* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.

R. 47.5.4.

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 07-60893

Summary Calendar

EDWARD SENU-OKE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY; DOCTOR RONALD MASON, JR.; DOCTOR

JOSEPH STEVENSON; and DOCTOR VELVELYN B. FOSTER,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Mississippi, Jackson Division

USDC No. 3:06-CV-468

Before SMITH, BARKSDALE, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Following the termination of his participation in an educational program,

Edward Senu-Oke sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming due process violations

and national origin discrimination. He appeals a summary judgment dismissing

his federal claims against the individual defendants: Dr. Ronald Mason,

President of Jackson State University (“JSU”); Dr. Joseph Stevenson, founding

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

June 20, 2008

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 07-60893

1 Senu-Oke does not appeal the district court’s dismissal of his federal claims against

JSU and against the individuals in their official capacities. Likewise, he does not appeal the

remand of his Mississippi state law claims for breach of contract and intentional infliction of

emotional distress. 

2

director of the educational program at issue; and Dr. Velvelyn B. Foster, Vice

President for Academic Affairs and Student Life at JSU.1 We affirm.

BACKGROUND

The basic facts are largely undisputed. Beginning in fall 2004, JSU offered

an Executive Ph.D. program (“EPhD”) in Urban Higher Education, described as

a unique, non-traditional program for professionals who wished to obtain a

doctorate degree in higher education. The university had a separate admissions

committee for EPhD consisting of representatives from various disciplines

involved in the program. EPhD was designed as an accelerated, cohort-based

program in which the students would take all of their classes with each other,

usually on long weekends once a month over a period of two years. Students

were required to complete a dissertation while completing their courses.

Senu-Oke is currently (and was in 2004) the Chair of the Department of

Social and Behavioral Sciences at Joliet Junior College in Joliet, Illinois. He is

a native citizen of Nigeria. Senu-Oke planned to return to Nigeria in 2006 to

campaign for governor of his state, and he thought that a doctorate would be a

good credential to obtain. Senu-Oke applied for the EPhD inaugural cohort and

was advised in June 2004 that he had been accepted for admission. He signed

an EPhD Agreement and made a deposit of $2,000 to hold his place. In August

2004, Senu-Oke arrived at JSU for a week-long orientation. The EPhD

orientation included academic modules and lectures on such topics as

dissertation methodology.

On the first full day of the orientation, Senu-Oke received a phone call

from the chairman ofthe board oftrustees from his college advising him thatthe

president of his college had resigned and that Senu-Oke should return

immediately to be considered for the presidency. Senu-Oke left that day without
No. 07-60893

3

successfully contacting Dr. Stevenson or informing other EPhD staff. Dr. Fran

Bridges, who was at that time the Pre-Planning Coordinator for the EPhD

program, became concerned about Senu-Oke’s absence and telephoned his

contact numbers the next day to check on him. After Dr. Bridges reached SenuOke in his Joliet office, Senu-Oke explained on the phone and in a follow-up

email that he had left to attend to a job-related emergency, but he did not

explain further. University officials were under the impression that Senu-Oke

left to attend a retirement function for the president of his college. 

Senu-Oke requested that he be allowed to “go forward and conclude the

registration process.” His request was denied by telephone and again later in a

letter from Dr. Stevenson. The letter to Senu-Oke stated:

[Y]our absence [from orientation] . . . did not allow you access to the

information and experiences shared from the guest lecturers and the

cohort, especially with regard to the preparation for the dissertation. You

were also absent during registration without arrangements to complete

the process. . . . 

. . . At this time we are prepared to accept a request from you to be

considered for the next cohort. . . . As a good faith effort, we are willing to

return your $2,000 deposit minus the hotel charges.

The letter also stated that Senu-Oke’s actions breached the EPhD Agreement

and “compromise[d] the plan of study as designed.” Senu-Oke made further

phone calls and sent emails and letters but was not forthcoming about the full

reason for his absence. He was told that the decision regarding the current

year’s EPhD program was final.

Senu-Oke tried to obtain a face-to-face meeting with Dr. Stevenson to

explain the situation in person and to plead his case to be part of the inaugural

cohort, but Dr. Stevenson declined to meet with him. Eleven months later,

Senu-Oke obtained counsel and unsuccessfully tried to obtain a hearing. After

he filed a notice of claim in October 2005 pursuantto state law, Senu-Oke finally

obtained a meeting with Dr. Stevenson. Senu-Oke offered several proposals that
No. 07-60893

4

would enable him to obtain his doctorate by the end of 2006 as he desired, but

Dr. Stevenson declined to accommodate his requests. Senu-Oke then met with

Dr. Stevenson’s boss, Dr. Foster, who ultimately provided the same negative

response.

Senu-Oke filed a lawsuit in Mississippi state court, and the defendants

removed the case to federal court. The district court held, inter alia, that the

individual defendants in their individual capacities were entitled to qualified

immunity. Senu-Oke appeals.

ANALYSIS

Senu-Oke alleges two claims under § 1983: (1)that his rightto due process

was violated when Dr. Stevenson “dismissed” him from the EPhD program and

refused to give him a hearing; and (2)thatthe defendants discriminated against

him on account of his national origin in violation of his equal protection rights.

This court reviews the grant of summary judgement de novo. Ray v.

Tandem Computers, Inc., 63 F.3d 429, 433 (5th Cir. 1995). Summary judgment

is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . .

the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).

I. Qualified Immunity 

Government officials performing discretionary functions are protected

from personal liability by the doctrine of qualified immunity “‘insofar as their

conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of

which a reasonable person would have known.’” McClendon v. City of Columbia,

305 F.3d 314, 322 (5th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457

U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). To determine whether an official is entitled to qualified

immunity from a suit alleging a constitutional violation, we conduct a familiar

two-step inquiry. First, we ask whether, considered in the light most favorable

to the plaintiff, the plaintiff has alleged facts that, if proven, would establish

thatthe official violated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Saucier v. Katz, 533

U.S. 194, 201 (2001); Stotter v. Univ. of Tex., 508 F.3d 812, 823 (5th Cir. 2007).
No. 07-60893

5

Next, we ask whether the right was clearly established. Saucier, 533 U.S. at

201. Even if a constitutional right may have been violated, the official is entitled

to qualified immunity unless the court finds that the official’s conduct was

objectively unreasonable in light of clearly established law at the time of the

state actions at issue. McClendon, 305 F.3d at 323. For a right to be “clearly

established” for purposes of qualified immunity, “the contours of the right must

be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is

doing violates that right.” Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503, 524 (5th Cir. 2004)

(quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

If qualified immunity is raised in a motion to dismiss,“itis the defendant’s

conduct as alleged in the complaint that is scrutinized for ‘objective legal

reasonableness.’” Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 309 (1996). “On summary

judgment, however, the plaintiff can no longer rest on the pleadings . . . and the

court looks to the evidence before it (in the light most favorable to the plaintiff)

when conducting the Harlow inquiry.” Id. (citation omitted). In the present

case, significant discovery occurred prior to summary judgment, and this court’s

task is to examine the summary judgment record to determine whether SenuOke has adduced sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact

suggesting (1) that the defendants’ conduct violated an actual constitutional

right; and (2) that the defendants’ conduct was objectively unreasonable in light

of law that was clearly established at the time of their actions. See McClendon,

305 F.3d at 323. 

II. Procedural Due Process Claim

The parties dispute whether Senu-Oke possessed a property interest in

continuing in the EPhD program. Although Senu-Oke was accepted to the EPhD

program, signed an agreement, and paid a deposit, he left the EPhD orientation

prior to completing the process of registration or paying his tuition and fees. He

points out that the Mississippi Supreme Court has stated that “the student-
No. 07-60893

6

university relationship is contractual in nature.” Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr. v.

Hughes, 765 So.2d 528, 535 (Miss. 2000). Senu-Oke claims that he “had a

property interest in the form of a contract and that the defendants acted

unreasonably in denying him this property interest without adequate due

process.” His state law claim for breach of contract was remanded to the state

courts and remains pending.

Even assuming arguendo that Senu-Oke had a property interest in the

EPhD program, it is clear that Senu-Oke was accorded at least as much

procedural due process as the Fourteenth Amendment requires. If a public

school dismisses a student for “disciplinary reasons,” the student is entitled to

“an ‘informal give-and-take’ between the student and the administrative body

dismissing him that would, at least, give the student ‘the opportunity to

characterize his conduct and put it in what he deems the proper context.’” Bd.

of Curators v. Horowitz, 435 U.S. 78, 86 (1978) (finding that the procedural due

process accorded had been more than sufficient and did not require a hearing for

a student dismissed from medical school for academic cause) (quoting Goss v.

Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 584 (1975)). An academic dismissal, however, “calls for far

less stringent procedural requirements” and certainly does not require a formal

hearing. Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 86, 88. 

Senu-Oke left the university prior to the first full day of EPhD orientation

and was thereafter denied the opportunity to return in the middle of orientation,

to complete the registration process, and to continue in the program. The

orientation was an important part of the cohort’s academic program and

included information regarding preparation for the dissertation. In a letter, Dr.

Stevenson denied Senu-Oke’s requests to return because Senu-Oke’s absence

had “compromise[d] the plan of study as designed.” There was no allegation of

any misconduct on Senu-Oke’s part, and in fact he was invited to apply for the

next year’s EPhD program. The defendants’ decision was clearly made for

“academic reasons,” and the courts are reluctant to interfere with academic
No. 07-60893

2 Senu-Oke stated that he did not wantto fully explain his departure in writing because

ofthe sensitive nature ofthe situation, and he claimed a cultural concern aboutit being “overly

presumptuous” to discuss possibly assuming the presidency when it had not been offered to

him. He also expressed concern about the potential for his employer learning from emails

about his “dismissal”from the EPhD program and drawing negative inferences. Nevertheless,

he was given the opportunity to inform the EPhD program of his situation, and it was his

choice to wait for a possible in-person meeting to explain the details of his departure.

Senu-Oke communicated back and forth with the EPhD program, which made an academic

decision that he could not return, and he received more than sufficient due process.

3 Senu-Oke argues that the district court was incorrect to characterize the events as

akin to an “academic dismissal.” Because he had not been allowed to register, he claims he

was not a student and could not be “dismissed” from anything. He argues, without citing legal

authority, that he was deprived of his property interest not by a “dismissal” but by the

defendants’ refusal to honor the contract between Senu-Oke and the EPhD program by

allowing Senu-Oke to register and continue in the program. Regardless, Senu-Oke received

sufficient procedural due process.

7

evaluations, particularly at the higher educational levels. See Horowitz, 435

U.S. at 85 n.2 (“A graduate or professional school is, after all, the best judge of

its students’ academic performance and their ability to master the required

curriculum.”). 

Senu-Oke claims that “receiving and responding to emails and letters” was

not sufficient due process and that he should have been accorded “at least an

informal hearing or other direct contact to enable Senu-Oke to explain in detail

his reasons for leaving the orientation and to explain why he should be allowed

to continue in the program.” Senu-Oke is incorrect. He was not entitled to a

face-to-face meeting. He had the opportunity to plead his case in writing, and

he chose not to be forthcoming about the reason for his absence.2 At most, SenuOke was “dismissed”3

for academic reasons, which requires a lower level of due

process than a dismissal for disciplinary reasons. Even when a student is

dismissed for disciplinary reasons, he is not entitled to a formal hearing but only

to an “informal give-and-take” with the school to have an “opportunity to

characterize his conduct,” and Senu-Oke received such an opportunity. See

Horowitz, 435 U.S. at 86. No due process violation has been shown.
No. 07-60893

8

We have considered the summary judgment record in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, and Senu-Oke has not raised a genuine issue of

material fact regarding the existence of a due process violation. The summary

judgment motion was properly granted.

III. Discrimination Claim

Defendants’ summary judgment motion also argued that Senu-Oke

proffered no evidence, direct or circumstantial, that they discriminated against

him because of his Nigerian descent. To prevail on their motion, the defendants

were not required to “prove a negative . . . on an issue that the plaintiff must

prove at trial. [They] need[ed] only [to] point to an absence of proof on plaintiff’s

part and, at that point, plaintiff [had to] designate specific facts showing . . . a

genuine issue for trial.” Parker v. Sony Pictures Entm’t, 260 F.3d 100, 111 (2d

Cir. 2001) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Senu-Oke could not do so. 

In support of his discrimination claim, Senu-Oke can point only to

evidence that (1) he was the only foreign national admitted to the program

during its first three years; (2) he was dismissed or refused admission because

he missed the first two days of orientation; and (3) none of the other students in

the EPhD program was dismissed even though some of them missed classes (but

not the orientation). Senu-Oke did not demonstrate that he was treated

differently from any other similarly situated individual, and his unsupported

opinion that he was discriminated against does not constitute evidence of the

defendants’ intent. See Ray, 63 F.3d at 435 (stating that “bald assertions of . . .

discrimination are inadequate to permit a finding that proscribed discrimination

motivated [the defendant’s] actions against [the plaintiff]”). Senu-Oke’s evidence

does not raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants

intentionally discriminated against him based on his national origin.

Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment. 
No. 07-60893

9

CONCLUSION

Finding no error in the district court’s ruling, we AFFIRM.