# Patent

## Title
Systems, methods, and apparatus to monitor mobile internet activity

## Abstract

Systems, methods, and apparatus to monitor mobile Internet activity are disclosed. An example method comprises receiving a request for Internet content on a port of a proxy, the request originating from a mobile device transmitting requests via a cellular wireless access point; associating the request for Internet content with a mobile device based on the first port; requesting content from an Internet content provider identified in the request for Internet content, the Internet content provider being different than the proxy; and transmitting the content.

## Background
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
This disclosure relates generally to monitoring Internet activity, and, more particularly, to systems, methods, and apparatus to monitor mobile Internet activity.
BACKGROUND
In recent years, methods of accessing Internet content have evolved. For example, Internet content was formerly primarily accessed via computer systems such as desktop and laptop computers. Recently, handheld mobile devices (e.g., smartphones) have been introduced that allow users to request and view Internet content. Typically, but not always, mobile devices request and receive Internet content via a wireless access network such as a cellular network.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system to monitor mobile Internet activity.
FIGS. 2 and 2A are a block diagrams illustrating an example request and response flow through the example system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the example proxy of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example proxy of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions that may be executed to implement the example registrar of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example configuration file that may be generated by the example registrar of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example computer that may execute, for example, the machine-readable instructions of FIGS. 4 and/or 5 to implement the example monitor of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, and/or the example registrar of FIG. 1.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Mobile monitoring companies desire to gain knowledge on how users interact with their handheld mobile devices such as smartphones. In particular, the mobile monitoring companies want to monitor Internet traffic to and/or from the handheld mobile devices to, among other things, monitor exposure to advertisements, determine advertisement effectiveness, determine user behavior, identify purchasing behavior associated with various demographics, etc. Some known systems have utilized a proxy server to monitor Internet content being transmitted to and from the monitored device.
Such known monitoring systems implemented the proxy server as an HTTP proxy that communicated with monitored handheld devices via a single port and required the monitored devices to provide authentication credentials including a username/device name and password that uniquely identified the mobile device involved in this Internet communication. These monitoring systems allowed mobile monitoring companies to associate Internet activity with the mobile device it originated from based on the username and password. Internet activity on handheld mobile devices is not limited to use of browsers (e.g., Apple® Safari®). For example, the Apple® iPhone® and the Apple® iPadTM support many third party applications (sometimes referred to as “Apps”) accessing Internet content to perform a special function. For example, a weather application may request and display HTTP data from www.weather.com. These apps typically do not permit unrestricted browsing from website to website on the Internet (although they may permit movement within a defined set of webpages). Thus, apps typically provide access to a limited set of data on the Internet. In contrast, a browser enables a user to access virtually any publicly available site on the Internet (subject to restrictions such as content blockers) and directly shows the user the contents a website such as www.weather.com.
While some applications accessing Internet content properly respond to proxy requests to provide credentials, many applications, such as the weather application from the previous example, do not presently support proxy authentication and therefore fail to function if a proxy requests credentials. This can be frustrating for panelists and may cause the panelist to abandon participation in the monitoring panel. Furthermore, it is desirable for monitoring entities to monitor Internet activity without affecting the manner in which users behave. Causing application failure due to a monitoring technique is inconsistent with that desire.
To avoid errors inherent in using an authenticated proxy, the example system shown in FIG. 1 employs an un-authenticated proxy. Use of a proxy that does not request authentication credentials (i.e., an un-authenticated proxy), is problematic in that such an approach does not lend itself to user identification, and user identification is necessary to correlate activity behavior with demographics. The example system of FIG. 1 addresses this problem by hosting a unique un-authenticated port for each panelist and/or mobile device and instructing each monitored mobile device to communicate using its uniquely assigned port. This use of multiple ports allows the monitoring entity to uniquely associate the Internet traffic it detects with the panelist and/or mobile device involved in such traffic. While previous monitoring systems hosted a proxy connection on a single port such as port 8080, the proposed monitoring system hosts connections on many available ports (e.g., ports 0 to 65535). Certain ports are omitted from the list of available ports if those ports are associated with other Internet services. For example, ports 0 through 1023 are defined as Well Known Ports by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and are prohibited from use without registration. Thus, Well Known Ports are not used in the example system of FIG. 1.
The example monitoring system of FIG. 1 records the identifications of data that the client devices request and/or receive and/or some or all of the data itself. Identifications of data and/or the data itself (e.g., web content) is collectively referred to herein as “session data.” The session data is recorded in association with the panelist via the port number on which the session data is transmitted. From the recorded session data and the port number, the monitoring system can uniquely identify the site(s) that a particular panelist is visiting and how the panelist interacted with their mobile device, while avoiding interruption of services for the panelist.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example system 100 to monitor mobile Internet activity. The example system monitors Internet traffic to and/or from handheld mobile devices (e.g., a first client device 110 associated with a first panelist 115, a second client device 130 associated with a second panelist 135). The monitored Internet traffic between the monitored devices (e.g., the client device 110, and the client device 130) and Internet sites (illustrating Internet content provider(s) 170) is routed to the example monitoring system 100. As shown in FIG. 1, the traffic passes through a wireless (e.g., cellular) communication system (e.g., an Internet service provider 145 and communicative links 120, 140). The example monitoring system 100 includes a registrar 155, a storage database 160, and a proxy 165.
The example first and second client devices 110, 130 of FIG. 1 are handheld mobile devices. While in the illustrated example the first client device 110 is shown as an Apple® iPhone® and the second client device 130 is shown as a flip phone, any other type of device may be used. For example, other types or phones, a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a netbook, or a tablet computer (e.g., an Apple® iPadTM) may additionally or alternatively be used. The first and second client devices 110, 130 may implement any mobile operating system, and may implement any type of hardware and/or form factor. In the illustrated example, the first and second client devices 110, 130 are mobile devices and communicate via the first and second wireless communication links 120, 140.
The first and second communication links 120, 140 of the illustrated example are cellular communication links. However, any other method and/or system of communication may additionally or alternatively be used such as, for example, an Ethernet connection, a Bluetooth connection, a WiFi connection, etc. Further, the example first and second communication links 120, 140 of FIG. 1 implement a cellular connection via a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). However, any other systems and/or protocols for communications may be used such as, for example, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE), etc. When alternative communication methods and/or systems are used (e.g., WiFi), the topology of the communication system may include a firewall that blocks Internet communications using certain ports. When the port uniquely assigned to a panelist is blocked by the firewall, the client device may fail to operate as expected and/or present error messages to the panelist.
The first and second panelists 115, 135 of the illustrated example are panelists participating in a monitoring service. Although the example system of FIG. 1 is a panelist-based system, non-panelist and/or hybrid panelist systems may alternatively be employed. In the panelist system of the illustrated example, demographic information is obtained from the user when the user joins and/or registers for the panel. The demographic information may be obtained from the user via a telephone interview, by having the user complete an online survey, etc. Additionally or alternatively, panelists may be contacted and/or enlisted using any desired methodology (e.g., random selection, statistical selection, phone solicitations, Internet advertisements, surveys, advertisements in shopping malls, etc.).
In the illustrated example, the first and second panelists 115, 135 are associated with the first and second client devices 110, 130, respectively. In the illustrated example, the client devices 110, 130 are owned, leased, or otherwise belong to their respective panelists. The monitoring entity of the illustrated example does not provide the client devices. In other systems, panelists may be provided with client devices to participate in the panel. While in the illustrated example, the first and second client devices 110, 130 are each associated with a single panelist, the first and second client devices 110, 130 may alternatively be associated with more than one panelist. For example, a family may have a single client device that may be shared amongst multiple users. The sharing of a client device is less common when the client device is a cellular phone than when the client device is a portable computer (e.g., an Apple® iPadTM).
The Internet service provider 145 of the illustrated example provides wireless Internet service to the first and second client devices 110, 130 via the communication links 120, 140. In the illustrated example, the wireless service is provided via a cellular connection. However, the Internet service provider 145 may provide Internet service via any other type of connection. Further, the Internet service provider 145 may implement the cellular connection via a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). However, any other systems and/or protocols for communications may be used. In practice, the Internet service provider 145 is sometimes referred to as a carrier, and provides a access to carrier network to the client devices.
In the illustrated example, the monitoring system 100 is shown as multiple computing systems. However, the monitoring system 100 may ultimately be comprised of a single computing system. In the illustrated example, the monitoring system 100 includes the registrar 155, the storage database 160, and the proxy 165. However, additional structures may be implemented to carry out one or more portions of the functionalities implemented by the registrar 155, the storage database 160, and/or the proxy 165, and/or other functions.
In the example of FIG. 1, the registrar 155 receives registration information from the panelists 115, 135 and stores a record identifying the panelist 115, 135 and/or their respective client devices 110, 130. In the illustrated example, the record identifying the panelist 115, 135 is the port number assigned to the panelist (e.g., the port assigned to the panelist may be 50,000 and the record identifying the panelist may be 50,000). In the illustrated example, the received registration information includes demographic information. However, any other information may additionally or alternatively be collected. The registration information may include, for example, information identifying the model of mobile device associated with the panelist, a mailing address associated with the panelist, an email address associated with the panelist, a phone number associated with the mobile device, a unique identifier of the panelist and/or mobile device (e.g., a social security number of the panelist, a phone number of the mobile device, a zip code of the panelist, and/or any combination or derivation of any information related to the panelist and/or mobile device), the age of the panelist, the gender of the panelist, the race of the panelist, the marital status of the panelist, the income of the panelist and/or the household of the panelist, the employment status of the panelist, where the panelist typically intend to use their device, how long the panelist has owned their device, the education level of the panelist and/or any other information related to the panelist or the mobile device.
In the illustrated example, the registration data is received by the registrar 155 via an electronic interface (e.g., by a panelist entering data into a form at a website or answering survey questions at a website). However, the registrar may receive the registration data may via other means. For example, the registrar may receive the registration data via a personal interview (by telephone or in person), a telephone interface, direct mailing, purchased lists, etc. While the registrar 155 of the illustrated example is an electronic system, the registrar 155 may alternatively be implemented manually by a person or group of people collecting and entering the registration data into the storage database 160.
Upon receiving the registration data, the registrar 155 of the illustrated example creates a record associating the panelist and a device identifier information with the collected demographic information. The registrar 155 may also assign a unique alphanumeric identifier to the panelist or device. The identifier may be based on, for example, a serial number of the client device. The record is stored in the storage database 160. In the illustrated example, the registrar 155 also assigns a unique port number to the panelist 115, 135 and/or the client device 110, 130 and stores the port number in the record (or in association with the record for that panelist and/or client device). As noted above, in addition to assigning and storing the port number, the registrar may assign and store additional identifiers. For example, the registrar may assign and store an identifier of the client device and/or the panelist. The panelist or client device identifier(s) may be the same as the port number, or they may be different from the port number.
In addition to assigning and storing the port number, the registrar 155 of the illustrated example generates a configuration document. In the illustrated example, the configuration document is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file implementing a property list (referred to herein as a plist) file comprising configuration data such as the port number and an Internet proxy address to be used by the corresponding panelist and/or client device. However, any other type of document may be generated such as, for example, a comma separated (CSV) document, a Portable Document Format (PDF) document, a Microsoft® Word® document, etc. In the illustrated example, the configuration document is signed using a public/private key infrastructure. For example, the configuration document may be signed via a digital certificate. However, the configuration may alternatively not be signed. If the configuration document is not signed, it may appear as an invalid configuration file to the panelist, which may cause the panelist to abandon participation in the panel. The configuration file is sent to the corresponding client device (e.g., via an email message with the file attached or with a link to the file). The client device then interprets the data in the configuration file, thereby applying the data (e.g., the port number and Internet proxy address) to future communication of the mobile device. In the illustrated example the configuration file causes the mobile device to send all Internet traffic to the Internet address of the proxy 165 and to specify the unique port number assigned to the client device in such communication. As a result, all Internet communications to and/or from the mobile device are addressed to a uniquely assigned port of the proxy 165 and can, thus, be identified or associated with that particular client device. In the illustrated example the plist file is implemented for interpretation by an Apple® iPhone® and/or an Apple® iPadTM. However, the mobile device may be any other type of mobile device. Further, the configuration file may be custom generated for the particular type of mobile device based on the model of the mobile device identified to (or by) the registrar as part of the registration data.
While in the example of FIG. 1, the document is an electronic document that may be interpreted by the client device to automatically configure the client device to communicate Internet related messages to a unique port of the proxy 165, the document may additionally or alternatively comprise an instruction document that may guide the panelist on how to configure the client device to communicate with the proxy. The instruction document may thereby instruct the panelist on how to apply the configuration file or may instruct the panelist on how to directly apply the data stored in the configuration file to the client device.
As noted above, the registrar 155 transmits the configuration document to the panelist and/or client device. In the illustrated example, the configuration file is provided via an electronic mail (email) message. The email message includes a hyperlink to download the configuration file to the client device. However, any other methods of transmitting the configuration file may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the configuration file may be transmitted as an attachment to the email message, the registrar 155 may transmit a short message service (SMS) message comprising a link to or a textural representation of an Internet address where the client device may download the configuration file, a direct mailing may be sent to the panelist comprising the instruction document and/or additionally comprising an electronic medium containing the configuration file, a telephone call may be placed to orally instruct the panelist on how to configure the client device, etc.
The registrar 155 of FIG. 1 is implemented by a processor executing instructions, but it could alternatively be implemented by an ASIC, DSP, FPGA, or other circuitry. The storage database 160 receives and stores identifiers associating the panelists 115, 135 with the client devices 110, 130 from the registrar 155. Additionally, the storage database 160 receives and stores monitoring data from the proxy 165. The monitoring data is associated with the corresponding panelist and/or client device via the port number used for the corresponding monitored Internet traffic. The storage database 160 may also be capable of storing data that is not identifiers and/or measurement data. For example, updated software and/or updated firmware for any component of the monitoring system 100 may be stored in the storage database 160. Further, the storage database 160 may be capable of storing information that enables the registrar 155 to generate the configuration document. For example, the storage database 160 may store registration information such as the model of the client device 110, 130. Additionally, the storage database 160 may store demographic data as collected by the registrar 155.
The storage database 160 may be any device for storing data such as, for example, flash memory, magnetic media, optical media, etc. Furthermore, the data stored in the storage database 160 may be in any data format such as, for example, binary data, comma delimited data, tab delimited data, structured query language (SQL) structures, etc. While in the illustrated example the storage database is illustrated as a single database, the storage database 160 may be implemented by multiple databases.
The proxy 165 of the illustrated example receives requests from the client devices 110, 130 via the wireless Internet service provider 145. The requests of the client devices 110, 130 are received by the proxy 165 due to the configuration file having been applied to respective ones of the client device instructing the client device to transmit all subsequent requests through the proxy 165. The proxy 165 is located at the Internet proxy address identified in the configuration file, and receives request via ports associated with client devices. In the illustrated example, the ports are Dynamic and/or Private Ports as defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Therefore, the range of assignable ports used by the illustrated proxy 165 for Internet traffic with monitored client devices is 49152 through 65535. By only using Dynamic and/or Private Ports, the group of panelists served by a single proxy 165 is effectively limited to 16383 client devices. This size can be expanded by using additional proxies at other Internet addresses. The additional proxies at other Internet addresses may be implemented by the same proxy 165 or by multiple proxies. For example, the proxy 165 may have multiple Internet addresses assigned to a network interface of the proxy 165 (e.g., virtual interfaces), or the proxy 165 may have multiple network interfaces each having an Internet address. While in the illustrated example only ports used within the Dynamic and/or Private Ports range are used, any other ports may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, ports within the Registered Ports range and/or the Well Known Ports range may potentially be used to increase the group of panelists to as large as 65535 panelists with a single proxy. In a scenario where a panel monitoring system such as the monitoring system 100 is being tested, a typically a panel will include at least sixty panelists and, thus, the proxy 165 will use at least sixty ports (e.g., one for each panelist). In a scenario where an ongoing panel is used, a panel size of at least 1,500 panelists may be used and, thus, the proxy 165 will use at least 1,500 ports (e.g., one for each panelist).
Upon receiving a request from a client device 110, 130, the proxy 165 retrieves the requested Internet content from the Internet content providers 170 (or from a local cache if, for example, it had previously been requested and stored). In order to identify the panelist associated with the request, communication to and from each specific panelist occurs over the uniquely assigned (e.g., dedicated) port. While the communication between a client device 110, 130 use the proxy 165 occurs over a single port (e.g., the port assigned to that client device 110, 130 by the registrar 155), communication between the proxy 165 and the Internet content providers 170 may be implemented over any port. Typically, the port used by the proxy to communicate with content providers 170 is limited to hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) data that occurs over port 80. After retrieving the requested Internet content from the Internet content provider(s) 170, in the illustrated example the content is relayed to the requesting client device 110, 130 via the assigned port. Additionally or alternatively, the content may be relayed to the requesting client device 110, 130 via a port other than the assigned port (e.g., port 80).
The proxy 165 of the illustrated example stores the requests for Internet content and/or portion(s) of such requests originating from the client devices 110, 130 in the storage database 160 in association with the port numbers over which the request was received. In storing the requests, the proxy 165 may additionally store other identifiers such as, for example, the identifier of the client device 110, 130, and/or the identifier of the panelist 115, 135. Additionally or alternatively, the proxy 165 may store a portion of the Internet content in the storage database 160. For example, the proxy 165 may store the body of a webpage transmitted to the client device 110, 130. In another example, the proxy 165 may store an identifier of an advertisement appearing on the webpage transmitted to the client. This is particularly useful in situations where advertisements are rotated at websites. Additionally or alternatively, the proxy 165 may store characteristics of the response, such as, for example the HTTP header, a status code of the HTTP header, a content type of the HTTP header, etc.
The Internet content providers 170 supply content to clients via the Internet. In the illustrated example, the proxy 165 acts as an intermediary for the client devices 110, 130, and, thus, is the client of the Internet content providers 170. Internet content is often supplied over port 80, as most Internet content is in the form of HTTP data. However, any other port may be used to supply Internet content. For example, file transfer protocol (FTP) data may be transmitted over port 21, HTTP over Secure Socket Layer (SSL) may be transmitted over port 443, etc.
The Internet content providers 170 can be any provider. For example, the Internet content providers 170 may comprise a web server hosting webpages formatted as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) content. Alternatively, the Internet content provider 170 may be an application server providing application content to applications accessing Internet content. The application content may be formatted as HTML, XML, or may use any other protocol or port to return content to the requester. In some examples, the application data is implemented in a protocol specifically targeted for an application requesting Internet content (e.g., as the weather application described above).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram 200 illustrating an example request and response flow through the example system of FIG. 1. The block diagram 200 of FIG. 2 illustrates communication between a mobile device 205, a carrier network 230, the proxy 165, the storage database 160, the Internet 240, and the Internet content providers 170. The mobile device 205 represents either of the client devices 110, 130 and comprises a device networking subsystem 210, a browser application 215, an application accessing Internet content 220, and a user interface 225. Additionally, the block diagram illustrates a first request 235, a second request 245, a first response 250, and a second response 255.
The device networking subsystem 210 provides a framework for transmitting and receiving content. The device networking subsystem 210 may be implemented via an application processor, a software system that facilitates networked communication, a browser engine, a baseband processor that transmits network traffic, and/or any other system that provides a framework for transmitting and receiving content. In the illustrated example, the device networking subsystem is implemented by the networking libraries provided in the Apple® iPhone® operating system. However, any other libraries, systems, or programs may additionally or alternatively be used.
The browser application 215 and application accessing Internet content 220 are applications that are executed by a processor of the mobile device 205. The browser application 215 requests HTTP Internet content from Internet content providers 170, and renders the HTTP content for display. Additionally or alternatively, the browser application may request and render HTTPS Internet content. In some examples, the browser application is implemented by Apple® Safari®. However, any other application may alternatively be used. For example, Pocket Internet Explorer may be used. In some examples, the HTTP Internet content is HTML content. However, the content may be presented in any format that may be rendered by the browser application 215.
The application accessing Internet content 220 may be any application on the mobile device that requests Internet content. For example, the application accessing Internet content 220 may be a weather application accessing Internet content provided by www.weather.com. The Internet content provider 170 providing content for www.weather.com may respond to content requests with HTML data. However, any other type of data may be contained in the content request. For example, the Internet content provider 170 providing content for www.weather.com may provide an XML file containing a condensed weather forecast. Additionally or alternatively, the application accessing Internet content 220 may request media such as, for example, photos, video, audio, etc. Typically, applications accessing Internet content 220 are limited to a small amount of information to be displayed. For example, the weather application may not be able to display sports news. Although the browser 215 or the application accessing Internet content 220 may initiate requests for content, in some devices, such as the Apple® iPhone®, requests are formatted and transmitted by the device networking subsystem 210 based on system wide settings that control routing and/or addressing of such requests (e.g., to a specific port of a proxy 165).
The user interface 225 of the illustrated example provides a display to the user and receives input from the user. The user interface 225 may comprise hardware, a graphics library, and/or a graphics driver for displaying content to the panelist, and may comprise hardware, an input library, and/or an input driver for receiving input from the panelist. Either or both the browser application 215 and the application accessing Internet content 220 may utilize the user interface to display content and receive input.
The carrier network 230 is hosted by the Internet service provider 145. In the illustrated example, the carrier network 230 is an Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 (IPv4) based network. However, any other networking technology may additionally or alternatively be implemented. For example, the carrier network may 230 implement the IP version 6 (IPv6) protocol. Further, the carrier network 230 of the illustrated example is implemented using communication links 120, 140. While cellular connections are shown, any other method of communication may additionally or alternatively be used such as, for example, an Ethernet network, a WiFi network, etc. Additionally, the carrier network 230 is shown as a public network. However, the network may be a private network.
The proxy 165 receives a first request 235 for Internet content from the mobile device, retrieves the content by sending a second request 245 to the corresponding content provider 170, receive the content in a response 250 from the content provider 170, and relays the content to the mobile device 205 via a second response 255. In the illustrated example, the proxy 165 stores characteristics and/or identifiers of the request and/or response in the storage database 160. These characteristics and/or identifiers may be, for example, a timestamp of the request and/or response, an IP address of the client, a user agent of the request, a status code of the response, a content type of the response, etc. However, the proxy 165 may additionally store the Internet content of the response in the storage database 160. In relaying the request, the proxy 165 translates the port of the requests, as is described below in conjunction with FIG. 2A.
The Internet 240 in the illustrated example is a public network. However, the a private network may instead be employed. For example, a network internal to an organization and/or company may be used to determine how members of the organization and/or employees of the company utilize internal web content via mobile devices.
The illustrated example shows, a communication stream for a single request. The first request 235 is transmitted to the proxy 165 from the mobile device 205 over the carrier network 230. The first request 235 uses the unique port assigned to the mobile device 205 (e.g., port 50,000), and is for HTTP content (e.g., the request is for content that is served over port 80). However, the content requested may be requested over any port. For example, the request may be for file transfer protocol (FTP) content and may occur over port 21. The proxy 165, upon receiving the first request 235, stores some or all of the request in the storage database 160, and generates a second request 245. The second request 245 is effectively a translation of the first address as shown in FIG. 2A. The second request is addressed to the Internet content provider 170 identified in the first request 235. The second request 245 in the illustrated example is transmitted via the Internet 240 over port 80, as the first request 235 identified content to be served over port 80. The Internet content provider 170 responds to the second request 245 with the first response 250. The proxy 165 receives the first response 250 via port 80, stores some or all of the request in the storage database 160, and forwards the content of the first response 250 as the second response 255 to the mobile device 205 over the port assigned to the mobile device 205.
FIG. 2A is a block diagram 201 illustrating an example request and response flow through the example system of FIG. 1. The block diagram 201 includes the proxy 165, the Internet content provider(s) 170, the mobile device 205, the carrier network 230, and the Internet 240. The block diagram 201 additionally includes the first request 235, the second request 245, the first response 250, and the second response 255. Further, the requests and responses of the illustrated example are represented by HTTP request and response headers. The first request 235 is represented by the first HTTP request header 236 and the second request 245 is represented by the second HTTP request header 246. The first response 250 is represented by the first HTTP response header 251 and the second response 255 is represented by the second HTTP response header 256.
The first HTTP request header 236 is the header of a GET request generated by the mobile device 205. In the illustrated example, the Internet content provider 170 is identified by the absolute Universal Resource Locator (URL) identified in the first line of the first HTTP request header 236 and the address of the proxy 165 and uniquely assigned port are identified by the “Host” line of the first HTTP request header 236. The host identified in the illustrated example is proxy.MonitoringEntity.com, and the port that the request was made on is 50,000. However, any other address identifying the proxy 165, and any other port may alternatively be used. For example, the address identifying the proxy 165 may be the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the proxy 165. In the illustrated example, the absolute URL of the Internet resource is “http://www.weather.com/home.html”. However, any other URL may additionally or alternatively be used.
The proxy 165 receives the first content request 235 and generates the second content request 245. The second content request 245 is represented by the second HTTP request header 246. In the illustrated example, the second HTTP request header 246 is a GET request directed to “http://www.weather.com”, and is transmitted over port 80 as no port other than port 80 is identified. The content being requested from “http://www.weather.com” in the illustrated example is “/home.html”. The proxy generates the contents of the second request by inspecting the first request 235. For example, the proxy 165 identifies the requested content of the first request 235 as “http://www.weather.com/home.html”, determines that the port to be translated to is port 80 (identified by http://), determines that the Internet content provider 170 identified is “www.weather.com”, and determines that the requested webpage from the Internet content provider is “/home.html”. The second content request 245 is transmitted over port 80 because the proxy 165 determines that the requested content is HTTP content, and no alternative port number is specified. Alternatively, the content identified by the first content request 235 may be content that is provided on a port other than port 80. In that example, the absolute URL of the first HTTP request header 236 would identify the requested content as “http://www.weather.com:1234/home.html”, to convey that the content identified by the request is provided on port 1234. Further, the proxy 165 would generate the second HTTP request header 246 and include port 1234 in the identified host (e.g., www.weather.com:1234).
The Internet content providers 170 receive the second content request 245, and respond to the request via the first response 250. The first response 250 is transmitted to the proxy 165. In the illustrated example, the first response is transmitted over port 80, as it is a response to a content request made on port 80. However, any other port may be used to transmit the first response to the proxy 165. The proxy 165 receives the first response 250, and determines the correct port that the second response 255 should be transmitted over. In the illustrated example, the proxy 165 determines the port that the second response should be transmitted over by associating the first response 250 with the first request 235 via the second request 245. In such an example, the proxy 165 can identify that the first request 235 originated on port 50,000, and thus, the second response should be transmitted on port 50,000. However, any other method of determining the port to transmit the second response over may additionally or alternatively be used. Further, the response may be transmitted over a port other than the port assigned to the mobile device 205.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the example proxy 165 of FIG. 1. The example proxy 165 includes request and response ports 305, a request servicer 310, an Internet content processor 315, a content gatherer 320, and an Internet port 325. The request and response ports 305 receive requests and transmit responses to and/or from the client devices 110, 130. The requests received by the ports 305 are passed to the request servicer 310. The content gatherer 320 transmits requests and receives responses from the Internet content providers 170 via the Internet port 325. The Internet content processor 315 stores the requests (or portions thereof) and/or the retrieved content (or portions thereof or identifiers associated therewith) in the storage database 160.
The request and response ports 305 of the illustrated example are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ports and/or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ports. However, any other port-based system may additionally or alternatively be used. The request and response ports of the illustrated example are Dynamic and/or Private Ports as defined by IANA. As such, the ports 305 range from port 49152 to port 65535, inclusive. However, the ports may use only some of this range (and the used portions may or may not be contiguous) and/or the ports may include ports in any other range such as, for example, Well Defined Ports (ranging from port 0 to port 1023) and/or Registered Ports (ranging from port 1024 to port 49151).
The request servicer 310 of the illustrated example receives the requests from the request and response ports 305 and performs a port translation. A port translation may not be necessary in the event that the proxy is hosted via the same port that the requested content is hosted on. For example, if the proxy is hosted on port 80 and the content request is for content provided on port 80 (e.g., HTTP content), no port translation would occur. First, the request is inspected to determine the destination port that is intended for communication with the Internet content provider 170. For example, in many situations, the request will be for HTTP content and the destination port will be identified as port 80. However, any other destination port may be employed. For example, FTP traffic may be translated to port 21. The content gatherer 320 is responsible for gathering the content identified in the request (e.g., by sending translated requests to the corresponding content provider). Once the content is gathered, the request servicer 310 performs another port translation on the received content response to generate a translated response and to send the translated response to the client device over the port assigned to the client device that made the request.
The Internet content processor 315 of the illustrated example determines the port (e.g., port 50,000) that the request was received on, and stores the request in the storage database 160 in association with the port to uniquely identify the client device. Additionally or alternatively, the Internet content processor 315 may use the port number to determine and store the panelist ID and/or the client device ID that was generated by the registrar 155 upon registration. In the illustrated example, the Internet content processor 315 stores the request for content. However, the Internet content processor 315 may store less than the entire request, a symbol for the request, etc., as shown in the tables of FIG. 3. Additionally or alternatively, the Internet content processor 315 may store the content provided in the response and/or segments and/or portions of the content provided in the response in the storage database 160. For example, the Internet content processor 315 may store advertisements transmitted to the client device in the storage database 160.
The content gatherer 320 of the illustrated example requests the content identified by the request for Internet content. In particular, the content gatherer 320 utilizes the Internet address of the content requested in the request via one of the ports 305 to generate a second request to gather the requested Internet content. The content gatherer 320 transmits the second request via the Internet port 325. The Internet port 325 of the illustrated example is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port and/or a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port. However, any other port-based system may additionally or alternatively be used. The Internet port of the illustrated example is for HTTP traffic (e.g., port 80). However, any other port may be used. For example, port 21 could be used for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) traffic.
While an example manner of implementing the proxy 165 of FIG. 1 has been illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, one or more of the elements, processes, and/or devices illustrated in FIG. 3 may be combined, divided, re-arranged, omitted, eliminated, and/or implemented in any other way. Further, the request and response ports 305, the request servicer 310, the Internet content processor 315, the content gatherer 320, the Internet port 325 and/or, more generally, the example proxy 165 of FIG. 3 and/or the example registrar 155 of FIG. 1 may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware, and/or any combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of the example request and response ports 305, the example request servicer 310, the example Internet content processor 315, the example content gatherer 320, the example Internet port 325 and/or, more generally, the example proxy 165 could be implemented by one or more circuit(s), programmable processor(s), application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logic device(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)), etc. When any of the appended apparatus claims are read to cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least one of the example request and response ports 305, the example request servicer 310, the example Internet content processor 315, the example content gatherer 320, the example Internet port 325, the example proxy 165, the example registrar 155, and/or the storage database 160 are hereby expressly defined to include hardware and/or a computer readable medium such as a memory, DVD, CD, etc. storing the software and/or firmware. Further still, the example proxy 165 of FIGS. 1 and 3 may include one or more elements, processes, and/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIG. 3, and/or may include more than one of any or all of the illustrated elements, processes, and devices.
A flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions for implementing the proxy 165 of FIGS. 1 and/or 3 is shown in FIG. 4. Further, a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions for implementing the registrar 155 of FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 5. In these examples, the machine-readable instructions comprise program(s) for execution by a processor such as the processor 712 shown in the example computer 700 discussed below in connection with FIG. 7. The program may be embodied in software stored on a computer readable medium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digital versatile disk (DVD), or a memory associated with the processor 712, but the entire program(s) and/or parts thereof could alternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 712 and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although the example program(s) are described with reference to the flowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5, many other methods of implementing the example proxy 165 and/or the example registrar 155 may alternatively be used. For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/or some of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.
As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 4 and 5 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory (ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, a random-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage media in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term tangible computer-readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer readable storage and to exclude propagating signals. Additionally or alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 4 and 5 may be implemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions) stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, a random-access memory and/or any other storage media in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended time periods, permanently, brief instances, for temporarily buffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the term non-transitory computer-readable medium is expressly defined to include any type of computer-readable medium and to exclude propagating signals.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions 400 that may be executed to implement the example proxy of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. The program of FIG. 4 begins at block 405, where the example machine-readable instructions 400 begin execution. First, the request servicer 310 of the proxy 165 waits for content requests (block 405). In the illustrated example, the request servicer 310 waits for content requests only on ports assigned to a client. However, the request servicer 310 may wait for content requests on any or all ports. Additionally, the request servicer 310 may inspect the Internet Protocol (IP) address against known range(s) of IP addresses to determine if the request should be serviced. For example, the known range of IP address may include ranges of IP addresses which are assigned to a particular Internet service provider and/or carrier. This may, for example, restrict use of the proxy 165 to mobile devices. If the request servicer 310 determines that the request did not originate from an IP address within the particular Internet service provider, the request servicer 310 may ignore the request.
Next, the request servicer 310 receives a content request on a port. Because multiple requests for content may be received at substantially the same time, the proxy 165 may receive a first content request on a first port (block 410) and a second content request on a second port (block 430). In the illustrated example, the content requests are processed in parallel to decrease the amount of time taken to respond to requests. However, the content requests may be processed in any other manner. For example, the content requests may be processed serially. The parallel processing of any number of requests is represented in FIG. 4 by these dots “●●●”.
Next, the content gatherer 320 generates second request(s) based on corresponding ones of the request received at blocks 410 and 430, to retrieve the Internet content identified in the corresponding content requests (blocks 415 and 435). The content gatherer 320 gathers the requested Internet content by sending the second requests via the Internet port 325. In the illustrated example, port 80 is used for sending requests. However, any other port may additionally or alternatively be used.
The Internet content processor 315 also associates the content requests with the corresponding requesting device and stores the association in the storage database (blocks 420 and 440). In the illustrated example, the Internet content processor 315 associates the first content request with the corresponding client device using the port number that the request was received upon. Since each port is used only by a single client device, each client device can be uniquely identified based on the port number of the port on which a request is received. Further, when storing the association in the storage database 160, the Internet content processor 315 may store one or more identifier(s) of the port, the client device, the panelist, etc. Additionally, the Internet content processor 315 may store the returned content or a portion of the returned content in the storage database 160 (block 420, 440).
The Internet content processor 315 may filter what is stored in the storage database. For example, the Internet content processor 315 may only store content requests that request HTTP content, as requests for non-HTTP content may not be parsed properly when analyzing the information. As another example, the Internet content processor 315 may omit style content (e.g., cascading style sheet (CSS) documents) from being stored in the storage database 160, as style content may be of limited use when analyzing the information.
The request servicer 310 finishes servicing the request from the client device by transmitting the requested Internet content to the client device via the port on which the content request was received (blocks 425 and 445). Control returns to the block 405, where the request servicer 310 waits for more content requests (block 405).
FIG. 5 is a flowchart representative of example machine-readable instructions 500 that may be executed to implement the example registrar 155 of FIG. 1. The example machine-readable instructions 500 of FIG. 5 begin execution at block 503, where the panelist 115, 135 submits registration data to the registrar 155 (block 503). In the illustrated example, the registration data is received by the registrar 155 (block 505) via an electronic interface (e.g., a website). However, the registrar may receive the registration data in any other way. For example, the registrar may receive the registration data via a telephone interface, direct mailings, predefined lists, etc.
Next, the registrar 155 assigns the panelist a unique port (block 510). In the illustrated example, the unique port is within the Dynamic and/or Private Port range as defined by IANA (e.g., port 49152 through 65535). However, any other port number in any other range may alternatively be used. In the illustrated example, because ports are assigned on a one panelist to one port basis, the port number functions as a unique identifier for the client device and/or the panelist.
The registrar 155 generates a configuration file (block 515). The configuration file includes the unique port assigned to the client device of the panelist, and an Internet proxy address. The Internet proxy address is the address of the proxy 165. The port number is a port of the proxy 165 and is uniquely associated with the panelist. In the illustrated example, the configuration document is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file implementing a property list (plist) file comprising configuration data including the port number and the Internet proxy address. However, any other type of document may be generated such as, for example, a comma separated (CSV) document, a portable document format (PDF) document, a Microsoft® Word® document, etc. In the illustrated example, the configuration document is signed using a public/private key infrastructure. However, the configuration may alternatively not be signed. If the configuration document is not signed, it may appear as an invalid configuration file to the panelist, which may cause the panelist to abandon participation in the panel.
Next, the registrar 155 transmits the configuration file to the client device (block 520). In the illustrated example, the configuration file is transmitted via an electronic mail (email) message. The email message includes a hyperlink that may be selected to download the configuration file. However, any other methods of transmitting the configuration file may additionally or alternatively be used. For example, the configuration file may be transmitted as an attachment to the email message, the registrar 155 may transmit a short message service (SMS) message comprising an Internet address where the client device may download the configuration file, a direct mailing may be sent to the panelist comprising the instruction document and/or additionally comprising an electronic medium containing the configuration file, a telephone call may be placed to orally instruct the panelist on how to configure the client device, etc. The panelist and/or client device then receives the configuration file (block 523).
The client device 110, 130 is then configured via the configuration file (block 525). Since the configuration file is an electronic document that may be interpreted by the client device 110, 130, the client device receives the transmitted configuration file and automatically applies the settings contained in the document such that further Internet requests originating with the client are addressed to the corresponding port of the proxy 165. However, the configuration file may additionally or alternatively include an instruction document that may guide the panelist on how to configure the client device. The instruction document may thereby instruct the panelist on how to apply the configuration file or may instruct the panelist on how to manually apply the data in the configuration file.
Upon application of the data contained in the configuration file, subsequent requests for Internet content made by the client device 110, 130 are routed according to the configuration file. In particular, since the configuration file includes the Internet proxy address and the unique port number assigned to the client device, requests are proxied through the Internet proxy address via the unique port number.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example configuration file 600 that may be generated by the example registrar 155 of FIG. 1. The example configuration file 600 includes configuration data 605. The configuration data 605 include an Internet proxy address 610 and a unique port assignment 615.
The configuration file 600 is an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file implementing a property list (plist) file including configuration data such as the port number and the Internet proxy address of the proxy 165. However, any other type of document may be generated such as, for example, a comma separated (CSV) document, a portable document format (PDF) document, a Microsoft® Word® document, etc. The configuration file is implemented as a plist file in the illustrated example to facilitate support for an Apple® iPhone® as the mobile device. However, any other mobile device may additionally or alternatively be used, and the mobile device may implement any other operating system (e.g., Google® Android, Windows® Mobile®, etc.). For example, the configuration file may be formatted differently or may be in a different format to support interpretation by client devices implementing an operating system other than the operating system implemented by the Apple® iPhone®.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an example computer 700 capable of executing the instructions of FIGS. 4 and 5 to implement the monitoring system of FIG. 1. The computer 700 can be, for example, a server, a personal computer, or any other type of computing device.
The system 700 of the instant example includes a processor 712. For example, the processor 712 can be implemented by one or more Intel® microprocessors from the Pentium® family, the Itanium® family or the XScale® family. Of course, other processors from other families are also appropriate.
The processor 712 is in communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 718 and a non-volatile memory 720 via a bus 722. The volatile memory 718 may be implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory (RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. The non-volatile memory 720 may be implemented by flash memory and/or any other desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 714 is typically controlled by a memory controller (not shown).
The computer 700 also includes an interface circuit 724. The interface circuit 724 may be implemented by any type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, a universal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.
One or more input devices 726 are connected to the interface circuit 724. The input device(s) 726 permit a user to enter data and commands into the processor 712. The input device(s) can be implemented by, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, a track-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.
One or more output devices 728 are also connected to the interface circuit 724. The output devices 728 can be implemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a liquid crystal display, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a printer and/or speakers). The interface circuit 724, thus, typically includes a graphics driver card.
The interface circuit 724 also includes a communication device (e.g., the request servicer 310) such as a modem or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data with external computers via a network (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), a telephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).
The computer 700 also includes one or more mass storage devices 730 for storing software and data. Examples of such mass storage devices 730 include floppy disk drives, hard drive disks, compact disk drives, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives. The mass storage device 730 may implement the storage database 160.
The coded instructions 732 of FIGS. 4 and 5 may be stored in the mass storage device 730, in the volatile memory 718, in the non-volatile memory 720, in the local memory 714, and/or on a removable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacture have been disclosed which allow Internet content requests made from mobile devices without requiring authorization credentials while still uniquely identifying the requesting device and/or panelist irrespective of whether the request originated with a browser or an application accessing Internet content.
Although certain example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.

## Claims

1. A method to monitor Internet activity comprising:
assigning a first port of a proxy to a mobile device associated with a panelist based on registration information received from the panelist;
transmitting a property list file to the panelist, the property list file instructing the mobile device to transmit future requests for Internet content to the first port of the proxy, the future requests to originate with at least one of a browser or an application separate from the browser;
receiving a first request for Internet content on the first port of the proxy, the first request originating from the mobile device, the mobile device transmitting the first request via a cellular wireless access point;
not servicing the first request for Internet content if the first request originated from an Internet Protocol address outside of an IP address range representing devices on a cellular network;
if the first request originated from an Internet Protocol address inside the IP address range representing devices on the cellular network:
associating the first request for Internet content with a demographic of the panelist associated with the mobile device based on an identifier of the first port;
requesting content from an Internet content provider identified in the first request, the Internet content provider being different than the proxy; and
transmitting the content.

2. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein transmitting the content comprises transmitting the content via the first port.

3. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising storing the first request for Internet content in a database.

4. The method as defined in claim 1, further comprising storing the requested Internet content in a database.

5. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the first port is within a range of at least one of dynamic and private ports.

6. The method as described in claim 1, wherein the request for Internet content is un-authenticated.

7. A method to monitor Internet activity, the method comprising:
transmitting a first property list file to a first client device, the first property list file instructing the first client device to transmit future content requests via a first port of a proxy;
transmitting a second property list file to a second client device, the second property list file instructing the second client device to transmit future content requests via a second port of the proxy, the second port being different from the first port;
receiving a first content request on the first port from the first client device;
receiving a second content request on the second port from the second client;
not servicing the first content request if the first content request originated from an Internet Protocol address outside of an IP address range representing devices on a cellular network;
transmitting first content identified by the first content request to the first client device if the first content request originated from an Internet Protocol address inside the IP address range representing devices on the cellular network;
transmitting second content identified by the second content request to the second client device; and
storing an identifier of the first content requested by the first content request in association with the first client device based on an identity of the first port.

8. The method as described in claim 7, further comprising storing a portion of the first content in association with the first client device.

9. The method as described in claim 7, wherein storing the identifier of the first content requested by the first content request further comprises associating a first panelist identifier associated with the first client device with the identifier of the first content.

10. The method as described in claim 9, wherein the first panelist identifier is an identifier of the first port.

11. A method to monitor Internet activity, the method comprising:
assigning a number of different mobile devices to communicate with respective ones of a number of different ports of a proxy server based on registration information received from panelists in a panel, the panelists each being associated with a respective mobile device, the number of mobile devices and number of ports assigned corresponding to a number of panelists in the panel;
transmitting property list files to respective ones of the mobile devices, each of the property list files instructing a corresponding one of the mobile devices to transmit future requests for Internet content to the respective ones of the ports of the proxy server, the future requests to originate with at least one of a browser or an application separate from the browser;
receiving an un-authenticated request for Internet content via one of the number of mobile devices based on the number of ports;
not servicing the request if the request originated from an Internet Protocol address outside of an IP address range representing devices on a cellular network; and
using the one of the number of ports to identify the mobile device associated with the request.

12. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the panel comprises at least sixty panelists.

13. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the panel comprises at least fifteen hundred panelists.

14. The method as described in claim 11, wherein the number of ports are within a range from port 49152 to port 65535.

15. The method as described in claim 11, further comprising storing an identification of the content requested by the request in association with the identified mobile device.