T.C. Memo. 2014-172

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

MICHAEL SWIGGART, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 6933-12L. Filed August 25, 2014.

Eric William Johnson, for petitioner.

Christina L. Cook and John Schmittdiel, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

BUCH, Judge: This case is before the Court on Mr. Swiggart’s motion

pursuant to Rule 231 for an award of reasonable administrative and litigation

1

Unless otherwise indicated, Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of 1

Practice and Procedure, and all section references are to the Internal Revenue

Code in effect at all relevant times. All amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.
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[*2] costs under section 7430. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that

Mr. Swiggart is entitled to administrative and litigation costs of $3,256.50. 

Background

On May 19, 2011, Mr. Swiggart filed a 2010 Form 1040, U.S. Individual

Income Tax Return. Mr. Swiggart claimed head of household filing status,

reported tax due of $15,766, and reported tax withheld of $13,617. Mr. Swiggart

did not pay the remaining $2,149. Moreover, Mr. Swiggart did not report the

name of the dependent who qualified him for the head of household filing status

because he had agreed to allow the child’s mother to claim the dependency

exemption deduction for the child for 2010. 

On June 20, 2011, the IRS issued a math error notice to Mr. Swiggart,

stating that the IRS had changed his filing status because the name of the

dependent who qualified him for head of household filing status was not reported

on his tax return. As a result, the IRS recalculated Mr. Swiggart’s tax using a

filing status of single and determined that Mr. Swiggart instead owed $4,354, an

increase of $2,205 to the amount Mr. Swiggart had reported as due on his return.

2

Of the $2,205, $2,142 is attributable solely to the change in filing status; 2

the remainder consists of a section 6651(a)(2) addition to tax and interest. 
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[*3] In the notice, the IRS stated: “If you contact us in writing within 60 days of

the date of this notice, we will reverse the change we made to your account.”

Sixteen days later, on July 6, 2011, the IRS issued a Final Notice of Intent to

Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing, seeking to collect the amount from

the math error notice plus penalties and interest.

On August 5, 2011, 46 days after the IRS issued the math error notice, Mr.

Swiggart’s counsel, Mr. Johnson, mailed a request for abatement by certified mail

to the address listed on the math error notice. Also on August 5, 2011, Mr.

Johnson mailed a Form 12153, Request for a Collection Due Process or

Equivalent Hearing, by certified mail to the “person to contact” listed on the notice

of intent to levy. Mr. Johnson attached a supporting statement to the request for a

hearing listing the reasons he believed Mr. Swiggart was entitled to head of

household filing status, stating why he believed the IRS’ change in Mr. Swiggart’s

filing status was not a proper mathematical or clerical error under section

6213(g)(2), and stating that he had timely requested abatement under section

6213(b)(2)(A).

On September 15, 2011, respondent issued Mr. Swiggart a letter stating that

the IRS was unable to process his claim for abatement because his supporting

information was not complete and the additional information Mr. Swiggart
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[*4] provided did not give the IRS a basis to change the assessment. On October 3

24, 2011, Mr. Johnson contacted the settlement officer assigned to the CDP

hearing by letter informing him that the request for abatement had been denied

despite his timely request and again requesting that the assessment be abated and

that deficiency procedures be followed.

During the CDP hearing Mr. Swiggart provided a signed affidavit dated

September 13, 2011, identifying his child by name and Social Security number and

stating that his child spent the greater number of nights in 2010 with him but that

he had an agreement with the child’s mother to waive the dependency exemption

deduction for certain years, including 2010. The settlement officer agreed that

claiming the child as a dependent was not required to qualify as a head of

household, but the settlement officer also concluded that he could not abate the tax

attributable to the change in filing status until Mr. Swiggart provided additional

documents showing that the child had lived with him for more than half of the

There are some inconsistencies in this letter. The letter states that Mr. 3

Swiggart’s claim was received on May 19, 2011 (the date of the return), but also

states that there was a claim on August 16, 2011. The letter also states that Mr.

Swiggart submitted an amended return, an allegation that neither party made to

this Court and that is not supported by the record. Further, the letter states that the

IRS has no record that Mr. Johnson was authorized to represent Mr. Swiggart in

his request for abatement, but the letter was in fact sent in care of Mr. Johnson at

Mr. Johnson’s address.
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[*5] year. On February 8, 2012, IRS issued a notice of determination sustaining

the proposed levy because Mr. Swiggart had not proven that he was entitled to

head of household filing status and because he had not proposed a collection

alternative or provided financial information showing whether he was eligible for

a collection alternative.4

Mr. Swiggart, residing in Minnesota at the time, timely filed a petition

disputing the notice of determination and asserting that the assessment respondent

attempted to collect was invalid as to the portion relating to his filing status. Mr.

Swiggart asserted that the change in filing status was not properly subject to a

math error notice, that he had timely requested abatement, that the IRS had

erroneously concluded that he was required to prove his entitlement to the filing

status before abatement, and that respondent had erroneously determined the

There are also inconsistencies in this letter. The notice of determination

4

states that Mr. Swiggart raised and disputed the head of household filing status but

also states that he made no challenges to the existence or the amount of the

underlying liability. The notice of determination states both that the hearing

occurred on January 11, 2012, with Mr. Johnson and that it occurred on January

17, 2012, with a representative named Nicole McGuire. It is clear portions of the

notice of determination relate to another taxpayer’s hearing with a different

representative.
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[*6] assessment was valid. Respondent’s answer alleges that “the settlement

officer provided the opportunity to contest liability which would cure any

procedural issues” Mr. Swiggart raised.

On November 19, 2012, Mr. Swiggart filed a motion for summary

judgment, requesting the Court to conclude that the portion of the assessment

attributable to the change in filing status is void and that respondent may not levy

to collect that portion. Mr. Swiggart did not dispute the portion of the assessment

5

attributable to the amount reported as due but unpaid with his return. On

December 11, 2012, respondent filed an objection to Mr. Swiggart’s motion for

summary judgment, stating that he did not object to abating the portion of the

assessment attributable to the change in filing status but did object to abating the

portion Mr. Swiggart reported as due on his return, which he acknowledged Mr.

Swiggart was not disputing. On March 8, 2013, respondent filed a supplement to

his notice of objection, informing the Court that he agreed that Mr. Swiggart’s

motion for summary judgment should be granted only in part, as to the portion of

the assessment attributable to the change in filing status. Respondent also stated

in his supplement that the abatement had been approved but had not yet appeared

The record is not clear as to whether there were two separate assessments 5

or one assessment consisting of both the amount reported as due but unpaid with

the return and the amount attributable to the change in filing status.
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[*7] on the certificate of assessment; respondent included a separate document

showing that the abatement of $2,142 had been approved.

At trial on April 23, 2013, the parties filed a stipulation of settled issues. In

the stipulation, the parties agreed that respondent had abated $2,142 of the

assessment without prejudice to his right to reassess the amount using deficiency

procedures and that the collection action is sustained as to the $2,149 that Mr.

Swiggart reported as due but unpaid on his original return, plus penalties and

interest. After trial Mr. Swiggart filed a motion for an award of costs and a

memorandum in support of his motion. Respondent filed a response asserting that

Mr. Swiggart was not the prevailing party and that he is not entitled to attorney’s

fees in excess of the statutory rate.

Discussion

Section 7430(a) allows a taxpayer to recover reasonable administrative and

litigation costs incurred in an administrative or court proceeding brought by or

against the United States in connection with the determination, collection, or

refund of any tax, interest, or penalty. Reasonable administrative costs are the

reasonable and necessary costs incurred by the taxpayer in connection with the

administrative proceeding. They include administrative fees imposed by the

Commissioner, reasonable fees paid or incurred to retain the services of a
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[*8] representative who is licensed to practice before the IRS, reasonable expenses

of expert witnesses, and reasonable costs for any study, analysis, or report that is

necessary to the taxpayer’s case. Similarly, reasonable litigation costs include 6

reasonable court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, reasonable expenses of expert

witnesses, and reasonable costs of any study, analysis, or report necessary to the

taxpayer’s case.7

To recover administrative and litigation costs under section 7430(a), the

taxpayer must satisfy each of the following requirements: (1) the taxpayer must

not have unreasonably protracted the administrative or court proceedings and (2)

the taxpayer must have been the “prevailing party”. In addition, with respect to a 8

request for litigation costs, the taxpayer must also prove that he or she exhausted

all administrative remedies available within the IRS. Mr. Swiggart has the burden 9

of establishing that he satisfied each requirement of section 7430.10

Sec. 7430(c)(2); sec. 301.7430-4(b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. 6

Sec. 7430(c)(1). 7

Sec. 7430(b)(2) and (3), (c)(4)(A). 8

Sec. 7430(b)(1). 9

See Rule 232(e). 10
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[*9] Respondent conceded that Mr. Swiggart exhausted the administrative

remedies available to him within the IRS and that he did not unreasonably protract

the proceedings. Respondent disputes that Mr. Swiggart was the prevailing party.

Prevailing Party

To be a prevailing party, a taxpayer must (1) substantially prevail with

respect to the amount in controversy or the most significant issue or set of issues

presented and (2) meet the timing and net worth requirements of 28 U.S.C.

2412(d)(1)(B) and (2)(B). Respondent concedes Mr. Swiggart meets the net

11

worth requirement, and we conclude he has met the timing and net worth

requirements. Respondent asserts that Mr. Swiggart has not substantially

prevailed with respect to the amount in controversy because he reported a tax due

of $7 more than the portion of the assessment attributable to the change in filing

status. Further, respondent asserts that Mr. Swiggart has not substantially

prevailed as to the most important issue or set of issues because “[t]he most

important issue in any CDP case is the validity of the Service’s collection action.”

Mr. Swiggart has consistently disputed the assessment of the amount

attributable to the unilateral change in filing status, and the only issues presented

to us were the validity of that portion of the assessment and the attempts to collect

Sec. 7430(c)(4)(A). 11
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[*10] based on that assessment. Respondent has conceded that the portion of the

assessment attributable to the change in filing status was invalid and that the

collection action should not be sustained as to that portion of the assessment. Mr.

Swiggart is the prevailing party.

Substantially Justified

A taxpayer will not be treated as the prevailing party if the Commissioner

establishes that the position of the United States was substantially justified. In 12

his response to Mr. Swiggart’s motion for award of costs, respondent did not

assert that the position of the United States was substantially justified, and with

good reason. A position is substantially justified if it has a reasonable basis in

both fact and law and is justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable

person. A significant factor in determining whether the Commissioner’s position

13

is substantially justified as of a given date is whether on or before that date the

taxpayer has presented all of the relevant information that is under the taxpayer’s

Sec. 7430(c)(4)(B)(i); Rule 232(e). 12

See Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988); see also Sher v.

13

Commissioner, 89 T.C. 79, 84 (1987), aff’d, 861 F.2d 131 (5th Cir. 1988).
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[*11] control and has presented relevant legal arguments supporting the taxpayer’s

position.

14

Where a taxpayer seeks both administrative and litigation costs, we apply

the “substantially justified” standard as of the two separate dates on which the

Commissioner took a position, first in the administrative proceeding and later in

the court proceeding. For purposes of the administrative proceeding, the 15

Commissioner’s position is that taken on the date of the notice of decision of the

IRS Office of Appeals. For purposes of the court proceeding, the 16

Commissioner’s position is the position set forth in the answer. Where the 17

Commissioner maintains the same position in both the administrative and court

proceedings, we can consider his administrative and litigation positions together.18

Corson v. Commissioner, 123 T.C. 202, 206-207 (2004); sec. 301.7430-

14

5(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.

Sec. 7430(c)(7)(A) and (B); Maggie Mgmt. Co. v. Commissioner, 108 15

T.C. 430, 442 (1997).

Sec. 301.7430-3(c)(2), Proced. & Admin. Regs. 16

Maggie Mgmt. Co. v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. at 442.

17

Maggie Mgmt. Co. v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. at 442-443; see also Cooley 18

v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-164, slip op. at *18-*19.
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[*12] Under section 6213(b)(2)(A), if a taxpayer filed a request for abatement

within 60 days of the issuance of the math error notice, “the Secretary shall abate

the assessment.” (Emphasis supplied.) Further, any reassessment “shall be subject

to the deficiency procedures”. The parties agree and we find that Mr. Swiggart 19

requested abatement within 60 days of the math error notice when he mailed his

request to the Atlanta, Georgia, IRS address on the notice; therefore, respondent

was required by statute to abate the assessment. Further, Mr. Swiggart provided

20

a copy of the request and relevant legal authority to the Office of Appeals during

the CDP hearing. Mr. Swiggart’s request for abatement was rejected by letter

dated September 15, 2011, from an IRS office in Memphis, Tennessee. That 21

letter stated that the IRS would not abate the assessment because Mr. Swiggart had

failed to prove he was entitled to head of household filing status. Further, the

Sec. 6213(b)(2)(A) (emphasis supplied). 19

Mr. Swiggart also asserted that respondent’s issuance of the notice of levy 20

was in violation of section 6213(b)(2)(B). That section provides that no levy or

proceeding in court for the collection of an assessment arising out of a math error

notice shall be made, begun, or prosecuted during the 60 days within which the

assessment may be abated. However, a “notice of intent to levy is an action other

than a levy”. See Eichler v. Commissioner, 143 T.C. __, __ (slip op. at 14) (July

23, 2014).

It is not clear whether the September 15, 2011, letter was from an Office of

21

Appeals.
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[*13] settlement officer also concluded that Mr. Swiggart was required to prove

his entitlement to that status, despite Mr. Swiggart’s citation of the statute

requiring the assessment to be abated. The settlement officer concluded that the

erroneous assessment was valid and that Mr. Swiggart’s affidavit was insufficient

to prove entitlement to head of household status and sustained the levy. By

statute, the IRS was required to abate the assessment, and requiring Mr. Swiggart

to prove entitlement to head of household status before abating the assessment was

not substantially justified.

In the answer, respondent continued to maintain that the assessment was

valid and that “the settlement officer provided the opportunity to contest liability

which would cure any procedural issues”. In Freijie v. Commissioner, 125 T.C.

14, 32-36 (2005), the Court held that a taxpayer’s opportunity in a section 6330

proceeding to dispute the underlying tax liability does not cure an assessment

made in derogation of his right to a deficiency proceeding. Respondent’s position

in the answer is not substantially justified.

Mr. Swiggart is the prevailing party; therefore, we must determine whether

the attorney’s fees and other costs that he seeks to recover are reasonable.
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[*14] Reasonable Costs

Mr. Swiggart seeks an award for the $60 Tax Court filing fee and legal fees

for 22.6 hours at a $250 hourly rate. Those legal fees include fees related to both

litigation and the administrative proceeding. We address the two separately. 

Litigation costs include those “incurred in connection with the preparation and

filing of a petition”. Mr. Swiggart is entitled to the $60 filing fee. 22 23

Mr. Swiggart claimed 16.85 hours of legal fees attributable to litigation: 9.5

hours in 2012 and 7.35 hours in 2013. We find the amount of time to be

reasonable. Reasonable attorney’s fees may not exceed the rate of $125 per hour

(as adjusted for inflation) unless “a special factor, such as the limited availability

of qualified attorneys for such proceeding, the difficulty of the issues presented in

the case, or the local availability of tax expertise, justifies a higher rate.” Mr. 24

Johnson has not demonstrated that any special factor is applicable, and thus Mr.

Swiggart may recover attorney’s fees only at the inflation-adjusted hourly rate. 

The IRS publishes the inflation-adjusted rate cap on an annual basis. The hourly

See sec. 301.7430-4(c)(3)(i), Proced. & Admin. Regs. 22

See sec. 7430(c)(1)(A); see also Mason v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 23

1998-400.

Sec. 7430(c)(1)(B)(iii). 24
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[*15] rate cap for fees incurred in 2011 and 2012 was $180 per hour. The hourly 25

rate cap for fees incurred in 2013 was $190 per hour. Applying these rates to the

26

reasonable hours set forth above, Mr. Swiggart is entitled to attorney’s fees of

$3,106.50 as a part of his litigation costs.

Mr. Swiggart claimed 5.75 hours of legal fees attributable to administrative

costs: 4.25 hours in 2011 and 1.5 hours in 2012. Reasonable administrative costs

include only those incurred on or after the earliest of: (1) the date of the receipt by

the taxpayer of the notice of the decision of the IRS Office of Appeals; (2) the date

of the notice of deficiency; or (3) the date on which the IRS sends the first letter of

proposed deficiency that allows the taxpayer an opportunity for administrative

review in the IRS Office of Appeals. The math error notice Mr. Swiggart 27

received did not provide the opportunity for administrative review with the Office

of Appeals. Because the IRS did not abate the assessment as required by statute, it

did not issue Mr. Swiggart a letter of proposed deficiency or a notice of

deficiency. Thus, although the IRS’ actions were not substantially justified, their

See Rev. Proc. 2011-52, 2011-45 I.R.B. 701; Rev. Proc. 2010-40, 2010-46 25

I.R.B. 663.

See Rev. Proc. 2012-41, 2012-45 I.R.B. 539.

26

See sec. 7430(c)(2). 27
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[*16] actions prevented the issuance of the very kind of notice that would have

given rise to a claim relating to administrative costs earlier in the administrative

proceeding. 

The earliest letter in the record from the Office of Appeals is the notice of

determination dated February 8, 2012; however, Mr. Swiggart claimed only onehalf hour of attorney’s fees as administrative costs after that date. Mr. Swiggart,

therefore, is entitled to $90 of attorney’s fees as administrative costs. 

Conclusion

Mr. Swiggart was the prevailing party in this case, and the IRS was not

substantially justified in failing to abate the assessment attributable to the change

in filing status. As a result, we will grant Mr. Swiggart’s motion for an award of

reasonable litigation and administrative costs under section 7430 in that he is

awarded $3,256.50.

To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order and decision

will be entered.