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 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 10 CFR Part 73
RIN 3150-AH60
 AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
 ACTION: Proposed rule.
 SUMMARY: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is proposing to amend its regulations that govern the requirements pertaining to design basis threat (DBT). The proposed rule would amend the Commission's regulations to, among other things, make generically applicable the security requirements previously imposed by the Commission's April 29, 2003 DBT orders, which applied to existing licensees, and redefine the level of security requirements necessary to ensure that the public health and safety and common defense and security are adequately protected. The proposed rule would revise the DBT requirements for radiological sabotage (applied to power reactors and Category I fuel cycle facilities), and theft or diversion of NRC-licensed Strategic Special Nuclear Material (SSNM) (applied to Category I fuel cycle facilities). The NRC has developed draft Regulatory Guides (RGs) that provide guidance to licensees concerning the DBT for radiological sabotage and theft and diversion. These draft RGs have limited distribution because they contain either safeguards or classified information. The specific details related to the threat, which contain both safeguards information (SGI) and classified information, are contained in adversary characteristics documents (ACDs) that are not publicly available. These documents include specific details of the attributes of the threat consistent with the requirements imposed in the April 29, 2003, DBT orders. Additionally, a Petition for Rulemaking (PRM-73-12), filed by the Committee to Bridge the Gap, was considered as part of this proposed rulemaking; the NRC's disposition of this petition is contained in this document.
 DATES: Submit comments by January 23, 2006. Comments received after this date will be considered if it is practical to do so, but the Commission is able to ensure consideration only for comments received on or before this date.
 ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any one of the following methods. Please include the following number RIN 3150-AH60 in the subject line of your comments. Comments on rulemakings submitted in writing or in electronic form will be made available for public inspection. Because your comments will not be edited to remove any identifying or contact information, the NRC cautions you against including any information in your submission that you do not want to be publicly disclosed. *Mail comments to:*
                         Secretary, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001, ATTN: Rulemakings and Adjudications Staff. *E-mail comments to: SECY@nrc.gov.*
                         If you do not receive a reply e-mail confirming that we have received your comments, contact us directly at (301) 415-1966. You may also submit comments via the NRC's rulemaking Web site at 
                        *http://ruleforum.llnl.gov.*
                         Address questions about our rulemaking Web site to Carol Gallagher (301) 415-5905; e-mail 
                        *cag@nrc.gov.*
                         Comments can also be submitted via the Federal eRulemaking Portal 
                        *http://www.regulations.gov.* *Hand deliver comments to:*
                         11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852, between 7:30 am and 4:15 pm Federal workdays. (Telephone (301) 415-1966). *Fax comments to:*
                         Secretary, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission at (301) 415-1101. You may submit comments on the information collections by the methods indicated in the Paperwork Reduction Act Statement. Publicly available documents related to this rulemaking may be viewed electronically on the public computers located at the NRC's Public Document Room (PDR), O1 F21, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland. The PDR reproduction contractor will copy documents for a fee. Selected documents, including comments, may be viewed and downloaded electronically via the NRC rulemaking Web site at 
                        *http://ruleforum.llnl.gov.* Publicly available documents created or received at the NRC after November 1, 1999, are available electronically at the NRC's Electronic Reading Room at 
                        *http://www.nrc.gov/​reading-rm/​adams.html.*
                         From this site, the public can gain entry into the NRC's Agencywide Document Access and 
                        ( print page 67381)
                        Management System (ADAMS), which provides text and image files of NRC's public documents. If you do not have access to ADAMS or if there are problems in accessing the documents located in ADAMS, contact the NRC Public Document Room (PDR) Reference staff at 1-800-397-4209, 301-415-4737 or by e-mail to 
                        *pdr@nrc.gov.*
 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Timothy Reed, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001; telephone (301) 415-1462; e-mail: 
                        *tar@nrc.gov*
                         or Mr. Richard Rasmussen, Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001; telephone (301) 415-8380; e-mail: 
                        *rar@nrc.gov.*


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Table of Contents I. Background. II. Rulemaking Initiation. III. Proposed Regulations. IV. Section-by-Section Analysis. V. Petition for Rulemaking (PRM-73-12). VI. Guidance. VII. Criminal Penalties. VIII. Compatibility of Agreement State Regulations. IX. Availability of Documents. X. Plain Language. XI. Voluntary Consensus Standards. XII. Finding of No Significant Environmental Impact: Environmental Assessment: Availability. XIII. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement. XIV. Regulatory Analysis. XV. Regulatory Flexibility Act Certification. XVI. Backfit Analysis. I. Background The DBT requirements in 10 CFR 73.1(a) describe general adversary characteristics that designated licensees must defend against with high assurance. These NRC requirements include protection against radiological sabotage (generally applied to power reactors and Category I fuel cycle facilities) and theft or diversion of NRC-licensed SSNM (generally applied to Category I fuel cycle facilities). The DBTs are used by these licensees to form the basis for site-specific defensive strategies implemented through security plans, safeguards contingency plans, and guard training and qualification plans. Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the NRC conducted a thorough review of security to ensure that nuclear power plants and other licensed facilities continued to have effective security measures in place for the changing threat environment. In so doing, the NRC recognized that some elements of the DBTs required enhancement due to the escalation of the domestic threat level. After soliciting and receiving comments from Federal, State, local agencies, and industry stakeholders, the NRC imposed by order supplemental DBT requirements that contained additional detailed adversary characteristics. The Commission deliberated on the responsibilities of the local, State, and Federal governments to protect the nation, and the responsibility of the licensees to protect individual nuclear facilities, before reaching consensus on a reasonable approach to security in the April 29, 2003 DBT orders. After gaining experience under these orders over the past two years, the Commission believes that the attributes of the orders should be generically imposed on certain classes of licensees. The Commission's decision was based on the analysis of intelligence information regarding the trends and capabilities of the potential adversaries and discussions with Federal, law enforcement, and intelligence community agencies. These enhanced adversary characteristics are reflective of the new threat environment. In general terms, DBTs are comprised of attributes selected from the overall threat environment. The ACDs set forth the specific details of the attributes of the DBTs. The DBT technical basis document contains a basis for the specific adversary characteristics. These supplemental documents contain safeguards and classified information that is distributed only to persons with authorized access and on a need-to-know basis. The NRC's DBT takes into consideration actual demonstrated adversary characteristics as well as pertinent intelligence information applicable to domestic threats and a determination as to those characteristics against which a private security force could reasonably be expected to provide protection. The April 29, 2003 DBT orders required nuclear power reactors and Category I fuel cycle licensees to revise their physical security plans, security personnel training and qualification plans, and safeguards contingency plans to defend against the supplemental DBT requirements. The orders required licensees to make security enhancements such as increased patrols; augmented security forces and capabilities; additional security posts; additional physical barriers; vehicle checks at greater standoff distances; better coordination with law enforcement and military authorities; augmented security and emergency response training, equipment, and communication; and more restrictive site access controls for personnel, including expanded, expedited, and more thorough initial and follow-on screening of temporary and permanent workers. The NRC has reviewed and approved the revised security plans that were developed and submitted by power reactor and Category I fuel facility licensees in response to the April 29, 2003 orders. II. Rulemaking Initiation On July 19, 2004, the staff issued a memorandum entitled “Status of Security-Related Rulemaking” to inform the Commission of plans to close two longstanding security-related actions and replace them with a comprehensive rulemaking plan to modify physical protection requirements for power reactors. This memorandum described rulemaking efforts that were preempted by the terrorist activities of September 11, 2001, and summarized the security-related actions taken following the attack. In response to this memorandum, the Commission directed the staff in an August 23, 2004, Staff Requirements Memorandum (SRM), to forego the development of a rulemaking plan and provide a schedule for the completion of 10 CFR 73.1, 73.55, and Part 73 Appendix B rulemakings. The requested schedule was provided to the Commission by memorandum dated November 16, 2004. III. Proposed Regulations The principal objectives of the proposed rule are, among other things, to make generically applicable the security requirements previously imposed by the Commission's April 29, 2003 DBT orders, and to define in NRC regulations the level of security necessary to ensure adequate protection of the public health and safety and common defense and security. The Commission continues to consider many factors in developing the proposed DBT and other security requirements. As directed by Congress under section 651(a) of the recently enacted Energy Policy Act of 2005, the NRC is giving consideration to the following 12 factors as part of this rulemaking to revise the design basis threats: 1. The events of September 11, 2001; 2. An assessment of physical, cyber, biochemical, and other terrorist threats; 3. The potential for attack on facilities by multiple coordinated teams of a large number of individuals; 4. The potential for assistance in an attack from several persons employed at the facility; 5. The potential for suicide attacks; 6. The potential for water-based and air-based threats; 
                    ( print page 67382) 7. The potential use of explosive devices of considerable size and other modern weaponry; 8. The potential for attacks by persons with a sophisticated knowledge of facility operations; 9. The potential for fires, especially fires of long duration; 10. The potential for attacks on spent fuel shipments by multiple coordinated teams of a large number of individuals; [1] 11. The adequacy of planning to protect the public health and safety at and around nuclear facilities, as appropriate, in the event of a terrorist attack against a nuclear facility; and 12. The potential for theft and diversion of nuclear material from such facilities. A number of these factors are already reflected in the text of the proposed rule. For example, the proposed rule would require protection against suicidal attackers, insiders, and waterborne threats. Some of these factors are not included in the proposed rule. For example, there is no provision in the proposed DBT rule for an attribute of air-based threats. The Commission invites and looks forward to public comment on the proposed rule provisions, as well as whether or how the 12 factors should be addressed in the DBT rule. The Commission will further consider and resolve any comments received in the final rule. The proposed rule would also revise certain exemptions for independent spent fuel storage installations (ISFSIs). The current DBT rule exempts ISFSIs from the land vehicle transport and land vehicle bomb threats contained in §§ 73.1(a)(1)(i)(E) and (a)(1)(iii), respectively. These exemptions should no longer be retained because the Commission issued orders to ISFSIs on October 16, 2002, requiring ISFSIs to protect against these threats. The NRC evaluated the need to apply waterborne requirements to ISFSIs and concluded that other means in the proposed rule were sufficiently protective to preclude the need for specific requirements regarding waterborne threats. Consequently, an exemption from the waterborne threat has been added for ISFSIs in this proposed rule. The proposed rule would also amend the exemption in the current § 73.1(a) for licensees subject to the provisions of § 73.20. The current rule exempts these licensees from the requirements to protect against vehicles transporting adversary personnel and equipment and the land vehicle bomb. The Commission has determined, however, that due to the current threat environment certain licensees subject to § 73.20 (Category I fuel cycle facilities) need to protect against such threats, so the exemption must be amended accordingly. The amended exemption would continue for other licensees described in 10 CFR 73.20 (e.g., fuel reprocessing plants licensed under Part 50). The approach proposed in this rulemaking maintains a level of detail in the § 73.1(a) rule language that is generally comparable to the current regulation, while updating the general DBT attributes in a manner consistent with the insights gained from the application of supplemental security requirements imposed by the April 29, 2003, DBT orders. The result is a proposed rule with a level of detail that reflects all major features of the DBTs, yet avoids compromising licensee security by not publishing the specific tactical and operational capabilities of the DBT adversaries. The goal of this approach is to provide sufficient public notice of the upgrades to the DBTs, including the new modes of attack that facilities must be prepared to defend against, so that meaningful public input is possible regarding the proposed rule's scope and content. The NRC recognizes that some stakeholders may expect more detail than is set forth in the current or proposed DBT regulations. However, the more detail that is made publicly available about the specific capabilities of the DBT adversaries, the greater the chance that potential adversaries could exploit that information. The disclosure of such details as the specific weapons, force size, ammunition, vehicles, and bomb sizes that licensees must be prepared to defend against could substantially assist an adversary in planning an attack. On the other hand, it is important for the public to be informed of the types of attacks against which nuclear power plants and Category I fuel cycle facilities are required to defend. The public has a vital stake in the security of these facilities, as well as the right to meaningful comment when NRC proposes to amend its regulations. Understanding the general scope of the proposed DBT rule is necessary if the public is to exercise its right to meaningful comment and oversight of NRC regulations. After carefully balancing these competing interests, the NRC arrived at the level of detail regarding the attributes of the DBT presented in the proposed rule. More specific details (e.g., specific weapons, ammunition, etc.) are consolidated in ACDs, which contain classified or safeguards information. The technical bases for the ACDs are derived largely from intelligence information, and also contain classified and safeguards information that cannot be publicly disclosed. These documents must be withheld from public disclosure and made available only on a need-to-know basis to those who otherwise qualify for access. The ACDs may be updated from time to time as a result of the NRC's periodic threat reviews, which NRC has been conducting since 1979. Those threat assessments are performed in conjunction with the intelligence and law enforcement communities to identify changes in the threat environment which may in turn require adjustment of NRC security requirements. Future revisions to the ACDs would not require changes to the DBT regulations in § 73.1, provided the changes remain within the scope of the rule text. The NRC consulted with Federal, State, and local agencies, and with industry stakeholders in developing the updated DBTs. This consultation involved analysis of intelligence information regarding the trends and capabilities of potential adversaries, and discussion with Federal, law enforcement, and intelligence community agencies. Public comments and suggestions received in response to PRM-73-12, also informed the NRC's development of this proposed rule. The resolution of PRM-73-12, which is being granted in part through this rulemaking, is more fully discussed in Section V of this notice. The Commission concludes that the proposed amendments to § 73.1 will continue to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety and the common defense and security by requiring the secure use and management of radioactive materials. The revised DBTs represent the largest threats against which private sector facilities must be able to defend with high assurance. The proposed amendments to § 73.1 reflect requirements currently in place under existing NRC regulations and orders. 
                    ( print page 67383) IV. Section-by-Section Analysis The following table provides a comparison between the proposed rule text and the current rule text. Old
New
Change(a) Purpose. This part prescribes requirements for the establishment and maintenance of a physical protection system which will have capabilities for the protection of special nuclear material at fixed sites and in transit and of plants in which special nuclear materials used. The following design basis threats, where referenced in ensuing sections of this part, shall be used to design safeguards systems to protect against acts of radiological sabotage and to prevent the theft of special nuclear material. Licensees subject to the provision of § 72.182, § 72.212, § 72.20, § 73.50, and § 73.60 are exempt from § 73.1(a)(1)(i)(E) and § 73.1(a)(1)(iii).
(a) Purpose. This part prescribes requirements for the establishment and maintenance of a physical protection system which will have capabilities for the protection of special nuclear material at fixed sites and in transit and of plants in which special nuclear material is used. The following design basis threats, where referenced in ensuing sections of this part, shall be used to design safeguards systems to protect against acts of radiological sabotage and to prevent the theft or diversion of special nuclear material. Licensees subject to the provisions of § 73.20 (except for fuel cycle licensees authorized under part 70 of this chapter to received, acquire, possess, transfer, use, or deliver for transportation formula quantities of strategic special nuclear material), § 73.50, and § 73.60 are exempt from § 73.1(a)(1)(i)(E), § 73.1(a)(1)(iii), § 73.1(a)(1)(iv), § 73.1(a)(2)(iii) and § 73.1(a)(2)(iv). Licensees subject to the provisions of § 72.212, are exempt from § 73.1(a)(1)(iv).
The proposed paragraph is modified to clarify that the DBTs are designed to protect against diversion in addition to theft of special nuclear material. 
                             The proposed exemptions would be updated based on the order requirements and conforming changes to other paragraphs of this part.(1) Radiological sabotage. (i) A determined violent external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions, of several persons with the following attributes, assistance and equipment:
(1) Radioloigcal sabotage. (i) A determined violence external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions, including diversionary actions, by an adversary force capable of operating as one or more teams, attacking from one or more entry points, with the following attributes, assistance and equipment:
The proposed paragraph adds new capabilities to the DBT including operation as one or more teams and attack from multiple entry points.(1)(i)(A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals,
(1)(i)(A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals, willing to kill or be killed, with sufficient knowledge to identify specific equipment or locations necessary for a successful attack,
The proposed paragraph would add to the DBT adversaries who are willing to kill or be killed and are knowledgeable about specific target selection.(1)(i)(B) inside assistance which may include a knowledgeable individual who attempts to participate in a passive role (e.g., provide information), an active role (e.g., facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack), or both,
(1)(i)(B) active (e.g., facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack) or passive (e.g., provide information), or both, knowledgeable inside assistance. The reference to an individual would be removed and the paragraph reworded to provide flexibility in defining the scope of the inside threat.(1)(i)(C) suitable weapons, up to and including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long range accuracy,
(1)(i)(C) suitable weapons, including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long range accuracy,
The phrase “up to and including” was changed to “including” to provide flexibility in defining the range of weapons licensees must be able to defend against.(1)(i)(D) hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safeguards systems, and
(1)(i)(D) hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safeguards systems, and
This description is not revised by the proposed rule.(1)(i)(E) a four-wheel drive land vehicle used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment to the proximity of vital areas, and
(1)(i)(E) land and water vehicles, which could be used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment to the proximity of vital areas, and
The scope of vehicles licensees must defend against would be expanded to include water vehicles and a range of land vehicles beyond four-wheel drive vehicles.(1)(ii) An internal threat of an insider, including an employee (in any position), and
(1)(ii) An internal threat, and
The current rule describes the internal threat as a threat posed by an individual. The language would be revised to provide flexibility in defining the scope of the internal threat without adding details that may be useful to an adversary.( print page 67384)(1)(iii) A four-wheel drive land vehicle bomb.
(1)(iii) A land vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault, and
The proposed paragraph would be updated to reflect that licensees are required to protect against a wide range of land vehicles. A new mode of attack not previously part of the DBT would be added indicating that adversaries may coordinate a vehicle bomb assault with another external assault.None
(1)(iv) A waterborne vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault.
The proposed paragraph would add a new mode of attack not previously part of the DBT, that being a waterborne vehicle bomb assault. This paragraph also adds a coordinated attack concept.(2) Theft or diversion of formula quantities of strategic special nuclear material. (i) A determined, violent, external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions by a small group with the following attributes, assistance, and equipment:
(2) Theft or diversion of formula quantities of strategic special nuclear material. (i) A determined violent external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions, including diversionary actions, by an adversary force capable of operating as one or more teams, attacking from one or more entry points, with the following attributes, assistance and equipment:
The proposed paragraph would add new adversary capabilities to the DBT including operation as one or more teams and attack from multiple entry points.(2)(i)(A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals;
(2)(i)(A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals, willing to kill or be killed, with sufficient knowledge to identify specific equipment or locations necessary for a successful attack;
The proposed paragraph would add to the DBT adversaries who are willing to kill or be killed and are knowledgeable about specific target selection.(2)(i)(B) Inside assistance that may include a knowledgeable individual who attempts to participate in a passive role (e.g., provide information), an active role (e.g., facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack), or both;
(2)(i)(B) Active (e.g., facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack) or passive (e.g., provide information), or both, knowledgeable inside assistance,
The reference to an individual would be removed and the paragraph reworded to provide flexibility in defining the scope of the inside threat.(2)(i)(C) Suitable weapons, up to and including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long-range accuracy;
(2)(i)(C) Suitable weapons, including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long-range accuracy;
The phrase “up to and including” was changed to “including” to provide flexibility in defining the range of weapons licensees must be able to defend against.(2)(i)(D) Hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safeguards system;
(2)(i)(D) Hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safeguards system;
This description is not revised by the proposed rule.(2)(i)(E) Land vehicles used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment; and
(2)(i)(E) Land and water vehicles, which could be used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment; and
The scope of vehicles licensees must defend against would be expanded to include water vehicles and a range of land vehicles beyond four-wheel drive vehicles.(2)(i)(F) the ability to operate as two or more teams.
Deleted
This requirement would be included in § 73.1(a)(2)(i).(2)(ii) An individual, including an employee (in any position), and 
                             (2)(iii) A conspiracy between individuals in any position who may have:  
                             (A) Access to and detailed knowledge of nuclear power plants or the facilities referred to in § 73.20(a), or  
                             (B) items that could facilitate theft of special nuclear material (e.g., small tools, substitute material, false documents, etc.), or both.
(2)(ii) An internal threat, and
The current rule describes the internal threat as a threat posed by an individual. The language would be revised to provide flexibility in defining the scope of the internal threat without adding details that may be useful to an adversary.None
(2)(iii) A land vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault, and
The proposed paragraph would be updated to reflect that licensees are required to protect against a wide range of land vehicles. A new mode of attack not previously part of the DBT would be added indicating that adversaries may coordinate a vehicle bomb assault with another external assault.None
(2)(iv) A waterborne vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault.
The proposed paragraph would add a new mode of attack not previously part of the DBT, that being a waterborne vehicle bomb assault. This coordinated attack concept is another upgrade to the current regulation.
 
 
 Additional guidance concerning the adversary characteristics is located in the corresponding draft regulatory guides (radiological sabotage in DG-5017 and theft and diversion in DG-5018). These draft RGs contain either safeguards or classified information and are not publicly available. V. Petition for Rulemaking (PRM-73-12) As discussed above in this notice, the NRC staff reviewed PRM-73-12 to determine whether the regulations in Part 73 regarding the DBT should be amended in response to requests in PRM-73-12 and public comments received on the petition. PRM-73-12 was filed by the Committee to Bridge the Gap on July 23, 2004. The petition requests that the NRC amend its regulations to revise the DBT regulations (in terms of the numbers, teams, capabilities, planning, willingness to die and other characteristics of adversaries) to a level that encompasses, with a sufficient margin of safety, the terrorist capabilities evidenced by the attacks of September 11, 2001. The petition also requests that security plans, systems, inspections, and force-on-force exercises be revised in accordance with the amended DBT. Finally, the petition requests a requirement be added to Part 73 to construct shields against air attack (the shields are referred to as “beamhenge”) which the petition asserts would enable nuclear power plants to withstand an air attack from a jumbo jet. PRM-73-12 was published for public comment in the 
                    **Federal Register**
                     on November 8, 2004 (69 FR 64690). The public comment period expired on January 24, 2005. There were 845 comments submitted on PRM-73-12, of which 528 were form letters. Many of the comments were submitted after the comment period expired; however, the staff reviewed and considered all of the comments. Comments were received from nine state attorneys general, approximately 20 public interest groups, a U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts, and six industry groups and licensees. In addition, two U.S. Senators and a U.S. Representative (all from New Jersey) requested an extension to the comment period. The bulk of the comments either supported the petition, requested a stronger DBT, or requested that NRC give consideration to the petition. All the comments from industry and licensees opposed the petition and indicated that the supplemental DBT requirements imposed (by order) to date were adequate. Based on a review of PRM-73-12 public comments, the NRC staff prepared a summary of those comments in the PRM-73-12 comment summary table (ML053040061). The table does not list each individual comment. The staff has grouped the comments by topic and provided the NRC's response. A review of the table shows that although there were a large number of comments, the comments fell into a relatively small number of topics. The table contains the NRC's responses to the issues raised by public comments, but the responses to comments do not include a detailed comparison of the differences between the current DBT requirements (as imposed by the April 29, 2003 orders) and the requests in PRM-73-12. Such a comparison could compromise security. The NRC's post-September 11, 2001, review of security requirements encompassed all the issues raised by the petitioner, and a number of the petitioner's requested changes to the DBT have been incorporated into the proposed DBT amendments as discussed below. The NRC is partially granting PRM-73-12 by conducting this proposed rulemaking to revise the DBT requirements in § 73.1(a). Some of the requested changes in PRM-73-12 are reflected in the proposed rule text. These changes include the proposed requirements in §§ 73.1(a)(1)(i) and (a)(2)(i) that licensees be required to protect against one or more teams of adversaries operating from multiple entry points. PRM-73-12 also requested that the DBT regulation make clear that adversaries are willing to kill and be killed. This change is reflected in proposed §§ 73.1(a)(1)(i)(A) and (a)(2)(i)(A). The proposed rule would also require licensees to protect against waterborne threats, a wider range of land vehicles, and coordinated attacks. All of these features of the proposed rule grant requests made in PRM-73-12. The NRC intends to defer action on the other requests in PRM-73-12, specifically those aspects of PRM 73-12 which deal with the defense of nuclear power plants against aircraft, and to address those issues as part of the final action on this proposed rule. Federal and other governmental efforts to protect the nation from terrorist attacks by air have increased substantially since September 11, 2001. Those efforts already include a variety of measures such as enhanced airline passenger and baggage screening, strengthened cockpit doors, and the federal Air Marshals program. Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies have increased efforts to identify potential aircraft-related threats before they can be carried out. Such improvements have already been exercised by the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration through responses to airspace violations near nuclear power plants that were subsequently determined not to be threats. These and other government-wide efforts have improved protection against air attacks on all industrial facilities, both nuclear and non-nuclear. Following the September 11, 2001, attacks in New York, the Pentagon, and Pennsylvania, the NRC conducted assessments of the potential for and consequences of terrorists targeting a nuclear power plant for aircraft attack, the physical effects of such a strike, and compounding factors such as meteorology that would affect the impact of potential radioactive releases. Furthermore, the NRC required existing nuclear power plant licensees to develop and implement strategies to mitigate potential consequences in the unlikely event of an attack, including an aircraft crash into a nuclear power plant. For new nuclear power plants, the opportunity exists to develop designs that provide for enhanced protection against potential threats. The NRC staff will continue to review intelligence and threat reporting to recommend any appropriate modifications to the DBT or NRC requirements to mitigate air attacks. PRM-73-12 also requests that nuclear power plants be required to defend against more than the number of attackers that carried out the September 11, 2001 attacks, and identifies specific weapons that nuclear power plants should be able to defend against. The Commission cannot comment publicly on the precise numbers of attackers or types of weapons that nuclear power plants are required to defend against under the proposed DBTs and ACDs for reasons stated earlier in this notice. However, the Commission has conducted a thorough review of security to continue to ensure that nuclear power plants and other licensed facilities have effective defensive capabilities and security measures in place given the changing threat environment. An important part of this review was the consideration of a terrorist attack similar to that which occurred on September 11, 2001. However, the DBT is based upon review and analysis of actual demonstrated adversary characteristics in a range of terrorist attacks, and a determination as to the attacks against which a private security force could reasonably be expected to defend.
                    ( print page 67386) In summary, the NRC grants PRM-73-12 in part by conducting this proposed rulemaking to revise the DBT requirements in § 73.1(a) to reflect certain specific requested changes contained in PRM-73-12 in the proposed rule text, and is deferring action on other requests in PRM-73-12, specifically those aspects of PRM-73-12 which deal with air-based attacks. VI. Guidance The NRC staff is preparing new regulatory guides, as listed below, to provide detailed guidance on the revised DBT requirements in proposed § 73.1. These guides are intended to assist current licensees in ensuring that their security plans meet requirements in the proposed rule, as well as future license applicants in the development of their security programs and plans. The new guidance incorporates the insights gained from applying the earlier guidance that was used to develop, review, and approve the site security plans that licensees put in place in response to the April 2003 orders. As such, this regulatory guidance is expected to be consistent with revised security measures at current licensees. The publication of the regulatory guides is planned to coincide with the publication of the final rule. The guides are described below. 1. Draft Regulatory Guide (DG-5017), “Guidance for the Implementation of the Radiological Sabotage Design-Basis Threat (Safeguards).” This regulatory guide will provide guidance to the industry on the radiological sabotage DBT. DG-5017 contains safeguards information and, therefore, is being withheld from public disclosure and distributed on a need-to-know basis to those who otherwise qualify for access. 2. Draft Regulatory Guide (DG-5018), “Guidance for the Implementation of the Theft and Diversion Design-Basis Threat (Classified).” This regulatory guide will provide guidance to the industry on the theft or diversion DBT. DG-5018 contains classified information and, therefore, is withheld from public disclosure and distributed only on a need to know basis to those who otherwise qualify for access. VII. Criminal Penalties For the purposes of Section 223 of the Atomic Energy Act, as amended, the Commission is issuing the proposed rule to revise § 73.1 under one or more sections of 161 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (AEA). Criminal penalties, as they apply to regulations in Part 73 are discussed in § 73.81. VIII. Compatibility of Agreement State Regulations Under the “Policy Statement on Adequacy and Compatibility of Agreement States Programs,” approved by the Commission on June 20, 1997, and published in the 
                    **Federal Register**
                     (62 FR 46517; September 3, 1997), this rule is classified as compatibility “NRC.” Compatibility is not required for Category “NRC” regulations. The NRC program elements in this category are those that relate directly to areas of regulation reserved to the NRC by the AEA or the provisions of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, and although an Agreement State may not adopt program elements reserved to NRC, it may wish to inform its licensees of certain requirements via a mechanism that is consistent with the particular State's administrative procedure laws, but does not confer regulatory authority on the State. IX. Availability of Documents Some documents discussed in this rule are not available to the public. The following table indicates which documents are available to the public and how they may be obtained. *Public Document Room (PDR)*. The NRC Public Document Room is located at 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852. *Rulemaking Web site (Web)*. The NRC's interactive rulemaking Web site is located at 
                    *http://ruleforum.llnl.gov*. These documents may be viewed and downloaded electronically via this Web site. *NRC's Electronic Reading Room (ERR)*. The NRC's electronic reading room is located at 
                    *http://www.nrc.gov/​reading-rm.html.* X
Document
PDR
Web
ERREnvironmental Assessment
X
X
ML053040039Regulatory Analysis
X
X
ML053040013Public Comments on PRM-73-12
X
X
ML053040061Radiological Sabotage Adversary Characteristics document
no
no
noTheft and Diversion Adversary Characteristics document
no
no
noTechnical Basis Document
no
no
noDraft RG DG-5017 on Radiological Sabotage
no
no
noDraft RG DG-5018 on Theft or Diversion
no
no
noMemorandum: Status of Security-Related Rulemaking
X
X
ML041180532Commission SRM dated August 23, 2004
X
X
ML042360548Memorandum: Schedule for Part 73 Rulemakings
X
X
ML043060572Letter to Petitioner
X
X
ML052920150Commission SRM dated October 27, 2005
X
X
ML053000448
 X. Plain Language The Presidential memorandum dated June 1, 1998, entitled “Plain Language in Government Writing,” published on June 10, 1998 (63 FR 31883) directed that the Government's documents be in plain, clear, and accessible language. The NRC requests comments on the proposed rule specifically with respect to the clarity and effectiveness of the language used. Comments should be sent to the NRC as explained in the 
                    **ADDRESSES**
                     caption of this notice. XI. Voluntary Consensus Standards The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995, Pub. L. 104-113, requires that Federal agencies use technical standards that are developed or adopted by voluntary consensus standards bodies unless using such a standard is inconsistent with applicable law or is otherwise impractical. The NRC is not aware of any voluntary consensus standard that could be used instead of the proposed Government-unique standards. The NRC will consider using a voluntary consensus standard if an appropriate standard is identified. XII. Finding of No Significant Environmental Impact: Environmental Assessment: Availability The Commission has determined under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended, and the Commission's regulations in Subpart A of 10 CFR Part 51, that this rule, if adopted, would not be a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality 
                    ( print page 67387)
                    of the human environment and, therefore, an environmental impact statement is not required. The determination of this environmental assessment is that there will be no significant offsite impact to the public from this action. However, the general public should note that the NRC is seeking public participation; availability of the environmental assessment is provided in Section IX. Comments on any aspect of the environmental assessment may be submitted to the NRC as indicated under the 
                    **ADDRESSES**
                     heading. The NRC has sent a copy of the environmental assessment and this proposed rule to every State Liaison Officer and requested their comments on the environmental assessment. XIII. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement This proposed rule does not contain new or amended information collection requirements subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 
                    *et seq.*). Existing requirements were approved by the Office of Management and Budget, approval number 3150-0002. Public Protection Notification The NRC may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a request for information or an information collection requirement unless the requesting document displays a currently valid OMB control number. XIV. Regulatory Analysis The Commission has prepared a draft regulatory analysis on this proposed regulation. The analysis examines the costs and benefits of the alternatives considered by the Commission. The Commission requests public comment on the draft regulatory analysis. Availability of the regulatory analysis is provided in Section IX. Comments on the draft analysis may be submitted to the NRC as indicated under the 
                    **ADDRESSES**
                     heading. XV. Regulatory Flexibility Certification In accordance with the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 605(b)), the Commission certifies that this rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This proposed rule affects only the licensing and operation of nuclear power plants and Category I fuel cycle facilities. The companies that own these plants do not fall within the scope of the definition of “small entities” set forth in the Regulatory Flexibility Act or the size standards established by the NRC (10 CFR 2.810). XVI. Backfit Analysis The NRC has determined, pursuant to the exception in 10 CFR 50.109(a)(4)(iii), that a backfit analysis is unnecessary for this proposed rule. Section 50.109 states in pertinent part that a backfit analysis is not required if the Commission finds and declares with appropriate documented evaluation for its finding that a “regulatory action involves defining or redefining what level of protection to the public health and safety or common defense and security should be regarded as adequate.” The proposed rule would increase the security requirements currently prescribed in NRC regulations, and is necessary to protect nuclear facilities against potential terrorists. When the Commission imposed security enhancements by order in April 2003, it did so in response to an escalated domestic threat level. Since that time, the Commission has continued to monitor intelligence reports regarding plausible threats from terrorists currently facing the U.S. The Commission has also gained experience from implementing the order requirements and reviewing revised licensee security plans. The Commission has considered all of this information and finds that the security requirements previously imposed by DBT orders, which applied only to existing licensees, should be made generically applicable. The Commission further finds that the proposed rule would redefine the security requirements stated in existing NRC regulations, and is necessary to ensure that the public health and safety and common defense and security are adequately protected in the current, post-September 11, 2001, environment. List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 73 Criminal penalties
Export
Hazardous materials transportation
Import
Nuclear materials
Nuclear power plants and reactors
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements
Security measures
 For the reasons set out in the preamble and under the authority of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended; the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, as amended; and 5 U.S.C. 553, the NRC is proposing to adopt the following amendments to 10 CFR Part 73. PART 73—PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF PLANTS AND MATERIALS 1. The authority citation for part 73 continues to read as follows: Authority:
                        Secs. 53, 161, 68 Stat. 930, 948, as amended, sec. 147, 94 Stat. 780 (42 U.S.C. 2073, 2167, 2201); sec. 201, as amended, 204, 88 Stat. 1242, as amended, 1245, sec. 1701, 106 Stat. 2951, 2952, 2953 (42 U.S.C. 5841, 5844, 2297f); sec. 1704, 112 Stat. 2750 (44 U.S.C. 3504 note). Section 73.1 also issued under secs. 135, 141, Pub. L. 97-425, 96 Stat. 2232, 2241 (42 U.S.C, 10155, 10161). Section 73.37(f) also issued under sec. 301, Pub. L. 96-295, 94 Stat. 789 (42 U.S.C. 5841 note). Section 73.57 is issued under sec. 606, Pub. L. 99-399, 100 Stat. 876 (42 U.S.C. 2169). 2. In § 73.1, paragraph (a) is revised to read as follows: § 73.1
  *(a) Purpose.*
                             This part prescribes requirements for the establishment and maintenance of a physical protection system which will have capabilities for the protection of special nuclear material at fixed sites and in transit and of plants in which special nuclear material is used. The following design basis threats, where referenced in ensuing sections of this part, shall be used to design safeguards systems to protect against acts of radiological sabotage and to prevent the theft or diversion of special nuclear material. Licensees subject to the provisions of § 73.20 (except for fuel cycle licensees authorized under Part 70 of this chapter to receive, acquire, possess, transfer, use, or deliver for transportation formula quantities of strategic special nuclear material), § 73.50, and § 73.60 are exempt from § 73.1(a)(1)(i)(E), § 73.1(a)(1)(iii), § 73.1(a)(1)(iv), § 73.1(a)(2)(iii), and § 73.1(a)(2)(iv). Licensees subject to the provisions of § 72.212 are exempt from § 73.1(a)(1)(iv). (1) 
                            *Radiological sabotage.*
                             (i) A determined violent external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions, including diversionary actions, by an adversary force capable of operating as one or more teams, attacking from one or more entry points, with the following attributes, assistance and equipment: (A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals, willing to kill or be killed, with sufficient knowledge to identify specific equipment or locations necessary for a successful attack, (B) Active (
                            *e.g.*, facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack) or passive (
                            *e.g.*, provide information), or both, knowledgeable inside assistance, (C) Suitable weapons, including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long range accuracy, (D) Hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and 
                            ( print page 67388)
                            explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safeguards system, and (E) Land and water vehicles, which could be used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment to the proximity of vital areas, and (ii) An internal threat, and (iii) A land vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault, and (iv) A waterborne vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault. (2) 
                            *Theft or diversion of formula quantities of strategic special nuclear material.*
                             (i) A determined violent external assault, attack by stealth, or deceptive actions, including diversionary actions, by an adversary force capable of operating as one or more teams, attacking from one or more entry points, with the following attributes, assistance and equipment: (A) Well-trained (including military training and skills) and dedicated individuals, willing to kill or be killed, with sufficient knowledge to identify specific equipment or locations necessary for a successful attack; (B) Active (
                            *e.g.*, facilitate entrance and exit, disable alarms and communications, participate in violent attack) or passive (
                            *e.g.*, provide information), or both, knowledgeable inside assistance, (C) Suitable weapons, including hand-held automatic weapons, equipped with silencers and having effective long-range accuracy; (D) Hand-carried equipment, including incapacitating agents and explosives for use as tools of entry or for otherwise destroying reactor, facility, transporter, or container integrity or features of the safe-guards system; (E) Land and water vehicles, which could be used for transporting personnel and their hand-carried equipment; and (ii) An internal threat, and (iii) A land vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault, and (iv) A waterborne vehicle bomb assault, which may be coordinated with an external assault.
 Dated at Rockville, Maryland this 2nd day of November, 2005. For the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Annette L. Vietti-Cook, Secretary of the Commission.


# Footnotes

1.
    
                         Transportation of spent nuclear fuel is subject to separate regulatory requirements and public comments will be considered. Back to Citation


[FR Doc. 05-22200 Filed 11-4-05; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 7590-01-P