______________________________________ 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
 State of California
 

JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP
 Attorney General
 

OPINION : 

: No. 89-201 

of : 

: JUNE 29, 1989 

JOHN K. VAN DE KAMP :
 Attorney General :
 

:
 RODNEY O. LILYQUIST :
 Deputy Attorney General :
 

:
 

THE HONORABLE L. B. ELAM, COUNTY COUNSEL, SACRAMENTO 

COUNTY, has requested an opinion on the following question: 

Is a person appointed as a referee to hear and determine discovery motions and paid

by the parties statutorily entitled to defense and indemnification by the county against claims or

actions seeking monetary damages in connection with the performance of his or her duties as a

referee? 

CONCLUSION 

A person appointed as a referee to hear and determine discovery motions and paid

by the parties is not statutorily entitled to defense and indemnification by the county against claims

or actions seeking monetary damages in connection with the performance of his or her duties as a

referee. 

ANALYSIS 

Code of Civil Procedure section 639 states: 

"When the parties do not consent, the court may, upon the application of any

party, or of its own motion, direct a reference in the following cases: 

" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

"(e) When the court in any pending action determines in its discretion that

it is necessary for the court to appoint a referee to hear and determine any and all

discovery motions and disputes relevant to discovery in the action and to report

findings and make a recommendation thereon." 

Besides the duty to resolve discovery disputes, referees may be appointed to perform a variety of

functions for a court. (Code Civ. Proc., §§ 638-639.) Depending on the circumstances, a court 

1. 89-201
 
 

commissioner, a retired judge, an attorney, or some other person who resides in the county and has

the qualifications prescribed by statute for being a juror may be chosen by a court to act as a referee.

(Code Civ. Proc., §§ 640-641.) 

With respect to the payment of a referee's fee, Code of Civil Procedure section 645.1 

provides: 

"The court may order the parties to pay the fees of referees who are not

employees or officers of the court at the time of appointment, as fixed pursuant to

Section 1023, in any manner determined by the court to be fair and reasonable,

including an apportionment of the fees among the parties." 

Code of Civil Procedure section 1023 authorizes the court to fix the fee of a referee 

at a "reasonable sum . . . for the time spent in the business of the reference." 

The question presented for resolution concerns a person appointed as a discovery

motion referee under the terms of Code of Civil Procedure section 639, subdivision (e). The 

appointment is made without the consent of the parties, the person is not a court commissioner or

other employee or officer of the court at the time of the appointment, and the parties are ordered to

pay the referee's fee as fixed by the court. Thereafter one of the parties sues the referee, alleging that

the referee has improperly performed his or her duties. Under these circumstances, is the referee 

entitled by statute to defense and indemnification by the county regarding the lawsuit brought by

the party? We conclude that the county would not be statutorily required to defend and indemnify

the referee. 

Government Code section 9951/

 states in part: 

"Except as otherwise provided in Sections 995.2 and 995.4, upon request of

an employee or former employee, a public entity shall provide for the defense of any

civil action or proceeding brought against him, in his official or individual capacity

or both, on account of an act or omission in the scope of his employment as an

employee of the public entity."2/ 

For purposes of the question presented, we assume that the referee has requested the county to

defend the action brought against him or her and that no specific contractual agreement exists

between the referee and the county providing for such defense.3/ 

1. All references hereafter to the Government Code are by section number only.

 2. Section 995.2 specifies conditions under which a public entity may refuse to defend, and

section 995.4 sets forth conditions under which the defense is permitted but not required. Neither 

statute is the subject of the request for our opinion.

 3. Section 996.6 states: 

"The rights of an employee or former employee under this part are in addition

to and not in lieu of any rights he may have under any contract or under any other

enactment providing for his defense." 

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Similar to section 995, section 825 requires a public entity, with certain exceptions,

to indemnify an employee against claims or actions filed against the employee. Subdivision (a)

of section 825 provides: 

"If an employee or former employee of a public entity requests the public

entity to defend him against any claim or action against him for an injury arising out

of an act or omission occurring within the scope of his employment as an employee

of the public entity and such request is made in writing not less than 10 days before

the day of trial, and the employee or former employee reasonably cooperates in good

faith in the defense of the claim or action, the public entity shall pay any judgment

based thereon or any compromise or settlement of the claim or action to which the

public entity has agreed." 

For purposes of the question presented, we assume that the referee has properly requested the

defense of the claim and will cooperate in good faith in the defense. 

The issue to be resolved is whether a discovery motion referee under the described

circumstances is an "employee" of the county4/

 for purposes of sections 825 and 995 so as to be

entitled to the county's defense and indemnification of the lawsuit filed by the party. 

Sections 825 and 995 are part of a comprehensive statutory scheme known as the

California Tort Claims Act (§§ 810-996.6). With respect to this legislation, the term "employee" 

is defined in section 810.2 as follows: 

"`Employee' includes an officer, judicial officer as defined in Section 28 of

the Elections Code, employee, or servant, whether or not compensated, but does not

include an independent contractor." 

Section 810.2 is the key statute requiring our interpretation. When the statute was 

enacted in 1963 (Stats. 1963, ch. 1681, § 1), the legislative committee comment stated in part: 

"`Employee' was originally defined (in the bill as introduced) to include `an

officer, agent or employee,' but not an `independent contractor.' By amendment, the

word `servant' was substituted for `agent' because (1) `servant' was considered more

appropriate than `agent' when used in a statute relating to tort liability and (2) the

public entities feared that to impose liability upon public entities for the torts of

`agents' would expand vicarious liability to include a large indefinite class of persons

and `servant' was believed to be more restrictive than `agent.' The words `whether 

or not compensated' are taken from a somewhat similar definition of `employee'

found in the Federal Tort Claims Act (28 U.S.C. § 2671). 

"Independent contractors are excluded from the definition of `employee' so

that the problems of liability, insurance, defense and claims arising out of acts and 

4. If the referee is an "employee" for purposes of sections 825 and 995, the appropriate "public

entity" is the county. (See Villanazul v. City of Los Angeles (1951) 37 Cal.2d 718, 721-725; Martin 

v. County of Contra Costa (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 856, 860; 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 127, 131-133

(1985); 67 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 519, 522 (1984); 63 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 512, 518, fn. 6 (1980).) 

3. 89-201 
omissions of independent contractors may be met by different statutory provisions

than those applicable to public employees."5/ 

In 1977, section 810.2 was amended (Stats. 1977, ch. 745, § 1) to add the phrase "judicial officer

as defined in Section 28 of the Elections Code." The later statute provides: 

"`Judicial officer' means any Justice of the Supreme Court, justice of a court

of appeal, judge of the superior court, judge of a municipal court, or judge of a

justice court." 

With this statutory background in mind, we note that a discovery motion referee is

not a judge, even a temporary one, while performing his or her duties. The duties are judicial in

character (the hearing and deciding of preliminary matters), but they are "subordinate judicial

duties" performed by the referee as a "subordinate judicial officer." (See Cal. Const., art. VI, § 22; 

In re Kathy P. (1979) 25 Cal.3d 91, 96-99; In re Edgar M. (1975)) 14 Cal.3d 727, 732-734; Rooney 

v. Vermont Investment Corp. (1973) 10 Cal.3d 351, 361-367; Four Embarcadero Center Venture 

v. Mr. Greenjeans Gallaria Corp. (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 860, 869; Park Plaza, Ltd. v. Pietz (1987)

193 Cal.App.3d 1414, 1419.) A discovery motion referee is thus a judicial officer but not the kind

specified in Elections Code section 28. 

We first consider whether judicial officers, including discovery motion referees, were

excluded from the definition of employee in section 810.2 prior to its amendment in 1977. In Frost 

v. Geernaert (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1104, 1108, the court stated: 

"Up through 1977, Government Code section 810.2 . . . did not include

judicial officers as public employees. Judicial officers were added to section 810.2 

by Statutes 1977, chapter 745, section 1, page 2333. . . ." 

Frost appears to say that no judicial officers (including referees who are subordinate judicial

officers) came within the definition of "employee" in section 810.2 prior to its amendment in 1977. 

The Legislature may have intended to initially exclude judicial officers from the

scope of the California Tort Claims Act because of the unique employment status of judicial officers

(see Villanazul v. City of Los Angeles, supra, 37 Cal.2d 718, 721-725; Martin v. County of Contra

Costa, supra, 8 Cal.App.3d 856, 860; 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 127, 130-133 (1985)), or because

judicial officers were already protected by the judicial immunity doctrine (see Frost v. Geernaert, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 1104, 1107-1109; Tagliavia v. County of Los Angeles (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d

759, 761-763; Taylor v. Mitzel (1978) 82 Cal.App.3d 665, 670-671), or because of some other policy 

reason. 

In any event, support for the Frost statement may be found in the legislative history 

of the 1977 amendment of section 810.2. Numerous references in the committee reports and bill

analyses suggest that the addition of "judicial officers" to the statutory language was "to entitle

judges to a defense or to costs associated with defending a civil action arising out of their

employment." Also contained several times in the committee reports is the statement: 

5. "A servant is one 'who performs continuous service for another and who, as to his physical

movements, is subject to the control or to the right to control of the other as to the manner of

performing the service.' (Rest.2d Agency § 220, com. on subd.(1)(a), p. 486.)" (In-Home 

Supportive Services v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd. (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 720, 728, fn. 8; see also

Townsend v. State of California (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1530, 1535.) 

4. 89-201 
"Supporters of this bill state that an ever increasing number of judges are

being sued on groundless charges. At issue is who should provide the cost of 

defending these law suits."6/ 

These statements indicate that the 1977 amendment was intended to provide coverage

for judges, since they were not already within the statutory scheme. If judicial officers were already

within the scope of section 810.2, the 1977 amendment would have been unnecessary. A general

principle of statutory construction is "that an amendment is made with intent to change the law."

(Anne B. v. State Bd. of Control (1984) 165 Cal.App.3d 279, 285; see Forde v. Cory (1977) 66

Cal.App.3d 434, 438; Nationwide Investment Corp. v. California Funeral Service, Inc. (1974) 40

Cal.App.3d 494, 501.) Consequently, based upon Frost and the legislative history, we believe that

at the time of its enactment in 1963, section 810.2 did not cover "officers" who were "judicial

officers." This gives meaning to the 1977 amendment. 

We next consider the effect of the 1977 amendment upon subordinate judicial 

officers. Did the Legislature purposely intend to cover under the California Tort Claims Act only

those judicial officers who were so "defined in Section 28 of the Elections Code" as specified in the

amendment? 

It is a cardinal rule of statutory construction "that significance should be attributed

to every word and phrase of a statute, and a construction making some words surplusage should be

avoided." (People v. Woodhead (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1002, 1010; accord, Schmidt v. Superior Court

(1987) 43 Cal.3d 1060, 1067.) "The Legislature has power to prescribe legal definitions of its own

language, and when an act passed by the Legislature embodies a definition it is binding on the

courts." (In re Marriage of Stephens (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 909, 913.) "When the language is clear 

and unambiguous, there is no need for construction." (People v. Woodhead (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1002,

1007-1008; see People v. Overstreet (1986) 42 Cal.3d 891, 895.) 

We note in this regard that the Legislature could have easily included subordinate

judicial officers in its 1977 amendment of section 810.2. For example, Code of Civil Procedure

section 170.5, subdivision (a) defines "judge" for purposes of that statute as "judges of the justice,

municipal, and superior courts, and court commissioners and referees." Yet the Legislature chose

instead the words "judicial officer as defined in Section 28 of the Elections Code" when it amended

section 810.2. 

Application of the various relevant principles leads to a single conclusion.

Subordinate judicial officers are judicial officers who are not mentioned in Elections Code section

28. They therefore do not meet the test for inclusion in the section 810.2 definition of employee. 

Our conclusion that these particular subordinate judicial officers are not employees,

officers, or judicial officers for purposes of section 810.2 is consistent with the language of Code

of Civil Procedure section 645.1. As previously quoted, the latter statute allows the court to "order

the parties to pay the fees of referees" but only for those "referees who are not employees or officers

of the court at the time of appointment." 

6. "[I]t is well established that reports of legislative committees and commissions are part of a

statute's legislative history and may be considered when the meaning of a statute is uncertain.

[Citations.]" (Hutnick v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (1988) 47 Cal.3d 456, 565, fn. 7.) 

5. 89-201 
In Park Plaza, Ltd. v. Pietz, supra, 193 Cal.App.3d 1414, 1419, the court declared: 

"Section 639, subdivision (e), of the Code of Civil Procedure authorizes the

court to direct a reference where necessary `to hear and determine any and all

discovery motions and disputes relevant to discovery in the action and to report

findings and make a recommendation thereon.' Section 645.1 of the same code 

authorizes the court to order the parties to pay the fees of referees who are not

employees or officers of the court, as such fees are fixed pursuant to section 1023.

That section provides: `The fees of referees are such reasonable sum as the court may

fix . . . ; but the parties may agree, in writing, upon any other rate of compensation,

and thereupon such rates shall be allowed.' 

"We construe such a court appointed referee to be a subordinate judicial

officer, performing services for the court, and receiving compensation fixed by the 

court. In no sense is he an employee or an independent contractor of the parties

involved or of their attorneys." (Emphasis added.) 

The court thus concludes that a discovery motion referee paid by the parties is (1) "a subordinate

judicial officer" (2) "performing services for the court," (3) but "[i]n no sense is he an employee or

an independent contractor of the parties involved or of their attorneys," and (4) is "not [an]

employee[] or officer[] of the court." Code of Civil Procedure section 645.1 fully supports our

interpretation of section 810.2 with respect to the referees in question. 

Moreover, section 810.2 contains an express exclusion for "independent contractors."

The distinction between an "employee" on the one hand and an "independent contractor" on the

other has been addressed by the courts on numerous occasions and for a variety of purposes. An 

independent contractor is generally considered to be a "person who renders service for a specified

recompense for a specified result, under the control of his principal as to the result of his work only

and not as to the means by which such result is accomplished." (Lab. Code, § 3353; Mission Ins. 

Co. v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd. (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 211, 217.) 

Whether a particular person is an employee or an independent contractor rests upon

the individual circumstances (Truesdale v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd. (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 608,

613; Capitol Records, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 582, 592; Mission 

Insurance Co. v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 123 Cal.App.3d 211, 219), although "in public

law cases uniformity of decision is important, and where essential facts are not in conflict the

question of the legal relations arising therefrom is a question of law" (Sudduth v. California Emp.

Stab. Com. (1955) 130 Cal.App.2d 304, 311; see Isenberg v. California Emp. Stab. Com. (1947) 30

Cal.2d 34, 41; Bemis v. People (1952) 109 Cal.App.2d 253, 264). 

Often a particular position has some characteristics of an employment relationship

and other characteristics of an independent contractor relationship. In such circumstances the court 

weighs the various relevant factors and concludes that the person is either one or the other. (See

Tieberg v. Employment Ins. App. Bd. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 943, 949-954; Empire Star Mines Co. v. Cal. 

Emp. Com. (1946) 28 Cal.2d 33, 43, disapproved on another point in People v. Sims (1982) 32

Cal.3d 468, 479, fn. 8; Truesdale v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 190 Cal.App.3d 608, 613-

617; Capitol Records, Inc. v. State Bd. of Equalization, supra, 158 Cal.App.3d 582, 592.) 

We have examined the criteria for establishing an independent contractor relationship

and find that they support such a characterization for discovery motion referees paid by the parties.

This is consistent with the implied description contained in Code of Civil Procedure section 645.1 

6. 89-201
 
for these referees as well as the implied finding in Park Plaza. A discovery motion referee is a

"specialist" exercising independent authority without the supervision of the court when ruling upon

discovery matters presented to him or her. The payment of fees by the parties rather than the court

is also a significant factor in establishing an independent contractor relationship. 

The judicial immunity doctrine would protect the referee (and the county) from

having to pay any claims or actions seeking monetary damages in connection with the performance

of his or her duties as a referee. (See Frost v. Geernaert (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 1104, 1107-1109;

Tagliavia v. County of Los Angeles (1980) 112 Cal.App.3d 759, 761-763; Taylor v. Mitzel (1978)

82 Cal.App.3d 665, 670-671; 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 127, 128-130 (1985); 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 69,

71 (1983).) The remaining possible expense would be for payment of the defense of the claim or 

action. The referee may obtain insurance to handle his or her defense of any claim. Undoubtedly

a court could justifiably consider the insurance expense to be an appropriate cost of the reference,

includable in the referee's fee established under Code of Civil Procedure sections 645.1 and 1023. 

(See MacMorris Sales Corp. v. Kozak (1967) 249 Cal.App.2d 998, 1001-1005 [the fees of an

attorney retained by a court appointed receiver to defend him against charges of mismanagement

of an estate "can only be regarded as necessary expense incurred in the course of his official duties,

for which he is entitled to reimbursement out of the estate"]; Levine, Calculating Fees of Special 

Masters (1985) 37 Hastings L.J. 141, 194-195.) Hence, the court, county, and referee should not

be burdened for the expense of the claim or of the defense even though the referee is found to be an

independent contractor under the exclusion language of section 810.2. 

One situation that we have found to be somewhat similar to the appointment of

discovery motion referees is the appointment of special masters under the provisions of Penal Code

section 1524. These masters supervise searches for evidence in the possession of certain

professionals (lawyers, physicians, psychotherapists, and members of the clergy) that might

otherwise be subject to claims of confidentiality. The masters are expressly deemed by the

Legislature to be "employees" for purposes of the California Tort Claims Act. Subdivision (d) of

the statute states in part: 

"A special master shall be considered a public employee, and the

governmental entity which caused the search warrant to be issued shall be considered

the employer of the special master and the applicable public entity, for purposes of

Division 3.6 (commencing with Section 810) of Title 1 of the Government Code,

relating to claims and actions against public entities and public employees." 

Such special inclusion by the Legislature may be contrasted with the lack of express inclusion for

the referees in question. (See Committee of Seven Thousand v. Superior Court (1988) 45 Cal.3d

491, 507 ["`"Where a statute, with reference to one subject contains a given provision, the omission

of such provision from a similar statute concerning a related subject is significant to show that a

different intention existed"'"].) 

We know of no other statutes that would impose a duty upon a county to defend and

indemnify a discovery motion referee who is paid by the parties against claims or actions alleging

the improper performance of the referee's duties. Sections 825 and 995 are specific statutes whose

requirements would control over any other conflicting general statutory language. (See Agricultural

Labor Relations Bd. v. Superior Court (1976) 16 Cal.3d 392, 420 ["when a special and a general

statute are in conflict, the former controls"].) In any event, the general statutes to which we have

been referred would not be applicable here, since a discovery motion referee paid by the parties is

not a judge or an officer of the county. (See §§ 26524 [the district attorney shall represent a court

or judge if named as a party defendant in an official capacity in any action], 26529 [the county

counsel shall defend all civil actions in which the county or any of its officers is concerned or is a 

7. 89-201
 
 

party in his or her official capacity], 27647 [the county counsel may represent a court or judge in

civil actions with respect to the court's or judge's official capacity].) 

In answer to the question presented, therefore, we conclude that a person appointed

as a referee to hear and determine discovery motions and paid by the parties is not statutorily entitled

to defense and indemnification against claims or actions seeking monetary damages in connection

with the performance of his or her duties as a referee. 

* * * * * 

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