9 100.0 8.1 44.1 32.0 15.8

10 - 11 100.0 16.0 64.6 18.9 0.5

12 - 14 100.0 18.6 68.3 12.8 0.3

15 - 17 100.0 20.0 71.1 8.4 0.5
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In terms of location, the majority of urban children, or 68.8 percent, was engaged in household duties 

only. This figure was less by 22.6 percentage points for rural children. Opposing, the percentage of rural 

children engaged in economic activities was higher (28.4 percent for rural children), compared to only 5.6 

percent for urban children. Those responding: “only studied” and “idle” were similar for both urban and 

rural children. 

Figure 6.1. Activities performed by children aged 5-17 years during the reference week, by urban/rural location, in 

percentages

Out of all children aged 5-17 years, 11.7 percent or 6,915 children were out of school. Economic activity 

of these children during the reference week is presented in Table 6.4. The age distribution demonstrates 

that out of all children who were not in school, 71.6 percent or 49,539 children were of the 5-9 age groups, 

followed by 6.7 percent or 4,641 children of the 10-14 age group and 21.7 percent or 14,973 children of 

the 15-17 age groups. It is important to highlight that out of all children of aged 7-17 (N= 21270) who are 

entitled to schooling, 30.8 percent were not actually in school. 

Out of children who were not in school but engaged in economic activities, 19.0 percent belonged 

to the 5-9 age groups, which was higher by only 0.1 percent than children of the 10-14 age groups. It is 

notable improvement that the ratio of young children who engaged in economic activities decreased substantially, which was twice as high as compared to the 10-14 age groups in the previous 2006/07 survey. 

0.0

10.0

20.0

5.6

28.4

68.8

46.2

19.4 19.4

Urba

Rura

6.2 6.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Economic activity Household duties Studied only Non of them
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Table 6.4.Activities performed by children who are not studying, during the reference week, by age groups and gender

Total Economic activity Only household duties Studied only

Total 69 153 14 975 18 051 36 127

5 - 6 47 883 2 428 12 302 33 153

7 - 9 1 656 422 685 549

10 - 14 4 641 2 825 633 1 183

15 - 17 14 973 9 300 4 431 1 242

Boy

Total 40 724 11 606 9 583 19 535

5 - 6 25 690 1 746 6 235 17 709

7 - 9 920 256 394 270

10 - 14 3 524 2 322 486 716

15 - 17 10 590 7 282 2 468 840

Girls

Total 28 429 3 369 8 468 16 592

5 - 6 22 193 682 6 067 15 444

7 - 9 736 166 291 279

10 - 14 1 117 503 147 467

4 383 2 018 1 963 402

Percentage share

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 6 69.2 16.2 68.2 91.8

7 - 9 2.4 2.8 3.8 1.5

10 - 14 6.7 18.9 3.5 3.3

15 - 17 21.7 62.1 24.5 3.4

Boy

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 6 63.0 15.0 65.0 90.6

7 - 9 2.3 2.2 4.1 1.4

10 - 14 8.7 20.0 5.1 3.7

15 - 17 26.0 62.8 25.8 4.3

Girls

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 6 78.1 20.3 71.6 93.1

7 - 9 2.6 4.9 3.4 1.7

10 - 14 3.9 14.9 1.7 2.8

15.4 59.9 23.3 2.4

Table 6.4 indicates that a majority of children aged 5-9(72.0 percent) perform household chores. Out 

of children who were not in school but engaged in economic activities, 77.5 percent were boys and 22.5 

percent were girls. 

Economic activity Only Household 

duties

Non of them

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0 Urba

Rura

45.5

54.5

9.1

90.9

56.4

43.6

55.1

44.9

Figure 6.2. Activities performed by children who are not in school during the reference week, by urban/

rural location, in percentages

Òotal
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Table 6.5. Children performing household duties, by age groups of starting to help, school attendance, urban/

rural location and gender

Total

School attendance

Total Yes No

Total 89 142 100.0 85.4 14.6

5 - 9 16 837 100.0 85.7 14.3

10 - 11 13 198 100.0 96.8 3.2

12 - 14 27 891 100.0 92.1 7.9

15 - 17 31 216 100.0 74.5 25.5

Urba

Total 16 379 100.0 94.8 5.2

5 - 9 1 669 100.0 93.0 7.0

10 - 11 2 348 100.0 100.0 0.0

12 - 14 5 148 100.0 97.6 2.4

15 - 17 7 214 100.0 91.6 8.4

Rura

Total 72 763 100.0 83.3 16.7

5 - 9 15 168 100.0 84.9 15.1

10 - 11 10 850 100.0 96.2 3.8

12 - 14 22 743 100.0 90.8 9.2

15-17 24 002 100.0 69.3 30.7

Gender

Boys 47 805 100.0 78.8 21.

Girls 41 337 100.0 93.0 7.0

Out of children engaged in household duties, 18.9 percent belonged to the 5-9 age group followed by 

46.1 percent in the10-14age group and 35.0 percent in the 15-17age group. The urban and rural distribution 

suggests that the majority of urban children aged 15-17 assist their households, while the majority of rural 

children aged 10-14assist their households. The data further more indicates that participation of rural children in their household chores is four times higher than that of urban children. Figure 6.3 illustrates school 

attendance of children performing household duties. 

In terms of location, economic activities of children who were not in school were similar for both 

urban and rural areas. Out of children engaged in economic activities, 90.9 percent were rural children. 

This indicated that there is a high probability for rural children to be out of school for purposes of work. 

6.4 Scol

The survey results show that out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 15.1 percent or 89,142 were engaged in livestock breeding, manufacturing and services. Of these children, 53.6 percent or 47,805 children 

were boys and 46.4 percent or 41,337 were girls. Table 6.5 provides data on children performing household 

duties and their school attendance by age groups, gender and urban/rural location. In total, 85.4 percent 

of children engaged in household duties were in school. In terms of location, 94.8 percent of urban children 

and 83.3 percent of rural children were engaged in household duties in addition to their schooling. 
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Figure 6.3. School attendance of children performed household duties, by age groups, percentage share

15-17

12-14

10-11

5-9

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Á¿ãä

Attended schools Not attended schools

85.4

85.7

96.8

92.1

74.5 25.5

7.9

3.2

14.3

14.6

Survey findings show that out of surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 1,857 children were engaged in 

economic activities outside of their household. Of these children, 83.7 percent were boys and 16.3 percent were girls. Table 6.6 demonstrates the school attendance of children engaged in work outside of the 

households, by their age groups and urban/rural location.

Table 6.6.School attendance of children engaged in work outside of households, by age groups and urban/

rural location

Age groups/location Total

School attendance

Number Percentage

Yes No Yes No

Total 1 857 1 215 642 65.4 34.6

5 - 9 48 48 100.0 0.0

10 - 11 56 56 100.0 0.0

12 - 14 220 159 61 72.3 27.7

15 - 17 1 533 952 581 62.1 37.9

Urba

Total 1 058 709 349 67.0 33.0

5-9 48 48 100.0 0.0

12-14 100 39 61 39.0 61.0

15 - 17 910 622 288 68.4 31.6

Rura

Total 799 506 293 63.3 36.7

10-11 56 56 100.0 0.0

12-14 120 120 100.0 0.0

15-17 623 330 293 53.0 47.0

Of the children engaged in work outside of the household, 2.6 percent belonged to the 5-9 age group; 

3.0 percent were children in the 10-11 age groups; 11.8 percent were children in the12-14 age group, and 

82.6 percent were children in the 15-17 age group. In terms of location, the majority of children engaged 

in work outside of the household belonged to age group of 15-17 years. There were no children aged 5-9 

years who engaged in outside of household in the rural area. All 48 children engaged in work outside of 

the household resided in urban settlements. 

As stated earlier, out of children engaged in work outside of the household, 2.6 percent (48 children 

out of 1,857) children of age 10 and below. This figure decreased by 15.9 percent as compared to the 

previous 2006/07 CLS.
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The proportion of urban children in school and engaged in work outside of the household was 3.7 

percent higher than for rural children. The above figure shows all girls engaged in work outside of the 

household. Six out of ten boys who engaged in work outside of the household were attending school.

6.5 The re

6.5.1 Reasons for helping in household business

This section presents the analysis of the reasons reported by children or helping in household business. 

The survey results revealed that, out of total surveyed children aged 5-17 years, 15.1 percent helped in their 

household business, livestock breeding, and household production and services. 

Figure 6.4. Number of children engaged in work outside of the households, by school attendance, urban/rural 

location and gender

attended schools Not attended school

Urban Total 709 349 1058 506 293 799912 642 1554 303 303 1215 64

1857

Rural Boys Gir
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Table 6.7.Reasons of children’s engagement in household activities, by age groups and gender

Total Gain work 

experience and 

skills

Help parents

Shortage of 

labour force 

in household 

business

Parents 

demand/ 

request

Other

Total 89 142 3 014 77 694 7 431 454 549

5 - 9 16 837 507 15 188 784 232 126

10 - 11 13 198 352 12 405 383 58

12 - 14 27 891 1 077 24 668 1 945 115 86

15 - 17 31 216 1 078 25 433 4 319 49 337

Boy

Total 47 805 2 071 40 568 4 324 395 447

5 - 9 9 114 396 8 113 369 173 63

10 - 11 6 564 272 6 234 58

12 - 14 15 352 677 13 326 1 187 115 47

15 - 17 16 775 726 12 895 2 768 49 337

Girls

Total 41 337 943 37 126 3 107 59 102

5 - 9 7 723 111 7 075 415 59 63

10 - 11 6 634 80 6 171 383

12 - 14 12 539 400 11 342 758 39

15 - 17 14 441 352 12 538 1 551

Percentage share

Total 100.0 3.4 87.2 8.3 0.5 0.6

5 - 9 100.0 3.0 90.2 4.7 1.4 0.7

10 - 11 100.0 2.7 94.0 2.9 0.4 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 3.9 88.4 7.0 0.4 0.3

15 - 17 100.0 3.5 81.5 13.8 0.2 1.1

Boy

Total 100.0 4.3 84.9 9.0 0.8 0.9

5 - 9 100.0 4.3 89.0 4.0 1.9 0.7

10 - 11 100.0 4.1 95.0 0.0 0.9 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 4.4 86.8 7.7 0.7 0.3

15 - 17 100.0 4.3 76.9 16.5 0.3 2.0

Girls

Total 100.0 2.3 89.8 7.5 0.1 0.2

5 - 9 100.0 1.4 91.6 5.4 0.8 0.8

10 - 11 100.0 1.2 93.0 5.8 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 3.2 90.5 6.0 0.0 0.3

15 - 17 100.0 2.4 86.8 10.7 0.0 0.0

The reasons for helping in household business are illustrated in Table 6.7 by children age groups and 

gender. The below table and figure show that majority or nine out of ten children responded that they 

engaged in household business, production, services and livestock breeding activities to help their parents. 

A negligible number of children (0.5 percent) responded that they started work under “parents’ request”. 

Of these children nine out of ten children were in urban areas. 

There was no major difference observed by gender and location.
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Figure 6.6 highlights that a majority of children engaged in household activities to help parents. This 

reason was cited by 89.0 percent of children attending schools and 76.1 percent of children not attending 

schools. The reason, “Shortage of labour force in household business,” was cited by 6.7 percent of children 

attending school and 17.9 percent of children not attending school.

Responses provided by children not in school about the reasons of shortage of the labor force in

household business and parents requests were higher than that of children in school. A majority of children, 

or 93.5 percent, who engaged in household business but were not attending school were in rural areas. 

6.5.2 Reasons for working outside of the household

Table 6.8describes reasons for children’s engagement in work outside of the household by age groups 

and gender, and the percentage distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the 

household is shown in Figure 6.7. This figure demonstrates that the highest number of children, or 38.1 

percent started economic activity to contribute to their household income. This response was given by 

37.1 percent (451 children out of 1,215) of children in school, and 39.9 percent (256 children out of 642) 

of children not in school.

Figure 6.5.Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in household activities, in percentage

Help parents

Gain work experience and skills

Shortage of labour force in 

houshold business

Others

Help parents 87.2%

Shortage of labour force in 

household business 8.3%

Gain experiences and skills 

3.4%

Parents demand/

request 0.5%

Other 0.6%

Survey results demonstrate that children in school were engaged in household production, services and 

livestock breeding to gain work experiences and to help parents. 

Figure 6.6.Distribution of children engaged in household activities, by reasons and school attendance

Parents demand/request

Attended schools

1.5

3.7

76.1

89.0

17.9

6.7

1.3

0.4

3.2

0.2

Not studied in schools
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Figure 6.7. Percentage distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the household

To contribute to the 

houshold income 38.1%

To cover school tuition fee 

14.8%

Self support, economic 

independence 15.1%

To gain work experiences 

and skills 5.6%

Self wanted 20.2%

Others 6.2%

In total, 20.2 percent of children (375 out of 1,857) responded that they “wanted to engage in work 

outside of the household.”This included 26.6 percent (323 out of 1,215) of children in school and 8.1 

percent (52 out of 642) of children not in school. The reason of self-support and economic independence 

was cited by 15.1 percent of all children: 9.7 percent (118 out of 1,215) of children in school, 25.4 percent 

(163 out of 642) of children not in school. Some children engaged in work outside of the household due 

to their desire to gain work experience (5.6 percent) and to cover the cost of schooling (14.8 percent).

Table 6.8.Reasons of engaging in work outside of the household, by age groups and gender

Age groups/gender Total Gain experience 

and skills

Contribute 

to the 

household 

income

Self-support/ 

economic 

independence

Cover cost of 

schooling

Child 

wanted Other

Total 1 857 104 707 281 275 375 115

5 - 9 48 48

10 - 11 56 56

12 - 14 220 127 66 27

15 - 17 1 533 104 580 281 153 300 115

Boy

Total 1 554 104 567 163 275 330 115

5 - 9 48 0 0 0 0 48 0

10 - 11 56 0 0 0 56 0 0

12 - 14 181 0 88 0 66 27 0

15 - 17 1 269 104 479 163 153 255 115

Girls

Total 303 140 118 45

12 - 14 39 0 39 0 0 0 0

15 - 17 264 0 101 118 0 45 0

Figure 6.8 illustrates that reasons for engaging in work differ by gender. For instance, 24.4 percent 

of boys responded that, the main reason was gaining work experiences and earning to cover the cost of 

schooling, while no girl cited these reasons. Girls cited their desire to contribute to household income, 

self-support or economic independence and self wanted as their main reasons for work outside of households. 
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A total of 36.5 percent of boys engaged in work outside of the household and 46.2 percent of girls 

engaged in work outside of the household responded that self-support and economic independence was 

their main reason for engaging in work. Additionally, 21.2 percent of boys responded that their main reason 

for working outside of their home was “self wanted,” which was higher by 6.3 percent when compared to 

their girl peers who cited the same reason. 

Contribute to 

household income

Contribute to 

household income

6.7

9.8

36.5

14.7

46.2

69.0

10.5

22.5

38.9

5.4

17.7

14.5 15.3

21.2

32.9

14.9

3.4

7.4

5.6 7.6

To cover school

tuition fee

To cover school

tuition fee

Others

Others

Self wanted

Self wanted

Self-support

/economic 

independence

Self-support

/economic 

independence

Gain work experience 

and skills

Gain work experience 

and skills

Figure 6.8. Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the household, by gender, 

in percentages

Boy

Girls

Urba

Rura

Figure 6.9 shows that reasons for engaging in work outside of household differ by location. It is interesting that seven out of ten rural children responded that the main reason for engaging in work outside 

of the household was to contribute to household income, while only 14.7 percent of urban children cited 

this reason. Furthermore, 32.9 percent of urban children cited that the main reason for engaging in work 

was self wanted, compared to3.4 percent of rural children. The reasons of “self wanted, self-support, and 

economic independence” were more often cited by urban children as their main reasons for engaging in 

work outside household, demonstrating the desire of many urban children to be economically independent. 

Figure 6.9.Distribution of children by reasons for engaging in work outside of the household, by urban/

rural location, in percentages
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6.6 Coneqnce

The question about “if the child stops working, what would happen to child or to child’s family?” was 

asked to the survey respondents. 

In response to the question of what would occur if a child stopped working, 48.6 percent of children 

working outside of the household answered that no change will occur, 33.8 percent answered that livelihood will worsen, 11.6 percent said that the household income would be lost, and 6.0 percent responded 

that it would weaken work experiences and skills.

Table 6.9. Number of children engaged in work outside of the household and consequences of “if the child stops 

working“, by age groups, gender and urban/rural location

Total

Livelihood will worsen

Loss of 

household 

income

Weakening of the work 

experience and skills No change

Total 1 857 628 216 110 903

5 - 9 48 48

10 - 11 56 56

12 - 14 220 100 120

15 - 17 1 533 472 216 110 735

Gender:

Boys 1 554 589 114 110 74

Girls 303 39 102 162

Location:

Urban 1 059 318 48 58 63

Rural 798 310 168 52 26

Percentage share

Total 100.0 33.8 11.6 6.0 48.6

5 - 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

10 - 11 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 45.5 0.0 0.0 54.5

15 - 17 100.0 30.8 14.1 7.2 47.9

Gender:

Boys 100.0 37.9 7.3 7.1 47.

Girls 100.0 12.9 33.6 0.0 53.5

Location:

Urban 100.0 30.0 4.5 5.5 60.

Rural 100.0 38.8 21.1 6.5 33.

In terms of gender, the majority of boys answered that livelihood will worsen (37.9 percent) and no 

change will occur (47.7 percent), while the majority of girls responded that no change will occur (53.5 

percent), and household income will diminish (33.6 percent).

Interestingly, 37.9 percent of boys answered that livelihood will worsen, while only 12.9 percent of girls 

provided the same answer. However, an answer of “no change will occur” was provided by approximately 

half of both boys and girls (47.7 percent of boys and 53.5 percent of girls). 

Reported consequences of the question, “If the child stops working” by the respondents are illustrated

in Figure 6.10 by urban/rural location and Ulaanbaatar City.

A majority of urban children, or 60.0 percent reported that there would be no changed if they stopped 

working, compared to only 33.6 percent of rural children. Meanwhile, 30.0 percent of urban children 

reported that living standards would worsen compared to 46.5 percent of rural children who reported the 

same answer. This indicates that rural children may be more concerned with potential consequences of 

stopping work than urban children. Finally, a total of 46.5 percent of Ulaanbaatar City children responded

to that livelihood will worsen if they stopped working. 
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The answer of “household income loss” was provided by only 4.5 percent of urban children, compared 

to 21.0 percent of rural children as the main consequence for stopping work, indicating that these children 

are potential breadwinners for their households. Moreover, this answer was not provided by Ulaanbaatar

City children, suggesting that breadwinner children are often from aimag centers, soums, and bags. 

Figure 6.10. Consequences of the question, “if the child stops working”, by urban/rural location and 

Ulaanbaatar City, in percentages

Urban Rural Ulaanbaa

Living standard 

will worsen

Household 

income will 

be loss

Work skills will 

be weaken

No change

38.8

46.5

4.5 5.5

6.6

10.3

43.2

30.0

60.0

21.0

33.6
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VII

WORK PLACE AND ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’

WORKING CONDITION

CHAPTER
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7.1 In

There is a need for broader study of child labour and the subsequent development of programmes 

that aim to eliminate child labour. In addition to estimating child labour by children’s age and hours spent 

in work, it is important to analyze the role that children play in work, the conditions of their workplaces, 

whether the work conditions harm children’s health and development, etc.

Working condition refers to the surrounding environment and the reality of workplace where children 

and adults work . In other words, it refers to the work process as well as the workplace location. In the 

2011/12 CLS, workplace, workplace location and working conditions where children aged 5-17 are engaged 

in work were analyzed based on survey results. 

7.2 Loation f workpc

Out of 94,000 working children, 72,700thousand or 77.4percent were engaged in livestock herding 

in a pasture/agricultural field; 5,400 or 5.8 percent worked at home with no specific work premises or 

facilities; 5,300 or 5.7percent worked at marketplaces and service centers; 3,400 or 3.7percent worked at 

home with separate premises or facilities; and 3,100 or 3.3percent worked in small shops, services, repairs 

and kiosks (See Figure 7.1). 

Figure 7.1 Location of work places where children aged 5-17 engaged in economic activities, in percentages

In pasture land, agrivultural field 

77.4%

Transportation means 0.2%

Office/work place 0.6%

Small shops, services, repairs, kiosks ò ̄ö 3.3

Marketplaces 5.7%

Supermarkets, grossaries, 0.8%

At home no separate work premisis, 5.8%

At home with separate work premisis, 3.7%

Waste dump 

side 0.9%

Street 0.7%

Factory 0.4%

Mining site 0.3%

Construction field 0.2%

As expected, children of all age groups were engaged in different types of economic activities in various conditions, such as in animal husbandry in agricultural fields; at home with, or without, separate work 

premises; in small shops, , kiosks, centralized marketplaces and service centers, etc. Children aged 12-14 

years worked in transportation means and in the employer’s home, while children aged 15-17 years worked 

in construction sides, manufacturing, and mining sites.
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One out of five children who engaged in work outside of the household worked at centralized markets 

and service centers.

7.3 Ase

Questions about workplace condition were asked from children who were engaged in work outside 

of the household. Survey results show that there were 1,857 children or 2.1 percent of working children 

engaged in economic activities outside of the household. Of these children, 86.9 percent reported that 

they were satisfied with their working conditions, while 13.1 percent reported to be dissatisfied due to high 

level of dust concentration, humidity, work underground or in a closed environment and poor hygiene. Out 

of urban children who worked outside of the household, 84.3 percent were satisfied with their workplace 

condition. This rate was higher by 6.1 percent (for a total of 90.4 percent) for rural children.

Figure 7.2 Location of work places where children aged 15-17 engaged in economic activities, by gender, in percentages

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Waste dump side

Street

Factory

Mining site

Construction field

Employer’s home

Supermarkets, grossaries

Marketplaces

Small shops, services, repairs, kiosks

Office/work place

Transportation means

In pasture land, agrivultural field

At home with separate work premisis

At home no separate work premisis

57.8

81.1

67.7

100.0

100.0

32.3

18.9

42.2

50.9 49.1

48.9

40.3

43.2

37.4

46.1

40.5

52.9

51.1

59.7

56.8

62.6

53.9

59.5

47.1

54.1 45.9

Boy

Girls

Figure 7.2 shows location of workplaces where children aged 15-17 engaged in economic activities by 

gender of children. Boys were working dominantly in manufacturing, waste points, street, and mining,

while girls were dominantly engaged in work in supermarkets, grocery stores, centralized marketplaces, and 

service centers. Findings show that only boys aged 15-17 worked at construction sites, while only girls aged 

12-14 worked at an employer’s home.
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Figure 7.3 Assessment of workplace where children engaged in work outside of the households, in percentages

In terms of reasons for dissatisfaction, 41.8 percent of children stated that they worked underground 

and in closed environments, 23.8 percent stated that they worked in very dusty and humid conditions, 23.4 

percent said that they worked in poor hygienic conditions, and 11.1 percent stated other various conditions. 

Figure 7.4 Working children dissatisfied with their workplace condition, by reasons, in percentages 

 Out of rural working children who expressed their dissatisfaction with their workplace condition, 34.6 

percent said that they worked in very dusty and humid conditions, 34.1 percent reported other conditions, 

and 31.3 percent said that they worked underground and in a closed environment. For urban children, 64.9 

percent said that they worked underground and in a closed environment and 35.1 percent stated poor hygiene of their workplaces. 

Out of 1,900 working children who engaged in economic activities outside of the household, 93.5 

percent reported that they do not experience any physical or psychological assault during work, while 6.5 

percent positively to experiencing assault. It is important to note that rural children more often face physical or psychological assault at work when compared to urban children (5.3 percent for urban children, 8.0 

percent for rural children). 

A majority of children (accumulated number) who experienced physical or psychological abuse at 

work specifically reported that they were beaten, faced unfair pay, felt overloaded, and scolded and humiliated at work.

0.0

10.0

20.0

90.4

9.6

84.3

15.7

86.9

13.1

Satisfied Dissatisficied

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

90.0

80.0

100.0

Òотаl Urban Rur

Dirty place 11.0%

Exposure to dust / humidity 23.8%

Work underground and closed environment 

41.8%

Other 23.1%
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Chart 7.1 Number of children who suffer from physical or psychological abuse (accumulated numbers), types of 

abuse, in percentage

7.4 Proison labou 

Out of all children in work outside of the household, 41.1 percent used personal protective equipment 

while 58.9 percent did not use any kind of personal protective equipment at work. 

Chart 7.2 Use of labour safety uniforms, tools and instruments for children engaged in work outside of the 

households

Physical and 

psycological abuse 

100%

Over loaded

46.7%

To be beaten

53.3%

Scolted, 

verb alassault

46.7%

Unfair pay

53.3%

Children engaged in work outside of the household -Total

100 %

Children use labour safety uniforms, tools and 

instruments at work place, 41.1 % 

Children do not use any kind of labour safety 

uniforms, tools and instruments at work place, 58.9 % 

In terms of occupation, all the children who worked as technicians and assistant specialists used labour 

protection wear, tools and instruments. Percentages of children who used some kind of labour protection 

wear, tools and instruments were as follows: 58.3 percent of children engaged in manufacturing, crafts-related work and services; 54.7 percent of children worked in elementary work; 27.3 percent of children 

worked in agriculture, forestry and fishing; and 16.2 percent of children worked in trading and services. 
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Survey findings show that almost all children who engaged in housekeeping work as helpers, dish 

washers in hotels, offices and other institutions, used labour protection wear and tools. 

Technicians and associate professionals 100.0%

Craft and related trades workers

Elementary occupations

Skilled agricultural, forestry and fisheryworkers

Service and sales workers

58.3%

54.7%

27.3%

16.2%

Figure 7.10 Children use labour protection wear, tools and instruments at work place, by occupation, in percentages
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VIII

CHILDREN IN HAZARDOUS W

CHAPTER
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8.1 In

One of the worst forms of child labour is “hazardous work.” Hazardous work by children is any work 

activity or occupation which, by its nature or circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm 

the health, safety or morals of children. These activities include work which exposes children to physical, 

psychological or sexual abuse; work underground, under water, at dangerous heights or in confined 

spaces; work with dangerous machinery, equipment or tools or work which involves the manual handling 

or transport of heavy loads; work in an unhealthy environment which may expose children to hazardous 

substances, agents or processes, or to temperatures, noise levels, or vibrations damaging to their health; 

and work under particularly difficult conditions, such as work for long hours or during the night, or work 

where the child is unreasonably confined to the premises of the employer.

Each country adopts a list of hazardous work in tripartite consultation. The Labour Law of Mongolia 

prohibits involvement of children in work which will have an adverse impact on the health and morals of a 

child. The list of designated hazardous occupations, “The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors 

to be employed” was reviewed and approved by the Order of the Minister of Social Welfare and Labour 

in 2008. 

This section presents the estimates of children in hazardous work, measured as: (i) children aged 5-17 

years who perform designated hazardous work; and (ii) children aged 5-17 years in work not designated 

as hazardous but who are at work for 43 or more hours in the reference week. These estimates were 

made based on the approved “The list of jobs and occupations prohibited for minors to be employed” and 

“Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force.”

8.2. Chidre

Out of 93,968 working children between the ages of 15-17, 11.1 percent or 10,398 children were 

involved in hazardous and harmful work (Table 8.1). Eighth-tenths of children were boys, and two-tenth 

was girls. 
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Table 8.1. Number of children engaged in hazardous work, by age groups and gender

Age groups/ Gender Involved in hazardous 

types of economic activitiesа

Children with long 

working hour’sb

Children in hazardous 

work situation/ 

conditionsc

Children in 

hazardous 

workd

Age 5-9 

 Male 0 185 0 185

 Female 0 52 0 52

 Total 0 237 0 237

Age 10-11

 Male 109 250 56 415

 Female 0 99 0 99

 Total 109 349 56 514

Age 12-14

 Male 207 1333 120 1660

 Female 67 201 0 268

 Total 274 1534 120 1928

Age 15-17

 Male 390 4944 841 6175

 Female 0 1443 101 1544

 Total 390 6387 942 7719

Children aged 5-17 years 

 Male 706 6712 1017 8435

 Female 67 1795 101 1963

 Total 773 8507 1118 10398

Note: 

а Children engaged in hazardous work prohibited by law. 

в Number of children worked 43 and more hours a week.

с Children in work in harmful and hazardous work situations and conditions by law. 

d Number of children in hazardous work estimated based on their work conditions, type of work, and weekly work hours.

Out of all children engaged in hazardous work, 7.3 percent were children of age of 5-11 years, 18.5 

percent were children of age of 12-14 years, and 74.2 percent were children of age of 15-17 years. The age 

structure of this group of working children is shown in the below figure.

Figure 8.1 Age structure of children in hazardous work, in percentages

5-9 years, 2.3%

10-11 years, 5.0%

12-14 years, 18.5%

15-17 years, 74.2%

The gender and age distribution of children engaged in hazardous work shows that the majority were 

boys. This trend increases as age rises: four out of five children in hazardous work between the ages of 

15-17 were boys (Figure 8.2).
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Figure 8.3 Children in hazardous work, by occupation, in percenteges 

Freight handlers 48%

Distributer of fuel 7%

Animal trainer/horse breaker 14%

Stonemasons 9%

Sheet-metal workers 8%

Tree lumberer and sawyer 14%

Out of all children in hazardous work, 1.5 percent, or 773 children, were engaged in work prohibited 

by the Order of the Minister of Social Welfare and Labour in 2008 with “The list of jobs and occupations 

prohibited for minors to be employed” (See Figure 8.3). One of two children in prohibited work were engaged in food and beverage production, whole and retail trading, and carrying and loading activities. 

Figure 8.2 Number of children in hazardous work, by gender and age groups 

Boy

Girls

15-17 years

12-14 years

10-11 years

5-9 years 185

52

415

99

1660

268

6175

1963

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Eight out of ten children who worked 43 or more hours a week were boys. 

Number of child

Age groups
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IX

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN

CHILD LABOU

CHAPTER
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Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

9.1 In

The main objective of this survey was to estimate the number of working children of age 5-17 years 

using the current and usual economic activity concept and identify their seasonal variations at the national, 

rural and urban region. To reach this objective, the sample was sub-divided into 4 equal quarterly rounds 

with 3-month data collection frequency. Each quarterly round covered 3,204 households, and the results 

were summarized on an annual basis. Certain indicators were estimated on a quarterly basis.

It should be noted that the survey quarterly rounds are not the same as calendar records. The current 

survey covered four quarters or one year. Accordingly, the 1st quarterly round extended from July to September of 2011; the 2nd quarterly round covered October to December of 2011; the 3rd quarterly round lasted from January to March of 2012; and the last 4th quarterly round continued from April to June of 2012.

9.2 Workig chil

The survey estimated the number of children engaged in economic activities or working children of 

age of 5-17 years on a quarterly basis (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1 Working children aged 5-17 years, number and percentages, by gender and quarters

Age group/ sex

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Number % Number % Number % Number %

Total 85 461 100,0 53 171 100,0 94 963 100,0 142 278 100,0

5 - 9 15 105 17,7 4 017 7,6 18 417 19,4 33 170 23,3

10 - 11 10 689 12,5 10 035 18,9 14 137 14,9 19 636 13,8

12 - 14 27 000 31,6 17 835 33,5 26 241 27,6 44 702 31,4

15 - 17 32 667 38,2 21 284 40,0 36 168 38,1 44 770 31,5

Boys 48 540 100,0 30 573 100,0 46 947 100,0 77 419 100,0

5 - 9 9 395 19,4 2 265 7,4 8 507 18,1 18 425 23,8

10 - 11 5 098 10,5 3 810 12,5 6 906 14,7 10 854 14,0

12 - 14 15 700 32,3 10 770 35,2 12 686 27,0 24 787 32,0

15 - 17 18 347 37,8 13 728 44,9 18 848 40,2 23 353 30,2

Girls 36 921 100,0 22 598 100,0 48 016 100,0 64 859 100,0

5 - 9 5 710 15,5 1 752 7,8 9 910 20,6 14 745 22,7

10 - 11 5 591 15,1 6 225 27,5 7 231 15,1 8 782 13,6

12 - 14 11 300 30,6 7 065 31,3 13 555 28,2 19 915 30,7

15 - 17 14 320 38,8 7 556 33,4 17 320 36,1 21 417 33,0

A comparison of the number of children using current economic activity status suggests that the highest number or 142,278 children worked in the 4th quarterly round or during April-June 2012. In contrast, 

the lowest number of children was enumerated in the 2nd quarterly round, or October-December 2011. 

During this period it is difficult to work outside as it marks the coldest period of winter season and most 

children attend school at this time as the opportunity of work is also limited. The above table shows that 

child employment in Mongolia significantly varies between seasons. The highest numbers of children were 

employed during 1st and 4th quarterly rounds or summer and fall seasons, while the most inactive months 

were counted during winter and spring seasons or the survey’s 2nd and 3rd quarterly rounds. The main 

reason was associated with the schooling season. During the school vacation season, it is common that 

many children and youth are engaged in economic activities.

The age structure of the economically active children of age 5-17 years was similar during all quarters, 

and remained the same as the 1st quarter one throughout the time of the survey. During the 2nd quarterly 

round or October-December 2011, the percentage of working children aged 15-17 years was highest or 40.0 

percent, and percentage of working children aged 10-14 years was lowest among all working children. 
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Working children aged 5-17 years varied by gender between the quarters. The percentage share of 

urban working boys was highest only in 1st quarter, while the percentage share of rural working boys 

was highest in the remaining rounds. Opposing however, the percentage share of rural working girls was 

highest only in 1st quarterly round, while the percentage share of urban girls was highest in all remaining 

quarterly rounds. In other words, in first quarterly round, the percentage share of urban working boys and 

rural working girls were highest. 

Figure 9.2 Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by gender, urban/rural location and quarters

Girls

Urban Rur

44.1

38.6

39.3

49.0

49.9

53.5

44.4

52.1

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0

Boys

55.9

61.4

60.7

51.0

50.1

46.5

55.6

47.9

0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.0

30.0

60.0

90.0

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

16.4

83.6

33.2

66.8

18.2

81.8

15.9

84.1

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Urban Rur

The below figures demonstrate that the seasonal variations of children’s economic activity differ by 

urban/rural location. Among all working children, the share of rural working children was highest, and 

varied between 66.8-84.1 percent, of which the highest share was observed in 4th quarter round (84.1 

percent). However, the highest share of urban working children was observed in 2nd quarter round (33.2 

percent). 

Figure 9.1 Working children aged 5-17 years by urban/rural location and quarters
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9.2.2. Working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status 

The percentage share of children engaged in livestock breeding was highest in all quarters compared 

to other work activities. This trend is related to the traditions of Mongols, who are engaged in livestock 

breeding activities throughout the year as it is their primary economic source. Children aged 5-17 years who 

engaged in household duties with no pay varied by quarters. Nearly two out of five working children were 

engaged in household duties with no pay during the1stand 3rd quarters, but this share increased to three 

out of five in 2nd and 4th quarters. 

9.2.1 Working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors

Table 9.2 shows that the economic sectors where children were engaged in work varied seasonally.

In the winter season, or in all quarters except for the 2nd quarter, eight out of ten children were engaged in work in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, while one tenth were engaged in wholesale and retail 

trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.

Table 9.2 Working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors and quarters

Industry economic activity Quarter 1 

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 83,7 72,8 82,5 83,3 

Mining and quarrying 0,8 5,2 0,4 0,2 

Manufacturing 1,3 0,4 4,6 2,2 

Construction 1,6 17,4 0 2,2 

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor 

vehicles and motorcycle 10,5 0,3 10,8 11,2 

Other 2,1 3,9 1,7 0,9 

Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Employment status Quarter 1 

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Paid employee 1,9 2,5 1,5 1,1

Self-employed 3,1 1,3 2,1 3,1

Employed in animal husbandry 75,8 66,0 75,3 63,3

Unpaid family workers 17,9 30,2 21,0 32,

Workers not classifiable by status 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,4

Total, % 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Table 9.3 Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status
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The average free time of children varied by quarters as is shown in Figure 9.4. The results demonstrate 

that 48.1 percent of working children aged 5-17 answered that they had 3-4 hours of free time a day in 

average in 2nd quarter.

9.2.3. Working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation 

It is important to highlight that a majority of working children age 5-17 years were engaged in agriculture-related activities throughout the quarters. 

Figure 9.3 Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation and quarters

Quarterly analysis suggests that for all quarters, children’s participation level in agriculture-related 

activities was high. However, it lowered slightly in the 2nd quarter (October to December), when the participation level of children in trade and services was the highest or 19.8 percent. 

9.3 Childr

One of the important factors that defines childhood development is how their use their free time. 

Children aged 5-17 years were asked how much free time they have a day on average to watch TV, play 

and rest, and what they do during their free time. The answers were analyzed by quarters. Survey results 

demonstrate that Mongolian children use their free time in various ways. 

All surveyed children aged 5-17 years have responded that they do have free time during an average 

day. 

Table 9.4 Working children aged 5-17 years, by intervals of their free time and quarters

3.3

3.3

5.8

4.0 2.0

2.2 80.5

82.6

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

11.4

11.5

3.4

6.0

82.9

70.9 19.8

10.4

Others

Elementary occupations

Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers

Service and sales workers

Quarter 1 

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)

Total number of children 617 180 567 311 571 074 600 741

Of which: by hours 617 180 567 311 571 074 600 741

1-2 55 705 75 734 67 300 73 057

3-4 212 808 273 012 235 760 232 515

5-6 204 686 162 836 184 840 194 248

7-8 143 981 55 729 83 174 100 921

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)
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National Statistical office of Mongolia

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1-2 hours 3-4 hours 5-6 hours 7-9 hours

9.0 34.5 33.2 23.3

13.4

11.7

12.2

48.1

41.3

38.7

28.7

32.4

32.3

9.8

14.6

16.8

Figure 9.4 Average free time of children aged 5 -17 years, by quarters

Quarter 1

(Jul-Sep)

Quarter 2 

(Oct-Dec)

Quarter 3 

(Jan-Mar)

Quarter 4 

(Apr-Jun)
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X

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NCLS

2002-2003, 2006-2007, 2011-2012 FINDINGS 

CHAPTER
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10.1 In

In 2002-2003, the National Statistical Office (NSO) conducted, for the first time, the “Labour Force 

Survey” combined with “Child Labour Survey”, following the international standard methodology, on a 

quarterly basis. This nationwide survey enabled the NSO to define the seasonal characteristics of child 

employment. Using the definitions and methodology developed by the ILO, the survey produced abroad

spectrum of information on economic activity of children, as well as the scope and nature children’s work. 

The survey served as a foundation for a child employment database. Since then Mongolia has conducted 

two more CLSs in 2006-2007 and in 2011-2012. This chapter presents the comparative analysis of all three 

CLSs conducted in 2002-03, 2006-07 and 2011-12. 

While the estimates of working children (that is, children engaged in economic activities) are comparable 

across the three CLSs, the estimates of child labour are to be compared with an element of caution. The 

reason is that the 2011-2012 survey, in a departure from the previous surveys, has incorporated the estimate 

of children engaged in hazardous work as specified in the Mongolia Labour and Social Welfare Ministry 

office order of September 20081

, in addition to children working for long (43 and more per week) hours 

for computing child labour and hazardous child labour.

For this reason, comparison of hazardous child labour estimates among the three CLSs is not made, 

and most of the chapter is based on the comparison of working children characteristics. A brief comparison 

of the child labour estimates are provided, although, as noted above, the 2011-2012 estimates are strictly 

not comparable with the previous ones. 

10.2 Ecomc acti

The economic activity status of children aged 5-17 years is estimated as current activity or activity 

during the reference period of the last seven days. Based on this status, all children were classified into four

categories such as: children engaged in economic activity, children engaged only in housekeeping activities, 

children who only studied, and children who were idle. 

The findings of the three surveys show an overall increase in children engaged in economic activities. 

In other words, 9.7 percent of children aged 5-17 were engaged in 2002/03, 11.2 percent in 2006/07, and 

16.0 percent in 2011/12. 

In terms of age groups, the percentage of children engaged in economic activities increased for all 

age groups. While the percentage share of working children aged 15-17 years decreased from 2002/03 to 

2006/07 by 2.3 points, it increased for all other age groups during this period. In terms of gender, there 

was an observed increase for both sexes. 

The share of children engaged in economic activities were decreasing, as results, the share of children 

studied was increased. For instance, the share of children engaged in only household duties decreased from 

2002/03 to 2006/07 by 10.2 percent followed by a decline from 2006/07 to 2011/12 by 6.1 percent. The 

same pattern was observed in terms of age groups and gender. 

1 Explained in detail in Chapter 8 earlier.
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The 2011/12 survey showed that the share of children aged 15-17 years who only studied decreased by 

0.6 percent as compared to the previous survey. For all other age groups, the share of children who only 

studied, and children who were neither engaged in economic activities nor in household duties, increased 

in past years.

Table 10.1. Percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities, by age groups and gender

Age groups Total Engaged in economic 

activities

Engaged only in 

household duties Only studied Idle

Total

2002 - 2003 100.0 9.7 74.8 8.2 7.3

2006 - 2007 100.0 11.2 64.6 15.0 9.2

2011 - 2012 100.0 16.0 58.5 19.4 6.1

Age groups

5 - 9

2002 - 2003 100.0 6.9 62.0 9.3 21.8

2006 - 2007 100.0 8.5 47.0 19.5 25.0

2011 - 2012 100.0 8.8 42.9 31.6 16.7

10 - 14

2002 - 2003 100.0 7.0 82.9 9.6 0.5

2006 - 2007 100.0 10.3 73.6 15.2 0.9

2011 - 2012 100.0 18.0 65.7 15.7 0.6

15 - 17

2002 - 2003 100.0 17.9 76.7 4.6 0.8

2006 - 2007 100.0 15.6 73.5 9.4 1.5

2011 - 2012 100.0 22.3 68.1 8.8 0.8

Gender

Boy

2002 - 2003 100.0 11.6 71.6 8.7 8.1

2006 - 2007 100.0 13.0 62.2 15.2 9.6

2011 - 2012 100.0 16.9 56.9 19.6 6.6

Girls

2002 - 2003 100.0 7.7 78.1 7.7 6.5

2006 - 2007 100.0 9.3 67.3 14.8 8.6

2011 - 2012 100.0 14.9 60.2 19.1 5.8

Figure 10.1. Distribution of children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic activities, by age groups based on CLSs of 

2002/03, 2006/07 and 2011/12

2011-2012

2011-2012

2011-2012

2011-2012

2006-2007

2006-2007

15-17 Total 10-14 5-9

2006-2007

2006-2007

2002-2003

2002-2003

2002-2003

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

2002-2003

68.1

58.5

15.0

8.2

8.8

9.4

4.6

15.7

15.2

9.6

31.6

19.5

9.3

16.0

11.2

9.7

22.3

15.6

17.9

18.0

8.8

10.3

8.5

7.0

6.9

73.5

64.6

76.7

74.8

65.7

73.6

82.9

42.9

47.0

62.0

Engaged in economic activities

Engaged onle in household duties

Only studies

Idle

19.4
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In 2011/12, the share of children engaged in only household duties decreased to 58.5 percent which is 

16.3 percent less than in 2002/2003 and 6.1 percent less than in 2006/2007.

The series of surveys show that the share of boys engaged in economic activities was higher than that 

of their girl peers (Figure 10.2). For instance, the 2011/12 survey revealed that the share of boys engaged 

in economic activities was 16.9 percent while the share of girls engaged in economic activities was 14.9 

percent.

Figure 10.2.Distribution of children engaged in economic activities during the reference week, by gender, 

based on CLSs of 2002/03, 2006/07 and 2011/12, in percentages

2011-2012

2011-2012

Girls Boys

2006-2007

2006-2007

2002-2003

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

2002-2003

14.9 60.2 19.1 5.8

8.6

6.5

6.5

9.6

8.0

67.3 14.8

7.7

19.6

15.2

8,7

78.1

56.9

62.2

71.6

9.3

7.7

16.9

13.0

11.6

Engaged in economic activities

Engaged onle in household duties

Only studies

Idle

10.3 Work

The 2011/12 survey reveals that out of all children aged 5-17, 16.0 percent or 93,968 children were 

engaged in economic activities or in work. 

Table 10.2. Number and percentage share of working children aged 5-17 years, based on CLSs

Child Labour Surveys Percentage shares

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012 2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012

Total 68 580 71 330 93 968 100.0 100.0 100.0

5-9 15 320 18 116 17 677 22.3 25.4 18.8

10-14 21 407 25 016 42 569 31.2 35.1 45.3

15-17 31 853 28 198 33 722 46.4 39.5 35.9

Boys 41 874 43 037 50 870 61.1 60.3 54.

5-9 9 005 10 332 9 648 13.1 14.5 10.3

10-14 13 762 14 929 22 653 20.1 20.9 24.1

15-17 19 107 17 776 18 569 27.9 24.9 19.8

Girls 26 706 28 293 43 098 38.9 39.7 45.9

5-9 6 315 7 784 8 029 9.2 10.9 8.5

10-14 7 645 10 087 19 916 11.1 14.1 21.2

15-17 12 746 10 422 15 153 18.6 14.6 16.1
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As compared to the previous two surveys, this figure increased by 4.5-5.9, respective to each survey. 

In terms of age groups, the three surveys revealed that the percentage share of children aged 5-9 years increased to 25.4 percent in 2006/07 followed by decrease of 18.8 percent in 2011/12. The percentage share 

of children aged 10-14 years has been increasing throughout the survey years, while the share of children 

aged 15-17 years has been decreasing (Table 10.2).

The percentage share of boys has decreased among working children between the survey years; however, the girls’ share has increased.

Figure 10.3. Age structure of working children, based on CLSs

Figure 10.3 shows that the share of 

children aged 15-17 years was dominant 

for the previous two CLSs of 2002-03 and 

2006/07, while the share of children aged 

10-14 was dominant for 2011/12 CLS. 50.0

35.9

Age groups

39.5

46.4

45.3

35.1

31.2

18.8

25.4

22.3

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

15-17

12-14

5-11

2011-2012

2006-2007

2002-2003

Table 10.3. Working children aged 5-17 years, by economic sectors based on CLSs

Child Labour Surveys Percentage shares

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012 2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012

Total 68 581 71 331 93 968 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 62 880 63 428 76 762 91.7 88.9 81.7

Mining and quarrying 552 689 328 0.8 1.0 0.3

Manufacturing 701 1 028 2 845 1.0 1.4 3.0

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning ... 57 54 ... 0.1 0.1

Water supply, used water disposal, waste 

management, cleaning treatment ... ... 218 ... ... 0.2

Construction 217 928 636 0.3 1.3 0.7

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor 

vehicles and motorcycles 3 148 3 651 11 084 4.6 5.1 11.8

Transportation, storage services 185 328 155 0.3 0.5 0.2

Hotel, housing and restaurant services 353 833 813 0.5 1.2 0.9

Other 545 389 1 073 0.8 0.5 1.1

According to the 2011/12 CLS, the majority of working children or 81.7 percent was engaged in agricultural activities; however, there has been a decline in its share to other sectors as compared to the previous 

two surveys (Table 10.3). Accordingly, the share of children in manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, 

repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles has increased. 

Table 10.4 showed that the distribution of working children defined by employment status of 2011/12 

survey was different as compared to the previous two surveys. This is due in part to the terminology within 

a new methodology2

 as the term “employment status” was used for 2011/12 CLS, while the term of “employment performance” was used for the preceding two surveys. For instance, according to the methodol2 “Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour force”, NSO and MSWL, 2009
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ogy approved in 2002, the head of a herder household was registered as self-employed, and other member 

of the household were registered as members engaged in household business with no pay. This had in turn 

created a complication in the registration of people who engaged in livestock breeding activities. Therefore, 

the new term of “employed in animal husbandry” was introduced by the new methodology. It allowed for 

a clear distinction between self-employed individuals and those engaged in household business, production 

and services.

The results of three surveys show that overall, the percentage share of children engaged either in 

self-employment, employed in animal husbandry and unpaid family workers was about the same, with a 

total of approximately 98 percent. 

* Those who are employed in animal husbandry year-round, and get their means of subsistence from income derived from animal 

or livestock products and raw materials it provides.(“Statistical indicators measurement methodology of employment and labour 

force”, NSO and MSWL, 2009).

Table 10.4.Working children aged 5-17 years, by employment status based on the Child Labour Surveys

Child Labour Survey Percentage share

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012 2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012

Total 68 580 71 330 93 968 100.0 100.0 100.0

Paid employees 1 154 1 131 1 441 1.7 1.6 1.5

Employer 36 53 0 0.1 0.1 0.0

Self-employed 5652 6 286 2 334 8.2 8.8 2.5

Employed in animal husbandry* ... ... 61 955 ... ... 65.9

Unpaid family workers 61 738 63 860 27 947 90.0 89.5 29.

Workers not classifiable by status ... ... 291 ... ... 0.3

Table 10.5. Working children aged 5-17 years, by occupation based on Child Labour Surveys

Child Labour Survey Percentage shares

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012 2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012

Total 68 580 71 330 93 968 100.0 100.0 100.0

Technicians and associate professionals 248 0.0 0.0 0.3

Service and sales workers 2 839 3 606 11 659 4.1 5.1 12.4

Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 62 237 60 358 75 643 90.8 84.6 80.5

Graft and related trades workers 1 105 2 486 3 356 1.6 3.5 3.6

Plant machine operators and assemblers 239 166 51 0.3 0.2 0.1

Elementary occupation 1 869 4 118 2 758 2.7 5.8 2.9

Other 291 596 253 0.4 0.8 0.3

Survey findings showed an increase in working children within the trade and services sector. For 

instance, in 2011/12 the number of children engaged in work in this sector increased by 7.3 percentage 

points as compared to 2006/07. On the other hand, the percentage share of children working in agricultural 

sector has been progressively decreasing since the time of the first survey. 
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Figure 10.4. Working children, by occupation based on Child Labour Surveys

Technicians and associate professionals 0.3

4.1

90.8

1.6

0.3

2.7

0.4

84.6

3.5

0.2

5.8

0.8

5.1 12.4

80.5

3.6

0.1

2.9

0.3

Service and sales workers

Skilled agricultiral and fishery workers

Graft and related trades workers

Plant mashine operators and assemblers

Elementary occupation

Others

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

10.4 Chil

Child labour refers to those children who engaged in work during the reference week and is discussed 

in detail in Chapter 6.

In 2011-12 CLS, out of 75,855 children engaged in economic activities or in work during the reference 

week, 54.9 percent were employed, which signifies a decrease by 4.2-7.0 percentage points as compared 

to the previous two surveys. Overall an increasing trend of total children engaged in economic activities 

was observed over the survey years. However, it is notable that despite an initial increasing trend in child 

labour, which was observed in 2006/07, had declined by 2011/12.

Table 10.6. Children engaged in economic activities and in child labour based on hours worked during the reference 

week, by gender, based on Child Labour Surveys

Child Labour Surveys Percentage growth/decline

2002-2003 2006-2007 2011-2012

2006-2007 2011-2012

2002-2003 2006-2007

Total surveyed children 679049 621612 589076 91.5 94.8

During reference week:

Engaged in economic activities 65729 69678 75855 106.0 108.9

Воys 40406 42173 41905 104.4 99.4

Girls 25323 27505 33950 108.6 123.4

Engaged in Child Labour 38856 43159 41654 111.1 96.5

Воys 25445 26746 24487 105.1 91.6

Girls 13411 16413 17167 122.4 104.6

However, the number of surveyed children aged 5-17 engaged in child labour has increased by 0.8 

percent as compared to 2006/07.

2002-2003

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

2006-2007 2011-2012

Воys

Girls

65.5

62.0

58.8

Figure 10.5. Child labour, by gender, based on Child Labour Surveys
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Figure 10.5 shows that the percentage share of girls has increased over the years of the surveys. Specifically, in the 2011/12 CLS, the share of girls in work was 34.5 percent, which demonstrates an increase 

by 3.2-6.7 percent, respectively for the two preceding surveys. In terms of age groups of children in labour, 

in 2002/03, the percentage share of three age groups was similar, but changed dramatically for children 

aged 5-11 within the last two surveys. For instance, the share of children aged 5-11 started at 37.7 percent 

in 2002/03, increased to 61.5 percent for 2006/07 and was 58.8 percent for 2011/12.

Overall, survey results demonstrate that gender distribution differs for all surveys. Figure 10.7 shows 

that throughout the years of the surveys, the age of girls engaged in child labour shifted to the younger 

age groups. Inversely, child labour has generally risen to older age groups for boys. The share of boys aged 

15-17 years was 19.8 percent in 2006/07, and increased minimally to 20.2 percent in 2011/12. The results 

showed that the age of the girl child laborer is declining.

Figure 10.7. Age and gender distribution of children engaged in child labour based on Child Labour Surveys, in 

percentages

15-17

12-14

5-11

34.0 35.9

23.7

27.4

31.7

16.9

23.8 8.4

13.4

30.1

19.8

20.2

23.7

56.552.444.569.767.8

100

80

60

40

20

0

2006-2007 2011-2012 2006-2007

Boys Girl

2002-2003 2002-2003 2011-2012

Figure 10.6. Comparison of age distribution of child labour, by age groups based on Child Labour Surveys

The percentage share of children aged 15-17gradually decreased throughout survey years reaching 15.3 

percent in 2011/12 (Figure 10.6).

60.0 70.0

37.7

61.5

58.8

34.5

21.1

25.9

15.3

17.4

27.9

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 

15-17

12-14

5-11

2011-2012

2006-2007

2002-2003
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XI

SAMPLING ER

CHAPTER
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11.1 In

The survey sampling unit was a household. The household is defined as a person or a group of people 

who usually live together and have a common arrangements for food and shelter, such as using a common 

kitchen or a common food budget. Persons absent from the household for more than 6 months (military 

servants, students, those living abroad and prisoners) were excluded from the household membership 

count. 

11.2 S

Sampling stratification of the current survey was done based on administrative units or all aimags 

and Ulaanbaatar City Districts. This enables for key indicators of labour statistics to be available by aimags

and districts for policy makers. In the survey, 21 strata’s were made on a single-grouping for each aimag, 

8 strata’s for 9 districts of Ulaanbaatar City (two districts with smallest number of households were

combined), and in total, 29 strata’s were identified, from the lowest administrative units in Ulaanbaatar

City khoroos and aimag bags, respectively. Khesegs of khoroo and bags of aimags were selected as the 

first stage sampling units (FSUs)

For the current survey, a total of 12,816 households were covered, and in every quarter, 3,204 

household were newly selected. The sample frame is all households of Mongolia, which were identified 

from the 2010 Population and Household annual records. At first stage sampling, the list of FSUs was

created based on all of the records of aimags, capital City and districts. Each FSU was numbered and

selected households were counted. The sampling frame was prepared as a result.

Of course, the number of households very much depended on available financial resources and in the 

detail of the survey. The data collected from all of the selected 12,816 households should be representative, 

the standard error of information collected using the structured questionnaire must be within a 5 percent 

confidence interval, and the coefficient variation must not exceed 1.5. 

Stra

In Ulaanbaatar (UB), which has 9 districts, each district constituted a stratum. However, the t

smallest districts were merged. Therefore, 8 strata were formed in UB  In the rest of the country, eac

aimag was treated as a stratum. There were 21 aimags, and therefore 21 strata were formed. Therefore, in 

total, 21+8=29 strata were formed. 

Stratum 1: All khesegs of 1st District of 

Stratum 2: All khesegs of 2nd District of UB, etc

............................................................

Stratum 8: All khesegs of 8th and 9th Districts of 

Stratum 9: All bags of Arkhangai aimag, etc.

.............................................................

Stratum 29: All bags of Govisumber aimag

The two stage sampling method was used for this survey. 

First stage selection In the first stage selection, first sampling units (FSU’s) were drawn from each

stratum, and bags and khesegs were drawn based on probability proportional distribution to size of total 

administrative units. The percentage share of families with children aged 5-17 years engaged in economic 

activities to the total households was selected as a meaningful indicator. 
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The number of households in the enumeration area Mhi was used as the measure of size (MOS) in the 

probability proportional to size method of selection of first stage units. The method of circular systematic 

sampling with probability of inclusion of an enumeration area proportional to its size (CSSPPS) method was 

used to select the sample of wards from each stratum. The procedure adopted is described below.

The selection probability for enumeration area ‘i’ in stratum “h” is given by the formula,

 

Where

ah 

= number of EA’s or PSU’s to be drawn from the stratu

Mhi = ‘i’ number of households in the ith EA as reported in the frame

Mh

=∑ Mhi = total number of households in the stratum as recorded in the frame

The selection of PSU’s was performed by arranging the EA’s in the “h” the stratum according to aimag,

soum, and districts and the estimated number of households was used as the measure of size Mhi. The 

values of Mhi were then cumulated and Cu Mhi was recorded against each PSU. The sampling interval Ih

was computed which is given by 

 rounded to the nearest integer.

A random number “Rh

” that falls between 0 and Ihi was then selected using the random number 

generator in the Excel programme. The sequence of “ah” selector numbers were generated by the addition 

of I

h1 to the previous number selected.

Second stage selection At second stage sampling, 12 households were selected from each FSUs based

on random cyclical systematic sub sampling techniques. 

Sa

The sampling weights are: 

 

 

Where, 

s = subscript for s-th stratum (s = 1-29)

i = subscript for i-th sample kheseg / bagh

j = subscript for j-th second-stage stratum of sample kheseg / bagh

r = subscript for sub-sample (r = 1, 2)
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P = total population in a stratum as per the frame 

p = population (size) of the sample kheseg / bagh used for selection

n = number of sample kheseg / bagh (i.e. number used for tabulation) excluding casualty cases

H = total number of households listed in the frame

h = number of sample households available for tabulation

Estimation of variances and Standard Errors

The computation procedure would be incomplete without establishing the procedure for assessing 

the precision or reliability of the survey estimates. The variances of the ratio estimates will be of the form

var (y) = ∑ [( 1- fh

) (ah / ah - 1) ∑ ( yhi

2

 - yh

 2 / ah

 )] 

Where: 

fh

 = “h” sampling fraction in strata h

ah

 = “h” to be drawn from the stratum

уhi = h number of hhs in the ith EA

The standard error of a survey estimate provides a measure of how far the survey estimate is likely to 

vary from the true population value (i.e. parameter) as a result of having collected the data on a sample 

basis rather than through a complete census. The standard error [se(y)] of a survey estimate is by definition

se( y ) = var( y )1/2

The relative standard error or coefficient of variation (cv), on the other hand provides a measure of 

the relative variance of a survey estimate; that is the magnitude of the estimated sampling error relative to 

the magnitude of the estimate itself. Computationally, the coefficient of variation is calculated as 

cv ( y ) = se ( y ) / y. 

The cv that is expressed as a proportional error enables the data user to compare the relative reliability 

or precision with which different types of survey characteristics have been measured, i.e., means versus 

proportions, where direct comparisons of standard errors are uninformative since the magnitude of the 

standard error is dependent upon the magnitude of the estimate. 

11.3 Sampl

There are two types of errors associated with the sample survey namely: 

1) Sampling errors; 

2) Non-sampling errors.

The non-sampling errors arise as a result of imperfections in data collection, data processing and 

disseminating the results. These include errors that are introduced at the preparatory stages, errors 

committed during data collection, and processing errors.

A series of interventions adopted to prevent occurrence of non-sampling errors. On other hand, due 

to impracticality of measuring the non-sampling errors are not estimated, while total error calculation in 

surveys is restricted to estimation of sampling errors only. 

Sampling errors in surveys occur as a result of limiting the survey observations to a subset rather than 

to whole population. The errors are related to the sample size selected and sampling design adopted in the 

survey. In order to maintain these errors within acceptable levels, the efficient sampling design with the 

sample allocation was adopted (described in 11.2). 
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The sampling error indicates the extent to which an estimate from the sample survey would vary by 

chance, because only a sample of enumeration areas is included rather than all the enumeration areas into 

which the country is sub-divided. The sample size and survey design had determined the magnitude of the 

sampling errors. In respect of some items the sampling errors were known to be high at the design stage 

of the survey.

The survey errors are calculated using the following measures and the main indicator is variation 

coefficient:

o The estimated value of the parameter;

o The standard error;

o The coefficient of variation;

o The 95-percent confidence interval; and

o The number of observations of which the estimates are based upon.

Sampling errors are estimated for main indicators at the national and local level, by urban and rural 

location, gender, regions and aimags.
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TOTAL POPULATION

 

Estimate Number of

observations

Standard

error

95% Confidence

interval Design effect

Lower Upper

Total 2,464,008 45,042 253.5 2,463,501 2,464,515 0.6

Location

Urban 1,454,932 27,429 252.3 1,454,427 1,455,437 0.

Rural 1,009,676 17,613 232.7 1,009,211 1,010,141 1.

Sex

Male 1,210,117 22,121 153.4 1,209,810 1,210,424 0.7

Female 1,253,891 22,921 150.5 1,253,590 1,254,192 0.7

Regio

West 404,025 7,791 111.2 403,803 404,247 1.4

Khangai 200,211 8,691 89.3 200,032 200,390 1.0

Central 400,982 7,090 79.5 400,823 401,141 1.1

East 520,416 3,442 53.3 520,309 520,523 1.5

Ulaanbaatar 938,374 18,028 161.0 938,052 938,696 0.

AIMAG&CITY

Arkhangai 88,003 1,452 37.2 87,929 88,077 2.6

Bayan-Ulgii 102,802 2,125 35.3 102,731 102,873 1

Bayankhongor 73,414 1,358 35.9 73,342 73,486 2.

Bulgan 56,535 967 36.4 56,462 56,608 3.

Govi-Altai 57,450 1,100 27.1 57,396 57,504 2.5

Dornogovi 51,933 954 25.1 51,883 51,983 2.6

Dornod 70,337 1,334 34.9 70,267 70,407 2.6

Dundgovi 45,627 813 17.9 45,591 45,663 2.2

Zavkhan 86,269 1,493 27.5 86,214 86,324 1.

Uvurkhangai 102,258 1,569 31.7 102,195 102,321 2.

Umnugovi 46,500 910 34.0 46,432 46,568 3.

Sukhbaatar 54,335 1,028 27.5 54,280 54,390 2.7

Selenge 84,242 1,385 34.3 84,173 84,311 2.5

Tuv 85,356 1,264 33.3 85,289 85,423 2.6

Uvs 74,700 1,455 52.8 74,594 74,806 3.

Khovd 79,762 1,618 45.6 79,671 79,853 2.8

Khuvsgul 115,651 1,871 41.6 115,568 115,734 2.2

Khentii 75,540 1,080 28.0 75,484 75,596 2.6

Darkhan-Uul 81,358 1,464 35.5 81,287 81,429 2.

Ulaanbaatar 938,374 18,028 161.0 938,052 938,696 0.

Orkhon 84,555 1,474 34.4 84,486 84,624 2.3

Govisumber 9,007 300 10.3 8,986 9,028 3.4
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LABOUR FOR

Estimate Number of

observations

Standard

error

95% Confidence

interval Design effect

Lower Upper

Total 1,140,126 20,699 178.5 1,139,769 1,140,483 0.9

Location

Urban 606,776 11,386 130.1 606,516 607,036 1.

Rural 533,350 9,313 135.0 533,080 533,620 1.

Sex

Male 597,622 10,857 101.1 597,420 597,824 0.9

Female 542,504 9,842 102.0 542,300 542,708 1.0

Regio

West 199,018 3,865 67.8 198,882 199,154 1.8

Khangai 265,569 4,435 81.9 265,405 265,733 1.8

Central 201,067 3,497 66.3 200,934 201,200 1.9

East 91,932 1,586 49.4 91,833 92,031 3.1

Ulaanbaatar 382,540 7,316 86.5 382,367 382,713 1.

AIMAG&CITY

Arkhangai 52,360 862 36.2 52,288 52,432 4.2

Bayan-Ulgii 48,799 1,007 32.4 48,734 48,864 3

Bayankhongor 37,600 694 29.9 37,540 37,660 4.

Bulgan 28,664 491 19.4 28,625 28,703 4.

Govi-Altai 30,562 585 22.3 30,517 30,607 3.8

Dornogovi 22,380 413 22.3 22,335 22,425 5.4

Dornod 29,127 553 35.4 29,056 29,198 6.4

Dundgovi 24,135 430 15.4 24,104 24,166 3.6

Zavkhan 39,975 693 18.4 39,938 40,012 2.

Uvurkhangai 49,978 771 34.6 49,909 50,047 4.

Umnugovi 22,978 460 25.7 22,927 23,029 5.

Sukhbaatar 28,485 541 20.8 28,443 28,527 3.8

Selenge 43,230 711 25.3 43,179 43,281 3.6

Tuv 48,582 713 32.8 48,516 48,648 4.6

Uvs 40,728 791 28.3 40,671 40,785 3.

Khovd 38,954 789 33.1 38,888 39,020 4.2

Khuvsgul 58,103 942 38.2 58,027 58,179 4.1

Khentii 34,320 492 20.2 34,280 34,360 4.1

Darkhan-Uul 36,279 651 17.1 36,245 36,313 2.

Ulaanbaatar 382,540 7,316 86.5 382,367 382,713 1.

Orkhon 38,864 675 30.7 38,803 38,925 4.5

Govisumber 3,483 119 14.6 3,454 3,512 12.3
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EMPLOYED

Estimate Number of

observations

Standard

error

95% Confidence

interval

Design effect Lower Upper

Total 1,043,938 18,942 179.3 1043579 1044297 0.9

Location

Urban 550,322 10322 119.7 550083 550561 1.

Rural 493,616 8620 139.0 493338 493894 1.

Sex

Male 546,378 9923 103.6 546171 546585 1.0

Female 497,560 9,019 99.4 497361 497759 1.1

Regio

West 178,602 3,473 77.8 178446 178758 2.2

Khangai 242,061 4042 90.7 241880 242242 2.2

Central 187,301 3247 70.1 187161 187441 2.2

East 80,122 1,383 47.8 80026 80218 3.5

Ulaanbaatar 355,852 6,797 80.1 355692 356012 1.

AIMAG&CITY

Arkhangai 50,263 827 39.3 50184 50342 4.8

Bayan-Ulgii 43,595 900 43.2 43509 43681 4

Bayankhongor 35,447 654 32.5 35382 35512 5.

Bulgan 24,928 428 26.8 24874 24982 6.

Govi-Altai 26,526 508 28.4 26469 26583 5.6

Dornogovi 21,568 398 22.7 21523 21613 5.7

Dornod 25,772 486 29.7 25713 25831 6.1

Dundgovi 22,164 394 19.0 22126 22202 4.8

Zavkhan 35,253 613 24.8 35203 35303 4.

Uvurkhangai 47,140 727 35.5 47069 47211 4.

Umnugovi 20,291 407 27.4 20236 20346 6.

Sukhbaatar 25,033 476 24.6 24984 25082 5.2

Selenge 41,835 688 27.6 41780 41890 4.0

Tuv 46,286 678 34.9 46216 46356 5.1

Uvs 37,068 719 32.5 37003 37133 4.

Khovd 36,160 733 34.1 36092 36228 4.7

Khuvsgul 50,478 821 42.0 50394 50562 5.1

Khentii 29,317 421 23.5 29270 29364 5.6

Darkhan-Uul 31,857 570 19.6 31818 31896 3.

Ulaanbaatar 355,852 6,797 80.1 355692 356012 1.

Orkhon 33,805 585 32.1 33741 33869 5.5

Govisumber 3,300 112 15.5 3269 3331 13.8
117

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

UNEMPLOYED

Estimate Number of

observations

Standard

error

95% Confidence

interval Design effect

Lower Upper

Total 96,188 1,757 55.1 96078 96298 3.1

Location

Urban 56,454 1064 42.0 56370 56538 3.

Rural 39,734 693 35.9 39662 39806 5.

Sex

Male 51,244 934 27.2 51190 51298 2.9

Female 44,944 823 28.0 44888 45000 3.4

Regio

West 20,416 392 27.0 20362 20470 6.9

Khangai 23,508 393 26.0 23456 23560 6.6

Central 13,766 250 16.1 13734 13798 6.4

East 11,810 203 18.3 11773 11847 9.0

Ulaanbaatar 26,688 519 29.5 26629 26747 5.

AIMAG&CITY

Arkhangai 2,097 35 5.5 2086 2108 15.7

Bayan-Ulgii 5,204 107 13.3 5177 5231 12

Bayankhongor 2,153 40 6.1 2141 2165 15.

Bulgan 3,736 63 8.5 3719 3753 13.

Govi-Altai 4,036 77 13.7 4009 4063 17.8

Dornogovi 812 15 2.2 808 816 14.7

Dornod 3,355 67 14.2 3327 3383 21.2

Dundgovi 1,971 36 4.5 1962 1980 12.5

Zavkhan 4,722 80 12.4 4697 4747 15.

Uvurkhangai 2,838 44 8.1 2822 2854 18.

Umnugovi 2,687 53 8.6 2670 2704 16.

Sukhbaatar 3,452 65 8.1 3436 3468 12.5

Selenge 1,395 23 5.0 1385 1405 21.7

Tuv 2,296 35 5.2 2286 2306 14.9

Uvs 3,660 72 8.1 3644 3676 11.

Khovd 2,794 56 11.8 2770 2818 21.1

Khuvsgul 7,625 121 18.5 7588 7662 15.3

Khentii 5,003 71 8.8 4985 5021 12.4

Darkhan-Uul 4,422 81 9.2 4404 4440 11.

Ulaanbaatar 26,688 519 29.5 26629 26747 5.

Orkhon 5,059 90 9.6 5040 5078 10.7

Govisumber 183 7 2.0 179 187 28.6
118

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

EMPLOYED CHILDRE

Estimate Number of

observations

Standard

error

95% Confidence

interval Design effect

Lower Upper

Total 93,968 1,713 85.1 93798 94138 5.0

Location

Urban 17,895 337 21.6 17852 17938 6.

Rural 76,073 1376 74.5 75924 76222 5.

Sex

Male 50,870 932 43.6 50783 50957 4.7

Female 43,098 781 39.5 43019 43177 5.1

Regio

West 36,294 715 59.1 36176 36412 8.3

Khangai 25,766 435 39.9 25686 25846 9.2

Central 18,319 317 28.7 18262 18376 9.1

East 8,446 151 22.1 8402 8490 14.6

Ulaanbaatar 5,143 95 6.7 5130 5156 7.

AIMAG&CITY

Arkhangai 10,012 164 22.0 9968 10056 13.4

Bayan-Ulgii 10,235 210 32.6 10170 10300 15

Bayankhongor 5,081 96 19.0 5043 5119 19.

Bulgan 1,871 33 6.5 1858 1884 19.

Govi-Altai 6,218 120 18.3 6181 6255 15.3

Dornogovi 968 18 3.7 961 975 20.6

Dornod 2,497 49 9.6 2478 2516 19.6

Dundgovi 5,261 85 12.3 5236 5286 14.5

Zavkhan 6,029 104 25.2 5979 6079 24.

Uvurkhangai 4,979 78 15.1 4949 5009 19.

Umnugovi 2,836 61 12.6 2811 2861 20.

Sukhbaatar 3,727 71 18.2 3691 3763 25.6

Selenge 1,942 32 6.7 1929 1955 20.9

Tuv 5,639 88 15.2 5609 5669 17.3

Uvs 6,406 128 29.5 6347 6465 23.

Khovd 7,407 153 24.5 7358 7456 16.0

Khuvsgul 2,107 34 8.1 2091 2123 23.8

Khentii 2,222 31 7.4 2207 2237 23.9

Darkhan-Uul 1,508 27 3.1 1502 1514 11.

Ulaanbaatar 5,143 95 6.7 5130 5156 7.

Orkhon 1,715 30 14.7 1686 1744 49.0

Govisumber 164 6 0.0 164 164 0.0
119

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

durin

Attended sch

ngaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

Only 

studied

Percent

 589 076

15.2

62.8

22.0

100.0

 519 924

0

 124 168

28.2

60.0

11.8

100.0

 106 864

00.0

 23 509

25.1

53.2

21.7

100.0

 21 193

100.0

 17 415

35.7

38.5

25.8

100.0

 15 000

36.0

6

100.0

 37 109

26.1

69.9

4.0

100.0

 30 768

34.7

3.8

100.0

 22 793

30.9

63.9

5.2

100.0

 19 977

43.5

7.8

100.0

 23 342

26.3

64.2

9.5

100.0

 19 926

33.9

12.9

7.1

100.0

 128 460

19.8

52.2

28.0

100.0

 113 828

21.9

15.3

4.7

5.2

100.0

 20 234

8.5

75.1

16.4

100.0

 18 212

8.5

39.7

17.7

7.3

100.0

 27 899

17.0

63.0

20.0

100.0

 24 739

24.4

11.6

50.1

11.2

100.0

 13 659

14.6

28.5

56.9

100.0

 12 019

6.8

0

0

1.7

24.8

11.5

100.0

 15 896

32.4

36.9

30.7

100.0

 12 811

30.4

33.3

15.9

5.8

100.0

 22 248

46.7

35.9

17.4

100.0

 20 291

27.8

53.6

33.9

5.1

100.0

 28 524

5.6

56.9

37.5

100.0

 25 756

24.3

56.0

20.2

5.2

100.0

 98 678

16.9

60.1

23.0

100.0

 86 897

30

29.5

51.6

13.8

5.1

100.0

 19 092

26.0

57.2

16.8

100.0

 15 643

9.2

60.0

27.0

3.8

100.0

 1 775

8.2

62.2

29.6

100.0

 1 620

9.8

86.8

1.5

1.9

100.0

 19 814

10.0

88.3

1.7

100.0

 18 256

6.5

57.6

28.9

7.0

100.0

 14 833

5.4

61.5

33.1

100.0

 12 93

8.5

53.4

29.8

8.3

100.0

 17 688

9.1

58.0

32.9

100.0

 1

34.4

37.8

5.2

100.0

 12 524

15.3

39.6

45.1

100.0

37.4

17.4

4.6

100.0

 12 952

41.4

39.8

81

53.0

24.2

5.8

100.0

 49 837

16.3

56.4

27.3

25.5

3.5

100.0

 15 062

16.8

54.9

28.3

19.4

7.1

100.0

 14 271

23.8

53.4

22.8

6

6.7

100.0

 20 504

11.0

59.5

2

6.6

100.0

 187 933

2.6

74.9

I

annex

St
120

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Gender 

Total

Boys Girl

Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number

Total 51.0 300 678 49.0 288 398 100.0 589 076

5 - 9 50.7 102 276 49.3 99 564 100.0 201 840

10 - 11 52.4 48 057 47.6 43 572 100.0 91 629

12 - 14 51.8 74 824 48.2 69 567 100.0 144 391

15 - 17 49.9 75 521 50.1 75 695 100.0 151 216

Urba

5 - 9 49.5 55 416 50.5 56 538 100.0 111 954

10 - 11 51.2 26 189 48.8 24 922 100.0 51 111

12 - 14 51.3 38 426 48.7 36 450 100.0 74 876

15 - 17 48.8 40 479 51.2 42 477 100.0 82 956

Д¿н 50.0 160 510 50.0 160 387 100.0 320 897

Rura

5 - 9 52.1 46 860 47.9 43 026 100.0 89 886

10 - 11 54.0 21 868 46.0 18 650 100.0 40 518

12 - 14 52.4 36 398 47.6 33 117 100.0 69 515

15 - 17 51.3 35 042 48.7 33 218 100.0 68 260

Д¿н 52.3 140 168 47.7 128 011 100.0 268 179

Western region 53.2 66 042 46.8 58 127 100.0 124 169

Zavkhan 50.7 11 914 49.3 11 595 100.0 23 50

Govi-Altai 56.1 9 772 43.9 7 644 100.0 17 416

Bayan-Ulgii 54.4 20 197 45.6 16 911 100.0 37 1

Khovd 51.7 11 790 48.3 11 004 100.0 22 794

Uvs 53.0 12 369 47.0 10 973 100.0 23 34

Khangai region 49.4 63 477 50.6 64 981 100.0 128 458

Orkhon 50.4 10 196 49.6 10 037 100.0 20 233

Uvurkhangai 50.0 13 962 50.0 13 937 100.0 27 89

Bulgan 53.9 7 357 46.1 6 302 100.0 13 65

Bayankhongor 51.8 8 229 48.2 7 667 100.0 15 89

Arkhangai 48.0 10 677 52.0 11 571 100.0 22 248

Khuvsgul 45.8 13 056 54.2 15 467 100.0 28 523

Central region 52.2 51 527 47.8 47 151 100.0 98 678

Tuv 55.5 10 601 44.5 8 492 100.0 19 093

Govisumber 47.7 846 52.3 929 100.0 1 775

Selenge 52.7 10 437 47.3 9 377 100.0 19 814

Dornogovi 50.5 7 490 49.5 7 343 100.0 14 833

Darkhan-Uul 53.0 9 366 47.0 8 322 100.0 17 68

Umnugovi 51.5 6 451 48.5 6 072 100.0 12 52

Dundgovi 48.9 6 336 51.1 6 616 100.0 12 952

Eastern region 50.6 25 198 49.4 24 639 100.0 49 837

Dornod 49.8 7 497 50.2 7 565 100.0 15 062

Sukhbaatar 49.3 7 032 50.7 7 239 100.0 14 271

Khentii 52.0 10 669 48.0 9 835 100.0 20 504

Ulaanbaatar 50.2 94 434 49.8 93 500 100.0 187 93

Table 1. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by age group, gender, urban, rural, regions, aimags 

and the Capital, percentage share to total 
121

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 2. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by head of household and household size, 

by location, regions and aimags

Location, regions by 

aimag

Household head Household size

Total 

Male headed Female headed < 3 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 +

Urban 254 944 65 953 13 357 158 534 121 864 21 331 5 811 320 897

Rural 236 869 31 310 6 822 102 867 131 451 23 020 4 019 268 179

Western region 113 041 11 128 1 714 35 565 62 146 20 165 4 579 124 169 

Bayan-Ulgii 34 857 2 25  182 7 130 18 032 10 165 1 599 37 10

Govi-Altai 16 282 1 133 269 5 579 9 304 1 782 481 17 415 

Zavkhan 21 015 2 494 512 7 720 12 711 2 250 316 23 509

Uvs 20 163 3 180 408 7 480 11 405 2 478 1 572 23 343

Khovd 20 724 2 070 343 7 656 10 694 3 490 611 22 794 

Khangai region 109 225 19 235 5 005 62 165 54 919 6 121 250 128 460 

Arkhangai 20 546 1 701 688 7 889 11 428 2 242 0 22 247 

Bayankhongor 13 034 2 862 813 7 773 6 622 688 0 15 896

Bulgan 12 787 872 403 6 165 6 370 721 0 13 659

Uvurkhangai 23 661 4 239 637 14 502 11 792 969 0 27 900

Khuvsgul 23 172 5 352 1 666 13 984 11 815 809 250 28 524 

Orkhon 16 025 4 209 798 11 852 6 892 692 0 20 234 

Central region 83 157 15 521 3 806 47 834 41 726 4 770 542 98 678 

Dornogovi 11 650 3 184 447 7 226 6 739 422 0 14 834 

Dundgovi 11 588 1 364 287 6 942 5 446 277 0 12 952 

Umnugovi 9 414 3 109 489 3 561 6 985 1 330 158 12 523

Selenge 16 674 3 140 861 11 149 7 363 379 62 19 814 

Tuv 17 726 1 366 421 9 656 8 021 892 102 19 092 

Darkhan-Uul 14 696 2 992 1 209 8 418 6 526 1 315 220 17 688

Govisumber 1 409 366 92 882 646 155 0 1 775 

Eastern region 41 304 8 534 1 009 21 436 24 470 2 292 631 49 838 

Dornod 12 707 2 355 474 6 710 6 751 885 242 15 062 

Sukhbaatar 12 012 2 259 328 6 778 6 503 662 0 14 271 

Khentii 16 585 3 920 207 7 948 11 216 745 389 20 505 

Ulaanbaatar 145 086 42 845 8 645 94 401 70 054 11 003 3 828 187 931 

Total 491 813 97 263 20 179 261 401 253 315 44 351 9 830 589 076 
122

Report of Natinal ChildLabor Srvey 2011-201

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 3. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by studying and not studying during reference week, by work status, by age group, urban, rural and gender, percentage share to total 

Total children Attended school Not attended schools

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in 

household 

duties 

Only 

studied 

None of 

them

Total 

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

Only 

studied

Total

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in 

household 

duties 

None of 

them 

Total

Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number

Total 16.0 58.5 19.4 6.1 100.0 589 076 15.2 62.8 22.0 100.0 519 924 21.7 26.1 52.2 100.0 69 152

5 - 9 8.8 42.9 31.6 16.7 100.0 201 840 9.7 48.4 41.9 100.0 152 302 5.8 26.2 68.0 100.0 49 538

10 - 11 14.8 64.1 20.3 0.8 100.0 91 630 14.6 64.8 20.6 100.0 90 383 33.3 8.7 58.0 100.0 1 247

12 - 14 20.1 66.8 12.8 0.3 100.0 144 390 18.8 68.0 13.2 100.0 140 997 71.0 15.5 13.5 100.0 3 393

15 - 17 22.3 68.1 8.8 0.8 100.0 151 216 17.9 72.3 9.8 100.0 136 242 62.1 29.6 8.3 100.0 14 974

Urban

5 - 9 1.6 47.6 33.9 16.9 100.0 111 954 1.9 53.7 44.4 100.0 85 493 0.5 28.0 71.5 100.0 26 461

10 - 11 4.9 75.7 18.8 0.6 100.0 51 112 5.0 76.1 18.9 100.0 50 768 0.0 16.6 83.4 100.0 34412 - 14 7.2 80.9 11.7 0.2 100.0 74 876 7.1 81.1 11.8 100.0 74 376 25.2 48.0 26.8 100.0 50015 - 17 9.9 82.3 7.1 0.7 100.0 82 956 9.0 83.5 7.5 100.0 78 810 26.9 59.3 13.8 100.0 4 146Total 5.6 68.8 19.4 6.2 100.0 320 898 5.7 72.8 21.5 100.0 289 447 4.3 32.4 63.3 100.0 31 451

Rura

5 - 9 17.7 37.0 28.9 16.4 100.0 89 886 19.7 41.5 38.8 100.0 66 809 11.9 24.1 64.0 100.0 23 077

10 - 11 27.4 49.3 22.2 1.1 100.0 40 518 27.0 50.3 22.7 100.0 39 615 46.1 5.6 48.3 100.0 903

12 - 14 33.9 51.6 14.0 0.5 100.0 69 514 31.9 53.5 14.6 100.0 66 621 78.9 9.9 11.2 100.0 2 893

15 - 17 37.4 50.8 10.8 1.0 100.0 68 260 30.2 56.9 12.9 100.0 57 432 75.6 18.2 6.2 100.0 10 828

Total 28.4 46.2 19.4 6.0 100.0 268 178 27.1 50.3 22.6 100.0 230 477 36.1 20.9 43.0 100.0 37 701

Gender

Boys 16.9 56.9 19.7 6.5 100.0 300 678 15.1 62.2 22.7 100.0 259 955 28.5 23.5 48.0 100.0 40 72

Girls 14.9 60.2 19.2 5.7 100.0 288 398 15.3 63.5 21.2 100.0 259 969 11.8 29.8 58.4 100.0 28 429
123

2011-2012 Repo

rt of Natinal ChildLabor Srve

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 4. Number of children aged 5-17 years, by studing and not studying during last week, by work status, by region, amaigs, percentage share to total 

Total children Attended school Not attended schools

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

Only 

studied 

None of 

them

Total 

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in household 

duties 

Only 

studied

Total 

Engaged in 

economic 

activity

Only 

participated 

in 

household 

duties 

None of 

them 

Total 

Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number

Total 16.0 58.5 19.4 6.1 100.0 589 076 15.2 62.8 22.0 100.0 519 924 21.7 26.1 52.2 100.0 69 152

Western region 29.2 55.3 10.2 5.3 100.0 124 168 28.2 60.0 11.8 100.0 106 864 35.7 26.3 38.0 100.0 17 304

Zavkhan 25.6 48.9 19.6 5.9 100.0 23 509 25.1 53.2 21.7 100.0 21 193 31.0 9.2 59.8 100.0 2 31

Govi-Altai 35.7 35.3 22.3 6.7 100.0 17 415 35.7 38.5 25.8 100.0 15 000 36.0 15.5 48.5 100.0 2 415

Bayan-Ulgii 27.6 65.5 3.3 3.6 100.0 37 109 26.1 69.9 4.0 100.0 30 768 34.7 44.2 21.1 100.0 6 3Khovd 32.5 59.2 4.5 3.8 100.0 22 793 30.9 63.9 5.2 100.0 19 977 43.5 26.0 30.5 100.0 2 816

Uvs 27.4 56.7 8.1 7.8 100.0 23 342 26.3 64.2 9.5 100.0 19 926 33.9 12.9 53.2 100.0 3 41

Khangai region 20.1 48.0 24.8 7.1 100.0 128 460 19.8 52.2 28.0 100.0 113 828 21.9 15.3 62.8 100.0 14 632

Orkhon 8.5 71.6 14.7 5.2 100.0 20 234 8.5 75.1 16.4 100.0 18 212 8.5 39.7 51.8 100.0 2 022

Uvurkhangai 17.8 57.2 17.7 7.3 100.0 27 899 17.0 63.0 20.0 100.0 24 739 24.4 11.6 64.0 100.0 3 16Bulgan 13.7 25.0 50.1 11.2 100.0 13 659 14.6 28.5 56.9 100.0 12 019 6.8 0.0 93.2 100.0 1 64

Bayankhongor 32.0 31.7 24.8 11.5 100.0 15 896 32.4 36.9 30.7 100.0 12 811 30.4 10.1 59.5 100.0 3 08

Arkhangai 45.0 33.3 15.9 5.8 100.0 22 248 46.7 35.9 17.4 100.0 20 291 27.8 6.2 66.0 100.0 1 957

Khuvsgul 7.4 53.6 33.9 5.1 100.0 28 524 5.6 56.9 37.5 100.0 25 756 24.3 23.1 52.6 100.0 2 768

Central region 18.6 56.0 20.2 5.2 100.0 98 678 16.9 60.1 23.0 100.0 86 897 30.5 25.7 43.8 100.0 11 781

Tuv 29.5 51.6 13.8 5.1 100.0 19 092 26.0 57.2 16.8 100.0 15 643 45.7 26.1 28.2 100.0 3 449

Govisumber 9.2 60.0 27.0 3.8 100.0 1 775 8.2 62.2 29.6 100.0 1 620 20.0 36.1 43.9 100.0 155

Selenge 9.8 86.8 1.5 1.9 100.0 19 814 10.0 88.3 1.7 100.0 18 256 7.4 69.1 23.5 100.0 1 558

Dornogovi 6.5 57.6 28.9 7.0 100.0 14 833 5.4 61.5 33.1 100.0 12 935 14.0 31.1 54.9 100.0 1 898

Darkhan-Uul 8.5 53.4 29.8 8.3 100.0 17 688 9.1 58.0 32.9 100.0 15 999 3.3 9.3 87.4 100.0 1 68

Umnugovi 22.6 34.4 37.8 5.2 100.0 12 524 15.3 39.6 45.1 100.0 10 485 60.6 7.6 31.8 100.0 2 03

Dundgovi 40.6 37.4 17.4 4.6 100.0 12 952 41.4 39.8 81.2 11 959 31.3 9.3 59.4 100.0 993

Eastern region 17.0 53.0 24.2 5.8 100.0 49 837 16.3 56.4 27.3 44 162 22.3 26.4 51.3 100.0 5 675

Dornod 16.6 54.4 25.5 3.5 100.0 15 062 16.8 54.9 28.3 100.0 13 605 14.6 49.1 36.3 100.0 1 457

Sukhbaatar 26.1 47.4 19.4 7.1 100.0 14 271 23.8 53.4 22.8 100.0 12 108 39.3 14.0 46.7 100.0 2 163

Khentii 10.8 55.9 26.6 6.7 100.0 20 504 11.0 59.5 29.5 100.0 18 449 9.7 23.5 66.8 100.0 2 055

Ulaanbaatar 2.7 70.6 20.1 6.6 100.0 187 933 2.6 74.9 22.5 100.0 168 173 3.8 34.0 62.2 100.0 19 76
124

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 5. Composition of children by education level, by age group and location 

Age group, 

location, urban 

and rural 

Total 

Cildren not 

studying in 

any school or 

training

Pre-school, 

kindergarden,

Grades 

Informal 

schooling, 

training

Vocational 

primary 

training

Vocational 

technical, 

non 

complete 

high

High 

Primary institutions

/1-5/

Middle 

/6-9/

High 

/10-12/

Total 

children by 

age groups 

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.3 71.6 100.0 63.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0

10 - 11 15.5 1.8 0.0 30.9 9.0 0.3 15.5 1.2 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 24.5 4.9 0.0 5.1 69.5 4.6 21.5 2.5 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 25.7 21.7 0.0 0.8 21.0 95.0 63.0 96.3 96.5 100.0

Urban 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.9 84.1 0.0 63.8 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.0

10 - 11 15.9 1.1 0.0 31.2 9.6 0.3 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 23.3 1.6 0.0 4.2 70.0 5.2 46.2 3.5 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 25.9 13.2 0.0 0.8 20.0 94.3 53.8 94.8 95.6 100.0

Rural 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.

5 - 9 33.5 61.2 100.0 62.4 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 15.1 2.4 0.0 30.5 8.3 0.2 19.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 25.9 7.7 0.0 6.3 68.9 3.8 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 25.5 28.7 0.0 0.8 22.2 96.0 65.4 100.0 100.0 100.0
125

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Table 6. Reasons of children aged 5-17 years for not studying, by age group and gender, percentage share to total

Age group, 

gender and 

location 

Total 

Reasons for not studyin

Pre-school 

age

Far from 

school

Unable to

afford school 

supplies and 

uniforms

Unable to

afford tution 

fee

Poor 

performance 

and not 

interested in 

studying

Contribute 

to household 

income

migrated

Not enough 

space in 

dormitories

Help in 

household 

duties

herding

Demand and 

enforcemnet 

of parents

Sick and 

dssabled Other

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 78.6 100.0 88.9 24.9 46.5 10.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 14.0 19.8 7.4 20.7 35.7

10 - 11 2.0 0.0 2.6 8.5 0.0 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.7 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0

12 - 14 5.1 0.0 3.2 16.8 0.0 21.3 31.1 0.0 0.0 10.9 13.8 39.2 19.7 13.2

15 - 17 14.3 0.0 5.3 49.8 53.5 61.8 68.9 0.0 0.0 70.4 66.4 53.4 44.9 51.1Boys 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 72.5 100.0 79.4 24.5 0.0 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 15.9 7.8 20.2 12.2

10 - 11 2.5 0.0 5.0 13.7 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 15.0 0.0

12 - 14 6.7 0.0 5.9 14.0 0.0 22.7 36.7 0.0 0.0 7.8 16.2 40.8 17.1 25.0

15 - 17 18.3 0.0 9.7 47.8 100.0 59.4 63.3 0.0 0.0 66.1 67.9 51.4 47.7 62.8

Girls 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 87.1 100.0 100.0 25.5 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 9.7 42.3 0.0 21.7 61.9

10 - 11 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 0.0

12 - 14 2.8 0.0 0.0 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.5 0.0 0.0 23.2 0.0

15 - 17 8.8 0.0 0.0 53.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 75.8 57.7 100.0 40.9 38.1

Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 90.3 100.0 100.0 19.2 100.0 9.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 44.6 29.0 31.6 72.8

10 - 11 1.2 0.0 0.0 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.2 0.012 - 14 1.5 0.0 0.0 16.5 0.0 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.9 71.0 9.9 0.015 - 17 7.0 0.0 0.0 36.5 0.0 83.6 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 38.5 0.0 45.3 27.2

Rural 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 88.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.

5 - 9 68.4 100.0 85.0 27.4 0.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.5 17.7 4.2 15.8 18.2

10 - 11 2.7 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 10.2 0.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 15.4 0.012 - 14 8.1 0.0 4.3 17.0 0.0 29.1 43.9 0.0 0.0 13.5 34.3 24.1 19.45 - 17 20.8 0.0 7.1 55.6 100.0 50.2 56.1 0.0 0.0 67.4 68.8 61.5 44.7 62.4
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Age group, 

gender and 

location 

Total 

Reasons for not studyin

Pre-school 

age

Far from 

school

Unable to

afford school 

supplies and 

uniforms

Unable to

afford tution 

fee

Poor 

performance 

and not 

interested in 

studying

Contribute 

to household 

income

migrated

Not enough 

space in 

dormitories

Help in 

household 

duties

herding

Demand and 

enforcemnet 

of parents

Sick and 

dssabled Other

Total 23 070 6 929 847 1 218 54 2 332 373 56 48 1 095 2 617 1 130 5 460 911

6-9 9 616 6 929 648 242 185 56 154 244 979 179

10 - 11 1 247 48 110 159 48 51 831

12 - 14 3 170 57 218 510 116 119 408 478 1 112 152

15 - 17 9 037 94 648 54 1 478 257 771 1 965 652 2 538 580Boys 15 767 4 193 528 802 54 2 190 316 48 600 2 248 1 081 3 159 548

6-9 5 682 4 193 329 197 185 106 126 525 21

10 - 11 911 48 110 159 48 51 49512 - 14 2 444 57 111 510 116 47 408 478 565 152

15 - 17 6 730 94 384 54 1 336 200 396 1 714 603 1 574 375

Girls 7 303 2 736 319 416 142 57 56 495 369 49 2 301 363

6-9 3 934 2 736 319 45 56 48 118 454 158

10 - 11 336 336

12 - 14 726 107 72 547

15 - 17 2 307 264 142 57 375 251 49 964 205

Urban 7 249 3 652 31 359 831 109 56 103 128 115 1 660 2056-9 4 411 3 652 31 40 79 56 448 105

10 - 11 344 110 23412 - 14 452 65 57 39 115 176

15 - 17 2 042 144 695 109 103 89 802 100Rural 15 653 3 277 816 859 54 1 501 264 873 2 488 1 015 3 800 70

6-9 5 205 3 277 617 202 106 154 244 531 74

10 - 11 855 48 159 51 597

12 - 14 2 598 57 153 453 116 368 363 936 152

15 - 17 6 995 94 504 54 783 148 668 1 876 652 1 736 480

Table 7. Reasons of children aged 6-17 years for not studying, by age group and gende
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Age group, 

gender Total 

Total children 

Studied in 

schools Engaged in Not studied 

economic activity

Only participated 

in household 

duties 

Only studied None of them 

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.3 18.8 25.1 55.9 93.3 29.3 71.6

10 - 11 15.5 14.5 17.0 16.2 2.0 17.4 1.8

12 - 14 24.5 30.8 28.0 16.2 1.3 27.1 4.9

15 - 17 25.7 35.9 29.9 11.7 3.4 26.2 21.7

Boys 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.0 19.0 24.9 54.2 92.1 29.1 65.4

10 - 11 16.0 13.1 17.8 17.5 2.5 18.1 2.2

12 - 14 24.9 31.4 28.6 16.4 1.1 27.8 6.4

15 - 17 25.1 36.5 28.7 11.9 4.3 25.0 26.0

Girls 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.5 18.6 25.4 57.6 94.8 29.5 80.7

10 - 11 15.1 16.1 16.2 14.9 1.4 16.6 1.2

12 - 14 24.1 30.1 27.4 16.0 1.4 26.5 2.7

15 - 17 26.3 35.2 31.0 11.5 2.4 27.4 15.4

Table 8. Composition of children economically active and inactive during last week, by school 

attendance, by age group and gender, percent

Age group

Total Urban Rura

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Gi

5-9 100. 0 54. 6 45. 4 100. 0 35.1 64.9 100. 0 56.8 43.2

10 - 11 100. 0 48. 9 51. 1 100. 0 48.0 52.0 100. 0 49.1 50.9

12 - 14 100. 0 55. 2 44. 8 100. 0 53.7 46.3 100. 0 55.6 44.4

15 - 17 100. 0 55. 1 44. 9 100. 0 53.6 46.4 100. 0 55.5 44.5

Total 100. 0 54. 1 45. 9 100. 0 51.0 49.0 100. 0 54.9 45.1

Table 9. Working children of age of 5-17, by age group, location and gender, percent 

Age group

Total Urban Rura

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Gi

5-9 18.8 19.0 18.6 10.0 6.8 13.2 20.9 21.6 20.0

10 - 11 14.5 13.1 16.1 14.1 13.3 14.9 14.6 13.1 16.4

12 - 14 30.8 31.4 30.1 30.2 31.8 28.6 30.9 31.3 30.5

15 - 17 35.9 36.5 35.2 45.7 48.1 43.3 33.6 34.0 33.1

Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0

Table 10. Composition of working children of age of 5-17, by age group, location and gender, 

percent 
128

Report of National Child Labour Survey 2011

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Location, region, age 

group

Household head Household size 

Total 

Male headed Female headed < 3 3 - 4 5 - 6 7 - 8 9 +

Urban 15 045 2 850 163 6 743 8 766 2 001 222 17 89

Rural 70 493 5 580 1 527 24 547 40 303 7 987 1 709 76 07

Western region 33 990 2 302 401 8 071 19 639 6 647 1 534 36 292

Bayan-Ulgii 9 794 439 138 1 245 4 813 3 233 804 10 2

Govi-Altai 5 839 379 109 1 819 3 745 545 0 6 218

Zavkhan 6 029 0 0 1 214 4 114 701 0 6 02

Uvs 5 742 663 57 1 994 3 251 724 379 6 40

Khovd 6 586 821 97 1 799 3 716 1 444 351 7 407

Khangai region 23 266 2 500 631 9 166 15 140 829 0 25 766

Arkhangai 9 395 618 124 3 243 6 051 595 0 10 013

Bayankhongor 4 278 803 325 1 761 2 995 0 0 5 08

Bulgan 1 821 50 0 682 1 136 53 0 1 87

Uvurkhangai 4 702 277 120 1 982 2 821 56 0 4 97

Khuvsgul 1 919 188 62 692 1 228 125 0 2 107

Orkhon 1 151 564 0 806 909 0 0 1 715

Central region 16 436 1 882 603 7 934 8 214 1 345 222 18 318

Dornogovi 858 109 0 499 266 202 0 967

Dundgovi 5 146 116 0 2 476 2 642 144 0 5 262

Umnugovi 2 243 475 130 663 1 654 271 0 2 71

Selenge 1 448 612 183 971 788 0 118 2 060

Tuv 5 250 287 178 2 881 2 256 222 0 5 537

Darkhan-Uul 1 326 283 112 332 608 453 104 1 60

Govisumber 165 0 0 112 0 53 0 165

Eastern region 7 596 851 54 3 849 3 966 578 0 8 447

Dornod 2 347 151 54 1 151 1 186 107 0 2 498

Sukhbaatar 3 409 318 0 1 840 1 611 276 0 3 727

Khentii 1 840 382 0 858 1 169 195 0 2 222

Ulaanbaatar 4 251 894 0 2 270 2 110 590 175 5 145

Total 85 538 8 430 1 690 31 290 49 069 9 988 1 931 93 968

Table 11. Working children aged 5-17 years, by head of household and household size, by location, 

regions and aimags 
129

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Location, region 

 Ownership of dwelling

Government Total

organozation's Private (Company's) Private (Individuals')

Urban 426 57 17 412 17 89

Rural 1 104 141 74 828 76 07

Region 1 530 199 92 239 93 96

Western 903 92 35 298 36 293

Khangai 243 57 25 466 25 766

Central 149 18 171 18 320

Eastern 49 8 397 8 446

Ulaanbaatar 235 4 908 5 14

Total 1 530 198 92 240 93 968

Table 12. Number of working children aged 5-17 years, by type of housing ownership, 

by location and region 
130

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National Statistical office of Mongolia

Of which: economic sectors

Total Agriculture, 

forestry and 

fishing

Mining and 

quarryingò Manufacturin

Electricity, gas, 

steam and air 

conditioning 

supply

Water supply; 

sewerage, 

waste 

management 

and remediation 

activities

Construction

Wholesale and 

retail trade; 

repair of motor 

vehicles and 

motorcycles

Transportation and 

storage

Accommodation 

and food service 

activities

Information and 

communication

Professional, 

scientific and 

technical activities

Administrative and 

support service 

activities

Education

Human health 

and social work 

activities

Arts, 

entertainment 

and recreation

 Other service 

activities

Total 81.7 0.3 3.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 11.8 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 .0 0.1 0.2 0.4 100.0

Paid employee 12.3 6.9 11.4 3.8 .0 20.9 7.1 .0 11.9 3.4 .0 3.6 .0 2.9 3.1 12.7 100.0

Self-employed 18.9 5.0 18.6 .0 3.9 2.0 43.3 .0 2.6 .0 .0 .0 1.7 .0 .0 4.0 100.0

Employed in animal husbandry 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Unpaid family workers 50.4 0.4 8.0 .0 0.5 0.5 35.7 0.6 2.1 .0 0.5 0.3 .0 0.2 0.4 0.4 100.Workers not classifieble by status 37.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 47.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 15.2 .0 .0 100.0

Urban 31.2 0.6 10.5 .0 0.7 2.2 48.0 0.9 2.5 0.3 .0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.9 100.0Paid employee 10.5 4.8 10.9 .0 .0 23.0 9.8 .0 11.6 4.7 .0 5.0 .0 4.0 4.3 11.4 100.0Self-employed 12.6 3.0 11.3 .0 3.8 2.8 55.4 .0 3.5 .0 .0 .0 2.3 .0 .0 5.3 100.0

Employed in animal husbandry 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Unpaid family workers 16.2 .0 13.3 .0 0.5 0.9 64.0 1.3 2.3 .0 .0 0.4 .0 .0 .0 1.1 100.

Rural 93.6 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.3 .0 0.4 .0 0.2 0.1 .0 0.1 0.1 0.1 100.

Paid employee 17.1 12.3 12.8 13.6 .0 15.5 .0 .0 12.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 16.1 100.0

Self-employed 36.5 10.5 39.1 .0 4.4 0.0 9.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Employed in animal husbandry 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Unpaid family workers 75.3 0.7 4.2 .0 0.4 0.3 15.1 .0 1.9 .0 0.8 0.3 .0 0.3 0.7 .0 100.

Workers not classifieble by status 37.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 47.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 15.2 .0 .0 100.0

Table 13. Composition of working children, by employment status and economic sectos, percent
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Table 14. Composition of working children of age 5-17, by economic sector, gender, region and aimags, percent

Of which: economic sectors

Total Agriculture, 

forestry and 

fishing

Mining and 

quarryingò Manufacturin

Electricity, gas, 

steam and air 

conditioning 

supply

Water supply; 

sewerage, 

waste 

management 

and 

remediation 

activities

Construction

Wholesale and retail 

trade; repair of 

motor vehicles and 

motorcycles

Transportation 

and storage

Accommodation 

and food service 

activities

Information and 

communication

Professional, 

scientific 

and technical 

activities

Administrative 

and support 

service activities

Education

Human health 

and social 

work activities

Arts, 

entertainment 

and recreation

 Other 

service 

activities

Total 81.7 0.3 3.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 11.8 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 100.0Boys 81.1 0.4 3.0 0.1 0.4 1.1 11.7 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 .0 0.1 0.1 0.6 100.Girls 82.3 0.2 3.1 .0 .0 0.2 11.9 0.1 1.1 .0 .0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 100.0

81.7 0.3 3.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 11.8 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 100.0

Westerm region Zavkhan 87.0 .0 3.4 .0 .0 .0 7.5 .0 2.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.

Govi-Altai 85.9 .0 .0 0.9 .0 .0 10.4 .0 2.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Bayan-Ulgii 85.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 13.4 .0 0.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0.5 100Khovd 73.8 .0 0.7 .0 .0 4.5 18.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.3 .0 .0 .0 0.8 100.0Uvs 75.5 1.7 7.0 .0 1.6 0.9 11.5 1.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.

Khangai region Orkhon 63.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 32.6 .0 3.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Uvurkhangai 83.0 1.3 3.7 .0 .0 .0 8.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.2 1.3 100.Bulgan 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.Bayankhongor 87.2 .0 5.2 .0 .0 1.1 6.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.Arkhangai 95.1 .0 2.5 .0 .0 .0 2.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Khuvsgul 75.9 .0 3.0 .0 .0 5.9 12.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.1 100.0

Central region Tuv 96.9 .0 0.9 .0 .0 .0 2.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Govisumber 100.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Selenge 80.3 .0 6.5 .0 .0 .0 13.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Dornogovi 71.5 .0 11.4 .0 .0 .0 17.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Darkhan-Uul 60.6 .0 2.7 .0 .0 .0 32.9 .0 3.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.Umnugovi 89.0 .0 .0 .0 1.9 .0 7.3 .0 1.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.Dundgovi 94.4 .0 1.3 .0 .0 .0 1.8 .0 .0 .0 2.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Eastern region Dornod 76.7 .0 2.1 .0 .0 .0 14.2 .0 3.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.9 .0 .0 100.0

Suhbaatar 94.3 1.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0Khentii 87.2 .0 6.1 .0 .0 .0 6.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 100.0

Ulaanbaatar 15.7 2.0 15.5 .0 1.3 1.2 51.6 0.7 4.0 0.9 .0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 3.6 100.
132

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By spent hours, percen

Total Less than 

5-hrs 5-9 10-14 15-24 25-34 35-42 43-48 49-55

56-hrs 

and 

more

Total 6.7 20.0 25.3 18.1 9.4 9.3 1.1 1.9 8.3 100.0

5 - 9 12.6 33.0 30.2 12.8 5.1 4.6 0.8 0.6 0.4 100.0

10 - 11 8.5 22.1 36.3 18.0 7.5 4.5 0.9 0.5 1.8 100.0

12 - 14 6.4 19.8 27.6 20.7 9.1 9.8 0.7 1.5 4.3 100.0

15 - 17 3.2 13.1 16.8 18.6 12.4 13.0 1.7 3.3 17.9 100.0

Urba

5 - 9 34.3 25.9 35.9 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

10 - 11 12.9 27.2 39.3 14.0 2.3 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

12 - 14 12.0 27.2 31.6 18.9 2.2 4.0 1.2 0.8 2.1 100.0

15 - 17 5.3 21.5 19.1 23.3 9.9 9.5 1.7 0.9 8.7 100.0

Total 11.2 24.5 27.4 18.8 5.5 6.1 1.1 0.7 4.6 100.0

Rura

5 - 9 9.9 33.9 29.5 13.9 5.7 5.2 0.9 0.7 0.4 100.0

10 - 11 7.4 20.8 35.5 19.0 8.9 4.5 1.1 0.6 2.2 100.0

12 - 14 4.9 17.8 26.6 21.2 10.9 11.4 0.6 1.7 4.9 100.0

15 - 17 2.5 10.2 15.9 17.0 13.3 14.3 1.7 4.1 21.1 100.0

Total 5.4 18.8 24.8 18.0 10.4 10.1 1.1 2.2 9.2 100.0

Gender

Boys 5.6 17.6 22.2 18.0 9.5 11.1 1.6 2.1 12.3 100.

Girls 7.9 23.0 29.1 18.3 9.2 7.0 0.4 1.6 3.3 100.0

Region

Western 2.6 12.9 21.1 22.9 12.1 11.3 2.0 3.2 11.9 100.0

Khangai 13.5 28.1 29.8 12.5 6.8 4.7 1.0 0.4 3.3 100.0

Central 4.1 25.1 24.5 13.5 9.0 12.2 0.0 2.3 9.2 100.0

Eastern 7.4 13.4 32.9 26.9 5.1 7.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 100.0

Ulaanbaatar 13.2 25.8 27.5 13.6 8.6 6.8 1.3 0.0 3.3 100.

Aimag

Arkhangai 9.7 25.2 24.5 14.3 16.9 8.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 100.0

Bayan-Ulgii 0.5 9.5 21.3 25.8 13.0 11.5 2.8 2.9 12.6 100

Bayankhongor 24.4 36.6 26.7 4.4 2.4 1.1 1.1 0.0 3.3 100.

Bulgan 29.1 21.8 29.4 11.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 100.

Govi-Altai 2.2 8.5 21.9 24.8 19.8 13.8 0.0 2.1 6.9 100.0

Dornogovi 32.4 17.6 10.8 17.3 5.5 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Dornod 8.0 10.0 40.9 33.7 1.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 3.8 100.0

Dundgovi 0.8 28.6 32.2 14.6 8.5 11.1 0.0 2.0 2.1 100.0

Zavkhan 13.8 26.8 8.7 10.4 9.3 17.9 0.0 1.9 11.2 100.

Uvurkhangai 0.0 19.9 42.9 28.5 4.2 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.

Umnugovi 6.3 9.1 11.4 6.5 1.9 26.0 0.0 10.3 28.4 100.

Sukhbaatar 10.3 19.4 19.8 27.6 4.9 7.9 0.0 0.0 10.2 100.0

Selenge 3.5 33.4 24.9 25.6 3.2 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Tuv 1.1 22.4 24.9 9.3 17.6 10.9 0.0 1.1 12.6 100.0

Uvs 4.8 18.5 17.9 24.3 8.2 9.9 2.1 2.6 11.9 100.

khovd 0.7 11.6 26.7 20.8 9.9 8.1 2.7 5.2 14.3 100.0

Khuvsgul 5.8 22.9 27.1 11.9 8.4 9.0 2.9 3.0 8.9 100.0

Khentii 3.6 11.2 37.3 18.4 9.3 13.3 0.0 0.0 6.8 100.0

Darkhan-Uul 3.9 42.5 30.7 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 100.

Orkhon 6.9 37.9 34.1 6.8 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 100.0

Govisumber 0.0 48.8 32.3 18.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Total 6.2 19.6 25.2 18.5 9.4 9.5 1.1 2.0 8.6 100.0

Capital city and districts:

Khan-Uul 62.8 0.0 37.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.

Baganuur, Bagakhangai 0.0 32.2 33.3 0.0 16.2 0.0 18.5 0.0 0.0 100

Bayanzurkh 4.6 25.2 29.2 18.0 4.6 12.9 0.0 0.0 5.6 100.

Nalaikh 0.0 45.9 0.0 18.6 18.6 17.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Bayangol 7.0 6.8 48.5 17.5 6.5 6.1 0.0 0.0 7.6 100.

Sukhbaatar 19.2 17.3 37.4 9.6 16.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Chingeltei 43.1 17.8 0.0 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Songinokhairkhan 4.2 47.4 13.3 13.3 9.3 8.7 0.0 0.0 3.9 100.0

Total 13.2 25.8 27.5 13.6 8.6 6.8 1.3 0.0 3.3 100.0

Table 15.Children by hours of work spent in economic activities, by spent hours, age group, urban, 

rural, sex, regions, aimag, Capital city and districts
133

2011-2012 Repo

rt of Natinal ChildLabor Srve

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 16. Reasons of children›s engagement in household activities, by age group, sex, urban and rural, percentag

Total

Total children

Of which:

Total

Studying in school

Total

Not in school

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Total 100.0 3.4 87.2 8.3 0.5 0.6 100.0 3.7 89.0 6.7 0.4 0.2 100.0 1.5 76.1 17.9 1.3 3.25 - 9 100.0 3.0 90.2 4.7 1.4 0.7 100.0 3.5 90.1 4.3 1.6 0.4 100.0 0.0 90.8 6.5 0.0 2.6

10 - 11 100.0 2.7 94.0 2.9 0.4 0.0 100.0 2.8 93.8 3.0 0.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 3.9 88.4 7.0 0.4 0.3 100.0 4.2 88.9 6.7 0.0 0.2 100.0 0.0 82.6 10.0 5.2 2.1

15 - 17 100.0 3.5 81.5 13.8 0.2 1.1 100.0 3.8 85.9 10.2 0.0 0.2 100.0 2.5 68.7 24.5 0.6 3.8

Boy

5 - 9 100.0 4.3 89.0 4.0 1.9 0.7 100.0 5.4 88.6 3.7 2.4 0.0 100.0 0.0 90.9 5.7 0.0 3.5

10 - 11 100.0 4.1 95.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 100.0 4.3 94.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 4.4 86.8 7.7 0.7 0.3 100.0 5.0 87.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 81.9 9.2 6.3 2.6

15 - 17 100.0 4.3 76.9 16.5 0.3 2.0 100.0 5.0 82.6 12.0 0.0 0.4 100.0 3.2 67.1 24.1 0.8 4.8

Total 100.0 4.3 84.9 9.0 0.8 0.9 100.0 5.0 87.5 6.8 0.6 0.1 100.0 2.0 75.0 17.4 1.6 4.0

Girls

5 - 9 100.0 1.4 91.6 5.4 0.8 0.8 100.0 1.6 91.7 5.0 0.8 0.9 100.0 0.0 90.8 9.2 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 1.2 93.0 5.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.2 92.9 5.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 3.2 90.5 6.0 0.0 0.3 100.0 3.3 90.6 5.8 0.0 0.3 100.0 0.0 85.9 14.1 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 2.4 86.8 10.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.8 88.6 8.6 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 74.3 25.7 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 2.3 89.8 7.5 0.1 0.2 100.0 2.5 90.5 6.6 0.2 0.3 100.0 0.0 80.3 19.7 0.0 0.0

Urba

5 - 9 100.0 5.4 80.8 6.8 7.0 0.0 100.0 5.8 79.3 7.3 7.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 90.4 7.2 2.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 90.4 7.2 2.5 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.012 - 14 100.0 3.3 80.6 14.1 1.3 0.8 100.0 3.4 81.4 14.4 0.0 0.8 100.0 0.0 48.4 0.0 51.6 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 5.1 78.3 14.3 0.0 2.2 100.0 4.8 81.4 13.3 0.0 0.6 100.0 8.6 45.0 26.1 0.0 20.3

Total 100.0 3.9 81.0 12.5 1.5 1.2 100.0 3.7 82.5 12.1 1.1 0.5 100.0 6.1 53.1 18.6 7.7 14.5
134

Report of Natinal ChildLabor Srvey 2011-201

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 17. Reasons of children›s engagement in household activities, by regions, aimags, Capital city and districs, percentag

Total

Total children

Of which:

Total

Studying in school

Total

Not in school

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Help 

parents

Lack labour 

force in 

household 

business

Parent's 

demand/ 

request

Others

Total 100.0 3.4 87.2 8.3 0.5 0.6 100.0 3.7 89.0 6.7 0.4 0.2 100.0 1.5 76.1 17.9 1.3 3.2

Regio

Western 100.0 3.1 83.8 12.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 3.3 85.5 11.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.8 74.7 20.9 1.7 0.8

Khangai 100.0 4.3 89.6 5.1 0.5 0.5 100.0 4.9 90.1 4.4 0.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 85.2 10.5 0.0 4.3

Central 100.0 3.9 90.0 4.3 0.0 1.8 100.0 4.3 94.0 1.2 0.0 0.4 100.0 1.5 70.5 19.6 0.0 8.4

Eastern 100.0 0.6 91.4 8.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.7 92.5 6.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 85.2 14.8 0.0 0.0

Ulaanbaatar 100.0 4.0 81.7 7.2 5.4 1.7 100.0 3.2 85.3 5.2 4.4 1.9 100.0 11.2 50.8 24.1 14.0 0.

Aimag

Arkhangai 100.0 6.4 90.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 6.8 91.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 77.5 22.5 0.0 0.0

Bayan-Ulgii 100.0 4.1 83.1 12.3 0.5 0.0 100.0 4.6 86.2 9.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.3 71.7 23.6 2.4 0

Bayankhongor 100.0 1.1 98.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.4 98.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Bulgan 100.0 9.8 86.8 3.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 10.4 89.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 47.3 52.7 0.0 0.

Govi-Altai 100.0 4.7 88.7 6.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.4 92.4 3.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 7.2 63.6 29.2 0.0 0.0

Dornogovi 100.0 15.9 78.3 5.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.9 70.1 8.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dornod 100.0 0.0 82.5 17.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 80.7 19.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dundgovi 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Zavkhan 100.0 4.2 95.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.7 95.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 92.7 7.3 0.0 0.

Uvurkhangai 100.0 3.1 86.2 10.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 3.6 84.1 12.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Umnugovi 100.0 1.9 71.0 19.1 0.0 8.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 4.0 40.7 39.0 0.0 16.

Sukhbaatar 100.0 1.4 95.5 3.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.7 98.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 85.0 15.0 0.0 0.0

Selenge 100.0 0.0 96.7 3.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tuv 100.0 8.9 86.1 2.6 0.0 2.4 100.0 11.3 87.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 100.0 0.0 82.0 12.3 0.0 5.7

Uvs 100.0 1.6 77.2 20.4 0.8 0.0 100.0 2.0 74.8 23.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 88.0 7.5 4.5 0.

khovd 100.0 0.5 77.3 21.5 0.0 0.6 100.0 0.6 79.6 19.8 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 64.7 31.2 0.0 4.2

Khuvsgul 100.0 0.0 78.2 18.1 0.0 3.7 100.0 0.0 83.6 16.4 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 66.6 21.7 0.0 11.7

Khentii 100.0 0.0 94.1 5.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.5 3.5 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 70.0 30.0 0.0 0.0

Darkhan-Uul 100.0 0.0 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 96.3 3.7 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Orkhon 100.0 3.6 81.9 3.5 7.2 3.7 100.0 3.9 84.5 3.8 7.8 0.0 100.0 0.0 49.6 0.0 0.0 50.4

Govisumber 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 3.3 87.4 8.4 0.3 0.6 100.0 3.7 89.3 6.8 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.2 77.1 17.7 0.8 3.3

Capital 

city and 

districts

Khan-Uul 100.0 0.0 62.8 0.0 37.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 62.8 0.0 37.2 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

Baganuur, Bagakhangai 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Bayanzurkh 100.0 5.9 94.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 31.5 68.5 0.0 0.0 0.

Nalaikh 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bayangol 100.0 21.9 78.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 21.9 78.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.Sukhbaatar 100.0 0.0 66.5 23.1 10.4 0.0 100.0 0.0 70.8 29.2 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 0.0

Chingeltei 100.0 0.0 65.5 0.0 0.0 34.5 100.0 0.0 65.5 0.0 0.0 34.5 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Songinokhairkhan 100.0 0.0 84.7 15.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 93.3 6.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 34.1 65.9 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 4.0 81.7 7.2 5.4 1.7 100.0 3.2 85.3 5.2 4.4 1.9 100.0 11.2 50.8 24.1 14.0 0.0
135

2011-2012 Repo

rt of Natinal ChildLabor Srve

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 18. Reasons of children engaging in work outside of the household, by age group, sex, urban and rural, by percen

Total

Total children

Of which:

Total

Studying in school

Total

Not in school

Gain work 

experience and 

skills

Contribute 

to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

Earn to 

cover cost of 

schooling

By decision

of a child Others

Gain work 

experience and 

skills

Contribute 

to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

Earn to 

cover cost of 

schooling

By

decision 

of a child

Gain work 

experience and 

skills

Contribute 

to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

By

decision 

of a child

Others

All children 100.0 5.6 38.1 15.1 14.8 20.2 6.2 100.0 4.0 37.1 9.7 22.6 26.6 100.0 8.7 39.9 25.4 8.1 17.9

5 - 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 57.7 0.0 30.0 12.3 0.0 100.0 0.0 41.5 0.0 41.5 17.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 6.8 37.8 18.3 10.0 19.6 7.5 100.0 5.0 40.4 12.4 16.1 26.1 100.0 9.6 33.6 28.1 9.0 19.8

Boy

5 - 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 48.6 0.0 36.5 14.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 55.0 22.5 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.015 - 17 100.0 8.2 37.7 12.8 12.1 20.1 9.1 100.0 7.0 41.3 0.0 22.2 29.5 100.0 9.6 33.6 28.1 9.0 19.8

Total 100.0 6.7 36.5 10.5 17.7 21.2 7.4 100.0 5.3 34.1 0.0 30.2 30.5 100.0 8.7 39.9 25.4 8.1 17.9

Girls

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 0.0 38.3 44.7 0.0 17.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 38.3 44.7 0.0 17.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 0.0 46.2 38.9 0.0 14.9 0.0 100.0 0.0 46.2 38.9 0.0 14.9 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Urba

5 - 9 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 11.4 6.2 26.2 16.8 33.0 6.5 100.0 7.7 9.0 18.9 24.6 39.8 100.0 19.5 0.0 41.8 18.1 20.6

Total 100.0 9.8 14.7 22.5 14.5 32.9 5.6 100.0 6.8 13.4 16.6 21.5 41.7 100.0 16.1 17.5 34.5 14.9 17.0

Rura

10 - 11 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

12 - 14 100.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 55.0 22.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 22.5 0.0 55.0 22.5 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

15 - 17 100.0 0.0 84.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 9.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 66.3 14.6 0.0 19.0

Total 100.0 0.0 69.0 5.4 15.3 3.4 7.0 100.0 0.0 70.5 0.0 24.2 5.3 100.0 0.0 66.3 14.6 0.0 19.0
136

Report of Natinal ChildLabor Srvey 2011-201

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table19. Reasons of engaging in work outside of the household, by regions, aimags, Capital city and districts, by percen

Total

Total children

Of which:

Total

Studying in school

Total

Not in school

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Contribute 

to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

Earn to 

cover 

cost of 

schooling

By decision

of a child Others

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Contribute to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

Earn to 

cover cost of 

schooling

By decision

of a child

Gain work 

experience 

and skills

Contribute 

to 

houdehold 

income

Support 

self and be 

independent

By decision

of a child Others

 All children 100.0 5.6 38.1 15.1 14.8 20.2 6.2 100.0 4.0 37.1 9.6 22.6 524 26.6 100.0 8.7 39.8 25.5 8.09 18

egions

Western 100.0 0.0 16.2 0.0 34.3 49.5 .0 100.0 0.0 16.2 0.0 34.3 49,5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Khangai 100.0 11.7 50.5 13.6 0.0 0.0 24.1 100.0 0.0 63.9 36.1 0.0 0.0 100.0 18.9 42.4 0.0 0.0 38.7

Central 100.0 0.0 66.0 10.8 16.5 6.8 0.0 100.0 0.0 67.7 0.0 22.9 9.4 100.0 0.0 61.6 38.4 0.0 0.0

Eastern 100.0 0.0 48.1 0.0 51.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 48.1 0.0 51.9 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ulaanbaatar 100.0 8.5 17.8 30.7 8.3 34.6 0.0 100.0 14.6 11.9 15.8 14.3 43.5 100.0 0.0 26.1 51.7 22.2 0.

Aimags:

Arkhangai 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Bayan-Ulgii 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Bayankhongor 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.

Umnugovi 100.0 0.0 64.6 21.7 0.0 13.6 0.0 100.0 0.0 82.6 0.0 0.0 17.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.

Sukhbaatar 100.0 0.0 48.1 0.0 51.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 48.1 0.0 51.9 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Selenge 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Tuv 100.0 0.0 51.1 0.0 48.9 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Uvs 100.0 0.0 23.4 0.0 27.1 49.5 0.0 100.0 0.0 23.4 0.0 27.1 49.5 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.

khovd 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Khuvsgul 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Orkhon 100.0 0.0 31.1 36.1 0.0 0.0 32.8 100.0 0.0 46.3 53.7 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Total 100.0 4.3 46.9 8.3 17.6 13.9 8.9 100.0 0.0 46.6 7.3 25.8 20.3 100.0 13.7 47.7 10.5 0.0 28.1

Capital city and districts:Bayanzurkh 100.0 0.0 19.2 36.3 14.8 29.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 36.9 33.3 29.8 100.0 0.0 34.7 35.8 29.5 0.0 Bayangol 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sukhbaatar 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chingeltei 100.0 0.0 44.8 0.0 0.0 55.2 0.0 100.0 0.0 44.8 0.0 0.0 55.2 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Songinokhairkhan 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 Total 100.0 8.5 17.8 30.7 8.3 34.6 0.0 100.0 14.6 11.9 15.8 14.3 43.5 100.0 0.0 26.1 51.7 22.2 0
137

2011-2012 Report of National Child Labour S

National Statistical office of Mongolia

Table 20. Number of children economically active and inactive during last week, by age group 

and sex, by result of the survey

Age group All children Engaged in 

economic activity

Participated in 

household duties Only studied None of them

Total

2002 - 2003 676 911 65 729 506 284 55 647 49 251

2006 - 2007 621 612 69 678 401 732 93 324 56 878

2011 - 2012 589 076 93 968 344 680 114 300 36 128

Age group

5 - 9

2002 - 2003 211 440 14 633 131 071 19 606 46 130

2006 - 2007 209 127 17 790 98 374 40 754 52 209

2011 - 2012 201 839 17 677 86 607 63 853 33 702

10 - 14

2002 - 2003 293 964 20 436 243 657 28 140 1 731

2006 - 2007 237 149 24 540 174 569 36 013 2 027

2011 - 2012 236 020 42 569 155 151 37 116 1 184

15 - 17

2002 - 2003 171 507 30 660 131 556 7 901 1 390

2006 - 2007 175 336 27 348 128 789 16 557 2 642

2011 - 2012 151 217 33 722 102 922 13 331 1 242

Sex

Boy

2002 - 2003 346 867 40 406 248 523 30 292 27 646

2006 - 2007 325 631 42 173 202 524 49 549 31 385

2011 - 2012 300 677 50 870 171 200 59 072 19 535

Girls

2002 - 2003 330 044 25 323 257 761 25 355 21 605

2006 - 2007 295 981 27 505 199 208 43 775 25 493

2011-2012 288 399 43 098 173 480 55 228 16 593

By percen

Total

2002 - 2003 100.0 9.7 74.8 8.2 7.3

2006 - 2007 100.0 11.2 64.6 15.0 9.2

2011 - 2012 100.0 16.0 58.5 19.4 6.1

Age group

5 - 9

2002 - 2003 100.0 6.9 62.0 9.3 21.8

2006 - 2007 100.0 8.5 47.0 19.5 25.0

2011 - 2012 100.0 8.8 42.9 31.6 16.7

10 - 14

2002 - 2003 100.0 7.0 82.9 9.6 0.5

2006 - 2007 100.0 10.3 73.6 15.2 0.9

2011 - 2012 100.0 18.0 65.7 15.7 0.6

15 - 17

2002 - 2003 100.0 17.9 76.7 4.6 0.8

2006 - 2007 100.0 15.6 73.5 9.4 1.5

2011 - 2012 100.0 22.3 68.1 8.8 0.8

Sex

Boy

2002 - 2003 100.0 11.6 71.6 8.7 8.1

2006 - 2007 100.0 13.0 62.2 15.2 9.6

2011 - 2012 100.0 16.9 56.9 19.6 6.6

Girls

2002 - 2003 100.0 7.7 78.1 7.7 6.5

2006 - 2007 100.0 9.3 67.3 14.8 8.6

2011 - 2012 100.0 14.9 60.2 19.1 5.8
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Table 21. Structure location of work places where children engaged in economic activities, by urban, rural, age group, se and regions, percentage

Age groups

Locaion of work places 

Total At home no 

separate work 

premisis

At home with 

separate work 

premisis

in pasture land, 

agricultural 

field

Transportation 

means

Office/

work place

Small shops, 

services, 

repairs, kiosks

Marketplaces Supermarkets, gross aries Employer's home Constraction filed Mining site Factory Street Waste dump side

Mongol 5.8 3.7 77.4 0.2 0.6 3.3 5.7 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 100.0

5-9 3.6 1.6 90.3 - 0.3 0.6 2.8 0.3 - - - - 0.5 - 100.0

10-11 5.2 3.1 81.0 - - 3.8 4.5 - - - - 0.4 1.7 0.3 100.012-14 6.3 3.5 76.5 0.2 0.3 4.0 6.3 1.3 0.1 - - - 0.9 0.6 100.0

15-17 6.7 5.3 69.9 0.3 1.3 3.7 7.2 1.0 - 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.4 1.7 100.0

Urban

5-9 6.4 10.7 45.7 - 2.7 3.2 28.0 3.3 - - - - - - 100.0

10-11 3.7 11.3 46.7 - - 5.9 24.5 - - - - 2.2 3.8 1.9 100.0

12-14 4.6 14.2 24.6 1.1 - 11.9 31.6 3.9 0.7 - - - 5.0 2.4 100.0

15-17 9.8 11.6 24.2 1.2 4.0 9.0 27.5 1.9 - 2.0 1.2 2.2 1.5 3.9 100.0Subtotal 7.1 12.3 29.6 0.9 2.1 8.9 28.4 2.4 0.2 0.9 0.6 1.3 2.7 2.8 100.0

Rura

5-9 3.3 0.6 95.3 - - 0.3 - - - - - - 0.5 - 100.0

10-11 5.6 1.0 88.8 - - 3.4 - - - - - - 1.2 - 100.0

12-14 6.7 0.9 88.4 - 0.4 2.2 0.5 0.7 - - - - 0.0 0.2 100.0

15-17 5.7 3.4 84.5 - 0.4 2.1 0.7 0.7 - 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.0 100.0

Subtotal 5.5 1.7 88.6 - 0.3 1.9 0.4 0.4 - 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 100.0

Sex

Male 5.1 4.0 77.0 0.2 0.6 3.6 5.4 0.8 - 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.8 1.2 100.0

Female 6.8 3.2 77.8 0.1 0.6 2.9 6.1 0.9 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.5 100.0

Regio

West 2.7 4.8 79.8 0.3 0.4 4.2 5.1 1.1 - 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.3 100.0

Khangai 12.7 1.8 76.8 - 0.5 1.0 4.3 - - 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.0 100.0

Center 2.0 2.1 88.0 - 0.3 2.3 3.1 0.9 - - - 0.3 - 1.0 100.0

East 1.1 3.2 86.6 - - 2.5 4.0 0.7 - - 0.6 - 0.6 0.7 100.0

Ulaanbaatar 13.3 10.7 10.2 0.8 4.8 12.6 29.8 3.0 0.8 - 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.5 100.
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Table 22. Structure location of work places where children engaged in economic activities, by aimags, Capital city and districts , percentage

Aimag, city

Location of workplaces

Total At home 

no separate 

work premisis

At home with 

separate work 

premisis

in pasture 

land, 

agricultural 

field

Transportation 

means

Office/ 

work place

Small shops, 

services, repairs, 

kiosks

Marketplaces Supermarkets, gross aries Employer's home Constraction filed Mining site Factory Street Waste dump side

Aimag

Arkhangai 1.9 0.6 95.1 - - 1.2 1.2 - - - - - - - 100.0

Bayan-Ulgii 2.5 5.3 83.5 - - 6.3 0.9 1.5 - - - - - - 100

Bayankhongor 5.2 - 87.2 - - - 6.5 - - 1.1 - - - - 100.

Bulgan - - 100.0 - - - - - - - - - - - 100.

Govi-Altai - 2.0 85.8 - - - 11.3 - - - - 0.9 - - 100.0

Dornogovi 6.0 17.0 71.5 - - - - 5.5 - - - - - - 100.0

Dornod 3.8 5.3 74.5 - - 6.5 7.7 - - - - - 2.2 - 100.0

Dundgovi 1.3 1.8 94.4 - - - - - - - - - - 2.5 100.0

Zavxan 3.0 2.4 88.3 - - - 2.6 1.0 - - - - 2.7 - 100.Uvurkhangai 56.4 8.1 26.6 - - - 2.6 - - - 1.3 1.3 - 3.7 100.

Umnugovi - - 89.0 - 1.8 3.6 - 3.7 - - - - - 1.9 100.

Sukhbaatar - - 94.4 - 1.3 - 1.5 - - 1.3 - - 1.5 100.0

Selenge 6.3 - 77.3 - - 13.1 3.3 - - - - - - - 100.0

Tuv 1.1 - 96.9 - - 1.1 - - - - - 0.9 - - 100.0

Uvs 1.6 3.9 75.6 1.8 4.1 6.1 2.8 - 0.9 1.7 - - 1.5 100.

Khovd 5.9 9.5 66.5 - 1.9 8.3 6.7 - - 0.6 - - 0.6 - 100.0Khuvsgul 2.9 - 72.9 - 6.3 3.0 9.0 - - 2.9 - - - 3.0 100.0Khentii - 6.0 87.3 - - - 6.7 - - - - - - - 100.0

Darkhan-Uul 3.4 9.9 53.6 - - - 33.1 - - - - - - - 100.

Orkhon - - 63.6 - - 3.8 19.5 - - - - - 13.1 - 100.0

Govisumber - - 100.0 - - - - - - - - - - - 100.0

Total 5.4 3.1 81.3 0.1 0.4 2.7 4.3 0.7 - 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.7 100.0

City

Khan-Uul 12.1 24.4 - - - 26.3 37.2 - - - - - - - 100.Baganuur,Bagakhangai 15.7 32.5 33.3 - - - - - - - - 18.5 - - 100.Bayanzurkh 14.2 4.5 4.6 - 17.5 14.9 35.0 4.7 - - 4.6 - - - 100.

Nalaikh - 45.7 37.1 - - - - - - - 17.2 - - - 100.0

Bayangol 13.5 - - - - 27.9 30.9 - - - - 14.0 - 13.7 100.

Sukhbaatar 8.4 7.7 27.0 - - - 37.6 - - - - - 19.3 - 100.0

Chingeltei 27.2 15.7 - - 17.9 - 24.6 - 14.6 - - - - - 100.0

Songinokhairkhan 14.7 3.6 5.5 3.2 - 12.3 34.3 8.5 - - - - 7.2 10.7 100.0

Total 13.3 10.7 10.2 0.8 4.8 12.6 29.8 3.0 0.8 - 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.5 100.0
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Table 23. Assessment of workplace where children engaged in work outside of the household, by 

age group, urban, rural, sex, region, aimag, city, in percent

Age group

Assessment of workplace

Total

Reason of dissatisfied with their workplace conditio

Total

Satisfied Dissatified

Exposure 

to dust/ 

numidity

Work 

underground Durty place Other

Mongolia 86.9 13.1 100.0 23.8 41.8 11.0 23.4 100.0

5-9 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

10-11 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

12-14 87.7 12.3 100.0 - - 100.0 - 100.0

15-17 85.8 14.2 100.0 26.7 47.0 0.0 26.3 100.0

Urban

5-9 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

10-11 - - 0.0 - - - - -

12-14 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

15-17 81.8 18.2 100.0 34.9 31.3 0.0 33.8 100.0

Total 84.3 15.7 100.0 34.9 31.3 0.0 33.8 100.0

Rura

5-9 - - - - - - - -

10-11 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

12-14 100.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 - 100.0

15-17 81.8 18.2 100.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0

Total 90.4 9.6 100.0 - 64.9 35.1 - 100.0

Sex

Male 84.4 15.6 100.0 23.8 41.8 11.0 23.4 100.0

Female 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Regio

West 64.9 35.1 100.0 53.7 46.3 - - 100.0

Khangai 88.3 11.7 100.0 - - - 100.0 100.0

Center 93.2 6.8 100.0 - - 100.0 - 100.0

East 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Ulaanbaatar 90.8 9.2 100.0 - 100.0 - - 100.

Aimag

Arkhangai 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Bayan-Ulgii 100.0 - 100.0 - - - -

Bayankhongor 50.0 50.0 100.0 - - - 100.0 100.

Umnugovi 86.4 13.6 100.0 - - 100.0 - 100.

Sukhbaatar 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Selenge 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Tuv 100.0 - 100.0 - - - -

Uvs 49.5 50.5 100.0 53.7 46.3 - - 100.

Khovd 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Khuvsgul 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Orkhon 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Total 85.2 14.8 100.0 30.4 26.2 14.1 29.3 100.0

City

Khan-Uul - - - - - - - 

Bayanuur, Bagakhangai - - - - - - -

Bayanzurkh 83.6 16.4 100.0 - 100.0 - - 100.

Nalaikh - - - - - - - -

Bayangol 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - 

Sukhbaatar 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Chingeltei 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Songinokhairkhan 100.0 - 100.0 - - - - -

Total 90.8 9.2 100.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0
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Divisions Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture, forestry and fishery, hunting 83.7 72.8 82.5 83.3

Mining and quarring 0.8 5.2 0.4 0.2

Manufacturing 1.3 0.4 4.6 2.2

Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation 

activies 0.6 0.3 - 0.2

Constraction 1.6 17.4 - 0.8

Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, household 

goods 10.5 0.3 10.8 11.2

Transport, storage 0.5 2.4 - -

Áайр, сууц болон хоол х¿нсээр ¿йлчлэх ¿йл ажиллаãаа 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8

Informationa and communication - - 0.2 -

Professional, scientific and technical activities - - - 0.4

Administrative and support service activities - - 0.2 0.1

Education - - 0.1 -

Human health and social work activities - - - 0.4

Arts, entertainment and activities - - 0.5 0.1

Other service activities 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3

Table 24. Number of children for working of age 5-17, by divisions and quarter, percentage 

Table 25. Average hours spent as free time by children, by age group, urban, rural and quarters

Age groups Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

National 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 33.1 35.0 34.3 34.7

10 - 11 15.1 17.5 14.7 15.0

12 - 14 25.4 22.8 25.6 24.2

15 - 17 26.4 24.7 25.4 26.1

Urban 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

5 - 9 34.0 35.0 35.2 35.4

10 - 11 14.9 17.5 15.1 16.1

12 - 14 24.5 21.5 25.3 22.2

15 - 17 26.6 26.0 24.4 26.3

Rural 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.

5 - 9 32.3 35.0 33.2 33.8

10 - 11 15.3 17.4 14.3 13.8

12 - 14 26.3 24.6 26.0 26.6

15 - 17 26.1 23.0 26.5 25.8
142

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National Statistical office of Mongolia
143

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National Statistical office of Mongolia

II

Surve

annex
144

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National Statistical office of Mongolia

Started date of surveyFinished date of surveyAddress 

Year Month Day Hour Minute

QUESTIONNAIRE FORM LF

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY WITH CHILD ACTIVITIES MOD

IDENTIFICATION PARTICUL

Approved by NSO.2011. Order 1 01/84

Household 

size

Number of HH 

members aged 5+

Interviewed population

I II III

Total Studying Working Others

5-17 years18 and above

Total

16. Number of visits required17. Survey result code

Number of family members living away form HH for more than 6 months

Orginally selected household surveyedSubstituted selected household surveyedCasualty

18. Reasions orginally not selected household surveye Refus

Others (Specify)
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1. Type of dwelling

Ger/tent 1 => A4Apartmentt 2Convenient single family house 3Single family house 4Staff dormitory 5 Other public dwelling 6

2. Number of rooms in the dwelling/DO NOT INCLUDE KITCHEN, BATHROOMS AND HALLWA3. Living area (sq.m)4. Number of walls in the ger5. Healting: Central heating system 1

Low pressure stove 2Electric heaters 3Fire stove 4

6. Ownership of dwelling

Government organozation’s 1Private:

Company’s 2Individuals’ 3

7. Kind of tenure

Owner occupied 1

  Renta

Occupied free of rent 3Other 4

8. Does household use electricity?

Yes 1No 2 

9. Electricity source

Central power system 1Diesel generation plans 2

  Renewable energy syste

Small-sized generators 4

A. GENE

RAL

QUESTION

10. Water supply

Central water supply system 1Water station connected with central water supply system 2

Protected dug well 3Protected spring 4

 Bottled water

Water station not connected with central supply system 6

Tanker trucks 7

 Unprotected dug well/spring/streem/lake/pond11. Does this household own any things?

Yes No

11.1 TV 1 211.2 Computer 1 211.3 Fridge 1 211.4 Phone 1 211.5 Automobile 1 211.6 Motocycle 1 211.7 Tractor 1 211.8 A sun and mind generators 1 2

 => A5 => A5

 => A10

12. Does this household own any livestock?

Yes 1No 2 => A13

12.1 Horse12.2 Cow12.3 Camel12.4 Sheep12.5 Goat12.6 Pig12.7 Cock, poultry12.8 Other

13. Does this household own any land that can be used for agriculture?

Yes 1No 2 => A14

13.1 Homeland13.2 Agricultural13.3 Other13.4 Total

14. Average household monthly income? /thous.tug/

Number

Area, sq.m
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I. HOUSEHOLD ROST

The following questions should be asked to the head of household, spouse of the head of household, or to another adult household member, if both head and spouse are absent.

CODES

ID NoName of household member

What is _________’s 

relationship to the 

household head?

(Use Codes below)

What is 

_____’s 

sex? 

What is_______’s 

date of birth?

What is 

_______›s

age in 

completed 

years?

(Age in 

completed 

years)

Does ____›s have 

any disability? 

Yes=1

No=2 => 10 

(if age is <5 years, 

go to next person)

Are _____ ‹s disability 

is congenital or 

acquiered? 

Congenital = 1 => 9 

Acquired = 2

What was 

the cause 

of acquired 

disability? 

Type of disability

Yes=1 No=2

Male =1 

Female =2 Year Month Day (Use Codes below

Seeing

Speaking

Hearing

Mobility

Mental

Other

A 1 2 (Enter Code) 4à 4b 4c 5 6 7 8 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Relationship (Col. 2) 1=Household head, 2= Husband/wife, 3=Son/daugther, 4=Parents, 5= Brother/sister, 6=Parents in law, 7=Son/daughter in law, 8=Grandparents, 9= Grandchild, 10=Other relative,11= Non relativCause of disability (Col. 8) 1= Occupational diseases, 2= Ordinary disease, 3= Manufacture’s accident , 4= Housekeeping’s accident, 5= Traffic accident, 6= Others
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I. HOUSEHOLD ROSTFollowing questions asked by family members who is 5 and more years old. (continued) 

ID No.

What is______’s marital 

status?

(For Household members who 

are aged 15 or more years)

Did _______ live 

anywhere else for more than 

6 months continuously in 

past 5 years?

How many months ago 

did ________

came to the present 

place?

Where was _______ 

living earlier?

Was that place urban or 

rural? Was that place urban 

or rural?

What was the main reason that 

________ moved?

(Use codes given below) No =1 Yes = 2=> 16 (Months) (Use codes given below) Urban=1 Rural=2 (Use codes given below

A 10 11 12 13 14 15

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Marital status (Col. 10) 1=Never married, 2=Married, 3=Living together, 4=Separated 5=Divorced , 6=WidowedPlace of residence (Col. 13) 1= Other kheseg/bagh in this soum/district, 2= Other soum/district in this aimag/city, 3=Another aimag/city, 4= AbroadLocation (Col. 14) 1=Urban (Capital city, aimag centers), 2=Rural (Sum centers, ruraMain reason for migration (Col. 15) 

1= Had a job or job transfer, 2=Looking for paid job, 3=To study, 4=Completed school or courses, 5=Moved with family, 6=Married, 7=To caring others, 8=Due to natural disaster (zud, drought and flood etc.), 9= Residencechanged, 10=Retired, 11=Health/treatment, 12=Othe

CODES
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II. EDUCATION AND TRAININ

ID No.

Has _____ ever attended 

any educational institution?

What were 

the main 

reasons why 

dropped out 

of school?

What was the 

highest level 

__________ 

successfully 

completed? 

Can _____ 

read and write a 

simple message in 

any language?

What was the main type of profession? 

(Diploma, certificate, professional certificate and 

other approved of profession. Describe the your main 

profession)

Has _____ 

attended any 

vocational and 

technical training 

programmes in 

the last 3 years?

What was the main subject of 

training?

Currently attending =1Completed schools= 2  Dropped out =3 Never attended =4

(Use codes 

below ) 

If code is 

"4" in Col 16 

=>19

(Use codes 

below) 

If code (1-3) 

=>21, 

(4-8) =>20

Yes =1

No = 2 

(If age is 5-14 

years => 21)

Description of profession Code

Yes = 1

 No =2 => 23 (Use codes below )

A 16 17 18 19 20à 20b 21 22à 22b 22c

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Main Reason(Col. 17) 

1=Still too young, 2=Not liked school's environment, 3=School is too far, 4=Not able to provide school supplies and uniforms, 5= Could not provide tuition fee, 6=Underachiever/ not interested in school, 7=Contribute to family income,8=Due to migration, 9=Dormitory is not available, 10=Help at home with household chores, 11=To herd, 12=Family does not allow schooling, 13=Illness, 14=Disabled, 15=Other

Education level (Col.18)

1= None, 2=Primary, 3=Secondary, 4=High school, 5=Technical vocational, 6=Specialized secondary, 7=Undergraduate,8=Postgraduate and above

Main subject studied (Col. 22) 

1= Construction interior or extrior decoration, 2= Cook and confectioner, 3= Sewing and tailor, 4= Hair-dressing and beauty, 5= Manipulation, 6=Planting vegetable, 7=Heavy equipment and mechanisms operators, 8= Driving, 9= Accounting, 10=Shop assistant and cashier, 11= Waiter, 12=Mobile repair, 13=Electrician, 14=Plumber and welder, 15= Computer 

and software, 16= Foreign language, 17=Craftsman and carpenter, 18=Handicraft, 19=To process meat and meat products, 20=Public managment, 21= Other 

CODES
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III. CURRENT ACTIVITIEDuring the last 7 days did ________ do any of the following work activities and how many hours did _____ actually spend on each activity? 

ID No. Wage job

Self-employed/

unpaid family 

workers job

[24= 25:37]

Total 

hours

38= 

(23+24)

Animal 

husbandry, 

agricultural 

Hunting 

and 

trapping, 

forestry 

and 

logging

Mining and 

quarrying

Food 

processing

 Handicrafts 

including 

carpets; 

clothing, 

shoes etc

Construc-tion 

and major 

repairs

Any business 

operated by 

___ 

Production, 

repair and 

maintenance 

of articles and 

equipment and 

household and 

farm items 

Transportation 

Restaurant

and hotel 

business

Tourism

Provision 

of private 

tuition, 

childcare 

services etc 

for a fee. 

Other

À 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

CODES

23 Wage job refer to citizens who earn an income in cash and/or in-kind for work or services provided to employer, and who have an employment contract or an oral agreement or bilateral agreement with employer.

24 Total number of hours spent by self employer, animal husbandry and unpaid family member during the last 7 days [col 24=col (25:37)] 

25 Animal husbandry- farming of domestic animals, breeding, herding, looking after animals, poultry, dairy farming, livestock product processing and related service activities, preparing land, planting, weeding, tending of tree and shrub crops, field crops, garden vegetables; flowers (for sale) etc; protecting crop from birds/animals, harvesting, threshing, cleaning, packing, carrying crops to/from storage. 

26 Extraction of timber, logging, sawing, milling, preparation of firewood, harvesting of forest products etc

27 Mining of coal, gold, quarrying sand, salt, etc.

28 Food processing including drying and milling of grain, drying/ freezing meat, making jams, pickles, production of sausages, biscuits, lemonade etc. 

29 Making handicrafts, weaving clothe, carpets, household linen, knitting, dress making, tailoring, making shoes and leather products etc 

30 Construction and major repairs of houses, farm buildings, fences, digging wells, improvements to farm lands by constructing ridges, land preparation etc

31 Retail shop, street or market trader, other trading activity, other business activity such as money lending, paid telephone services, pawn brokering, renting and leasing of equipment, shoe polishing, selling newspapers, games on the street, photography, hairdressing, and beauty saloon, internet café, and other business activitie

32 Production and repair of articles and equipment and household and farm utensils and equipment, transport equipment, saddles, stirrups etc. 

33 Carrying goods for sale; provision of land or inland water transport services, including taxi service. 

34 Operation of restaurants, cafes, and other eating and drinking places; provision on a fee basis of lodging and camping facilities.

35 Tourism is all type of travel activities with duration less than one year with some purposes such as vocation, picnic, official and other purposes, including transporting tourists

36 Provision of private tuition/ instruction, traditional medicine, child care services for a fee, wages, or payment in kind etc 

37 Others 

38 Total number of hours worked by ______ in all the activities during the last 7 days [ col 38=col 23+ col 24]
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National Statistical office of Mongolia

III. CURRENT ACTIVITIECODES

ID No.

Please enter the 

total number 

of hours from 

Col. 38

IF ≥1 Then 

=>41

Even though 

________ did 

not work in the 

last 7 days, does 

_______ have 

a job or business 

to which _____ 

will return to 

work?

Yes = 1 

No=2=> 90

What was the main type of work, 

trade or profession _________ 

did in his primary occupation in the 

last 7 days.

(Describe the occupation-main 

task/ duties of the job/ work 

undertaken. If ___ did not work 

in the last 7 days but has a job to 

which he will return to, describe 

that job here)

What is the 

average 

number 

of hours 

_____ 

worked 

in this 

occupation in 

a week?

(in 7days)

(Enter 

duration in 

hours) 

For how long has 

___ been working 

occupation?

Permanently=1 

Temporal =2 

Accidental=3

For how long has 

________ been 

working in this 

occupation with the 

current and previous 

employers, or in selfemployment?

(Use codes below)

Is this the occupation 

you specialized?

Yes=1

No=2 

Non specialized=3

What was 

employment 

status in 

the primary 

occupation?

(Use codes

given below)

If code 5, 6 

Then => 66 

Where is 

_______ ’s 

place of work?

(Use codes given 

below)

What is the nature of work 

done and main product or 

service produced at the place 

where -------------------works?

Description of 

Occupation Code Description of Industry Code

À 39 40 41à 41á 42 43 44 45 46 47 48à 48b

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Duration of employment (Col.44) 1= Less than 1 month, 2=1 to 5 months, 3=6 to 11 months, 4= 1 to 2 years, 5= 3 to 4 years, 6= 5 to 9 years, 7= 10 years or moreEmployment status (Col.46) 1=Paid employee, 2= Employer, 3=Self-employed, 4=Member of a producer’s cooperative and partnership, 5=Employed in animal husbandry, 6=Unpaid family workers. 7=Workers not classifieble by statuPlace of work (Col. 47)

1=Indoors, without conventional work place 2=Indoors with coventional work place, 3=In pasture/cropland, 4=In means of transport, 5= In office, 6= Small shop, repair shop, 7=Supermarket/market place, 8= Service point or grocery, 9=Employer›s home, 10=Construction site, 11=Mining site, 12=Factory, 13=Railway station, 14=Garden 15=Inthe street, 16=Rubbish-dump/garbage area, 17= Other

(continued) 
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(continued) 

Type of legal status (Col.49) 40= State owned enterprises, 41= Local government owned enterprises, 60=Budget organization, 70= Non governmental organizations, 80=Personnel entity, 99=Individual persoType of ownership (Col.50) 10=Joint state and private company, 11= Limited liability company, 20=Partnership with all members responsible, 21=Partnership with some members responsible, 30=Cooperative, 81=Individual engages officially registered business which is not able determine his income in time, 82= Individual runs unregisted business which is not able determine his income in time, 

83=Don't know 

Enterprise›s kind of activities (Col.51) 1= Factory, 2=Bank or insurance company, 3=Trade or service chain, 4= Construction company, 5= Private hospital/ school, 6= Project, research center, 7= Small entity/ machine shop

garage/kiock/cafe/service station, 8=Other 

Type of financial statements (Col.52) 1=Yes, income tax return only, 2= Yes, present balance sheet by unofficial records, 3=No, not any Kind of tax (Col.54) 1=Individual income tax, 2=Monthly tax for individual engages business which is not able determine his income in time, 3=Not any To sell or not goods/service (Col.55) 1= Yes,permanently , 2= Yes, unordinary, 3=No, 4=Don't knowRegistered or not (Col.56) 1= Yes, 2= Registration is still on, 3=No, 4=Don't knoNumber of employees (Col.58 1= Only myself, 2=2, 3=3, 4=4, 5=5, 6=6, 7=7, 8=8, 9=9, 10=10-19, 11=20-49, 12=50 or more Satisfy (Col.60) 1=Absolutely not satisfied, 2= Not satisfied, 3=Satisfactory, 4=Satisfied, 5=Absolutely satisfied

III. CUCODES

RRENT ACTIVITIE

ID No.

What is the 

type of legal 

status of the 

interprise in 

which you 

work? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 40, 

50, 60, 70, 99 

=>58

What is 

the type of 

ownership of 

the interprise 

do you work? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 

10, 11, 20, 21, 

30 => 58, 

81, 82=> 52

What kind 

of activities 

does your 

companies 

engage? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 

1-6 => 58

The following questions asked by employers which is not able determine their income in time. How many 

regular paid 

employees are 

employed in the 

enterprise where 

_________ 

works in his 

primary occup

ation? 

(Use codes given 

below) 

If code 1=> 60

How many 

paid employees 

do you have?

< 5 = 1 

≥5 = 2 

Do you satisfy 

your job? 

(Use codes 

given below)

Do you prepare 

financial 

statemants

(Use codes given 

below)

Do you get 

loans for your 

operations from 

any bank and 

non-banking instit

utions? 

Yes=1 

No =2 

Don›t know=3

What kind 

of tax do 

you pay?

(Use codes 

given 

below)

Do you do 

selling your 

products to 

the market or 

exchange it ?

(Use codes 

given below)

Does your 

work place 

has officially 

registered ? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 3, 

4=> 58

What kind of institution do you 

registred? 

Yes=1 No=2 

Fiscal 

administration 

Insurance 

agency 

Other

À 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57à 57á 57â 58 59 60

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10
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III. CURRENT ACTIVITIEPlease ask the following questions only from Paid employees (If Code is «1» in Col.46 )

ID No.

What is the 

frequency with 

which _______ 

is remunerated 

in _____ 

‘s primary 

occupation?

How much did__________ earn in this 

primary occupation in the last 7 days?

(Record amounts in 62a and 62b)

What kind of 

receipts do you 

approve that you 

get paid? 

(Use codes 

below)

Types of 

contracts 

(Use codes 

below)

Which benefits does____reseive from employer? 

Yes=1 No=2

Social insurance

Maternity leave

Promotion

Compensation for exposed 

hazards

Once allowances and benefits 

Additional contribution for 

pension 

Additional contribution for 

vacations

Training course

Advance notice of 

termination according to law (Use codes below) Cash (thous.tug) Kind (thous.tug)

À 61 62à 62b 63 64 65à 65b 65c 65d 65e 65f 65g 65h 65i

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Frequency of payment (Col.61) 1=Hourly, 2= Daily, 3= Weekly, 4= Every 15 days , 5=Monthly, 6= Quarterly, 7=In time based on work performanceReceipts of payment (Col.63) 1= A card, which calculated tax, overtime pay and social insurance contribution, 2= A payroll to pay wages only, 3=Electronic card, 4=Not any receiptsTypes of contract (Col.64) 1=Employment agreement, 2=Independent contract, 3=Labor contract, 4= Oral agreement or bilateral agreement

CODES
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III. CURRENT ACTIVITIE  (continued

ID No.

Did ____ also do 

any other work as a 

secondary occupation 

in the last 7 days?

Yes=1 =>68 No = 2

Even though _______ 

did not work in any 

secondary occupation 

in the last 7 days, does 

_______ have any 

secondary occupation to 

which ______ could 

return to work?

Yes = 1 

No =2 => 86

What type of work, trade or 

profession did____ do in his 

secondary occupation in the 

last 7 days?

How many 

hours did 

______ work 

in _____’s 

secondary 

occupation in 

the last 7 days?

(Enter number 

of hours)

For how long 

has ___ been 

working in 

this secondary 

occupation? 

(Use codes 

given below)

In this secondary 

occupation, what 

is the employment 

status of ___?

(Use codes given 

below)

Where is 

_______ ’s 

second place of 

work? 

(Use codes given 

below)

What is the nature of 

work done and the 

main product or service 

produced at the place 

where ________ works 

in ____’s secondary 

occupation?

To what sector does the 

enterprise, where _____ 

works belong?

(Use codes given below)

If code 40, 41, 60, 70, 99 

=>83 Description of Occupation Code Description of Occupation Code

À 66 67 68à 68b 69 70 71 72 73à 73b 74

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Duration of employment (Col. 70) 1= Less than 1 month, 2=1 to 5 month, 3=6 to 11 months, 4= 1 to 2 years, 5= 3 to 4 years, 6= 5 to 9 years, 7= 10 years or moreEmployment status (Col. 71) 1=Paid employee, 2= Employer, 3=Self-employed, 4=Member of a producer’s cooperative and partnership, 5=Employed in animal husbandry, 6=Unpaid family workers. 7=Workers not classifieble by statuPlace of work (Col. 72)

1=At my home with no special work place, 2=At my home with work place, 3= Pasture/farming land, 4= Transport vehicles, 5=In office, 6=Small shops, service,repair shop, 7=Supermarket/market place, 8=emporium, 9=Employer’s home, 10=Construction site, 11= Mining site, 12=Factory/industry premises, 13= Railway station, 14=Garden, 15=On the street , 16=Garbage area, 17= Other

Legal status (Col. 74) 40= State owned enterprises, 41= Local government owned enterprises, 60=Budget organization, 70= Non-profit organizations, 80=Person- nal entity, 99=Individual person

CODES
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 (continued) III. CU

CODES

RRENT ACTIVITIE

ID No.

In what type 

of private 

entity are you 

working as a 

secondary occ

upation? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 10, 

11, 20, 21, 

30=>83 

81, 82=>77

What is a type 

of operation of 

establishment, 

which your 

secondary 

occupation 

performs? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 1-6 

=>83

To be ask from individuals who engage business which is not able determine his income in time How many 

regular paid 

employees are 

employed in 

the enterprise 

where 

_________ 

works in his 

secondary occ

upation? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 1=>85

How 

many paid 

employees 

are there? 

< 5=1 

≥5=2 

How much did ____ earn in 

the secondary occupation in 

the last 7 days?

(Record amounts in 85a 

and 85b) Do you keep record/ 

balance 

sheet for a 

secondary 

occupation? 

(Use codes 

given below)

 Do you 

receive a loan 

from bank 

or financial 

institution for 

your secondary 

occupation? 

Yes=1 No=2 Don›t know=3

What kind of 

tax do you pay 

for secondary 

activity? 

(Use codes 

given below)

Do you sell 

goods/services 

or barter by 

your secondary 

activity?

(Use codes 

given below)

Does your 

secondary 

work place 

officially 

register? 

(Use codes 

given below)

If code 

3, 4=>83

Have you registered? 

Yes=1 No=2 

Fiscal 

administration 

insurance 

agency 

Other Cash (thous.tug) Kind (thous.tug)

À 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82à 82b 82c 83 84 85à 85b

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Private sector (Col.75) 10=Joint state and private company, 11= Limited liability company, 20=Partnership with all members responsible, 21=Partnership with some members responsible, 30=Cooperative, 81=Individual engages officially registered business which is not able determine his income in time, 82= Individual runs unregisted business which is not able determine his income in time, 83=Don't know Enterprise›s kind of activities (Col.76) 1= Factory, 2=Bank or insurance company, 3=Trade or service chain, 4= Construction company, 5= Private hospital/ school, 6= Project, research center, 7= Small entity/ machine shop/ garage/ kiock/ cafe/ service station, 8=OtherFinancial Statements (Col.77) 1=Yes, income tax return only, 2= Yes, present balance sheet by unofficial records, 3=No, not any Tax variety (Col.79) 1=Individual income tax, 2=Monthly tax for individual engages business which is not able determine his income in time, 3=Not any Sell goods/services (Col.79) 1= Yes, regularly, 2= Yes, irregular, 3=No, 4=Don’t knowRegistered or not (Col.81) 1= Yes, 2= Registration is still on, 3=No, 4=Don’t knNumber of employees (Col. 83) 1= Alone, 2=2, 3=3, 4=4, 5=5, 6=6, 7=7, 8=8, 9=9, 10=10-19, 11=20-49, 12=50 or more
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IV. AVAILABILITY FOR MORE W(If Col. 38 ≥ 1, or Col. 40 = 1 then ask these questions, otherwise go to Col.90)

ID No.

Was _________

available for more work during the last 7 days?

Yes=1

If No, ask for main reason and use codes 

given below Enter Code, and Col. 99

Why did ______ not work more hours 

in the last 7 days?

(Use codes given below)

For how long has _____been 

available for more work?

(Use codes given below)

What step has _________ 

taken in search of work during 

the last 30 days?

Enter appropriate Code and => 

Col.99

À 86 87 88 89

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Main Reason(Col. 86) 

2=Have sufficient work, 3=Housekeeping duties, 4=Student/ following unpaid training, 5=Temporary ailment/ sickness, 6=Vacation/Off season, 7= Pregnant/ caring for infant child, 8=Other 

Main Reason(Col. 87)

1=Can not find more work, 2=Off season inactivity/bad weather, 3=Machinery, electrical or other breakdown, 4=Short of raw material or fuel etc, 5=Shortage of funds/ resources, 6=Discouraged and have stopped looking for job, 7= Not interested in working, 8=Other involuntary cause 

Duration available/seeking (Col. 88) 1= Less than 1 month, 2= 1 to 2 months, 3 = 3 to 6 months, 4 = 7 to 11 months, 5= 1-2 years, 6= 3 or more yearsSteps taken to find more work (Col. 89)

1= Registered in employment office, 2=Searched and responded to job advertisements, 3=Submitted job application to prospective employers, 4= Appliedtoprospective employers through the vacancy announcement and web site, 5=Checked at farms, factories, work sites etc, 6=Asked help friend or relatives to find a job, 7=Tried to obtain equipment, credit and/or a workplace to establish his/her own business , 8=Placed/answered job advertisements in newspaper, 9=Applied to the employment office/mediator, 10=Not searched for more work, 11=Other 
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V. UNEMPLOYMENT(If the answer to Col.40 =2 then ask these questions)

ID No.

Was______ available 

to undertake work during 

the last 7 days?

Yes = 1

If No, ask for main 

reason and use codes 

given below and =>99

What is the 

reason of not 

been working?

(Use codes 

given below)

Did ______

look for work 

during last 30 

days?

 Yes = 1

No = 2=> 94

What step has 

_________ taken in 

search of work during the 

last 30 days?

(Use codes given 

below)=> 95

Why did 

______

not look for 

work during 

the last 30 

days?

(Use codes 

given 

below)

For how 

long has 

_________ 

been available 

for work?

(Use codes 

given below)

What kind of work, trade or 

profession would ________ 

expect to get?

What is the lowest daily/ 

hourly wages _________ 

expected in this occupation?

Has _______

registered with 

the Employment 

Registration Office

of the Area?

Description of 

Occupation Code Daily wages (thous.tug) Hourly wages (thous.tug) Yes=1 No = 2 

À 90 91 92 93à 93b 93c 94 95 96à 96b 97à 97b 98

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Main Reason(Col. 90)

2=Household duties, 3=Studies, 4=Waiting go to studied, 5=Retired, 6= Old age, 7= Disability, 8=Not interested to work, 9= Looking after children, 10=Temporary ailmentsickness, 11= Person below working age, 12= Take care of sick, elderly, 13= Other 

Main Reason(Col.91)

1=Person below working age, 2=Studies, 3=Retired, 4=Illness, 5=Disabled, 6=Pregnant/baby-sitting, 7=Take care of sick, elderly, 8=Demobilized from the Army in givenyear, 9=Completed school in given year, 10=Due to migration, 11=Moved with family, 12=To teach the child to school, 13=Return from overseas, 14=Released from prison15=Establishment abolished, 16=Due to job cuts, 17=From seasonal work, 18=Has no skills or training, 19=Not able to find job suit profession, 20=Lost livestock due to natural disaster as drought, zud, flood and fire etc., 21=Not interested work, 22=Low earnings, 23=Other

Steps taken to find work (Col. 93) 

1= Registered in employment office, 2=Searched and responded to job advertisements, 3=Submitted job application to prospective employers, 4= Applied toprospective employersthrough the vacancy announcement and web site, 5=Checked at farms, factories, work sites etc, 6=Asked help friend or relatives to find a job, 7=Tried to obtain equipment, credit and/or a workplace to establish his/her own business , 8=Placed/answered job advertisements in newspaper, 9=Applied to the employment office/mediator, 10=Other 

Main reason for not seeking work (Col. 94)

1=Thought no work available, 2=Off season,3=Has no skills or training, 4=Household duties, 5=Studies, 6=Not available, 7=Person below working age, 8= Retired, 9 =Lowearnings, 10= Lacks employers` requirements, 11=Take care of sick, elderly, 12=Discouraged and have stopped looking for job, 13=Other 

Duration available/seeking work (Col. 95) 1= Less than 1 month, 2= 1 to 2 months, 3 = 3 to 6 months, 4 = 7 to 11 months, 5= 1-2 years, 6= 3 or more years

CODES
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VI. USUALLY ACTIVE POPULATION 

ID No.

During the last 

12 months was 

__________ 

employed or 

available for 

work and actively 

seeking a job 

(unemployed) 

for most of the 

year (6 months 

or more)? 

 Yes= 1 => 101No= 2 

What was the 

reason for 

______ not 

working or not 

being available 

for work 

(economically 

inactive) most 

of the time 

in the last 12 

months?

(Use codes 

given 

below)=> 119

During the last 

12 months, 

when ____ 

was employed 

or available 

for work 

was _____ 

employed 

most of the 

time (longer 

duration)?

 Yes=1 =>104

No=2

What 

step has 

______ 

taken in 

search of 

work during 

the last 12 

months?

(Use codes 

given below)

For how long 

has_____ 

been available 

/ seeking 

employment?

(Use codes 

given 

below)=>119

What was the main 

type of work, trade or 

profession _________ 

did in his primary 

occupation in the last 12 

months?

In what kind of economic 

activity like agriculture, 

manufacturing, trade etc 

did______ work in his 

primary occupation in the 

last 12 months?

For how 

long has 

________

been working 

in this 

occupation/ 

economic 

activity?

(Use codes 

given below)

What was 

the employment status 

in the primary 

occupation of 

________

in the last 12 

months?

(Use codes given below)

If code 

1, 2, 4, 

5=>109

ÒIs 

______’s 

work unit 

is officially 

registered?? 

Yes=1

No=2

Where is 

_______ 

’s place of 

work? 

( Use codes 

below)

Description of 

Occupation Code Description of Industry Code

A 99 100 101 102 103 104à 104b 105à 105b 106 107 108 109

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Main Reason for Not Usually Activ(Col. 100)

1=Studies, 2=Household duties, 3=Income recipient, 4=Retired/ old age, 5=Illness, 6=Disabled, 7=Taking care of child, 8=Too young to work, 9 = Take care of sick, elderly,10=To teach the child to school, 11=Other

Steps taken to find work (Col. 102) 

1= Registered in employment office, 2=Searched and responded to job advertisements, 3=Submitted job application to prospective employers, 4= Applied toprospective employersthrough the vacancy announcement and web site, 5=checked at farms, factories, work sites etc, 6=Asked help friend or relatives to find a job, 7=Tried to obtain equipment, credit and/or a workplace to establish his/her own business , 8=Placed/answered job advertisements in newspaper, 9=Applied to the employment office/mediator, 10=Other 

Duration available/seeking work (Col. 103) 1=up to 3 months, 2=4 months to 6 months, 3= 7 to 11 months, 4= 1 to 2 years, 5= 3 to 4 years, 6= 5 or more years.Duration of work (Col. 106) 1= Less than 1 year, 2= 1 to 2 years, 3= 3 to 4 years, 4= 5 to 9years, 5= 10 years or more. Employment Status (Col. 107) 1=Paid employee, 2=Employer, 3=Self-employed, 4=Member of a producers’ cooperative and partnership, 5=Employed in animal husbandry, 6=Unpaid family workers, 7=Workers not classifiable by statuPlace of work (Col. 109)

1=Indoors, without conventional work place 2=Indoors with coventional work place, 3=In pasture/cropland, 4=In means of transport, 5= In office, 6= Small shop, repair shop, 7=Supermarket/market place, 8= Service point or grocery, 9=Employer›s home, 10=Construction site, 11=Mining site, 12=Factory, 13=Railway station, 14=Garden 15=In the street,16=Rubbish-dump/garbage area, 17= Other

CODES
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VI. USUALLY ACTIVE POPULATION CODES

ID No.

If code is «6» in Col 

107 and «5» person 

who employ in animal 

husbandry or codes 

[2:11] in Col 2, do not 

ask from them Did _______ do a secondary

occupation 

in the last 12 

months?

Yes=1No=2=> 117

What was the 

secondary

occupation_____ 

had during the last 12 

months?

In what kind of economic 

activity like agriculture, 

manufacturing , trade etc 

did______ work in his 

secondary occupation in the 

last 12 months?

What was 

employment 

status in the 

secondary 

occupation of 

__________ 

in last 12 

months? 

(Use codes given 

below) 

If code 1, 2, 4, 5 

=> 117

Is the secondary 

occupation of 

___________ is 

officially registered?

 Yes=1 No=2

Where is 

_______ 

’s second 

place of 

work?

(Use codes 

given below)

If code is «6» in Col 

114 and «5» person 

who employ in 

animal husbandry 

or codes [2:11] in Col 

2, do not ask from 

them 

If _________ 

is paid employee, 

how many times 

did __________ 

change job?

(If changed numbers, 

if not 0)

What was 

__________’s average 

monthly earnings/ daily 

wage from this primary 

occupation

(Daily earnings in Tug)

What was 

____________ 

average total monthly 

/daily earnings from 

all occupations ___ 

had worked in the 

last 12 months?

Monthly

earnings 

(thous.tug)

Daily 

earnings 

(thous.

tug)

Description 

of 

Occupation

Code Description of Industry Code

Monthly

earnings 

(thous.

tug)

Daily 

earnings 

(thous.

tug)

For the 

last 12 

months

For the 

last 3 

years

À 110à 110b 111 112à 112b 113à 113b 114 115 116 117à 117b 118à 118b

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Duration of Employment Col. 114)

1=Paid employee, 2=Employer, 3=Self-employed, 4=Member of a producers’ cooperative and partnership, 5=Employed in animal husbandry, 6=Unpaid family workers, 7=Workers not classifiable by statu

Place of work (Col.116)

1=At my home with no special work place, 2=At my home with work place, 3= Pasture/farming land, 4= Transport vehicles, 5=In office, 6=Small shops, service,repair shop, 7=Supermarket/market place, 8=emporium, 9=Employer’s home, 10=Construction site, 11= Mining site, 12=Factory/industry premises, 13= Railway station, 14=Garden, 15=On the street , 16=Garbage area, 17= Othe
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VII. PAST EMPLOYMENT RECOFor all persons aged 5-60, who had worked previously, but are (if any codes in columns 100 and 103) now unemployed. 

ID No.

Has ________

ever worked in the 

past?

What was the last occupationkind of work, trade or occupation 

which _________ did?

What is the nature of work done and 

main product or service produced at the 

place where _______________

worked?

For how long 

did ________ 

work in the 

last job/ 

employment?

(Use Codes 

below)

What was the 

employment 

status in ____ ‘s 

last occupation?

((Use Codes 

below)

When did 

______ stop 

working in 

the last job/ 

employment?

(Use Codes 

below)

To what sector 

of employment 

does the enterprise 

where ________ 

worked belong?

(Use Codes below)

What was the 

main reason 

for _______ 

leave______ 

’s last job/ 

employment?

(Use Codes 

below)

What was 

_________’s 

main source 

of assistance/ 

income support 

during period of 

unemployment?

(Use Codes 

below)

Yes = 1 

No= 2 =>VIII

Description of 

occupation Code Description of Industry Code

À 119 120à 120á 121à 121á 122 123 124 125 126 127

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Duration of Employment (Col. 122) 1= Less than 1 year, 2= 1 to 2 years, 3= 3 to 4 years, 4= 5 to 9 years, 5= 10 years or more.Employment Status (Col. 123)

1=Paid employee, 2=Employer, 3=Self-employed, 4=Member of a producers’ cooperative and partnership, 5=Employed in animal husbandry, 6=Unpaid family workers,7=Workers not classifiable by status

Duration of Unemployment(Col. 124)

1=Less than 1 month, 2=1 to 3 months, 3=4 to 6 months, 4=7 to 11months, 5=1 to 2 years, 6=3 or more years.

Sector of employment (Col. 125) 

20=Partnership with all members responsible, 21=Partnership with some members responsible, 30=Cooperative, 10=Joint state and private company, 11= Limited liability company, 40= State industry, 50= Local state enterprise, 60= Government enterprise, 70= Non-profit organization, 81=Individual engages officially registered business which is not able determine his income in time, 82= Individual runs unregisted business which is not able determine his income in time 83=Don't know 

Reason for Leaving(Col. 126)

1=Personal/family reasons, 2=Voluntarily, 3=It was temporary work place, 4=Dissatisfied with pay, 3=Not suit for profession, 5=Did the military service, 6=Due to migration, 7=Illness/disability, 8=Retired, 9=Study, 10=Temporary cessation work, 11=organization abolished, 12=Due to job cuts, 13=Working condition/ environment isnot suitable, 14=Lost livestock due to natural disaster as drought, zud, flood and fire etc, 15= Other

Sources of Assistance (Col. 127)

1=Family support, 2= Withdrawal from savings, 3= Income from property, 4=Sale of assets, 5=Cash benefits and allowances from social welfare, 6=From social settlement/Charitable institutions, 7=Pensions, 8=Rent, 9=Other

CODES
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VIII. CURRENT ACTIVITIE

ID No.Cooking / serving food for household Cleaning utensils/ house Washing clothes/ laundering Minor household repairs Shopping for household

Knitting and 

sewing and 

mending 

garments 

and knitted 

items

Fetching 

water 

for 

drinking 

and 

washing

Fetching 

fuel and 

preparing 

firewood

Caring for 

the old/

sick/infirm

Looking 

after 

children

Caring for 

household 

pets eg. dogs, 

cats; growing 

plants such as 

ornamental 

plants in the 

home garden 

(other than for 

sale)

Activities 

according 

to load, ride 

and assemble 

a ger

Voluntary/ 

community 

services 

without pay

Total hours

141= [128:140] 

(If 5-17 years =>IX, 18 

years and above end of 

the questionnaire) 

À 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

During the last 7 days did _______ do any of the following activities without pay for your household and if so the time spent on the activity? 
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2011-2012 Repo

rt of Natinal ChildLabor Srve

National Statistical office of Mongolia

IX. CHILD ACTIVITIES Ask household members aged 5- 17 years

Enter ID 

number of 

members 

aged 5- 17 

years in 

the order 

recorded in 

the Roster 

Who has 

responded? 

Child=1 

Others=2 

Does____ 

attend school/ 

training institution? 

Yes=1 

 No =2=>4

What is 

_____’s 

current grade 

or class?

(Use codes 

below)=>6

What is the 

highest level 

of school and 

grade you were 

attended? 

(Use codes 

below)

What is 

the main 

reason for 

________ 

not attending 

school/ 

training 

institution

(Use codes 

below)

Does 

_________

help with any 

household 

economic 

activity? 

Yes=1 

No=2 =>9 

At what age 

did____ 

start helping 

with any 

household 

economic 

activity? 

(Enter age 

in completed 

years)

Why did 

_______ 

start helping 

with any 

household 

economic 

activity?

(Use codes 

below)

Does _______ 

engage in any 

work other than 

in household 

economic 

activities?

Yes = 1 

No = 2 =>28

At what age 

did ____ 

start doing 

such work? 

((Enter age 

in completed 

years)

Why did 

_____ 

doing such 

work?

(Use codes 

below)

Whether____is working? 

Did 

_______ 

reside 

away from 

home when 

engaging in 

work outside 

household 

economic 

activities?

Yes = 1 

No =2=>15

At what age did 

____ start to 

reside away 

from home 

when engaging 

in work outside 

household 

economic 

activities?

(Enter age 

in completed 

years)

Full time 

Yes=1 No=2

Part time 

Yes=1 No=2

During school 

vacations only Others During school vacations only Others

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12à 12b 12c 12d 13 14

Grade Level Codes (Col. 3, 4) 0=Pre-school/kindergarden, 1=Grade one, 2=Grade two,......., 12=Grade twelve, 13=Initial tehnical/vocational diploma/certificate, 14= Tehnical/vocational diploma/certificate, 15=University graduate, 16= Equivalency program of informal educationReason for not attending school(Col.5)

1=Under-aged, 2=School too far, 3= Cost of school materials, clothing etc. , 4=Poor performance in studies/not interested in studies , 5=Add to household income, 6=Helpwith household duties , 7=Due to migration, 8= Dorminatory is not available, 9= Help at home with household duties, 10= To herd, 11= Family does not allow schooling, 12=Illness, 13=Disabled, 14=Others

Reason (Col. 8) 1=Gain work experience and skills, 2= Help parents, 3= Shortage of family labour, 4= Forced by parents, 5=OthersReason (Col. 11) 1=Gain work experience and skills, 2= Contribute to household income , 3=Support self/ be economically independent , 4=Earn to cover cost of schooling, 5= Child wants to work, 6= Other

CODES
162

Report of Natinal ChildLabor Srvey 2011-201

National Statistical office of Mongolia

ID No.

Is______ 

satisfied with 

_______ 

’s working 

conditions?

Yes=1=>17 

No=2 

What 

is main 

reason for 

______’s 

dissatisfaction? 

(Use codes

given 

below)

Does 

____’s 

occupation 

stressful 

physically 

or 

mentally?

Yes=1 

No=2=>19

What main kind 

of stress has 

___________ 

experienced at 

work? ?

(Use codes below 

and write 3 main 

kinds of stress)

Does ___ 

use any 

tools and 

materials 

for labour 

safety?

Yes= 1 

No=2

Is ______ exposed to hazards at current job namely?

Dast, 

fumes 

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Fire, 

gas, 

flames 

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Loud 

noise or 

vibration 

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Extreme 

heat or 

humidity

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Extreme 

cold 

places 

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Dangerous 

toolsс 

Yes= 1 

No=2

Work 

underground 

 Yes= 1 

No=2

Work at 

heigths 

Yes= 1 

No=2

Work in 

water/ 

lake/ 

pond/ 

river 

Yes= 1 

No=2

Workplace too 

dark or 

confined 

Yes= 1 

No=2

Chemicals/ 

explosives 

Yes= 1 

No=2

Carrying 

heavy 

load

Yes= 1 

No=2=> 

21

Weight of 

carrying 

load,

 kg 

<5.0 =1 

5.0-7.9=2 

8.0-9.9=3 

10.0-

15.9=4 

16.0 <=5

À 15 16 17 18à 18b 18c 19 20à 20b 20c 20d 20e 20f 20g 20h 20i 20j 20к 20l 20м

(continued)

Main reason for dissatisfaction (Col. 16)

1= Extreme cold or heat, 2= Exposure to dust/humidity, 3= Loud noise, 4= Work at heights, 5= Exposure to harmful substances, 6= Work underground, 7= Dirty place, 8=Others

Main kind of stress (Col. 18) 1= Abuse, 2= Beaten, 3= Sexual hazard, 4= Heavy physical work, 5= Robbed  6= Being robbed on earnings, 7= Oth

IX. CHILD ACTIVITIESAsk household members aged 5- 17 yearsCODES
163

2011-2012 Repo

rt of Natinal ChildLabor Srve

National Statistical office of Mongolia

IX. CHILD ACTIVITIES 

ID No.

How often did ___work 

in the evenings and nights 

during the past 30 days?

Has __ fallen 

sick or was injured 

because being in 

current job?

How serious/ acute 

was ___’s most recent 

sickness/ injury from 

work?

What sickness/ injury 

from work has ___ 

suffered ?

Who met the cost of 

treatment of ___’s 

sickness/ injury?

On what does 

______ mainly 

spend ___’s 

earnings ?

What will be the 

consequence to ___ 

and ___’s household 

of ___not working?

 How many hours of free 

time per day does __ have 

for recreation, watching 

TV, etc

(Use codes given below) Yes = 1 No = 2 => 26 (Use codes below) (Use codes below) (Use codes given below) (Use codes given below) (Use codes given below) (Enter number of hours)

À 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Occasions of work in the evenings and nights (Col. 21) 1= Never , 2= 1-3 times , 3= 4-7 times, 4= 8 and overSeriousness/acuteness of sickness/injury (Col. 23) 1= No treatment required, 2= Consulted medical doctor , 3= Required hospitalization, 4= Temporarily incapacitated, 5= Disabled, 6= OtheSickness/injury from work (Col. 24)

1= Not seriously sick/injured, 2= Developed allergy, 3= Contacted eye infection/eyesight affected, 4=l ung infection, 5= Cardiovascular disorder, 6= Stomach ailments, 7= Hepatitis, 8= Fractures, 9= Burns, corrosions or scalds, 10= Frostbitten, 11=Dislocations, sprains or stains,12= Wound by cutting, 13=Extreme fatigue, 14= Other 

Medical treatment expenditure (Col. 25) 1= Employers, 2= On medical insurance, 3= Parents , 4= By sellf, 5= No cost, 6= OtherSpend earnings (Col. 26) 1= Support family, 2= Part to support family and part for self, 3= Save, 4= Spend all on self, 5= Other Influences (Col. 27)

1= Fall in standard of living of household, 2= Household will not have any source of income, 3= Household business will be affected, 4= Lose work experience, 5= No impact, 6= Other 

CODES

(continued)
2011-2012