I 

111TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION H. R. 5338 

To strengthen the United States commitment to transatlantic security by 

implementing the principles outlined in the Declaration on Alliance Security signed by the heads of state and governments of the North Atlantic 

Treaty Organization. 

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

MAY 18, 2010 

Mr. TURNER (for himself, Mr. MARSHALL, Mr. SHUSTER, and Mr. THORNBERRY) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Armed Services, and in addition to the Committee on Foreign 

Affairs, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in 

each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned 

A BILL 

To strengthen the United States commitment to transatlantic 

security by implementing the principles outlined in the 

Declaration on Alliance Security signed by the heads 

of state and governments of the North Atlantic Treaty 

Organization. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘NATO First Act’’. 


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1 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

2 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title and table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Policy on current United States force structure in Europe and report 

on future changes in composition and capabilities. 

Sec. 3. Codification of congressional notification requirement before permanent 

relocation of any United States military unit stationed outside 

the United States. 

Sec. 4. Modification and extension of authorities relating to program to build 

the capacity of foreign military forces to support the European 

Command and other geographic combatant commands. 

Sec. 5. Extended deterrence commitment to Europe. 

Sec. 6. Availability of funds for long-range missile defense in Europe. 

Sec. 7. Sense of Congress on missile defense and New Start Treaty with Russian Federation. 

Sec. 8. Air Force scholarships for Partnership for Peace nations to participate 

in the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Program. 

3 SEC. 2. POLICY ON CURRENT UNITED STATES FORCE 

4 STRUCTURE IN EUROPE AND REPORT ON FU5 TURE CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND CAPA6 BILITIES. 

7 (a) FORCE STRUCTURE POLICY.—It is the policy of 

8 the United States that the current deployment of units 

9 of the United States Armed Forces at military installa10 tions in European member nations of the North Atlantic 

11 Treaty Organization is a force-structure arrangement and 

12 set of military capabilities that are adequate to permit the 

13 United States— 

14 (1) to satisfy the commitments undertaken by 

15 United States pursuant to article 5 of the North At16 lantic Treaty, signed at Washington, District of Co17 lumbia, on April 4, 1949, and entered into force on 

18 August 24, 1949 (63 Stat. 2241; TIAS 1964); 


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1 (2) to address the current security environment 

2 in Europe, including United States participation in 

3 theater cooperation activities; and 

4 (3) to contribute to peace and stability in Eu5 rope. 

6 (b) REPORT ON FORCE STRUCTURE CHANGES IN

7 COMPOSITION AND CAPABILITIES.— 

8 (1) REPORT REQUIRED.—Not later than one 

9 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

10 Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees 

11 on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Rep12 resentatives a report evaluating potential changes in 

13 the composition and capabilities of units of the 

14 United States Armed Forces at military installations 

15 in European member nations of the North Atlantic 

16 Treaty Organization— 

17 (A) to better achieve the policy objectives 

18 specified in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of sub19 section (a); and 

20 (B) to better utilize such units to respond 

21 to other United States national security respon22 sibilities. 

23 (2) MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED.—As part of 

24 the report, the Secretary of Defense shall consider— 


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1 (A) the stationing of advisory and assist 

2 brigades at military installations in Europe; 

3 (B) the expanded use of Joint Task Forces 

4 to train and build mutual capabilities with part5 ner countries; and 

6 (C) the stationing of units of the United 

7 States Armed Forces to support missile defense 

8 and cyber-security missions. 

9 SEC. 3. CODIFICATION OF CONGRESSIONAL NOTIFICATION 

10 REQUIREMENT BEFORE PERMANENT RELO11 CATION OF ANY UNITED STATES MILITARY 

12 UNIT STATIONED OUTSIDE THE UNITED 

13 STATES. 

14 (a) CODIFICATION AND RELATED REPORT.—Chapter 

15 6 of title 10, United States Code, is amended by inserting 

16 after section 162 the following new section: 

17 ‘‘§ 162a. Congressional notification before permanent 

18 relocation of military units stationed out19 side the United States 

20 ‘‘(a) NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENT.—The Secretary 

21 of Defense shall notify Congress at least 30 days before 

22 the permanent relocation of a unit stationed outside the 

23 United States. 


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1 ‘‘(b) ELEMENTS OF NOTIFICATION.—The notifica2 tion required by subsection (a) shall include a description 

3 of the following: 

4 ‘‘(1) How relocation of the unit supports the 

5 United States national security strategy. 

6 ‘‘(2) How relocation of the unit supports the se7 curity commitments undertaken by the United 

8 States pursuant to any international security treaty, 

9 including the North Atlantic Treaty, the Treaty of 

10 Mutual Cooperation and Security between the 

11 United States and Japan, and the Security Treaty 

12 Between Australia, New Zealand, and the United 

13 States of America. 

14 ‘‘(3) How relocation of the unit addresses the 

15 current security environment in the affected geo16 graphic combatant command’s area of responsibility, 

17 including United States participation in theater se18 curity cooperation activities and bilateral partner19 ship, exchanges, and training exercises. 

20 ‘‘(4) How relocation of the unit impacts the sta21 tus of overseas base closure and realignment actions 

22 undertaken as part of a global defense posture re23 alignment strategy and the status of development 

24 and execution of comprehensive master plans for 

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1 erating sites, and cooperative security locations of 

2 the global defense posture of the United States. 

3 ‘‘(c) EXCEPTIONS.—Subsection (a) does not apply in 

4 the case of— 

5 ‘‘(1) the relocation of a unit deployed to a com6 bat zone; or 

7 ‘‘(2) the relocation of a unit as the result of clo8 sure of an overseas installation at the request of the 

9 government of the host nation in the manner pro10 vided in the agreement between the United States 

11 and the host nation regarding the installation. 

12 ‘‘(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

13 ‘‘(1) COMBAT ZONE.—The term ‘combat zone’ 

14 has the meaning given that term in section 

15 112(c)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. 

16 ‘‘(2) GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMAND.— 

17 The term ‘geographic combatant command’ means a 

18 combatant command with a geographic area of re19 sponsibility that does not include North America. 

20 ‘‘(3) UNIT.—The term ‘unit’ has the meaning 

21 determined by the Secretary of Defense for purposes 

22 of this section.’’. 

23 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 

24 at the beginning of such chapter is amended by inserting 


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1 after the item relating to section 162 the following new 

2 item: 

‘‘162a. Congressional notification before permanent relocation of military units 

stationed outside the United States.’’. 

3 (c) REPEAL OF SUPERCEDED NOTIFICATION RE4 QUIREMENT.—Section 1063 of the National Defense Au5 thorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Public Law 111– 

6 84; 123 Stat. 2469; 10 U.S.C. 113 note) is repealed. 

7 SEC. 4. MODIFICATION AND EXTENSION OF AUTHORITIES 

8 RELATING TO PROGRAM TO BUILD THE CA9 PACITY OF FOREIGN MILITARY FORCES TO 

10 SUPPORT THE EUROPEAN COMMAND AND 

11 OTHER GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COM12 MANDS. 

13 (a) AUTHORITY.—Subsection (a) of section 1206 of 

14 the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 

15 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 119 Stat. 3456), as most re16 cently amended by section 1206(a) of the Duncan Hunter 

17 National Defense Authorization for Fiscal Year 2009 

18 (Public Law 110–417; 122 Stat. 4625), is further amend19 ed by adding at the end the following: 

20 ‘‘(3) To build the capacity of a foreign coun21 try’s national military forces in order for that coun22 try to support the theater priorities of the applicable 

23 geographic combatant command.’’. 

24 (b) LIMITATIONS.— 


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1 (1) ANNUAL FUNDING LIMITATION.—Sub2 section (c)(1) of such section, as amended by section 

3 1206(b) of the Duncan Hunter National Defense 

4 Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Public Law 

5 110–417; 122 Stat. 4625), is further amended by 

6 striking ‘‘$350,000,000’’ and inserting 

7 ‘‘$500,000,000’’. 

8 (2) AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS FOR ACTIVITIES

9 ACROSS FISCAL YEARS.—Subsection (c)(4) of such 

10 section is amended by striking ‘‘the next fiscal year’’ 

11 and inserting ‘‘any of the next 2 fiscal years’’. 

12 (c) IMPLEMENTATION PLAN; DEFINITION.—Such 

13 section is further amended— 

14 (1) by redesignating subsection (g) as sub15 section (i); and 

16 (2) by inserting after subsection (f) the fol17 lowing: 

18 ‘‘(g) REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.— 

19 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Defense 

20 shall submit to the congressional committees speci21 fied in subsection (e)(3) a report on the plan for the 

22 implementation of the program described in sub23 section (a)(3) and the allocation of funds under such 

24 program for each of fiscal years 2011 through 2013. 

25 Such plan shall be submitted in conjunction with the 


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1 budget submitted to Congress by the President pur2 suant to section 1105(a) of title 31, United States 

3 Code, for each of fiscal years 2011 through 2013. 

4 ‘‘(2) MATTERS COVERED.—The report required 

5 under paragraph (1) shall contain a description of— 

6 ‘‘(A) how the plan supports the United 

7 States national security strategy; 

8 ‘‘(B) how the plan addresses the current 

9 security environment in each geographic com10 batant command’s area of responsibility, includ11 ing United States participation in theater secu12 rity cooperation activities and bilateral partner13 ship, exchanges, and training exercises; and 

14 ‘‘(C) any comments resulting from an 

15 interagency review of the plan that includes the 

16 Department of State and other relevant Federal 

17 departments and agencies. 

18 ‘‘(h) DEFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘geo19 graphic combatant command’ means a combatant com20 mand with a geographic area of responsibility that does 

21 not include North America.’’. 

22 (d) TWO-YEAR EXTENSION OF AUTHORITY.—Sub23 section (i) of such section, as redesignated by subsection 

24 (d)(1) of this section and as most recently amended by 

25 section 1206(c) of the Duncan Hunter National Defense 


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1 Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2009 (Public Law 110– 

2 417; 122 Stat. 4625), is further amended by— 

3 (1) by striking ‘‘September 30, 2011’’ and in4 serting ‘‘September 30, 2013’’; and 

5 (2) by striking ‘‘fiscal years 2006 through 

6 2011’’ and inserting ‘‘fiscal years 2006 through 

7 2013’’. 

8 SEC. 5. EXTENDED DETERRENCE COMMITMENT TO EU9 ROPE. 

10 (a) POLICY ON EXTENDED DETERRENCE COMMIT11 MENT TO EUROPE.—It is the policy of the United States 

12 that— 

13 (1) it maintain its commitment to extended de14 terrence, specifically the nuclear alliance of the 

15 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, as an impor16 tant component of ensuring and linking the national 

17 security interests of the United States and the secu18 rity of its European allies; 

19 (2) forward-deployed nuclear forces of the 

20 United States shall remain based in Europe in sup21 port of the nuclear policy and posture of NATO; and 

22 (3) the presence of nuclear weapons of the 

23 United States in Europe—combined with NATO’s 

24 unique nuclear sharing arrangements under which 

25 non-nuclear members participate in nuclear planning 


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1 and possess specially configured aircraft capable of 

2 delivering nuclear weapons—contributes to the cohe3 sion of NATO and provides reassurance to allies and 

4 partners who feel exposed to regional threats. 

5 (b) LIMITATION ON REDUCTIONS IN NUCLEAR

6 FORCES BASED IN EUROPE.—In light of the policy ex7 pressed in subsection (a), no action may be taken to effect 

8 or implement the reduction of nuclear forces of the United 

9 States that are based in Europe unless— 

10 (1) the reduction in such nuclear forces is re11 quested by the government of the host nation in the 

12 manner provided in the agreement between the 

13 United States and the host nation regarding the 

14 forces; or 

15 (2) the President certifies that— 

16 (A) the nuclear policy and nuclear posture 

17 of NATO has changed, reducing the need for 

18 such nuclear forces to be based in Europe; 

19 (B) NATO member states have considered 

20 the reduction in the High Level Group and 

21 NATO has decided to support such reduction; 

22 (C) the remaining nuclear forces of the 

23 United States that are based in Europe after 

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1 ter level of safety, security, reliability, and 

2 credibility as before such reduction; 

3 (D) such reduction is compensated by 

4 other measures (such as nuclear modernization, 

5 conventional forces, and missile defense) which 

6 together provide a commensurate or better de7 terrence capability and assurance of NATO 

8 member states in a manner consistent with the 

9 NATO Strategic Concept; and 

10 (E) the Russian Federation has made com11 mensurate reductions to its deployed tactical 

12 nuclear weapons. 

13 (c) REPORT.—Upon any decision to reduce the nu14 clear forces of the United States that are based in Europe, 

15 the President shall submit to the Committees on Armed 

16 Services of the Senate and House of Representatives a re17 port containing— 

18 (1) the certification required by subsection 

19 (b)(2); 

20 (2) justification for such reduction; and 

21 (3) an assessment of how NATO member 

22 states, in light of such reduction, assess the credi23 bility of the deterrence capability of the United 

24 States in support of its commitments undertaken 

25 pursuant to article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, 


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1 signed at Washington, District of Columbia, on April 

2 4, 1949, and entered into force on August 24, 1949 

3 (63 Stat. 2241; TIAS 1964). 

4 (d) NOTICE AND WAIT REQUIREMENT.—The Presi5 dent may not commence a reduction in the nuclear forces 

6 of the United States that are based in Europe for which 

7 the certification required by subsection (b)(2) is made 

8 until the expiration of a 180-day period beginning on the 

9 date on which the President submits the report under sub10 section (c) containing the certification. 

11 (e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

12 authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Defense 

13 and the Administrator for Nuclear Security a total of 

14 $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2011 for— 

15 (1) developing the F–35 Lightning II aircraft 

16 into a dual-capable aircraft by outfitting it with a 

17 nuclear-capable delivery system; and 

18 (2) supporting the life extension program for 

19 the B61 gravity bomb. 

20 SEC. 6. AVAILABILITY OF FUNDS FOR LONG-RANGE MIS21 SILE DEFENSE IN EUROPE. 

22 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

23 (1) Missile defense promotes the collective secu24 rity of the United States and NATO and improves 

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1 fending all members of NATO against the full range 

2 of missile threats. 

3 (2) The Director of National Intelligence, ap4 pearing before the Senate Select Committee on In5 telligence on February 2, 2010, testified that, ‘‘The 

6 Iranian regime continues to flout UN Security 

7 Council restrictions on its nuclear program . . . We 

8 judge Iran would likely choose missile delivery as its 

9 preferred method of delivering a nuclear weapon. 

10 Iran already has the largest inventory of ballistic 

11 missiles in the Middle East and it continues to ex12 pand the scale, reach, and sophistication of its bal13 listic missile forces—many of which are inherently 

14 capable of carrying a nuclear payload.’’. 

15 (3) The Unclassified Report on Military Power 

16 of Iran, dated April 2010, states that, ‘‘With suffi17 cient foreign assistance, Iran could probably develop 

18 and test an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) 

19 capable of reaching the United States by 2015. Iran 

20 could also have an intermediate-range ballistic mis21 sile (IRBM) capable of threatening Europe.’’. 

22 (4) However, phase 3 of the proposed phased, 

23 adaptive approach for missile defense in Europe is 

24 planned to provide coverage of all of Europe by 


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1 2018 and phase 4 is planned to provide additional 

2 coverage of the United States by 2020. 

3 (5) According to the February 2010 Ballistic 

4 Missile Defense Review, the United States will con5 tinue the development and assessment of a two-stage 

6 ground-based interceptor as part of a hedging strat7 egy and, as further noted by the Under Secretary of 

8 Defense for Policy during testimony before the Com9 mittee on Armed Services of the House of Rep10 resentatives on October 1, 2009, ‘‘We keep the de11 velopment of the two-stage [ground-based inter12 ceptor] on the books as a hedge in case things come 

13 earlier, in case there’s any kind of technological 

14 challenge with the later models of the SM–3.’’. 

15 (b) POLICY.—It shall be the policy of the United 

16 States to— 

17 (1) field long-range missile defenses in Europe 

18 that provide territorial defense of all NATO allies 

19 from intercontinental and intermediate-range bal20 listic missiles by the time such threats materialize; 

21 (2) ensure that the standard missile-3 block IIA 

22 interceptors provide full coverage of Europe against 

23 medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles 

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1 tional coverage of the United States against inter2 continental ballistic missiles launched from the Mid3 dle East; and 

4 (3) continue the development and testing of the 

5 two-stage ground-based interceptor to maintain it— 

6 (A) in the event that the long-range bal7 listic missile threat materializes sooner than the 

8 planned availability of the standard missile-3 

9 block IIA or block IIB interceptor missiles; 

10 (B) in the event of technical challenges as11 sociated with the standard missile-3 interceptor 

12 missile; and 

13 (C) as a complement to the missile defense 

14 capabilities deployed in Alaska and California 

15 for the defense of the United States. 

16 (c) RESERVATION OF FUNDS.—Of the funds appro17 priated pursuant to an authorization of appropriations 

18 made available for fiscal years 2012 and 2013 for the Mis19 sile Defense Agency, $300,000,000 shall be available only 

20 for long-range missile defense in Europe as described sub21 section (d). 

22 (d) USE OF FUNDS.—Funds reserved under sub23 section (c) may be obligated and expended by the Sec24 retary of Defense— 


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1 (1) to accelerate the research, development, 

2 test, evaluation, procurement, and fielding of a 

3 standard missile-3 block IIA or block IIB interceptor 

4 capable of intercepting intermediate or interconti5 nental ballistic missiles; 

6 (2) on the research, development, test, evalua7 tion, procurement, and fielding of a two-stage 

8 ground-based interceptor; and 

9 (3) on an additional flight test of a two-stage 

10 ground-based interceptor. 

11 SEC. 7. SENSE OF CONGRESS ON MISSILE DEFENSE AND 

12 NEW START TREATY WITH RUSSIAN FEDERA13 TION. 

14 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds the following: 

15 (1) The United States and the Russian Federa16 tion signed the Treaty between the United States of 

17 America and the Russian Federation on Measures 

18 for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Stra19 tegic Offensive Arms (commonly known as the ‘‘New 

20 START Treaty’’) on April 8, 2010. 

21 (2) The preamble of the New START Treaty 

22 states, ‘‘Recognizing the existence of the inter23 relationship between strategic offensive arms and 

24 strategic defensive arms, that this interrelationship 

25 will become more important as strategic nuclear 


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1 arms are reduced, and that current strategic defen2 sive arms do not undermine the viability and effec3 tiveness of the strategic offensive arms of the Par4 ties.’’. 

5 (3) Officials of the United States have stated 

6 that the New START Treaty does not restrain the 

7 program for missile defense of the United States at 

8 bases in California and Alaska, nor does it restrain 

9 the phased, adaptive approach for missile defense in 

10 Europe. 

11 (4) However, a statement from the office of the 

12 Russian president states, ‘‘The Treaty between the 

13 Russian Federation and the United States of Amer14 ica on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Of15 fensive Arms signed in Prague on April 8, 2010, can 

16 operate and be viable only if the United States of 

17 America refrains from developing its missile defence 

18 capabilities quantitatively or qualitatively.’’. 

19 (5) Additionally, Russian Foreign Minister 

20 Sergei Lavrov stated that Russia would have the 

21 right to withdraw from the treaty ‘‘if the U.S.’s 

22 build-up of its missile defense strategic potential in 

23 numbers and quality begins to considerably affect 

24 the efficiency of Russian strategic nuclear forces.’’. 


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1 (b) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of Con2 gress that— 

3 (1) there are no limitations on any phases of 

4 the phased, adaptive approach to missile defense re5 sulting from ratification of the New START treaty 

6 between the United States and Russia, signed on 8 

7 April 2010; 

8 (2) the United States should deploy all four 

9 phases of the phased, adaptive approach for missile 

10 defense in Europe to protect the United States, de11 ployed forces, and NATO allies against short, me12 dium, and long-range ballistic missile threats con13 sistent with the announced time lines of such 

14 threats; and 

15 (3) the ground-based midcourse defense system 

16 in Alaska and California should be maintained, 

17 evolved, and expanded because it is the only missile 

18 defense capability as of the date of the enactment of 

19 this Act that would protect the United States from 

20 the growing threat of a long-range ballistic missile 

21 attack. 


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1 SEC. 8. AIR FORCE SCHOLARSHIPS FOR PARTNERSHIP FOR 

2 PEACE NATIONS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE 

3 EURO-NATO JOINT JET PILOT TRAINING PRO4 GRAM. 

5 (a) SCHOLARSHIPS AUTHORIZED.—Chapter 901 of 

6 title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 

7 end the following new section: 

8 ‘‘§ 9325. Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Pro9 gram: participation scholarships for Part10 nership for Peace nations 

11 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOLARSHIP PRO12 GRAM.—Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of 

13 Defense, the Secretary of the Air Force shall establish and 

14 maintain a scholarship program to allow personnel of the 

15 air forces of countries that are signatories of the Partner16 ship for Peace Framework Document to receive under17 graduate pilot training and necessary related training 

18 through the Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training 

19 (ENJJPT) program. 

20 ‘‘(b) TRANSPORTATION, SUPPLIES, AND ALLOW21 ANCE.—Under such conditions as the Secretary of the Air 

22 Force may prescribe, the Secretary may provide to a per23 son receiving a scholarship under the scholarship pro24 gram— 

25 ‘‘(1) transportation incident to the training re26 ceived under the ENJJPT program; 


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1 ‘‘(2) supplies and equipment to be used during 

2 the training; 

3 ‘‘(3) flight clothing and other special clothing 

4 required for the training; 

5 ‘‘(4) billeting, food, and health services; and 

6 ‘‘(5) a living allowance at a rate to be pre7 scribed by the Secretary, taking into account the 

8 amount of living allowances authorized for a member 

9 of the armed forces under similar circumstances. 

10 ‘‘(c) RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.—(1) The provision 

11 of scholarships under the scholarship program to per12 sonnel of an air force of a foreign country shall not be 

13 construed or interpreted to imply diplomatic recognition 

14 of the country as a member of the North Atlantic Treaty 

15 Organization. 

16 ‘‘(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed or in17 terpreted to supersede the authority of the ENJJPT 

18 Steering Committee under the ENJJPT Memorandum of 

19 Understanding. Countries whose air force personnel re20 ceive scholarships under the scholarship program shall not 

21 have privilege of ENJJPT Steering Committee represen22 tation. 

23 ‘‘(d) COST-SHARING.—For purposes of ENJJPT 

24 cost-sharing, personnel of an air force of a foreign country 


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1 who receive a scholarship under the scholarship program 

2 shall be counted as United States pilots.’’. 

3 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 

4 at the beginning of such chapter is amended by adding 

5 at the end the following new item: 

‘‘9325. Euro-NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training Program: participation scholarships for Partnership for Peace nations.’’. 

Æ 


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