Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-22-00072-CV

JMI CONTRACTORS, LLC,

Appellant

v.

Jose Manuel MEDELLIN,

Appellee

From the 285th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2018-CI-05983

Honorable Aaron Haas, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice

Sitting: Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice1

Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice2

Delivered and Filed: June 28, 2023

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Appellant JMI Contractors, LLC appeals from a $4,637,375.72 judgment, rendered in 

accordance with a jury verdict, in favor of appellee Jose Manuel Medellin for injuries Medellin 

sustained while he worked at a JMI jobsite. In twenty-four issues, which we reorder and broadly 

reclassify as three, JMI complains that: (1) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to 

support nearly every answer in the verdict, including Medellin’s premises liability, negligent 

1 Justice Chapa dissents without opinion.

2 Justice Rodriguez joins this memorandum opinion as to part II.B and concurs in the judgment.
04-22-00072-CV

- 2 -

activity, and gross negligence claims and eleven of the thirteen damage elements; (2) the trial court 

abused its discretion in three evidentiary rulings; and (3) Medellin’s counsel made an incurable 

jury argument. We reverse and remand. 

I. BACKGROUND

At trial, Michael Garcia, JMI’s half owner, testified that JMI is a renovation and restoration 

company that provides exterior repair services to multifamily housing developments such as 

apartment complexes, condominiums, and townhomes. Michael Garcia further testified that JMI 

secured a bid to repair hail damage to the roof of the Oaks on Bandera Apartments (the Oaks 

Apartments), a multi-building residential apartment complex. To complete this roofing project, 

JMI relied on a mixture of JMI and non-JMI employees. The JMI employees included John 

Obiedo, a JMI project superintendent, and Carlos Angelini, a JMI safety advisor. Michael Garcia 

testified that JMI also relied on Raul Rodriguez and Abelardo “Lalo” Hernandez. Raul Rodriguez 

testified that he owned ANR Construction, but at other times, he testified that he was a JMI roofing 

supervisor. Hernandez testified that he owned Metal Roof & TPO Specialist, LLC. According to 

Hernandez, either Michael Garcia or Raul Rodriguez asked him to apply thermoplastic polyolefin

(“TPO”), which is a single-ply rubberized roofing membrane, to a single building at the Oaks 

Apartments. Hernandez described the job as a “sample,” and if the premises owner was satisfied, 

he would be awarded a contract to apply TPO to the remaining buildings.

Medellin testified that he performed roofing work for various roofers, including 

Hernandez’s Metal Roof and Sandoval Roofing. Medellin recalled that, on the morning of 

Saturday, March 10, 2018, Hernandez asked him to help with the project at the Oaks Apartments. 

At the time Hernandez called him, Medellin was at Sandoval Roofing collecting a paycheck for 

work he had done earlier in the week. Medellin, lacking transportation, invited Luis Garcia, a 

fellow roofer, to work at the Oaks Apartments. Luis Garcia testified that he picked up Medellin 
04-22-00072-CV

- 3 -

from Sandoval Roofing, and they drove to the jobsite. Medellin testified that his job at the project 

consisted of unrolling, stretching, and positioning TPO material. Medellin worked closely with

Reybel Rodriguez, Raul Rodriguez’s nephew. Reybel Rodriguez recalled telling Medellin, “you 

pull this way, I pull this, go that away, I go this way.” Reybel Rodriguez also recalled that he and 

Medellin were stretching out a piece of plastic roofing material when Medellin fell off the roof. 

When asked by JMI to describe how he fell off the roof, Medellin testified, “[b]ecause the man 

told me to pull the whole roll. And because everybody was going so fast, he said go, go, go, go. 

I continued walking and for — and because I was observing the man that told me, I forgot about 

the edge and I fell.” 

The jury found that JMI exercised or retained some control over the use of fall protection 

safety measures for the roofing work performed at the Oaks Apartments on the day of the incident, 

other than the right to order the work to start or stop or to inspect progress or receive reports. It 

found that Raul Rodriguez was an employee of JMI. The jury also found that JMI was negligent 

under premises-liability and negligent-activity claims, and it found that neither Medellin nor Metal 

Roof were negligent under the same claims. The jury assessed $3,337,779.34 in ordinary damages. 

As for Medellin’s gross negligence claims, the jury found Angelini grossly negligent, but it refused 

to find Garcia, Obiedo, and Raul Rodriguez grossly negligent. The jury assessed one million 

dollars in exemplary damages. 

The trial court signed a final judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict. JMI filed 

motions for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial. The trial court overruled 

JMI’s post-judgment motions. JMI timely appealed from the trial court’s final judgment.
04-22-00072-CV

- 4 -

II. DISCUSSION

A. Liability Claims3

JMI’s first issue, as I construe it, challenges, among other things, the jury’s finding that it 

was negligent under Medellin’s premises-liability and negligent-activity claims. Specifically, JMI 

challenges the applicability of the necessary-use exception that was submitted with Medellin’s 

premises-liability claim and the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting Medellin’s 

negligent-activity claim.

1. Standard of Review

“In a legal sufficiency challenge, we consider whether the evidence at trial would enable a 

reasonable and fair-minded fact finder to reach the verdict under review.” Gunn v. McCoy, 554 

S.W.3d 645, 658 (Tex. 2018) (citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005)). 

“Evidence is legally insufficient to support a . . . finding when[:] (1) the record discloses a complete 

absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from 

giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove 

a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the 

opposite of a vital fact.” Gunn, 554 S.W.3d at 658 (citations omitted). More than a mere scintilla 

of evidence exists when the evidence rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded 

people to differ in their conclusions. Id. (citing King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 

751 (Tex. 2003)). Conversely, less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence offered 

to prove a vital fact’s existence is “so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or 

suspicion.” Id. (quoting King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751). All the record evidence must be 

considered in the light most favorable to the verdict — “every reasonable inference deducible from 

3 As to part II.A, Chief Justice Martinez writes separately.
04-22-00072-CV

- 5 -

the evidence is to be indulged in that party’s favor.” Id. (quoting Bustamante v. Ponte, 529 S.W.3d 

447, 456 (Tex. 2017)).

2. Theories of Recovery

In Occidental Chemical Corporation v. Jenkins, 478 S.W.3d 640, 644 (Tex. 2016), the 

Texas Supreme Court wrote that:

[A] person injured on another’s property may have either a negligence claim or a 

premises-liability claim against the property owner. When the injury is the result 

of a contemporaneous, negligent activity on the property, ordinary negligence 

principles apply. When the injury is the result of the property’s condition rather 

than an activity, premises-liability principles apply.

(citing Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992); H.E. Butt Grocery Co. v. Warner, 

845 S.W.2d 258, 259 (Tex. 1992)). Negligence and premises-liability claims thus are separate and 

distinct theories of recovery, requiring plaintiffs to prove different, albeit similar, elements to 

secure judgment in their favor. United Scaffolding, Inc. v. Levine, 537 S.W.3d 463, 471 (Tex. 

2017) (citing Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 775–76 (Tex. 2010); Keetch, 845 

S.W.2d at 264). Because negligence and premises-liability claims are based on independent 

theories of recovery, the Texas Supreme Court has held that they are not interchangeable. Id.

(citing Occidental, 478 S.W.3d at 644; Clayton W. Williams, Jr., Inc. v. Olivo, 952 S.W.2d 523, 

529 (Tex. 1997)).

Negligent-activity and premises-liability claims “involve closely related but distinct duty 

analyses.” Id. (citing W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005)). In a negligentactivity case, a property owner or occupier must “do what a person of ordinary prudence in the 

same or similar circumstances would have . . . done,” whereas a property owner or occupier in a 

premises-liability case must “use ordinary care to reduce or eliminate an unreasonable risk of harm 

created by a premises condition which the owner or occupier [of land] knows about or in the 

exercise of ordinary care should know about.” Id. (quoting Timberwalk Apartments, Partners, Inc. 
04-22-00072-CV

- 6 -

v. Cain, 972 S.W.2d 749, 753 (Tex. 1998)). “Underpinning the distinctions between these claims 

is the principle that ‘negligent activity encompasses a malfeasance theory based on affirmative, 

contemporaneous conduct by the owner that caused the injury, while premises liability 

encompasses a nonfeasance theory based on the owner’s failure to take measures to make the 

property safe.’” Id. (quoting Del Lago, 307 S.W.3d at 776). “Generally, a plaintiff need only 

submit a general-negligence question in support of its claim for a defendant’s liability under a 

negligent-activity theory.” Id.

3. Premises-Liability Claim & Necessary-Use Exception

The premises-liability question in the jury charge instructs that JMI was negligent if, 

among other premises-liability elements, Medellin necessarily had to use the premises. Generally, 

a landowner has a duty to exercise reasonable care to make its premises safe for invitees. Austin 

v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 465 S.W.3d 193, 202 (Tex. 2015). In most cases, the landowner can satisfy 

its duty by providing an adequate warning of the danger. Id. However, exceptions exist, such that 

a landowner’s warning or an invitee’s knowledge of a risk is insufficient to make the premises 

reasonably safe. Id. One such exception is the necessary-use exception. Id. It “recognizes a 

landowner’s duty to make its premises safe when, despite [the invitee’s] awareness of the risks, it 

is necessary that the invitee use the dangerous premises and the landowner should have anticipated 

that the invitee is unable to take measures to avoid the risk.” SandRidge Energy, Inc. v. Barfield, 

642 S.W.3d 560, 568 (Tex. 2022) (quoting Austin, 465 S.W.3d at 208). The necessary-use 

exception effectively holds that there are some unreasonably dangerous situations for which no 

warning can be adequate. Id. 

In SandRidge, the Texas Supreme Court recognized that it had previously “expressed doubt 

that the necessary-use exception applies to independent contractors.” Id. (citing Gen. Elec. Co. v. 

Moritz, 257 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2008)). SandRidge emphasizes General Electric’s 
04-22-00072-CV

- 7 -

observation that “one who hires an independent contractor generally expects the contractor to take 

into account any open and obvious premises defects in deciding how the work should be done, 

what equipment to use in doing it, and whether its workers need any warnings.” SandRidge, 642 

S.W.3d at 568 (citing Gen. Elec. Co., 257 S.W.3d at 215–16). The claimed premises defect in 

General Electric was a loading ramp without railings. Gen. Elec. Co., 257 S.W.3d at 215–16. The 

court held that the absence of railings was open and obvious to the employee of the independent 

contractor; and therefore, the landowner did not owe a duty to warn the contractor’s employee. Id. 

In SandRidge, a premises owner hired an independent contractor to modify electrical distribution 

lines. 642 S.W.3d at 564. The alleged premises defect in SandRidge was energized electrical 

distribution lines in need of replacement, which an employee of an independent contractor 

inadvertently touched; the employee sustained significant injuries from the contact. Id. at 569. 

The court assumed, without deciding, that the necessary-use exception extended from a premises 

owner to contractors. Id. It highlighted that the independent contractor’s employee had effectively 

used a “hot stick” — a specialized tool used on energized electrical lines — to disconnect “hot 

taps hundreds of times” over the course of six months. Id. This evidence, according to the court, 

allowed the premises owner to expect that the independent contractor would take the energized 

lines into account in instructing and equipping the independent contractor’s employee to avoid the 

risk. Id.

JMI argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the jury’s 

determination that it was negligent under Medellin’s premise-liability claim because the only 

evidence Medellin offered to establish its negligence was that JMI violated a federal Occupational 

Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) regulation. JMI further argues that it owed no duty 

to warn of an open and obvious danger to Medellin, whom JMI classifies as “an independent 

contractor working for an independent contractor, Metal Roof.” Relatedly, JMI argues that 
04-22-00072-CV

- 8 -

Medellin is not entitled to the necessary-use exception because he was “an independent contractor 

of an independent contractor,” and he could have declined working on the roof. Medellin responds 

by surveying the origins of the necessary-use exception in Texas law and emphasizing that there 

was “no evidence that Medellin could have taken steps to force JMI to” deploy fall prevention 

measures. According to Medellin, any argument that he “should have refused to climb the ladder 

to the roof or decline to perform his job is meritless.”

While JMI prefaces its necessary-use exception argument in legal and factual sufficiency 

terms, the gravamen of JMI’s argument is elsewhere. JMI invites us to declare that an independent 

contractor is, as a matter of law, not entitled to the necessary-use exception.4

 While SandRidge

expressed doubt about whether the necessary-use exception applies to independent contractors, it 

could have — but did not — issue the holding that JMI now seeks. Instead, SandRidge analyzed 

the facts to determine whether the necessary-use exception applied when an employee of a 

subcontractor was injured. SandRidge, 642 S.W.3d at 569.5 Cognizant of our position as an 

intermediate appellate court, I respectfully decline JMI’s invitation to issue a holding that 

SandRidge contemplated but declined. See Petco Animal Supplies, Inc. v. Schuster, 144 S.W.3d 

554, 565 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.) (“As an intermediate appellate court, we are not free 

to mold Texas law as we see fit but must instead follow the precedents of the Texas Supreme Court 

4 Medellin asserts that JMI made no objection to the “form of the [premises-liability] question presented at trial and 

on appeal.” JMI moved for directed verdict on, among other things, Medellin’s premises-liability claim. In JMI’s 

directed-verdict motion, it argued that “[i]n this case we have a subcontractor of a subcontractor and, therefore, there’s 

no evidence based upon just failure to comply with the OSHA standards to create any type of duty owed or special 

duty owed in this case.” In JMI’s motion for new trial, it references the necessary-use exception instruction in the 

premise-liability question and argues that “[n]othing prevented [Medellin] from asking for or using fall protection, if 

he wanted, when he was aware of the risk.” These motions sufficiently preserve the challenge that JMI now presents. 5 Two of our sister courts have followed SandRidge’s example, and, after analyzing the facts, determined that the 

necessary-use exception did not apply when employees of a contractor sued the premises owner. See Vance v. Hurst 

Joint Ventures LP, 657 S.W.3d 141, 153 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2022, no pet.); see also Battles v. Anthony Inman 

Constr., Inc., No. 07-22-00122-CV, 2023 WL 2498920, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 14, 2023, no pet. h.).
04-22-00072-CV

- 9 -

unless and until the high court overrules them or the Texas Legislature supersedes them by 

statute.”). 

Therefore, JMI’s sub-issue that challenges the legal sufficiency underlying Medellin’s 

premises-liability claim is overruled.

4. Negligent-Activity Claim

“Recovery on a negligent[-]activity theory requires that the person have been injured by or 

as a contemporaneous result of the activity itself rather than by a condition created by the activity.” 

Timberwalk Apartments, Partners, Inc. v. Cain, 972 S.W.2d 749, 753 (Tex. 1998). When 

analyzing a negligence claim, we first ask whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty. JLB 

Builders, L.L.C. v. Hernandez, 622 S.W.3d 860, 864 (Tex. 2021) (citing Lee Lewis Constr., Inc. v. 

Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 783 (Tex. 2001)). Whether JMI owed Medellin a duty is governed by 

our law concerning a general contractor’s duties to a subcontractor’s employees. See id. “As a 

general rule, one who employs an independent contractor has no duty to ensure that the contractor 

safely performs its work.” Id. at 864–65 (citing AEP Tex. Cent. Co. v. Arredondo, 612 S.W.3d 

289, 295 (Tex. 2020)). “However, an exception to this rule arises when the employer retains some 

control over the manner in which the contractor performs the work that causes the damage.” Id. 

(citations omitted). “A plaintiff can prove the requisite control by establishing that the general 

contractor either actually controlled the manner in which the subcontractor performed its work or 

had a contractual right to do so.”6

 Id. (citing Dow Chem. Co. v. Bright, 89 S.W.3d 602, 606 (Tex. 

2002)). “In either case, the ‘control must relate to the condition or activity that caused the injury.’” 

Id. (quoting Olivo, 952 S.W.2d at 528). “Further, the control retained or exercised by the general 

6 In this case, JMI and Metal Roof executed a written contract regarding roofing work at the Oaks Apartments on 

March 20, 2018.
04-22-00072-CV

- 10 -

contractor must extend[ ] to the means, methods, or details of the independent contractor’s work.” 

Id. (citations omitted).

JMI argues that Medellin’s negligent-activity claim is supported by legally insufficient 

evidence because, among other things, there is no evidence that it retained either actual or 

contractual control over the activity that caused the injury. As support for its contention regarding 

no evidence of actual control, JMI references Hernandez v. Hammond Homes, Ltd., 345 S.W.3d 

150, 154–56 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011 pet. denied), for its holding that “an employer of an 

independent contractor does not owe a duty to ensure that the independent contractor performs its 

work in a safe manner.” Id. at 153 (citing Gen. Elec., 257 S.W.3d at 214; Redlinger v. Living, Inc., 

689 S.W.2d 415, 418 (Tex. 1985)). 

In his response, Medellin argues that JMI exercised actual control “over the fall protection 

to use, or not use” and “through directing the work be performed in a certain way or in approving 

of work being done” in a way that led to his injury. Medellin highlights Raul Rodriguez’s 

admission that he knew there was a danger that the workers could have fallen off a roof while 

working without fall protection. Medellin emphasizes that neither he nor Hernandez had any 

authority to “install a structural steel anchor.” Medellin contends that the case of Lee Lewis 

Construction, 70 S.W.3d at 783–84, is factually similar and militates against JMI’s legal 

sufficiency challenge.

In Lee Lewis Construction, the plaintiff was working for a subcontractor on a construction 

site where the defendant was the general contractor when the plaintiff fell from the tenth story. Id. 

at 781. The evidence was undisputed that the plaintiff was not using an independent lifeline that 

would have stopped his fall. Id. at 782. Id. The general contractor’s owner and president testified 

that it had a superintendent on the ninth and tenth floors with “the responsibility . . . to see to it 

that the subcontractors and their employees properly utilized fall protection equipment.” Id. at 
04-22-00072-CV

- 11 -

784. This superintendent personally approved the lanyard system used by the subcontractor. Id. 

The superintendent also knew of and did not object to the subcontractor’s employees’ use of a 

bosun’s chair without an independent lifeline. The supreme court held that this testimony

constituted more than a scintilla of evidence that the defendant retained the right to control the fall

protection systems used on the jobsite. Id. 

Here, the trial court admitted an “Incident Analysis Form,” which was completed by 

Angelini, witnessed by Raul Rodriguez, and signed by Hernandez. The form describes the incident 

as:

Roofer was standing approximately six feet from the edge of flat roof when he was 

pulling on material when he slipped and fell backwards causing him to fall over the 

edge, landing on his hip and arm. He was taken to the hospital for examination. 

There was a watchman on duty.

(Emphasis added). Garcia testified that JMI’s post-accident investigation “determined there was 

a watchman present[,] which was serving as fall protection.” Angelini acknowledged completing 

the post-accident report and testified that a “watchman is a person that’s assigned to just watch. 

He doesn’t do anything, no work, no physical work at all. He lets the people know when they’re

getting too close to the edge, you know, warns them, brings them back.” Hernandez believed that 

Raul Rodriguez was the watchman, elaborating that “it had to be Raul because he wasn’t doing

nothing. [sic] He was just watching.”7

I conclude that this case is more analogous to Lee Lewis Construction than to Hernandez. 

In Hernandez, our sister court distinguished Lee Lewis Construction by holding that the general 

contractor “did not require the use of fall-protection equipment, did not have anyone assuring that 

fall-protection equipment was used by the roofers, and did not approve acts that were dangerous 

7 I note that at another point, Hernandez was asked, “[b]ut nobody — to your knowledge, nobody designated Raul 

[Rodriguez] as the watchman, did they?” Hernandez answered, “[n]o.”
04-22-00072-CV

- 12 -

and unsafe.” 345 S.W.3d at 156. The same cannot be said for this case. The evidence, however 

conflicting it may be,8 includes at least a scintilla of evidence, penned by a JMI employee 

(Angelini) and reaffirmed in live in-court testimony by one of JMI’s owners (Garcia), that JMI 

relied on a watchman as a fall-prevention measure. At one point, Hernandez lays the watchman 

responsibility on Raul Rodriguez. Moreover, the jury determined that Raul Rodriguez was a JMI 

employee, a finding that JMI does not challenge on appeal. Thus, as in Lee Lewis Construction, 

there is some evidence that JMI exercised actual control over the fall-prevention measures utilized 

by Medellin. 

Therefore, JMI’s sub-issue that challenges the legal sufficiency underlying Medellin’s 

negligent-activity claim is overruled.9

B. Alcohol and Marijuana Consumption

1. Standard of Review

Evidentiary rulings are committed to the trial court’s sound discretion. U-Haul Intern., 

Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118, 132 (Tex. 2012). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial 

court acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Bennet v. Grant, 525 S.W.3d 642, 

653 (Tex. 2017).

2. Excluded Evidence

At trial, JMI offered evidence of Medellin’s consumption of alcohol and marijuana on the 

morning of the accident. Medellin objected on the grounds that such evidence was irrelevant and 

unfairly prejudicial. The trial court sustained Medellin’s objections. Outside the jury’s presence

8 Raul Rodriguez testified that he did not request any worker to serve as a watchman. 

9 In light of our sustaining JMI’s contention that the trial court reversibly erred in sustaining Medellin’s objections to 

evidence that he consumed alcohol and marijuana before his fall, we need not address JMI’s factual-sufficiency 

challenges because they would provide JMI with no greater relief. See In re J.S., No. 09-08-00536-CV, 2009 WL 

2045199, at *2 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Jul. 16, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).
04-22-00072-CV

- 13 -

and in an offer of proof, JMI offered the pretrial deposition testimony of Medellin, Luis Garcia, 

Hernandez, and Raul Rodriguez.

Medellin testified that, at 10:30 a.m. on the day of the incident, he had drunk one sixteenounce beer and smoked half a marijuana cigarette. Medellin stated that he drank and smoked 

because he believed that he was not going to be working that day. However, subsequently, 

Hernandez called Medellin and asked him to help at the Oaks Apartments. At the time, Medellin 

was at Sandoval Roofing waiting to receive his paycheck. Medellin agreed to assist Hernandez, 

but he did not inform Hernandez that he had consumed a beer and smoked marijuana. When asked 

“why did you go up onto the roof after drinking a beer,” Medellin answered, “[b]ecause it was just 

one.” The records from the hospital where Medellin received emergency medical treatment 

immediately following his accident indicated that he had a “baggy of some green leafy material” 

on his person. 

Luis Garcia testified that he and his wife went to Sandoval Roofing before the incident to 

drop off paperwork. There, at sometime between 10:30 a.m. and noon, Garcia witnessed Medellin 

holding a beer. Garcia admitted that he drank a beer on the way to Sandoval Roofing, and, at some 

unspecified time, smoked a marijuana joint. Garcia, however, denied smoking marijuana with 

Medellin. Thereafter, Garcia, his wife, and Medellin drove to the Oaks Apartments, arriving at 

approximately 1:30 p.m.

Raul Rodriguez testified that he saw Medellin arrive at the Oaks Apartments with Garcia 

and Garcia’s wife. Both Medellin and Garcia ascended to the roof and began working. However, 

when Raul Rodriguez approached Garcia, he noticed that Garcia had been drinking. Raul 

Rodriguez decided that it was not safe for Garcia to remain on the roof, and he “sent him down.” 

Before Medellin fell, Raul Rodriguez did not suspect that Medellin was intoxicated or impaired 

because he was not stumbling, staggering, or slurring his speech. Raul Rodriguez witnessed 
04-22-00072-CV

- 14 -

Medellin fall, recounting, “I turned around like this, and he was like this. When he pulls the roll, 

because he was dizzy; he was drunk; his body tips off, and he falls down.” Raul Rodriguez 

descended from the roof, approached Medellin, and told him, “you should have told me that you 

were — you had been drinking.” As Medellin was laying on the ground, Raul Rodriguez noticed 

that he smelled of alcohol and marijuana. 

Hernandez, on examination by JMI, testified:

Q. Well, I learned for the first time in talking to Mr. Medellin . . . that he had 

drank a Tallboy beer and smoked half a joint before going up on the roof at 

the Oaks on Bandera Apartments. Did you know that before he got up on 

the roof that morning?

A. I was up on the roof when they got up there and I could smell him, you 

know; but that’s regular. I mean, that smell, it’s already — it’s old. You 

know, it’s old.

Q. When you contacted Mr. Medellin that morning, you weren’t — you didn’t 

contact him about doing any work, did you?

A No. He called me and said that they didn’t work. [sic] I don’t know if it 

was Sandoval or what company he was working for that day, but that they 

didn’t work. [sic] If I wanted any help.

. . .

Q. So when Mr. Medellin contacts you, did you ask him whether he had 

consumed any alcohol or smoked any marijuana?

A. I don’t need to. I don’t need to ask him, you know. I mean, because when 

you smoke, you smoke, you know.

Q. So when he showed up at the Oaks on Bandera job site, did you have an 

opportunity to assess him before he got up on the roof?

A. No, we were up there already. So they went up there. They got up there.

. . .

Q. Okay. Now, going back to the day of the incident, when you went and 

observed Mr. Medellin, did other individuals go down there to the ground 

as well such as Raul?
04-22-00072-CV

- 15 -

A. All of us. All of — everybody got down. 

Q. And at that point, did you realize that Mr. Medellin smelled of alcohol and 

of marijuana? 

A. (Nodding head.)

MEDELLIN’S COUNSEL: Object to form.

Q. Is that when you first [sic] he had been drinking and smoking marijuana?

A. No, no.

MEDELLIN’S COUNSEL: Object to form.

A. — since before. Since he got there.

Q. Oh, you knew when he got there?

A. Yeah. But if you’ve been drinking the night before, I mean, you’re still 

going to f------ stink like alcohol the whole following day, sometimes two 

days.

Q. And so did he smell of alcohol when —

A. No.

On cross-examination by Medellin, and tendered by him as rebuttal evidence in the offer of proof, 

Hernandez denied seeing Medellin stumble or slur his speech. If Hernandez believed that Medellin 

was intoxicated, he would not have let him on the roof. 

3. Analysis

JMI references JBS Carriers, Inc. v. Washington, 564 S.W.3d 830 (Tex. 2018), as support 

for its contention that the trial court erred in sustaining Medellin’s objection that evidence of his 

consumption of alcohol and marijuana was irrelevant and unduly prejudicial. In JBS, a pedestrian 

died in a pedestrian-truck collision. Id. at 833. The incident was captured on a security video from 

a nearby store. Id. The decedent’s family sued the trucking company. Id. At trial, the trucking 

company sought to admit evidence that the decedent had (1) alcohol, cocaine, and oxycodone 
04-22-00072-CV

- 16 -

present in her body; (2) a “drug-type glass pipe” on her person; (3) a medical history of crack 

cocaine abuse; (4) been recently prescribed anxiety medications; and (5) been recently diagnosed 

with paranoid schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, for which she received two additional 

prescription medications. Id. at 834. A medical expert retained by the trucking company reviewed 

the security video and the decedent’s medical history. Id. The expert opined that the various 

substances in the decedent’s body impacted her cognition and that she was suffering from an acute 

exacerbation of her underlying mental disease at the time of the accident. Id. The trial court 

excluded all evidence of the decedent’s mental health, prescription medications, and alcohol and 

drug use, including the expert’s opinions, because it concluded that such evidence was prejudicial. 

Id. 

In launching its analysis, the Texas Supreme emphasized that “unfair prejudice is the 

proper inquiry,” and “‘[u]nfair prejudice’ within its context means an undue tendency to suggest 

a decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” Id. 

(citation omitted). It noted that evidence that a party to an accident was intoxicated or impaired is 

not, in and of itself, evidence that the party acted negligently in relation to the accident. Id. at 836–

37 (citation omitted). However, such evidence is probative if it is relevant to a party’s actions in 

conforming or failing to conform to an appropriate standard of care. Id. at 837. In response to the 

decedent’s family’s argument that the expert did not opine that the decedent was “actually 

intoxicated or impaired,” the court answered that “a specific showing of intoxication is not required 

in order for evidence regarding the use of substances to be admissible.” Id. at 838. 

Medellin argues that the trial court did nor err in sustaining his objection because JMI 

lacked evidence that Medellin was impaired or intoxicated and lacked testimony — from either an 

expert or layman — that his consumption was relevant to any alleged act of negligence. Medellin 

emphasizes the testimony from Raul Rodriguez, Hernandez, and Obiedo wherein they aver that, 
04-22-00072-CV

- 17 -

before Medellin’s fall, they did not witness Medellin either stumble or slur his speech. However, 

in recalling Medellin’s fall, Raul Rodriguez also testified that, “I turned around like this, and he 

was like this. When he pulls the roll, because he was dizzy; he was drunk; his body tips off, and 

he falls down.” Moreover, Medellin’s coworkers testified regarding his consumption of alcohol 

and his odor of alcohol on the day the accident; Medellin acknowledged consuming a beer and 

marijuana on the morning of the accident; and Medellin was found with a baggy containing a 

substance resembling marijuana. These circumstances raise fact questions regarding Medellin’s 

impairment or intoxication at the time of the accident. While prejudicial, we cannot say that this 

evidence is unfairly so; the evidence of Medellin’s potential impairment is probative of his 

conforming or failing to conform to an appropriate standard of care. Id. at 836–37. As for 

Medellin’s faulting JMI for lacking expert or lay testimony that his consumption was relevant to 

any alleged negligent act, the Texas Supreme Court has pronounced that “a specific showing of 

intoxication is not required in order for evidence regarding the use of substances to be admissible.” 

Id. at 838. Accordingly, the trial court erred in sustaining Medellin’s objection and excluding 

evidence that Medellin consumed alcohol and marijuana on the day of the incident.

Next, we address whether the error was harmless. Id. at 840. As in JBS, the first 

consideration — whether the excluded evidence was cumulative — does not support a conclusion 

that the exclusion was harmless. The trial court effectively excluded any mention of Medellin’s 

consumption of alcohol and marijuana on the day of the incident. Therefore, the excluded evidence 

was not cumulative. Relatedly, the rest of the evidence strongly favored Medellin in that there 

was relatively little evidence supporting JMI’s proportionate-liability defense. 

The second consideration — whether the excluded evidence was crucial to a key issue —

also does not support a conclusion that the exclusion was harmless. JBS articulates that “it is 

unquestionable that [the decedent’s] state of mind and mental decision-making processes were 
04-22-00072-CV

- 18 -

crucial to the key issue of whether her decision to walk into the street met the standard of 

reasonable care.” Id. Medellin’s ability to maintain his orientation while completing the project 

he and Reybel Rodriguez undertook was a key issue in assessing whether Medellin was negligent. 

Raul Rodriguez’s testimony that Medellin appeared dizzy and his and Hernandez’s recollection 

that Medellin smelled of alcohol and marijuana speak to whether Medellin acted as a person of 

ordinary prudence under the same or similar circumstances. Thus, the trial court’s erroneous 

exclusion of the evidence probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. We sustain 

JMI’s sub-issue challenging the exclusion of evidence, and remand for a new trial consistent with 

this part of the opinion.

10

III. CONCLUSION

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for a new trial consistent with part II.B 

of this court’s opinion.

Rebeca C. Martinez, Chief Justice

10 In light of our disposition, we need not address JMI’s remaining issues because they would not afford greater relief 

than already provided. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1; see Emerson Elec. Co. v. Johnson, 627 S.W.3d 197, 210 (Tex. 2021); 

see also Pay and Save, Inc. v. Canales, 04-20-00125-CV, 2022 WL 4227575, at *15 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Sep. 

14, 2022, pet. filed) (“Because we will reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand for a new trial on premises 

liability, we need not consider Pay and Save’s challenges to the evidence supporting the jury’s award of damages.”); 

Ballesteros v. Jones, 985 S.W.2d 485, 500 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (en banc) (“We need not 

address [appellant’s] remaining points concerning the sufficiency of the evidence to support the finding of gross 

negligence and the exemplary damages award because they are conditioned upon a finding of negligence.”).